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Regresos. (alta densidad) Esta chatarra se tiene clasificada como chatarra de bajos residuales; esta chatarra en su totalidad son regresos de los diferentes departamentos de la acer’a, siendo: Billet (de desperdicio) Pedazos de lingotes Rebaba Placa Lamina, etc. PREPARACION DE LAS TOLVAS DE CHATARRA
La preparaci—n de la carga se hace de acuerdo al programa de fabricaci—n, para lo cual debe existir en la bascula una terminal de la computadora en la que el supervisor de bascula cheque el programa de fabricaci—n, y de acuerdo a esto solicitar a los operadores de las plumas mediante radio, la calidad y cantidad de chatarra que necesita en una olla determinada. Al estar cargada la olla el operador de la l a pluma debe considerar:
a)
Cargar la chatarra combinando esta en base a su densidad (chatarra liviana, chatarra chatarra pesada)
b)
Si se requiere cargar cargar chatarra pesada (lingote — pedazo de de lingote), primeramente debe cargar en el fondo de la olla una capa de chatarra liviana y sobre esta cargar el pedazo o lingote.
La raz—n de Žsta pr‡ctica es primeramente proteger el fondo de la olla al evitar golpearlo fuerte por el peso de los lingotes. Adem‡s y como raz—n principal proteger en parte el
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c)
El operador de la pluma debe evitar:
üNo
cargar chatarra contaminada con materiales no conductores.
üNo
cargar recipientes cerrados.
üQue
la altura de la chatarra dentro de la tolva no sea mayor que la altura de los
orificios del asa, aun siendo la primera carga de la colada. Los regresos como torta, lingote o pedazo de lingote debe cargarse en ollas que sean asignadas como primera carga ya que si se asignan como segunda o tercer carga pueden ocasionar lo siguiente:
a)
Una carga preparada con lingote, pedazos o torta aumentan considerablemente considerablemente el riesgo de romper electrodos electrodos durante fusi—n.
Consideraciones b‡sicas para la preparaci—n de la carga (chatarra) La chatarra es clasificada y cargada en el patio, por lo que la superficie total del mismo es grande, y situado situado fuera de la acer’a. En el parque se dispone de grœas aŽreas llamadas
³SyUWLFRV´SDUDGHVFDUJDU\OXHJRFRPSDFWDUODFKDWDUUDYROXPLQRVDWDPELpQVHGLVSRQH de grœas m—viles para clasificar y descargar la chatarra ch atarra en lugares apartados de la acer’a. Dentro de la acer’a, en la nave de chatarra preparada, hay dos grœas aŽreas que llenan las
FHVWDVXQDFRQXQD³JDUUD´HOHFWUR -hidr‡ulica para cargar piezas grandes y pesadas, y otra con un electroim‡n para cargar piezas peque–as. El mercado nacional de chatarra no es muy alentador en cuanto a calidad se refiere, sin embargo, con alguna frecuencia se puede contar con chatarra de buena calidad, luego es importante saber que clase de chatarra es mejor que otra. Para clasificar en los posible los residuales, por tal motivo, se lega el recurso de clasificar la chatarra como sigue:
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üChicharr—n üRiel
de ferrocarril
üChatarra
de troquelado
üEstructuras üMiscel‡neas
(Chatarra de diferente clase)
Para hacer una racional de la materia prima es necesario analizar ciertos factores como calidad del acero que deba producirse; mismo que estar‡ perfectamente definido por sus especificaciones qu’micas, tales como sus porcentajes de cobre, n’quel, cromo, molibdeno y esta–o, o bien la suma de estos. Los contenidos m‡ximos de f—sforos y azufre, aunque estos son escorificables durante el proceso, segœn sus condiciones preliminares implican un mayor tiempo de refinaci—n, en nuestro caso, que estamos considerando 100% de chatarra con altos contenidos de estos residuales en algunos casos; es importante que desde la primera carga se adicione cal para formar una escoria escoria que permitir‡ dosificar estos elementos. De esta forma se tiene una idea de que clase de residual se obtendr‡ al final del proceso de fusi—n y as’ se puede hacer una tabla con alternativas que permitan establecer la mejor carga de acuerdo con la existencia de chatarra y la calidad de acero a producir.
