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Lavender International: Radiographic Testing Assessments: Module 9-1

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Lavender International Online Assessments: Radiographic Testing: Module 9-1:

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Principles and Theories of Penetrating Radiation

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© Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full understanding of the website Terms and Conditions.

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1. Which of these isotopes emit Alpha particles? j Cobalt k l m n Cobalt 60

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j Radium 226 k l m n j Iridium 192 k l m n 192 j Caesium 137 k l m n

2. Calculate the efficiency of X-ray production given that the accelerating voltage is 250 Kv and the target material is tungsten? j 18.5 k l m n j 3.34 k l m n j 1.85 k l m n

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j 0.33 k l m n

3. Which of those listed below could be considered as a photon? j Gamma Ray k l m n j X-ray k l m n j Beta particle k l m n j Gamma ray and x-ray k l m n j All the above k l m n

4. X -rays used in radiography have a wavelength in the region of? j 10 -1 - 10 -4m k l m n j 10 2 - 10-4m k l m n j 10 -9 - 10 -13m k l m n j 10 -2 - 10 -4m k l m n

5. Compton scattering occurs at photon energies of approximately? j Upto about k l m n about 0.3 MeV j 0.3 to 3.0 k l m n 3.0 MeV j Over 3.0 MeV k l m n j May occur at any photon k l m n photon energy

6. A scattered photon that does not experience an energy shift is called?

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9/19/2001


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j Compton scatter k l m n j Photoelectric k l m n Photoelectric effect j Coherent scatter k l m n j Pair production k l m n

7. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the K Shell of an atom? j8 k l m n j6 k l m n j4 k l m n j2 k l m n

8. The mode by which low energy photons interact with matter is known as? j Photoelectric k l m n Photoelectric effect j Pair production k l m n j Compton scattering k l m n j All of the above k l m n abov e

9. The positron is considered to be equal to the electron in which of the following conditions? j Charge k l m n j Rest mass k l m n j Rest energy k l m n j All of the above k l m n abov e j Rest energy and rest mass only k l m n

10. Which group in the chemical periodic table is very inactive? Group A j Group k l m n Group B j Group k l m n Group C j Group k l m n Group O j Group k l m n 11. Photons have which of the following characteristics? j No energy k l m n energy j No elastic charge k l m n j Positive magnetic field k l m n j No energy and no electric charge k l m n j All of the above k l m n abov e

12. Given a decay constant of 0.0023 calculate the half life of the isotope? j 73 days k l m n j 165 days k l m n j 301 days k l m n j 370 days k l m n

13. How many Becquerels are there in 28 curie?


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j 1.036 GBq k l m n j 10.36 GBq k l m n j 1036 GBq k l m n j 103.6 GBq k l m n

14. Generally, neutron interaction may occur in which of the following ways? j Collision k l m n Collision with oribital electrons j Collision with the nucleus k l m n j Scattered by the nucleus k l m n j All the above k l m n j Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus k l m n

15. A photon enters an atom with an energy of 350 KeV. It knocks out an electron held by a binding energy of 58 Kev and accelerates it to an energy of 95 KeV. What energy would the scattered radiation be? j 197 KeV k l m n

KeV j 95 KeV k l m n j 123 Kev k l m n j Not enough information is given k l m n

16. Calculate the intensity of 20 curies of Ir 192 at 5 m from an unshielded source? j 0.384 R / Hr k l m n j 0.22 R / Hr k l m n j 0.88 R / Hr k l m n j 0.66 R / Hr k l m n

17. Caluclate the build up factor for a 30 mm thick material with an absorption coefficient of 0.45? j 13.5 k l m n j 2.35 k l m n j 1.35 k l m n j 14.35 k l m n

18. Which of the following statements is true? j As energ y decreases k l m n decrea ses inherent inhe rent unsharpn uns harpness ess increases incr eases j As energy k l m n ener gy increases incr eases omherent unsharpness unshar pness increase i ncreases s j Inherent unsharpness values are constant k l m n j Inherent unsharpness values do not relate to energy v alues k l m n

