nawili pirveli
winasityvaoba
adamianTa
Sexedulebani
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
rogor
unda
awarmoos
saxelmwifom finansuri operaciebi, Rrma politikuri filosofiis nayofia. erTni
uzenaes
prioritetad
sazogadoebis filosofia
keTildReobis ki
saxelmwifos*
piris
Tavisuflebas,
sxvadasxva yvelaze
aspeqtebs gonivruli
meoreni
ki
miiCneven.
_
mTlianad
gansxvavebuli
ekonomikuri
saqmianobis
Taobaze gansxvavebul mosazrebebs badebs. Tumca mxolod
politikis
politikuri
saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb racionaluri mosazrebis Camosayalibeblad
filosofia
praqtikuli
ar
saqmianobis
kmara.
aRniSnuli
codnas.
vin
procesi
aris
moiTxovs
uflebamosili,
warmarTos ekonomikuri politika? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da saidan qmnis Semosavals? am wignis pirvel TavSi SevityobT, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebs politikuri azri sajaro finansebisadmi damokidebulebis formirebaze da ra qmedebebia damaxasiaTebeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sajaro finansebis sistemisaTvis. pirveli Tavi aris erTgvari wyaro sajaro finansebis sistemis im detalebis gasaazreblad, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli. me-2 da me-3 TavebSi aRwerilia ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli sajaro finansebis romelic
analitikuri
berketebi;
mizez-Sedegobrivi
me-2
urTierTobis
Tavi
Seexeba
pozitiur
koncefciasTanaa
analizs,
dakavSirebuli.
sainteresoa, rogor afaseben ekonomistebi sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis xarisxs. Tumca Cveni mizani ar Semoifargleba saxelmwifo politikis Sedegis
*
wignis dedanSi, iseve rogorc zogadad inglisurenovan literaturaSi, gamoyenebulia termini ''Government", romelic pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc `mTavroba~, magram, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili iqneba mTavrobis ekonomikuri funqciebis saxelmwifoze gavrceleba, radgan xelisuflebis danawilebis klasikuri principis Tanaxmad Zalian bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris, aSS-Si da saqarTveloSi) mTavroba mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa da mTlianad ver gansazRvravs ekonomikur politikas. cxadia, SeiZleboda gvexmara termini `xelisufleba~, romelic aerTianebs aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs rogorc centralur (federalur), ise adgilobriv doneebze, magram tradiciisadmi pativiscemis niSnad da imis xazgasasmelad, rom xelisufleba mxolod saxelmwifos nawilia, romelsac saxelmwifos ufro didi nawilis _ mosaxleobis winaSe valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba akisria da rom msoflios Zalian bevr qveyanaSi arapirdapiri gziT (arCevnebi, referendumebi da a.S.) mosaxleobac monawileobs politikis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi, Cven gamoviyenebT termins `saxelmwifo~ (red.).
1
gansazRvriT. gvsurs, gavaanalizoT, moaqvs Tu ara mas dadebiTi Sedegi (da ra SemTxvevaSi). es normatiuli analizis funqciaა, romelic moiTxovs zust da mkafio
eTikur
SexedulebaTa
sistemas,
romlis
gareSe
`kargis~
aRmoCena
SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli eTikuri Sexedulebebis sistema me-3 TavSia ganxiluli.
2
Tavi pirveli
Sesavali
sajaro finansebi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli kamaTi individisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb. sajaro finansebi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis saukeTeso skolaa. vaclav klausi, CexeTis yofili premier-ministri
1030
weli
centraluri
qristeSobamde.
xelisuflebis
aTwleulebis
gareSe
ganmavlobaSi
cxovrobdnen.
biblia
ebraeli
tomebi
mogviTxrobs,
Tu
rogor evedreboda xalxi winaswarmetyvel samuels: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom sxva
xalxebis
wesisamebr
gangvsjides~
(I
mefeTa
8,
5).
samueli
Seecada,
ebraelTaTvis azri Seecvlevinebina. man aRuwera, Tu rogori iqneboda maTi cxovreba monarqiis farglebSi: `ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiyvans Tqvens Svilebs da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daiyenebs da irbenen misi etlis win. . . aiyvans Tqvens asulebs menelsacxebleebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxobelebad. wagarTmevT saukeTeso yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis morCilebs daurigebs. . .…waiRebs meaTeds Tqveni faridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens arCeul mefeze. . .~ (I mefeTa 8, 11 – 18). ………
Tumca ebraelebs
warbic ar SeuxriaT dramatuli scenaris
gamo: `ar
daujera xalxma samuels. Tqves: ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi unda viyoT, rogoric
sxva xalxebi
arian. Cveni
mefe gangvsjis
Cven, win
wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebs~ (I mefeTa 8, 19 – 20). es
bibliuri
epizodi
zustad
aRwers
saukuneebis
winandel
e.
w.
ambivalenturobas (ormag gancdas) saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo sistema aucileblobaa _ yvela ers aqvs igi, Tumca imavdroulad mas arasasurveli Sedegebis motanac SeuZlia. aseTi Sereuli Sexedulebani saxelmwifos mimarT kompleqsurad
saxelmwifos
sagadasaxado
da
saxarjo
dakavSirebuli. mefe mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs maTTvis
politikasTanaa saWiro zogierTi
3
saSualebiT
(am
SemTxvevaSi,
gadaxdis
Semdeg.
seqtoria.
samuelis
jariT),
saxelmwifo
magram
danaxarjebis
daxvewili
ganmartebis
mxolod wyaro
garkveuli
sabolood
Tanaxmad,
safasuris
mainc
gadasaxadebi
kerZo sakmaod
seriozul tvirTad SeiZleba iqces. mas Semdeg saukuneebma ganvlo, saxelmwifos mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba ki kvlav aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs saxelmwifos finansur
operaciebTan
sagadasaxado saxelmwifo*
da
dakavSirebiT.
saxarjo
finansebsac
es
wigni
politikis uwodeben.
mogviTxrobs
saxelmwifos
romelsac,
Cveulebriv,
Sesaxeb,
aRniSnuli
termini
garkveulwilad
arazustia, radgan finansuri xasiaTis (anu fulTan dakavSirebuli) sakiTxebi sulac ar aris arsebiTi. ZiriTadi problemebi ufro metad realuri resursis gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. swored amitom zogierTi avtori upiratesobas aniWebs termins saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomika an ubralod saxelmwifo ekonomika. yuradRebis
centrSia
saxelmwifos
mikroekonomikuri
funqcia
da
resursebis gamoyofasa da Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos makroekonomikur funqcias (sagadasaxado, saxarjo da fulad-sakredito
politikis
saSualebiT
umuSevrobisa
da
fasebis
saerTo
doneze zemoqmedeba), is calke kursSi Seiswavleba. sajaro finansebis maregulirebeli
moqmedebis
strategia
sfero zogjer bundovania.
mniSvnelovan
zegavlenas
saxelmwifos
axdens
resursebis
ganawilebaze, romlis mizani zogjer saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. ase, magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifos surs, Seamciros korporaciis sidide, mas SeuZlia, msxvil korporaciebze maRali gadasaxadi daawesos. garda amisa, saxelmwifo reglamentirebis ufleba aqvs, romlis
mixedviTac,
gansazRvrul
moculobaze
ufro
didi
firma
aralegalurad CaiTvleba. sajaro finansebi korporaciebis dabegvris sakiTxs intensiurad
swavlobs,
arapirdapiri Seswavlis masalebSia danaxarjebis
ganxiluli).
xolo
antimonopoliuri
sagania
(romlebic
es
wigni
ki
sakiTxebi
sawarmoo
misi
organizaciis
tradiciulad
mxolod Sesaxeb
saxelmwifos
mier
gawevasa da Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis
ganxilvas gaagrZelebs.
*
dedanSi gamoyenebulia termini "Public finance", romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc `sazogadoebrivi finansebi~, `saxelmwifo finansebi~, magram Cven upiratesoba `sajaro finansebs~ mivaniWeT, radgan ekonomikis es sfero, garda wminda saxelmwifo finansebisa, moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa dazRveva, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo finansebis nawili (red.).
4
sajaro finansebi da ideologia
ekonomistebi, saxelmwifos
romlebic
mier
sajaro
faqtobrivad
finansebs
gatarebul
swavloben,
sagadasaxado
ikvleven
da
saxarjo
politikas. garda amisa, isini imasac aanalizeben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo es politika. Sexedulebani ekonomikur sferoSi saxelmwifos saqmianobis Sesaxeb im ideologiuri mosazrebebis nayofia, romlebic individisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobas
Seexeba.
politikuri
filosofosebi
or
ZiriTad
midgomas
ganasxvaveben:
organuli Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo bunebrivi organizmia. TiToeuli individi aris aRniSnuli organizmis nawili, Tavad saxelmwifo ki Ze
dunis
eTikis
maswavlebeli
pekinSi,
_
organizmis guli. iang Cang-Ci, mao
amtkicebda,
rom
`qveyana
mTliani
organizmia. igi adamianis sxeuls hgavs. qveyana ar aris manqana, romelic SesaZloa
daiSalos
mniSvnelovania,
da
rogorc
kvlav
aiwyos~
mxolod
(Johnson,
sazogadoebis
1983, wevri,
gv. da
197).
individi
misi
sikeTe
sazogadoebis mTliani sikeTis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. amdenad, sazogadoeba zemoqmedebs individze. ase, magaliTad, platonis `respublikaSi~ moqalaqis qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tu igi sazogadoebis keTildReobazea orientirebuli. saxelmwifos nacistebi
Sesaxeb
gvTavazoben:
organuli
Teoriis
`nacionalisturi
yvelaze socializmi
samarcxvino ar
magaliTs
aRiarebs
calke
individs, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebisagan damoukideblad da saimedodaa daculi saxelmwifo Carevisagan... individis yoveldRiuri moqmedeba mTlianobas unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod am gziT iqneba igi Rirebuli~1.
