WD@CW \rmdkeoh cn Jdppmkhss
@XKMGMYDOM\] CN WD@CW
ΩΘΤΝήΘΤΘΝΔ ΑΓΤΘΝΓΨ ΔΝΗΔΝΓΨ
QHEMCK CN KCQ\J DHEHDK
ΩΘΤΝήΘΤΘΝΔΖΕ ΘΐΓάΕάΔ ΧΔΟΓΨ
QHEMCKDO XKM\ CN WD@CW
WD@CW \rmdkeoh cn Jdppmkhss
Wd`cs, tjh jc`hodkl cn Yytjdecrds, mkspmrhs ycu tc hxpocrh lmnnhrhkt dkeohs cn ycurshon. Whd dkl suk, jmstcry dkl guoturh, ousgmcus odklsgdph dkl ukmquh ahdgjhs, edstrckc`y dkl nmkh wmkhs, ehkumkh phcpoh dkl jcspmtdomty. jcspmtdom ty.
Qhsuot6 purh Jdppmkhss1
QHEMCK CN KCQ\J DHEHDK @XKMGMYDOM\] CN WD@CW
QHEMCKDO XKM\ CN WD@CW
1
Wd`cs Eumlh / @dp
De. Kmbcodcs
Yhtdomlhs
De. Lm`mtrmcs
Yctd`m @htd`crpjcsms Gjurgj Bdstrc
\sdacu De. Bckstdktmkcs
Bcktdbhmbd
Bd`pcs
D`phocs
Bdrocvdsm
Wtdvrmkmlhs
Dvodbmd \sd`dlcu
Oh`ckdbmd @mbrc Whmtdkm
]lrcusd
@hedoc Whmtdkm
Ohbbd Kmbcoculhs
De. Msmlcrcs (Bdrkdemc)
^curomcths
@dkcodths
Yrcpjhtms Homds @ck. Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm @ck.
Bckthmbd
Lrdbdmcm
Bcs`dldmcm
D @ Y H O C W
Vcclcgjcs Yheh cn Bdbcphrdtc @ck.
^drsd`c
@cukt
Bdstdkmd
Bd rvcu km s
Demcm \jhclcrcm Yytjdecrds Gdvh
@cukt B h r b m s @drdtjcbd`pcs
Bdoomtjhd Ydkdemd @dbrmkm
Hvdkehomstrmd @ck.
Bd`pcs
Yodtdkcs Ydklrcscs @hscehmc
Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs
@dvrdtzdmcm Bcu`hmbd
^ctsdodbmd Ydodmcgjcrm
Demd Byrmdbm
@dbrmd Ycuktd
\m`mcs Wtdvrcs @ck. Bcu`drdldmcm
Gjrysm D``cs Om`kmckds
@pdocs
G
Yhnbcs Wbcurhmbd
Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ck @ck.
Bdthrec
Yyrecs Khcgjcrm
@hedom Ydkdemd @ck.
AD] CN @DQD\JCBD@YCW
Yc @yocm
Yhrrm
Bdocehrd
Wpdtjdrdmcm
Ydecklds
Byremdkkm
DKGMHK\ \H@YOH CN JHQD
WDQDBMKMW \CUHQ
Jhrdmck
Om`kmckdbm Dsprcs Bdvcs
Ydvocu Wybmd
Byrmdbcu Bdbcrh`d
K
\scphod
KD\XQD 1999 WM\HW
Ysdomld Wd`mcpcuod
B d r d v
Wd`cs Eumlh / Gckthkts 7
gckthkts D e m c s Kmbcodcs
Mktrclugtmck
Omvdldbm
Cvhrvmhw
Kmsm
A D] C N ^ D \ J ]
Bcbbdrm
Demd Ydrdsbhvm
Jmstcry
Edodzmc Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ck.
Bdod`m
Guoturh
@curtmd Bd`drd
@mbrm Odbbd Demd Vckm dkl @hedom Odbbd @ck. Demd Vckm Bdsckmsm
Wd`cs Dkc ^dtjy
@ytmomkmcm
Bhrvhom
WYHGMDO YQC\HG\MCK VCKH
@hscbd`pcs DO]BM
\XKKHO CN crd HXYDOMKCW QC@DK AD\JW cbdbm
Ydkdemd Wpmomdkm @ck. DKGMHK\ \JHD\QH Demd Hohcusd @drmkd
Yytjdecrmc
@ybdom
Ysmom D``cs
Bom`d
@]GDOH W\QDM\ ( H Y \D W \D L M C W YCQ\J@CW)
41
Xradk Ghktrhs, ^moodehs, Gustc`s & \rdlmtmcks
Qhomemcus Omnh Ycshmlckmc
:
Drgjmthgturh, @usmg, \jhdtrh, Ldkgh, ^msudo Drt, Gumsmkh, Nhstmvdos
Xradk Omnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts
Ydodmcbdstrc
Demd \rmdld @ck.
>
Ddktmqumty, @mlloh Dehs, Yrmkgmpdomty, @clhrk Jmstcry
Bhlrcs
@dodedrm
<
4>
@ckdsthrmhs, Gjurgjhs, Gjdphos, Qhomemcus Nhstmvdos & Ndmrs
Ocgdo Hgckc`y
4:
\curms` & Whrvmghs, Dermguoturdo Yrclugts & Grdnts, Ncob Drt
Kdturh & Hkvmrck`hkt
11
Ahdgjhs, Nocrd & Ndukd, Jdamtdts
Dgtmvmtmhs cphtrd
1>
Edstrckc`y, Jmbmke, Gom`amke & Gdvmke, Edstrckc`y, Udthr Wpcrts, Guoturh Hvhkts & Nhstmvdos, Jmstcrmg @cku`hkts & @ushu`s
Xshnuo Mkncr`dtmck Yuaomg Whrvmgh \hohpjckh ku`ahrs
71
<
Wd`cs Eumlh / Mktrclugtmck, M ktrclugtmck, Cvhrvmhw
Mktrclugtmck Ocgdthl mk tjh Hdsthrk Dhehdk, wjhrh tjh Hdst `hhts tjh Uhst, Wd`cs jhdrtmoy dwdmts mts vmsmtcrs tc mkmtmdth tjh` mktc mts shgrhts. @cuktdmkcus, `ysthrmcus yht yht whogc`mke, bkcwk bkcwk smkgh dktmqumty, dktmqumty, Wd`cs ms tjh hmejtj odrehst Erhhb msodkl. Mt acdsts dk d`dzmke gcdstomkh dkl ukmquh ahdgjhs, d vhrldkt kdturdo odklsgdph cn ncrhsts, vmkhydrls, dkgmhkt comvh ercvhs dkl gjdr`mke omttoh vmoodehs sgdtthrhl ck mts jmoosmlhs. Eocrmcus jmstcry dkl omvmke trdlmtmcks, vdrmhty cn guoturdo dgtmvmtmhs, nrmhkloy phcpoh, hxghptmckdo ocgdo prclugts dkl d ukmquh gumsmkh wmoo ndsgmkdth ycu.
Cvhrvmhw cn Wd`cs Wd`cs ms tjh gocshst cn tjh Erhhb msodkls tc tjh \urbmsj gcdst. \jh lmstdkgh cn 4,799 `htrhs shpdrdtmke Hurcph nrc` Dsmd jds ahhk bkcwk smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs ds ‟Hptdstdlmcs Ycrtj`cs‐ cr ‟@ygdoh Wtrdmt‐. Gjmcs omhs tc tjh Kcrtjwhst cn Wd`cs, Mbdrmd tc t jh whst, tjh msodkl gc`pohx cn Ncurkcm Bcrshck tc tjh scutjwhst dkl tjh Lclhgdkhsh tc tjh scutj cn tjh msodkl. \jh tcwk cn Wd`cs (^dtjy) ms tj h dl`mkmstrdtmvh ghktrh cn tjh `ukmgmpdomty. Bdrocvdsm ms tjh shgckl odrehst uradk ghktrh, jcstmke tjh j hdlqudrthrs cn tjh Wgjcco cn Wgmhkghs cn tjh Xkmvhrsmty cn tjh Dhehdk. Yytjdecrmc ms tjh jmstcrmg `ukmgmpdomty cn tjh msodkl, wjhrh tjh ncukldtmcks cn tjh dkgmhkt gmty cn Wd`cs whrh odml. Mts ncurtj odrehst tcwk ms @drdtjcbd`pcs, dt tjh ncct cn tjh m`pcsmke `cuktdmk Bhrbms. D tctdo cn 77 odreh dkl s`doo vmoodehs dkl `dky s`doo shttoh`hkts wmtj d lmstmkgt ocgdo styoh hxpdkl nrc` tjh gcdst cn tjh msodkl tc tjh `dmkodkl, wjmgj ms lc`mkdthl ay twc `cuktdmk rdkehs, Bdrvcukms (hohvdtmck 4,487 `) dkl Bhrbms (hohvdtmck 4,<<7 `). Wd`cs ms tjh amrtjpodgh cn erhdt jmstcrmgdo nmeurhs cn tjh dkgmhkt wcrol6 tjh pjmocscpjhr Hpmgurus, tjh ncuklhr cn tjh jhomcghktrmg tjhcry Drmstdrgjcs, ds whoo ds tjh erhdt pjmocscpjhr dkl `dtjh`dtmgmdk Yytjdecrds. Jhrclctus dkl Dhscp dosc omvhl ncr ocke phrmcls ck tjh msodkl dkl, dggcrlmke tc `ytjcocey, tjh ecllhss Jhrd wds acrk tjhrh.
1 4 7 8 7
1 > 4 <
< > 8
4. Oh`ckdbmd ahdgj dkl Bcbbdrm mk tjh adgbercukl 1. Drgjdhcocemgdo Wmth cn Yytjdecrmc Gdstoh 7. Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs <. Dkc ^dtjy dkl tjh tcwk cn Wd`cs 8. Ydkcrd`mg vmhw cn Bdrocvdsm >. Yytjdecrmc mk hvhkmke omejt
>
Wd`cs Eumlh / Jmstcry
91
94 Dkgmhkt Tudrrmhs
97 \h`poh cn Jhrd
Bcurcs cn Wd`cs
Ehkchsh Gdstoh mk Yctd`m
Yrhjmstcry - Dktmqumty <,999 AG
Jmstcry 94
Mk dktmqumty, Wd`cs wds bkcwk ay `dky kd`hs, sugj ds ‟Ydrtjhkmd‐, ‟@hod`pjyoocs‐, ‟Lrycussd‐, ‟Lcryssd‐, ‟Dktjh`ms‐, ‟Bypdrmssmd‐, ‟M`vrdssmd‐. Mt ms sdml tjdt tjh msodkl wds emvhk tjh kd`h ‟Wd`cs‐ ay mts nmrst bmke, Dkgdhus. Qhshdrgjhrs dreuh tjdt hty`cocemgdooy tjh kd`h lhrmvhs nrc` tjh Yjchkmgmdk rcct ‟sd`d‐, smekmnymke tjh `cuktdmks tjdt lc`mkdth mt. \rdghs cn tjh nmrst jdamtdtmck ck Wd`cs ldth adgb tc tjh
91
Wd`cs wds d erhdt `drmtm`h pcwhr dkl ckh cn tjh `cst m`pcrtdkt gc``hrgmdo ghktrhs mk tjh Dhehdk Whd. Xsmke ndst shd vhsshos, tjh "Wd`hkd" amrh`hs, Wd`mdks sprhdl tjh trdlh cn tjhmr nd`cus wmkhs dkl ghrd`mgs. \jh msodkl nocurmsjhl `dmkoy uklhr tjh tyrdkky cn Ycoygrdths (871811 AG), lurmke wjmgj `dfcr prcfhgts whrh aumot, sugj ds tjh \ukkho cn Hupdomkcs, tjh pcrt cn tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs, tjh hxpdksmck cn tjh "Ycoybrdtmdk Udoos" dkl tjh rhgckstrugtmck cn tjh `dfhstmg \h`poh cn Jhrd.
97
9 AG
>tj ghkt. AG
Dtjhks, tjrhdthkhl ay tjh ercwmke pcwhr cn Wd`cs, credkmshl gd`pdmeks dedmkst mt dkl, uklhr tjh ohdlhrsjmp cn Yhrmgohs, lhstrcyhl tjh msodkl's nohht dkl suafuedthl mts mkjdamtdkts. D ocke phrmcl cn lhgomkh
ncoocwhl wjmgj wds sc`hwjdt jdothl lurmke Dohxdklrmdk tm`hs, aut gcktmkuhl wmtj Qc`dk lc`mkdtmck. Dt tjdt tm`h, tjh msodkl ahgd`h d rhscrt ncr Qc`dk lmekmtdrmhs dkl wds d ndvcurmth jcomldy lhstmkdtmck cn Dktcky dkl Gohcpdtrd. Mk tjh
9<
Mk tjh `ml 4
98
Mk tjh odth 4>tj ghktury, tjh dl`mrdo cn tjh Cttc`dk nohht BĴoĴå Dom Ydsjd dkgjcrhl wmtj jms nohht mk tjh drhd cn Jhrdmck dkl, jdvmke ohdrkt tjh msodkl's jmstcry nrc` Kmbcodcs Wdrdbmkms, dsbhl tjh suotdk Wuohm`dk ncr phr`mssmck tc gcockmsh, wjmoh hksurmke smekmnmgdkt mkghktmvhs ncr tjh khw mkjdamtdkts, wjc lhsghklhl nrc` col m klmehkcus pcpuodtmcks cr gd`h nrc` ctjhr pdrts cn Erhhgh.
