SEMANTICS SENSE RELATION
BY: Alfred Yehuda Ester Kerenha Giovanni Prillia Marthina Kapitan Monica Kowaas
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF PEL PEL ITA HAR APAN TANGERANG NOVEMBER 2016
Sense Relation
Sense relation is the relationship between words. However, it is also treated as semantic relations not only between words, but also between particular contextual of words” (Croft and Cruse, 2004, p. 141). Moreover, sense relation talks about how lexemes are associated with other lexemes (Kreidler, 1998, p. 48, 303). It is divided into two parts which are syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation which govern how signs relate to each other. A paradigmatic relation is a relation that holds between elements of the same category which are elements that can be substituted for each other. Otherwise, syntagmatic relation applies to relations holding between elements that are combined with each other (Paradigmatic Relation, 2014). Kreidler (1998) stated that syntagmatic relation is known as horizontal relation, while paradigmatic relation is known as vertical relation as described on the following chart.
1. Syntagmatic Relation a. Definition of Syntagmatic Relation
The sequential nature of language means that linguistic signs have syntagmatic relationships. A syntagmatic relationship is happened where signs occur in a right order and operate together to create meaning (Syntagm an d Paradigm, 2016). Eaton (2015) added that a syntagmatic relation is the relationship between a linguistic unit and other units in the speech area in which it occurs. Moreover, like how the letters in a word have syntagmatic relationship with one another, as do the words in a sentence or the objects in a picture (Syntagm and Paradigm, 2016). Syntagmatic relations between words build up a picture of co-occurrence restrictions within syntax (Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic, 1998), for example, the verbs hit , k ick have to be followed by a noun ( Paul hit the wall, not *Paul 1
hit ), but sleep, doze do not normally do so ( Peter slept , not *Peter slept the bed ). To put it
in another way, a syntagmatic relation is putting unit and another unit i n a right order that is occurred in the same sentence to create meaning. For example: (1) He got a letter (to receive) (2) He got tired (to become) (3) He got to London (to arrive) (4) He could not get the piano through the door (to move something To or from a position or place) Syntagmatic relationship is also explained as the relation between lexemes and other lexemes with which it occurs in the same phrase or sentence (horizontal relation) and forms construction. It is concerned with lexical items surrounding the lexeme related in terms of collocation to describe the meaning of a word in a specific context (Lyons, 2002). For example: (1) “happy” with “child” -> happy child (2) “happy” with “family” -> happy family
b. Types of Syntagmatic Relations (SR)
According to Osinovskaya (2010), there are some types of syntagmatic relation, which are: 1) Coordinate SR: exist between the homogeneous linguistic units that are equal in rank, that is, they are the relations of independence. For example, a) you and me, b) ladies and gentlemen 2) Subordinate SR : are the relations of dependence when one linguistic unit depends on the other. syntagmatic relations of dependence (there is different linguistic rank/level). For example, (a) teach + -er (morphological level), (b) a smart student (attributive),
(c)
to
speak
slowly
(adverbial).
Notes: Forms of subordination may also be different – agreement (this book – these books), government (help us), adjournment (the use of modifying particles just, only, even, etc. ) and enclosure (the use of modal words and their equi valents really, after all, etc.). 2
3) Predicative
SR:
are
the
relations
of
independence.
a. Primary predication (sentence level): is observed between the subject and the predicate of the sentence (Eaton, 2015). For example, Patrick disappeared b. Secondary predication (phrase level): is observed between non-finite forms of the verb and nominal elements within the sentence (Eaton, 2015). For example, I saw him run (Secondary predication in this sentence is between the verb run and
the pronoun him: the verb run expressed the action performed by him.), we heard them sing 2. Paradigmatic Relation a. Definition of Paradigmatic Relation
Paradigmatic relation which is also called as substitutional relations, are those word which hold between inter substitutable members of the same grammatical category; combinatorial relations hold typically, though not necessarily, between expression of different grammatical categories (for examples between nouns and adjectives, between verbs and adverbs) which can be put together in grammatically well-formed combination (Lyon, 2002, p. 124). Kreidler (1998, p. 48) pointed that paradigmatic relation is a relation of choice. It is the relation of items that can substitute for one another at the same place in a sentence. The words might be similar in meaning or little in common. For example: I want to have a cup of coffee
tea Water Usually, paradigmatic relations involve words which are in the same syntactic category as the following example: She bought some dishes
forks spoons
b. Types of Paradigmatic Relation
There are some types of paradigmatic sense relation as explained below: 3
1. Synonymy Synonymy is often defined as two lexemes that has the same meaning or nearly the same. For example, spectacles and glasses may both denote the same sort of objects that people wear on their noses to look through, but gla sses may also just be the plural of glass in one of its other meanings (Lobner, 2013, p. 46). Kreidler (1998, p.97) explains that synonymy is an instance of mutual entailment, and synonyms are instances of mutual hyponymy. Synonyms can be nouns, adjectives, adverbs or verbs, as described on the table below (Kreidler 1998, p. 96).