1
Stuckart and Globke (1968, gv. 330). (uiliam stukarti da hans globke _ nacisturi germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uxucesi warmomadgenlebi).
5
sazogadoebis Sesrulebis
miznebis
unars
gansxvavebulia.
avtori
aniWebs.
platoni
saxelmwifoa;
cxadia,
Tvlida,
igi
miznebis
rom
sazogadoebas
arCevani
saxelmwifos
maTi
mniSvnelovnad
mizani
aris
oqros
Sualedis miRweva, romlis farglebSic adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebuli iqneba srulyofili keTilgonierebiT. meore mxriv, adolf hitleri (1971/1925, gv. 393) miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos mizania rasobrivi siwmindis miRweva: `saxelmwifo srulyofilebis fsiqikurad
miRwevis
homogenur
ganviTarebaa~.
leninis
saxelmwifos
mizani
saSualebaa.
srulyofileba
qmnilebaTagan sityvebis `muSa
Semdgari
Tanaxmad
da
ki
fizikurad
sazogadoebis
(1968/1917,
eqspluatirebul
gv.
198),
xalxTa
dacva
da da
proletaruli maswavlebloba,
winamZRoloba da lideroba da am gziT maTi socializmSi Seyvanaa~. sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelovania,
miznebi
gavigoT,
Tu
metad
gansxvavebulia;
rogor unda
moxdes
maTi
amdenad, SerCeva.
Zalian organuli
Teoriis mimdevarni amtkiceben, rom garkveul miznebs sazogadoeba bunebrivad asrulebs.
bunebrivi
suverenitetisaTvis
miznis brZolaa
erT-erTi (gavixsenoT
magaliTi
geografiul
nacistebis
ltolva
arealSi evropaSi
dominanturi adgilis mosapoveblad). filosofosebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobdnen, aexsnaT termin `bunebrivis~ mniSvneloba, Tumca misi gansazRvreba dRemde bundovania.
meqanikuri Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
meqanikuri organuli gamoigones.
Teoriis
nawili.
igi
Tanaxmad, TiTqos
saxelmwifo
adamianebma
ar
Tavisi
aris
sazogadoebis
miznebis
misaRwevad
amerikeli politikuri moRvawis, henri kleis, azriT (1829 weli),
`saxelmwifos endobian. saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki rwmunebulebi arian. rogorc ndobis sagani, ise rwmunebulebi adamianTaTvis sargeblobis uzrunvelsayofad arian Seqmnilni~. centralur rgolSi upiratesad dgas individi (da ara jgufi). davuSvaT,
saxelmwifos
mizani
marTlac
xalxisaTvis
keTildReobis
motanaa. Cven jer ar gangvisazRvria keTildReobis arsi, arc is, Tu rogor unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom ,,keTildReoba~. yvela adamiani eTanxmeba im azrs,
rom
saxelmwifo
mosaxleobas
Zaladobisagan
icavs.
amisaTvis
ki
saxelmwifos iZulebis uflebis monopolia esaWiroeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi anarqia gaZlierdeba da situacia daemsgavseba
XVII saukunis
filosofosis, Tomas
6
hobesis
(1963/1651,
martosuli, somaliSi
gv. 143),
sabralo,
momxdari
sityvebSi aRwerils: `adamianis
sazizRari,
movlenebi,
sastiki
sadac
da
arc
cxovreba (gaxda)
xanmokle~.
efeqtiani
bolo
periodSi
erovnuli
mTavroba
funqcionirebs da danaSaulic Cveulebrivi movlenaa, kidev erTxel adasturebs hobesis dakvirvebis WeSmaritebas. analogiurad, `xalxTa simdidreSi~ ("The Wealth of
Nations")
adam
smiTi
amtkicebs,
rom
saxelmwifom
unda
daicvas
`Tavisi
sazogadoeba danaSaulisa da sxva, damoukidebeli sazogadoebis agresiisagan~, `xolo sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri _ sxvaTa Cagvrisa da usamarTlobisagan~ (1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 182, 198). yvelaze SezRuduli Zalauflebis
mqone
saxelmwifosac
ki
fizikuri
iZulebisagan moqalaqeebis dacva evaleba. garda amisa, smiTi amtkicebda, rom saxelmwifom unda ikisros `gansazRvruli saxelmwifo saqmisa da saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba, romlebic arasodes ar
moemsaxureba
individis
an
individTa
mcire
jgufis
interesebis
stimulirebasa da Sesrulebas~ (1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 210-211). aq SesaZloa gagvaxsendes
gzebi,
xidebi,
sakanalizacio
sistema
_
infrastruqtura
sazogadoebis sakeTildReod unda funqcionirebdes2. am TvalsazrisiT, meqanikuri Teoriis WrilSi gamefebuli mosazrebani sakmaod gansxvavebulia. Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarni, romlebic Tvlidnen,
rom
SezRuduli
Zalauflebis
mqone
saxelmwifo
yvelaze
racionaluria, misTvis ekonomikuri rolis miniWebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. smiTis
sityvebiT
samarTlianobis
vTqvaT,
kanons,
dakmayofilebaSi~ mimdevarni
rom
metad
`nebismieri
absoluturad
(1977/1776,
wigni
skeptikurad
V, gv.
adamiani,
Tavisufalia 180).
uyurebdnen
sanam
ar
sakuTari
Tavisufali
saxelmwifos
nebis unars
arRvevs interesis
doqtrinis socialuri
keTildReobis gazrdisa. rogorc tomas jefersonma sakmaod zustad SeniSna: `zogjer amboben, rom adamians ar unda vendoT, rodesac is mmarTvelia. SeiZleba ki mas vendoT, rodesac mmarTveloba sxvis xelSia? is
angelozi,
romelic
misi
mefe
gaxdeba?
modiT,
vipoveT ki ukve
istorias
mivandoT
am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema~. amis sapirispirod, isini, visac social-demokratebs vuwodebT, miiCneven, rom
mosaxleobis
keTildReobis
uzrunvelsayofad
saWiroa
mniSvnelovani
saxelmwifo intervencia, romelic sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba: specialuri
2
erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mogvareba kerZo mewarmis prerogativa unda iyos. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-4 TavSia ganxiluli.
7
reglamenti, romelic samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs, kanoni, romelic krZalavs rasobriv da sqesobriv diskriminacias binaTmSeneblobis dros, gaWirvebulisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba. rodesac social-demokratebis sawinaaRmdegod
amboben,
rom
aRniSnuli
Carevebi
adamianis
Tavisuflebas
arRvevs, maSin isini mzad arian, upasuxon, rom Tavisufleba ufro metia, vidre fizikuri iZulebis ararseboba. gaRatakebuli adamiani SesaZloa Tavisufali iyos Semosavlis gamoyenebaSi, magram es Tavisufleba xom sakmaod SezRudulia. Tumca cxadia, Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarTa da social-demokratTa poziciebs
Soris
mTavrobis
intervenciis
racionaluri
donis
Sesaxeb
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs.
wignis TvalTaxedva
SedarebiT axalia idea imis Taobaze, rom individi sazogadoebaze maRla dgas. istorikosi lorens stouni (1977, gv. 4-5) aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove periodamde `sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom jgufi
(iyo es
sagvareulo, sofeli, mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifo) upiratesobiT sargeblobda individis survilTan da mis konkretul miRwevebTan SedarebiT. `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebis survili~ piradi idealebi iyo. maT XVII saukunis Cveulebrivi,
ganaTlebuli
adamiani
arasodes
miakuTvnebda
jansaRi
sazogadoebis upirveles miznebs~. am
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
anglo-amerikul
politikur
msoflmxedvelobaSi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoria gabatonda, Tumca ara totalurad. adamiani, romelic amtkicebs, rom raime unda gakeTdes `erovnuli interesis~ WrilSi, da Tanac individis an individTa jgufis keTildReobis ignorirebas axdens, farulad iziarebs organul Teorias. ufro zogadad, TviT yvelaze maRalindividualistur samSoblos
sazogadoebaSi
msxverpladac
adamiani
eris
saxeliT
gamodis
ki ewireba. rogorc keneT erou [1974]
da
aRniSnavs,
`individsa da sazogadoebas Soris daZabulobis arseboba gardauvalia. maTi moTxovnebi individis sindisisa da socialuri konfliqtis mixedviT meryeobs~. gasakviri ar aris, rom anglo-amerikulma ekonomikurma msoflmxedvelobam individualisturi
mimarTulebebi
ganaviTara.
individi
da
misi
survili
mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomikisaTvis (igi ganxilulia am wignSi) mTavari
8
obieqtivia.
