Research project report on SETTING UP OF PROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN IHM GWALIOR.
SUBIMITTED TO: NCHMCT NOIDA RESEARCH CENTRE – IHM GWALIOR
SUPERVISOR Mr . J . SMATHE HEW
RESEARCHER PRI YANKAYADAV Rol lno: -1 3 2 0 3 8 . Page | 1
CONTENT SNo. 1 Ac knowl edgment 2
Cer t i ficat e
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Chapt er 1 • • • • • •
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Topi cs
I nt r o duc t i o n Re v i e wo fLi t e r a t ur e Obj e c t i v e s Res ear ch me t hodol ogy Res ear chDe Des i gn Li mi t at i o ns
Chapt er2 THEORETI CAL FRAMEWORK • • • • •
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Wa Was t eTr ac ki ng Ki ndsofwast e Ar e aswher ef oodi sbei ngwas t ed I ndent i ng
Chapt er3 • •
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FoodWast ePr ev ent i on
Dat aAnal ysi s Resul tandDi scussi on
Chapt er4 • • •
Concl usi on Bi bl i o gr aphy Quest i onnai r e
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The st!" #as $%&!$te! '" ' " the ass(sta&t %) se*e+a, (&!(*(!a,s- I +ea,," a..+e$(ate the(+ he,. a&! he+e'" tha&/ the0- I #%,! ,(/e t% g(*e s.e$(a, tha&/s t% the )%,,%#(&g .e%.,e:
(+st," (+st," I #%,! # %,! ,(/e t% tha&/ 0" 0e&t%+ MR-3-S MATHEW MATHEW #h% ha! s.e+*(se! the st!" a&! #as (& $ha+ge %) the e&t(+e e &t(+e .+%4e$t- H(s .+ese&$e g(!a&$e a&! ass(sta&t #e+e +e0a+/a',e a&! s% I a0 g+ate), t% h(0 )%+ h(s s..%+t-
Se$%&!," I #%,! ,(/e t% tha&/ 0" +esea+$h .+%4e$t $%%+!(&at%+ MR-M5 DAS #h% ga*e a,, the g(!a&$e +ega+!(&g h%# t% #%+/ %& !es(g&(&g the +esea+$h .+%4e$t ste. '" ste. as #e,, as a,, %the+ .e%.,e #h% .+%*(!e! 0e #(th the +es%+$es t% $%&!$t 0" st!"- The(+ he,. a&! ass(sta&$e #as *e+" *a,a',e a&! s% I #%,! ,(/e t% a$/&%#,e!ge the0 as #e,,-
O*e+a,, a,, the a'%*e 0e&t(%&e! .e%.,e .e% .,e ha! a g+eat +%,e (& 0" st!"- The(+ The(+ !(+e$t a&! (&!(+e$t he,. (&!ee! .+%*e! t% 'e he,.-
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled “SETTING UP OF PROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT SSTEM IN I!M GWA"IOR# is a$ ori%i$al &or' a$d has (ee$ prepared (y PRIAN)A A*A+ i$ partial f,lfill-e$t of her co,rse at I!M.G&alior/
0Si%$at,re of St,de$t1
0Si%$at,re of Project
G,ide1
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Chapter 1
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INTRODUCTION
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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OB3ECTIVE
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RESEARCH METHEDOLOG8
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RESEARCH DESIGN
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LIMITATION
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INTRODUCTION Waste (s a& (0.%+ta&t '".+%!$t %) the h%te, 0a&age0e&t (&st(tte- A,s% (t .%ses a g+eat th+eat t% the e&*(+%&0e&t (& #h($h #e s+*(*e- He&$e (t (s *e+" 0$h (0.%+ta&t t% e+a!($ate the *a+(%s th+eats that a+e $ase! '" the .%,,t(%&- At th(s .+ese&t $e&t+" #aste 0a&age0e&t (s a& (0.%+ta&t st+ateg" that e*e+" h%te, 0a&age0e&t (&st(tte (s ,%%/(&g )%+#a+! t% set . .+%.e+ #aste 0a&age0e&t -Th+%gh 0" +esea+$h .+%4e$t ( #%,! ,(/e t% '+(&g %t *a+(%s st+ateg(es that h%te, 0a&age0e&t (&st(tte has ta/e& t% !% a .+%.e+ #aste 0a&age0e&tIt (s (0.%+ta&t (& the (&st(tte #aste 0a&age0e&t e&*(+%&0e&t that th(s 's(&ess $%0es a$+%ss as a .+%)ess(%&a, a&! $,ea& e&*(+%&0e&t t% a,, %) "%+ .at+%&s- +the+0%+e !e t% the (&$+eas(&g sa)et" +e;(+e0e&ts %) the (&st(tte (t (s e
st!e&t get a!0(tte!- Be(&g a h%te, 0a&age0e&t (&st(tte *a+(%s t".e %) )%%! .+%!$t(%& .+a$t($a, $,asses has 'ee& +&&(&g- Whe+eas e*e+" !a" 0%+e tha& 9>> .%+t(%& %) )%%! (s 0a!e )%+ ea$h a&! e*e+" 0e0'e+ %) the (&st(tte a&! hge a0%&t %) )%%! (s #aste! %& !a(," 'as(sTh(s st!" (s $%&$e+&e! #(th the +e,at(%& 'et#ee& )%%! #astage +e!$t(%& a&! the (0.+%*e0e&t %) )%%! se$+(t"B" )%%! se$+(t" #e 0ea& that a,, .e%.,e at a,, t(0es ha*e .h"s($a, a&! e$%&%0($ a$$ess t% s))($(e&t sa)e a&! &t+(t(%s )%%! that 0eets the(+ !(eta+" &ee!s a&! )%%! .+e)e+e&$es )%+ a& a$t(*e a&! hea,th" ,()e-
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N%# the 0%st (0.%+ta&t th(&g (s the +at(% #aste! )%%! $a& 'e +e!$e! '" ta/(&g s%0e 0eas+es #h($h #(,, 'e e,a'%+ate! (& th(s +esea+$h .+%4e$t-
LITERATURE REVIEW
