Evolution of Solid Waste Management
ECW 532
Waste – Solid Waste
Engineering And Management
Week 1 ( 3 hours )
Learning Outcome
At the end of this thi s lecture, the student should be able to : 1. Define the terms waste, waste , solid waste and municipal solid waste, waste , solid waste management. manage ment. (CO1, PO1) 2. Have Have an overall understanding of management aspects related to municipal solid waste. (CO1, PO1) 3. Understand the functional element in SWM. (CO1, PO1) 4. Acquire knowledge on integrated solid waste management. (CO1, PO1)
Learning Outcome
At the end of this thi s lecture, the student should be able to : 1. Define the terms waste, waste , solid waste and municipal solid waste, waste , solid waste management. manage ment. (CO1, PO1) 2. Have Have an overall understanding of management aspects related to municipal solid waste. (CO1, PO1) 3. Understand the functional element in SWM. (CO1, PO1) 4. Acquire knowledge on integrated solid waste management. (CO1, PO1)
Contents 1
Definition Definiti on of Solid Waste
2
Classification Classif ication of Solid S olid Waste
3
Solid Waste Management
4
Case Study In Malaysia Malaysia
Definition Of Solid Waste
John T. Pfeffer Any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by society T.V. Ramachandra The organic and inorganic waste materials produces by society which do not carry any value to the first user George Tchonbanoglous All the waste arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted M. Fuad Any kind of material throw by human or animal activities where normally unusable and useless ◦
◦
◦
◦
Solid Waste Definition
US EPA ◦
Any garbage, or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid , liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities, but does not include solid or dissolved materials in domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in industrial discharges
Me….
Solid Waste Evolution
In the primitive society human and animal always used the sources from earth to support their life. When human increase, the management of solid waste become important issue Human start to throw waste in many area in their society which then cause disease Start in nineteen century, public health become very important aspect Industrial revolution highly produce a new type of waste which have toxic, nuclear and dangerous
Solid Waste Evolution
The hazardous waste start to pollute water, soil and air From the effect of waste to human and environment, many agencies had try to built a regulation and guideline to manage solid waste However, without accurate data the final disposal of solid waste still give impact to environment
Solid Waste Evolution Dumping on land
B
Dumping in water
A
C
Feeding to hog
Old Concept
E Plowing into a soil
D
Reduction / Incineration
Evolution in Vehicle
Lorry equip with mechanical system
1975
Small Truck
1950 Solid tire truck
1925 Horse drawn cart
1900
Solid Waste Problem
Protection of Public Health - hazard to human - Visible, audible or odorous intrusion
Minimum Cost -They like to chose the minimum cost concept
Environmental Acceptability -contamination of aquifers, watercourses and land
Problem with management of solid waste
Classification of Solid Waste Classification Solid Waste
Sources Base
Type Base
Depend on sector and activities
Depend on physical, chemical and biological characteristics
Source Base Classification 1.
Domestic/Residential : Reject solid material that originate from single and multifamily house (Garbage, rubbish, trash, Ashes, Bulky Waste)
2.
Municipal wastes: Solid residue that result from municipal function or services. (Street refuse, dead animals, abandoned vehicles,WWTP,WTP Park and beach waste and landscape waste)
3.
Industrial wastes: wastes not considered municipal or hazardous wastes. (commercial/institutional and process waste)
4.
Agricultural : Resulting from agricultural activities pose significant and unique problems. (Confined animal feeding, crop residue)
Type Base Classification 1.
Garbage : Contain putrescible rotting organic matter which produce an obnoxious odor and attract rats and other vermin (food waste).
2.
Ashes & Residue : Substance remaining from the burning of wood, coal, charcoal.
3.
Combustible & non-combustible waste : waste that can be burn to change the properties (paper, cardboard ) or cannot be burn at all (glass)
4.
Biodegradable & non-biodegradable : substance consisting of organic matter (food waste) or consist of inorganic and recyclable material (can)
Type Base Classification 5.
