MAŠINSKI FAKULTET BANJA LUKA
SEMINARSKI RAD IZ ELEKTROTEHNIKE TEMA: VJETROELEKTRANE SINIŠA RUŠKIĆ BROJ INDEXA: 8755 1
SADRŽAJ 1. UVOD.................................................................................................................................................3 1.1 FOTOVOLTNA TEHNOLOGIJA........................................................................ TEHNOLOGIJA......................................................................................................3 ..............................3 1.2 POSTROJENJA ZA KONCENTRIRANU SOLARNU ENERGIJU.................................................4 1.3 SOLARNI TERMALNI KOLEKTORI....................................................................................... KOLEKTORI...............................................................................................4 ........4 1.4 BIOMASA................................................................. BIOMASA............................................................................................................................................4 ...........................................................................4 1.5 GEOTERMALNE ELEKTRANE................................................................................................. ELEKTRANE........................................................................................................4 .......4 1.6 HIDROENERGIJA...................................... HIDROENERGIJA...............................................................................................................................4 .........................................................................................4 1.7 SNAGA VJETRA......................................................................................... VJETRA.................................................................................................................................5 ........................................5 1. SVIJET TREBA OBNOVLJIVE IZVORE ENERGIJE.......................................................................5
2. VJETR JETROE OEL LEKTR EKTRAN ANE E ......................................................................................................................5 2.1 ENERGIJA VJETRA.............................................................................. VJETRA............................................................................................................................5 ..............................................5 2.2 SNAGA I ENERGIJA ENERGIJA VJETRA I VJETROAGREGATA....................................... VJETROAGREGATA...................................................................6 ............................6 2.3 KRIVULJA SNAGE I ZAVISNOST O BRZINI BRZINI VJETRA..................................................................7 VJETRA..................................................................7 2.4 UTICAJ TERENA I IZBOR LOKACIJE....................................................................................... LOKACIJE.............................................................................................. ....... 2.5 OSNOVNA PODJELA I DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANA.............................................................! 2.6 OSNOVNI DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANE.......................................................................... VJETROELEKTRANE...................................................................................11 .........11
3. PRINCIP PRINCIP RADA RADA VJETROELE VJETROELEKTRAN KTRANE E U EES I IZBOR IZBOR GENERATORA GENERATORA .............................14 3.1 UOP"TENA "EMA DJELOVANJA VJETROELEKTRANE............................................................14 3.2 IZBOR GENERATORA U VJETROELEKTRANI........................................................................ VJETROELEKTRANI.............................................................................16 .....16 3.3 KRITERIJI PRIKLJU#ENJA VJETROELEKTRANE NA MRE$U..................................................1! .....................................................................................................................................2% 4. ZAKLJUČAK .......................................................................................................................................2% 4.1 PREDNOSTI I NEDOSTACI VJETROELEKTRANA.......................................................... VJETROELEKTRANA.......................................................................2% .............2% 4.2 STANJE U SVIJETU DANAS............................................................................ DANAS.............................................................................................................2% .................................2%
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
S*.1 G/(/8*' /'/0,+
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1.1
FOTOVOLTNA TEHNOLOGIJA
U*+@+/ (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,- '@/)(0 )+/*. T+' ()(0 (;/ */, (/&, (*)(,@< ( 9( +/ ,*,;,+. K )+/*( ' (*)(,@< (*(&+ / /*/(', , ) ,(8+/' +. F(('('/ (*'/ >/*,+/ '/ /&+ +( '@/)( )+/*( &, ,*/ / 8(0 (,-)(,, + @ , - (&*@',= '.
1.2 POSTROJENJA ZA KONCENTRIRANU SOLARNU ENERGIJU I*, (';/',+>/ (*'/ /8*'/ /*/'/< (,-)(/ /*/,@' /'/0,+ /)'+/8 (';/','(0 '@/)(0 -@/'+ ,*, *,' ),(/ /8//< (+, ) (*-, (&,'/ ,*, (*,'/ 8((/. V/*, (0*/* *++ '@/) )+/*( +/' @ / / (&,+/' (*,' (,, - (,-)('+ )(/'/ /. O' +/ )> , ( ),(,8 ,,(8 (0(', &,'/ - (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ +/.