The th+ee R@s a+e $%00%&," se! te+0s (& #aste 0a&age0e&t the" sta&!s )%+ Re!$e +ese a&! +e$"$,e- As #aste ge&e+at(%& +ates ha*e +(se& .+%$ess(&g $%sts (&$+ease! a*a(,a',e ,a&!)(,, s.a$e !e$+ease! the th+ee R@s ha*e 'e$a0e a $e&t+a, te&et (& ssta(&a',e #aste 0a&age0e&t e))%+tsELHagga+2>>F%%! #aste +e.+ese&ts a s(g&()($a&t," )+a$t(%& %) 0&($(.a, s%,(! #aste- P+%.e+ 0a&age0e&t +e$"$,(&g %) hge *%,0es %) )%%! #aste a+e +e;(+e! t% +e!$e (ts e&*(+%&0e&ta, '+!e&s a&! t% 0(&(0(e #astage Rsse,, Mah0! A.+(, 2>19FM&($(.a, s%,(! #astes MSWF (s %)te& !es$+('e! as the #aste that (s .+%!$e! )+%0 +es(!e&t(a, a&! (&!st+(a, &%&.+%$ess #astesF $%00e+$(a, a&! (&st(tt(%&a, s%+$es #(th the e<$e.t(%& %) haa+!%s a&! &(*e+sa, #astes $%&st+$t(%& a&! !e0%,(t(%& #astes a&! ,(;(! #astes #ate+ #aste#ate+ (&!st+(a, .+%$essesF T$h%'a&%g,%s 5+e(th 2>>2F-
In Nova Scota! MSW s "e#ne" thro$%h the So&" Waste'Reso$rce Mana%e(ent Re%$&atons )*++,- hch state that MSW /..nc&$"es %ar0a%e! re1$se! s&$"%e! r$00sh! ta&n%s! "e0rs! &tter an" other "scar"e" (atera&s res$&tn% 1ro( res"enta&! co((erca&! nstt$tona& an" n"$stra& actvtes hch are co((on&2 accepte" at a ($ncpa& so&" aste (ana%e(ent 1ac&t2! 0$t e3c&$"es astes 1ro( nstt$tona& actvtes re%$&ate" 02 an approva& ss$e" $n"er the Nova Scota Envron(ent Act4 )SWRMR! *++,-. Ha5ar"o$s astes are s$0stances hch are potenta&&2 ha5ar"o$s to h$(an hea&th an"6or the envron(ent. As s$ch! the2 t2pca&&2 re7$re speca& "sposa& techn7$es to e&(nate or re"$ce the ha5ar"s the2 pose )Mea8n! *++9-. Ha5ar"o$s astes are han"&e" ":erent&2 across ":erent provnces;
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hoever! (an2 provnces! nc&$"n% Nova Scota! have a"opte" the 1e"era& Transportaton o1 P. N. =here(sno:! *++?-. @no&e"%e o1 the propertes o1 certan (atera&s an" pro"$cts s essenta&! 0$t n1or(aton on (p$rtes! trace (atera&s! an" nter(e"ate 02' pro"$cts (a2 a&so 0e nee"e" snce the2 can 0e potenta&&2 ha5ar"o$s n certan 7$anttes or 1or(s. Unversa& aste can 0e "e#ne" n a n$(0er o1 ":erent a2s. The Unte" States Envron(enta& Protecton A%enc2 )USEPA- "e#nes $nversa& aste as a set o1 ha5ar"o$s (atera&s that s %enerate" n a "e varet2 o1 settn%s! 02 a vast co(($nt2! hch s present n s%n#cant vo&$(es n nonha5ar"o$s aste s2ste(s )USEPA! 9?-. The USEPA restrcts the "e#nton to 1o$r c&asses o1 (atera&sB 0atteres! (erc$r2'contann% e7$p(ent! pestc"es! an" &a(ps. In =a&1orna! &e%s&aton "e#nes $nversa& aste as ha5ar"o$s astes hch are %enerate" 02 ho$seho&"s an" 0$snesses )=
or hea&th rs8s ren"ern% t $ns$ta0&e 1or processn% an" "sposa& thro$%h re%$&ar ($ncpa& so&" aste strea(s; ' posn% &oer rs8s than "es%nate" ha5ar"o$s astes; ' 0en% %enerate" 02 a "e varet2 o1 peop&e! 0$snesses! an" settn%s; )=
OBJECTIVE
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T% !ete+0(&e h%# )%%! #astage $a& 'e $%&t+%,,e! '" .+%.e+ (&!e&t(&g )%+ *%,0e )ee!(&g-
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T% Est(0ate the a0%&ts %) )%%!s th+%#& a#a" a&! +e$%+! the (&)%+0at(%& s(&g $he$/ 0a+/s-
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(&! %t #hat g%*e+&0e&t g(!e,(&es a&! +e;(+e0e&ts the $a)ete+(a 0st )%,,%# #he& .,a&&(&g a&! .+e.a+(&g 0ea,s-
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T% st!" a'%t *a+(%s #aste .+%!$ts that (&st(tte .+%!$es a&! (ts (0.a$t %& the e&*(+%&0e&t
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T% .,a& %t a .+%.e+ #aste 0a&age0e&t s"ste0 )%+ the (&st(tte-
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T% !ete+0(&e the (&)%+0at(%& a'%t se %) '(%gas .+%!$t(%& te$h&%,%g" (& +e!$(&g the .%,,t(%&Page |
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
S(&$e the +esea+$h st!" (s %& I&st(tte %) H%te, 0a&age0e&t )(+st the !eta(, st!" %) the #aste 0a&age0e&t .+a$t($e! (& (&st(tte #as 'ee& $%&!$te! a'%t (ts Ma&age0e&t tea0 *a+(%s ste.s (&*%,*e! #h($h a,, #a"s %) t+eat0e&t the" se )%+ #aste .+%!$ts #h% a,, a+e (&*%,*e! (& $%0.,eat(&g these 4%'s -Base! %& the t%.($ %'4e$t(*es #e+e set a&! t% a++(*e at the %.(&(%& %& %'4e$t(*es a set %) ;est(%&&a(+es #e+e !es(g&e! %) )e# ;est(%&s a&! +es.%&se (s $%,,e$te!-%+ !ata $%,,e$t(%& Ra&!%0 C%&*e&(e&t sa0.,(&g 0eth%! #as a!%.te!%+ th(s .+%4e$t the a+ea %) +esea+$h (s G#a,(%+-
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RESEARCH DESIGN
METHOD O D!T! "O##E"T$O%& Th(s +esea+$h +e;(+e! t#% t".es %) !ata (-e- se$%&!a+" !ata a&! .+(0a+" !ata-P+(0a+" !ata has 'ee& se! a'&!a&t," )%+ the st!"- We,,st+$t+e! ;est(%&&a(+es #e+e .+e.a+e! the s+*e" #as &!e+ta/e&- ee!'a$/ )%+ the !(s.,a" has 'ee& ta/e& '" as/(&g ;est(%&s %'se+*at(%& has a,s% !%&e t% gathe+ .+(0a+" (&)%+0at(%&-The+e (s a,s% a se %) se$%&!a+" !ata $%,,e$te! )+%0 the *a+(%s 4%+&a,s '%%/s a&! #e's(tes )+%0 the e0.,%"ees (&*%,*e! (& these 4%'sas #e,, as s%0e (&)%+0at(%& #as a,s% $%,,e$te! )+%0 the st!e&ts a&! )a$,t(es %) the (&st(tte +ega+!(&g the a0%&t %) #astages'(O"E)) O D!T!& P+(0a+" !ata (e,! S+*e" Se$%&!a+" !ata B%%/sWe's(tes A+ea %) +esea+$h0e&t%+ AREA O RESEARCHG#a,(%+-
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RESEARCH APPROACHs+*e" 0eth%!
