Setia City Final Report

BUILDING SERVICES [ARC 2423] PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

SETIA CITY MALL

AHMAD RIDHWAN RIDHWAN BIN AHMAD

0311384

ARIF ZAKWAN BIN ABDUL ABDUL HAMID

0303736

AMIR HAKIM BIN SAZALI SAZALI

0314707

PRESHANT RASU A/L BALA

0312813

SUBRAMANIAN HANS HOSEA GONZA

0311772

ARYO DHANESWARA DHANESWARA

0309093

USMAN FAROOQI

1102p11235

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

Table of Contents

Page

1.0

Literature Review................... ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................. ....... 2

2.0

Fire Protection System ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............... ..... 12

3.0

Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning Conditioning System .................. ......... ................... .................. ........ 30

4.0

Electrical Supply System .................. ........ ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. .... 44

5.0

Cold Water Supply System .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ........... 62

6.0

Sewerage and Sanitary System ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ............ ... 81

7.0

Mechanical Transportation System ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................ ....... 89

ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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1.0 Literature Review 1.1 Cold and Hot Water System

There are two types of water systems that can be used in a building and these are:

1.

Direct water system

2.

Indirect water system.

Direct water system follows the direct supply from the main and goes straight to the tap without any stops or hindrance. On the other hand indirect water system follows a few steps. Indirect system provides to store water in a tank f irst and then it‘s distributed to the taps around the building. Setia mall uses indirect water system for its entire building and the flow of water supply is maintained through electrical systems which perform regular check on the storage and provision of water.

Direct water supply

Indirect water supply

An indirect water water supply system is the most common type found in modern modern houses. The main water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap at the kitchen sink with 'potable' water, water which is fit for drinking, cooking, etc, and may also feed a washing machine, a shower and an outside tap etc. The rising


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water is fed to all the other taps etc using gravity. Direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold water to taps and multi point water heate Advantages Direct cold water

Disadvantages Disadvantages

Can be cheaper to install than If cold mains fail there is no a storage system emergency backup supply No chance of water growing harmful bacteria

More system noise as water is under high pressure

Can deal with large demand more easily

Cannot always supply cold water even if mains water pressure is low

Indirect cold water

Water supplied even if mains stops working

Can be more expensive to install

Less system noise as water is

Greater chance of the water

under less

growing harmful

pressure

bacteria

Can supply cold water even if

Cannot deal easily with large demand

mains water pressure is low

-

Green features used in Setia City Mall water systems

•

Rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation to all planter boxes

•

Bio waste composting to produce organic fertilizer for surrounding mall landscape

•

Siphonic drainage system

•

Building smoke spill to flush in fresh air

•

Educational environment clips on LCD boards

•

Electric car charging stations

•

Water saving fittings for toilet flush f lush and hand basins

•

Water leak detection system

•

Saving 16% of water daily by recycling condensed water from air conditioners

•

Planting adaptive trees and plants with lower requirements for irrigation

•

Waste recycling by retailers and shoppers


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1.2 Air Conditioning and Ventilation System - Duct Systems Duct board and duct liner are widely used in duct systems because of their excellent acoustic, acoustic, thermal, and condensation condensation control properties. properties. If the HVAC system is properly designed, designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct systems made of sheet metal or any other materials.

However, the very properties that make duct board and duct liner superior insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with large surface area that creates insulating air pockets), also makes them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they do get wet (though the fibers themselves do not absorb moisture).

Different Types of air conditioners - Windows AC These types of AC are designed to be f itted in window sills. A single unit of Window Air Conditioner houses all the necessary components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil enclosed in a single box. Since a window AC is a single unit, it takes less effort to install as well as for maintenance. Advantages: •

Single unit air conditioner

•

Less effort needed for installation

•

Costs lesser in comparison to other varieties

- Split AC These are kits of 2 units, one internal and another external. The indoor unit installed inside room intake warm air and throws in cold air. The outdoor unit on the other hand is installed out of the house. It contains the compressor and is linked to the internal unit via drain pipes and electric cables. This external unit throws out the warm air.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Advantages •

Internal unit takes up less space for installation

•

Usually more silent than window ACs

•

Minimally affect your home decor

•

Can be installed in room with no windows

-

Tower AC

These are also known as floor-standing air conditioners. conditioners. Like split ACs, a tower AC set consists of 2 units- one internal and an external. However, the indoor unit does not need wall installation. It rather occupies some space on the floor. Tower T ower air conditioners usually have high cooling capacity and suitable for very large rooms. Advantages •

Suitable for high capacity cooling

•

Ideal for large rooms at home and in offices

•

Doesn't need windows or wall installation

- Cassette AC These space-saving ACs are shaped like cassettes and are designed to be installed on ceilings. The panel of these air conditioners is designed to blend with all kinds of home décor. They are stylish, and are known to deliver fantastic performances. Most cassette type air conditioners require no ducting. They are perfect for large spaces where windows or split AC may not reach out. Advantages •

•

•

Best at saving space Able to cool large large areas where where other ACs don‘ don‘t reach out Blends with decor

- Cube Air Conditioner This fairly new design introduced by Panasonic can be mounted close to a ceiling or at the window level. Basically, this is a smaller version of the split type air conditioner and costs less than the former. The indoor unit features a newly designed diagonal propeller fan for efficient and fast cooling. Improved blade shape curvature and larger intake grill further aid for efficient performance. Advantages •

Can be mounted close to the ceiling or at window level


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS •

Newly designed diagonal propeller fan for fast cooling

•

Improved blade shape curvature for efficient performance

Key differences between "Window", "Split" and ‖Cassette" air conditioners conditioners

AC Parameters

Window AC

Split AC

Cassette AC

Suitable For

Small rooms with a window sill

Any room with or without a window

Large indoor spaces

Noise

Relatively on the higher side

Minimal noise

Silent operation

Capacity range

0.75 ton to 2 ton

0.8 to 2 ton

1 ton to 4 ton

Advanced features

Humidity control, dust filter

Humidity control, dust filter, bacteria filter

Humidity control, dust filter, bacteria filter

Interference with home decor

Slight possibility to interfere with window curtains and drapes

Designer indoor units blend well with wall decor

Barely interferes with interior decor

Ease of installation

Minimal effort required

Indoor and outdoor units need some amount of effort for installation

Needs specialised false ceiling

1.3 Fire Protection Systems

Fire safety is considered most essential in any form of construction. It can be caused by the smallest and most unlikely reasons and can destroy to a limitless approach. The control of a fire after its initiation is one of t he major factors which contribute in safety of a building under fire. After that comes the ventilation of the smoke bad fumes. These issues can turn up to catastrophic matters if not taken seriously. - Smoke Detector Smoke detector is a device that detects the presence of smoke, which is typically due to fire. The device will detect the smoke and also send signals to the control room and trigger the fire alarm. So, this system‘s purpose system‘s purpose is to provide safety precautions and to avoid serious spread of f ire in the future.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Sources of fire in a building:

•

Electric

•

Static electric

•

Spark

•

Friction

•

Mechanical heat

•

Chemical reactions

•

Compressed gas

•

Lightning

•

Flame

Smoke extract ventilation Smoke control: A well designed designed smoke extract extract ventilation system system guarantees a smooth evacuation in time of a hazardous situation. There are several ways to design smoke extract ventilation system and the ones used in Setia City Mall are as below: - Compartmentation In this case a shop or a given space is provided an isolated zone in case of a fire within its boundaries. This approach allows smoke to stay in one allocated region and, not leave that affected area. Compartmentation Compartmentation provides a separate fully fir resistant compartment so that smoke does not evade into other areas. This option does not require smoke ventilation but requires expensive and restrictive construction. - Shop extract If smoke ventilation is to be provided, maximum protection is achieved if smoke is not allowed to escape from the fire room but is directly extracted to outside. However this requires either multiple individual systems or complex ducted systems so is rarely used unless essential. - Mall extract The simplest and most common system, this allows smoke to spill into the mall and be extracted from under the roof.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Car park Ventilation Enclosed or underground car parks need smoke clearance or smoke control ventilation to assist fire-fighting operations. Such systems are often combined with fume ventilation to prevent the build-up of vehicle exhaust gases in normal day to day use of the car park. More futuristic ideas would be impulse and induction systems which ventilate the smoke and fumes from a car park, to a directed and controlled exhaust exit.

Impulse and induction system use large sized fans or jet fans, as their capacity states. These fans direct all the unwanted air towards one or more exhaust outlets fans. This T his process allows a complete control over smoke and fumes during a fire. Furthermore, this system is available easily and even can be assembled anywhere wanted. This all factors contradict with a traditional ducting system. Induction and impulse system is much more cost effective and much more efficient than duct ventilation.

Further features and benefits of impulse and induction systems compared to traditional ducted systems:

•

Easier and quicker installation

•

Lower excavation costs

•

Lower maintenance

•

Cleaner, less cluttered ceilings

1.4 Electrical Systems and Supply Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities, houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or the flow of water (rivers).


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless regardless of its scale of development. development. In order to t o regulate and illuminate the internal building environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to electricity, and enough of it to t o run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers electrical power power from power stations to consumer‘s consumer‘s premises and it usually consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems; 1) Transmission Systems and 2) Distribution systems. These systems can again be sub-divided into; 1) Primary and Secondary transmission transmiss ion 2) Primary and secondary distribution. distribution. In Malaysia, electrical power powe r is distributed by the country‘s main power supplier; Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of of the distribution in a nationwide scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new developments. developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as electricity is needed to run these t hese buildings.


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Components of System The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such building, provided provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system inside a building.