Tumca,
mimdevarnic
ki
saxelmwifo.
rogorc
ver
ukve
Tanxmdebian
amdenad,
aRiniSna, imaze,
meqanikuri
individualisturi
Tu
Teoriis
ramdenad
aqtiuri
damkvidreba
tradiciis unda
TavisTavad
iyos iseTi
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ar uzrunvelyofs, romelic zustad migviTiTebda, unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara konkretuli ekonomikuri intervencia3. aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan ekonomikuri politika mxolod
ekonomikur
ganaxorcielos politikur
an
ar
analizs
ar
ganaxorcielos
gadawyvetilebebzea
efuZneba.
saxelmwifos
moqmedeba,
nawilobriv
damokidebuli.
rogorc
sajaro
survili, eTikur
da
finansebis
Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare debatebi cxadyofs, am sakiTxebs uamravi gonieri adamiani
ewinaaRmdegeba.
SevecadeT,
bevri
maTganis
azri
SeZlebisdagvarad
samarTlianad agvesaxa.
saxelmwifo erTi SexedviT
ukve giCveneT, Tu ra zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia ideologias saxelmwifos samoqmedo racionaluri arealis Sesaxeb piris Sexedulebaze. Tumca imisaTvis, rom
saxelmwifo
politikis
Taobaze
jansaRi
da
gaazrebuli
Sexeduleba
Camoyalibdes, mxolod ideologia ar kmara. adamians SesaZloa saxelmwifos faqtobrivi
funqcionirebis
Sesaxeb
informacia
esaWiroebodes.
ra
samarTlebrivi SezRudvebia dawesebuli saxelmwifo seqtorze? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da saidan finansdeba es danaxarjebi? sanam aSS-is sajaro finansebis sistemas CavuRrmavdebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mokle mimoxilvas gTavazobT.
3
aRniSnuli SekiTxva saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebuli meqanikuri Teoriis konteqstSi, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo xalxTan SedarebiT uzenaesia da man unda marTos cxovrebis yvela aspeqti, marTlac safuZvelsaa moklebuli.
9
samarTlebrivi CarCoebi
aSS-is
konstituciis
`Semoqmed
mamaTa~
Sexedulebani
saxelmwifos
intervenciis Sesaxeb konstituciaSia asaxuli. upirvelesad ganvixilavT
im
debulebebs,
da
romlebic
ukavSirdeba
federaluri
saxelmwifos
saxarjo
sagadasaxado saqmianobas, da Semdeg davubrundebiT saxelmwifos.
federaluri kongress
saxelmwifo.
amerikis
konstituciis
SeerTebul
StatebSi
pirveli
`valebis
muxlis
me-8
gadaxdis,
nawili
sayovelTao
Tavdacvisa da sruli keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis~ oficialur uflebas aniWebs.
wlebis
sasamarTloebis
Semdeg mier
muxli efeqtianad
`sruli
farTod
iTvleba
da
keTildReobis~
iqna
idea
interpretirebuli;
saxelmwifo
kongresisa
amdenad,
danaxarjebze
da
aRniSnuli
SezRudvebs aRar
awesebs 4 . konstitucia federaluri danaxarjebis odenobas arc absoluturad da
arc
ekonomikis
moculobasTan
SedarebiT
ar
zRudavs.
saTanado
danaxarjebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebi (faqtobrivad yvela sxva kanonis msgavsad) SesaZloa
swored
kongresSi
iyos
momzadebuli.
finansur
kanonproeqts
(kanonproeqti sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb) kanonis Zala mxolod mas Semdeg eniWeba, rac igi orive palataSi xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs da mas prezidenti moawers
xels.
prezidentis
mier
finansur
kanonproeqtze
vetos
dadebis
SemTxvevaSi am kanonproeqts mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiReben, Tu man xmaTa ori mesamedi miiRo orive palataSi. rogor afinansebs kongresi aRniSnul danaxarjebs? pirveli muxlis me-8 nawilis
mixedviT,
federaluri
sagadasaxado
Zalaufleba
qmediTi
xdeba:
`kongress eqneba ufleba, daawesos da Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, mosakreblebi, sabaJo
gadasaxdelebi
da
aqcizi~.
sabiujeto
asignebebis
Sesaxeb
kanonproeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, `kanonproeqtebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Sesaxeb warmomadgenlobiT palataSi unda momzaddes~ (muxli 1, nawili 7). koloniur periodSi britanuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo Seqmnili udidesi ukmayofilebis fonze gasakviri ar aris, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado Zalauflebis SezRudva gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ganxorcielda:
4
pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, gaweuli unda iqnes garkveuli saxis danaxarjebi. ase, magaliTad, kongresma saTanadod unda daafinansos jari da sasamarTlo sistema.
10
1. `yvela gadasaxdeli, sabaJo mosakrebeli da aqcizi erTnairi iqneba aSSis
mTel
teritoriaze~
(muxli
1,
nawili
8).
gadasaxadebis
ganakveTebis
dawesebisas kongress ara aqvs romelime Statis diskriminaciis ufleba. Tu federaluri mTavroba benzinze gadasaxads daawesebs, maSin misi ganakveTi yvela StatSi
Tanabari
unda
iyos.
es
ar
gulisxmobs
imas,
rom
Segrovebuli
gadasaxadebis moculoba erT sul mosaxleze yvela StatSi Tanabari unda iyos. savaraudod, im StatebSi, sadac saSualoze ufro xSirad marTaven manqanas, sagadasaxado
valdebulebani
ufro
maRali
iqneba,
Tumca
sxva
pirobebi
erTnairi darCeba. amdenad, SesaZlebelia (da ufro realuric), rom zogierT gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba romelime StatSi sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro mZime iyos5. 2.
`pirdapiri
ricxovnobis gadasaxadi
gadasaxadi
safuZvelze aris
unda
pirisTvis
mxolod dawesdes~
dakisrebuli
mosaxleobis (muxli
1,
gadasaxadi
aRweris,
nawili
9).
an
maTi
pirdapiri
sazogadoebis
mimarT.
arsebiTad es debuleba swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu `A~ StatSi ,,B~ StatTan SedarebiT orjer meti mosaxleobaa, maSin kongresis mier dawesebuli nebismieri pirdapiri gadasaxadis Segrovebis Sedegad `A~ Stati ,,B~ StatTan SedarebiT orjer met Semosavals moutans saxelmwifos. XIX
saukunis
bolos
federaluri
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
dawesebis
mcdeloba uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad miiCnia im motiviT, rom Semosavlis dabegvra mosaxleobis araproporciul, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado tvirTad iqceva xolme. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis erTaderTi gza konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setana iyo. me16
damatebis
Tanaxmad,
romelic
1913
welsaa
ratificirebuli,
`kongress,
Semosavlis wyaros miuxedavad, zogierT Statze proporciulad ganawilebisa da
mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis
gauTvaliswineblad
Semosavalze
gadasaxadis
dawesebisa da misi Segrovebis ufleba eqneba~. dRes piris pirdapiri gadasaxadi federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdenia. 1. `ar SeiZleba pirisaTvis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, qonebis ukanonod warTmeva; ar SeiZleba kompensaciis gareSe piradi qonebis sajaro gamoyeneba~ (me-5 Sesworeba). sagadasaxado politikis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli debuleba 5
istorias ar axsovs, rom romelime sagadasaxado kanonSi raime muxlis darRvevis gamo dafiqsirebuliyo winaaRmdegoba. Tumca gamonaklisi daiSva gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi: kongresma daawesa sagadasaxado ganakveTi zeTze, romlis mixedviTac, zeTi alaskis CrdiloeT ferdobze Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan. federaluri raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es iyo konstituciis darRveva. raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolood uzenaesma sasamarTlom baTilad cno.
11
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mier marTlzomierebis
Camoyalibebuli nebismieri gansxvavebis
aucileblobas usvams xazs. Tumca arc ise martivia imis
gansazRvra, kanonieria Tu ara gansxvaveba da aris Tu ara igi sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo procesebis nawili. 2. `nebismieri Statidan Semotanili nawarmi Tavisufalia gadasaxadisa da mosakreblisagan~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). aRniSnuli debuleba Setanili iqna samxreTi Statebis swored imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom maTi Tambaqosa da sxva saqonlis
gatanas
centraluri
mmarTveloba
safrTxes
ar
Seuqmnida.
es
saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis ganviTarebaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs. federaluri mTavroba yvela danaxarjs gadasaxadebidan ar afinansebs. Tu danaxarji
Semosavalze
metia,
igi
uflebamosilia,
`SeerTebuli
kreditis saxiT isesxos fuli~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). bolo periodSi
Statebis garkveuli
mxardaWera moipova konstituciurma cvlilebam dabalansebuli federaluri biujetis Sesaxeb, Tumca jerjerobiT igi miRebuli ar aris. Stati
da
`Zalaufleba,
adgilobrivi
romelic,
mmarTveloba.
konstituciis
me-10
Tanaxmad,
Sesworebis
Statebze
ar
Tanaxmad,
delegirdeba,
xolo misiT sargebloba ar ikrZaleba calkeuli Statebis mier, Sesabamisad Statebs
an
xalxs
uflebamosilebis
ekuTvnis~.
miniWeba
amdenad,
xarjvisa
StatebisaTvis
da
dabegvris
aucilebeli
arc
aris.