Llenado de las cestas Las cestas son llevadas, de la nave de acer’a a la nave de chatarra preparada por un carro bascula, este registra registra el peso de la chatarra y fundentes que se se cargan a la cesta. cesta. Llenado de las cestas con chatarra implica tomar en consideraci—n el objetivo es hacer menos frecuentes los paros del horno para recargues, y sobre todo que no se pierda tiempo por quedar copeado despuŽs de un recargue, as’ tambiŽn considerar que la chatarra de baja densidad nos trae ese problema adem‡s de que se incrementan los
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Adici—n de fundentes Para la elaboraci—n de un buen acero es inevitable, un determinado tiempo de afino, es por ello que se necesita de fundentes tales como: cal, coke, escorias sintŽticas, en la primera y segunda cesta, dependiendo de la cantidad y tipo de chatarra a cargar, para obtener un buen an‡lisis de fin de fusi—n. Esto se hace para lograr el desequilibrio desequilibrio qu’mico entre los —xidos de hierro disueltos en el acero y en la escoria, tambiŽn se logran azufres m‡s bajos de fin de fusi—n. Recargues en el horno La chatarra de mayor densidad optimiza los tiempos de recargue y fuga de temperatura ganada, acort‡ndose los tiempos de tap to tap en forma considerable y si a esto se le suma una buena distribuci—n de chatarra en la cesta entonces al llegar al horno tendremos una distribuci—n ideal, de tal manera m anera que facilitara el proceso de fusi—n. Es importante que en la parte superior de la carga haya chatarra ligera para que permita la penetraci—n r‡pida de los electrodos, alcanzando la m‡xima potencia en el menor tiempo posible, evitando as’ el menor da–o al refractario de b—veda y de las paredes del horno. No esta por dem‡s dejar establecido que cuando no se toman todas estas medidas puede ser que se da–e seriamente la solera, puede incluso a tener consecuencias muy serias, por los da–os materiales y personales que pueden ocurrir. Fusi—n de la carga Inmediatamente despuŽs de cargar, se energizan los electrodos y comienza la fusi—n. La carga normal llega en la cuba del horno hasta la parte alta o ras de la b—veda, como se indicaba en la preparaci—n de cargas, y su disposici—n en el horno, en esta parte deben estar situadas las chatarras peque–as y sueltas que funden r‡pidamente aplicando una
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Durante la fusi—n, los electrodos
perforan la carga fundiendo cada uno, una secci—n
superior al di‡metro del electrodo en funci—n de la longitud del arco (con aros largos funden mayor di‡metro). En el centro de la carga siempre existen chatarras densas para cuando se aproximen los electrodos a la solera, se habr‡ formado sobre esta un ba–o liquido, y as’ no se da–e el refractario del revestimiento al estar los arcos protegidos por chatarra. Por otra parte, tambiŽn hay que tener en cuenta, que una vez llegados los electrodos al fondo, la chatarra que exista se sobrecalienta extraordinariamente y as’ esta sobre-oxidado el FeO hace bajar el punto de fusi—n de los refractarios, y se desgastara f‡cilmente. Suele ser prudente bajar un poco la potencia cuando los electrodos est‡n abajo. Si se consideran que por chatarra poco densa puede haber muy poco acero liquido sobre la solera.
Debemos recordar que el fin del acerista es conseguir una fusi—n r‡pida, con el m’nimo consumo de energ’a y con el menor deterioro de los revestimientos refractarios, teniendo en cuenta que hay tres periodos delicados: a) El correspondiente justamente al comienzo de fusi—n de cada cesta, cuando el arco puede da–ar la b—veda. b) El correspondiente a la llegada llegada de los electrodos a la solera. c) El periodo de fin de fusi—n con el arco es muy largo, la radiaci—n muy intensa y la tensi—n elevada, que puede da–ar la b—veda y paredes mas allegadas a los electrodos.