1.3 SOLARNI TERMALNI KOLEKTORI S(*', /8*', (*/(, ';,(',9 ' ,';, (-'(8 (*+/>,8? ';/ -0,+) />,' (+ / '*-, 8'(8 /8',. O)+ ,';, (8(0>) (&,)'+/ /'/0,+/ - ;,+/*, ',- -*,@,,= (/& ( (*/ )(/ , 0,+'+ (( (8>,') ( 0,+'+ &-/'.
1.4 BIOMASA B,(8 +/ 9,(, /8,' (+, / ('(, ' 8/,+ &,*+'(0 ,*, ,)(,'+(0 (,+/*< (+ / 8(/ (,,, ( ,-)( /'/0,+/. U*+@+/ )(< +/)/< *0/ , 0/ &,*+/< (/ , (/ ,- (*+(,)// , 98) / -*,@,, 0, (. B,(8 / 8(/ (,,, - 0,+'+/< (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,*, ( 0(,)( - /)(-.
1.5 GEOTERMALNE ELEKTRANE G/(/8*'/ /*/'/ (,/ ,(' -/8*+,' (*,' - ,)'+/ )(/ ,*, (0',= 8/,+. P (+ '+/ (/>/ &,'/ - (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/. O) / /=', )/> //*+/>,8 )/*,( (,, ' N()(8 Z/*' , I*'. U E(, +/ ( +(9 ('(+ -,< *, 0/(/8*', ,/8, - 0,+'+/ 9,((+ (/&,. T ((+/'+ -=,+/)+ ',/ /8// / / -0,+' )( (,, ,-)'(. Z'@+' ,( /(,= (/& - 0,+'+/8 , =*/'+/8 8(/ / (,, 0/(/8*'(8 /'/0,+(8.
1.6 HIDROENERGIJA H,(/'/0,+ +/ '0 )(/< =,(/*/,@' /'/0,+ +/ + (&,+/' (8(> '0/ )(/ (+ / , /-/)( ,- &'/. P,, )(/ ( 8/ /,'/ )(/ , 0),;,+/
(8(> )(/',= &,' /) 8/=',@ /'/0,+ /*/,@'. M*/ =,(/*/'/ ';,(',9 ' ,';, ( ,+// '/ -=,+/)+ ,*+'+/ )/*,/ (*,@,'/ )(/ , ,-0'+ )/*,,= &' , /-/)( .
1. SNAGA VJETRA S'0 )+/ (* +/ ,-)( /'/0,+/ '+)/>,8 (8 -'+,= 2% 0(,'. S'0 )+/(&,' ), ( '/(*,( ( /( 7%%% < '+)/>/ /89+ 13% 8 ),,'/. J/' )/*, &,' 8(/ (,-)/, ()(*+'( /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ - (( 5%%% (8>,'). V/>,' '9'+,= (8/;,+*',= )+/(&,' ('/ =(,-('*'(8 ((8 , , +/'( (//'/ *(,;/ ((< ,- (+/0 / '0 /'(, 0/'/(. S+ / -,8 ()(, ',& ( '(8( , ' + *(*' 8/.
1.! SVIJET TREBA OBNOVLJIVE IZVORE ENERGIJE O&'()*+,), ,-)(, /'/0,+/ 8'+/ 9/', - ((*,' '/0( (')/;,('*', ,-)(, 8,* ,9'+?
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P(,-)('+(8 /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,- '/(0 ( (&'()*+,),= ,-)( /'/0,+/ 9/, / /'/0/( 0(,)(< (+/ &, / ,'@/ ((9,*( '/(+ ( (')/';,('*',= /*/' - (,-)('+ +/'/ (*,@,'/ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/. O&'()*+,), ,-)(, (8(0>+ -)(+ *',= (@+ 8,* -(9*+)'+ *(*'(0 '()',9)< ,-0'+/ (&>+',; , ,',= /)< ,0',+/ '&)/ /*/,@'(8 /'/0,+(8. T(/< (&'()*+,), ,-)(, /'/0,+/ 8'++ -),'( ( )(- /'/0/'< */ )+/ ,*, ';/ / '/ 8(+ )(-,,< - -*, ( 0*+/'< *,' ,*, '/. K( +/' ;,+/*,'< (', (,'(/ -'()'(, ,-)( /'/0,+/.