9>
D shon-ecvhrkmke systh` wds ncr`hl, suphrvmshl ay d rhprhshktdtmvh cn tjh Wuaom`h Ycrth. \jh Gjurgj dgthl ds d amklmke spmrmtudo hoh`hkt. \rdlh, kdtmckdo mlhdos dkl tjh mknouhkgh cn tjh Nrhkgj Qhvcoutmck
Wd`cs Eumlh / Jmstcry 5
H`aoh` cn tjh Yrmkgmpdomty
Qhvcoutmckdry Node
9< @dp cn Wd`cs ldthl 4545 (\curkhncrt)
98
49 44-41 Wd`cs \cwk Jdoo
@mlloh Dehs 4999 DL
gcktrmauthl tc tjh grhdtmck cn tjh msodkls acurehcmsmh dkl tjh dpphdrdkgh cn tjh rhvcoutmckdry `cvh`hkt "Bdr`dkmcohs" mk 4:95. \jus sprdke tjh ohdlmke ercup cn tjh Wd`mdk rhvcoutmck cn 4:14, ohl ay Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms. \jh Wd`mdks hstdaomsjhl d ocgdo rhem`h, pdrtmgmpdthl mk Kdtmckdo Dssh`aomhs dkl lhnhklhl tjhmr dutckc`y. Dt tjh sd`h tm`h, tjhy rhpuoshl tjrhh `dfcr dtth`pts cn tjh Cttc`dk nohht tc cggupy tjh msodkl, mk 4:14, 4:1< dkl 4:1>.
95
\jh Ocklck Yrctcgco (4:79) ohnt Wd`cs cutsmlh tjh acukldrmhs cn tjh khwoy ncr`hl Erhhb Wtdth dkl tjus tjh mklhphklhkt "Wd`mdk Wtdth" wds grhdthl. Mt wds rhgcekmshl ds dk dutckc`cus "Yrmkgmpdomty", s ua fhgt tc tjh suotdk dkl mts prmkgh wds d Gjrmstmdk Cnnmgmdo cn tjh Ycrth tjdt hxhrthl dutjcrmtdrmdk dl`mkmstrdtmck. \jh Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs, hohgthl ay lhohedths cn tjh msodkl's gc``ukmtmhs, jdl ohemsodtmvh pcwhr.
9:
\jh ncukldtmcks ncr ehkumkh dutckc`y whrh odml wmtj tjh m`poh`hktdtmck cn tjh "Dkdoytmgdo @dp" (4:89). \jh dl`mkmstrdtmvh systh` ahedk tc gckscomldth, shrvmghs whrh credkmshl, puaomg wcrbs whrh `dlh dkl sgjccos whrh ncuklhl. \jh gdpmtdo wds `cvhl phr`dkhktoy nrc` Gjcrd tc tjh pcrt cn ^dtjy.
9=
9>-9=
Wd`mdk wc`dk cn tjh 4:tj ghktury
Wmkgh tjh odth 4=tj ghktury, Wd`cs prhshkthl hxghoohkt hgckc`mg dkl guoturdo lhvhocp`hkt. \rdlh, sjmppmke dkl mklustry lhvhocphl, hsphgmdooy mk tdkkmke, tcadggc dkl wmkh-`dbmke. Erhdt m`pcrtdkgh wds emvhk tc tjh lhvhocp`hkt cn hlugdtmck, ay hstdaomsjmke sgjccos ombh tjh Yytjdecrhdk Jmej Wgjcco dkl tjh Wuphrmcr Emros' Wgjcco (Dkcthrc Ydrtjhkd-
Yrmkgmpdomty 48tj ghkt. DL
K. Jmstcry 1999 DL
ecemck), tjh Gc``hrgmdo Gcooheh mk Bdrocvdsm dkl tjh ^cgdtmckdo Gcooheh mk tjh gdpmtdo. Wd`cs rh`dmkhl uklhr jheh`ckmg rhem`h uktmo 4=41. Dnthr d rhvcoutmck uklhr tjh ohdlhr \jh`mstcgohs Wcncuoms, Wd`cs lhgodrhl mts ukmck wmtj Erhhgh ck 44 Kcvh`ahr 4=41. Xktmo 4=11, tjh Wd`mdks `dmktdmkhl gocsh tmhs wmtj Dsmd @mkcr. Dnthr tjh Dsmd @mkcr Lmsdst hr, `dky rhnuehhs shttohl ck tjh msodkl, gcktrmautmke tc tjh ncr`dtmck cn d khw guoturdo mlhktmty. \jh tcadggc mklustry dkl tdkkhrmhs nocurmsjhl dkl tjh Xkmck cn Umkh Gccphrdtmvhs cn Wd`cs wds ncuklhl mk 4=7<.
49
44
Mk 4=<4, Wd`cs wds cggupmhl ay tjh Mtdomdks wjmoh d pcwhrnuo rhsmstdkgh lhvhocphl ck mts `cuktdmks. Mt wds tjh nmrst Erhhb thrrmtcry tc ah th`pcrdrmoy omahrdthl mk Whpth`ahr tc Kcvh`ahr 4=<7. Dnthr shvhrh ac`adrl`hkt tjdt gdushl erhdt ld`deh mk tjh gdpmtdo dkl tjh gcdstdo tcwks, tjh msodkl nhoo uklhr Kdzm cggupdtmck. \jh omahrdtmck cn 4=<< ncoocwhl, aut nrc` 4=<> tc 4=<= Wd`cs sunnhrhl mk tjh gmvmo wdr.
41
Lurmke tjh lmnnmguot yhdrs dnthr tjh Gmvmo Udr, `dky Wd`mdks m``merdthl, `dmkoy tc Dustrdomd dkl D`hrmgd. \jh rhgckstrugtmck cn Wd`cs ahedk mk tjh 4=89s 4=89s wjmoh tcurmst dkl rhsmlhktmdo lhvhocp`hkt lhvhocp`hkt cn tjh msodkl stdrthl mk 4=>9. Mk 4=:5, tjh @dtjh`dtmgs Lhpdrt`hkt cn tjh Dhehdk Xkmvhrsmty wds ncuklhl mk Bdrocvdsm. \jrcuej tjh khxt lhgdlhs, wh kcth lhvhocp`hkts mk tjh nmhols cn tcurms` dkl shrvmghs, wjmoh, mk rhghkt yhdrs tjh prm`dry shgtcr jds rhgcvhrhl, prcvmlmke qudomty ocgdo, credkmg, prclugts.
: Wd`cs Eumlh / Guoturh
Guoturh D guoturdo ghktrh smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs, Wd`cs acdsts rh`drbdaoh whdotj mk doo dsphgts cn drt. Yrc`mkhkt wcrbs gdk ah ncukl mk tjh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu`s, wjmoh Yytjdecrmc dkl tjh th`poh cn Jhrd, tjh Jhrdmck, jdvh ahhk lhsmekdthl ds XKHWGC Ucrol Jhrmtdeh Wmths. \jh tcwk cn Wd`cs jds dk Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu`, dk Hggohsmdstmgdo @ushu`, d Jmstcrmgdo Drgjmvh, d Umkh @ushu` dkl d Yuaomg Omardry. Omardry. \jh msodkl dosc jds d Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu` mk @ytmomkmcm, d Ncobocrh @ushu` dt tjh Lm`mtrmcu Guoturdo Ncukldtmck, Ncukldtmck, d Khw Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` mk Yytjdecrmc, d \dkkmke @ushu` dkl d Ncobocrh @ushu` mk Bdrocvdsm, ds whoo ds ctjhr s`doo ncobocrh dkl jmstcrmgdo `ushu`s mk shvhrdo vmoodehs. \jh gckth`pcrdry guoturh cn Wd`cs ms rhnohgthl mk mts drgjmthgturh, mk trdlmtmckdo shttoh`hkts wmtj rh`drbdaoh gjurgjhs, erdkl `dkcrs dkl prc`mkhkt puaomg aumolmkes ds whoo ds mts col tdkkhrmhs dkl tcadggc ndgtcrmhs.
Drgjmthgturh
@usmg
Ocgdo drgjmthgturh lrdws mknouhkghs nrc` jmstcry dkl t rdlmtmck ds whoo ds trdlh, tcurms` dkl mklustry. mklustry. Hxqumsmth Hxqumsmth khcgodssmgdo aumolmkes aumolmkes gdk ah ncukl `dmkoy mk tjh twc `dfcr uradk ghktrhs cn tjh msodkl, ^dtjy dkl Bdrocvdsm. Nmkh aumolmkes wmtj strmbmke ocgdo nhdturhs gdk ah ncukl mk `cst vmoodehs. Gjurgjhs, `ckdsthrmhs dkl gjdphos tjrcuejcut tjh msodkl drh gjdrdgthrmstmg hxd`pohs cn Ayzdktmkh dkl pcst-Ayzdktmkh drgjmthgturh. \jhrh drh nhw aut kctdaoh ncrtrhsshs, gdstohs dkl ncrtmnmgdtmcks.
D prc`mkhkt nmeurh mk `usmg wds tjh pjmocscpjhr dkl `dtjh`dtmgmdk Yytjdecrds, wjc ncuklhl d sgmhktmnmg tjhcry cn `usmg dkl tjh "`usmgdo jdr`cky" cn gcs`mg aclmhs. Jms gckth`pcrdrmhs, tjh oyrmg pchts Dkdgrhck dkl Mvybcs, omvhl mk tjh gcurt cn tjh tyrdkt Ycoygrdths. \jh omst cn Wd`mdk pchts cn tjh Jhoohkmstmg phrmcl mkgoulhs Dhsgjrmck (cr Dhsgjmck), d erhdt md`a-`dbhr, dkl Jhlyous, sck cn tjh oyrmg pcht Jhlyoh.
\rdlmtmckdo Wd`mdk drgjmthgturh `dbhs eccl ush cn ndvcurdaoh ocgdo gom`dth dkl d pohtjcrd cn kdturdo aumolmke `dthrmdos, grhdtmke aumolmkes wmtj amcgom`dtmg lhsmek prmkgmpohs. Qmgj drgjmthgturdo hoh`hkts dkl lhtdmos rhnohgt tjh gc`amkdtmck cn trdlmtmck wmtj lmvhrsh lmvhrsh guoturdo mknouhkghs nrc` Erhhgh, Hurcph dkl tjh Hdst. Gckth`pcrdry mknouhkghs, `dmkoy nrc` tjh `clhrkmst `cvh`hkt, dpphdrhl mk Wd`cs mk tjh odth 4=>9s.
Gckth`pcrdry `usmgmdks mkgoulh tjh grhdtcr cn tjh Wd`mdk dktjh` dkl pcht cn tjh Qhvcoutmck Ehcremcs Bohdktjms (4:94-4:7=), tjh gc`pcshr @dkcoms Bdoc`mrms (4::7-4=>1) mkspmrhr dkl pmckhhr cn tjh Jhoohkmg Kdtmckdo Wgjcco dkl tjh pmdkmst Drms Edrcundoms (4=<1-1947), wjc wds lmrhgtcr cn tjh Dtjhks Gckshrvdtcry dkl tjh Dtjhks Wtdth Crgjhstrd. Kcwdldys, tjhrh ms dk daukldkgh cn `usmgdo trhkls wmtj nhdturmke nhstmvdos, adkls, d`dthur ercups, gjcmrs, dkl pjmojdr`ckmg crgjhstrds.
4
1 <
4<
7 8
>
>
7
1
4. Demcs Kmbcodcs mk Yctd`m 1. \jh trdlmtmckdo shttoh`hkt cn Dkc ^dtjy 7. Gjdpho cn Yrcpjhtms Homds ck tjh su``mt cn Bdrvcukms `cuktdmk. <. Yrcpjhtms Homds @ckdsthry 8. \jhdtrmgdo phrncr`dkgh, d pody ay Huehkh C'Khmoo >. D khcgodssmgdo `dkcr mk Bdrocvdsm
49 Wd`cs Eumlh / Guoturh
\jhdtrh
jhras, comvh cmo dkl oh`ck sdugh. Cgtcpus mk swhht Wd`mdk wmkh sdugh dkl ckmcks. Ocgdo ecdt, stunnhl wmtj rmgh dkl jhras, adbhl mk d wccl-nmrhl cvhk.
\jh msodkl jds d tjhdtrmgdo trdlmtmck ldtmke adgb 1,899 yhdrs. Dedtjdrgjus cn Wd`cs, wjc stulmhl tjh thgjkmquhs cn phrsphgtmvh mk pdmktmke dkl sghkhry, ms ahomhvhl tc ah tjh `cst m`pcrtdkt stdeh lhsmekhr cn dkgmhkt trdehlmhs.
\jh ocgdo lhomgdgmhs ncr` dk mlhdo dggc`pdkm`hkt ncr dwdrl-wmkkmke Wd`mdk wmkhs wmtj nrumty nodvcurs cn `usgdt erdph. \jh Wd`mdk cuzc, tjh "scu`d" dkl ctjhr spmrmts drh tjh phrnhgt dggc`pdkm`hkts ncr `hzhs cr sm`poy d rhnrhsjmke dphrmtmn. \jh ocgdo swhht lmsjhs mkgoulh swhhthkhl nrumt, `dlh wmtj gdrh, dkl d vdrmhty cn nrumts cn tjh Wd`mdk odkl. Bshrctmedkd (bkcwk ds "lmpohs" cr "bdtm`hrmd") sprmkbohl wmtj erdthl wdokuts dkl ocgdo jckhy. @ustdohvrmd, d pullmke `dlh nrc` `usgdt erdph `ust wmtj gmkkd`ck dkl shsd`h.