- Distribution Board A distribution board board is an assemblage assemblage of fuses and and circuit breakers breakers that are arranged to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or points in a building. The board generally houses a main circuit breaker and an earth leakage protection device. The main functions of all distribution boards are to allow individual circuits to draw power from circuit breakers. It also separates all the circuits present in the system, this greatly helps in situations where faults can be found in any of the circuits, the isolation would not cause any disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly, a distribution board offers protection to the consumer from direct electrical shock or fire.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS - Circuit Breaker The circuit breaker is considered as an essential device when electricity and safety is concerned. It is an absolutely essential device in the modern world, and one of the most important safety mechanisms in your home. Whenever electrical wiring in a building has too much current flowing through it, these simple machines cut the power until somebody can f ix the problem. Without circuit breakers (or the alternative, fuses), fuses), household electricity would be impractical because of the potential for fires and other mayhem resulting from f rom simple wiring problems and equipment failures. Basically electricity is produced from

Diagram showing the order of electrical distribution.

Generating stations, which then transmits electricity to the outskirts of cities through the t he primary transmission. The primary transmission line ends at the receiving station, where electricity is further stepped down to cater for distribution. Electricity is then transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the city, this becomes the secondary transmissi transmission. on. The sub-stations then further f urther distribute electricity to Distribution sub-stations through lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of the city. Distribution sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to domestic and commercial areas. - Green electricity Usage of power saving components leads to a much greener and safer environment even in consumption of electricity. Introduction of components as light sensors gauge when artificial illumination is needed – such – such as during a storm or when evening approaches – approaches – ensures ensures no power wastage due to unnecessary lighting. And of course, the artificial lighting comes from energy-efficient light fixtures such as LED, TF fluorescen f luorescentt lamps and ceramic metal halide bulbs. All these factors add up to a greener consumption of electricity, which is practiced in Setia City Mall itself.


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2.0 Fire Protection System 2.1 Introduction of Fire Protection Fire protection of building is a practice of preventing or reducing the damage of properties and harm towards the occupants of a building from fire. In order to achieve this laws and regulations has been implemented and buildings must be constructed in accordance to those laws and regulations. Completed and fully operational buildings buildings must undergo maintenance in accordance to the fire code that is issued by the fire officers of the local fire department.

2.2 Function of Fire Protection System There are three major goals of fire protection which are continuity of operations, property protection and life safety. Continuity of operations is to avoid the interruption of critical services necessary for the welfare of the public such as emergency help line. Property protection is the intention to avoid the spread of damage that causes by the fire. Life safety is the means to avoid harm to the occupants. In a case of a fire, the t he fire protection system of the building such as the sprinklers, fire alarms and smoke curtains are at the front life in achieving those goals.


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2.3 Components of Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Fire Alarm System Fire alarm system is a set of devices that its purpose is to alert the occupants through audio appliances when smoke or fire is present within the building.

Types of fire alarm system: 1. Manually activated 2. Automatically Automatically activated

Manually activated fire alarms are available in many parts of the building, readily to be activated by an occupant in a case of a fire. Automatically Automatically activated fire alarms alarms activated by smoke smoke or heat detector, detector, it does not require a person to activate the system.

Parts of a fire alarm system: 1. Fire alarm control panel 2. Primary power supply 3. Backup power supply 4. Initiating devices 5. Notification appliances 6. Building safety interfaces

Fire alarm control panel is a component component that receives information from the sensors (e.g. smoke detector, manual alarm trigger). Primary power supply is a power supply that is directly from the commercial power utility. The backup power supply in the other hand is a power supply from emergency sources such as diesel powered generator. Initiating device is a component that acts as an input to the f ire alarm control unit; it can be operated automatically or manually. Notification appliances appliances are devices that trigger sound as a method to alert the occupants. Building safety interfaces controls the spread of smoke fumes and f ire by manipulating air movement, lighting, process control and occupants transport and exit ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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. Figure: example of a fire f ire alarm interface

Figure: single line diagram for Setia City Mall ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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Figure: fire alarm bell / notification appliance appliance

Figure: break glass device


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2.3.2 Fire Pump Fire pump is a component of a big fire extinguishing system‘s water supply of a building. It is powered by diesel. The purpose of a fire pump is to increase pressure of the water which for the water sprinklers and hose reels. Fire pump in Setia City Mall is located in the lower ground floor along with the fire tank.

Figure: fire pump used at Setia City Cit y Mall


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2.3.3 Sprinkler Water sprinkler is a f ire active protection measure. It works by dispersing dispersing water to put out fire f ire within the area where the sprinklers has been activated automatical automatically ly due to extensive heat. Water sprinkler is a fire active protection measure. It works by dispersing water to put out fire within the area where the sprinklers has been activated automatically due to extensive heat.

Figure: one of the water sprinkler heads in Setia City Mall

Components of water sprinkler are as follows: 1. Main water supply 2. Fire line line / water water pipeline pipeline for the fire system system 3. Alarm bell 4. Central station monitoring system 5. Branch line 6. Sprinkler heads

Type – Type – Wet Wet Pipe Setia City Mall uses wet pipe fire sprinkler system. Wet pipe f ire sprinkler system is a fire f ire sprinkler system type that contains water in the piping system which allows immediate water discharge when activated. This is where it differs from the dry pipe fire sprinkler system, which contain air or nitrogen under pressure in its piping system, this type of system is usually used at places where temperature can decline to freeze level to avoid water in the pipe to freeze. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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Sprinkler Types The way a fire sprinkler works is by the bulb that function as a plug to stop the water from being dispersed will break at a certain temperature. Different coloured bulb will break at different temperature, as shows in table 1:

Maximum Ceiling

Classification

Liquid Alcohol in Glass

Temperature (°C)

Bulb Colour

38

Ordinary

Red

66

Intermediate

Green

107

High

Blue

149

Extra high

Purple

191

Very extra high

Black

246

Ultra high

Black

329

Ultra high

Black

Table: Sprinkler bulb specifications specifications


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Figure: schematic diagram of the sprinkler system at Setia City Mall


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2.3.4 Gaseous Fire Suppression Gaseous fire suppression is the use of inert gas and chemical agents for the purpose of extinguishing extinguishing a fire. This system is used at places where the use of water is not suitable such as electrical room or server room.

Setia City Mall uses aragonite.

Figure: canisters containing argon gas for use in extinguishing extinguishing fire


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2.3.5 Smoke Detector Smoke detector is a device that is used to detect the presence of smoke. In functions by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a signal back to the control room.

Figure: smoke detector


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2.3.6 Heat sensor Heat sensor is a device that is used to detect high presence of heat. In functions by alerting the occupants by sounding the alarm as well as sending a signal back to the control room.

Figure: Heat sensor used in Setia City Mall

2.3.7 Fire Hose Reel Fire hose reel is a high-pressure hose. Its purpose is to channel pressured water to the place of fire to be extinguished. It can be found in many parts of the Setia City Mall building.

Figure: fire hose reel and fire extinguisher as seen at Setia City Mall ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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2.3.8 2.3.8 Fireman’s Switch Fireman‘s switch is a device that its purpose is for the firemen to turn off neon lighting or other electrical equipment during fire to prevent those equipment from exploding.

Figure: Figure: fireman‘s switch as seen in Setia City Mall

2.3.9 Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguisher is device that serve a purpose of extinguish small fires. Fire extinguishers are placed in many parts of t he building that are easily accessible. Fire Class (Asia & Australia)

Fuel/ Heat Source

Class A

Ordinary combustibles

Class B

Flammable liquids

Class C

Flammable gases

Class D

Electrical Electrica l equipment

Class E

Combustible metals

Class F

Cooking oil or fat

Table: Fire extinguisher fire classes


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Figure: fire extinguisher extinguisher

2.3.10 Fire Exit Fire exit or emergency exit in a building is an exit route dedicated for emergency cases such as fire.


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Figure: Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the mall‘s lower ground floor

Figure: Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of the m all‘s upper ground floor ground floor


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Figure: Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of t he mall‘s 1 st floor

Figure: Figure: the red circles indicate the fire stairs of t he mall‘s 2 nd floor


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2.4 Laws and Regulations 2.4.1 Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 (reference is also made to the Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994) The existing by-laws governing fire safety in buildings are the Uniform Building By-Laws, 1984 under the Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974. T he various requirements in the design and construction of buildings are prescribed in nine parts as follows: a) Part I: Preliminary b) Part II: Submission of plans for approval c) Part III: Space, light and ventilation d) Part IV: Temporary works in connection with Building Operations e) Part V: Structural requirements requirements f) Part VI: Constructional requirements requirements g) Part VII: Fire Requirements h) Part VIII: Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access i) Part IX: Miscellaneous Miscellaneous In addition, there are also a total of ten schedules listing listing the details of design requirements. requirements. However, only the f ollowing ollowing schedules relate to fire f ire safety: a) Fifth Schedule: Designation of Purpose Group b) Seventh Schedule: Maximum Travel Distances c) Eight Schedule: Classification of Flame Spread d) Ninth Schedule: Limits of Compartmentation e) Tenth Schedule: Requirements for Fire Fighting Systems Together with Parts VII and VIII, these schedules determine all essential aspects of fire safety systems in buildings. Along with the codes and standards referred to in the By-Laws, the standard of fire safety in this country is comparable to that of any developed nation and is thus deemed adequate to ensure public life safety. In terms of electrical installations installations relating to fire safety, the following specific ByLaws are applicable: a) By-Law 39 specifies the requirements requirements for natural lighting and ventilation. b) By-Law 154 specifies the requirements for emergency mode of operation in the ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS event of mains power failure. c) By-Law 155 specifies the requirements requirements for fire f ire mode of operation. operation. d) By-Law 239 specifies the requirements for both f ire brigade communication communication system and public address system. e) By-Law 240 specifies the requirements for fireman/ele f ireman/electrical ctrical isolation switch. f) By-Law 253 specifies the requirements for emergency power system for lighting, fire detection and fire fighting system. However, all these By-Laws and regulations listed above deal only with the design and construction of a building building before the Certificate of Fitness for Occupation (CFO) is issued. Once the CFO is issued, the local authority including including the FRDM has little power under these sets of laws and regulations to continue to enforce measures to be taken for safety of the occupants.