19. Calculate the thickness of a material - half value layer of 15mm - required to reduce the intesnity from 100 R / Hr to 50 R / Hr? j 60.2mm k l m n j 64.85mm k l m n j 43.29mm k l m n j 58.54mm k l m n


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20. Caluclate the intensity of 135 Ci Ir 192 isotope 5 m from the outside of conrete bunker - 430mm thickness. The isotope is in the centre of a 26mm steel vessel 4m diamater. The distance from the vessel to the wall of the bunker is 2m. HVL - Iridium 13mm, HVL Concrete - Iridium 43mm, Dose rate iridium R / Hr / Ci at 1m = 0.48? k m j l n 2.63mR/Hr k m j l n 0.195mR/Hr k m j l n 13.23mR/Hr k m j l n 0.062mR/Hr

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Here are the corrections: 1. Radium 226 2. 1.85 3. Gamma ray and x-ray 4. 10-9 - 10 -13 m 5. 0.3 to 3.0 MeV 6. Coherent scatter 7. 2 8. Photoelectric effect 9. Rest energy and rest mass only 10. Group O 11. No elastic charge 12. 301 days 13. 1036 GBq 14. Only collision with the nucleus and scattered by the nucleus 15. 197 KeV 16. 0.384 R / Hr 17. 2.35 18. As energy increases omherent unsharpness increases 19. 64.85mm 20. 0.195mR/Hr


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Radiographic Equipment X-Ray

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1. Of the following which is an electron accelerating device? k m j l n Van De Graaf


k m j l n Betatron k m j l n 250 Kv X Ray Set k m j l n All of the above k m j l n Van De Graaf and betatron only


2. Calculate the charge on the belt of a Van De Graaf given that capacitance is 350F and the voltage is 250V? k m j l n 8750 C k m j l n 87.5 x 10 3 C


k m j l n 8.75 x 10 3 C k m j l n 875 C

3. Betatrons are capable of penetrating steel upto the order of? > Resources Lots of interesting and useful NDT stuff...

k m j l n 40cm k m j l n 60cm k m j l n 80cm k m j l n 100cm

4. Which of the following circuits give a rectified AC output? k m j l n Graetz circuit k m j l n Villard circuit k m j l n Greinacker circuit k m j l n Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only

5. Which of the following may occur if the correct X Ray tube warm up procedure is NOT followed? k m j l n Thermal shock k m j l n Backfire due to outgassing of the target k m j l n Arc ove r k m j l n All of the above

6. The additio of a hood to the anode provides which of the following advantages?


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k m j l n Increase the efficiency of X Ray production k m j l n Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required k m j l n Increases the flow of electrons from the cathode giving higher output k m j l n Increase the efficiency of X Ray production and Increases the flow of electrons from

the cathode giving higher output k m j l n All of the above

7. Which of the following will reduce the amount of geometric unsharpness? k m j l n Increase object to film distance k m j l n Reduce focal spot size k m j l n reduce focal spot to object distance k m j l n None of the above

8. When constructing an X Ray exposure chart which of the following variables are NOT held constant? k m j l n Processing times k m j l n Kilovoltages k m j l n Exposure times k m j l n All of the above are held constant

9. In Figure One at the bottom of the page, what does 4 represent? k m j l n The belt k m j l n The insulting gas k m j l n The target k m j l n The electron gun



12. Which of the following X Ray generators uses a magnetic field to produce high energy radiation? k m j l n Linear accelerators k m j l n Betatrons k m j l n Resonance transformers k m j l n Van de Graaf Generators

13. How does a focusing cup in an X Ray tube focus the beam?


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k m j l n By using a magnetic field k m j l n By using a positive field k m j l n By using a negative field k m j l n By using frequency modulation

14. Filament currents in X Ray tubes are correct in the order of ? k m j l n 1 - 10 amps k m j l n 10 - 20 amps k m j l n 0.5 - 20 milliamps k m j l n 1 - 10 milliamps

15. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given that the focal spot size is 3mm, the focus to the film distance is 350mm and the material thi ckness is 30mm? k m j l n 0.19mm k m j l n 0.26mm k m j l n 0.28mm k m j l n 0.31mm