Mk odthr yhdrs, wh nmkl tjhdtrmgdo hvhkts gckkhgthl wmtj scgmdo omnh, sugj ds tjh gustc` cn ‟Bdlms‐, tjdt rhvmvhs lurmke tjh Gdrkmvdo. Mk `clhrk tm`hs, vdrmcus d`dthur tjhdtrh trcuphs jdvh h`hrehl. \jh `cst kctdaoh ms tjh \jhdtrmgdo Ercup cn Wd`cs, wjmgj jds ahhk jcolmke qudomty phrncr`dkghs smkgh 4=:8. Ds d `h`ahr cn tjh Dhehdk Nhlhrdtmck cn D`dthur \rcuphs, mt jds rhphdthloy rhghmvhl kdtmckdo dwdrls. \jrhh `hhtmkes cn Dhehdk d`dthur trcuphs jdvh ahhk jhol mk tjh msodkl, dkl, hvhry su``hr, `dky trcuphs prhshkt tjhmr podys dt tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, dt tjh tjhdtrh cn Dm Emdkkdbms mk Dkc ^dtjy, dkl `cstoy mk cutlccr smths.
Ldkgh \jh jmstcry cn ldkgh mk Wd`cs stdrts wmtj tjh rmtudos mk jckcur cn tjh ecllhss Jhrd. Qhprhshktdtmcks cn rjytj`s dkl `cvh`hkts mk dkgmhkt Erhhb drt whrh trdksnhrrhl tc tjh rmgj ldkgh guoturh cn tjh msodkl. Wtrcke mkthrhst mk trdlmtmckdo dkl `clhrk ldkghs tcldy ms rhnohgthl ay erhdt pdrtmgmpdtmck mk ocgdo ldkgh gouas dkl dsscgmdtmcks. Wd`cs jds dk hstdaomsjhl ldkgh gc``ukmty, jcstmke ldkgh nhstmvdos dkl hvhkts hvhry yhdr. Ocgdo sgjccos thdgj godssmgdo adooht, fdzz dkl `clhrk ldkgh, wjmoh sh`mkdrs drh jcsthl wmtj wcrol-rhkcwkhl drtmsts sugj ds Hlwdrl \rumtt, Arukc Gdvhrkd dkl Ldkmho Oc``ho.
Nhstmvdos @dfcr guoturdo hvhkts nhdturmke whoo-bkcwk drtmsts drh jhol ck tjh msodkl, hsphgmdooy lurmke tjh su``hr. \jh ‟Mrhd-Yytjdecrhmd‐ Nhstmvdo, mkspmrhl ay tjh rhprhshktdtmck cn dkgmhkt rmtudos mk jckcur cn tjh ecllhss Jhrd, ms mkgoulhs vdrmcus `usmgdo hvhkts, jdpphkmkes dkl mkthrhstmke wcrbsjcps. ‟Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo‐, d omvhoy tjrhh-ldy hvhkt lhlmgdthl tc gckth`pcrdry Erhhb dkl mkthrkdtmckdo `usmg tdbhs podgh hvhry Dueust, wmtj phrncr`dkghs ay whoo-bkcwk drtmsts sugj ds ^dsmoms Ydpdbckstdktmkcu, Wcgrdths @dod`ds, Ocgc`cklc, Wtrdkeohrs, Wthrhc @gs, Yhthr Jccb. \jh ‟]cuke Drtmsts Nhstmvdo‐ mk tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, uklhr tjh duspmghs cn tjh Wgjwdrz Ncukldtmck, trdksnhrs us tc tjh `demgdo wcrol cn `usmg, wmtj rh`drbdaoh drtmsts nrc` doo cvhr tjh wcrol.
^msudo Drts Drtmstmg grhdtmck mk Wd`cs ncgushs `dmkoy ck jdemcerdpjy, pdmktmke, pjctcerdpjy dkl sguopturh. Mts `cst m`pcrtdkt gckth`pcrdry drtmsts mkgoulh tjh mgck pdmkthr Mcdkkms Wmtdrds, tjh pdmkthr dkl sguoptcr Drmstcthoms Wcocukmds, tjh pdmkthrs Bckstdktmkcs Hvrmehkms dkl Kmbcs Byprhcs, dkl tjh pjctcerdpjhr H``dkumo Gcuph Bdoc`cmrms. 4
Ocgdo Gumsmkh
< 1
Wd`mdk gumsmkh mkehkmcusoy gc`amkhs ocgdo trdlmtmcks wmtj nrhsj prclugts dkl mknouhkghs nrc` tjh Uhst dkl Hdst. \jh ocgdo gumsmkh ncgushs ck lmsjhs wmtj vhehtdaohs, shdnccl dkl `hdt mk `dky mkthrhstmke v drmdtmcks tc sumt doo tdsths. Wc`h typmgdo rhgmphs6 Nrhsj vmkh ohdvhs wrdpphl wmtj rmgh dkl lmoo - tjh whoo-bkcwk "lco`dldbmd" (cr "emdprdbmd" ds bkcwk ocgdooy), dggc`pdkmhl ay ycejurt. Ydkgdbhs, bkhdlhl wmtj gdrh, sprmkbohl wmtj ecdt gjhhsh cr jckhy. Od`a wrdpphl mk duahremkhs, ardmshl mk tjh cvhk, wmtj tc`dtc sdugh dkl rhl wmkh. Gjmgbphd adoos wmtj nrhsj tc`dtc cr gcurehtth adoos wmtj sphdr`mkt dkl gjhhsh. \jh nd`cus Wd`mdk ‟acurhbdbmd‐ wmtj jdkl`dlh nmoc pdstry, stunnhl wmtj swhht pu`pbmk ‟oyrd‐, nhtd gjhhsh dkl gmkkd`ck nodvcur. Adrahguhl shdnccl dggc`pdkmhl ay wmol `cuktdmk
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4 7 1 : 8 > 5
7 5
8
> :
4. Gckghrt cn godssmgdo `usmg, Dkgmhkt \jhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc 1. Gckth`pcrdry ldkgh, \jhdtrh cn tjh Lm`mtrmcu Guoturdo Ncukldtmck 7. Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo <. Qcgb `usmg gckghrt, Bdrocvdsm 8. Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo >. ‟Mrhd-Yytjdecrhmd‐ Nhstmvdo 5. Nhstmvdo cn trdlmtmckdo ldkghs dt tjh cphk \jhdtrh cn Dm Emdkkdbms :. \jhdtrmgdo Yhrncr`dkgh, Dkgmhkt \jhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc
41
Wd`cs Eumlh / Xradk Omnh, O mnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts
^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts Kcrtjhdsthrk Wd`cs
Bcbbdrm6 D Bcbbdrm6 D pmgturhsquh nmsjmke vmoodeh tjdt jds ahgc`h d gcvhthl tcurmst lhstmkdtmck, wmtj d`dzmke ahdgjhs. Mk tjh surrcuklmke erhhk socphs, jmbmke trdmos drh ahdutmnuooy `dmktdmkhl ahtwhhk pmkh ncrhsts dkl vmkhydrls. \jh Wd`mdk crgjml ms guotmvdthl mk tjh drhd.
Xradk Omnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts Xradk ghktrhs Wd`cs6 \jh tcwk cn Wd`cs, aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy drcukl tjh ady cn Wd`cs6 \jh ^dtjy, ms tjh gdpmtdo cn tjh msodkl smkgh tjh Yrmkgmpdomty hrd. \jh tcwk jdoo ms jcushl mk tjh rhkcvdthl aumolmke cn tjh ncr`hr Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs, wmtj tjh drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` dkl tjh `dfhstmg gjurgj cn Demcs Wpyrmlck ck mts smlhs. Khcgodssmgdo dkl trdlmtmckdo aumolmkes dlcrk tjh tcwk. \jh qudy wmtj tjh Yytjdecrds squdrh dkl tjh gjdrdgthrmstmg omck sguopturh, d sy`aco cn tjh Wd`mdk ardvhry, ms tjh `dmk ghktrh cn uradk om nh. Bdrocvdsm6 D Bdrocvdsm6 D tcwk wmtj eocrmcus pdst, aumot ck tjh hleh cn ousj jmoosmlhs wjhrh sthpphl grcps dothrkdth wmtj lhksh pmkh ncrhsts. Mt gcksmsts cn tjh shttoh`hkts cn Ydodmc, Khc dkl @hsdmc Bdrocvdsm, tjh Ycrt dkl Cr`cs (tjh ady). \jh jhdlqudrthrs cn tjh Ndguoty cn Wgmhkghs cn tjh Dhehdk Xkmvhrsmty drh mk Bdrocvdsm. Uhdotjy col `dkcrs dkl m`pcsmke gjurgjhs grhdth tjh m`deh cn d tcwk wjhrh trdlmtmck echs jdkl mk jdkl wmtj hktrhprhkhursjmp, tjh khw wmtj tjh col. Dkc ^dtjy6 Ckh ^dtjy6 Ckh cn tjh colhst shttoh`hkts ck tjh msodkl tjdt prhshrvhs odrehoy mts trdlmtmckdo gjdrdgthr wmtj ahdutmnuo jcushs, gcaaohl strhhts, pmgturhsquh squdrhs dkl ku`hrcus gjurgjhs. D typmgdo dttrdgtmck ms tjh twc-dmsohl gjurgj cn "Dm Emdkkdbms" cn 45== dkl tjh kd`hsdbh cphk tjhdtrh wjhrh guoturdo hvhkts drh jhol. Aumot ck tjh rumks cn tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs, ckgh d Yytjdecrmc6 Aumot Yytjdecrmc6 pccr nmsjmke vmoodeh, tcldy mt ms tjh `cst pcpuodr, gcs`cpcomtdk rhscrt cn tjh msodkl. Mt jds ahhk lhsmekdthl d XKHWGC Ucrol Jhrmtdeh Wmth, ahgdush cn tjh m`pcrtdkt drgjdhcocemgdo nmklmkes. Ahdgjhs, rhstdurdkts, gdnís, kmejtomnh, ldy trmps ay acdt, drh hoh`hkts tjdt dttrdgt vmsmtcrs. \jh pcrt dkl tjh khmejacurmke `drmkd gdk dggc``cldth s`doo dkl odreh acdts. Whd rcuths ncr tjh Lclhgdkhsh dosc lhpdrt nrc` jhrh. @drdtjcbd`pcs6 Dt tjh ncct cn Bhrbms wmtj ahdutmnuo stckh jcushs @drdtjcbd`pcs6 Dt dkl kdrrcw strhhts, mt prhshrvhs jmstcrmgdo rhnhrhkghs nrc` tjh hdroy 45tj ghktury. Cr`cs dkl Bd`pcs drh twc lhvhocphl tcurmst gcdstdo drhds cn @drdtjcbd`pcs.
^curomcths6 Δ ^curomcths6 Δ ahdutmnuo `cuktdmk vmoodeh, ldtmke nrc` tjh 4>tj ghktury. Fust cutsmlh cutsmlh tjh vmoodeh ms tjh colhst `ckdsthry `ckdsthry cn Wd`cs, tjh @ckdsthry cn Ydkdemd ^rcktd. ^rcktd. \jh rcuth ck tjh lmrt rcdl, tjrcuej pmkh ncrhsts dkl grcps, hkls up ck tjh tcp cn D`phocs @cuktdmk (cr Bdrvcukms). Demcs Bckstdktmkcs6 D gcdstdo vmoodeh wmtj d nmsjmke pcrt dkl tcurmst mknrdstrugturh. Dt mts hdst hlehs, nrc` d s`doo rdvmkh cvhrercwk wmtj trhhs, sphgmdo jmbmke trdmos ahemk. @dkcodths6 D @dkcodths6 D vmoodeh wmtj strcke ocgdo gjdrdgthr, pmgturhsquh khmejacurjccls dkl arhdtjtdbmke vmhws. Mt jcsts d s`doo shttoh`hkt ncr ocgdo dkl ncrhmek drtmsts, ds whoo ds erhdt tdvhrks. D`phocs6 D`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy D`phocs6 D`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy aumot dt dk dotmtulh cn dacut 799 `htrhs wmtj d ukmquh vmhw cn tjh Dhehdk. @dky trdmos stdrt nrc` jhrh tc hxpocrh tjh vhrldkt drhd. Wtdvrmkmlhs6 D s`doo `cuktdmk vmoodeh wmtj daukldkt sprmkes, surWtdvrmkmlhs6 rcuklhl ay rdvmkhs dkl ncrhsts. Ydodmcbdstrc6 Kd`hl Ydodmcbdstrc6 Kd`hl dnthr tjh rumks cn dk col gdstoh mk tjh drhd. \jh tdvhrks mk mts s`doo squdrhs dttrdgt `dky rheuodrs. Mk tjh khdray gcdstdo shttoh`hkts cn Bhrvhom, Ycshmlckmc, Bom`d dkl Ysmom D``cs, wmtj vmhws tc tjh khdray gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr, wh gc`h dgrcss s`doo, qumht ahdgjhs dkl tdvhrks wmtj shdnccl. Wcutjhdsthrk Wd`cs
@ytmomkmcm6 D tcwk aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy mk d vdoohy wmtj `dky gjurgjhs dkl gjdphos. \jh Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu` wmtj mkthrhstmke hxjmamts ms dosc ocgdthl tjhrh. \jh tdvhrks dkl trdlmtmckdo gdnís ck tjh ghktrdo squdrh drh dowdys nuoo cn rhsmlhkts dkl vm smtcrs. Dk cutlccr `cvmh tjhdtrh wmoo tdbh ycu adgb mk tm`h wmtj nmo` sgrhhkmkes mk d ahdutmnuo edrlhk. Gjcrd6 \jh Gjcrd6 \jh dkgmhkt gdpmtdo cn tjh msodkl. Mt ms wcrtj vmsmtmke tjh col Gdtjhlrdo, tjh ncuktdmks dkl tjh trdlmtmckdo oduklrmhs. @yocm6 Ckh @yocm6 Ckh cn tjh colhst shttoh`hkts cn tjh msodkl, ck tjh adkbs cn M`vrdscs rmvhr. Mt ms surrcuklhl ay gmtrus grcps. \c tjh scutj, ck tjh wdy tc Jhrdmck, wh `hht tjh \cwhr cn Wdrdbmkms ldtmke adgb tc tjh 4>tj ghktury. Jhrdmck6 D Jhrdmck6 D gcdstdo shttoh`hkt kd`hl dnthr tjh dkgmhkt th`poh cn Jhrd. Mk mts ahdutmnuo ahdgj tjhrh drh `dky tdvhrks dkl gdnís. @dvrdtzdmcm6 D @dvrdtzdmcm6 D lhstmkdtmck ncr kdturh-ocvhrs wmtj trdmos tjdt ohdl tc tjh `cuktdmk D`phocs. \jh vmoodeh ms nd`cus ncr mts pctthry wcrbsjcps. \jh @ckdsthry cn \m`mcs Wtdvrcs ms ocgdthl khdray. Bcu`drdldmcm6 Mt Bcu`drdldmcm6 Mt tccb mts kd`h nrc` tjh drautushs Rbcu`drmdP ercwmke mk tjh rhemck. Mt wds ckh cn tjh nmrst "Odlcgjcrmd" cn Wd`cs. \c tjh scutj-
4
1
7
8
8 <
7
1
4. ^dtjy nrc` dacvh 1. D khmejacurjccl mk ^curomcths vmoodeh 7. @drdtjcbd`pcs wmtj goculy Bhrbms <. Qmke puoo bkca ck d wmgbht lccr 8. @yocm vmoodeh
4
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Wd`cs Eumlh / Xradk Omnh, O mnh, ^moodehs & Whttoh`hkts
hdst omhs tjh @hedom Ydkdemd @ckdsthry.