2.4.2 Fire Services Act, 1988 With the appreciation of the importance of proper usage and maintenance of approved premises so as to ensure continuous fire safety, the Fire Services Act was enacted in 1988. There are eight parts to this Act, namely: a) Part I: Administration Administration b) Part II: Abatement of Fire Hazard c) Part III: Water W ater and Fire Hydrants d) Part IV: Fire Certificates e) Part V: Enforcement f) Part VI: Enquiries into Fires g) Part VII: Welfare Fund h) Part VIII: Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Of the eight parts, the section with the most impact to building owners owners and managers are Parts II, IV and V. Under Part IV, a building once classified as a designated premise will be required to obtain a Fire Certificate for it to be occupied. This Fire Certificate is issued by the FRDM and shall be renewed annually upon inspection by the Fire Authority to verify that the building is safe from fire hazards. With this Act in place, the FRDM will be able to monitor and control the way the buildings are managed and operated and most important of all, ensure that fire safety equipment do not fall into a state of disrepair as has happened so often in the past.


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2.5 References Setiacitymall.com,. Setiacitymall.com,. (2014). Sustainability Sustainability | Setia City Mall. Retrieved 26 June 2014, from http://www.setiacitymall.com/sustai http://www.setiacitymall.com/sustainability nability.aspx .aspx

Siva, K. (2013). Lecture: Sewarage. Retrieved from https://times.taylors.edu.my/course/vi https://times.taylors.ed u.my/course/view.php?id=46 ew.php?id=46841on 841on 23th June 2014.

Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

Unknown. (2010). Fire Sprinkler Wet & Dry Pipe Systems. Retrieved from http://www.dynamicpiping.com/Systems.html


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3.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction An air conditioning conditioning system can be used for cooling or heating for a particular object or building environment (structure) in order to obtain thermal comfort within the vicinity. Heat transfers from a cooler low - energy reservoir to a warmer high – high – energy reservoir. Due to the fact that Malaysia has a warm and humid climate (tropical), Air conditioning will mostly be used for cooling, factors that mainly contribute to heat gain in this instance are machines, people, lights, and solar radiation, hence the need for cooling.

Air conditioning conditioning is necessary to provide an optimum interior temperature and humidity that would be suitable for the comfort of the inhabitants. Setia City Mall uses the centralized air conditioning system as well as a backup system known as the ―split air conditioning system‖, though the secondary system is part of the air air conditioning used in this case study, the focus is on the centralized cooling system.

3.2 Function The centralized air conditioning system is basically a system that has only one central source of conditioned air that is then distributed around the structure through a distributed network of ducts. Within this system there is a plant room where there is a large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and also where the evaporator is kept. These factors perform all functions that are similar to a typical refrigeration system, though some parts may be much larger that usual and have higher abilities. The compressor is the open reciprocating type; where them are multiple cylinders and is cooled by water. The compressor and condenser are of shell and tube type. The chilled air is then spread around via the ducts to all the halls and distributed to areas inside the mall, as other spaces that require cooling. There is also a component known as the AHU (air handling unit), which is basically a blower; though there are two types of centralized air conditioning systems, Setia City Mall uses different kinds of air-conditioning system for the whole building, one of which is the Direct Expansion system.


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3.2 Components of System Direct Expansion Air Conditioning system (DX):

This system has a large compressor and condenser, which are housed in the plant room whilst an expansion valve, cooling coil and AHU are housed in separate rooms. The cooling coil is basically fixed in the AHU; which also has a large blower housed within the same section. The blower's job is to suck hot air from the rooms via the ducts and blows it over the cooling coil, which comprises of the refrigerant. Cool air is then supplied through various ducts into spaces, which need to be cooled. Below is as diagram of an Air Handling Unit (AHU).

Expansion valve: This controls liquid refrigerant flow in the evaporator with the aid of a remote bulb, capillary/feeler capillary/feeler tube, 00/(thermostatic 00/(thermostatic expansion valve) body. As the refrigerant is emitted through the expansion valve, pressure is downgraded abruptly and it then vaporizes and inflates. The expansion valve id then controlled by the capillary tube and a temperature-sensing temperature-sensing bulb.

Condenser: Both sensible and latent heal of vapor absorbed the air conditioner units are rejected by the condenser. The air propelling propelling across the condenser fins removes the heat from the refrigerant thus its cause to condense back to liquid.

Evaporator: It acts as a heat exchanger exchanger that attracts heat into the air conditioner system. system. and release cool an into the air-conditioning space, done by using a refrigerant?

Air Ducting: These are known as either high-pressure or low-pressure systems - high or low velocity systems. Supply ductwork will usually be designed to operate at low velocity and pressure unless the t he building constraints command otherwise. Setia City Mall's air duct is rectangular in shape: these are being used to collect air from conditioned rooms to the AHU. The air duct is covered with aluminum sheet for temperature insulation. insulation. After air is processed by AHU, fresh air is then sent to rooms through the rectangular air ducts. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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3.3 Benefits direct expansion air conditioning (DX) system

•

DX systems less expensive to install, and uses less space in mechanical and electrical rooms than centralized cooling systems

•

It can expand in an incremental fashion matching changed building requirements

•

Packaged Systems have standardized standardized operating performances per unit, to allow extra accurate system sizing

•

Packaged Systems commonly demand less ventilation, ventilation , and do not want devoted condensate lines

•

Packaged Systems dominate less space than equivalent equivalent to split system.

Case Study: Setia City Mall

Setia City Mall‘s air conditioning system is considered by consultants to be at a higher efficiency level level than that of t ypical malls (IEN Consultants). Consultants). It is the t he first Malaysian mall accorded the Malaysian Green Building Index Silver Award (Star) due to its sustainable design. Their holistic approach toward design of the overall building system is seen in their t heir high efficiency air conditioning system with the chiller plant of the building achieving a minimum SCOP (System Coefficient of Performance) of at least 4.0 throughout the year (IEN Consultants).

3.3 Operation of System The air-conditioning system in Setia City Mall requires equipment that is needed to support the operational of the system, both the air conditioning and the mechanical ventilation ventilation system. Below is listed the number of equipment and system description that can be found in the building:

Chiller System



Centrifugal chiller with total capacity of 5000RT



Cooling Tower with total capacity of 7000TR

Air Distribution System




63 units of AHU

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Mechanical Ventilation

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158 units of Fan Coil Unit

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19 units of Air Cooled Split unit

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13 units of Kitchen Exhaust fan

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13 units of Kitchen Make Up Fresh Air fan

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23 units of Smoke Make Up fan

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45 units of Smoke Extraction Fan

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36 units Pressurization Fan

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30 units of Toilet Exhaust Fan

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9 units of Fresh Air Fan

The floor plan below shows where the Air Handling Unit (AHU) room is located in the building. Just like any other AHU rooms in general, it is located in service area. The Make Up Water Tanks are located on the Level 2 (Roof Level) alongside the Domestic Water Tanks. Situated on the same f loor are the cooling towers, AHU for general tenants as well as the chiller plant room.

Setia City Mall features an energy efficient structure in their air conditioning system. A holistic approach toward the design of the overall building system is undertaken to ensure that setia city mall can be a very energy efficient mall. One of their approach is applying a Carbon Dioxide Monitoring and Control ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS system in their air conditioning and ventilation system. The following diagram is showing how the system is applied in the building

Figure: Distribution diagram throughout the building in Setia City Mall Source: Setia City mall management.

A/C Make-Up Water Tank The water tank in Setia City Mall is used only for the chiller plant for air conditioning conditioning purpose. Making it energy efficient and effective f or the system.

Figure: A/C Make Up Water Tank located on the roof level


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS These A/C Make-Up Tanks has a capacity of storing 240 m3 of water. The tanks are located beside the Domestic Water Tanks. The water sit on plinths to avoid ground contact as it may lead to corrosion. Another reason for the undercoat space is to allow for maintenance works as well as create sufficient pressure from its outlets to distribution pipes.

Cooling Tower

A cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The type of heat rejection in a cooling tower is termed "evaporative" in that it allows a small portion of the water being cooled to evaporate into a moving air stream to provide significant cooling cooling to the rest of that water stream.

Figure 1: How cooling tower works

Setia City Mall has 6 units of cooling tower with a capacity of 7000RT which also located on the same level as the chiller water tanks and the domestic water tanks. The cooling tower is activated when water is transferred from the A/C Make-Up Water tank to the cold water basin. Cooling tower will work when the water is pumped from water storage tank to the water basin. Then water is pumped to the top of the cooling tower. The sprinkler pipers will pour the water out through the PVC filter. At this moment, the fan will start to open to cool down the water. Then the cool water is sent to water chiller plant by chilled water supply (CWS) pipe.


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Figure: Figure: Cooling Tower

Centrifugal Chiller

Centrifugal liquid chiller is located on the same floor as the main air-conditioning air-conditioning plantroom of Setia City Mall. Chillers are basically a refrigeration unit that is designed to produce chilled water to treat air meant for distribution. The main components of a chiller are the compressor, evaporator, condenser and monitoring meters. A centrifugal liquid chiller has a higher efficiency and therefore lower long term operating costs. Since the centrifugal liquid chiller in Setia City mall is located inside a plantroom, there will be minimum cost of maintenance as it is away from the weather element. The building is equipped with 6 units of centrifugal chillers that have a total capacity of 5000RT. Although only two of these chillers are sufficient to serve the all the AHUs in the building, the additional numbers spread the load and ensure maximum efficiency.


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Figure: Centrifugal Water Chiller, located in plantroom

Chiller Control Panel

Chiller control panel can be found in the air-conditioning air-conditioning platroom. The air conditioning systems are controlled using a Building Automated System known as BAS, which is linked to the control room. The system allows operation and monitoring to the air conditioning much easier. It also allows the system to be switched off at this point in order to minimize the consumption of energy.

According to MS1525: 2007 Standard 8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design loads is greater than 1000kWr, A minimum of two chillers or a sing multi-compressor chiller should be provided to meet the require load.

Figure: Chiller Control Panel


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Condenser Water Pump & Chilled Water Pump:

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Condenser Water Pumps

The condenser water is cooled from 36‘C to 31‘C at the cooling towe r first, then is supplied to the refrigerant condenser by gravity at t he chiller plant. Before entering the refrigerant condenser, condenser water supply pressure is boosted up by the condenser water pump to overcome the high pressure drop in the condenser and to reach the cooling tower located at the t he rooftop.