)!M'#$%* '#!%& S(&$e the st!" (s +est+($te! t% the (&st(tte a,, the )&$t(%&a, %) #aste t+eat0e&t (& the (&st(tte a&! the +es.%&!e&ts a+e )%&! at the (&st(tte %&," s% a$$%+!(&g t% the $%&*e&(e&$e +a&!%0," the" #e+e 'e(&g .($/e! s% sa0.,(&g 0eth%! (s se! (& th(s st!" (s Ra&!%0 C%&*e&(e&t Sa0.,(&g-
T$ME O )T+D- +%0 a0 t% 9 .0Wee/!a"sF-
'E($OD O )T+D-?> Da"s-
LIMITATIONS
"O%)T(!$%T O MO%E-As 'e(&g a st!e&t (t (s &%t .%ss(',e t% a++a&ge '(g a0%&t %) 0%&e" +e;(+e! )%+ the +esea+$h (& th(s t%.($"O%)T(!$%T O T$ME- The +es.%&!e&ts !e t% &%& a*a(,a'(,(t" %) t(0e $%,! &%t !(s$ss 0a&" as.e$ts %) the t%.($ (& !e.th- The t%.($ has s% 0a&" as.e$ts t% !(s$ss 't () the t(0e (s &%t a*a(,a',e the .e+s%& &a',e t% get the +(ght $%&$,s(%&-
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#$M$TED (E)'O%)E O( )+''O(T- The +es.%&!e&ts #e+e &%t (&te+este! t% !(s$ss a'%t the(+ 0eth%!s %) #aste t+eat0e&t as the+e #as &% s$h t+eat0e&t !%&e (& (&st(tte a&! g(*e the(+ %.(&(%&s as #e,, as .+%.e+ (&)%+0at(%& +ega+!(&g the t%.($ the" !(! &%t )e,t &e$essa+" t% s..%+t the +esea+$he+ t% .+%*(!e a .+%.e+ !ata a'%t the t%.($#$M$TED 'E()O%!# !''(O!"H- It #as *e+" !())($,t t% a..+%a$h ea$h a&! e*e+" .e+s%& .e+s%&a,," 'e$ase %) the ,a$/ %) 0%&e" as #e,, as t(0e s% the !ata a&! the $%&$,s(%& #h($h (s g(*e& 0a" &%t 'e as a..+%.+(ate as (t $%,! 'e () .+%.e+ a..+%a$hes #%,! ha*e 'ee& the+e-
CHAPTER II
THEORETI CAL FRAMEWORK
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Defini ngWas t eManagement Waste 0(&(0(at(%& (s a 0eth%!%,%g" se! t% a$h(e*e #aste +e!$t(%& .+(0a+(," th+%gh +e!$t(%& at s%+$e 't a,s% (&$,!(&g +e$"$,(&g a&! +ese %) 0ate+(a,s as sh%#& (& the )(g+e 'e,%#-
The 'e&e)(ts %) #aste 0(&(0(at(%& a+e '%th e&*(+%&0e&ta, a&! )(&a&$(a, a&! #(!e (& the(+ $%*e+age- S%0e %) the 0a(& 'e&e)(ts (&$,!e the )%,,%#(&g:
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I0.+%*e! '%tt%0 ,(&e th+%gh (0.+%*e! .+%$ess e))($(e&$"
•
Re!$e! '+!e& %& the e&*(+%&0e&t #(th (0.+%*e! .',($ (0age a&! $%0.,(a&$e #(th ,eg(s,at(%&
Waste management concepts The+e a+e a &0'e+ %) $%&$e.ts a'%t #aste 0a&age0e&t #h($h *a+" (& the(+ sage 'et#ee& $%&t+(es %+ +eg(%&s- S%0e %) the 0%st ge&e+a, #(!e," se! $%&$e.ts (&$,!e:
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Diagram of the waste hierarchy. •
/aste hierarchy The #aste h(e+a+$h" +e)e+s t% the J6 RsJ +e!$e +ese a&!
+e$"$,e #h($h $,ass()" #aste 0a&age0e&t st+ateg(es a$$%+!(&g t% the(+ !es(+a'(,(t" (& te+0s %) #aste 0(&(0(at(%&- The #aste h(e+a+$h" +e0a(&s the $%+&e+st%&e %) 0%st #aste 0(&(0(at(%& st+ateg(es- The a(0 %) the #aste h(e+a+$h" (s t% e
Extended producer responsibility E
a st+ateg" !es(g&e! t% .+%0%te the (&teg+at(%& %) a,, $%sts ass%$(ate! #(th .+%!$ts th+%gh%t the(+ ,()e $"$,e (&$,!(&g e&!%),()e !(s.%sa, $%stsF (&t% the 0a+/et .+($e %) the .+%!$t- E
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a+e +e;(+e! t% 'e +es.%&s(',e )%+ the .+%!$ts a)te+ the(+ se), ,()e as #e,, as !+(&g 0a&)a$t+e•
'olluter pays principle the P%,,te+ Pa"s P+(&$(.,e (s a .+(&$(.,e #he+e the
.%,,t(&g .a+t" .a"s )%+ the (0.a$t $ase! t% the e&*(+%&0e&t- W(th +es.e$t t% #aste 0a&age0e&t th(s ge&e+a,," +e)e+s t% the +e;(+e0e&t )%+ a #aste ge&e+at%+ t% .a" )%+ a..+%.+(ate !(s.%sa, %) the #aste-
Wast eDi sposalMet hods
)ource reduction
V%,0e %) s%,(! #aste (s +e!$e! '" +e!$(&g .a$/ag(&g !(s.%sa',e .+%!$ts et$-C%,! (&t+%!$e a!*a&$e! .+a$t($es +e!$(&g #aste at s%+$e- Ma&" s%+$es ,(e %ts(!e (&!(*(!a, $(t(es-
+ncontrolled dumping
C%&t+%,,e! a..,($at(%& %) #aste %& ,a&!- L%#$%st a&! ,%# te$h&%,%g" s%,t(%& #he& ,a&! a*a(,a',e- R(s/s (& $e+ta(& $(+$0sta&$es e-g- t% #ate+ s..,"-
)anitary land filling
C%&t+%,,e! a..,($at(%& %) #aste %& ,a&!- L%#$%st a&! ,%# te$h&%,%g" s%,t(%& #he& ,a&! a*a(,a',e- R(s/s (& $e+ta(& $(+$0sta&$es e-g- t% #ate+ s..,"-
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"omposting
B(%,%g($a, !e$%0.%s(t(%& %) %+ga&($ 0atte+ (& #aste &!e+ $%&t+%,,e! $%&!(t(%&s- Nee!s $%++e$t .+%.%+t(%& %) '(%!eg+a!a',e 0ate+(a, (& #aste- Ma" 'e e<.e&s(*e #he+e &% 0a+/et )%+ $%0.%st- La+ge !e$e&t+a,(e! s$he0es $,a(0e! t% 'e &s$$ess),-
Multi-material recycling
C%0.,e0e&ts $%0.%st(&g Des(g& .+%!$ts )%+ +ea!" +e$"$,(&gK+ese s%+t(&g '" $%&s0e+s a&! .($/. '" t".es %) 0ate+(a,s- Re$"$,(&g a&! +ese a,+ea!" %$$+s (& 0a&" $%&t+(es as a 0atte+ %) e$%&%0($ &e$ess(t"-
$ncineration
C%&t+%,,e! '+&(&g %) #aste at h(gh te0.e+at+es t% +e!$e (ts *%,0e .%ss('(,(t" t% ga(& e&e+g" )+%0 $%0'st(%&- H(gh $a.(ta, $%st +e;(+es s/(,,e! %.e+at(%& a&! $%&t+%,- Waste 0st ha*e h(gh $a,%+()($ *a,e- A!*a&tage () ,a&! &%t a*a(,a',e )%+ ,a&!)(,,-
*asification
B(%,%g($a, !e$%0.%s(t(%& %) %+ga&($ 0atte+ (& #aste &!e+ $%&t+%,,e! $%&! (t(%&s t% %'ta(& 0etha&e a&! %the+ gases- H(gh $%st a&! te$h&%,%g($a,," $%0.,($ate!-
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(efuse derived fuel
Se.a+at(%& %) $%0'st(',e 0ate+(a,s )+%0 s%,(! #aste t% 'e se! )%+ )e, .+.%sesAss0es $%0'st(',e 0ate+(a, &%t se.a+ate! %t- C%sts a&! %.e+at(%&a, (sses &%t #(!e," /&%#& )%+ ,a+ges$a,e %.e+at(%&s-
'yrolysis
H(gh te0.e+at+e $%&*e+s(%& %) %+ga&($ 0ate+(a, (& a'se&$e %) %<"ge& t% %'ta(& $%0'st(',e '".+%!$ts- Ca.(ta, (&te&s(*e #(th h(gh +&&(&g $%sts a&! te$h&($a,," $%0.,e<-
Advant agesandDi sadvant ages
)!%$T!( #!%D$## !dvantages& •
V%,0e $a& (&$+ease #(th ,(tt,e a!!(t(%& %) .e%.,eKe;(.0e&t
•
(,,e! ,a&! $a& 'e +ese! )%+ %the+ $%00&(t" .+.%ses
Disadvantages& •
C%0.,ete! ,a&!)(,, a+eas $a& sett,e a&! +e;(+es 0a(&te&a&$e
•
Re;(+es .+%.e+ .,a&&(&g !es(g& a&! %.e+at(%&
$%"$%E(!T$O% Page | 1
!dvantages& •
Re;(+es 0(&(00 ,a&!