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que debe tener en su composici—n un contenido de carbono suficiente para iniciar el afino oxidantes (preafinaci—n), propiamente dicho.
FUSION DE CARGA
HORNO DE ARCO DE FUSION: El arco de fusi—n para la fabricaci—n de acero, es esencialmente una coraza de acero recubierta interiormente como material refractario, enfriado enfriado por paneles paneles de agua. Una puerta en la parte frontal para desasociar, agregar fundentes, insuflar oxigeno, tomar muestras y temperaturas. Y en su parte posterior un pico para vaciar el acero a la olla. Este horno tiene una capacidad instalada de 60 tn. , de acero liquido.
El horno cuenta con tres quemadores que usan como combustible diesel y oxigeno, para ayudar a fundir la chatarra que queda pegada a las paredes del horno, los quemadores
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CABINA HORNO EAF
MATERIALES USADOS EN LOS HORNOS Y SU PREPARACION LOS MATERIALES USADOS EN HORNOS SON: üElectrodos üLadrillos
refractarios
üMagnesita
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FERRO MANGANESO
ELECTRODOS DE GRAFITO
CA L
FERRO SILICIO
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ELECTRODOS Los electrodos una vez que se traen del almacŽn se depositan en el ‡rea de carga en lugares previamente establecidos, de ah’ se transportan a la plataforma de hornos para su armado, dicho armado se hace hace de acuerdo a la practica establecida. Una vez armada la columna se coloca en un deposito especial en el cual permanece hasta el momento de usarla. LADRILLO REFRACTARIO El ladrillo refractario para parche de los hornos deber‡ estar en ‡reas definidas para su estancia dentro del ‡rea de hornos, en cambio el ladrillo para cambio de revestimiento deber‡ de traer del almacŽn a primera hora del d’a del paro. Hay el caso de las corazas intercambiables en las cuales se debe mantener ladrillo dentro de ‡rea para revestimiento, para lo cual se deber‡ tener un lugar asignado. MAGNESITA La magnesita es un material refractario que se usa para reparaci—n de l’nea de escoria y muro de horno, este material viene en forma granular y previo a su aplicaci—n se prepara prepara vaci‡ndose el sœper saco en la tolva de la maquina de proyectar, para de esta forma se pueden reparar en fr’o las paredes del horno que as’ lo requieran. Si el horno se va a reparar con apisonable deber‡ este material tener una humedad ente 7 y 8 %. Esta humedad solamente se ver’an cuando se va ha usar usar como lechada.
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Su transporte se hace en atados de bultos sobre tarima para los cuales hay lugares definidos en el mezanine o bien en la plataforma de carga de los insufladores. Para su uso como adici—n se prepara en bolsas de 10 Kg., pesando estas en una bascula especial. COQUE El coque se usa para contrarrestar altas oxidaciones cuando se usa ferr— esponja durante fusi—n y de esa forma utilizar menor cantidad de grafito insuflado, ya que su costo es mas alto. OXIGENO Se recibe oxigeno liquido que luego se pasas por evaporizadores se convierte en gaseoso, se usa durante el proceso como aporte a las reacciones de oxidaci—n, para acelerar el proceso de fusi—n como energ’a ( cada X m 3 equivale a X Kwh) y para formaci—n de escoria espumosa.
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TambiŽn se usa tubo de una pulgada, para inyecci—n de oxigeno durante refinaci—n y para aumenta la velocidad de fusi—n, se utiliza en en tramos de 6 metros. metros. El uso del oxigeno es muy delicado por lo que hay que considerar las siguientes precauciones: üCuando
se inyecte oxigeno debe haber dos personas, uno operando la lanza y otro en
la v‡lvula. üSiempre
que se meta o saque la lanza del horno debe estar la v‡lvula ligeramente
arriba, para evitar se vaya a tapar. üCuando
se utiliza para acelerar la fusi—n de la carga, no debe estar la v‡lvula
ligeramente arriba, para evitar se vaya a tapar. üCuando
se utiliza utiliza para acelerar acelerar la fusi—n de de la carga, no debe usarse la lanza hacia
arriba. üLa
posici—n de la persona que opera la lanza no debe ser frente a la puerta, debe ser
lateralmente. üSi
hay fuga en conexiones o mangueras no opere la lanza hasta que dichas fugas no
estŽn corregidas.