A single unit unit of condenser water water pump will will serve one unit of of chiller.

According to MS1525:2007 Standard 8.5 Piping Insulation “All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”

Figure: Condenser Water Pump

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Chilled Water Pump

The chilled water pumps circulate the returned chilled water at 14‘C to the evaporator at the plantroom to be cooled


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Figure: Chilled Water Pump

Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air handling unit is the most common system for cooled air distribution in a centralized air-conditioning system.

There is a total of 63 air handling unit (AHU) distributed throughout the whole building. Each is situated near the service are and does not take much space.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Some of the components components of the t he Air Handling Unit (above):

a) Supply Duct: Duct: The ducting supplies cool air form the AHU to the rooms b) Fan Component: Component: Creates a current of air c) Filter compartment compartment: A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that passes through it. d) Return Air Duct: Duct: A duct that carries conditioned conditioned air from air supply units to room diffusers or grille e) Filter : A porous device for removing impurities or solid particles from the air that passes through it

Function of AHU is to filter out the solid substances substances and also to extract the returned ret urned air outside through the ductwork to deliver fresh air into the space. The outside fresh air is drawn into AHU duct by the forced of draught fan by controlling the opening of air control dampers. Unwanted solid particles will be removed before it reaches the chilled water coil which is made up of copper as it has a good heat conductance.

Return warm air from the space is blown into the AHU through the return grilles by the induced draught fan which some of the warm air will bi exhausted out from the building and some will be recycled back to be filtered together with the outside air. The filtered air is moved towards the chilled water coil in order to exchange heat with the chilled water and causes the warm air to become cold fresh air. The cold fresh air will go through the final filter before it is distributed to the space through diffuser.

According to Third Schedule (By (By Law 41) Filtration – Filtration – unless unless otherwise specified, where air-conditioning air-conditioning is mention herein, it shall be deemed to include air filtration down to a particle size of ten microns with an efficiency of not less than t han 70% arrestance.

According to Third Schedule (by Law 41) 3. Filter for exhaust air (1) Filter for the removal of airborne bacteria shall be provided for all exhaust air discharge points to requirements of governing health authority. (2) Exhaust air discharge points shall be at high or roof level and shall not in any case be lower than 5 meters from the external ground or pavement level.


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Figure:

Ducting

Air conditioning duct is used to distribute air throughout a building. The system of intake grilles pulls fresh air from outside into the central air unit. Air is cooled, then blow into air conditioning duct system, where it is distributed to various rooms. Cool air enters the rooms through air terminal units installed at the end of each duct line, which generally take the form of diffusers or grilles.

Ductwork systems are usually classified as either high-pressure or low-pressure systems, or another classification of high-velocity systems, depends on their static pressure and air speed design parameters. Increasing air flow velocity allows the use of smaller duct cross-sections, which may be necessary in buildings with constricted distribution spaces.

Setia City Mall uses a shape of air duct which is circular shape. Air was distributed along the perimeter of building and branches towards the distribution spaces. The further the air duct to the AHU, the size of air duct is smaller, so that the speed and pressure of air can be maintained along the air duct.


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Figure:

5. UBBL Requirements

a. The underside of openings for the entry into any mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning air-conditioning plant shall not less than 1 meter from f rom any external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface.

b. According to the guide, the AHU room on every level is of equal sizes and dimensions.

c. The Size of Make Make Up Water Tank Tank need to be determined by considering below formula Total Size of Cooling Tower (CT-T.R) X 3.0 U.S Gallons X 8 hours of pump operations.

d. Cooling Tower Unit need to be determined by adding up 25% (i.e. 25% (i.e. multiply by factor of 1.25) from the total t otal Chiller Cooling Unit. Unit. (T.R unit)

e. AHU Fan Power Power Rated; Air Air Flow Rates Rates (m³/s) X Total Pressure Losses Losses (mm wg)/102 X motor effieciency (65%)


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS f.

The selection selection of Chiller Chiller Unit Unit is firstly to Determine the tentative heat loads loads for Chiller Condensing unit by doing the estimation on the Average between maximum and minimum of Grand Total Cooling Load/effective area, square feet

References:

Gandy, M. (2011, February 5). Basic Design Guidelines for Mechanical Engineering Systems. . Retrieved , from http://leonim.blogspot.com/

Code of Practice for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems. (2006, February 5). . Retrieved , from http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/wcacsCoP_Part_1.pdf

Gallagher, J. (2013, March 4). . . Retrieved , from http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012/03/in-previous-air-conditioning-system.html


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4.0 Electrical Systems and Supply 4.1 Introduction Electricity has become an essential of modern life; we have setup our cities, houses and buildings to be dependent on electricity. Electricity is usually produced by electromechanical generators in power plants, depending on the type of power plant; they are either produced by chemical combustion or nuclear fission, which the latter is not used in Malaysia. A more sustainable take on creating electrical energy would be through the use of natural kinetic energy, coming from wind or the flow of water (rivers). Electricity is always considered as a main component for buildings, regardless of its scale of development. development. In order to t o regulate and illuminate the internal building environment, the use of lights, AC systems and water pumps all need access to electricity, and enough of it to t o run properly. . The electrical supply system transfers electrical power power from power stations to consumer‘s consumer‘s premises and it usually consists of; the power station, the transmission lines (electrical pylons) and the distribution system. Electrical networks can be broadly divided into two systems; 1) Transmission Transmis sion Systems and 2) Distribution systems. These systems can again be sub-divided into; 1) Primary and Secondary transmission 2) Primary and secondary distribution. distribution.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS In Malaysia, electrical power is distributed by the country‘s main power supplier; Tenaga Nasional berhad (TNB). They take care of the distribution in a nationwide scale. TNB is the main body to approach for new buildings that are going to be built, as permission is needed for new lines of supply to be connected to new developments. developments. Without their grant, a project will be impossible to proceed as electricity is needed to run these t hese buildings.

4.2 Components of System The basic components for an electrical system is constant throughout every development, although some variables may occur depending on the scale of such building, provided provided here are components that are essential for an electrical system inside a building.


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-Distribution Board A distribution board board is an assemblage assemblage of fuses and circuit breakers that are arranged to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or points in a building. The board generally houses a main circuit breaker and an earth leakage protection device. The main functions of all distribution boards are to allow individual circuits to draw power from circuit breakers. It also separates all the circuits present in the system, this greatly helps in situations where faults can be f ound in any of the circuits, the isolation would not cause any disruption to the rest of the supply. Most importantly, a distribution board offers protection to the consumer from direct electrical shock or fire.

-Circuit Breaker The circuit breaker is considered as an essential device when electricity and safety is concerned. Whenever there are excessive amounts of current flowing through, this simple mechanism automatically stops the power before any life threatening accident happens; once the power is cut it enables the user to fix the problem without getting fatally harmed from electricity current. Without these circuit breakers, the potential of fires and other life threatening mayhem would spark from the simplest wiring problem or failure, making the electrical system very unsafe and useless. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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-Fuse A fuse also accomplishes accomplishes the same same thing as a circuit circuit breaker, but through a different method. The way it stops overflowing current is by having a wire that melts whenever it reaches a certain temperature, once the wire melts the connection breaks and the current will stop flowing. f lowing. Fuses, unlike circuit breakers need to be changed once the wires are broken.

-A.C Power Sockets Power sockets are the safest point of where a user can fully access and utilize electrical power, the point allows electrical operated equipment to be connected to the A.C supply of the building. Depending on countries, some sockets can have three pinned or two pinned slots, a standard power socket that is used in Malaysia would be the three rectangular pinned sockets ( type BF).

-Circuit wire / Electrical wiring Electrical wiring transmits electricity from one point to another; it is used throughout a


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS building and enables electricity power to reach different places in the building so that the user can have access to electricity via sockets. An electric cable is made up of a conductor, usually copper, which channels electricity flow, and an insulation that protects the electricity flow from consumers (safety).

-Electric Meter The primary function of an electric meter is to measure the amount of electricity used by the consumer; it is usually measured by kilo watt / hour (kWh). Meters can come in analog or digital format, the format TNB currently uses now for all buildings are the digital meters.

Operation of system The electric supply system can be broadly classified into 1. d.c. or a.c. system 2. overhead or underground system.

TNB Electricity System: According to TNB specification, specification, the transmission voltage networks in Malaysia are 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, while distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 400/230 volts.

High Voltage and Extra High Voltage

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Uses the 3 phase configuration

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Solidly earthed or impedance earthed

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Overhead lines and underground cable are used only for high and extra high voltage distribution only (economical).

Low Voltage - 400/230V ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS 

3 phase 4 wire system

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Neutral point solidly earthed mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and aerial insulated cables

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Mixture of overhead lines, underground cables and aerial insulated cables

Substations An electrical sub-station sub-station is an assemblage assemblage of electrical electrical components components including includin g power transformers, switchgears, busbars, auxiliaries etc.

Types of Substations: Transmission Substation: These substations are usually placed near Generating stations; their main task is to increase voltage for widespread distribution, distribution, as higher voltage is more economical for longer distances. Distribution Substation: These substations act as the distributor of electricity to an area; it receives power from two or more transmission lines and reduces incoming voltage to a suitable level for local distribution, distribution, ranging from 33 kV for premises that need it t o as low as 400 V for domestic uses. Distribution substations also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems, which means easier identification of problems if any occurred. Collector Substation: Collector substation may be required if electricity is also obtained from projects such as wind farms or river plants. Their function is to step up electricity that is produced from such means to transmission rate voltages so that they can be on the grid.

A general schematic schematic of an Electric System


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Order of Electricity System Basically electricity is produced from Generating stations, these stations transmits electricity to the outskirts of cities through the primary transmission using overhead lines. The primary t ransmission line ends at the receiving station, where electricity is further stepped down to cater for distribution. Electricity is then transmitted to various sub-stations that are placed around the city, this becomes the secondary transmission. The sub-stations then further distribute electricity to Distribution substations through lines that are usually placed along the important road sides of the city. Distribution sub-stations (DS) then finally distributes electricity to domestic and commercial areas.