16. Which of the following metals is more transparent to X rays than any other? k m j l n Barium k m j l n Beryllium k m j l n Boron k m j l n Byzantum

17. In Figure Two below, which number represents the milliameter? k m j l n4 k m j l n6 k m j l n7 k m j l n9

18. In Figure Two below, what number represents the kilovoltage selector switch? k m j l n2 k m j l n3 k m j l n9 k m j l n8

19. In Figure Two below, what number represents the HT Transformer? k m j l n1 k m j l n2 k m j l n3 k m j l n5 k m j l n8

20. In Figure Two below, what number represents the filament transformer?


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k m j l n1 k m j l n2 k m j l n3 k m j l n5 k m j l n8

Figure One (click image to enlarge)

Figure Two (click image to enlarge)


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9/19/2001

Here are the corrections: 1. All of the above 2. 87.5 x 103 C 3. 40cm 4. Graetz circuit and Greinacker circuit only 5. All of the above 6. Reduces the amount of external radiation shielding required 7. Reduce focal spot size 8. Exposure times 9. The insulting gas 10. The belt 11. The electron gun 12. Betatrons 13. By using a negative field 14. 1 - 10 amps 15. 0.28mm 16. Beryllium 17. 4 18. 9 19. 2 20. 5





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Radiographic Equipment G amma-Ray

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Note: Question 7 - 10 are based on the following 1/2 lives Ir 192 - 75 days C o60 - 5.3 years and Tm 170 - 130 days (You may want to use log graph paper to help you)

© Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full understanding of the website Terms and Conditions. 1. Which of the following isotopes is created artificially?


k m j l n Radium 226 k m j l n Thulium 170 k m j l n Uranium 238 k m j l n All of the above


2. Why is depleted uranium now preferred as an isotope shield in place of lead? k m j l n More file resistance k m j l n Less material is required for the same protection k m j l n More structurally durable

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k m j l n All of the above

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k m j l n Only more file resistance and more structurally durable

3. Which isotope would have gamma ray energy of 0.3-0.6Mev? > Resources Lots of interesting and useful NDT stuff...

k m j l n Iridium k m j l n Cobalt k m j l n Radium k m j l n Thulium

4. Which of the following is NOT a disintegration mechanism on its own? k m j l n Alpha particle emission k m j l n Beta particle emission k m j l n Gamma ray emission k m j l n All are possible

5. What symbol is missing from the equation: 191 Ir + ? - 192 Ir + Gamma Ray k m j l n Nuclide k m j l n Nucleus k m j l n Neutron k m j l n Proton


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6. To which of the following elements does iridium 192 decay? k m j l n Platinum 192 k m j l n Iridium 191 k m j l n Osmium 192 k m j l n Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192 k m j l n All of the above

7. What will be the activity of a 50 curie Co60 Isotope after 7.4 years? k m j l n 38 curie k m j l n 25 curie k m j l n 19 curie k m j l n 14 curie

8. What will be the activity of a 65 curie Ir 192 Isotope after 200 days? k m j l n 18.5 curies k m j l n 15.2 curies k m j l n 12.6 curies k m j l n 9.75 curies

9. What will be the activity of a 20 curie Tm 170 isotope after 26 days? k m j l n 17.4 curies k m j l n 15.6 curies k m j l n 12.8 curies k m j l n 10.1 curies

10. What will be the activity of 35 curies Ir 192 after 110 days? k m j l n 32.18 curies k m j l n 22.63 curies k m j l n 12.78 curies k m j l n 5.23 curies

11. To what stable element does Cobalt 60 decay? k m j l n Cobalt 59 k m j l n Nickel 60 k m j l n Nickel 59 k m j l n Barium 60

12. What are the gamma ray energies of Cobalt 60? k m j l n 1.33 MeV k m j l n 1.17 MeV k m j l n 0.66 MeV k m j l n All of the above k m j l n Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV


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13. Which of the following isotopes could be succesfully used to radiography 15mm of Aluminium? k m j l n Cobalt 60 k m j l n Iridium 192 k m j l n Thulium 170 k m j l n Isotopes cannot be used on that thickness of Aluminium

14. Gamma ray energies are measured in? k m j l n Roentgens k m j l n Roentgens per hour k m j l n MeV or KeV k m j l n Any of the above