2.VJETROELEKTRANE 2.1 ENERGIJA VJETRA S) (&'()*+,) /'/0,+ (*-, ( ';. S';/ /8 Z/8*+, -@, 1%15 = ( @/)('(8 8/. O( 1 ( 2 (( /'/0,+/ (+ (*-, ( '; /) / /'/0,+ )+/. T( +/ ,8+/,;/ ( 5% ( 1%% ),9/ ( /'/0,+/ /)(/'/ &,(8 ( ),= &,*+ ' Z/8*+,. Z&(0 -/8*+,'/ (;,+/< ) /'+ ' +/)/'(+ (*, +/ 8+//' 5
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
2.2 SNAGA I ENERGIJA VJETRA I VJETROAGREGATA E'/0,+ )+/ +/ ,'/,@ /'/0,+ -),' +/ ( ) &-,'/ )+/? 12 8 )2 < 8,8*' /(,+ /'/0,+ )+/ @' / (? 12 V ) 2 12 A )3 %<625 A )3 G+/ +/? 0,' )-= ,&*,'( 1<25 083 A ()9,' (( )+/(/*/'/ )(*8/' V AQ) ) &-,' )+/ M,8*' /(,+ /'/0,+ )+/ -),, ( &-,', )+/ ' /> (/';,+. U' ,'/,@ /'/0,+ )-= '/ 8(/ / ) ,(,,,< +/ )-= 8( *+/ +, &, '@,',( 8+/ ('(8/ (+, (*-, +/ 8(0>/ ,(,,, 8( /'/0,+ (+ +/ ((;,('*' -*,;, &-,' )+/ ' />? %<625 A)1)23 M,8*' '0 (+ / 8(/ (&,, (0('(8 (8(> )+/(&,'/ ,- (';,+,= -*(0 ,-'(, 1627< ('('( %<5!25! ( /(// 8,8*'/ 8(0>/ '0/ )+/. U-8/8( *, (&-, , 8,8*', //' +/*()'+ )-9'/ &,'/ +/ %.65< / //' +/*()'+ 0/'/( %.< - 8,8*' /'/0,+ )+/(/*/'/ ),+/,? 1627 %<65 %< %<625 A ) 3 %<1!3 A ) 3 T/(,+,< ,(,, / 8( 31 %<1!3%<625 ,'/,@/ /'/0,+/ )+/ - (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ )+/(/*/'8. !
B-,' )+/ +/ +( (8+/'+,) +/ (0 (/&'( 8+/,, &-,' )+/ ( &, / 8(0*/ (/,, ,)*+/ /)/';,+ ,, )+/. B-,' )+/ / ()/>) ),,'(8 ,-' *. M(/ / @', +/ (8+/ &-,' -8+/' /(8 (,+/' ,- (8+/ ),,' ' -/8*+(8. N *,;, 4.1. ,-' +/ -),'( 8,8*'/ , /(,+, ,(,,)/ '0/ )+/< ( , ('/ ' ((),', )+/(&,'/ , ,*+@;,8 0/'/( -),'(, ( &-,', )+/.
S"#$% 2.1 Z),'( '0/ )+/ ( &-,', )+/ 2.3. KRIVULJA SNAGE I ZAVISNOST O BRZINI VJETRA G (+, '8 (-+/ (*,( >/ &,' (,-)/, /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ' -*,@,,8 &-,'8 )+/ +/ ,)*+ '0/. V+/(&,'/ ,-+','/ ( (@' ,, , &-,', )+/ ,-8/ 3 ( 5 8/ ( /',. T (+) '-,)8( &-,' *+@/'+ )+/. T&,' / (08, ( /'/ ,, , )/*,(+ &-,', )+/< , (,*,/ 258< / &,' ,*, ((*,' &,'/ '/ &, (9/,*. P/' &-,'/ )+/ '-,)8( &-,'(8 ,*+@/'+ )+/.