aSkara Tumca
saxelmwifo Tavis ekonomikur saqmianobas zRudavs. pirveli muxlis me-10 nawili awesebs: `arc erT Stats kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe ara aqvs importsa da eqsportze sabaJo gadasaxadis an mosakreblis dawesebis ufleba~. amdenad, federaluri
mTavroba
saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur
politikas
akontrolebs.
garda amisa, araerTi konstituciuri debuleba isea interpretirebuli, rom moiTxovs,
saxelmwifom
TviTneburad
ar
daawesos
gadasaxadebi,
ar
ganaxorcielos ucxoeli rezidenti pirebis diskriminacia, ar dabegros sxva Statebidan
saqonlis
sasamarTlom
Semotana.
arakonstituciurad
ase, cno
magaliTad, alaskis
1986
kanoni,
wels
romlis
uzenaesma mixedviTac,
sajaro proeqtebze momuSave pirTa 95 % alaskeli unda yofiliyo. Statebi uflebamosilni arian, sakuTari konstituciiT da mxolod am Statis farglebSi gaswion xarjebi da daaweson sagadasaxado SezRudvebi. Statebis
konstituciebi
maT
mier
regulirebadi
ekonomikuri
sakiTxebis
TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. bolo periodSi sajaro finansebis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso miRweva iyo Statebis survili, sajaro
12
seqtoris
danaxarjebis
Semcirebis
mizniT
Sesworeba
SeetanaT
sakuTar
konstituciaSi. kanonmdeblobis
mixedviT,
adgilobriv
mmarTvelobas
Statis
mier
sagadasaxado da saxarjo prerogativa aqvs miniWebuli. rogorc XIX saukunis mosamarTlem aRniSna: `municipalitetis
uflebebisa
da
Zalauflebis
wyaroa
sakanonmdeblo
organo, romelic municipalitets sasicocxlod aucilebel Zalas STaberavs. mas SeuZlia aaSenos da daangrios. Tu mas ngreva SeuZlia, mas aseve SeeZleba SezRudva da kontroli~ (City of Clinton v, Cedar Rapids, 1868). Secdoma iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fiskaluri avtonomiis deficits ganicdis. uamrav patara Tu did qalaqs mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba da Statisa da federaluri saxelmwifos survilze aqtiuri reaqcia aqvs. sakmaod saintereso miRwevad unda CaiTvalos ukanasknel wlebSi federaluri fondebisaTvis Statebsa da qalaqebs Soris dafiqsirebuli konkurencia. aRniSnuli qalaqebi xSirad ufro warmatebulad lobireben Tavis saqmianobas, vidre Statebi!
mTavrobis zoma
bil klintonma SeerTebuli Statebisadmi cnobil mimarTvaSi ganacxada: `veeberTela mmarTvelobis epoqa dasrulda~. aRniSnuli gancxadeba gulisxmobs, rom
arsebobs
meTodi,
romliTac
dadgindeba,
aris
Tu
ara
mmarTveloba
`veeberTela~. magram rogor unda ganisazRvros mTavrobis sidide? politikosebi
da Jurnalistebi swored sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT gansazRvraven mTavrobis sidides _ zomas. Tumca mTavrobis zomis koeficientma, romelic masSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis mixedviTaa gamoangariSebuli, SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. warmoidgineT qveyana, sadac ramdenime sajaro moxele amuSavebs mZlavr kompiuters, romelic iRebs yvela ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas. aseT qveyanaSi, mTavrobis moxeleTa raodenobis analogiurad,
safuZvelze, Zalian
mTavrobis
martivia,
mniSvneloba
Seiqmnas
scenari,
saTanadod
ver
fasdeba.
romelSic
bevri
sajaro
moxele SedarebiT sust sajaro ZalauflebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. Tumca xSirad
sajaro
seqtoris
moxeleTa
raodenoba
sasargeblo
informaciaa.
13
miuxedavad
amisa,
igi
naTels
ar
hfens
mTavar
sakiTxs
_
ra
masStabiT
akontrolebs mTavroba sazogadoebis resursebs? arsebobs ufro keTilgonivruli da miRebuli midgoma, mTavrobis zoma ganisazRvros mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli danaxarjebis moculobis mixedviT, romlebic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa: 1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva. saxelmwifo SeiZens aRniSnuli kategoriis did odenobas, raketidan metyevis momsaxurebamde. 2. Semosavlis xalxisaTvis, biznes-erTeulebisa da sxva mTavrobebisaTvis gadacema. saxelmwifo zogierTi pirisa da organizaciisagan iRebs Semosavals da mas sxvebs gadascems. amis magaliTad gamodgeba keTildReobis amaRlebis iseTi programebi, rogoricaa sasursaTo talonebi da fermerTaTvis garkveuli saqonlis warmoebisaTvis (an warmoebis SeCerebisaTvis) gadaxdili subsidiebi. 3.
procentebis
saqmianobis
gadaxda.
dasafinanseblad
mTavroba da,
xSirad
rogorc
sesxulobs
msesxebeli,
fuls
sakuTari
valdebulia
amgvari
privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis procenti gadaixados. federaluri
mTavroba
danaxarjebis
klasifikacias
axorcielebs
dokumentSi, romelsac naerTi (konsolidirebuli) biujeti 6 ewodeba. 2001 wels federaluri
danaxarjebi
(Statebisa
da
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobebisaTvis
gadacemuli grantebis garda) Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1659 miliard aSS dolars. Tu amas davamatebT Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier am wels gaweul danaxarjebs, mTlianad miviRebT 2952 miliard aSS dolars (Economic Report of the President, 2003, gv. 373) 7 . saxelmwifo danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli cifrebi advilad xelmisawvdomi da farTod gavrcelebulia. rogorc wesi, danaxarjebis gazrdasTan erTad mosaxleoba gadawyvets, rom mTavrobis zoma gaizarda,
da
ganawilebaze
piriqiT.
Tumca
mniSvnelovnad
saxelmwifos moqmedebs,
zogierTi
Tundac
igi
qmedeba
resursebis
minimalurad
zust
danaxarjs warmoSobdes. ase, magaliTad, reglamentireba TavisTavad ar aris Zviri, magram garkveul wesTan erTad SeiZleba sakmaod Zviri aRmoCndes. sahaero baliSis
arsebobis
moTxovnam gazarda
avtomanqanis
fasi.
sxvadasxva saxis
nebarTvisa da Semowmebis gadasaxadi zrdis binaTmowyobis Rirebulebas. Sromis
6
konstituciiT nebadarTulia sabiujeto dokumentis romelime tipis publikacia: `regularuli angariSgeba da amonagebisa da danaxarjis Sesaxeb angariSi, romelic ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo fuls, gansazRvruli intervalis gasvlis Semdeg gamoqveyndeba” (muxli 1, nawili 9). 7 Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis 2001 wels gadacemulma grantebma 277 mlrd dolari Seadgina.
14
bazarze
moqmedi
iseTi
reglamentebi,
rogoricaa
minimaluri
saxelfaso
ganakveTi, SesaZloa saTaves udebdes umuSevrobas, xolo narkotikebis biznesis SezRudvam SeiZleba daagvianos mecnieruli ganviTareba. arsebobs azri, rom informacia saxelmwifo reglamentirebiT gamowveuli ekonomikis
danaxarjebis
Sesaxeb
wliur
maregulirebel
biujetSi
unda
gamoqveyndes. swored am gziT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli aseTi danaxarjebis zusti aRricxva. samwuxarod, maTi gamoTvla Zalian rTulia. ase, magaliTad, eqsperti farmacevtebi ver Tanxmdebian imaze, preparatebze kontrolis arsebobis gareSe Tu
ra
saxis
axali
TviTRirebulebis
medikamenti
unda
gamoangariSebisas
iqnes
rTulia
warmoebuli. Sefasdes
analogiurad,
mTavrobis
mier
daSvebuli usafrTxoebis procedurebis Sedegi. aRniSnuli problemebis fonze ar arsebobs oficialuri maregulirebeli biujetis 8 Camoyalibebis albaToba. araoficialuri
monacemebi
gviCvenebs,
rom
federaluri
reglamentirebiT
gamowveuli wliuri danaxarji sakmaod didia da daaxloebiT 700 miliard aSS dolars Seadgens (Nivola. 1998, gv. 8).
zogierTi cifri. Cveni survilis sawinaaRmdegod, vaskvniT, rom ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zegavlenis masStabis erT cifrSi moqceva SeuZlebelia. kvlav praqtikuli problemis winaSe vdgavarT da gvsurs vipovoT mTavrobis zomis samarTliani
indikatori,
romelic
misi
zrdis
tendenciebis
SefasebaSic
dagvexmareboda. ekonomistTa didi nawili momxrea, pirobiTad gansazRvruli saxelmwifo danaxarjebis meTodi Tumca uxeS, magram mainc sasargeblo meTodad CaiTvalos.
sxva
xarveziani
meTodebis
msgavsad,
igi
jansaR
mosazrebebs
uzrunvelyofs.
saTanado warmodgenilia
gafrTxilebebis monacemebi
aSS-is
fonze
gTavazobT
mTavrobis
yvela
1.1
cxrils.
donis
mier
masSi gaweuli
danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. pirveli sveti uCvenebs, rom wliuri danaxarji 1929 wlis Semdeg 290-ze meti erTeuliT gaizarda. am cifrma mTavrobis zomis zrdis xarisxis Sefasebisas SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ramdenime mizeziT:
8
reglamentireba mxolod imitom ar aris cudi, rom danaxarjebs warmoSobs. mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli sxva qmedebis msgavsad, misi Sefaseba mxolod mas Semdegaa SesaZlebeli, rac moxdeba Sedegisa da danaxarjis gamoTvla (danaxarjisa da Sedegis analizTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-11 TavSia ganxiluli).