15. Calculate the intensity 3m from a 25 curie isotope of iridium? k m j l n 5.092 R/Hr k m j l n 1.528 R/Hr k m j l n 0.611 R/Hr k m j l n 0.323 R/Hr



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Here are the corrections: 1. Thulium 170 2. All of the above 3. Iridium 4. All are possible 5. Neutron 6. Both Platinum 192 and Osmium 192 7. 19 curie 8. 9.75 curies 9. 17.4 curies 10. 12.78 curies 11. Nickel 60 12. Both 1.33 MeV and 1.17 MeV 13. Thulium 170 14. MeV or KeV 15. 1.528 R/Hr





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Radiographic Safety & Detection Equipment




© Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full understanding of the website Terms and Conditions. 1. During exposure to X or gamma radiation what is the mechanism by which damage to cell tissue occurs? k m j l n Scintillation k m j l n Ionisation k m j l n Contamination k m j l n Ionisation and Contamination

2. Which of the following is considered to be the most biologically dangerous when coming into contact with living tissue? k m j l n X-rays k m j l n Gamma rays



k m j l n Alpha particles k m j l n Beta rays k m j l n All the above are equally dangerous

3. What do the letters TLD stand for? k m j l n Thermonic luminous diode k m j l n Thermo luminescent dosimetry k m j l n Thermo luminous dosemeter k m j l n Thermonic luminescent dosemeter

4. Which is the most common phospur used in TLD manufacture? k m j l n Calcium tungstate k m j l n Sodium fluoride k m j l n Sodium carbonate k m j l n Lithium fluoride

5. Apart from personnel monitoring what other uses may a TLD have? k m j l n Environmental monitoring k m j l n Archaeology k m j l n Geological diating k m j l n All of the above


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6. Which of the following radiation types may be detected using Scintillation detectors? k m j l n Alpha particles k m j l n Gamma rays k m j l n Beta particles k m j l n Neutrons k m j l n All of the above

7. Which of the following radiation detectors uses a gas filled chamber? k m j l n Semi conductor detector k m j l n Thermoluminescent detector k m j l n Proportional counter k m j l n All of the above

8. Which below is an advantage of the scintillation detector over the typical gas ionisation chamber? k m j l n Higher efficiencies k m j l n Smaller than the gas filled detector k m j l n Highly sensitive k m j l n All of above

9. Which cell of the human body is considered the most radiosensitive? k m j l n Red blood cells k m j l n White blood cells k m j l n Skin cells k m j l n Blood vessel cells

10. Which of the following measures the ionising effect in air? k m j l n Rad / Grey k m j l n Rem / Sievert k m j l n Roentgen k m j l n All of the above

11. Calculate the distance required to reduce the intensity from 550 R/Hr at 0.5m to 7.5m R/Hr? k m j l n 183.3.m k m j l n 152.5m k m j l n 135.4m k m j l n 18.3m

12. Which of the following devices uses a gas to help amplifier the ionisation effect and thereby make it more sensitive? k m j l n Semi conductor detectors k m j l n Scintillation detectors k m j l n Thermoluminescent detectors k m j l n GM tube devices


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13. How much concrete would be required to reduce the intensity of an Ir 192 source from 100 R/ Hr to 10 R/Hr? k m j l n 139.7mm k m j l n 125.3mm k m j l n 62.5mm k m j l n 34mm

14. Calibration limits when checking the accuracy of survey instruements is usually? k m j l n +/-20% k m j l n +/-15% k m j l n +/-10% k m j l n +/-5%

15. Which of the following is the most essential piece of equipment when working with isotopes? k m j l n Film badge k m j l n Warning signals k m j l n Survey meter k m j l n Pocket dosemeters



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Here are the corrections: 1. Ionisation 2. Alpha particles 3. Thermo luminescent dosimetry 4. Lithium fluoride 5. All of the above 6. All of the above 7. Proportional counter 8. All of above 9. White blood cells 10. Roentgen 11. 135.4m 12. GM tube devices 13. 139.7mm 14. +/-20% 15. Survey meter





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General Radiographic Principles