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Zoning ( Lower Ground Floor Level Only) 1) Main Switch Board room (Red) located at Lower Ground Level 2) Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room (Blue) Located at Lower Ground Level 3) 33 kV TNB SSU (Yellow) Located at Lower Ground Level


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Main Switchboard Room

The main switch rooms are are located at Lower Ground level of Setia City Mall. Mall. A distribution switchboard is the point at which an incoming-power supply divides into separate circuits, each of which is controlled and protected by the f uses or switchgear of the switchboard. A distribution switchboard is divided into a number of functional units, each comprising all the electrical and mechanical elements that contribute to the fulfilment f ulfilment of a given function. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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Consumer Transformer 33 kV Room Room (Blue) The consumer transformer rooms are also located at Lower Ground Level. Setia city mall receives electricity at 33 kV, but it is then stepped down to 11 kV. Transformers play a vital role along the distribution and transmission stages stages of the system.Transformers are devices that transfer electric energy from one circuit to another, usually with a change in voltage. Transformers work only with a varying electric current, such as alternatin alternating g current (AC). Transformers T ransformers are important in the distribution of electric power. They raise the voltage of the electricity generated at a power plant to the high levels needed to transmit t ransmit the electricity efficiently. Other transformers reduce the voltage at the locations where the electricity is used. Many household devices contain transformers to raise or lower house-current voltage as needed. Television sets and stereo equipment, for example, require high voltages; doorbells and thermostats, low voltages.


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C o n s u m e r T r a n s f o r m e r S c h e m a t i c


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C o n s u m e r S u p p l y S c h e m a t i c


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TNB Substation Setia city mall also houses its own receiving substation, also located at Lower Ground floor. It receives 33 kV of electricity, and then the substation transformer will step down to 11 kV.


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T N B S u b s t a t i o n S c h e m a t i c


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Observations

Energy sub- meters (digital power meters, DPM) are provided for all major building equipments energy uses, such as chillers, pumps, cooling towers, AHUs, FCUs, lifts, escalators escalators and carparks. carparks. For common areas, areas, separate subsubmetering is provided for lighting and small power at eachy floor. Separate kWh meters have also been provided for all tenanted area. All these digital power meters are linked to a Central Energy Management System (CEMS). Actual building energy uses and energy savings can then be monitored, recorded and controlled as scheduled.

Energy Saving Features Lux sensors installed at common areas such as main entrances, corridors, public corridor and back of house will automatically turn the lights off when the lighting level goes above 50 lux, thus saving energy. The Carpark lighting is also automatically reduced after the Mall closes for business. To complement the employment employment of daylight daylight efficiency of artificial lighting, the ceiling and columns of the carpark are painted white to optimize their reflective luminousity.


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Motion sensors are installed for all back of building area corridors, lift lobbies, toilets and staircases to switch off lighting when the space is not occupied after normal operation hours.


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UBBL Restriction of connection with the earth 

No person person shall, shall, in the generation, transmission, transmission, supply or use of electricity, permit any part of his supply lines to be connected with the earth except as may be prescribed by regulations under this Act or be expressly permitted by the Commission.

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In the event of of any breach of subsection subsection (1), the Commission Commission may by written order require the licensee or owner to remove the connection and may prohibit the use of any supply line or works or installation until the order is complied with, and every such order shall be complied with by the person concerned.

Charge for supply of electricity to be ascertained by appropriate meter 

Where a consumer is to be charged charged for his supply supply of electricity whether wholly or partly by reference to the quantity of electricity supplied, the supply shall be given through, and the quantity of electricity shall be ascertained by, an appropriate appropriate meter.

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The meter meter shall be provided provided by the licensee, whether by by way way of sale, sale, hire or loan.

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The meter shall be installed on the consumer‘s premises in a position to be determined by the licensee, unless in certain circumstances it is more reasonable to place it outside the premises or in some other position


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References Electrical Supply System. (2011, August 8). . Retrieved June 22, 2014, from http://iiteeeestudents.wordpre http://iiteeeestud ents.wordpress.com/2011/08 ss.com/2011/08/28/electric-sup /28/electric-supply-system/ ply-system/ TNB Electricity System. (n.d.). . Retrieved , from http://www.tnb.com.my/business/for-h http://www.tnb.com. my/business/for-housing-deve ousing-developers-electr lopers-electrical-contractors ical-contractors/tnb/tnbelectricity-system.html

Electrical Substation. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 26, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elec http://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Electrical_substation trical_substation Kuppusammy, Kuppusa mmy, S. (Director) (2014, March 16). Electrical Systems. Lecture conducted from , Selangor.


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5.0 Cold Water Supply 2.1 Introduction of Fire Protection The general purpose of fresh water piping in a building is to provide for a safe, healthy supply of potable water (water fit for use) which is delivered effectively to plumbing fixtures throughout a building at a suitable pressure and temperature. temperature. ( R.Barry.(1998).The R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.Blackwe buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd) elScienceLtd) JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the t he statutory water undertaker for Malaysia. The distribution of water to Shah Alam through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air (SYABAS), Formerly known as PUAS and it is the source of water supply for Setia City Mall.


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Water Collection Water is collected in by two methods in Malaysia. As rain water that is collected in dams and fresh water that flows from rivers .This water is then pumped to the water treatment plant. Here the ‗unprocessed‘ water is treated by a 7 stage process which includes aeration, coagulation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection and conditioning. conditioning. Successful completion of the treatment process ensures that water will be safe for general Purpose use under the National drinking Water Quality Standards issued by the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia Malaysia

External Distribution There are instances when the service reservoirs will need to utilizes a booster pumping system to the water to the respective service reservoirs. This occurs when the service reservoirs are located at a high elevation or further away than usual. The starting starti ng pressure is usually generated at the city main (located beneath the street in front of the building) or through an elevated pressure tank or booster pump.Water is then supplied to consumers. The pressure of the water needs to be adequate enough to ensure a desirable output and should not exceed more t han 80 psi to avoid ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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rupture of fittings. f ittings. (Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design Systems.Analysis,design and construction.NJ.PrenticeHall)

Internal distribution Setia city mall employs an indirect water system Where water is guided along plumbing systems due to a Pressure Differential directed from a point of high pressure to a point of low pressure Gravity Feed water is is directs downwards by the laws of gravity from a high point to a low point of elevation Both systems are equally important and most water distributions use both mechanism. The water distribution in Setia City Mall benefits from combining the two mechanisms to deliver water efficiency to its entire 4 floor. The water distribution within a building therefore needs to be well coordinated well and all these factors provide a sufficient amount of water around the shopping mall


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Schematic Water Supply Diagram


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Location of Water tanks and the distribution of water

Domestic Water tank 1

Domestic Water tank 2

Drink water tank


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Internal distribution within the building JBA (Jabatan Bekalan Air) is the statutory water undertaker for Malaysia.The distribution of water to Kuala Lumpur through JBA is via Syarikat Bekalan Air (SYABAS) and it is the source of water supply for the Kananga Whole Sale City ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Centre. The water is delivered (under pressure) from below the ground level through a network of pipes that form a grid. (Main) Connections to the existing Main are made through communication pipes from below the ground outside the boundary line of the site away from the loading bay the location is such that that the supply pipes are situated away from the main entrances as they are not aesthetically pleasing pleasing to the eye. Water can therefore be cut off at the communication pipe to prevent water flow into the building during the case of maintenance or repair in the mains. A bulk meter is used to monitor the volume of water that is being supplied for water supply, it is mandatory for the meter to be monitored every day in order to make sure the water supply has not been tampered with. Once water comes from the main, it is separated into the fire tanks and the RC domestic storage tanks which located at the lower ground floor. The usage of the Fire tank is t o make sure it provides water supply for the fire protection system in case of emergencies. The rest of the water is is stored in RC domestic Water Storage Tanks which has a capacity of 1220 m3 . The usage of this tank is to offer storage for the water supply that will be distributed to all F & B . While the remainder of the tanks water is collected and pumped up to roof level to serve for other f unctions. The float valves have three primary parts: the valve, the stem and the float. The float is a round airtight device and is therefore buoyant. It is found on the surface of the water. The stem is connected to the float device and rises with the float as the water level rises. The stem also connects the valve to the float device. The valve constricts the flow of water when t he water level exceeds a predetermined level. When the water enters the tank the t he float device drops, opening the valve opening the valve. The valve remains open until the float device is raised to the predetermined level by the rising water. Water from the RC tank is then directed to the common pipes , a stopper valve is attached to the pipe should the need to cut off water supple arises. A strainer is used to clean foreign matter and debris before the water reaches the three common pipes. The straines has a flexible joint made of of plastic that vibrates vibrates this make debris difficult to stick to the pipes. pipes. As the common pipes pipes come down, down, is connected to a booster booster pump via a transformer. The common pipes are used to pump the pressure generated into main distributions pipe. This helps by ensuring that the pressure is not too low. One pipe from the RC tank is also used to distribute water to the cooling tower through which the HVAC systems of the building are facilitated.Setia City Mall does not employ a separate system for cold or hot water storage. This means that space is saved as water cisterns do not have to be used and it also means ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS that energy is also conserved within the water supply system. As Setia City Mall is only a commercial building, the need for hot or cold water only arises in the kitchen stalls in the cafeteria in which case individual electrical appliances(water heaters ,fridge) are used to facilitate their needs. Most of the toilets although varied in design are placed one above the other in all the separate flows this also means that the water supply is efficient and water pressure is not lost due to long lengths of piping. This also means that the cost of piping is reduced.

Components R. C Water Storage Tank Reinforced concrete tanks have been used for water and wastewater storage and treatment for decades. Design of reinforced concrete tanks requires attention not only to strength requirements, requirements, but also to crack control and durability. The challenge is to design concrete liquid containing structures that will resist the extremes of seasonal temperature changes and a variety of loading conditions, and remain watertight.