15
1. inflaciis Sedegad dolaris Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba. meore svetSi danaxarjis maCvenebeli 2001 wels arsebuli kursis mixedviT dolariTaa gamoxatuli. faqtobrivad am wels gaweuli saxelmwifo danaxarji 25-jer metia 1929 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.
cxrili
1.1.
Statebis,
adgilobrivi
da
federaluri
xelisuflebis
danaxarjebi (SerCeuli wlebis mixedviT)
*
(1)
(2)
(3)
mTliani
2001 weli,
2001 weli,
(4)
danaxarji
dolari
dolari
mSp-is procenti
(miliardi)
(miliardi)*
1 sulze
1929
10
118
970
9,9
1940
19
237
1794
18,8
1950
61
428
2812
20,7
1960
120
591
3272
22,7
1970
286
1080
5268
27,6
1980
812
1557
6839
29,0
1990
1778
2249
8991
30,6
2000
2776
2842
10061
28,3
2001
2951
2951
10335
29,3
2001
wels
dolaris
konversia*
ganxorcielda
mSp-is
deflatoris
gamoyenebis Sedegad.
2. TandaTan mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda. mzardi mosaxleoba, Tavis mxriv, gazrdil moTxovnebs uyenebs sajaro seqtors (ase, magaliTad, gazrdili mosaxleobis
keTilmowyobisaTvis
saWiroa
meti
gza
da
ufro
farTo
sakanalizacio qseli). mesame svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifos mier erT sul mosaxleze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji, romelic 1929 wlidan 2001 wlamde daaxloebiT 10-jer gaizarda. 3. xSirad sasargebloa, saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarji ekonomikis masStabTan SedarebiT gavaanalizoT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavrobis zoma orjer, *
gadaangariSeba (red.).
16
xolo ekonomika samjer izrdeba, iTvleba, rom mTavrobis zoma Semcirebulia. meoTxe svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifo danaxarjis procentuli Tanafardoba mTlian Sida produqtTan (mSp), wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweuli
momsaxurebis
sabazro
RirebulebasTan.
1929
wels
aRniSnuli
maCvenebeli 9.6 %-s, xolo 2001 wels _ 29.3 %-s Seadgenda. wina diskusiis fonze, 1.1 cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebi sizustis yalb SegrZnebas
iwvevs.
kvlav
udavoa
is
faqti,
rom
didi
xnis
ganmavlobaSi
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. mSp-is mesamedi sajaro seqtoridan modis, rac imaze miuTiTiTebs, rom mTavroba udides ekonomikur Zalas flobs. zogierTi arsebuli
saxis
saerTaSoriso
monacemebi
saxelmwifo
perspeqtivaSi
danaxarjebis
Sedareba
dagvexmareba,
davinaxoT.
maCveneblebi,
1.2
romlebic
aSS-is
cxrilSi
zogierTi
Sesaxeb
mocemulia
ganviTarebuli
qveynis mSp-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara mxolod aSS-s aqvs Zlieri sajaro seqtori. marTlac, SvedeTsa da safrangeTTan SedarebiT, aSS-is sajaro seqtori sakmaod mcirea. im dros, rodesac sxvadasxva mizeziT sajaro
seqtoris
masStabebi
qveynebis
mixedviT
gansxvavebulia,
am
TavSi
ganxiluli ideologiuri azrovneba albaT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. erTi ganmartebis
Tanaxmad,
SvedeTSi
imitomaa
msxvili
sajaro
seqtori,
rom
saxelmwifo afinansebs janmrTelobis dacvis TiTqmis mTel sistemas, romelic sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobad iTvleba. meore mxriv, aSS-Si, janmrTelobis dacva
ufro
piris
piradi
prerogativaa,
amdenad,
janmrTelobis
dacvaze
danaxarjebis udides nawils kerZo seqtori gaswevs.
cxrili 1.2. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis procentuli wili mTlian Sida produqtTan (SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviT)
avstralia
31,0 %
iaponia
38,3%
kanada
37,4
SvedeTi
53,1
safrangeTi
49,4
germania
44,5
gaerTianebuli samefo
38,8
17
wyaro: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, gv. 838. mocemulia 2001 wels dafiqsirebuli cifrebi.
danaxarjebi
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis
gadavinacvloT.
SeuZlebelia,
mTliani
masStabebidan
saxelmwifos
saxarjo
maT
Semadgenlobaze
saqmianobis
udidesi
moculobis erT, mokle cxrilSi asaxva. 2004 fiskaluri wlis federalur biujetSi programebis nusxas da maT aRwerilobas daaxloebiT 1100 gv. ekava! (dawvrilebiTi
informaciisaTvis
ixileT
veb-gv.:
http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/index.html). 1965 wels da dReisaTvis gaweuli federaluri saxelmwifo danaxarjebi 1.1 grafikzea asaxuli. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier gaweuli danaxarjebi 1.2 grafikzea mocemuli. am monacemebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: ·
erovnuli
Tavdacva
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis
mniSvnelovani
komponentia, Tumca misi SedarebiTi mniSvneloba TandaTan iklebs. 1965 wels igi federaluri biujetis 47% iyo, dRes ki 17,3%-ia. ·
socialuri
uzrunvelyofis
faqtorebTan
erTad,
is
masStabi
pensiaze
myofi
Zalian
gaizarda.
adamianebisaTvis
sxva
transfers
iTvaliswinebs. dRes socialuri uzrunvelyofa federaluri biujetis erT-erTi udidesi xarjviTi muxlia. ·
samedicino
momsaxureba,
janmrTelobis
dazRvevis
sistema
xandazmulTaTvis 1965 wels jer kidev ar arsebobda, dRes ki igi federaluri biujetis 11,5%-s moixmars. ·
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis ricxvi gaizarda. rogorc 1.2 grafikSia naCvenebi, 1965 wlidan 1999 wlamde
maTi
wili
Statebisa
da
adgilobriv
biujetebSi
TiTqmis
gaormagda (8%-dan 15,7%-mde). amave dros, Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis
mier
gzebis
mowyobaze
gaweuli
danaxarji
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. ·
sesxze procentis gadaxdis koeficienti, proporciis
mixedviT,
TiTqmis
federalur
ucvlelia
1965
danaxarjebTan wlidan.
masze
federaluri biujetis daaxloebiT 8,5% modis.
18
gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom iseTi swrafad mzardi sferoebi, rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba da procentis gadaxda, SedarebiT
myari
faqtorebia,
vinaidan
isini
winaswari
gadawyvetilebebis
safuZvelzea gansazRvruli.
1.1 da 1.2 cxrilebi
marTlac,
saxelmwifo
biujetis
didi
nawili
e.w.
`uflebrivi
programebisagan~ Sedgeba. esaa programebi, romelTa danaxarji fiqsirebuli dolariT
ki
ara,
aramed
masSi
monawileobis
uflebis
mqone
adamianTa
raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. kanonebi, romlebic aregulirebs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa
socialuri
uzrunvelyofa,
sazogadoebrivi
keTildReobis
amaRlebisken mimarTuli programebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis fasebis mxardaWera da a.S., beneficiarTa odenobisa da masStabis gansazRvras moiTxovs. amdenad,
uflebrivi
programebis
gaiangariSebs, Tu
ar Seicvleba
Tanxis
saprocento
odenoba
danaxarjebs
kanoni.
moqmedi
analogiurad,
ganakveTisa
da
wina
mTavroba
ar
sesxis momsaxurebis deficitis
mixedviT
ganisazRvreba. amdenad, igi TiTqmis ar Sedis amJamad gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi pirebis
sakontrolo
sferoSi.
araerTi
Sefasebis
Tanaxmad,
federaluri
biujetis sami meoTxedi SedarebiT ukontroloa. me-8 TavSi vimsjelebT imis Taobaze, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarjebi ukontrolo, da Tu marTlac asea, risi gakeTeba SeiZleba am mimarTulebiT. sasargeblo iqneboda, mTliani danaxarjebi mTavrobis doneTa mixedviT gagvenawilebina. federalur mTavrobaze mTliani pirdapiri danaxarjebis 51%, Statebze _ 21%, xolo adgilobriv mmarTvelobaze _ 28% modis. Statebi da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian. maTi danaxarjebis didi wili modis policiaze, saxanZro samsaxurze, ganaTlebasa da transportirebaze. sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs Statebi gasweven.
me-20
TavSi
ganxilulia
is
sirTuleebi,
romlebic
warmoiSoba
mTavrobis sxvadasxva donis fiskaluri RonisZiebebis koordinirebisas.