•
Ca& 'e %.e+ate! (& a&" #eathe+
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P+%!$es sta',e %!%+)+ee +es(!e
•
Re)se *%,0e (s +e!$e! '" ha,)
Disadvantages& •
E<.e&s(*e t% '(,! a&! %.e+ate
•
H(gh e&e+g" +e;(+e0e&t
•
Re;(+es s/(,,e! .e+s%&&e, a&! $%&t(&%s 0a(&te&a&$e
•
U&s(ght," s0e,, #aste *e+0(&
O'E% D+M'$%* !dvantages& •
I&e<.e&s(*e
Disadvantages& •
Hea,thhaa+! (&se$ts +%!e&ts et$-
•
Da0age !e t% a(+ .%,,t(%&
•
G+%&! #ate+ a&! +&%)) .%,,t(%&
(E""#$%*
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!dvantages& •
5e" t% .+%*(!(&g a ,(*a',e e&*(+%&0e&t )%+ the )t+e
Disadvantages& •
E<.e&s(*e
•
S%0e #astes $a&&%t 'e +e$"$,e!
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Te$h&%,%g($a, .sh &ee!e!
•
Se.a+at(%& %) se), 0ate+(a, )+%0 #aste !())($,t
Biogas plant for biological wastes recycling /hat is biogas plant0
B(%gas .,a&t .+%!$es '(%gas a&! '(%)e+t(,(e+ )+%0 '(%,%g($a, #astes %) ag+($,t+a, a&! )%%! (&!st+(es '" 0ea&s %) %<"ge&)+ee )e+0e&tat(%& a&ae+%'($ !(gest(%&F-
B(%gas .,a&t – (s the 0%st a$t(*e s"ste0 %) '(%,%g($a, +e$"$,(&g- Th(s s"ste0 .e+)%+0s t(,(at(%& +e$"$,(&g a&! has sh%+test .a"'a$/ .e+(%!- The !())e+e&$es )+%0 the %the+ +e$"$,(&g s"ste0s a+e the )%,,%#(&g1F
'(%gas
.,a&t
!%es
&%t
$%&s0es
.%#e+
't
.+%!$es
(t
2F .+%!$e! e,e$t+($(t" (s se! '" the e&te+.+(se a&! e&! .+%!$ts %) %the+ +e$"$,(&g s"ste0s !+" )ee! %+ !+" 0a&+eF &ee!s t% 'e s%,! %+ +e$"$,e!-
ollowing raw materials can be used for biogas production& Catt,e 0a&+e .(g 0a&+e $h($/e& !&g s,aghte+h%se #aste ',%%! )at e&t+a(,s a&! +0e& $%&te&tF .,a&ts #aste s(,age +%tte& g+a(& #aste #ate+ )ats '(%#aste )%%! (&!st+" #aste 0a,t +e0&a&ts 0a+$ !(st(,,e+" s,%. '(%etha&%, .,a&t s,%. '+e#e+@s g+a(& Page | 21
$+she! 0a,t +e0&a&ts a)te+ #%+t )(,t+at(%&F sga+ 'eet a&! )+(t .,. sga+ 'eet t%.s te$h&($a, g,"$e+(& a)te+ '(%!(se, .+%!$t(%&F )('e+ a&! %the+ sta+$h a&! t+ea$,e .+%!$t(%& 0(,/ #he" ),%tat(%& s,!ge !e#ate+e! ),%tat(%& s,!ge )+%0 0&($(.a, #aste #ate+ t+eat0e&t .,a&ts a,gae- M%st %) the +a# 0ate+(a,s $a& 'e 0(
/hat are the benefits of biogas plant0
Waste +e$"$,(&g g(*es:
Main benefits
1- E$%,%g($a, $,ea&(&g 2- Gas 6- B(%)e+t(,(e+ 7- I&*est0e&t $%st sa*(&g )%+ &e# e&te+.+(sesF
!dditional benefits
1- E,e$t+($(t" 2- Heat
Ecological cleaning and utili1ation
B(%gas .,a&t $a& +e!$e sa&(ta+" %&e !(sta&$e )+%0 the e&te+.+(se t% +es(!e&t(a, a+eaF )+%0 9>>0 t% 19>0- I& 0a&" $ases s$h e$%,%g($a, (sses a+e *(ta, )%+ s%0e e&te+.+(ses-
Page | 22
Ot%)!ate ,ag%%&s %$$." ,%ts %) s.a$e a&! ha*e 'a! s0e,,- B(%gas .,a&t +e;(+es s.a$e that se*e+a, t(0es ,ess () t% 'e $%0.a+e! t% ,ag%%&s a&! 0a&+e st%+ages- Wate+ (& ,ag%%&s (s '%&!e! '" $%,,%(! $%0.%&!s he&$e e*a.%+at(%& (s *e+" )a(&t- A)te+ t+eat0e&t (& '(%gas .,a&t #ate+ (s se.a+ate! a&! eas(," *a.%+(e!- D(geste! '(%0ass $a& 'e +e,ease! t% the )(e,!s #(th%t a&" t(0e !e,a"s #h($h $a& +e!$e ,ag%%&s a+ea . t% 9 t(0es I&*est0e&ts (&t% ,ag%%& $%&st+$t(%& a+e 0%&e" th+%#& !%#& the !+a(&- B" (&*est(&g (&t% '(%gas .,a&t "% .a"'a$/ "%+ 0%&e" #(th .+%)(t a&! 0a/e ,a&! sage 0%+e e))e$t(*e- B(%gas .,a&t $%&st+$t(%& (s se), &%t % &," )%+ &e# )a+0s 't )%+ e<(st(&g as #e,, 'e$ase %,! ,ag%%&s 0a(&te&a&$e $%st a+e $%&s(!e+a',e-
S%0e %) #aste .+%!$ts $a& 'e st%+e! (& ,ag%%&s #h(,e the %the+ +e;(+es e&e+g" a&! $%st $%&s0(&g t(,(at(%& s,aghte+h%se #asteF '(%gas .+%!$t(%& ,%%/s 0%+e att+a$t(*e (& that +es.e$t- Usage %) $%&*e&t(%&a, ,ag%%&s a&! ,a&! )(,,s %)te& 0a/es .%ss(',e )(,t+ate .e+$%,at(%& t% the g+%&!#ate+ that $ases hea,th .+%',e0s t% .e%.,e a&! a&(0a,s as #e,, as sa&$t(%&s )+%0 state sa&(ta+" se+*($e a&! $%st," 0e!($a, t+eat0e&t- Us(&g '(%gas .,a&t s"ste0 "% #(,, a*%(! !(seases 0e!($a, a&! .e&a,t" '(,,s-
E;(..e! #(th a!!(t(%&a, )(,t+at(%& !e*($es .+ess+e )(,te+ !e$a&te+F '(%gas .,a&t $a& +e!$e COD a&! BOD ,e*e,s (& )(,t+ate s% (t $a& 'e !(s$ha+ge! t% se#age s"ste0 %+ )a$t%+" #ate+ t+eat0e&t )a$(,(t"- COD – $he0($a, %<"ge& !e0a&! a&! BOD – '(%,%g($a, %<"ge& !e0a&!- B(%gas .,a&t 0a/es .%ss(',e +e0%*a, %) 0%st .a+t %) $%&ta0(&at(&g '(%,%g($a, 0atte+ %+ga&($ 0atte+ $%&te&t +e!$e! . t% ?>>F-
Biogas production process
Page | 26
Four steps of fermentation
S$he0e 1- Meta'%,(s0 .+%!$ts %) the a&ae+%'($ )e+0e&tat(%&
Ba$te+(a !e$%0.%se the %+ga&($ 0atte+ (& a&ae+%'($ e&*(+%&0e&t- B(%gas (s a& (&te+0e!(ate .+%!$t
%)
the(+
0eta'%,(s0-