© Copyright 2000. Lavender International Online Assessments are copyrighted and may only be used for personal use. Your use of the assessments signifies your acknowledgement of this fact and full understanding of the website Terms and Conditions. 1. Calculate the density when Incident Light source is 5000 lux and the transmitted light intensity is 70 lux? k m j l n 0.92 k m j l n 1.85 k m j l n 4.21 k m j l n 7.14

2. Radiographic sensitivity is a function of which of the following factors? k m j l n Definition and resolution k m j l n Resolution and contrast k m j l n Contrast and definition



k m j l n Unsharpness and resolution

3. An acceptable radiograph was made at 300 mm for 20 mA minutes. What would be the new exposure at 500 mm? k m j l n 40.8 mA min k m j l n 55.6 mA min k m j l n 33.3 mA min k m j l n 12 mA min

4. The density difference on two adjacent areas of a radiograph is called? k m j l n Sensitivity k m j l n Resolution k m j l n Subject Contrast k m j l n Radiographic Contrast

5. Which of the following screen types will give the sharpest definition? k m j l n Lead foil screens k m j l n Fluorescent screens k m j l n Fluo-metallic screens k m j l n All the above will give a similar definition

6. Pair production occurs at energies above approximately


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k m j l n 0.1 MeV k m j l n 0.53 MeV k m j l n 1.02 MeV k m j l n 10.06 MeV

7. You are required to radiograph a 80 mm section of steel which radiation type listed below would you use? k m j l n 200 Kv X-Ray Unit k m j l n Iridium 192 k m j l n Thulium 170 k m j l n Cobalt 60

8. The thickness variation that corresponds to the useful density range is known as? k m j l n Contrast k m j l n Resolution k m j l n Latitude k m j l n Sensitivity

9. The clarity and sharpness of an image can be improved by which of the following? k m j l n Slow speed films k m j l n Longer object to film distances k m j l n Larger size films k m j l n Slow speed films and longer object to film distances

10. The process by which silver halide is converted to metallic silver is known as? k m j l n Fixing k m j l n Development k m j l n Latent imaging k m j l n Transformation

11. Which of the following will affect contrast? k m j l n Scatter k m j l n Grain size of the film k m j l n Radiation energy k m j l n Changes in section thickness k m j l n All of the above

12. An increase in electron flow from the filament will result from which of the following? k m j l n An increase in the millamps k m j l n An increase in the kilovoltage k m j l n An increase in the temperature of the filament k m j l n All of the above will increase electron flow

13. Calculate the geometric unsharpness given the following: Object thickness of 25mm, Source to film


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distance 350mm and Source effective size 3mm? k m j l n 0.21mm k m j l n 4.67mm k m j l n 4.33mm k m j l n 0.23mm

14. Which of the following represents the reciprocity law? k m j l n M X T 2 = M X T 2 1 1 2 2 k m j l n I X D 2 = I X D 2 1 1 2 2 k m j l n M X T = M X T 1 1 2 2 k m j l n E X D 2 = E X D 2 1 2 2 1

15. Calculate the new distance given that the original exposure was 12 mA minutes at 300mm and a new exposure of 5 mA minutes is desired? k m j l n 154.2mm k m j l n 193.6mm k m j l n 464.8mm k m j l n 37500mm

16. The equivalence factor for steel / lead using Iridium 192 is 1.0 to 4.0. What exposure would be required to shoot 1.5cm of lead if the exposure fr the same thickness of steel was 15 curie minutes? k m j l n 3.75 curie minutes k m j l n 7.5 curie minutes k m j l n 30 curie minutes k m j l n 60 curie minutes

17. Which of the following will help to reduce scattered radiation? k m j l n Lead foil screens k m j l n Masks k m j l n Diaphrams k m j l n Lead foil screens and masks k m j l n All the above

18. What effect will a filter have when placed in a radiation beam? k m j l n Reduce subject contrast k m j l n Increases the radiation energy k m j l n Reduce the latitude k m j l n All the above

19. When radiographing a large grain material a mottled pattern is observed on the radiograph. How may this be eliminated? k m j l n Lower the Kv and use fluorescent screen k m j l n Lower the Kv and use lead screens