19
1.3 da 1.4 cxrilebi
amonagebi
federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi komponentebi asaxulia 1.3 grafikze, xolo Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia _ 1.4 grafikze. federalur doneze piradi Semosavlis dabegvra dRes amonagebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelzedac mobilizebuli gadasaxadebis 46% modis. gTxovT, 1.3 grafikSi yuradReba miaqcioT `socialur dazRvevas~. esaa xelfasze gadasaxadi, romliTac socialuri dazRvevisa da samedicino
momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofa
xdeba.
maTze
dRes
federaluri
amonagebis mesamedze meti modis. garkveulwilad sainteresoa korporaciebis Semosavalze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba. 1965 wels masze federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 22% modioda, dRes ki aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 8%-ia. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis seqtorSi ori yvelaze saocari cvlileba iyo qonebis gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba da fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis masStabis zrda.
cvlilebebi sesxis realur RirebulebaSi. kamaTis dros xSirad moismenT azrs
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
gadasaxadebi
saxelmwifos
Semosavlis
erTaderTi
wyaroa. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria da fasebis done izrdeba, sesxis realur RirebulebaSi mimdinare nebismieri cvlileba SesaZloa Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. ukeT gasarkvevad, warmoidgineT, rom wlis dasawyisSi kreditorisagan isesxeT 1000 aSS dolari, romlis dabruneba wlis
bolomde
ar
mogiwevT.
davuSvaT,
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
fasebi
10%-iT
gaizarda. amdenad, fulis Rirebuleba, romelsac kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT naklebi iqneba fulis im RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, romelic misgan isesxeT. saqme isaa, rom inflaciam Tqveni sesxis realuri Rirebuleba 100 aSS dolariT (1000 aSS dolaris 10%) Seamcira. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tqveni realuri
20
Semosavali inflaciis Sedegad 100 aSS dolariT gaizarda. cxadia, Tqveni kreditoris faqtobrivi Semosavali 100 aSS dolariT Semcirda9. 2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawyisSi federaluri mTavrobis gadauxdeli vali daaxloebiT
3,5
trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda.
2002 wlis
ganmavlobaSi
inflacia 1,4 % iyo. zemoT moyvanili logikis Sesabamisad, inflaciis Sedegad federaluri sesxis faqtobrivi Rirebuleba 49 miliardi aSS dolariT (3,5 trilioni aSS dolari X 0,014) Semcirda, rac faqtobrivad igive Semosavalia, rac
1.3
grafikSi
buRaltruli
miTiTebuli
aRricxvis
nebismieri
procedurebis
gadasaxadi.
mixedviT,
Tumca
inflaciis
saxelmwifo gamo
sesxis
Rirebulebis SemcirebiT miRebuli mogeba SemosavalSi ar Sedis. me-18 TavSi ganvixilavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic sesxisa da misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.
Cveni gegma
am nawilSi SemogTavazeT ZiriTadi `faqtebis~ erToblioba _ faqtebisa, romlebic
Seexeba
saxelmwifos
fiskalur
institutebs,
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis moculobasa da areals, agreTve meTods, romelsac mTavroba TviTdafinansebisaTvis iyenebs. am wignis darCenili nawili ufro met faqts eZRvneba; igi fiskaluri sistemis funqcionirebis sqematur suraTs gTavazobT. aRniSnuli faqtebis mniSvnelobas vaanalizebT da vcdilobT, vipovoT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, migviyvana Tu ara `status-kvom~ sasurvel Sedegamde, da Tu ase ar aris, maSin rogor SeiZleba mdgomareobis gamosworeba.
daskvna
·
sajaro finansebi, romlebic agreTve saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomikis an saxelmwifos ekonomikis saxeliTaa cnobili, saxelmwifos sagadasaxado
9
Tu msesxebelic da kreditoric elian inflacias, erT-erTi moelis, rom inflaciis sakompensaciod unda gaizardos saprocento ganakveTi. aRniSnuli fenomeni ganxilulia me-15 TavSi (`dabegvra da inflacia~).
21
da
saxarjo
qmedebebze,
resursebis
ganTavsebisa
da
Semosavlis
ganawilebisas saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxzea fokusirebuli. ·
sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi aqtualur politikas aanalizeben da saxelmwifo qmedebebisaTvis instruqciebs SeimuSaveben. bolo periodSi ekonomistebi
saxelmwifos
rolis
mimarT
sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli
damokidebulebis zegavlenas ganicdian. ·
saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb
organuli
Teoriis
mixedviT,
piri
mxolod
sazogadoebis miznebis misaRwevad Setanili wvliliT fasdeba. miznebs ki swored saxelmwifo gansazRvravs. ·
saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb
meqanikuri
Teoriis
Tanaxmad,
mTavroba
individualuri miznebis misaRwevad iqna gamogonebuli. bundovania, Tu rogor
axerxebs
mTavroba
konfliqturi
individualuri
miznebis
harmonizebas. ·
individualur gadawyvetilebaTa miReba ekonomistebis fokusirebis sagani ufroa
da
saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb
wignSi
aRweril
meqanikur
midgomas
Seesabameba. es sulac ar SezRudavs diskusiebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos keTilgonivruli rolis Sesaxeb. ·
kostitucia federaluri da Statebis saxelmwifo ekonomikur qmedebebze SezRudvebs awesebs.
·
federaluri gaswios
mTavroba
nebismieri
uflebamosilia,
danaxarji
da
survilisamebr
maT
da
dasafinanseblad
efeqtianad sesxebi
da
gadasaxadebi gamoiyenos. gadasaxadis ganakveTebis dawesebisas federalur mTavrobas
ekrZaleba
Statis
diskriminacia,
agreTve
saxelmwifo
eqsportze mosakreblis daweseba. me-16 damateba federalur mTavrobas fizikuri piris Semosavlis dabegvris uflebas aniWebs. ·
Statebis mmarTvelobebs ekrZaleba importze sabaJo tarifis daweseba, ucxoeli
rezidentebis
diskriminacia
an
sxva
Statebis
produqciis
dabegvra. Statebis umetesoba sabiujeto moTxovnilebebs abalansebs. ·
mTavrobis
zomis
yvela
Cveulebrivi
maxasiaTebeli
_
dasaqmebulebi,
danaxarji, amonagebi da a.S. _ mainc garkveuli naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba. ufro konkretulad ki, aRniSnuli monacemebi maregulirebel danaxarjebs ar asaxavs. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sakmaod naTeli mtkicebuleba imisa,
rom
saxelmwifos
zemoqmedebis
xarisxi
erovnuli
resursebis
ganTavsebaze droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda. ·
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis moculoba gaizarda rogorc nominaluri, ise realuri
TvalsazrisiT,
erT
sul
mosaxleze gaangariSebiT,
agreTve
mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT.
22
·
Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili federalur danaxarjebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi
Semcirda,
xolo
socialur
uzrunvelyofaze,
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasa da gadauxdeli davalianebis procentze gaweuli danaxarjebi gaizarda. uflebrivi programebisa da procentis gadaxdis kombinacia amcirebs wlis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis moculobaze kontrolis xarisxs. ·
pirad
Semosavalsa
da
xelfasze
daricxuli
gadasaxadebi
dRes
saxelmwifos Semosavlis didi nawilia.
Asadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
qvemoT
CamoTvlilTagan
romeli
Seesabameba
saxelmwifos
Sesaxeb
arsebul organul Teorias da romeli _ meqanikur Teorias? a) `Zlieri
saxelmwifo
rusebisaTvis
anomalia
ar
aris,
arc is,
ris
winaaRmdegac saWiroa brZola, aramed, piriqiT ... igi gaxlavT yvela cvlilebis iniciatori da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~ (ruseTis prezidenti, vladimer putini); b) `saxelmwifos momsaxurebis usasrulobas.
igi
aris
imis
maqsimumi
saSualeba,
gulisxmobs
rom
misi
individma
momsaxurebis
gaiazros
Tavisi
saWiroeba~ (uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uiliam renkvisti, stenfordis universitetisaTvis dawerili samagistro naSromi). 2.
safrangeTis
kanonis
Tanaxmad,
kinoTeatrebi
valdebulni
arian,
weliwadSi 20 kviris ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebi gauSvan, risi formaluri mizanic aris safrangeTSi aSS-is filmebis Cvenebis SezRudva da am gziT amerikuli kulturuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba. vin iqneba aRniSnuli kanonis momxre? a) saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis momxre; b) Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis momxre; g)
social-demokrati.
23
3.