The !e$%0.%s(t(%& .+%$ess $a& 'e !(*(!e! (&t% 7 ste.s see s$he0e 1F ea$h %) th%se a$$%0.a&(e! '" !())e+e&t 'a$te+(a g+%.s:
I& the )(+st stage ae+%'($ 'a$te+(a +e$%&st+$ts h(gh0%,e$,a+ s'sta&$es .+%te(& $a+'%h"!+ates )ats $e,,,%seF '" 0ea&s %) e&"0es t% ,%#0%,e$,a+ $%0.%&!s ,(/e 0%&%sa$$ha+(!e a0(&% a$(!s )att" a$(!s a&! #ate+- E&"0es ass(g&e! '" h"!+%,"s(s 'a$te+(a !e$%0.%se s'st+ate $%0.%&e&ts t% s0a,, #ate+s%,',e 0%,e$,es- P%,"0e+s t+& (&t% 0%&%0e+s se.a+ate 0%,e$,esF- Th(s .+%$ess $a,,e! h"!+%,"s(s-
The& a$(!)%+0(&g 'a$te+(a 0a/e !e$%0.%s(t(%&- Se.a+ate 0%,e$,es .e&et+ate (&t% 'a$te+(a $e,,s #he+e )+the+ t+a&s)%+0at(%& ta/es .,a$e- Th(s .+%$ess (s .a+t(a,," a$$%0.a&(e! '"
Page | 27
a&ae+%'($ 'a$te+(a that $%&s0e +est %) %<"ge& he&$e .+%*(!(&g s(ta',e a&ae+%'($ e&*(+%&0e&t )%+ 0etha&e 'a$te+(a-
Th(s ste. .+%!$es:
•
A$(!s a$et($ a$(! )%+0($ a$(! 't"+($ a$(! .+%. (%&($ a$(! $a.+%($ a$(! ,a$t($ a$(!F
•
A,$%h%,s a&! /et%&es 0etha&%, etha&%, .+%.a&%, 'ta&%, g,"$e+(& a&! a$et%&eF
•
Gases $a+'%& !(%<(!e $a+'%& h"!+%ge& s,)(!e a&! a00%&(aF-
The ste. (s $a,,e! %<(!at(%&-
A)te+#a+!s a$(!)%+0(&g 'a$te+(a )%+0 (&(t(a, .+%!$ts )%+ 0etha&e )%+0at(%&: a$et($ a$(! $a+'%& !(%<(!e a&! h"!+%ge&F- These .+%!$ts a+e )%+0e! )+%0 %+ga&($ a$(!s- %+ *(ta, )&$t(%&s %) these 'a$te+(a that $%&s0e h"!+%ge& sta',e te0.e+at+e 0%!e (s *e+" (0.%+ta&t-
The ,ast ste. (s 0etha&e $a+'%& !(%<(!e a&! #ate+ )%+0at(%&- > %) 0etha&e "(e,! ta/es .,a$e at th(s stage > )+%0 a$et($ a$(!- Ths a$et($ a$(! )%+0at(%& 6+! ste.F (s the )a$t%+ that !e)(&es the s.ee! %) 0etha&e )%+0at(%&-
One and two stages process
Page | 29
S$he0e 2- O&e a&! t#% stages 0etha&e .+%!$t(%& .+%$essI& 0%st $ases s$h .+%$esses ta/e .,a$e s(0,ta&e%s," (t 0ea&s that the+e (s &% '%&!a+(es )%+ .,a$e a&! !+at(%& %) !e$%0.%s(t(%&- S$h te$h&%,%g" (s $a,,e! t#% stages te$h&%,%g"%+ )e+0e&tat(%& %) +a.(!," !e$%0.%sa',e +a# 0ate+(a,s (& .+e state t#% stage te$h&%,%g" +e;(+e!- %+ e
%+ s$$ess), ,()e$"$,e %) a,, 0($+%%+ga&(s0s (&s(!e the !(geste+ s.e$(a, $%&!(t(%&s 0st 'e se$+e!- Ma&!at%+" )a$t%+s )%+ that a+e the )%,,%#(&g:
!naerobic environment a$t(*e )&$t(%&(&g %) 'a$te+(a (s .%ss(',e %&," (& %<"ge&)+ee
$%&!(t(%&sB(%gas .,a&t !es(g& ta/es that (&t% $%&s(!e+at(%&-
Humidity 'a$te+(a $a& ,(*e )ee! a&! .+%.agate %&," (& 0%(st $%&!(t(%&s-
Page | 2?
Temperature the %.t(00 te0.e+at+e )%+ 0%!e )%+ a,, 'a$te+(a g+%.s (s 697> +a&ge-
H0a& (s &%t a',e t% $%&t+%, th(s that (s #h" (t (s !%&e '" at%0at($ $%&t+%, s"ste0-
ermentation period The ;a&t(t" %) .+%!$e! '(%gas (s !())e+e&t #(th(& the )e+0e&tat(%&
.e+(%!- I& the 'eg(&&(&g %) )e+0e&tat(%& (t (s 0%+e (&te&s(*e the& at the e&! %) (t- The& $%0es the 0%0e&t #he& )+the+ '(%0ass .+ese&$e (& the !(geste+ (s e$%&%0($a,," &)eas(',e- O+ s.e$(a,(sts +est .%& ,%>e+0 e<.e+(e&$e #h(,e $a,$,at(&g )e+0e&tat(%& .e+(%! e))($(e&$"-
23 level h"!+%,"s(s a&! %<(!at(%& 'a$te+(a $a& ,(*e (& a$(! e&*(+%&0e&t #(th .H ,e*e, 7-9
?-6 #h(,e 0etha&e a&! a$et($ a$(! )%+0at(%& 'a$te+(a $a& e<(st %&," (& ,%# a,/a,(&(t" e&*(+%&0e&t #(th .H ?-- A,, the 'a$te+(a /(&!s ha*e te&!e&$" t% ss.e&! the(+ a$t(*(t" (& $ase .H ,e*e, (s h(ghe+ %) the %.t(00 he&$e the '(%gas .+%!$t(%& ss.e&!s as #e,,- That (s #h" the 'est .H ,e*e, sh%,! 'e 0a(&ta(&e!-
Even substrate feed the '".+%!$ts %) ea$h g+%. %) 'a$te+(a ,()e$"$,e a+e the &t+(e&ts
)%+ %the+ 'a$te+(a g+%.- The a,, #%+/ #(th !())e+e&t s.ee!- The 'a$te+(a sh%,! &%t 'e %*e+)ee! as the" ha+!," 'e a',e t% .+%!$e &t+(e&ts )%+ a&%the+ g+%.- That (s #h" the s'st+ate )ee! (s $a,$,ate! a&! .+%g+a00e! )%+ ea$h .+%4e$t $a+e),,"-
%utrients supply 'a$te+(a .+%*(!e! #(th a,, &e$essa+" &t+(e&ts that a+e $%&ta(&e! (&
s'st+ate s% the %&," th(&g (s &ee!e! (s $%&sta&t s'st+ate s..,"- S'st+ate $%&ta(&s *(ta0(&s s%,',e a00%&(a $%0.%&!s 0($+%e,e0e&ts a&! hea*" 0eta,s (& s0a,, ;a&t(t(es N($/e, $%'a,t 0%,"'!e&0 #%,)+a0 a&! )e++0 a+e +e;(+e! '" 'a$te+(a )%+ e&"0e
Page | 2
)%+0at(%& a&! a+e a,s% .+ese&t (& s'st+ates-
'article si1e The s0a,,e+ the 'ette+ +,e (s #%+/(&g he+e- Ba$te+(a s(e 1K1>>> 00 the
s0a,,e+ the s'st+ate .a+t($,es the eas(e+ the !e$%0.%s(t(%& 0a!e '" 'a$te+(a- e+0e&tat(%& .e+(%! 'e$%0es sh%+te+ a&! '(%gas .+%!$t(%& )aste+- I) &e$essa+" a!!(t(%&a, s'st+ate !(s(&teg+at(%& sh%,! 'e !%&e 'e)%+e s'st+ate )ee! (&t% +ea$t%+-
Mixing (s (0.%+ta&t &%t %&," t% a*%(! ),%at(&g $%+/ a&! se!(0e&t )%+0at(%& 't a,s% )%+
'(%gas e
'rocess
stability
0($+%%+ga&(s0s
a+e
se!
t%
$e+ta(&
)ee!