Wcutj-whsthrk Wd`cs
Yyrecs6 D odreh vmoodeh aumot ck tjh adkbs cn tjh D`nmoysscs Qmvhr bkcwk Yyrecs6 D ncr mts nd`cus tjy`h jckhy. \jhrh drh s`doo trdlmtmckdo gdnís dkl tdvhrks mk tjh kdrrcw gcaaohl strhhts.
Bcu`hmbd6 Aumot Bcu`hmbd6 Aumot ahtwhhk jmoos, tjh vmoodeh jds d ahdutmnuo squdrh wmtj d phrhkkmdo sygd`crh trhh, trdlmtmckdo ncuktdmks dkl d omttoh trdlmtmckdo gdní.
@hscehmc-Ydklrcscs6 \wc s`doo khmejacurmke vmoodehs khstohl mk @hscehmc-Ydklrcscs6 pmkh ncrhsts dkl vmkhydrls, dt dk dotmtulh cn >99 `htrhs. \jhy whrh ckgh gdoohl Drvdkmths. Ydecklds6 Aumot Ydecklds6 Aumot d`pjmtjhdtrmgdooy dkl surrcuklhl ay vmkhydrls dkl comvh ercvhs. \jh ocvhoy squdrh dkl tjh s`doo ncobocrh `ushu` drh tjh `dmk dttrdgtmcks. Wpdtjdrdmcm6 \jh Wpdtjdrdmcm6 \jh ‟adogcky‐ cn scutjhrk Wd`cs wmtj vmhws tc tjh Lclhgdkhsh. Mt ms wcrtj wdklhrmke tjh doohywdys dkl vmsmtmke tjh tjrhh-dmsohl adsmomgd gjurgj cn tjh \dxmdrgj @mgjdho dkl tjh prm`dry sgjcco, aumot mk 4=74. \jh msoht Wd`mcpcuod wmtj Wd`mcpcuod wmtj tjh hxctmg Ysdomld ahdgj, fust :89 `htrhs nrc` tjh scutjhrk gcdst cn Wd`cs, ms dgghssmaoh ay s`doo acdt nrc` Yytjdecrmc dkl Jhrdmck. Kcrtj-whsthrk Wd`cs
Aumot jmej ck Bdrvcukms, ahtwhhk ncrhsts dkl thrrdghl vmkhYodtdkcs6 Aumot Yodtdkcs6 ydrls wmtj arhdtjtdbmke vmhws cn tjh m`pcsmke Bhrbms `cuktdmk. \jh prm`dry sgjcco, col jcushs, ncuktdmks dkl oduklry rcc`s drh hxghoohkt hxd`pohs cn ncob drgjmthgturh. \jh pmgturhsquh squdrh wmtj tjh sygd`crhs ms nuoo cn omnh wmtj gcsy trdlmtmckdo gdnís dkl tdvhrks. ]lrcusd6 Bkcwk ncr mts `dky sprmkes dkl ahdutmnuo stckh jcushs. Mt m s ]lrcusd6 Bkcwk wcrtj vmsmtmke tjh Gjurgj cn Demcs Dtjdkdsmcs dkl Byrmoocs nrc` tjh 4:tj ghktury. Bcktdbhmbd6 D Bcktdbhmbd6 D vmoodeh wmtj `dky vmkhydrls dkl sphgtdguodr vmhws. Mk tjh Hdst, ck d sthhp socph dk l dk dotmtulh cn >89 `htrhs, mk ‟Bdstrcvcukm‐, tjhrh drh rumks cn d Ayzdktmkh shttoh`hkt. Mts shdsmlh tcwk ms ‟Demcs Kmbcodcs‐ cr ‟Om`dkdbm‐ wmtj d s`doo ahdgj, d gjdpho dkl d omttoh tdvhrk ncr shdnccl. Bckthmbd6 D Bckthmbd6 D s`doo vmoodeh wmtj d squdrh, mlhdo ncr tdbmke d arhdb, ahmke surrcuklhl ay ncrhsts dkl grcps. Demcm \jhclcrγm6 D \jhclcrγm6 D ahdutmnuo s`doo vmoodeh, jmllhk mk d erhhk rdvmkh wmtj pmkh vhehtdtmck. Ohbbd6 Aumot mk d vhrldkt drhd. Mts squdrh jds `dekmnmghkt vmhws tc tjh Dhehdk Whd dkl Bdrocvdsm. Mt jds prhshrvhl tjh gjdrdgthr cn col tm`hs. Bdstdkmd6 D Bdstdkmd6 D pmgturhsquh vmoodeh dt tjh ncct cn Bhrbms wmtj ousj vhehtdtmck, vmkhydrls dkl sprmkes. Bcs`dldmcm6 D Bcs`dldmcm6 D s`doo vmoodeh up ck Bhrbms `cuktdmk wmtj ahdutmnuo vmhws. Nrc` tjhrh stdrts d rcuth tjrcuej tjh ncrhst tc tjh Bdbcphrdtcs ecreh, wjhrh wh gdk nmkl tjh Ydkdemd @ckdsthry dkl d gdvh gjdpho. Mk tjh wmlhr rhemck cn kcrtj-whsthrk Wd`cs tjhrh drh `dky s`doo dkl pmgturhsquh shttoh`hkts6 \s \scurodmcm, curodmcm, Kmbcoculhs, Wcurmlhs, Wdbcuohmbd, Whvdsthmbd.
Wbcurhmbd dkl Khcgjcrm6 Wbcurhmbd Khcgjcrm6 s`doo khmejacurmke vmoodehs wmtj kdrrcw strhhts dkl gjdr`mke khmejacurjccls. Mk tjh rhemck wh gdk nmkl tjh phdghnuo shdsmlh shttoh`hkts cn ^hodkmlmd, Adocs, Yhrrms dkl Yhnbc, wmtj stukkmke ahdgjhs dkl kmgh tdvhrks. Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs6 Dk col shdsmlh nmsjmke vmoodeh wmtj omttoh tdvhrks ck tjh pcrt, ckgh gdoohl ‟Emdocs‐. Mt nhdturhs d `drmkd, d nmsjmke jdvhk dkl d s`doo `ushu` cn trdlmtmckdo sjm paumolmke prdgtmgh. ^ctsdodbmd6 D ^ctsdodbmd6 D tcurmst drhd docke tjh kd`hsdbh ahdgj, occbmke cut tc tjh m`pcsmke `cuktdmk cn Bhrbms. Bdoomtjhd6 wmtj Bdoomtjhd6 wmtj erhdt vmhws tc Mbdrmd dkl ckh cn tjh `cst ahdutmnuo sukshts cn Wd`cs. Jmejhr up, ck d lhksh jmoosmlh tjhrh ms d gdvh wmtj tjh gjdpho cn Ydkdemd @dbrmkm. Dt tjh ady cn Demcs Msmlcrcs wh nmkl ckh cn tjh colhst sjmpydrls cn Wd`cs. Lrdbdmcm6 \jh `cst rh`cth vmoodeh cn tjh msodkl, ck d vhrldkt, rcgby Lrdbdmcm6 socph cn Bhrbms. \jh vmhw hxthkls nrc` tjh gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr tc tjh Lrdbdkc Gdph cn Mbdrmd - dk dkgmhkt cashrvdtcry dkl nrygtcrmd (ahdgck tcwhr), nrc` wjhrh mt ms dssu`hl tjdt mts k d`h lhrmvhs.
Gustc`s dkl trdlmtmcks \rdlmtmck ms d omvhoy pdrt cn tjh scgmdo omnh cn tjh msodkl. D sphgmdo gustc` ms tjh prhpdrdtmck cn tjh sc-gdoohl "emcrtm" , d `hdo gccbhl cvhrkmejt mk jueh gduolrcks ck tjh hvh cn rhomemcus nhstmvdos dkl cnnhrhl dnthr tjh Lmvmkh Omturey. Mts `dmk mkerhlmhkts drh wjhdt wmtj ckmcks dkl ecdt. D vdrmdkt cn tjms ms tjh " bhsbhbm", wjhrh tjh wjhdt ms kct `moohl aut ahdthk. Lurmke tjh Gdrkmvdo, `dky vmoodehs rhvmvh tjh gustc` cn Bdlms, tjdt sdtmrmshs gurrhkt dnndmrs tjrcuej phrncr`dkghs cn d ayeckh hrd. Dt Hdsthr, @drdtjcbd`pcs jcsts tjh gustc` cn "Cvmlhs". Mk hdroy sprmke tjh "Wdkmlcbod" gustc` rhvmvhs, d ame cutlccr swmke ncr ycuke `hk dkl wc`hk. Ck Fukh 17, lurmke tjh ghohardtmck cn Dm Emdkkms Bomlckds, tjhy omejt ame nmrhs dkl tj h ycuke phcpoh fu`p cvhr tjh nod`hs. \jhrh drh `dky cutlccr nhstmvdos wmtj erhdt pdrtmgmpdtmck, omvh `usmg, ldkghs, nccl dkl pohkty cn Wd`mdk wmkh. \jhy drh `dmkoy mkspmrhl ay ocgdo gustc`s dkl trdlmtmckdo prclugts sugj ds tjh ‟Emcrtm \medkmtds‐ (Erhhb Ydkgdbh Nhstmvdo) mk @ytmomkmcm dkl Yodtdkcs, tjh ‟Crdkeh Nhstmvdo‐ mk @yocm, tjh ‟Ckmck Nhstmvdo‐ mk Bcu`hmbd, tjh ‟Wcu`d Omqucr Nhstmvdo‐ mk Bdstdkmd, Ydklrcscs dkl `dky `cuktdmk vmoodehs, tjh ‟Byvhoc`dehmrh`dtd‐ mk Yyrecs, tjh ‟@ustdohvrmd Nhstmvdo‐ mk @hscehmc, htg.
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4. \jh shttoh`hkt cn Dkc ^dtjy 1. Dm Emdkkdbms dkl ^dtjy ady 7. \rdlmtmckdo adbhry <. Khcgodssmgdo aumolmke mk Bdrocvdsm 8. Nrmhl rhl `uoohts >. \rdlmtmckdo pdkgdbhs wmtj gjhhsh
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Wd`cs Eumlh / Qhomemcus Omnh
@htd`crpjcsms Gjurgj Yrcpjhtms Homds @ck. Ydkdemd @dbrmkm
Vcclcgjcs Yheh cn Bdbcphrdtc @ck.
Hvdkehomstrmd @ck.
Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ck @ck.
Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm @ck.
Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ck.
Demd \rmdld @ck.
Demd Vckm @ck.
\m`mcs Wtdvrcs @ck. Ydkdemd Wpmomdkm @ck. @hedom Ydkdemd @ck.
Qhomemcus Omnh Qhomemck ms dk mktherdo pdrt cn tjh gjdrdgthr, jmstcry dkl scgmdo omnh cn Wd`cs ds mt jds dowdys ahhk tjh `dmk spmrmtudo omkb.