Warbi
problemaa.
wona
aSS-Si
aRniSnuli
janmrTelobasTan
problemis
mogvarebis
dakavSirebuli erT-erTi
gza
saxelmwifo aris
`cximis
dabegvra~. sursaTi, romelic saxelmwifos mier dawesebul, dRiurad misaReb, minimalur cximze mets Seicavs, daibegreba. Seesabameba Tu ara aseTi gadasaxadi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikur Teorias? 4. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, gadawyviteT, saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze mcirdeba Tu izrdeba da ratom. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogor Seesabameba Tqveni pasuxi mTavrobis zomis standartul maCveneblebs? a)
Cveulebriv,
dazRveviT
rodesac
uzrunvelyofs,
damqiravebeli
iTvleba,
rom
daqiravebuls
aRniSnuli
janmrTelobis
dazRveva
moqmedebs
daqiravebulis meuRlisTvisac. ramdenime wlis win san-franciskoSi miRebul iqna kanoni, romelic biznesSi monawile firmebs avaldebulebda, janmrTelobis dazRveviTa da sxva saxis sargebliT rogorc erTi da imave, ise sxvadasxva sqesis dauqorwinebeli partniorebi uzrunveleyoT; b)
saqonlisa
da
momsaxurebis
saxelmwifos
mier
Sesyidvis
Sefardeba
mTlian Sida produqtTan Semcirda; g)
federaluri
biujeti
dabalansda
Statebisa
da
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli subsidiis Semcirebis xarjze. 5. 2002 wels did
britaneTSi inflaciis ganakveTi daaxloebiT
2,1%-s
udrida. wlis dasawyisSi britaneTis saSinao vali daaxloebiT 311 miliard evros utoldeboda. ramdenad dagvexmareba aRniSnuli faqtebi saxelmwifos Semosavlebis gamosaTvlelad 2002 wels? 6.
rogorc
ukve
aRiniSna,
bil
klintonma
ganacxada,
rom
didi
mmarTvelobis era dasrulda. Semcirda Tu ara misi prezidentobis periodSi mTavrobis zoma? upasuxeT Semdeg monacemze dayrdnobiT: 1993 wels federaluri mTavrobis danaxarji Seadgenda 1,41 trilion aSS dolars, xolo mTliani Sida produqti
_ 6,64 trilion aSS dolars. 2001 wels federaluri danaxarji iyo
1,86 trilioni aSS dolari, xolo mSp _ 10,2 trilioni aSS dolari. aRniSnul periodSi fasebi daaxloebiT 16%-iT gaizarda. ra damatebiTi monacemebi gWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom ufro srulyofilad upasuxoT am SekiTxvas?
24
25
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004 – 2013. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 2003. Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1997 (1776) (book V, Chapter 1.). _____________________________________________________________________________
danarTi
sajaro finansebSi kvlevis Catareba
am
wignSi
literatura
xSirad swored
vixseniebT garkveuli
bevr
wignsa
sakiTxis
da
statias.
Zirfesvianad
aRniSnuli gamokvlevis
msurvelTaTvis aris saWiro. studentebma, romlebsac surT, daweron naSromi an moamzadon
Tezisi
saxelmwifo
finansebis
saganSi,
unda
gadaxedon
iseT
specifikur Jurnalebs, rogoricaa: International Tax and Public Finance Journal of Public Economics National Tax Journal Public Finance Public Finance Quarterly. garda
amisa,
ZiriTad
zogad-ekonomikur
JurnalebSi
xSirad
qveyndeba
statiebi sajaro finansebis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli moicavs Semdeg gamocemebs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba maTiT: American Economic Review Journal of Economic Perspectives
26
Journal of Political Economy Quarterly Journal of Economics Review of Economics and Statistics. sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb statiebi, romlebic gamoqveynebulia aRniSnul da bevr sxva gamocemaSi, indeqsirebulia Journal of Economic Literature-Si da xelmisawvdomia internetSi. garda amisa, studentebma unda gaaanalizon brokingis institutis seriis Studies
of
Government
Finance-is
tomebi.
aRniSnul
wignebSi
skrupulozuri da Tanamedrove diskusiebi sajaro
Sedis
sakmaod
finansebis mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo angariSebs mimdinare
politikuri
azrTa
sxvadasxvaobis
Sesaxeb.
dokumentebis
sia
mocemulia veb-gverdze: www.cbo.gov. ekonomikuri kvlevis erovnuli biuros mecnieruli naSromebi, romelTa mopoveba SesaZlebelia bevri universitetis biblioTekaSi, sajaro finansebis uaxlesi
kvlevis
kargi,
alternatiuli
wyaroa.
Tumca
mainc
aRsaniSnavia
zogierTi am naSromis teqnikuri sirTule. maTi naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze: www.nber.org. saxelmwifos saxarjo da sagadasaxado saqmianobis Sesaxeb bevri monacemi arsebobs. qvemoT CamoTvlilia informaciis is sasargeblo wyaroebi, romlebic gamoqveynebulia aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi ofisis mier da xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTebze: Statistical Abstract of the United States (www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-us.html) Economic Report of the President (http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eop) Budget of the United States ((http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eopusbudget/index.html) U.S. Sensus of Governments (www.census.gov/govs/www/cog.html).
27
aRniSnuli gamocemebi yovelwliuria (garda U.S. Sensus of Governments-isa, romelic xuT weliwadSi erTxel ibeWdeba). Facts and Figures on Government Finance, romelic yovelwliurad ibeWdeba sagadasaxado fondis mier, aris saxelmwifos saxarjo
da
gWirdebaT
sagadasaxado qmedebebis monacemi,
romelic
XVIII
Sesaxeb
monacemTa
saukunidan
sxva krebuli.
iwyeba
da
Tu
xangrZliv
perspeqtivazea gaTvlili, ixileT: Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial Times
to
1970
(aSS-is
saxelmwifo
beWdviTi
organo).
mkiTxveli,
romelic
gansakuTrebuladaa dainteresebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis sajaro
finansebiT,
waikiTxavs
aSS-is
mTavrobaTaSorisi
urTierTobebis
mrCeveli komisiis (US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations) angariSebs. sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb arsebuli udidesi informaciaa ganTavsebuli internetSi. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Resources for Economists on the Internet-is gv. (http://rfe.org), sadac CamoTvlili da aRwerilia 900-ze meti internet-wyaro. aseve Zalian sasargebloa US Census Bureau-s mTavari gv. (http://www.census.gov/econ/www/). da bolos, uaxlesi informacia sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb ganTavsebulia miCiganis universitetis sagadasaxado politikis kvlevis ofisis veb-gverdze (http://otpr.org), agreTve urban-brukingis sagadasaxado politikis centris vebgverdze (http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/).
28
Tavi 2
pozitiuri analizis saSualebani
erTni cxovroben. meoreni ki sicocxlisunarianebi Tavadve xdebian. jesi jeksoni
am Tavs mSvenivrad moergeboda aseTi saxelwodeba: `ratomaa ase rTuli imis
Tqma,
Tu
politikosebis
ra
xdeba
cxare
garSemo?~.
kamaTs
mudmivad
saxelmwifoTa
vismenT
ekonomistebisa
operaciebis
Sedegad
da
miRebuli
msgavsi Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, rodesac jorj u. buSma 2003 wels sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ganizraxa, konservatorebma gamoTqves azri, rom
dabali
sagadasaxado ganakveTi
mosaxleobas
ufro
bejiTad
muSaobis
stimuls Seuqmnida. liberalebi skeptikurad ganewyvnen da amtkicebdnen, rom gadasaxadebs
mxolod
warmomadgeneli
umniSvnelo
ekonomistebi
efeqti
miiCnevdnen,
rom
aqvs. swored
TiToeuli maTi
mxaris
mosazreba
iyo
WeSmariti. aris Tu ara karikaturaze gamoxatuli cinizmi moulodneli? gansazRvruli pasuxebis deficitis arsebiTi mizezia is, rom ekonomistebs ZiriTadad ar SeuZliaT qveynis ekonomikaze skurpulozuri da kontrolirebadi eqsperimentebis Sesafaseblad
Catareba. botanikosma
kombostos zrdaze sasuqis nakveTis
erT
nawilze
zemoqmedebis
kombosto
xarisxis
sasuqiT
unda
daamuSaos, xolo meore nawilze identuri kombosto unda gazardos, oRond sasuqis gareSe, da Seadaros Sedegebi. usasuqo nakveTi sakontrolo jgufia. ekonomists amgvari cdis Catarebis saSualeba ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia, Secvalos ekonomikuri garemo, mainc ar arsebobs iseTi sakontrolo verasodes
jgufi,
romelTan
viwinaswarmetyvelebT
Sedarebac sxvadasxva
SesaZlebeli politikuri
iqneba.
amdenad,
cvlilebebiT
gamowveul konkretul Sedegs.
29
vinaidan
ekonomistebi
ekonomikur
sistemaze
Sesafaseblad finansebSi
sxva
yvelaze
sakontrolo sxvadasxva
meTodebs SesaniSnavi
cdebis
deficits
saxelmwifo
iyeneben.
qmedebebis
ukanasknel
miRwevaa
ganicdian,
zegavlenis
aTwleulebSi
saxelmwifo
isini
politikis
sajaro
sakiTxebis
Sesaswavlad Tanamedrove statistikuri saSualebebis farTod gamoyeneba. SromiTi mimdinare
resursebis
debatebi
miwodebaze
kargad
gviCvenebs,
gadasaxadebis
zegavlenis
Tu
pozitiuri
ra
saxis
Sesaxeb analizia
Catarebuli sajaro finansebis sferoSi.
karikatura:
`es gaxlavT mTavari, rac mindoda meTqva. axla momeciT statistika, romelsac daveyrdnobi~.