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S"#$% 2.2 Z),'( '0/ )+/(0/'/( ( &-,', )+/ P(&*/8 ,)*+/ '0/ +/ (8/ 9( '8 0()(, (*,( '0/ >/ (,-)/, )+/(&,' , (+/@'(+ &-,', )+/. O&,8 /'/0,+/ )+/ / 8+/'+ &-,'(8 )+/. K(/,;,+/' '0/ 0()(, (*,( / /'/0,+/ )+/ /)(, /*/,@' /'/0,+. E,'( &,' +/ 8*( )/> ( 2%< , (' / 8+/'+ &-,'(8 )+/. Z ' (*,@,' /'/0,+/ (+ )-9' &,' /) /*/,@' /'/0,+ &-,' )+/ +/ )*( &,'. E'/0,+ )+/ (0() (+/@'(+ &-,', )+/ ' /> (/';,+< 9( -'@, ( +/ &-,' )+/ )(( )/>< (&,+ / ),9/ /'/0,+/.
2.4 UTICAJ TERENA I IZBOR LOKACIJE N )/*,,8 ),,'8 ( (( 1 8< ()9,' -/8*+/ '/ ,@/ /),9/ ' )+/ ( ',,8 *(+/),8 8(// /'+/ ( ()9,' -/8*+/ +( ,@/ ' &-,' )+/. Z )/>/ '/),*'(, //'< )+/ +/ ),9/ (/'. P,8+/,;/ 98/ , )/*,, 0(),< *(0,@'( >/ ),9/ (,, )+/< ( >/ )/*,/ &/('/ ()9,'/ ' /((8,8 / '/-''( ,;, ' &-,' )+/. V(/'/ ()9,'/ +(9 ),9/ 0*/',+/ ( &/(',=< ,8+ +(9 8'+, ,;+< ( ),( ) , 08*+/ ,8+ -'' ,;+ ' &-,' )+/. D(& *(;,+ - )-9'/ &,'/ +/ (&*/. P/() &, / (,0( &(*+, // ()*+'+/8 &,' ' 8 & ()*,+/ ',+/ @'< +/ ()*,+ ) &*/';,+ , () )+/ @ , ,+/ '/0( 9( (*-, ( 8/ ()*,+/ / -''( 8'++/ ,)(', ),+/ &,'/ -&(0 +@/0 (9/'+ *+/ &*/';,+/. P'( ()(*+',+/ &,*( &, &, ()*,+ &,* -(&*+/' /8 8(< +/ &, (8 *@+ (9*( ( // &-'+ )+/. Z&(0 *'(0 ),'+ &-,'/ )+/< (*,@,' /'/0,+/ *'( / 8,+/'+. P(8+/' -),, ( )/8/',8 ,*,8< ( *(),8 ' * , //8. I-*-' /'/0,+ )+/(&,'/ -),, ( ),'+ )+/< ,( '+)/>/ ),+;,+/ ( '// 8+// (8/'-,'/ -&(0 (8(, (( &,'/. N )/>,', 8+/ ' ),+/ '+ +/ )+/(),,+/ '/0( '(>. V+/ +/ 8'(0( &*/'',+, '+ @/9>/ 8,+/'+ 8+/. V/> (,-)('+ '+ +/ /'( +/ +/ ((9'+ '+ )/>. S''/ (*+/ @/( (>/'/ @/,8 ,8 )+/ (+, '0*( 8,+/'++ 8+/ , &-,' )+/. U (@+,8 '/+/',8 ,-0*/(8 //'< ,- // ( -0< (*-, ( &*/';,+/ )*( '/),*',8 ((),8 )+/ , )*(-,8. T&*/';,+ 8'++/ 8(0>'( ,(,9)'+ /'/0,+/ )+/ / -(+/ )/>/ (9/'+/ &,'. P()9,'/ 8( , +/-/ 0*/ , ('''(+ &-,', )+/< '/),*'( ()9,'/ +/ )*( 8*. P()/>'+/8 &-,'/ )+/ ,( /'/0,+/ )+/ / ,(,9) ' (,-'+/ * 9( @,', ()9,' '/),*'(8. P(9( +/ '/),*'( ' 8((+ ()9,', )*( 8*< &-,' )+/ / /),9/ '/ 8,+/'+ ),,' ((),'/ &,'/ '/ 8( &,, ),( ( ' ('.