RC Storage tanks used in Setia City Mall Storage tank with a ball cock float valve to control the water stored. This tank will typically hold from 230 to 360 liters (50 to 80 gallons) of water at the highest part of the building the higher it is, the better the gravity feed pressure at the taps. Any overflow of water from the storage tank is deposit out of the building from the overflow pipe. It is positioned in a way that if water flow can be immediately noticed as it would indicate a problem.

Fire Water Storage Tank Fire water storage tanks have been an important feature of industrial fire protection system over the last 30 years. Elevated gravity tanks were once the earliest tanks used and were once a common sight at industrial buildings. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Tanks may be built of steel, wood, concrete, coated fabric or even fiberglassreinforced plastic tank. Fire water tank can also be based on the ground. gr ound.

Fire water Tank used in Setia City Mall Due do the Fire tank being in the basement of setia city mall its safe to say that the material used for its fire tanks will be Fiberglass. Its recognized in NFPA 22 standard,Water standard, Water Storage Tanks for Fire Protection Systems, Systems, as well as NFPA 1142 standard, Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting . Features of fiber glass fire f ire protection water tanks:

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Corrosion-resistance Corrosion-resistance - long-term storage of water requires a tank material like fiberglass which is immune to rust.

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Buried design design - eliminates the need to add expensive protection measures to prevent freezing, while removing the aesthetic problems of an aboveground tank.

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Strong H20 structural design design - necessary for locations where vehicle traffic is a factor, such as parking lots.


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Gate valve It is usually desirable to valve every riser. The branches that serve bathrooms or kitchens, and the run outs to individual individual fixtures. This f acilitates repairs at any location with a minimum of shutdown within a system. Pumps and other devices that may need repair should be able to disconnect by using it.

Valves used in supplying water to Setia City Mall

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A gate valve with valve with a retractable leaf machined to seal tighly against two sloping metal surfaces when closed. Offers the least resistance to water flow when open. It is usually chosen for locations where it is left completely open most of the time.

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The Compression type globe valve is usually used for the closing or throttling or f low near a point of occasional use.

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Angle valve similar to compression type glove valve

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Check valve when it is necessary to prevent flow in a direction opposite to that which is planned a check valve is introduced


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Stop cock A stopcock, not to be confused confused with a gate gate valve or a DiCiaccio DiCiaccio branch, is is used to prevent flow of water into a domestic water system. There are usually two stopcocks for a building building.. One is usually found just outside the property boundary and can be used to isolate the building from the water supply. The other is inside the property where the supply enters the property. These valves are provided to allow maintenance and prevent flooding if the domestic water system is pierced.

Fittings A fitting is used in pipe pipe plumbing plumbing systems to connect connect straight pipe or or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. The term plumbing is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary domestic or commercial environments,


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Meter Water meter is use in all buildings to measure the amount of consumption of water use. In many developed countries water meters are used to measure the volume of water used by residential and commercial building that are supplied with water by a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water source, well, or throughout throughout a water system to determine flow through a particular portion of the system.

Pump Pumps are used every day to move fluid from one location to another , they come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, and may be operated by electric motor, engine , or even by hand solar power, the can be turned on and off by timers, detectors and other time and property saving feature. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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Consideration Consideration of these factors for performance when choosing the right pump for a peculiar building. 

Capacity and power – power – capacity capacity is how much fluid the pump can move, which is measured in gallons per minute or gallons per hour, power is measured in horsepower. Pumps with higher capacities and horsepower are suited to larger tasks.



Materials- pumps are designed for long life, and are made of variety of sturdy materials, including sheet metal, cast iron, stainless steel and various other materials.

Pump used in Setia City Mall Circulation Water Pump (CWP) The water taken from the t he R.C Water Storage Tank is directed towards a pump. This pump is then force water up to the roof level of the building where the other large water tanks located. Besides the on-duty pumps which mainly contribute in pushing the water up, there are also standby pumps that only function during the peak hours or in emergency cases. At times of low traffic, the standby pumps are usually shut down to save energy


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Water Pressure Booster Pump Water pressure booster pumps are used to provide more pressure in the water pipes for better cleaning, flushing and irrigation. It is driven by electric motor.

Water pressure booster pump are useful in this case where Setia City Mall needs regular regular

supply of of water for irrigation. irrigation. It pushes pushes the water water with great great

pressure toward toward the hoses, hoses, at the same time provide provide adequate water supply supply to all taps and outlets.

UV (Ultraviolet) Water Filter The water from the domestic tank is pumped to the UV Water Filters before being delivered to the consumer through the drinking taps. Particulate matters that are harmful to our health such as bacteria and virus are removed in order to meet the drinking water standard. The water passes through a clear tube and is irradiated by the ultraviolet ultraviolet light


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Piping PVC stand for Polyvinyl Chloride. This type of pipe has a wide variety of plumbing uses from drainage pipe to water mains. It is most commonly used for irrigation piping, home, and building supply piping. PVC is also very common in pool and spa systems. PVC is often white but it can also come in a wide variety of colors. You can often tell what it is used for by the colors and marking on the pipe. For example purple pipe with black lettering is used for reclaimed water. PVC also comes in a variety of thicknesses called schedules. Schedules 40 being the most common for water distribution. PVC pipe should always be clearly labeled if it is used for both potable (drinkable) and non potable water in the same building. PVC joins are made by using a primer that softens the PVC and then applying PVC glue that melts the joints and pipe together.

Pipes Used in Setia City Mall Most of the plastic pipes and fitting in Setia Setia city mall are produced from synthetic resin derived from such materials as coal and petroleum. These corrosion resistant materials materials are widely used in water supply piping, fittings, and drainage system. Most of the piping are thermoplastics and will repeatedly soften under the application of heat. PVCD material can carry water at 80 C but plastic pipes should not be subjected to temperatures higher than this.

Water quality Water supplied by SYABAS meets with the approved drinking water quality standards set by MOH, but sometimes other factors may result in the contamination of the water supply. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Contamination of the water supply and backflow of water is prevented by the use of air gaps in the plumbing fixtures where the gap between the water tap and optimum water level in the sink is 5cm.Water quality may also be compromised due to corrosion pipes of pipe and improper maintenance of the internal piping system, water tanks and water f ilters. There are also instances where residual contents are captured by t he household filters causing them to precipitate and form a slimy and brown to black colour layer on the surface of filters. These residuals however are in fact permitted by the MOH in a limited amount as treated water supplied by water treatment operators has a limited content of aluminum, iron, and manganese that is not visible to the naked eye but still safe for consumption under the World Health Organization‘s Organi zation‘s (WHO) standards. Disruptions in water supply or other disturbance in the distribution systems may also cause these sediments to get churned up and carried to the t he customer‘s tap causing the water to temporarily appear discolored. Generally SYABAS recommends that any commercial building should make periodical bi-annual maintenance maintenance of their internal plumbing system and internal storage tanks by hiring only licensed plumbers to ensure professional inspection, cleaning and professional installations carried out as approved by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)- Malaysia national water services commission.


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UBBL Setia City Mall not only has an effective water supply system but it also complies with the Uniform Building By laws ( UBBL ). ( as as an effective water supply should ) The main water storage tank is located at the roof level conforming to clause 247 ( 1) which states that ‗ Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel system shall be located in the top most floor of the building "

The design, dimensions and allocation of the utility rooms are also well separated , with enough space to house the distribution pipes conforming with clause 123 (1) which states that , ―where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate piping, cables or Conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be 

adequate for the accommodation accommodation of of the pipes,cables pipes,cables or conduits and for crossing of Branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and



sufficiently large to permit permit access access to cleaning eyes,stop cocks and and other controls there to Enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all

of the services Accommodated. Accommodated. 

The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed in stalled and removed.‖


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Conclusion The toilets on each floor are situated one above the other and therefore make water distribution efficient. Even the plumbing fixtures installed have a design which takes the backflow of water into consideration. The design of the building not only takes functionality into account it also takes into account the aesthetics of the building. The water tanks are located on the basement and roof away from human activity (uninterrupted space) so that they are not visible as they take up a lot of floor area and are not aesthetically pleasing. Even the communication pipes are located away from the main entrances and utility rooms are used to conceal the distribution pipes.All these factors contribute to creating a well-designed water supply system which serves well both

functionally

and

aesthetically. Setia

City

mall

applies

only

straightforward layout of the water supply system thus is easy to understand. Based on the observation, the system seems well maintained with no signs of leakage or rust. Overall, the system implemented is highly effective due to its high storage capacity which is large enough to store and cater to the needs of its occupants. The piping used in the distribution line is designed with minimal angular turns which may reduce the pressure of water. There is also a wide number of water pumps which provides sufficient water pressure to distribute the water to all levels


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Referencing R.Barry.(1998).The construction of buildings.UK.Blackwe buildings.UK.BlackweelScienceLtd elScienceLtd Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Wentz.T(1997).Plumbing Systems.Analysis,design Systems.Analysis,design and construction.NJ.PrenticeHall Woodson.R(1994).The Woodson.R(1994).The plumbers troublesho t roubleshooting oting guide.US.McGraw-Hill guide.US.McGraw-Hill Sahoo.N (2008).Design of a Water Tank.Retrieved Tank.Retrieved from:http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/108/1/10 from:http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/108/1/10401010.pd 401010.pdff Raley.T. (2012).How does a float valve work.Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/how-does_ http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966369_floa 4966369_float-valve-work.h t-valve-work.html tml Your Water.(2012)Retrieved Water.(2012)Retrieved from:http://www.syabas.com.my/corpo from:http://www.syabas.com.my/corporate/aboutrate/aboutus-syabas-operation The homeowners guide to maintain your water supply pipe.(2012).Retrieved from:http://www.yourwatersupplypipe.com/


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5.0 Sanitary Sanitar y and Sewerage Sewerage System 5.1 Introduction of Fire Protection Sewerage system are designed to collect, transfer, treat and dispose off domestic waste and wastewater from the building. The system range from simple toilet providing little or no treatment t o modern sewage treatment plants that employ mechanical means to treat large volume of sewage to acceptable environment environment standards. There are two t wo type of stack system, which is the single stack system and two-pipe system. In single stack system all soil and waste water discharge into one common pipe and all branch ventilating pipes into one main ventilating pipe. This system largely replaces the two pipe system and lent itself very well to use in multi storey developments. It is far more economical than the two pipe system. The other one is two pipe systems where the waste stack received the discharge ablutionary fitments and conveyed this to the ground level where it was delivered above the water seal in a trapped gully connected to the drainage system. The soil stack receives the discharge from soil appliances and delivers it direct to the underground drainage drainage system. The waste and soil water did not combine until they reached the below ground drainage system.