@ckdsthrmhs, @ckdsthrmh s, Gjurgjhs, Gjdphos \jh msodkl ms lctthl wmtj gjdphos, `htcgjmcks dkl `ckdsthrmhs, ldtmke nrc` tjh 4>tj ghktury ckwdrls, dkl tjhrh drh hggohsmdstmgdo aumolmkes nrc` tjh 44tj ghktury. \jh `cst m`pcrtdkt cn tjhsh drh6 Demd Vckm @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, aumot mk 4>=8. Ocgdthl mk tjh vdoohy cn ^od`drm, wmtj nrhsgchs cn tjh 45tj ghktury, d wcclhk th`pock dkl d rh`drbdaoh omardry cn pdtrmdrgjdo lcgu`hkts dkl prhgmcus cafhgts. Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, aumot mk tjh `ml 4:tj ghktury, dt dk dotmtulh cn dacut <99 `htrhs wmtj pdkcrd`mg vmhws cn tjh gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr. Mksmlh tjh `ckdsthry, vmsmtcrs gdk shh tjh `dekmnmghkt wcclhk th`pock wmtj `draoh gcou`ks nrc` tjh dkgmhkt th`poh cn @mohtus. Ydkdemd Wpmomdkm @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, ocgdthl ck tjh jmoo dacvh Yytjdecrmc. \jh kd`hsdbh gjdpho ms aumot mk d gdvh tjdt wds d podgh cn wcrsjmp smkgh dktmqumty, wjhrh jcoy wdthr nocws. \m`mcs Wtdvrcs @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, khdr @dvrdtzdmcm. Gjurgj cn tjh 45tj ghktury wmtj d tjrhh-dmsohl lc`hl adsmomgd. \jhrh, d emolhl gdrvhl puopmt dkl dk m`prhssmvh amsjcp's tjrckh drh bhpt. @hedom Ydkdemd @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, khdr Bcu`drdldmcm, wmtj ahdutmnuo nrhsgchs cn tjh 4>tj ghktury dkl d gdrvhl emolhl amsjcp's tjrckh, d puopmt dkl d th`pock cn tjh 4:tj ghktury. Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm @ckdsthry, mk @ckdsthry, mk ^curomcths. Mt ms tjh colhst `ckdsthry cn tjh msodkl (48>>) wmtj d smkeoh-dmsoh lc`hl adsmomgd. Mksmlh tjh @ckdsthry, d emolhl gdrvhl wcclhk th`pock, dk m`pcsmke gdrvhl wcclhk tjrckh dkl gjdrdgthrmstmg nrhsgchs. Demd \rmdld @ckdsthry, mk @ckdsthry, mk @ytmomkmcm. Mt ms tjh `cst rhghkt `ckdsthry cn tjh msodkl (4:1<) wmtj d `dekmnmghkt `draoh th`pock dkl d smovhr mgck cn Vcclcgjcs Ymem. Dggcrlmke tc trdlmtmck, tjh lc`h rhsts ck gcou`ks cn d aumolmke cn dkgmhkt Wd`cs.
Yrcpjhtms Homds @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, kcrtjwhst cn Bdrocvdsm, ck tjh wdy tc Bckthmbd. \jh gjurgj ms d smkeoh-dmsoh adsmomgd wmtj d lc`h. \jh armgb-aumot phrmstyoh ms cn ukmquh drgjmthgturh. Ydkdemd Wdrdktdsbdomctmssd, d Wdrdktdsbdomctmssd, d rh`cth gjdpho ck tjh scutjhdst smlh cn Bhrbms. Aumot mk d gdvh dkl dt dk dotmtulh cn 719 `htrhs up tc d sthhp gomnn. Hvdkehomstrmd @ckdsthry @ckdsthry,, ck d sthhp socph cn Bhrbms dacvh @drdtjcbd`pcs dt dk dotmtulh cn 599 `htrhs. Mt ms gcksmlhrhl tc ah ckh cn tjh colhst gjurgjhs cn Wd`cs. Vcclcgjcs Yheh @ckdsthry mk @ckdsthry mk Bdbcphrdtc, mk d lhshrthl ecreh, dt dk dotmtulh cn >99 `htrhs khdr tjh vmoodeh Bcs`dldmcm. Ydkdemd @dbrmkm ms @dbrmkm ms d rh`cth gjdpho aumot mk d gdvh dacvh tjh vmoodeh Bdoomtjhd. Mk tjh pdst, mk tjh gdvhs cn tjh vhrldkt rhemck hrh`mths ushl tc sjhothr. \jh @htd`crpjcsms Gjurgj mk Gjurgj mk Yctd`m cn Bdrocvdsm, dosc bkcwk ds ‟Ydkdemd tcu Yctd`mcu‐. Mt ahockes tc tjh typh cn grugmncr` sm`poh ncurgcou`khl th`poh. \jh `draoh gcou`ks tjdt suppcrt tjh lc`h prcadaoy gc`h nrc` dk dkgmhkt `cku`hkt. Mk tjh aumolmke, wh kcth tjrhh styohs6 Ayzdktmkh, Ehkchsh dkl `clhrk. Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ckds ms Hohm`ckds ms ocgdthl ck tjh scutjwhst smlh cn Wd`cs, cvhr tjh pmgturhsquh ady, wmtj vmhws tc Bdthrec msoht dkl Ncurkcm.
Qhomemcus nhstmvdos dkl ndmrs Ahkgj`drbs ncr Wd`cs scgmdo omnh drh tjh rhomemcus nhstmvdos. \jh erhdthst tdbhs podgh ck >tj cn Dueust, lurmke wjmgj tj h \rdksnmeurdtmck cn Gjrmst ms ghohardthl mk Yytjdecrmc, tjh vmgtcrmcus shd adttoh cn 4:1< wjhk ‟Fhsus sdvhl Wd`cs‐. \jh ncoocwmke drh sc`h m`pcrtdkt rhomemcus nhstmvdos wmtj ukmquh gustc`s6 Hdsthr, Vcclcgjcs Yheh (45 Dprmo), Demcs Mcdkkms Bomlckds (1< Fukh), Yrcpjhtms Homds (19 Fuoy), Ydkdemd (\jh Dssu`ptmck cn tjh ^mremk @dry, 48 Dueust), Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm (: Whpth`ahr), \m`mcs Wtdvrcs (\jh Jcoy Grcss, 4< Whpth`ahr), Drgjdkehos Ldy (44 Kcvh`ahr).
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4. \jrhh Gjurgjhs khdr Dkc ^dtjy 1. Lhtdmo cn tjh gjurgj 7. \jh gjdpho cn Dm Emdkkms mk Demdlhs <. @hedom Ydkdemd Ydkdemd @ckdsthry 8. Dm Emdkkdbms >. Yrcpjhtms Homds @ckdsthry 5. Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm @ckdsthry :. \jh mkthrmcr cn tjh gjurgj cn Ydkdemd ^rcktmdkm
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Wd`cs Eumlh / Ocgdo Hgckc`y
Ocgdo Hgckc`y Dermguoturdo Yrclugtmck & Grdnts Wmkgh dktmqumty, Wd`cs jds ahhk d rmgj dkl shon-sunnmgmhkt msodkl, mknouhkghl ay tjh tcpcerdpjy, tjh scmo gc`pcsmtmck dkl tjh daukldkt ncuktdmks. \jh nhrtmoh Wd`mdk hdrtj prclughs prclugts cn hxghptmckdo qudomty. qudomty.
\curms` \cu rms` & Whrvmghs \curms` mk Wd`cs stdrthl lhvhocpmke mk tjh 4=>9s `dmkoy mk tjh drhds cn Yytjdecrmc, Bcbbdrm dkl Demcs Bckstdktmkcs. Mk tjh odth 4=:9s, mt hxpdklhl tjrcuejcut tjh msodkl, dkl `dmkoy tc tjh gcdstdo rhemcks. \cldy, tjhrh drh rh`drbdaoh dggc``cldtmck ndgmomtmhs ndgmomtmhs dkl tjh qudomty cn shrvmghs ms gckstdktoy m`prcvhl ncoocwmke `clhrk trhkls dkl stdkldrls. \curms` jds erhdt pcthktmdo ncr nurtjhr lhvhocp`hkt dkl tjhrh drh podks ncr khw mkvhst`hkts tc dttrdgt vmsmtcrs wmtj dk h`pjdsms ck tjh khtwcrb cn `cuktdmk vmoodehs, hxphrmhktmdo dgtmvmtmhs, guoturh, edstrckc`y dkl kdturh. Grumsh tcurms` dkl gckkhgtmck wmtj tjh gcdst cn Dsmd @mkcr drh gurrhktoy ahmke lhvhocphl, ds Wd`cs ahgc`hs tjh khw trhkl ncr vmsmtcrs nrc` \urbhy. @dky Hurcphdks gjccsh tjh msodkl ncr phr`dkhkt rhsmlhkgh. \jhy mkvhst mk khw prcphrty cr rhkcvdth col aumolmkes, gcktrmautmke tc tjh prhshrvdtmck cn tjh ocgdo drgjmthgturh. \jh Mkthrkdtmckdo Mkthrkdtmckdo Dmrpcrt ‟Drmstdrgjcs cn Wd`cs‐ ms Wd`cs‐ ms d `clhrk dkl sdnh dmrpcrt tjdt shrvhs `dky lc`hstmg dkl mkthrkdtmckdo nomejts. Mk Yytjdecrmc, tjhrh ms d `drmkd ncr 178 vhsshos wmtj `clhrk mknrd`drmkd ncr strugturh dkl shrvmghs. \jh twc `dmk pcrts cn tjh msodkl, mk Wd`cs (^dtjy) dkl Bdrocvdsm, gckkhgt tjh msodkl wmtj ghktrdo dkl kcrtjhrk Erhhgh (Gygodlhs, Ymrdhus, \jhssdockmbm, Bdvdod) dkl khmejacurmke \urbhy. \jh pcrt cn Yytjdecrmc ms gckkhgthl wmtj tjh Lclhgdkhsh dkl \urbhy. ]cu ]cu gdk nmkl s`doohr pcrts dkl acdt jdvhks mk sc`h shdsmlh shttoh`hkts ombh Bcbbdrm, Demcs Bckstdktmkcs, Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs.
@usgdt wmkh, wmkh, Wd`cs lhsmekdtmck cn crmemk, ms prclughl nrc` tjh erdph ‟W`doo-ahrry (@mbrcrcec) @usgdt cn Wd`cs‐ wjmgj ms guotmvdthl mk thrrdghs, up tc dk dotmtulh cn =99 `htrhs. Mts lmstmkgtmvh nhdturhs drh tjh rmgj drc`d dkl tjh nuoo, nrumty tdsth. \jh Wd`mdk wmkh ms rhkcwkhl smkgh dktmqumty dkl `ytjcocey `hktmcks tjdt tjh vmkh wds d prhshkt nrc` Lmckysus tc Wd`cs.48tj ghktury trdvhoohrs rhnhr tc wmkh `dbmke ds tjh `dmk prcghssmke dgtmvmty cn tjh msodkl dt tjdt tm`h. Wmkgh tjh odth 4=tj ghktury, mkthrkdtmckdo `drbhts drh suppomhl wmtj Wd`mdk wmkh, wjmoh tjh Gdtjcomg Gjurgj catdmks mt ncr tjh Hugjdrmst. Lry dkl swhht wmkhs prclughl ay tjh Xkmck cn Umkh`dbmke Gccphrdtmvhs cn Wd`cs drh dwdrlhl wmtj lczhks cn ecol prmzhs dkl juklrhls cn lmstmkgtmcks. Wd`mdk Comvh Wd`mdk Comvh cmo cn cmo cn hxghptmckdo qudomty stdkls cut ncr mts `hoocw tdsth, mts godrmty dkl thxturh. wmtj ukmquh nodvcurs, thxturhs dkl rmgj drc`ds, tjdkbs tc tjh Jckhy, wmtj Jckhy, vdrmcus drc`dtmg jhras dkl trhhs. Ycoohk, prcpcoms dkl rcydo fhooy drh dosc prclughl. Cuzc ms Cuzc ms ckh cn tjh `cst nd`cus dkl trdlmtmckdo lmstmoodtmck prclugts cn Wd`cs. Mt stdkls cut ncr mts sphgmdo nodvcur dkl drc`d cn dkmsh. Wcu`d ms dkctjhr trdlmtmckdo lmstmoodth, sm`modr tc rdbm. Mt ms `dlh usmke erdph `drg mk trdlmtmckdo nd`moy lmstmoohrmhs cn `cuktdmk vmoodehs. Crgjmls jdvh Crgjmls jdvh ahhk guotmvdthl smkgh 4=:9 mk shvhrdo vdrmhtmhs, dkl drh hxpcrthl wcrolwmlh. Jhras & hsshktmdo cmos cn cmos cn suphrmcr qudomty drh guotmvdthl ck tjh msodkl dkl ushl kct ckoy ncr tjhmr ahkhnmgmdo prcphrtmhs, aut dosc mk gccbmke. Ctjhr ocgdo prclugts mkgoulh prclugts mkgoulh tjh occ` wcvhk thxtmoh, tjh erhhk scdp, nmes, rdmsmks, ldmry prclugts (gjhhsh dkl ycejurt), trdgjdkds, swhhthkhl nrumt dkl fd`s, vhehtdaohs dkl gmtrus nrumts, nmsj dkl shdnccl.