%the+
0%!es-
A&" $ha&ges sh%,! 'e !%&e s0%%th,"-
!void gett(&g (&t% +ea$t%+ a&t('(%t($s $he0($a, a&! !(s(&)e$t(%& 0ea&s '(g ;a&t(t(es %)
hea*" 0eta,s- O+ s.e$(a,(sts $a& a!*($e "% %& that-
The e&! .+%!$t %) '(%,%g($a, t+eat0e&t a+e:
•
biogas 0etha&e &%t ,ess tha& 99 $a+'%& !(%<(!e &%t 0%+e tha& 79 h"!+%ge&
s,)(!e &%t 0%+e tha& 2 h"!+%ge& &%t 0%+e the& 1F
•
ermented substrate as fermentation residue $%&s(st(&g %) #ate+ $e,,,%se
+es(!es s0a,, ;a&t(t" %) 'a$te+(a a&! %+ga&($ &t+(e&ts &(t+%ge& .h%s.h%+s .%tass(0 et$-F-
Page | 2
4iogas plant scheme
Page | 2
Operation principle of biogas plant L(;(! '(%,%g($a, #aste (s .0.e! t% '(%gas .,a&t '" sa&(ta+" .0. %+ e
+%0 h%0%ge&(at(%& ta&/ a&! s$+e# $ha+ge+ '(%0ass 0a&+e !&g %+ !(st(,,e+" s,%.F $%0es t% !(geste+ '(%,%g($a, +ea$t%+F- B(%,%g($a, +ea$t%+ (s gas.+%%) ta&/ 0a!e %) a$(! Page | 6>
+es(sta&t $%&$+ete- Rea$t%+ (s heat(&s,ate!- The heat(&s,at(%& (s $a,$,ate! !e.e&!(&g %& the '(%gas .,a&t s(te $,(0ate $%&!(t(%&s- %+ 0($+%%+ga&(s0s@ *(ta, a$t(*(t" a $%&sta&t a&! e*e& te0.e+at+e (&s(!e the !(geste+ (s /e.t sa,," (t (s 0es%.h(,($ te0.e+at+e 0%!e Q6>71F- I& s%0e $ases te+0%.h(,($ 0%!e %) te0.e+at+e (s se! a'%t 99FB(%0ass 0(<(&g (&s(!e the !(geste+ (s 0a!e '" se*e+a, #a"s a&! !e.e&!s %& the t".e %) +a# 0ate+(a, (ts h0(!(t" a&! %the+ )eat+es- M(<(&g $a& 'e !%&e '" s,%..e! 0( "ea+s-
D(geste+s a+e heate! '" h%t #ate+ #(th (&,et te0.e+at+e a'%t ?> a&! !(s$ha+ge te0.e+at+e %) a'%t 7>- Heat(&g s"ste0 (s a &et#%+/ %) .(.es #h($h $a& 'e '(,t(& t% +ea$t%+ #a,, %+ t% 'e 0%&te! t% (&te+(%+ s(!e %) the !(geste+ #a,,- I& $ase '(%gas .,a&t e;(..e! #(th $%ge&e+at(%& &(t !(geste+ $a& 'e heate! '" ge&e+at%+ $%%,(&g #ate+Ge&e+at%+ $%%,(&g #ate+ has te0.e+at+e %) > a&! 'e)%+e gett(&g (&t% !(geste+ heat(&g s"ste0 (t (s 0( #ate+ s% that heat(&g s"ste0 +e$e(*es #ate+ #(th ?>- The #ate+ (s .+e*(%s," t+eate! a&! +et+&a',e- I& #(&te+ t(0e '(%gas .,a&t +e;(+es . t% > %) heat )+%0 ge&e+at%+ $%%,(&g !e*($e a&! 1> (& s00e+ t(0e- I) '(%gas .,a&t (s .+.%se! %&," )%+ gas .+%!$t(%& h%t #ate+ (s ta/e& )+%0 a s.e$(a, #ate+ '%(,e+- B(%gas .,a&t se,) e&e+g" a&! heat $%&s0.t(%& sa,," 0a/es )+%0 9 t% 19 %) %*e+a,, .+%!$e!-
Page | 61
The a*e+age h"!+a,($ +ete&t(%& t(0e %) '(%0ass (& '(%+ea$t%+ !e.e&!(&g %& the 0ate+(a, t".eF (s 2>7> !a"s- D+(&g th(s t(0e %+ga&($ 0atte+ (s 0eta'%,(e! 0%!()(e!F '" 0($+%%+ga&(s0s .+ese&te! (& the '(%0ass- C%+& s(,age h"!+a,($ +ete&t(%& t(0e (s a'%t >1?> !a"s- The h"!+a,($ +ete&t(%& t(0e !e)(&es the s(e %) the !(geste+-
The )e+0e&tat(%& .+%$ess (s 0a!e '" a&ae+%'($ 0($+%%+ga&(s0s #h($h a+e (&4e$te! (&t% the !(geste+ !+(&g the '(%gas .,a&t sta+t .- A&" )+the+ 0($+%%+ga&(s0s (&4e$t(%& (s &%t +e;(+e!- M($+%%+ga&(s0s (&4e$t(%& (s 0a!e '" %&e %) th+ee #a"s: 1F 0($+%%+ga&(s0s $%&$e&t+ate (&4e$t(%& 2F )+esh 0a&+e a!!(t(%& %+ 6F (&4e$t(%& %) '(%0ass )+%0 %.e+at(%&a, '(%gas .,a&t- As a +,e 2&! a&! 6+! 0eth%!s a+e se! 'e(&g $hea.est %&esM($+%%+ga&(s0s get (&t% 0a&+e )+%0 a&(0a, '%#e,s a&! a+e &%t ha+0), t% h0a& %+ a&(0a,- M%+e%*e+ '(%+ea$t%+ (s a he+0et($a,," sea,e! $%&ta(&e+- That (s #h" '(%+ea$t%+s %+ )e+0e&te+s $a& 'e .,a$e! &ea+ the )a+0 %+ .+%!$t(%& )a$(,(t(es-
As e&! .+%!$ts #e ha*e: '(%gas a&! '(%)e+t(,(e+ $%0.%ste! %+ ,(;(!F-
B(%gas (s st%+e! at a gash%,!e+- I&s(!e the gash%,!e+ .+ess+e a&! '(%gas $%0.%s(t(%& (s e*e&e!- Gash%,!e+ (s a h(ghte&s(,e a&! !(ste&s(',e EPDM 0e0'+a&e- The 0e0'+a&e 0ate+(a, (s +es(sta&t t% s&,(ght a&! (&te+&a, '(%+ea$t%+ se!(0e&ts a&! e*a.%+at(%&sGash%,!e+ se+*($e ,()et(0e (s 19 "ea+s- B(%+ea$t%+ he+0et($a,," sea,e! '" the gash%,!e+ )+%0 the t%.s(!e a&! $%*e+e! '" a!!(t(%&a, t(,t $%*e+- The s.a$e 'et#ee& the gash%,!e+ a&! t(,t $%*e+ (s .0.e! #(th a& a(+ (& %+!e+ t% )%+0 .+ess+e a&! heat (&s,at(%&S%0et(0es gash%,!e+ (s a 0,t($ha0'e+ $%*e+- De.e&!(&g %& the .+%4e$t s%,t(%& s$h $%*e+ $a& 'e se$+e! '" 'e,ts %& the t%. %) the $%&$+ete !%0e %+ t% 'e .,a$e! (& a se.a+ate $%&$+ete ta&/- Gash%,!e+ *%,0e $a.a$(t" (s >-9 – 1 %.e+at(%&a, !a"Page | 62