Figure 1.1 Single Stack


Figure 1.2 Two Pipe

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5.2 COMPONENTS OF STACK SYSTEM RELIEF VENT: A VENT: A vent is a vent primary function of which is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent systems. RISER: A RISER: A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full storey or more to convey water to branches or fixtures. f ixtures. SANITARY SEWER: SEWER: A A pipe which carries sewage and excludes storm, surface, and ground water. INTERCEPTOR: Device INTERCEPTOR: Device designed and installed so as to separate and retain deleterious hazardous or undesirable matter from normal wastes and permit normal or liquid wastes to discharge in to disposal terminal by gravity. STACK: The STACK: The main vertical of a system of soil, waste, or vent piping. STACK VENT: Extension VENT: Extension of soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack (sometimes called a waste vent or soil vent) SULLAGE: SULLAGE: The discharge from wash basins, sinks and similar appliances, which does not contain human or animal excreta. SUMP: SUMP: A tank or pit which receives sewage or liquid waste, located below the normal grade of the gravity system, and which must be emptied by mechanical means. TRAP: Fitting TRAP: Fitting or device designed and constructed as to provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which will prevent the back passage of air or gas without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste water through it. TRAP SEAL: The SEAL: The trap seal is the maximum vertical depth of liquid that a trap will r etain, measured between between the crown weir and the top of the dip of the trap. WASTE PIPE: A waste pipe is a pipe which conveys only liquid waste free of faec al matter. MANHOLE: An opening through which a man may enter or leave a drain, a sewe r or other closed structure for inspection, cleaning and other maintenance operatio ns, fitted with a suitable cover.


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5.3 OPERATING OF SYSTEM The arrangement of washroom in Setia City Mall is spread out through-out the plan for one single floor but the layout are the same for every each level so it can use the Stack System, which the system need to keep the pipes vertical and align to really optimize the disposal efficiency. It also minimize the used of pipes p ipes where it can saves some space.

Figure 1.3 Ground Level

Figure 1.4 Upper Ground Level

Figure 1.5 First Floor Level


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS The mall use the stack system in to remove odor but to ensure it will be removed completely, a motion triggered toilet exhaust fans is installed to absorb and dispose them to the masonry shaft through an air duct. The fan are installed at the end of every stack pipe located on the roof where it will release the odor out of the mall. Besides that, other mechanism been used such non-return dampers and volume control dampers.

Figure 1.6 Stack System in


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS The soil and waste management been installed a lot around the mall surroundings where all of it are connected. All the waste products or disposal water pass through the sewerage system before it finally disposed into the main sewer. The waste that coming from the sanitary appliances appliances are discharged to the soil stack pipe, where it be directed to the nearest manhole inspection chamber. Figure 1.7 Large numbers of sewage fixture are installed to accommodate large amount of waste from all the facilities from the mall. All of this will f low to the grease interceptor for it to reduce the speed of waste water flow, by doing that it can separate all the debris from the waste water. From there on it will move to inspection chamber.

Figure 1.8 The Connection of Sewerage System


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Setia City Mall use a different kind of system from the other building for flushing rainwater from the roof, which is the Siphonic Drainage. Unlike traditional roof drainage, it operates at full capacity, when water is sucked or syphoned from the roof down into the drain at high velocity. It allows allows to minimize the number of roof outlet drains and have them flow into a single downpipe. The symphonic drain incorporates an anti-vortex plate act as a baffle, allowing only water to be drawn of the roof. When heavy rainfall the outlet drain fills to above the antivortex, cutting off air flow into the pipe Then, it flow at 100% full over the entire system.

v

Figure 1.9 Shallow trough to direct the rainwater to roof drain


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5.4 UBBL UBBL By Laws - Section 123 (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be (a) adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and the crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and (b) sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. accommodated. (2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitable places to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

UBBL by Laws - Section 115 All roofs of buildings buildings shall be constructed as to drain drain effectively effectively to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.


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5.4 REFERENCES Setia City Mall websites - http://www.seti http://www.setiacitymall.com/gree acitymall.com/green-features.aspx n-features.aspx Public Resource Sanitary Drainage https://law.resource.org/pub/bd/bnbc https://law.resource .org/pub/bd/bnbc.2012/gov.bd.bn .2012/gov.bd.bnbc.2012.08.06 bc.2012.08.06.pdf .pdf Sephonic Drainage System - http://www.full http://www.fullflow.com/pages flow.com/pages/syphonic-expla /syphonic-explained/ ined/ Drainage System - http://www http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex .arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_fil .com/index_files/drain4.htm es/drain4.htm


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6.0 Mechanical Transportation System 6.1 Introduction of Lifts Setia City mall has four floor levels in total. Two levels below ground and two levels above ground, and four levels of car parking area. There are a total of nine pairs elevators provided, with the first and second floor having 7 pairs of elevators and the ground and upper ground floors having 9 pairs of elevators. 2 pairs of the elevators provide a dedicated connection to the parking areas

Figure 1.1: plan showing lift locations

The type of lifts used are machine-room less (MRL) traction lifts with Regenerative drive lift system. These lifts do not have a fixed machine room on the top of the hoist-way, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed on t he top side wall of the hoist-way. The motor is installed using a permanent magnet which "sticks" the motor permanently.


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I. II. III. III. IV. V. VI. VII.

Regenerative dr drive Gearless machine Polyurethane stee teel belt Speed governor Door system Safety gear buffer

Counter weights

Figure 1.2:showing lift system ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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6.1.1 Components Regenerative driver Regenerative Regenerative drives are an energy-efficient elevator technology. The energy generated when the cab goes into braking mode is converted into electricity and fed into the building‘s building‘s system. They recycle energy rather than wasting it as heat. The permanent magnet motors in the Re-Gen drives are capable of bidirectional energy flow acting both as a motor and a generator.

Figure 1.3: showing Regenerative driver

Gearless synchronous machine Electric gearless AC machines are compact — minimizing space requirements by eliminating the traction machine gearbox while efﬁciently delivering torque optimizing power for powerful acceleration and smooth, superior ride comfort. Unlike traditional induction motors that lose efﬁciency at lower speeds, electric gearless AC machines provide unusually capable low speed, high torque operation. This machine is equipped with a highly efficient permanent magnet synchronous motor of radial construction. The result is a machine which is up to 50% more efficient than conventional geared machines and 10% more efficient than conventional gearless machines with induction asynchronous motors


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Figure 1.4: showing the gearless-synchronous machine

Polyurethane coated steel belt Elevator belts raise and lower the cab in action of t he motor. This Polyurethanecoated steel belt eliminates eliminates the metal-to-metal effect of conventional ropes results in quieter operation and removes need for lubrication of t he belt due to the polyurethane coating unlike conventional belts. The polyurethane coating also increases the contact area between the motor and the belt reducing wear and tear to the belt.

Figure 1.5: showing polyurethane coated steel belt Polyurethane-coated Polyurethane-coated steel elevator belt.

Governor An over speed governor governor is an elevator elevator device which act as a stop device device in case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. The governor‘s designs includes a sheave coupled to a rope attached to the elevator car, whereby the sheave moves in response to rope movement indicative of elevator car movement. The sheave drives a shaft or spindle coupled to an actuation ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS mechanism. The actuation mechanism is set of f lyweights lyweights adapted to extend radially when a predetermined level of centrifugal force is applied to them. Radial extension of the flyweights causes them to contact an over-speed switch when the over-speed switch is actuated, power to the motor and motor brake is cut, thereby causing the motor brake to apply a braking force on the motor shaft.

Figure 1.6: showing Speed governor


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Lift door system The automatic doors in an elevator are essential to keep people from falling down an open shaft. These Elevators use two different sets of doors, doors on the cars and doors opening into the elevator shaft. The doors on the cars are operated by an electric motor, which is hooked up to the elevator computer. The electric motor turns a wheel connected to a winding cable. The cable is hooked to one side of the door which is in turn connected to the second leaf of the door. The doors are connected such that movement of one door causes movement of the second door. The doors slide back and forth on a metal rail.

belt motor

doors

Figure 1.7: showing elevator door system


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Counterweight A counterweight counterweight is used to balance balance the weight weight of an elevator so that that the elevator motor only has to apply enough force to raise the weight of the passengers inside. The counterweight counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent capacity. The purpose of t his balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side, it takes a less energy to tip the balance one way or the other. This means the motor has to carry only a fraction of the weight added to the cabin and hence reduced motor size and power consumption.

Figure 1.8: showing counter weight operation


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Control system The controller is a device which manages the visual monitoring, interactive command control and traffic analysis system to ensure the elevators are functioning efficiently. efficiently. The function f unction of the elevator controller is essentially to receive and process a variety of signals from several different components of a whole elevator system. It is able to send signals in response to the ones it receives in order to operate all of the other components in the system. This exchange of signals is how the elevator controller is able to keep the elevators running smoothly on a day-to-day basis. Setia city mall uses a PLC controller which uses microprocessor technology technology to control the logic of more complex jobs

Figure 1.9: showing PlC control system

Buffer A buffer is a device device which reduces mechanical shock due to impact from the elevator . It is located at the bottom of the elevator hoist way, designed to stop a car or counter-weight from descending beyond its normal limit of travel; motion beyond this limit is taken up by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight. For operation, during the buffer impact stroke the piston rod is pushed into the cylinder tube. The hydraulic oil is displaced and pressed through a series of small metering orifices in the cylinder jacket. Inside the outer outer jacket the oil oil is collected. At the same same time the gas volume above the hydraulic oil is compressed. The hard chrome-plated piston ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture 96

PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS rod is sealed. After release of the piston rod the compressed gas volume presses the hydraulic oil back into the t he cylinder, pushing the piston rod out again.