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k m j l n Raise the Kv and use lead screens k m j l n Raise the Kv and use fluorescent screens

20. Scatter with an angle of greater than 90 degrees is known as? k m j l n Side scatter k m j l n Back scatter k m j l n Internal scatter k m j l n Radiographic undercutting



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Here are the corrections: 1. 1.85 2. Contrast and definition 3. 55.6 mA min 4. Radiographic Contrast 5. Lead foil screens 6. 1.02 MeV 7. Cobalt 60 8. Latitude 9. Slow speed films 10. Development 11. Grain size of the film 12. All of the above will increase electron flow 13. 0.23mm 14. M1 X T1 = M2 X T2 15. 193.6mm 16. 60 curie minutes 17. All the above 18. Reduce subject contrast 19. Raise the Kv and use lead screens 20. Back scatter




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Film and Film Processing

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1. Which of the following will improve film contrast? k m j l n Using a faster film


k m j l n Using a higher temperature developer k m j l n Increasing the radiation energy k m j l n Reducing the focal spot size

2. Which of the following chemicals is checked for when condisdering archival storage? > Online Bookings Why phone when you can book online...

k m j l n Thulium sulphate k m j l n Thiosulphate k m j l n Silver bromide k m j l n Acitic acid



3. A straight dark line is evident on a radiograph however, on a re-shoot the line is no longer evident. What may be the cause of the problem? k m j l n A crack in the weld k m j l n Dust on the film k m j l n A scratch on the lead foil screen k m j l n Static marks

4. The abrupt bending of a film prior to exposure will cause which of the following? k m j l n White crimp mark k m j l n Static marks k m j l n Scratches k m j l n Fogging

5. Which of the following may cause slight fogging of a film? k m j l n High temperatures k m j l n High humidity k m j l n Incorrect safelight levels k m j l n All the above

6. When using real time radiography which of the following artefacts could occur


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k m j l n Crimp marks k m j l n Dust k m j l n Electronic Noise k m j l n Dust and electronic noise k m j l n All of the above

7. What is required to create a latent image on a silver halide salt crystal? k m j l n Developer k m j l n Fixation k m j l n Energy k m j l n All of the above

8. Which of the following is a component of the developer? k m j l n Ammonium thiosulphate k m j l n Sodium carbonate k m j l n Acetic Acid k m j l n Aluminium chloride

9. Which of the following is a component of the fixer which clears away unexposed silver bromide crystals? k m j l n Ammonium thiosulphate k m j l n Sodium carbonate k m j l n Acetic Acid k m j l n Aluminium chloride

10. Which of the following chemicals is used in the stop bath? k m j l n Ammonium thiosulphate k m j l n Sodium carbonate k m j l n Acetic Acid k m j l n Aluminium chloride

11. Approximately what percentage of the original silver in the film remains in the fixer solution? k m j l n 10% k m j l n 20% k m j l n 40% k m j l n 60%

12. Calculate the density if the incident light is 6200 lux and the transmitted light is 20 lux? k m j l n 2.5 k m j l n 1.5 k m j l n 2.3 k m j l n 2.8

13. Which chemical is used in both developer and fixer as a preservative?


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k m j l n Phenidone k m j l n Sodium sulphate k m j l n Water k m j l n Potassium bromide

14. Fast films have ??? with respect to slow films? k m j l n Wider latitude and good contrast k m j l n Wider latitude and low contrast k m j l n Narrow latitude and low contrast k m j l n Narrow latitude and good contrast

15. What is the approximate PH level of the stop bath? k m j l n 10 k m j l n8 k m j l n6 k m j l n4 k m j l n2



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9/19/2001

Here are the corrections: 1. Using a higher temperature developer 2. Thiosulphate 3. A scratch on the lead foil screen 4. White crimp mark 5. All the above 6. Dust and electronic noise 7. Energy 8. Sodium carbonate 9. Ammonium thiosulphate 10. Acetic Acid 11. 40% 12. 2.5 13. Sodium sulphate 14. Wider latitude and low contrast 15. 2




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Other Radiographic Methods (excluding Neutron Radiography)