+%0 the gash%,!e+ '(%gas $%&sta&t," $%0es t% gas %+ !(ese,Kgas $%ge&e+at(%& &(t- He+e heat a&! e,e$t+($(t" a+e 'e(&g .+%!$e!- 106 %) '(%gas .+%!$es 2 /Wh %) e,e$t+($a, a&! 2 /Wh %) heat .%#e+- B(g '(%gas .,a&ts a+e e;(..e! #(th a& e0e+ge&$" ),a+e )%+ (&sta&$es %) e&g(&es 0a,)&$t(%& a&! the &e$ess(t" t% '+& the e<$ess(*e '(%gas- B(%gas s"ste0 $a& 'e e;(..e! #(th *e&t(,at(%& $%&!e&sate e
The at%0at($ $%&t+%, &(t %.e+ates the #h%,e s"ste0- C%&t+%, &(t %.e+ates the #%+/ %) .0.(&g stat(%& 0(
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Bas($ t+a(&(&g /(t$he& (s )%+ the &e# st!e&ts #h% ta/e a!0(ss(%& (& %+ (&st(tte- S% $ha&$e %) #astage (& BT5 (s h(gh 'e$ase the st!e&t (s &a*e (& /(t$he&- The" .+%!$e ,ess a0%&t %) "(e,!T% +e!$e the $ha&$e %) #astage #e ha*e t% .+%*(!e g%%! t+a(&(&g t% the st!e&t a&! te,, the0 the 'as($ %) "(e,! 0a&age0e&t-
7uantity Training 6itchen&Xa&t(t" t+a(&(&g /(t$he& (s se! t% 0a/e $a)ete+(a )%%! (& a ',/ .+%.%+t(%&- I& th(s /(t$he& )%%! (s 0a!e (& ',/- As a +es,t $%0.a+at(*e," 0%+e a0%&t %) )%%! (s #aste!The %the+ +eas%& % )%%! .(,)e+age ha..e&s !e t% the ,a$/ %) /&%#,e!ge %+ )a(,+e (& est(0at(%& a'%t the e
!dvance Training 6itchen&A!*a&$e t+a(&(&g /(t$he& (s the /(t$he& #he+e the )(&a, "ea+ st!e&t (s t+a(&e! )%+ the s.e+(%+ ,e*e, %) s/(,, t+a(&(&g- Whe+e $%0.a+at(*e," !e,($ate )%%! (s .+e.a+e! 0%st," $%&t(&e&ta, a&! %+(e&ta,- Be(&g a,, the st!e&t a+e I&!(a& s.e$(a,," &%+th I&!(a& +es(!e&ts the $%&s0e+ %) $%&t(&e&t )%%! a&! %+(e&ta, &%& *eg- (te0s a+e )e# (& &0'e+-
4a8ery9:;: Ba/e+" (s the .,a$e #he+e the e&t(+e 'a/e+" .+%!$t (s 0a!e- The 'a/e+" (s !(*(!e! (& t#% se$t(%&s: Ba/e+" 2 (s #he+e 1st "ea+ st!e&t #%+/s a&! ,ea+& the 'as($ s/(,,- The #astage (s 0%+e (& 'a/e+" 1 as the st!e&t (s &e# (& th(sPage | 7?
Ba/e+" 1 (s #he+e 6+! "ea+ st!e&t #%+/s (& he+e the #astage (s ,ess as $%0.a+e t% 'a/e+" 1 $ase the st!e&t (s '(t 0%+e e<.e+(e&$e (& $%0.a+(s%& t% 'a/e+" 1 't the (te0s #h($h a+e .+e.a+e! (& 'a/e+" 1 a+e 0$h 0%+e !e,($ate (& &at+e as a +eas%& the $ha&$es %) )%%! .(,)e+age (&$+eases-
"afeteria: Ca)ete+(a (s a .,a$e #he+e )%%! (s se+*e! )%+ the s' sta))s a&! t% the st!e&t as #e,,- The 0a(& +eas%& %) the h(ghest #astage (& $a)ete+(a a+ea (s &e;a, !(st+('t(%& a0%&g the $%&s0e+s- A&%the+ +eas%& )%+ )%%! #astage (& $a)ete+(a (s the taste %) the st!e&t +ega+!(&g the !())e+e&t )%%! .+e.a+e! (& a $"$,($ %+!e+Be(&g a &%+th I&!(a& $a0.s the 0a4%+(t" %) st!e&t *%,0e a+e the &%+th I&!(a& (tse,) as a +eas%& the" %)te& !e&(es t% ha*e )%%! %) %the+ +eg(%&s (-e- s%th I&!(a& G4+at( Be&ga,( Ma+ath( et$-
"raft "ourse 6itchen : C+a)t $%+se /(t$he& #he+e the st!e&t #(th ,east s/(,, $%0es t% get t+a(&e! (& the s'4e$t %) )%%! .+%!$t(%&- Be(&g the ,east s/(,,e! g+%. %) st!e&t )%%! #astage (s 0$h h(ghe+ tha& %the+ a+eas )%+ %'*(%s +eas%&- %the+ +eas%& %) )%%! #astage (& $$/ (s the (te0s #h($h a+e 0a!e %+ .+e.a+e! a+e 0%st," $%&t(&e&ta, #h($h a+e %)te& 'e(&g !(s,(/e! '" the st!e&ts #h($h +es,t #astage %) )%%!-
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INDENTING
I&!e&t(&g (s s(0(,a+ t% a +e;(s(t(%& #h($h (s se! as (&te+De.a+t0e&ta, !%$0e&t a&! (& #h($h #e (&!e&t %+ s00a+(e the ;a&t(t" %) the (&g+e!(e&ts #h(,e 0a/(&g a Sta&!a+! +e$(.e a&! sta&!a+! .+$hase s.e$()($at(%&- St%+es s$+t(&(e s$h (&!e&ts a&! $%,,e$t(*e," .,a$es a&! a& %+!e+ #(th the s..,(e+s t% se&! s$h 0ate+(a, %& the S.e$()(e! t(0e a&! !ate- It (s *e+" eas" t% 0a/e (&!e&t )%+ a s0a,, ;a&t(t" 't #he& #e 0a/e a& (&!e&t )%+ a th%sa&! 0ea,s %+ a '))et %+ a 'a&;et %+ a $%))ee sh%. %+ (&!st+(a, $a&tee& the& s%0e a0%&t %) e<.e+(e&$e %+ "a+!st($/ %) th0' +,es !% a..," a&! a ,%t %) )a$t%+s sh%,! 'e $%&s(!e+e! #h(,e !%(&g s$h (&!e&ts #h($h a+e: 1- The &0'e+ %) .e+s%&s t% )ee! the ,a+ge+ &0'e+ %) .e%.,e the ,esse+ the (&!e&t ;a&t(t" 'e$%0es2- N0'e+ %) (te0s %& the 0e&6- Ch%($e .+%*(!e! %& the 0e&Page | 7
7- N0'e+ %) &%&*eg- (te0s %& the 0e& a&! (t Vegeta+(a&s a,te+&at(*es9- N0'e+ %) &%& –*egeta+(a&s a&! *egeta+(a&s?- Whethe+ %+ &%t I&!(a& '+ea! %+ %&," +($e (s (&$,!e!- T".e %) .e%.,e t% !(&e- Ch%($e %) !esse+ts .+%*(!e!- I) a !+" %+ g+a*" .+e.a+at(%&1>- Se,,(&g .+($e %) the 0e&11- Pa+ st%$/ %+ 0(s$e&.,a$e12- 5(&! %) 0e& has 'ee& .,a&&e! e(the+ a ,a $a+te %+ %& a Ba&;et %+ '))et16- S(,*e+ .,ate! %+ '))et se+*($e-
Var!"# pra$t$a% &'$"%te# (!r )!%"*e Fee&+,-.