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4. Wd`mdk wmkhs 1. Jckhy prclugtmck 7. Comvh jdrvhst <. Dk comvh ercvh 8. D vmkhydrl mk thrrdghs >. ^mkh jdrvhst
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Wd`cs Eumlh / Ocgdo Hgckc`y
Ncob Drt
\rdlmtmckdo Wjmpaumolmke
Lhvhocp`hkt cn trdlmtmckdo ncob drt mk `mkmdturh grdnts dkl smovhrwdrh tdbhs podgh dockesmlh tjh hgckc`mg ercwtj cn Wd`cs. Hodacrdth ecol dkl smovhr fhwhoohry drh lmspodyhl mk jmstcrmg gcoohgtmcks, ombh tjh ckh jcsthl dt tjh Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu` cn Wd`cs.
\jh drt cn sjmpaumolmke nocurmsjhl mk Wd`cs smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs, wmtj tjh shdwcrtjy ‟Wd`hkd‐ amrh`hs. Wd`mdk pmkh trhhs "pmkus arutmd" whrh mk erhdt lh`dkl dkl suppomhl wmtj wccl sjmpydrls tjrcuejcut Erhhgh dkl prcvmlhl tjh `dmk gckstrugtmck `dthrmdo ncr ocgdo juoos.
Mk dllmtmck, tjhrh ms mkthksh drtmstmg dgtmvmty mk `htdowcrbmke, lhgcrdtmvh drts, sguopturh mk wccl dkl stckh, erhdt sd`pohs cn wjmgj ckh gdk nmkl `dmkoy mk col `dkcrs dkl puaomg aumolmkes.
Ncr `dky yhdrs tjh msodklhrs omvhl mkodkl, dwdy nrc` tjh gcdst, jmlmke nrc` pmrdths dkl sjmpaumolmke rhgcvhrhl mk tjh 45tj ghktury. Wjmpwrmejts ushl tc lhsmek dkl aumol rh`drbdaoh sjmps, ombh ‟bdrdvcsbdrd‐, ‟`drtmec‐ dkl ‟odtmkmd‐.
\jh drt cn pctthry ms pctthry ms whoo-bkcwk dkl lhvhocphl smkgh dktmqumty. Ahdutmnuo ghrd`mgs drh `dlh mk trdlmtmckdo dkl gckth`pcrdry styoh, mk wcrbsjcps, `dmkoy mk tjh vmoodehs cn @dvrdtzdmcm, Bcu`drdldmcm dkl @dkcodths. D typmgdo vdsh ms tjh s c-gdoohl ‟Ndmr Gup‐ wjmgj, dggcrlmke tc trdlmtmck, Yytjdecrds tduejt hqudo trhdt`hkt. \jh gup mkthrmcr ms `drbhl wmtj d omkh om`mt dkl mn mt ms nmoohl ahyckl tjdt, tjhk tjh hktmrh omquml gckthkt ms mkstdktoy lrdmkhl.
\jh lhvhocp`hkt cn sjmpaumolmke wmtj `clhrk `htjcls dkl `dthrmdos rhlughl tjh khhl ncr wcclhk vhsshos. \cldy, \cldy, fust d nhw sjmpydrls drh stmoo mk cphrdtmck (tdrsdkdlhs), `dmkoy aumolmke & rhpdmrmke nmsjmke acdts ‟trhgjdktmrmd‐.
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4. Lhtdmo cn d trdlmtmckdo `dsckry mk Yodtdkcs vmoodeh 1. D sjmpydrl (tdrsdkds) mk Bdrocvdsm 7. D s`doo nmsjmke acdt mk @curtmd gcvh <. D vmkhydrl mk @dkcodths 8. D gdrvhl wcclhk th`pock dkl nrhsgchs m k d gjdpho
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>. ^mkh jdrvhst 5. D pctthr mk jms wcrbsjcp :. Lhtdmo cn d wcclhk jcush m k Dkc ^dtjy
11 Wd`cs Eumlh / Kdturh & Hkvmrck`hkt
Kdturh & Hkvmrck`hkt Wd`cs cnnhrs d lmstmkgtmvh gc`amkdtmck cn `cuktdmks dkl shd. Lhksh vhehtdtmck rhdgjhs tjh msodkl's mktrmgdth gcdstomkh. Ncuktdmks wmtj gohdr wdthr nocw tjrcuej tjh mkthksh ehcpjysmgdo thrrdmk. Mt ms d ukmquh podgh tjdt ms wcrtj hxpocrmke.
Ahdgjhs \jh `cst lmstmkgt, ahdutmnuo ahdgjhs cn tjh msodkl drh6
nrc` d jmoo tcp dkl tjh s`doo s trhd` wmtj wdthrndoos dt tjh acttc` cn tjh gdkyck cnnhr mlhdo cppcrtukmtmhs ncr jmbhrs dkl hxpocrhrs.
Kcrtj Wmlh
@mbrc Whmtdkm, d ahdutmnuo ahdgj wmtj lhhp gohdr wdthrs mk d wmol, rcgby odklsgdph, wjmgj ms dgghssmaoh ay d ocvhoy trdmo tjrcuej lhksh vhehtdtmck.
Edodzmc, d Edodzmc, d s`doo ‟jmllhk ‟jmllhk‐‐ ahdgj wmtj sjdoocw turqucmsh wdthrs. Omvdldbm, dk Omvdldbm, dk credkmshl sdkly ahdgj wmtj sjdoocw wdthr mk d s`doo ady. @mbrm Odbbd Odbbd dkl dkl @hedom Odbbd, twc Odbbd, twc rh`cth ahdgjhs, dgghssmaoh ay trdmo cr acdt.
@hedoc Whmtdkm, ckh Whmtdkm, ckh cn tjh `cst rh`cth aut `demgdo ahdgjhs cn tjh msodkl, wjhrh tjh Bhrbms gdkyck cphks tc tjh s hd. D Kdturd prcthgthl smth, dgghssmaoh ay shd cr jmbmke.
Bhrvhom, mk Bhrvhom, mk d ahdutmnuo ohhwdrl ady tjdt usudooy dttrdgts nd`momhs. Bcbbdrm, d Bcbbdrm, d pcpuodr ahdgj, wmtj phaaohs, lhhp gohdr wdthrs dkl ame wdvhs. Uhoo credkmshl dkl d ndvcurmth spct ncr wdthrspcrts ocvhrs dkl nuk shhbhrs. Oh`ckdbmd, d Oh`ckdbmd, d ahdutmnuo, credkmshl, phaaohl ahdgj wmtj aouh-erhhk wdthrs. \sd`dlcu, ckh cn tjh `cst ahdutmnuo ahdgjhs cn tjh msodkl wmtj vheh\sd`dlcu, ckh tdtmck tjdt rhdgjhs tjh sjcrhomkh dkl ahdutmnuo vmhws cn Bcbbdrm. Mt dttrdgts ycuke phcpoh. \sdacu, d \sdacu, d ocvhoy, phdghnuo ahdgj wmtj ame phaaohs dkl lhhp wdthrs. Dvodbmd, d s`doo dkl sjdlhl ahdgj, mlhdo ncr nd`momhs. Dvodbmd, d Bd`pcs dkl Wvdod, Bd`pcs Wvdod, rh`cth, qumht ahdgjhs, wmtj ame phaaohs dkl wdvhs. Demcs Kmbcodcs, d Kmbcodcs, d s`doo ahdgj mk tjh kd`hsdbh shttoh`hkt ncr phdghnuo dkl lhomejtnuo swm``mke. Bdrocvdsm Ahdgj, pcpuodr, Ahdgj, pcpuodr, wmtj sjdoocw wdthr dkl sdkl dkl ame wdvhs wjhk d kcrtjhroy wmkl aocws. Yctd`m, dk mlyoomg ahdgj cn hxghptmckdo ahduty, d`cke tjh ndvcurmths Yctd`m, dk ncr ocgdos dkl vmsmtcrs. \jh gjdpho cn Demcs Kmbcodcs cvhroccbs tjh ahdgj
Wcutjhrk Ahdgjhs
Ycshmlckmc, d Ycshmlckmc, d s`doo ahdgj mk d pmgturhsquh gcvh wmtj vmhws tc tjh Dsmd @mkcr gcdst. Bom`d jds Bom`d jds gdo`, gohdr wdthrs, mlhdo ncr rhodxmke. Ysmom D``cs, dk D``cs, dk credkmshl ahdgj wmtj vhry sjdoocw wdthrs, sumtdaoh ncr ahdgj ed`hs dkl nd`momhs wmtj gjmolrhk. @ybdom, ckh @ybdom, ckh cn tjh ockehst ahdgjhs ck tjh msodkl, credkmshl mk `dky cn mts pdrts, wmtj ame wjmth phaaohs dkl h`hrdol wdthrs. Yytjdecrmc Ahdgj, ahtwhhk Ahdgj, ahtwhhk Oybcurecs Gdstoh dkl tjh Qc`dk adtjs, pcpuodr d`cke ycuke phcpoh ncr wdthrspcrts dkl su``hr nuk. Yctcbdbm, ckh Yctcbdbm, ckh cn tjh ockehst ahdgjhs cn tjh msodkl, cnnhrs vdrmcus dgtmvmtmhs ds whoo ds phdghnuo spcts. \scphod, rh`cth, \scphod, rh`cth, wmtj gdptmvdtmke dkl wmol kdturdo ahduty, ahduty, dgghssmaoh ay shd cr d lmrt rcdl. Yhrrm, d Yhrrm, d ahdutmnuo, lhshrthl ahdgj. @pdocs, d @pdocs, d ocke phaaoh ahdgj, wmtj lhhp dkl gohdr wdthrs dkl d s`doo gdvh.
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Ahdgjhs 4. \sd`dlcu 1. \sdacu 7. Bdbcrh`d <. @hedoc Whmtdkm 8. @mbrc Whmtdkm
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1< Wd`cs Eumlh / Kdturh & Hkvmrck`hkt
^ctsdodbmd, d ocke, grcwlhl dkl credkmshl ahdgj ncr `dky dgtmvmtmhs. ^ctsdodbmd, d Gjrysm d``cs, ckh d``cs, ckh cn tjh `cst ahdutmnuo ahdgjhs wmtj sjdoocw wdthrs, credkmshl, mlhdo ncr nd`momhs. Dacvh mt rmshs tjh `dekmnmghkt Bhrbms `cuktdmk. Om`kmckds, d Om`kmckds, d ahdutmnuo, credkmshl, sdkly ahdgj. Demcs Mcdkkms Hohm`ckds, d Hohm`ckds, d rh`cth ahdgj wmtj wmol ahduty dkl vmhws tc tjh msodkls cn Ncurkcm. ^drsd`c, dk ^drsd`c, dk mscodthl dkl lhshrthl ahdgj mk d rcgby odklsgdph.
Nocrd & ndukd Wd`cs ms d vhrldkt msodkl wmtj mkthksh tcpcerdpjy dkl erhdt amclmvhrsmty luh tc tjh twc `cuktdmks dkl mts prcxm`mty tc Dsmd @mkcr. Ymkh ncrhsts gchxmst wmtj vmkhydrls, comvh ercvhs dkl gmtrus trhhs. \jhrh drh dosc `dky sphgmhs cn hklh`mg, rdrh podkts dkl jhras. Luh tc tjh ehcocemgdo adgbercukl dkl tjh ku`hrcus wdthr scurghs, gdvhs dkl euon gdvhs jdvh ahhk grhdthl. Mts rmgj ndukd, rdrh ncr dk msodkl, mkgoulhs wmol acdrs, jdrhs, tjh Wd`mdk ‟ecolhk fdgbdo‐, jhlehjces dkl rhptmohs ombh tjh gjd`hohck RlrdpdkcrmgjcsP cn Wd`cs, omzdrls RbcurbculmdocmP, skdbhs, nrces dkl turtohs. D odreh ku`ahr cn amrls ombh tjh jdwb, tjh hdeoh, tjh cwo, tjh pdrtrmleh, tjh aodgbamrl, tjh gc``ck bhstrho htg ms prhshkt. \jh gcdstdo drhds jdvh dosc d pohtjcrd cn sphgmhs dkl dk mkthrhstmke shdahl, wjmoh tjh lhhp shd pdssdehs drh edthwdys ncr odreh `d``dos, ombh lcopjmks dkl ghtdghdks. Mk tjh rh`cth kcrtjwhsthrk gcdsts omvh d s`doo ku`ahr cn ‟`ckdgjus-`ckdgjus‐ shdos.
jmejhr dotmtulhs wh hkgcukthr hkgcukthr ‟pmkus kmerd‐ sphgmhs dkl ck tjh ocwhr ckhs tjh ‟pmkus arutmd''. \jhrh drh dosc gyprhsshs, cdbs, gjhstkut trhhs, sygd`crhs, wdokut trhhs, phdr trhhs, dppoh trhhs, gjhrry trhhs dkl `dky bmkls cn drc`dtmg jhras dkl podkts sugj ds wmkthr sdvcry, crhedkc, tjy`h, sdeh, `cuktdmk thd, htg. @dky sphgmhs cn wmol Wd`mdk crgjmls dkl sdnnrck drh gc``ck. Hlmaoh `usjrcc`s (`dkmths) mk vdrmhtmhs ombh Odgtdrmus lhomgmcsus, Odgtdrmus vmkcsus, Yohurctus Cstrhdtus dkl Odgtdrmus Ymphrdtus, drh gcksmlhrhl tc ah cn tcp qudomty. \jh erhdthst pdrt cn D`phocs ms pdrt cn tjh KD\XQD 1999 khtwcrb cn prcthgthl drhds. W`doo kdturdo wdthrndoos wdthrndoos drh ocgdthl mk tjh Yctd`m rhemck cn Bdrocvdsm mk d vhrldkt rdvmkh cn Bhrbms tjdt cphks tc tjh ahdgj. Mt dttrdgts kdturh ocvhrs dkl jmbhrs wjc gc`h tc hxpocrh d arhdtjtdbmke rcuth tjrcuej sygd`crhs dkl sprmkes. \jh `drmkh hgcsysth` cn hgcsysth` cn Wd`cs, ms cn erhdt mkthrhst tjdkbs tc mts amclmvhrsmty mk credkms`s dkl podkts. @dky hklh`mg nmsj, sjhoonmsj dkl `coousgs, `d``dos ombh lcopjmks dkl shdos, ds whoo ds shdamrls nmkl sjhothr mk tjh gcdstdo dkl `drmkh hkvmrck`hkt cn tjh msodkl. \jh shd acttc` ms rmgj mk Ycsmlckmd shderdss dkl rhl doedh wjmgj pody dk m`pcrtdkt rcoh mk tjh survmvdo dkl rhprclugtmck cn shd sphgmhs.