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1. Most commercial flash radiography is performed with equipment using exposure in the order of? k m j l n 0 - 10 nS


k m j l n 20 - 70 nS k m j l n 10 - 30 µS k m j l n 50 - 100 µS

2. Which of the following is an application of flash radiography? > Online Bookings Why phone when you can book online...

k m j l n Delonics k m j l n Ballistics k m j l n Biomedical k m j l n All of the above


3. Which of the following can be used to record flash radiography? k m j l n Film


k m j l n Electro optical systems k m j l n Cinefilm k m j l n All of the above

4. Using the rigid formula method calculate the depth from the source side of the test plate - 80mm thick - to the defect given the following: Source shift between exposure 'A'=150mm, The image shift of the flaw 'B'=20mm, The source to film distance 'T'=500mm. Assume the film is in contact with the test piece k m j l n 21.2mm k m j l n 58.8mm k m j l n 62.3mm k m j l n Not enough information is given

5. The technique that produces an image of a region in a plane of an object without interference from the adjacent plane is known as? k m j l n Real time radiography k m j l n In motion radiography k m j l n Tomography k m j l n Microradiography


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6. Which of the following is NOT required in radiation gaging techniques k m j l n Film k m j l n Source k m j l n Gaging device k m j l n All the ab ove are required

7. Which of the following can be achieved using radiation gaging? k m j l n Composition gaging k m j l n Thickness gaging k m j l n Density gaging k m j l n All the above k m j l n Only thickness gaging and density gaging

8. Which technique would generally be used to inspect a pipeline where access is available to both inside and outside of the pipe? k m j l n Double wall double image k m j l n Double wall single image k m j l n Panoramic k m j l n Single wall double image

9. X-ray diffraction is used in which od the following applications? k m j l n Defect location k m j l n Identifying compunds k m j l n Thickness gaging k m j l n Density measurements

10. Which is another term to describe fluoroscopy? k m j l n Tomography k m j l n Laminography k m j l n Real time radiography k m j l n Microradiography

11. Which screen type is used with real time radiography? k m j l n Lead foil k m j l n Calcium tungstate k m j l n Fluorometallic k m j l n A combination of the above screens may be used

12. Calculate the magnification factor for a Real Time Image projection given that focal spot to object distance 'a'=250mm and the object to screen distance 'b'=150mm? k m j l n 1.6X k m j l n 1.4X k m j l n 0.5X


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k m j l n 0.625X

13. Which of the radiation sources listed below can be used for real time radiography? k m j l n Iridium 192 k m j l n Cobalt 60 k m j l n Conventional hot cathode X -ray units k m j l n Linear accelerators k m j l n All the above may be used

14. As compared to conventional film radiography which of the following is an advantage of fluroscopy? k m j l n Higher sensitivity k m j l n Higher resolution k m j l n Faster results k m j l n Can work at any Kv level

15. When viewing fluroscopic images which screen colour would give the highest visual activity all factors being equal? k m j l n Red light k m j l n Blue light k m j l n White light k m j l n Yellow / Green light

16. Which of the following is an application of fluoroscopy? k m j l n Steel castings k m j l n Light alloy castings k m j l n Baggage inspection k m j l n All of the above k m j l n Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection

17. A tube which converts photons to electrons, accelerates the electrons, and then reconverts them to light is known as a? k m j l n Photdiode k m j l n Image intesnifier k m j l n Photomultiplier tube k m j l n Fluorescent screen

18. The radiographic technique which uses radiation given off from a radioactive specimen is known as? k m j l n Neutron radiography k m j l n Autoradiography k m j l n Stereoradiography k m j l n Electronradiography

19. Which of the following is an example of in -motion radiography?


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k m j l n Linear motion k m j l n Rotary motion k m j l n Syncronous radiography k m j l n Only linear motion and rotary motion k m j l n All of the above

20. Which of the following is a method of Radiographically determining the depth of a flaw? k m j l n The parallax method k m j l n Rigid formula method k m j l n Single marker approximate formula k m j l n All the above will determine the depth of a flaw