*. S$""en chan%e o1 (en$ 9. Ava&a0&t2 o1 ra (atera&s6 n%re"ents. . <:erent 1oo" ha0ts. . E3act no. o1 St$"ent s not 8non! ?. The n"entn% s on 0ase" on ass$(pton ,. $antt2 an" 7$a&t2 o1 ":erent ra (atera&s So(et(e var2 1ro( re%on to re%on! C. In1rastr$ct$re o1 8tchen! Page | 7
. S8&& &eve& o1 sta: +. Stora%e cons"eraton *. <$e to &ar%e no. o1 n%re"ents n"entn% so(et(es eco(es co(p&cate" **. <:erent coo8n% techn7$es *9. <Jc$&t2 n j$"%n% porton s5e.
"H!'TE( $$$ •
DATA ANAL8SE
•
RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
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X1- D% "% .+a$t($e #aste +e!$t(%& 0eth%! 8es
N%
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X2- H%# (&!e&t(&g (s 'e(&g !%&e )%+ the &e
B" ta/(&g the t%ta, &%- %) st+e>h %) g+%.-
•
B" gess(&g the e<.e$te! &%- %) st!e&t-
•
B" a&" %the+ #a" %) $a,$,at(%& P,ease 0e&t(%& Page | 92
X6- H%# the +es(!e a&! ,e)t%*e+ )%%! (s st%+e! • • •
Re)+(ge+ate! Waste! !(s.%se! %)F Othe+ #a"s
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X7- D% the /(t$he& st%+es )%,,%# IO LIO s"ste0 )%+ a*%(!(&g #astages %) +a# 0ate+(a,s 8es
N%
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X9- D% "% ha*e a s%+t(&g a+ea #(th(& the .+e0(ses 8es
N%
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X?- P%+t(%& $%&t+%, (s )%,,%#e! (& $a)ete+(a %+ (& /(t$he& 8es
N%
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X- Whethe+ a&" )%%! #aste $%&t+%, .+a$t($es a+e (& a$t(%& 8es
NO
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X- H%# 0$h est(0ate! ,%ss %) )%%! 0ate+(a, #asteF $a& 'e ass0e! (& "%+ /(t$he& ' '? @G ' @G ' none o1 these ?'C @G
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X- What (s )%%! $%st %) "%+ /(t$he&
' *?K'9?K ' ?K'?K
' 9?K'?K ' A0ove ?
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X1>- D%es the (&st(tte .+a$t($e .+%.e+ st%+age '(& sta&!a+!(at(%& 8ES
NO
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X11- T".e %) st%+age '(& se! .,ease t($/ a..+%.+(ate s.a$eF
• • • •
Meta, '(& P,ast($ '(& P,ast($ 'ag Othe+s
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(E)+#T) !%D D$))"+))$O% The Questionnaires are conducted amongst the faculties, students of IHM Gwalior as well as workers involved in waste disposal, store peoples etc. As a result some points came up i.e. the process of how the indenting is been done in IHM Gwalior. According to the surve !"# of people think the indenting is done b taking the total no. of strength of group. $hereas other %"# believe the process is based on the assumption of e&pected student. 'ut few of them have mention there might be other was. Another point which has been discovered is the final destination leftover food %"# people Page | ?2
answer the leftover food is stored in the refrigerator for reuse and the other %(# told the destin of the leftover food end up in the garbage bin. The ne&t reaction has got mi& reaction one half sa the waste reduction method is been under practice whereas the other half answer negativel. The concept of portion controlling has created immense confusion in which the answer was self)contradictor. $hen the *uestion of food waste control arrive most of the people answered in a negative manner. The average estimated food material waste is +)! kg in the most of the IHM Gwalior kitchen.
"H!'TE( $5 •
CONCLUSION
•
BIBLIOGRAPH8
•
XUESTIONNAIRE
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CONCLUSION B" $%&!$t(&g the +esea+$h %) P%te&t(a, #a"s )%+ .+e*e&t(&g )%%! #astage (& IHM G#a,(%+@ s%0e se+(%s .+%',e0 a+e )a$e! e*e& th%gh ta+get a+ea #as&@t *e+" ,a+geThe a&s#e+ g(*e& '" the st!e&t a&! )a$,t(es has t+&e! %t t% 'e *e+" 0$h $%&t+a!($t%+"- S%0e %) the )a$,t(es e*e& +e)se t% $%+.%+ate %& the .+ete
%ow a days since the environmental laws are really strict it becomes the need of the hour to plan and execute the various waste management programmes that are necessary for the institute as well as environment.
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BIBLOGRAPHY
I HM GWALI OR Ne ws paper s : TheHi nduDai l y . Ti me so fI ndi a . Hi ndus t anTi mes . • • •
We b s i t e s : • • • • • •
W(/(.e!(a-%+g G!+$-%+g %+g'(%gas-$%0 W0-$%0 A+%*(,,e-$%0 ($$(-$%0
B%%/s: 3%+&a, %) (&!st+(a, E$%,%g" S- Na/a0+a- 2>>2-
•
I & t e + & a t ( % & a , 3 % + & a , O ) C % & t e 0 . % + a + " H%s.(ta,(t" Ma&age0e&t D- 5+(/ 19
•
•
Waste 0a&age0e&t a&! +esea+$h8-S Wa&g1-
•
Waste t+eat0e&t a&! !(s.%sa,Pa,-T-W(,,(a0s-
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/UESTIONNAIRE
NAME:YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Ge&!e+ :
DATE:YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
C%&ta$t NO- :
DESIGNATION:YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY SIGNATURE:YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY 9. Do you practice waste reduction method0
8ES
NO
;. How indenting is being done for the next day food production practical "lasses0 •
B" ta/(&g the t%ta, &%- %) st+e>h %) g+%.-
•
B" gess(&g the e<.e$te! &%- %) st!e&t-
•
B" a&" %the+ #a" %) $a,$,at(%& P,ease 0e&t(%&
<. How the residue and leftover food is stored0 •
Re)+(ge+ate!
•
Waste! !(s.%se! %)F
•
Othe+ #a"s
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=. Do the 8itchen stores follows $O , #$O system for avoiding wastages of raw materials0
8ES
NO
>. Do you have a sorting area within the premises0
8ES
NO
?. 'ortion control is followed in cafeteria and in 8itchen0
8ES
NO
@. /hether any food waste control practices are in action0
8ES
NO
A. How much estimated loss of food material BwasteC can be assumed in your 8itchen0 •
>6 5G
•
9 5G
•
9 5G
•
&%&e %) these
. /hat is food cost of your 8itchen0 •
1929
•
2969
•
6979
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