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CAL El uso de este material es con el fin de formar escorias en el ba–o y mediante esta disminuir o eliminar los elementos nocivos en el acero como lo son el f—sforo y azufre. Adem‡s permite el ocultar el arco elŽctrico durante la fusi—n (alimentaci—n continua) y refinaci—n disminuyendo con esto el ataque del arco al refractario. Este material se puede almacenar en tolvas de buena capacidad que deber‡n estar en el ‡rea de carga, alimentando al horno mediante cajas especiales o bien mediante los alimentadores (bandas transportadoras), y para los hornos que no tienen alimentaci—n continua se agrega a el horno por la puerta con cajas de forma f orma especial. ALUMINIO El aluminio se usa como un agente desoxidante y generalmente lo usamos como adici—n en la olla de vaciado en la fabricaci—n de aceros de bajo carb—n. Este material no requiere preparaci—n previa a su uso, ya que se recibe en forma de barras o discos y adiciona por peso. Lo œnico que se recomienda, es mantenerlo en cantidades suficientes en la caseta de
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PREAFINACION Desfosforaci—n El f—sforo es un elemento indeseable en el acero, endurece y confiere un grano grueso, dando luego fragilidad. El contenido peligroso varia en funci—n del resto de los constituyentes del acero, mientras que un alto contenido de f—sforo hace un acero duro que sea rechazado por la fragilidad que posee. Los principales fundamentales que rigen la combinaci—n son los siguientes: 1) Por oxidaci—n, se transforma, en anh’drido fosf—rico. 4P + 5O2 P2 O5 (Reacci—n con el oxigeno) 4P + 5FeO P2 O5 + 5 Fe (reacci—n con el oxido de hierro) En la practica las reacciones de oxidaci—n del f—sforo, serian partiendo del f—sforo de hierro, tal y como se encuentra el f—sforo en el acero, aunque en esencia las reacciones ser’as las mismas.
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HORNO L. F. (LADLE (LADLE FULNACE) La afinaci—n es realizada en el horno de afino con aportaci—n de nueva escoria al agregarle a la olla cal, y agentes desoxidantes, tales como el gafito, carb—n en polvo, carburo de calcio, etc. Que se caracteriza a su vez por su color gris o blanco. Ya en la fase reductora se aumenta el Mn al ba–o, que reaccionar‡ con el Fe0, dando Mn0, que pasa mas r‡pida a la escoria (Fe0 + Mn Mn0 + Fe) de lo que har’a har’a el oxido de hierro, pero en ningœn caso aportando al ba–o otros elementos reductores tales como el Si, Al,
HWF TXH ³EORT ORTXHD XHDUiQ´ iQ´ HO EDxR UHWDUGDQGR QGR ODV ODV UHDFFL FFLRQHV GH desulfuraci—n y la decantaci—n.
Si la escoria oxidada se sac— en el HEA, se form— otra escoria nueva con cal, grafito, carb—n o carburo, agregados a la olla en el proceso de vaciado, existe una escoria y atm—sfera reductora , y sin oxido de hierro, que con solo el contacto de ella con el ba–o aun ligeramente efervescente ir‡ reduciendo los —xidos existentes en el metal, y la
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Desoxidaci—n: Tal es la teor’a, de forma que desoxidando la escoria, Žsta se encarga de la desoxidaci—n
GHO GHO PHWD PHWDOO (VWH (VWH VLVWH VLVWHPD PD GH GHVR GHVR[LG [LGDF DFLy LyQ Q HV OODPD OODPDGR GR ³'HVR ³'HVR[LG [LGDF DFLy LyQ Q SR SRU U GLIXV GLIXVLy LyQ´ Q´ \ VX objetivo es desoxidar el ba–o, evitando en lo posible la formaci—n de residuos o inclusiones met‡licas en Žl. Por eso, en lugar de introducir desoxidantes en el ba–o, tales como el Si, Al, etc., se busca œnicamente poner el contacto el ba–o con una escoria tal, que los equilibrios fisicoqu’micos, que se establezcan en ambos den como resultado un m’nimo contenido de oxigeno en el ba–o. Segœn este sistema de desoxidaci—n se realiza substancialmente las siguientes reacciones.