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Here are the corrections: 1. 20 - 70 nS 2. All of the above 3. All of the above 4. 21.2mm 5. Tomography 6. Film 7. All the above 8. Panoramic 9. Identifying compunds 10. Real time radiography 11. Calcium tungstate 12. 1.6X 13. All the above may be used 14. Faster results 15. Yellow / Green light 16. Only light alloy castings and baggage inspection 17. Image intesnifier 18. Autoradiography 19. All of the above 20. All the above will determine the depth of a flaw




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Interpretation Welds and Castings

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1. Density readigs should be accurate to within? k m j l n +/-0.02


k m j l n +/-0.04 k m j l n +/-0.05 k m j l n +/-0.10

2. Which of the following would cause a white spot on the film? > Online Bookings Why phone when you can book online...

k m j l n Light fog k m j l n Dust on the film prior to development k m j l n Crimp mark after development k m j l n Static marks


3. How might an inclusion appear on a radiograph? k m j l n Straight back line


k m j l n Dark, irregular shaped area k m j l n Light irregular shaped area k m j l n Dark, irregular shaped area OR light, irregular shaped area depending on the nature

of the inclusion 4. A dark well defined black line 2mm in width is noted in the centre of the weld, what would you interpret this defect to be? k m j l n Lack of root fusion k m j l n Root undercut k m j l n Lack of penetration k m j l n Slag line

5. Another name for pipe misalignment is? k m j l n Hi-low k m j l n Underfill k m j l n Undercut k m j l n Overlap

6. Which of the following defects would be most difficult to observe radiographically?


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k m j l n Porosity k m j l n Undercut k m j l n Overlap / Cold lap k m j l n Slag line

7. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of fusion may occur? k m j l n1 k m j l n2 k m j l n3 k m j l n4

8. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where lack of penetration may occur? k m j l n3 k m j l n2 k m j l n4 k m j l n6

9. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where undercut would occur? k m j l n1 k m j l n2 k m j l n6 k m j l n3

10. Identify on Figure One at the bottom of the page, where heat affected zone cracking may occur? k m j l n1 k m j l n2 k m j l n3 k m j l n4

11. A black jagged line is noted on a radiograph of the change in section of a casting. What is the most likely cause of this indication? k m j l n Filamentary shrinkage k m j l n Hot tear k m j l n Micro shrinkage k m j l n Sand inclusion

12. When two bodies of molten metal fail to fuse in a casting the resultant discontinuity is called? k m j l n A misrun k m j l n Lack of fusion k m j l n Cold shut k m j l n All of the above

13. A metal device used to support the core inside the mold of a casting is called?


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k m j l n Chaplet k m j l n Chill k m j l n Core shift k m j l n Feeder head

14. Which of the following cast defects could easily be radiographically interpreted as a crack? k m j l n Sand inclusions k m j l n Blow holes k m j l n Hot tears k m j l n Shrinkage

15. A black line 2mm wide is noted on a radiograph. It runs from the cast surface into the casting. Which of the following is the best description of this indication? k m j l n Wormhole k m j l n Blowhole k m j l n Porosity k m j l n Sand inclusion

16. A dark patchy area is noted on a radiograph in the centre of a parallel sided cast section. Which of the following discontinuities is this likely to be? k m j l n Sand inclsuion k m j l n Wormhole k m j l n Shrinkage k m j l n Cold shut

17. A metal insert in the mold surface used to increase the cooling rate in that area is called? k m j l n A chaplet k m j l n A cooler k m j l n A core k m j l n A chill

18. A resovoir of molten metal used to reduce the effects of solidification shrinkage is called? k m j l n A feeder k m j l n A runner k m j l n A flask k m j l n A hot spot

19. When radiographing the butt weld end of a casting using the single wall single image method it is noticed that the density varies around the butt weld end assuming there has been no changes in exposure or development, what may have caused this condition? k m j l n Shrinkage k m j l n Chill k m j l n Core shift k m j l n Unfused chaplet


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20. Which of the following could give rise to a leakage path through the wall of a casting? k m j l n Core shift k m j l n A chill k m j l n An unfused chaplet k m j l n A sand inclusion

Figure One (click image to enlarge)



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9/19/2001

RT Question Lavender

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