Jdamtdts \jh jdamtdt cn @ygdoh (col @ygdoh (col sdot nodts) ms pdrt cn tjh KD\XQD 1999 khtwcrb cn prcthgthl drhds dkl ms d stcppmke pcmkt ncr `dky `merdtcry amrl sphgmhs, ombh nod`mkecs, jhrcks, wmol lugbs, gc``ck stmots htg. @crh sphgmnmgdooy, lurmke wmkthr, tjh whtodkl, ckh cn tjh vhry nhw mk tjh Erhhb msodkls, jcsts cvhr 419 amrl sphgmhs, `dky cn wjmgj drh godssmnmhl ds rdrh cr hkldkehrhl. Bhrbms cr Bhrbhthds `cuktdmk wmtj `cuktdmk wmtj dk dotmtulh cn 4,<7<`, ms ckh cn tjh jmejhst `cuktdmks mk tjh Dhehdk. Mt ncr`s pdrt cn tjh khtwcrb cn KD\XQD 1999 prcthgthl drhds, jc`h ncr smekmnmgdkt amrl sphgmhs, ombh tjh ocke-oheehl auzzdrl dkl tjh sjcrt-tchl hdeoh, ds whoo ds rdrh podkts ombh Gckscomkld cn Wd`cs, Wmohkh Xrvmoohm, @mkudrtmd Dkdtcomgd dkl Ghktdurhd. \jh `cuktdmk cggupmhs d erhdt pdrt cn tjh whst drhd cn tjh msodkl dkl jds dk mkthksh ehcpjysmgdo tcpcerdpjy. Mts lmstmkgtmvh nhdturhs drh tjh prhgmpmtcus socphs dkl rdvmkhs cn om`hstckh, sodth dkl `draoh rcgbs. Dt dk dotmtulh cn cvhr :99 `htrhs, tjh scmo ms `dmkoy rcgby wmtj gousthrs cn rdrh sgohrcpjyoocus sjruas. Mk tjh ocwodkls, tjhrh drh th`phrdth gckmnhrcus ncrhsts wjmoh tjh rdvmkhs drh gcvhrhl wmtj sygd`crhs, whhpmke wmoocws dkl odurhos. Mk mts ncctjmoos, comvhs dkl vmkhs drh guotmvdthl. D`phocs `cuktdmk cr "Bdrvcukms" tccb "Bdrvcukms" tccb mts kd`h nrc` tjh hxthksmvh vmkhydrls mk thrrdghs (d`phocs `hdks vmkhydrl mk erhhb). Mt `dmkoy gcvhrs tjh ghktrdo pdrt cn tjh msodkl dkl mts jmejhst phdb ms Yrcpjhtms Homds, dt dk dotmtulh cn 4,487 `. Ymkh ncrhsts lc`mkdth odreh drhds cn tjh `cuktdmk . Ck
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4. Ysdomld Ahdgj mk Wd`mcpcuod 1. @hedoc Whmtdkm 7. D omzdrl, tjh ‟bcurbculmdocs‐cn Wd`cs <. @drmkh ndukd 8. Umol `cuktdmk nocwhrs >. D nod`mkec 5. Nod`mkecs mk Doybm cn @ygdoh :. D lcopjmk mk scutjhrk Wd`cs =. Lmstmkgtmvh rcgbs khdr tjh ahdgj cn Demd Hohcusd
1>
Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts)
Dgtmvmtmhs Qhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts Wd`cs, wmtj mts guoturh, trdlmtmcks dkl kdturdo odklsgdph, cnnhrs hklohss dgtmvmtmhs dkl cppcrtukmtmhs ncr hkthrtdmk`hkt dkl rhgrhdtmck.
Udthrspcrts Edstrckc`y Qhstdurdkts dkl tdvhrks, gdnís dkl adrs mk lmnnhrhkt styohs dkl lmvhrsh guomkdry gjcmghs drh edtjhrhl `dmkoy mk tjh tcurmst lhstmkdtmcks cn tjh msodkl6 Yytjdecrmc, Bcbbdrm, Bdrocvdsm, tjh tcwk cn Wd`cs, ^ctsdodbmd, Jhrdmck. Mk tjh mlyoomg `cuktdmk vmoodehs cn @ytmomkmcm, Ydohcbdstrc, @dkcodths, ^curomcths, Bcktdbhmbd, Yodtdkcs, Yyrecs ckh gdk hkfcy ocgdo gumsmkh dkl trdlmtmckdo lhsshrts.
\jh Wd`mdk gcdsts wmtj tjhmr gohdr wdthrs dkl d`dzmke, austomke shdahl, wmoo ndsgmkdth ocvhrs cn sguad-lmvmke dkl wdthr dgtmv mtmhs. @mol gom`dth wmtj `clhrdth wmkls dkl `dky khdray, mkthrhstmke lhstmkdtmcks mk khmejacurmke gcdsts dkl msodkls, cnnhr tjh cppcrtukmty ncr ukmquh sdm omke hxphrmhkghs. \jh kcrtj smlh cn tjh msodkl, wjhrh mt ms cnthk wmkly, ms pcpuodr ncr wmklsurnmke dkl bmth surnmke.
Guoturdo Hvhkts & Nhstmvdos
@dky ocgdo lmsjhs dkl shdnccl drh cnnhrhl mk tjh gcdstdo tdvhrks, mk Bhrvhom, Ycshmlckmc, Ysmom D``cs, Demcs Bckstdktmkcs, Dvodbmd, Demcs Kmbcodcs, Yhnbcs, @pdocs, Cr`cs @drdtjcbd`pcs, Om`kmckds.
Guoturh jds `uotmpoh ndghts mk Wd`cs. Hsphgmdooy lurmke su``hr, wmtj vmsmtcrs nrc` Hurcph dkl drcukl tjh wcrol, d rmgj guoturdo prcerd``h ms cnnhrhl mkgoulmke vdrmcus nhstmvdos, tjhdtrmgdo dkl ldkgh phrncr`dkghs, `usmg gckghrts, sgmhktmnmg gcknhrhkghs, wcrbsjcps dkl hvhkts.
Jmbmke, Gom`amke & Gdvmke Wd`cs, wmtj mts d`dzmke kdturdo tcpcerdpjy, ms mlhdo ncr wdobmke, jmbmke, gom`amke, gygomke, jcrsh-rmlmke dkl gdvmke.
\jh Mrhck @usmg Nhstmvdo ms Nhstmvdo ms tjh `cst pcpuodr mk tjh hdsthrk Dhehdk. Mt tdbhs podgh hdroy Dueust mk Jhrdmck, fust d nhw `htrhs nrc` tjh dkgmhkt th`poh cn Jhrd. Mt wds hstdaomsjhl mk 199< dkl hvhry yhdr mt jcsts nd`cus drtmsts cn tjh Erhhb dkl ncrhmek `usmg mklustry.
Ujmoh pdssmke tjrcuej tjh msodkl, tjh m`dehs dothrkdth gckstdktoy dkl vmsmtcrs gc`h dgrcss col trdmos, wmol ncrhsts, dkgmhkt comvh ercvhs, vmkhydrls mk thrrdghs, ahdutmnuo vmoodehs, pmgturhsquh gjdphos, ncuktdmks dkl rdvmkhs, gdkycks, gdvhs. Mk tjh adgbercukl, tjh vmhw dowdys `hhts tjh mknmkmth aouh sjdlhs cn tjh Dhehdk shd.
\jh Mrhd-Yytjdecrmd nhstmvdo, wmtj rhnhrhkghs tc tjh dkgmhkt `ysthrMrhd-Yytjdecrmd nhstmvdo, mhs rhodthl tc tjh wcrsjmp cn ecllhss Jhrd. \jhy tdbh podgh uklhr tjh duspmghs cn tjh Jhoohkmg Kdtmckdo Gc``mssmck ncr XKHWGC dkl tjh Dsscgmdtmck cn Erhhb Coy`pmg Gjd`pmcks. Lurmke tjh nhstmvdo, pjmocscpjmgdo dkl sgmhktmnmg gcknhrhkghs dkl jmej-ohvho guoturdo hvhkts drh jcsthl.
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4. D wdthrndoo khdr D`phocs vmoodeh 1. Gygomsts 7. Lmvmke mk Ycsmlckmd shderdss <. \jh sjdoocw wdthrs cn Gjrysm D``cs 8. Hxpocrmke tjh gdvh cn Ydkdemd @dbrmkm >. Jmbmke mk tjh rdvmkh, mk Yodtdkdbmd, Demcs Bckstdktmkcs
1:
Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts)
\jh ]cuke Drtmsts Nhstmvdo ms Nhstmvdo ms d `hhtmke cn prc`mkhkt drtmsts nrc` doo cvhr tjh wcrol mk tjh dkgmhkt tjhdtrh cn Yytjdecrmc, wmtj dk h`pjdsms ck tjh hxgjdkeh cn guoturh tjrcuej `usmg. \jh Wd`mdk Umkh Nhstmvdos drh Nhstmvdos drh jcsthl hvhry su``hr, wmtj `dky `usmgdo dkl ldkgh hvhkts tdbmke podgh tjrcuejcut Wd`cs dkl stdrrmke tjh nd`cus Wd`mdk wmkhs. ^msudo Drt Hxjmamtmcks Hxjmamtmcks (pdmktmke, pjctcerdpjy, nmo`/vmlhc, mkstdoodtmcks) drh prhshkthl ay ay drtmsts dkl drtmstmg ercups lrdwmke mkspmrdtmck nrc` mkthrhstmke ocgdo dkl eocado mssuhs. D Nmo` Nhstmvdo, Nhstmvdo, ms jhol hvhry su``hr wmtj cutlccr sgrhhkmkes cn Erhhb dkl ncrhmek nmo`s dkl lcgu`hktdrmhs.
Jmstcrmgdo Mkthrhst, @cku`hkts @cku`hk ts & @ushu`s \jh rmgj jmstcrmgdo dkl guoturdo jhrmtdeh m s phrvdsmvh tjrcuejcut tjh msodkl wmtj m`pcrtdkt drgjdhcocemgdo `cku`hkts dkl rh`drbdaoh nmklmkes lmspodyhl mk `ushu`s. \jh `cst smekmnmgdkt drh6 Jhrdmck wds Jhrdmck wds d podgh cn wcrsjmp smkgh dkgmhkt tm`hs. Drgjdhcocemgdo rhshdrgj jds rhvhdohl rh`kdkts cn dt ohdst < gjurgjhs6 Jhbdtc`phlck M (:tj ghktury AG), Jhbdtc`phlck MM (5tj ghktury AG), tjh th`poh cn Qjcmbcs dkl \jhclcrcs (>tj ghktury AG), tjh th`poh aumot ay tjh tyrdkt Ycoygrdths (87:-811 AG) dkl ctjhr s`doohr th`pohs cn Jhoohkmstmg dkl Qc`dk phrmcls. Jhrclctus `hktmcks tjdt tjh Jhrdmck cn Wd`cs wds Wd`cs wds tjh ameehst dkl `cst m`pcsmke th`poh cn mts tm`h. Mt ms d lmpthrdo Mckmg th`poh, wmtj 488 emedktmg gcou`ks, cn wjmgj ckoy ckh survmvhs uprmejt. @dky cnnhrmkes tc tjh ecllhss Jhrd drh `dsthrpmhghs dkl lh`ckstrdth tjh rhomemcus m knouhkgh cn tjh sdkgtudry tjrcuejcut Erhhgh, Dsmd @mkcr, tjh @mlloh Hdst dkl Heypt. Ydrt cn tj h th`poh gc`pohx ms dosc Mhrd clcs (tjh Wdgrhl Udy), pdvhl wmtj stckh, tjdt ohl tc tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs (Yytjdecrmc). \jh \ukkho cn Hupdomkcs, tjh ‟lcuaoh-hlehl tukkho‐ ds Jhrclctus gdoohl mt, wds aumot lurmke tjh rhem`h cn tj h tyrdkt Ycoygrdths ay tjh drgjmthgt Hupdomkcs mk crlhr tc suppoy wdthr tc tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs. Umtj d tctdo ohketj cn 4,97>`, mt ms gcksmlhrhl ckh cn tjh erhdthst thgjkmgdo dgjmhvh`hkts cn mts tm`h, dosc bkcwk ds tjh ‟:tj Ucklhr cn tjh Dkgmhkt Ucrol‐. Gckstrugtmck ahedk sm`uotdkhcusoy nrc` twc cppcsmth smlhs cn tjh jmoo cn tjh dkgmhkt dgrcpcoms dkl wds gc`pohthl `mlwdy wmtj d lhvmdtmck cn d nhw `hthrs. \jh Ycoybrdtmdk Udoos wmtj d ohketj cn dacut >.8 b` dkl d wmltj cn up tc 7 `htrhs, ncrtmnmhl tjh dkgmhkt tcwk cn Wd`cs. \jh nhw rh`dmkmke pdrts cn tjh wdoos drh m`prhssmvh strugturhs aumot wmtj jueh stckhs dkl tjh odreh drh tjhy ckgh hkgocshl gdk ah vmhwhl nrc` tjh tcp cn tjh dkgmhkt dgrcpcoms. Wpcrts ndgmomtmhs cn tjh dkgmhkt tcwk jdvh ahhk lmsgcvhrhl mk tjh drgjdhcocemgdo smth cn \jhr`hs, whst cn Yytjdecrmc, mkgoulmke d ey`kdsmu`, dk drhkd dkl d stdlmu` cn dacut 199 `htrhs mk ohketj, ckh cn tjh odrehst cn mts tm`h. \jh sd`h rhvhdos tjh rumks cn tjh Qc`dk adtjs, aumot drcukl drcukl tjh `ml 1kl ghktury DL.
\jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Wd`cs Wd`cs ms ocgdthl mk tjh tcwk cn Wd`cs dkl mts nmklmkes drh hxjmamthl mk twc aumolmkes. \jh col `ushu`, d erhdt khcgodssmgdo aumolmke cn 4=41, gcktdmks gcoohgtmcks nrc` `dky phrmcls dkl mkthrhstmke hxjmamts mkgoulmke s guopturhs, ghrd`mgs, gcpphr, mvcry, wccl, `mkmdturhs dkl fhwhoohry. \jh khw `ushu`, mkdueurdthl mk 4=:5, jcsts tjh gcoohgtmck cn drgjdmg sguopturhs. \jh `cst nd`cus hxjmamt cn tjh `ushu` ms tjh m`prhssmvh 8.18`-tdoo "Bcurcs cn Wd`cs", gcksmlhrhl tjh ameehst whoo prhshrvhl Bcurcs stdtuh mk Erhhgh. \jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Yytjdecrmc jcsts Yytjdecrmc jcsts d rmgj gcoohgtmck cn gjd`cms dkl ermnnmks, Mckmg dkl Wd`mdk byomghs, jylrmds, gcmks, sphgtdguodr bcurcm dkl `dky nmklmkes cn tjh khgrcpcoms nrc` ncur lmnnhrhkt hrds (Ehc`htrmg, Drgjdmg, Jhoohkmstmg, Qc`dk). Wc`h cn tjh `cst kctdaoh hxjmamts drh d sguopthl hdrtjhk tdaoht cn Kmbh rmlmke d gjdrmct, austs cn Qc`dk h`phrcrs, d stdtuh cn ^hkus dkl tjh jhdlstckh cn Ougmus. \jh \cwhr cn Oybcurecs Ocectj htms, scutjwhst cn tjh pcrt cn Yytjdecrmc, mkgoulhs pdrts cn tjh Ayzdktmkh gdstoh tjdt wds dadklckhl mk tjh `ml 48tj ghktury. \jh ohdlhr cn tjh Wd`mdk rhvcoutmck, Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms, ncrtmnmhl mt dedmk dkl gckvhrthl ckh cn tjh tcwhrs mktc d gc``dkl pcst. \cldy, mt ms d rhstcrhl `ushu`. \jh jmstcrmg \h`poh cn @htd`crncsm Wctmrcs wds Wctmrcs wds aumot khdr tjh tcwhr, tc gc``h`crdth tjh vmgtcrmcus Adttoh cn Wd`cs mk tjh strdmts cn @ybdom mk Dueust 4:1<. Ck d sthhp jmoo, mk t jh rdvmkh cn Yctd`m, Bdrocvdsm, tjhrh drh rh`kdkts cn d Ayzdktmkh gdstoh dkl gdstoh dkl Gjurgjhs, Gjurgjhs, ldtmke ldtmke ahtwhhk tjh 41tj dkl 4
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4. Dk hxjmamt dt tjh Drgjdhcocemgdo @. cn Wd`cs 1. ‟\jh gckstmtutmck cn Ehkhohc‐, Jhrdmck Drgjdhcocemgdo Wmth 7. \jh Gdstoh mk Yytjdecrmc <. D ermnnmk dt tjh Drgjdhcocemgdo @. cn Wd`cs 8. Gdvmke
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Wd`cs Eumlh / Dgtmvmtmhs (Qhgrhdtmck, Hkthrtdmk`hkt, Guoturdo Hvhkts)
Yctd`m6
Ayzdktmkh Gdstoh dkl Gjurgjhs
@dp wmtj tjh @cst Wmekmnmgdkt @cku`hkts & @ushu`s cn Wd`cs
Bdrocvdsm6
Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bdrocvdsm \dkkhry @ushu`
@ytmomkmcm6
Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu` cn Dhehdk
Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bcu`hmbd
Wd`cs \cwk6
Drgjdhcocemgdo Drgjdhcocemg do @ushu` cn Wd`cs
\jh \ukkho cn Hupdomkcs
Wd`cs Umkh @ushu`
Drgjdhcocemgdo smth cn \jhr`hs
Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Wd`cs Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu` Yytjdecrmc6
\jh Ycoybrdtmdk wdoos
Yytjdecrds Gdvh
\jh Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Yytjdecrmc
Ghktrh ncr Qhomemcus Wtulmhs cn tjh @htrcpcoms Yuaomg Omardry Jmstcrmgdo Drgjmvh cn Wd`cs \cwk Jdoo (Col Ydromd`hkt cn Wd`cs)
\jh \cwhr cn Oybcurecs Ocectjhtms Jmstcrmgdo Gjurgj cn @htd`crncsm Wctmrcs
Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Ydecklds Wdrdbmkms \cwhr
Jhrdmck6
Jhrdmck Drgjdhcocemgdo Wmth (Dkgmhkt \h`poh cn Jhrd)
tjh `mlloh cn tjh odst ghktury. Mt mkgoulhs dutjhktmg hvhryldy cafhgts ombh uthksmos, jdklmgrdnts, thxtmohs, gcstu`hs dkl fhwhoohry ds whoo ds tccos cn trdlmtmckdo prcnhssmcks, ombh adrahrs, gcaaohrs, nmsjhr`hk, adsbht-`dbhrs, ahhbhhphrs dkl ndr`hrs. \jh gcoohgtmck cn tjh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bdrocvdsm mkgoulhs Bdrocvdsm mkgoulhs sc`h m`pcrtdkt hoh`hkts cn trdlmtmck dkl ncobocrh drt cn tjh phrmcl 4:59 - 4=88 wmtj nmkh hxjmamts, sugj ds pcrghodmk, gdrvhl `mrrcrs, smovhrwdrh dkl dktmquh nurkmturh. \jh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Ydeckld rhprhshkts Ydeckld rhprhshkts hktmrhoy d trdlmtmckdo Wd`mdk jcush wmtj nurkmturh dkl uthksmos, mk nmvh ahdutmnuooy ncr`hl rcc`s, tjh ahlrcc`, tjh omvmke rcc`, tjh bmtgjhk, tjh occ` rcc` dkl tjh adsh`hkt. \jh Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bcu`dmmbd ms jcushl mk d jmstcrmg aumolmke nrc` 4::9 dkl nhdturhs ku`hrcus ncobocrh hoh`hkts nrc` tjh rhemck. Dk col stckh-aumot tdkkhry jcushs tjh \dkkhry @ushu` mk @ushu` mk ‟\d`pdbmbd‐, Bdrocvdsm. Mt prhshkts col thgjkmquhs cn ohdtjhr tdkkmke, tjdt gcktrmauthl ncr d ocke tm`h tc tjh msodkl's hgckc`mg ercwtj.
\jh Hggohsmdstmgdo Ayzdktmkh @ushu` cn Wd`cs hxjmamts mgcks, gjdomghs dkl uthksmos, hggohsmdstmgdo accbs, rdrh thxtaccbs dkl tjh ‟jcoy gocdb‐ cn tjh Hgu`hkmgdo Ydtrmdrgj cn Gckstdktm kcpoh Erhecry ^. \jh Ghktrh ncr Hggohsmdstmgdo Wtulmhs cn tjh @htrcpcoms jcushs @htrcpcoms jcushs d vhry rmgj drgjmvh cn Wd`mdk rhomemcus jmstcry dkl d omardry wm tj d gcoohgtmck cn `dkusgrmpts, gclhs dkl lcgu`hkts. \jh Yuaomg Omardry cn Wd`cs ms Wd`cs ms jcushl mk d whoo-prhshrvhl khcgodssmgdo aumolmke ck tjh gmty's prc`hkdlh wjmgj ldths adgb tc 4:89. Ckh gdk shdrgj gcoohgtmcks cn rdrh puaomgdtmcks dkl `dkusgrmpts, m`pcrtdkt jmstcry dkl omthrdry accbs. D rhkcvdthl col prmsck cn 4::1 jcushs tjh Jmstcrmgdo Drgjmvh cn Wd`cs. Mt prhshrvhs tjcusdkls cn jdklwrmtthk accbs, nmohs, lcgu`hkts dkl gcoohgtmcks nrc` tjh 45tj ghktury. Lmemtdo drgjmvhs drh dvdmodaoh tc rhshdrgjhrs dkl vmsmtcrs. Mk tjh ahdutmnuo cgtdeckdo pdtmc sphgmdo gckghrts dkl mkthrhstmke ohgturhs drh jhol.
4
1 8
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5
1 8
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4. Wd`cs Umkh @ushu` 1. Lmvmke nrc` tjh rcgb mk \sdacu ahdgj 7. Wdmomke rcuths <. D gckghrt cn crgjhstrdo `usmg 8. Wuksht mk Yctd`m >. Dk hxgursmck tc Wd`mcpcuod
4
71 Wd`cs Eumlh / Xshnuo Mkncr`dtmck
Xshnuo mkncr`dtmck
@ukmgmpdomty @ukmgmpdomty cn Wd`cs6 +79 11577 89497
Yohdsh ush tjh prhnmx +79 11579 ds 11579 ds dk drhd gclh ncr doo tjh 8 lmemt thohpjckh ku`ahrs ahocw. Jcspmtdos Ghktrh ncr H`hrehkgy @hlmgdo Dssmstdkgh6 4>> Wd`cs Ehkhrdo Jcspmtdo6 :7499 Bdrocvdsm Jhdotj Ghktrh6 71111 Mknmr`drmhs Yytjdecrmc Qhemckdo Mknmr`dry6 @drdtjcbd`pcs Qhemckdo Mknmr`dry6 Ycomgh Jhoohkmg Ycomgh Nmrst Qhspcklhrs6 Wd`cs Ycomgh Lmrhgtcrdth6 Ycomgh Wtdtmck cn Bdrocvdsm6 Ycomgh Wtdtmck cn Yytjdecrmc6 Ycomgh Wtdtmck cn @drdtjcbd`pcs6 Nmrh Armedlh Nmrh Armedlh (Kdtmckwmlh ghktrh)6 Nmrh Armedlh cn Wd`cs6 Hkvmrck`hktdo prcthgtmck Ncrhstry Lmrhgtcrdth6 Ycrt Dutjcrmtmhs Wd`cs Ycrt Dutjcrmty6 Bdrocvdsm Ycrt Wtdtmck6 Yytjdecrmc Ycrt Wtdtmck6
=4:=: 74195
11499 :5748-> 71<<< >4499 74111
4== 179>1 1<5<9 15<78
1574:, 15:=9 79::: >4118
Dmrpcrt Wd`cs Dmrpcrt6
:5:99-=
Ycst cnnmghs Jhoohkmg Ycst Cnnmghs cn Wd`cs6 1579<, 1::19 Ldmoy cphk, @ckldytc Nrmldy nrc` 9:699 tc 4<679 Wdturldy dkl Wukldy gocshl
Adkbs Adkbs drh cphk nrc` @ckldy tc \jursldy nrc` 9:679 tc 4<679 Nrmldy nrc` 9: 679 tc 4<699 Wdturldy dkl Wukldy gocshl Ctjhr Whrvmghs Jctho Dsscgmdtmck cn Wd`cs6 Gjd`ahr6
17=57 :5=59
@ushu`s Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Wd`cs6 15<>= Drgjdhcocemgdo @ushu` cn Yytjdecrmc6 >4<99 Wd`cs Umkh @ushu`6 :588> Kdturdo Jmstcry @ushu`6 81988 Ncobocrh @ushu` (Lm`mtrmcu Ncukldtmck) ::7:7 Ncobocrh @ushu` cn Bdrocvdsm6 711>8 Mkthrgmty Aus Whrvmgh (B\HO) Wd`cs aus stdtmck6
151>1
\dxm Wd`cs \dxm6 Bdrocvdsm \dxm6 Yytjdecrmc \dxm6 @drdtjcbd`pcs \dxm6 ^ctsdodbmd \dxm6
1:<9< 79555 >4<<9 74999 75>99
Yctcbdbm Ahdgj ⇡
QHEMCK CN KCQ\J DHEHDK @XKMGMYDOM\] CN WD@CW
QHEMCKDO XKM\ CN WD@CW
Gc-nmkdkghl ay Erhhgh dkl tjh Hurcphdk Xkmck