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La desoxidaci—n por el carbono, tiene otra buena propiedad, y es que su afinidad por el oxigeno crece con la temperatura, al contrario que ocurre con el resto de los desoxidantes, cuyos —xidos tienden a disociarse a elevada temperatura. Esto es lo que explica que elevada temperatura el carbono reduzca casi todos los —xidos , aœn los mas reacios. El sistema de desoxidaci—n, conocido como desoxidaci—n por difusi—n, el comienzo es relativamente activo, pero a medida que es reducido el FeO y MnO del acero pierde su efervescencia, y a desoxidaci—n final es extremadamente lenta. Durante el estudio de la desoxidaci—n del acero, no podemos omitir una de las dificultades
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SMn + CaO
MnO + Sca
La reacci—n fundamental de desulfuraci—n, suele expresarse mediante la reacci—n siguiente: SFe + CaO
S Ca + FeO es evidente la acci—n del manganeso para mejorar la
desulfuraci—n. Es evidente que la presentaci—n de carburo de calcio en la escoria, da lugar a C 2Ca libre,
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VACIADO: La olla es llevada desde el horno de afino afino (L.F.) hasta hasta la torreta por medio de una
grœa
aŽrea. Cuando la olla se encuentra en posici—n exacta para colar el acero el operador acciona la v‡lvula flocon ( corredera lineal) cuya finalidad es poder regular el caudal de acero hacia el distribuidor. El distribuidor reparte el acero sobre las l’neas, forma una peque–a reserva de acero para compensar irregularidad de abastecimiento, abastecimiento, puede adaptar el flujo de acero a la velocidad de colado y mantiene una constante presi—n en el molde. Esta fabricada de una chapa de acero recubierta
interiormente
de refractario, los distribuidores
para proceder al
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La falsa barra, adem‡s de taponear la lingotera y unir en forma s—lida con el comienzo del lingote en formaci—n, tiene la funci—n de hacer posible la extracci—n del lingote, por lo que tiene una longitud ligeramente
superior a la distancia entre los rodillos de
extracci—n o enderezado y la lingotera.
MAQUINA DE COLADA CONTINUA La maquina de colada continua, es una mecanizaci—n, del sistema tradicional de colada. Y consta b‡sicamente de las siguientes partes:
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üTorreta
giratoria
Es un mecanismo con dos brazos giratorios independientes, provistos con bases para sentar la olla procedentes del horno de afino.
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üLingoteras
En las las lingoteras el acero acero se solidifica a travŽs de los moldes de de cobre refrigerados con agua por las cuatro caras, formando una capa capa que ha de tener la suficiente resistencia
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El conocimiento
de los diferentes
par‡metros
condici—n clave para la buena utilizaci—n ejemplo; la influencia de la:
que influyen
en la solidificaci—n, es
de la maquina de colado continuo, como por
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Este peligro de rotura de las l’neas a las salidas de la lingotera, es mas agravado cuando el contenido de S en el acero es alto, dado la menor resistencia que proporciona el acero a altas temperaturas. Los altos contenidos de Mn pueden contrarrestar un poco la acci—n negativa que produce los altos contenidos de azufre.
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l250 oC, descienda sin ninguna brusquedad en determinadas zonas hasta los 900
o
C
aproximadamente. Es importante disponer adecuadamente posicionados en cantidad suficiente y tama–o, los
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