SYNONYM
Consume Verb
Eat Beautiful Adjective
Pretty Chair Noun
Seat Quickly Adverb
Rapidly
2. Hyponymy Hyponymy is often defined in the term of entailment (Kreidler, 1998, p. 93). For example, (a) there are roses in the vase, (b) there are flowers in the vase. If the sentence (a) is true, sentence (b) will also be true, but if the sentence (a) is not true, it cannot be said that sentence (b) is also wrong. In fact, the truth about sentence (b) is not certain yet. If sentence (b) is true, the truth about sentence (a) is not certain yet, but if sentence (b) is wrong, then sentence (a) will also be wrong. The term “ rose” is the hyponym of “ flower”
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and “flower ” is the superordinate (or often called as hyperonym) of “ rose”. Besides that, hyponymy is also a transitive relation. If word (a) is hyponym of word (b) and word (b) is hyponym of word (c), then the word (a) must be a hyponym of word (c). For example, sunflower is a hyponym of flower and flower is a hyponym of plants, then sunflower is a hyponym of plants. 3. Incompatibility (co-hyponymy) According to Riemer (2016, p. 261 ) incompatibility (co-hyponymy) exists between members of sets of the same hierarchical level and therefore holds between items referring to the same semantic field or domain. In incompatibility as mentioned by Riemer (2016), there is no two terms of different sets can be used simultaneously without implying contradiction. Keidler (2002 p. 93) stated that “Any lexeme that can be substituted for a hyponym is also a hyponym”, it is called co-hyponym or incompatible. For example, daisy, and sunflower are hyponyms of flower. They are co-hyponym of rose. However, daisy is still daisy it is not sunflower and vice versa so both cannot be used simultaneously because that’s different, but both are still flower. 4. Partonymy/Meronymy According to Riemer (2016, p. 261) partonymy and meronymy is a whole-part relation applying to two individual entities that are linked to illustrate the notion of containment. For example, finger-hand. Finger is not merely an attachment to hand but it is a part of hand. 3. Types of Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations' Abnormality
There are two basic types of abnormality resulting from the combination of two senses that can be distinguished. The first is where the meanings simply do not go together ( which is called as clash) and second is when one meaning adds nothing new to another one with which it is combined and thus appears unnecessary, or redundant (which is called as pleonasm). 1. Clash a) Inappropriateness: if a collocational preference is contravened. E.g. my geraniums have kicked the bucked. b) Paradox: Paradoxes are typically correctable. E.g. it is too small to fit into this box, rain falls upwards, a cat barked
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c) Incongruity: there is no sense can be extracted at all. There is no feeling that the utterance could be corrected. E.g. purple gestures of rat milk, the sky's nipple is a dictionary 2. Pleonasm is a pleonastic reduction between two elements occurs when one of them
seems redundant. So, for instance: a) John kicked the ball with his foot (pleonasm can be avoided by omitting with his foot-John kicked the ball) b) Pleonasm can also be avoided by replacing ki ck with strike (superordinate of kick). John struck the ball with his foot. c) However “John kicked the ball with his left foot (hyponyms of foot)' is not pleonasm since the phrase with his left foot contains new infor mation
4. Conclusion (Implication, Application and Biblical Perspective)
The Bible precisely said that to whom much is given, much will be required (Luke 12:48) After knowing the difference of those things that has been explained above, the writers realized that language is unique, however if people use it carelessly, it can become problem and can make the person. As language learners and language teachers in the future the writers believe that it is our job to educate people the appropriate way of using language. For example, we can teach them through simple things such as when they say a beautiful create we can help them by correcting it and let them know that after adjective should be noun so it becomes a beautiful creation.
Besides that, not every word has the same meaning although it is the synonym of the word. For example, the word “consume” and “eat”, both have the same meaning but they are not interchangeably; (a) the school consume a lot of electricity, (b) the school eat a lot of electricity. It can be seen that although according to syntagmatic relation the sentence (b) is correct, according to paradigmatic relation it is not correct because it does not have logical meaning. By knowing sense relation, we can know how to use the words to make effective sentence that will not make people misunderstand what do we mean. As Christians, the writers also believe that language is a gift from God, and having the ability to speak and use language showed that human are created in the image of God, all creation in this world are created to glorify Him, same as other creati ons in this world language 6
is created with a purpose which is to be used by human to glorify Him, but when human fall into sin human mishandle the function of other creations include the function of language. Even though human fall and mishandle the usage of language God still love them and guide them to find out how to use the language correctly, he gave some people to figure those things out let’s say the experts that able to figure those things out about how the structure of language and how to use it appropriately. Language is the most important thing that human have because through language human can bless others and through language human can hurt other, In the Bible God told us how important is to keep our mouth and to use the language to glori fy Him and to be bless for other. In James 3: 5 “Likewise, the tongue is a small part of the body, but it makes great boasts.” It showed that language has a power rather to bless or to curse depend on how we use the language. In Proverbs 17:28 “Even f ools are thought wise if they keep silent, and discerning if they hold their tongues.” Sometimes it is good to be silent to hold the tongues from talking. As human have the nature of sin sometimes it is hard to control their mouth and use language appropriately the only thing that human can do is asking Holy Spirit to guide and take control of all words that will be said, and to give us wisdom in using the language in our daily activity.
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References Eaton, K. (2015). Introduction to Semantics and Pragmat ics. Retrieved November 18, 2016, from slide player: http://slideplayer.com/slide/4720296/ Kreidler, C. W. (1998). Introducing English Semantic. New York : Routledge. Lyon, J. (1995). Linguistic Semantic. England: Cambridge University Press. Lyons, J. 2002. Sense relations: an overview. In A. D. Cruse, F. Hundsnurscher, M. Job and P. R. Lutzeier (eds) Lexikologie. Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter , 466 – 472. Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic. (1998). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-socialreform/sociology-general-terms-and-concepts-49 Paradigmatic Relation. (2014, July 18). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Glottopedia: http://www.glottopedia.org/index.php/Paradigmatic_relation
Riemer, N. (2016). The Routledge Handbook of Semantics. New York: Routledge. Secondary Predication and Non-Verbal Predicates. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from
berkeleyhttp://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/II-Pred.html: http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/~kay/bcg/II-Pred.html Syntagm and Paradigm. (2016). Retrieved November 19, 2016, from Changing Minds: http://changingminds.org/explanations/critical_theory/concepts/syntagm_paradigm.htm
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