Figure 1.10: showing the buffer mechanism


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6.1.2 Operation of System In these roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below like in hydraulic lifts. The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a sheave. A sheave is a pulley with a grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes move too. Motor

Sheave

Belt

Figure 1.11: showing the motor, sheave and belt

The sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator. In these gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly unlike in geared elevators where the motor turns a gear train that rotates the sheave. In machine-room less elevators, the sheave, the motor and the control system are all housed in the hoist way above the elevator and a machine room above the elevator shaft is not required. The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled to 40-percent capacity. , when the car is 40 percent full (an average amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced. The purpose of this balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work. The balance maintains a near constant potential energy level in the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS the elevator car (letting it descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy in the weight (the weight rises to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens in reverse when the elevator goes up.

Counter

Cab

Figure 1.12:showing counter weight action

Both the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails. Along the sides of the elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight counterweight from swaying back and forth, and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency.


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6.1.3 System Safety These elevators are built with several redundant safety systems that keep them in position. The first line of defense is the rope system itself. Each elevator rope is made from several lengths of steel material wound around one another and additionally additional ly coated with polyurethane. With this sturdy structure, one rope can support the weight of the elevator car and the counterweight on its own. But these elevators are built with multiple ropes (four). I n the unlikely event that one of the ropes snaps, the rest will hold the elevator up. Even if all of the ropes were to break, or the sheave system were to release them, it is unlikely that an elevator car would fall to the bottom of the shaft, the elevator cars have built-in braking systems, that grab onto the rail when the car moves too fast. The Safeties are activated by a governor governor when when the elevator moves too t oo quickly. The governor ropes are connected to the elevator car via a movable actuator arm attached to a lever linkage. When the governor ropes can move freely, t he arm stays in the same position relative to the elevator car (it is held in place by tension springs). But when the governor sheave locks itself, the governor ropes jerk the actuator actuator arm up. This moves moves the lever linkage, linkage, which operates operates the brakes. In this design, the linkage pulls up on a wedge-shaped safety, which sits in a stationary wedge guide. As the wedge moves up, it is pushed into the guide rails by the slanted surface of the guide. This gradually brings the elevator car to a stop


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Figure 1.1: showing the braking mechanism


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6.1.4 Control System The elevator is controlled by a computer whose job is to process all of the relevant information about the elevator and turn the motor the correct amount to put the elevator car where it needs to be. In order to do this, the computer needs to know at least three things. Where people want to go, where each floor is and where the elevator car is. The buttons in the elevator car and the buttons on each floor are all wired to the computer and these inform where people are going. The lifts have magnetic sensor on the side of the car reads a series of holes on a long vertical tape in the shaft. By counting the holes speeding by, the computer knows exactly where the car is in the shaft. The computer uses a strategy to keep the cars running running as efficiently as possible. the strategy is to avoid reversing the elevator's direction. That is, an elevator car will keep moving up as long as there are people on the floors above that want to go up. The car will only answer "down calls" after it has taken care of all the "up calls." But once it starts down, it won't pick up anybody who wants to go up until there are no more down calls on lower floors. The drawing below is an illustration of how t he system works:

Figure 1.13: showing lift control flow chart ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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6.1.5 Sustainability The lifts at Setia city mall are equipped with a regenerative drive system to save on energy use.

RE-GEN drive system

Cab Power back to the

Figure 1.14: showing the regenerative regenerative drive system

With the RE-GEN drive, Electrical power is generated when a heavily-loaded car travels in a ‗down‘ direction or a lightly-loaded lightly- loaded car travels in an ‗up‘ direction (green area of graph). With a non-regenerative drive the energy generated is dissipated in a set of resistors creating a waste-heat load in the building. With a regenerative drive, the energy g enerated is fed back into the building‘s grid where it can be used by other loads connected to the same network. The energy consumed with a non-regenerative drive is represented by the yellow area while with a regenerative drive the energy consumed is just the difference between the yellow and green areas. ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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Figure 1.15: showing energy saving chart

It can be seen from this graph that the energy generated is almost equal to the energy consumed by the system during different stages.

6.1.5 UBBL Requirements 

Under UBBL 1984 section 123-128 lifts. 124. For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 stores above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.



Under UBBL 1984 section 153-155, ventilation to lift shafts. 152(1) every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.


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6.2 Introduction of Lifts Setia City mall has four escalator locations. At each of these locations the, there are two escalators connecting each floor, from lower ground to upper ground, upper ground t first f loor and first floor to second floor. The escalors are organized in a parallel layout and positioned at centers of four equal quadrants of the building this is so that they can easily be seen by the public and open up to large clear spaces.

Figure 1.16: showing escalator positions

Setia city mall uses Otis escalators with trusses designed to save up on space requirements requirements and set to a speed of rate to 27 meters (90 ft.) per minute, fast enough to provide rapid travel from one level to another while still being leisurely enough for customers in a department store to survey the merchandise on the sales floor. These escalators use small efficient machines to run them and hence do not need special machine rooms provided


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6.2.1 Components Electric motor Escalators at Setia City Mall use automatic AC electric motors rated at 7.5 kW which use a self-cooling, six pole, three-phase, AC induction motor providing high performance, high starting torque, and long term reliability along with low noise and low vibration. vibration. The electric motor turns the drive drive gears at the top, which rotate the chain loops which move the steps and handrails.

Figure 1.17: showing the electric motor

Truss The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete supports. The truss carries all tthe he straight track sections connecting the upper and lower sections.


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Truss

Figure 1.18: showing the escalator truss

Hand rail This escalator has hand rails to provide support and balance for persons moving up and down. It uses a tension-driven rubber and canvas handrail that is guided in a simple unlubricated channel. These handrails are pinch-resistant to prevent the possibility of passengers‘ fingers fingers from getting caught


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Steps The steps are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminium. Rubber mats are affixed to their surface to reduce slippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges. The leading and trailing edges of each step are cleated with comb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms. The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain so they form a closed loop with each step able to bend in relation to its neighbours. The front and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track. The position of the tr acks controls the orientation of the steps

Figure 1.19: showing escalator steps


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Comb plate A comb plate is a steel plate with teeth that mesh with the Step cleats at t he boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or f oreign objects from getting caught between the moving Steps and Floor Plate.

Figure 1.20:showing the steel comb plate

Tracks The track system is built into the truss t o guide the step chain, which continuously pulls pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to t he top in an endless loop. There are two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat f lat sheet like arrangement, arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to t he bottom again.


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6.2.1 Operations of System The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears. An electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate the chain loops. The escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to r otate the gears. The motor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure extending between two floors. The chain loops move move a series of steps. As the chains move, the steps always stay level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the escalator. Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following behind the first set.

Figure 1.21: showing the escalator system ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture Architecture

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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Each step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along two separate tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the top of the step) are connected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top of the escalator. The other set of wheels simply glides along its track, following following behind the first f irst set The tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain level. At the top and bottom of the t he escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal position, flattening the stairway. stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening. In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator also moves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.

6.2.2 Sustainability The escalator has a power saving feature that Cuts power consumption by detecting the weight of the passengers riding the escalator at any given moment. The function automatically slows the escalator when it carries fewer passengers. Operating an escalator at high speed consumes more power; the k ey to saving energy lies in determining how to reduce escalator speed..

Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

To further this, the escalator has an extra power saving feature that runs the escalator at a slow 10 m/min when carrying no passengers. When a sensor detects an approaching passenger, the escalator gently accelerates to 30 m/min. When no passengers use the escalator for a specified duration, the escalator returns to the slower speed of 10 m/min, thereby t hereby reducing energy use.


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Figure 1.16: showing slow down mechanism

6.3 Conclusion Setia city mall was designed to fully encompass sustainability. For all mechanical systems choices were made for the most energy efficient types and system components were also chosen to reduce on energy use. This is can be clearly seen in the use of the regenerative drive system in the elevators that uses the elevators energy lost during braking to power other components of the elevators and s also fed back into the grid. The escalators also encompass multiple energy saving features such to reduce energy consumption during light loads and speeds when it is idle. Also multiple elevators elevators where provided provided at many different locations locations easing on traffic traffic on the elevators as it‘s properly distributed. The escalators are also positioned such that they serve specific quadrants of the building equally.

6.4 References Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings (8th buildings (8th ed.). New York: J. Wiley & Sons.

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www.otis.com/site/eg/OT_DL_Do http://www.otis.com /site/eg/OT_DL_Documents/OT_DL cuments/OT_DL_Downlo _DownloadCenter/Speci adCenter/Specific fic ations/Specs%201-%20GeN2-Regen%20Brochure.pdf


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PROJECT 2: CASE STUDY, ANALYSIS AND DOCUMENTATION DOCUMENTATION OF SETIA CITY MALL‘S BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS Elevator Control System. (n.d.). ~ Electrical Knowhow . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www.el http://www.electrical-knowhow ectrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/el .com/2012/04/elevator-control-sy evator-control-system.html stem.html

Machine-Room-Less Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators. (n.d.). Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators. Elevators. Retrieved June 28, 2014, from http://www.buildings.com/articledetails/articleid/3076/title/mach details/article id/3076/title/machine-room-less ine-room-less-mrl-eleva -mrl-elevators.aspx tors.aspx

. (n.d.). . Retrieved June 28, 2014, from https://www.asme.org/engineeringtopics/articles/elevators/ener topics/articles/el evators/energy-efficient-elev gy-efficient-elevator-technologies ator-technologies


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Setia City Final Report

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