Hazardous waste : Wastes that pose a substantial danger - ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, biological or toxicity (radioactive substance, chemicals, wastes hospitals/biological research facilities, flammable wastes, and explosives).
6.
Construction & demolition
7.
Farm waste
8.
Dead animals
9.
Sewage waste
Degradation Time For Waste Type of Waste Paper Catton cloth Biodegradable
10 2
Organic Waste Metal Product
–
–
Woolen Items Wood
Biodegradable
Degradation Time 30 days
5 months
1 years 10
–
15 years
A week or two 100
–
500 years
Plastic Bag
105 years
Glass
Undetermined
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
An operations associated with solid waste management system Each operation accomplishes a specific purpose in the chain of actions require to manage the solid waste satisfactory ◦
◦
◦
◦
Protection of environmental health Promoting environment quality Supporting the efficiency and productivity of the economy Generation of employment and income
Solid Waste Management (SWM) Functional Element (Waste Stream)
Waste Generation
Waste Disposal
On site Handling Add&Your Text Storage
Processing & Recovery
Waste Collection
Transfer & Transport
Factor affecting SWM System 1.
Quantities and Characteristic of Waste
2.
Climate and seasonal variation
3.
5. 6.
Temperature, wet & dry seasons
Physical characteristic of an urban area
4.
Depend on the income level of family
Road system, traffics, house layout
Financial and foreign exchange constrain Cultural constrain Management and technical resources
Factor affecting SWM System 4.
Financial and foreign exchange constrain ◦
5.
Cultural constrain ◦
6.
Equipment, vehicle, fuel & labor cost Holiday, festival, religion event
Management and technical resources ◦
Professional & skill worker
Marketing Diagram
Open Dumping
Open Dumping
Marketing Diagram
Open Dumping
Open Dumping
Marketing Diagram
Open Dumping
River
Marketing Diagram
Ship Graveyard
Heavy Industries
Case Study In Malaysia
Due to growing population and increasing consumption, the amount of solid waste generated in Peninsular Malaysia went up from 16,200 tons per day in 2001 to 19,100 tons in 2005, an average of 0.8 kilogram per capita per day. In Kuala Lumpur waste generation is about 3,000 tons a day and forecasts show that this will increase further in coming years. Modern lifestyle has led to more acute waste problems, convenience products generally require more packaging, improvident habits associated with greater affluence lead to greater quantities of waste, as demonstrated by discarded wrappers from the inevitable fast food outlet, and the modern day waste contains a higher proportion of non-degradable materials such as plastics. Approximately 95-97% of waste collected is taken to landfill for disposals. The remaining waste is sent to small incineration plants, diverted to recyclers/re-processors or is dumped illegally.
Case Study In Malaysia
The government has adopted a National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management with emphasis on the upgrading of unsanitary landfills as well as the construction of new sanitary landfills and transfer stations with integrated material recovery facilities. A new Solid Waste Management Bill is expected to be adopted by parliament in March 2007. The bill is expected to drastically change the structure of solid waste management in Malaysia and to open up for the development of a completely new business sector. New concessions on for example domestic waste management will be introduced, recycling is expected to be highlighted, and handling of specific types of solid waste like plastic, paper etc. is likely to be included.
Case Study In Malaysia
A number of Malaysian investors are looking into this area, and many are looking for foreign partners with the necessary expertise. Solid waste management is a priority area under the 9th Malaysian Plan, as can be seen by the intention of the government to set up a Solid Waste Department which will be entrusted to enforce the Solid Waste Management Bill. Denmark and Malaysia have co-operated in the area of environment protection since 1994, and more than 100 projects have been carried out.
Case Study In Malaysia
In the next few years the cooperation will continue within strategic environmental planning, waste handling, handling of hazardous substances, sustainable energy use and projects generating Certified Emission Rights, the so-called CDM-projects. In relation to CDM-projects, Danish companies could potentially be involved as buyers of Certified Emission Rights or/and as supplies for the specific project.
Case Study in My Housing Area