8
S".2.3 P()*+'+/ )+/(&,' (&-,(8 ' ( )+/ N+/('(8,@',+ ),,' ((),'/ &,'/ 8+/9/'/ ' ()9,', 8( +/ %<75 (8+/ ((. T('+/), &,' (&,@'( / )/ ()(*+'( ),(, &, ,-&+/0*, &*/';,+/ ( )+/ &*,- *. V+/ ' 8( +/ 8'+/ &*/'' '/0( ' ('< -( &,'/ ' 8( ,8+ )/>, ,)(', ),+/ ( (',= ' ('. S) )+/(&,' () )+/ ,- /&/ '(' 9( ,- '+/0 ,-)@/ /'/0,+ , /)(, +/ /*/,@'. I- (0 -*(0 &, &,'/ /&*( 8+/,, 9( +/ 8(0>/ *+/ +/' ( 0/. I(,,)( -/8*+,9 , ;,+/' +'+ &,' ' /*/,@' 8/< / ,= 8+/,8( 9( &*,/ +/' 0(+. V+/(&,'/ *+/'/ ,-8/ 5 ( ! ,' (8+/ (( 8+/ (* )+/ , ,-8/ 3 ( 5 ,' (8+/ (( 8+/ ((8,(8 ' 8+/ )+/. G&, /'/0,+/ -&(0 -)+/,'/ (+/ )+ +/' 0(+ ,-'(, '/0+/ (( 5 ((. N )+/(),(+ ', -0 ,*, *','< )-= / (8/+/ , '+/0() / &-,' ,-8/ // -''( ()/>). T +/ (+) -'' ( // '/*. T'/* &, /&( &,, 9( ),*',+,. U *@+ & )*( '/)' , '/+/'< (*-, ( )/*,,= &*/';,+< +. 8+/ , &-,' )+/ &, / '0*( 8,+/'+*,. V/*,/ &*/';,+/ ('(, (',9)+ )/ /'(, )/>/ &-,'/< (8+/'+,), )+/ -(+/ '/(/&'( (9/'+/ , ,'+/ &,'/. U(&,@+/' 8+/ - ()*+'+/ )+/(&,' -),9/'+< & ,*, *','/ *, 2.3. P/'( +/ ,8, 9( +/ 8(0>/ 9,, (0*/ /8 '(*-/>/8 8+/ )+/ '/(8 (@+. R-*(0 +/ ('()( *@/'+/ )-= ' )+/(),(+ ', & , '(' 9( )+/ (/0'/ )=< (/ 8 +/ (8(0>/'( 9,/'+/ ( / 9 (@+/ ',/0 ,, ' 0(+ ', &. A( +/ &( 8( ,*, ,8 '/),*' ()9,'< (*-, ( -'',= &*/';,+ (+/ (',9)+ /'(, )/>/ &-,'/ )+/.
2.5 OSNOVNA PODJELA I DJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANA U(9/'( ((+/ ) , )+/(/*/' *, 2.4? )',8 , =(,-('*',8 (((8.
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2.6 OSNOVNI DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANE N *,;, 2.5 ,-', ('()', ,+/*(), )+/(0/0.
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V/>,' )+/(&,' ,8 ,/8 ),+/ ,*, , *(,;/. S (&-,(8 ' ,-)/& 8(/8( -*,(), *(,;/ -/',8 )=(),8 ( /(,'8,@',8 (@',;8 ,*, ,*;,8. O&/ ,-)/&/ +/'( /'', (@,(', ,/8,< (+, *@+ (- ,8'(0 (@,('(0 ,/8 8/=',@ (@',; )+ 8(8/' (@/'+ -/'+/8 )= *(,;/ ,*, (8,@'(8 )'(8 ()9,'(8 /'0. (,*/ / ' + '@,' (0',@)+ &-,' (/'+.
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S".3.2 U(9/' 9/8 +/*()'+ )+/(/*/'/
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17
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21