Teoriis roli
xSirad gaigonebT mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `cifrebi Tavad saubroben~. ras
gvetyvian
cifrebi
miwodebaze? 2.1 wlidan
2001
saSemosavalo
gadasaxadis
ganakveTsa
cxrili gvTavazobs informacias, Tu wlamde
mobilizebuli
gadasaxadebis
rogor
da
Sromis
meryeobs
ukanaskneli
1955
dolaris
proporcia, anu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, Tu rogor Seicvala erTi momuSavis samuSao saaTebis saSualo raodenoba. cifrebi miuTiTebs, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTebi zogadad (Tumca ara ganuxrelad) gaizarda,
xolo
samuSao
saaTebi
Semcirda.
gadasaxadebi
amcirebs
Sromis
miwodebas. marTebulia cvlilebasTan zegavlena Semosavali
Tu erTad
moexdina _
ara
aRniSnuli
icvleboda
Sromis
sxva
miwodebaze.
dividendebidan,
daskvna?
sagadasaxado
faqtorebic, im
procentebidan
romlebsac
SemTxvevaSi, da
a.S.
ganakveTebis
Tu
SeeZlo
arasaxelfaso
miRebuli
Semosavali
gaizrdeboda, maSin adamians SeeZleboda naklebi emuSava, radgan igi ufro
30
gamdidrdeboda. amasTanave, protestantuli eTikis Sesusteba SesaZloa Sromis miwodebas amcirebdes. aRniSnulTagan arc erTi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mocemul cifrebSi. cxadia, gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra damoukidebel zegavlenas axdens gadasaxadi Sromis miwodebaze. aRniSnuli efeqtis Seswavla mxolod ori cvladis tendenciis gamokvlevis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. situacia amjeradac tipuria _ rodesac monacemebisagan veliT pasuxebs, cifrebi yovelTvis duman. saqme isaa, rom aseTi dakvirvebis Catarebis Sedegad `pandoras yuTs~ vxsniT.
sxvadasxva
cvladebis
didi
nawili
icvleba.
romeli
maTgani
dagvexmareba gadasaxadis efeqtis gansazRvraSi? ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizania cvladebis im nawilis izolireba, romlebic ekonomikaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor asrulebs aRniSnul rols ZiriTadi ekonomikuri Teoria.
31
cxrili 2.1 saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gaweuli Sroma
zRvruli federaluri weli
samuSao saaTebi saSualod
sagadasaxado ganakveTi*
kviraSi**
(procentulad) 1955
20,00
39,6
1960
20,00
38,6
1965
17,00
38,8
1970
19,48
37,1
1975
22,00
36,1
1980
30,13
35,3
1985
29,05
34,9
1990
22,65
34,5
1995
22,65
34,5
2001
22,65
34,5
* sagadasaxado politikis centri, "Historical Combined Income and Employee Tax Rates
for
a
Family
of
Four",
URL:
http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/overview/-
combined_family.cfm, 2003 wlis 15 ianvari. ** Economic Report of the President, 2002 weli (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2002), gv. 376.
Sromis miwodebis Teoriis postulatis mixedviT, samuSao gadawyvetileba drois
racionalur
gankargulebaSi
emyareba1.
ganawilebas
dReSi
ramdenime
saaTia.
davuSvaT,
ramdeni
saaTi
batoni unda
rojersis
dauTmos
man
muSaobas, xolo ramdeni _ uqmad yofnas? rojersi siamovnebas (`sargebels~) dasvenebisagan iRebs, magram Semosavlis misaRebad mas muSaoba uwevs, amdenad, misi
Tavisufali
Tavisufali
drois
droc
izRudeba.
saukeTeso
rojersis
kombinaciis
problemaa
povna,
romelic
Semosavlisa mis
da
sargebels
gazrdis.
1
Sromis resursebis Teoria am TavSi mxolod zedapiruladaa Camoyalibebuli. me-16 TavSi ixileT grafikuli eqspozicia saTauriT: `Sromis miwodeba~.
32
davuSvaT,
rojersis
saaTobrivi
anazRaurebis
ganakveTi
10
dolaria.
aRniSnuli xelfasi rojersis drois Rirebulebaa. Tavisufali drois yovel saaTSi
rojersi
10
dolars
kargavs
_
dro
fulia.
Tumca
keTilgonieri
individi yoveli SesaZlo saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar muSaobs, Tundac uqmad yofna mas Zalian Zviri ujdebodes. adamiani uqmad atarebs dros manam, sanam misgan miRebuli sargebeli aWarbebs danaxarjs. es
modeli
absurdulad
martivad
SeiZleba
miviCnioT.
igi
imis
SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, rom piris mier Sromis miwodeba ojaxis sxva wevrTa mier miRebul Sromis gadawyvetilebaze iyos damokidebuli. modeli ar gveubneba, sad SeuZlia individs imdeni saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaoba, ramdenic moesurveba.
marTlac,
gadawyvetilebas
mTeli
mxolod
mas
Sexeduleba Semdeg
imis
iRebs,
rac
Sesaxeb,
rom
adamiani
racionalurad
Seafasebs
sargebelsa da danaxarjs, SesaZloa ararealisturad mogveCvenos. miuxedavad
amisa,
modelirebis
mTeli
mizani
scenaris
maqsimaluri
gamartivebaa; amdenad, SeiZleba problema mxolod mis ZiriTad nawilebamde iqnes dayvanili. literator-kritikosi, liton streCi, ambobda: `dasawyisSi Cadenili Secdoma yoveli xelovnebis dasabamia~ (Lipton, 1977, gv. 3). Secdoma yoveli kargi ekonomikuri analizis sawindaric aris. modeli imis mixedviT ki ar unda Sefasdes, zustia Tu ara, aramed imis mixedviT, waagavs Tu ara igi WeSmaritebas Tanamedrove
da
aris
naSromTa
Tu
ara
informaciis
umetesoba
emyareba
wyaro.
imis
ekonomikis
daSvebas,
rom
Sesaxeb
sargeblis
maqsimizacia aris kargi samuSao hipoTeza. aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoyenebulia am wignSic. warmovidginoT, rom batonma rojersma miagno Semosavlisa da Tavisufali drois sargeblis maqsimizaciis kombinacias, romelic efuZneba mis saxelfaso ganakveTs, mixedviT,
romelic 10 xelfasi
dolaria.
20%-iT
mTavroba
daibegreba.
iRebs
gadawyvetilebas,
romlis
rojersis wminda xelfasi, anu misi
xelfasi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, 8 dolari iqneba. rogor moiqceva am dros keTilgonieri adamiani? imuSavebs bevrs, cotas Tu ar Secvlis muSaobis moculobas? erTob TeoriiT
sajaro
debatebis
Tavdajerebuli
ganmavlobaSi
argumentebi
viwinaswarmetyveloT,
Tu
gaismis. ra
samive
SesaZleblobis
realurad
zegavlenas
ki
moaxdens
Sesaxeb
SeuZlebelia, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT, ratom xdeba ase, gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT imas, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi amcirebs Tavisufali drois mimdinare fass.
33
gadasaxadis dawesebamde rojerss Tavisufali drois erTi saaTi 10 dolari ujdeboda.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
dawesebis
Semdeg
ki rojersis
wminda
xelfasi Semcirda da mas uqmad yofnis erTi saaTi ukve 8 dolari ujdeba. vinaidan uqmad yofna gaiafda, arsebobs misi zrdisa da muSaobis Semcirebis tendencia. es Senacvlebis efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili. gadasaxadis dawesebis paralelurad sruliad sxva saxis efeqti Cndeba. davuSvaT,
rom
rojersi
imuSavebs
saaTebis
gansazRvruli
odenobis
ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad mis wminda xelfasSi nebismieri dasaSvebi cvlilebisa. gadasaxadis
gadaxdis Semdeg
rojersi
saaTSi mxolod 8 dolars
miiRebs
(gaixseneT, rom erT saaTSi igi adre 10 dolars iRebda). faqtobrivad rojersma Semosavali
dakarga.
radgan
Tavisufali
dro,
Cveulebriv,
kargia,
misi
gamoyenebis koeficienti Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad yovelTvis izrdeba, da piriqiT, _ rodesac Semosavali iklebs, yovelTvis mcirdeba. Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis gulisxmobs.
naklebi
koeficienti
imdenad,
ki
TavisTavad
ramdenadac
muSaobis
saSemosavlo
masStabis
gadasaxadma
zrdas
rojersis
Semosavali Seamcira, igi iZulebulia, meti imuSaos. es Semosavlis efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili. amrigad, gadasaxads erTdroulad ori Sedegis motana SeuZlia: iafi
saqmianobis
(Tavisufali
drois
gamoyenebis)
Senacvlebis
igi ufro tendencias
waaxalisebs da realur Semosavals amcirebs. raki Senacvlebisa da Semosavlis efeqtebi
sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebebia,
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
efeqtis
Sefaseba mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia. gaiazreT qvemoT mocemuli ori Sexeduleba: 1. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo marTlac ar Rirs imdeni muSaoba, ramdensac vmuSaobdi~. 2. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo iZulebuli var, vimuSao ufro meti, raTa SevinarCuno cxovrebis pirobebi~.
im adamianisaTvis, romelic pirvel mosazrebas warmoTqvams, dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti, xolo meore winadadebis avtorze – Semosavlis efeqti. orive Tvalsazrisi srulyofilad asaxavs keTilgonivrul qcevas. SeuZlebelia, gamowveul SekiTxvaze,
Semosavlisa
ganusazRvrelobas ra
zegavlenas
da
Senacvlebis
metismetad axdens
mkveTrad
sagadasaxado
efeqtebis gavusvaT sistemaSi
konfliqtiT xazi.
pasuxs
gatarebuli
34
cvlilebebi Sromis miwodebaze, mxolod empiriuli muSaoba (analizi, romelic, Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebas efuZneba) gagvcems. Tundac
yvelaze
maRali
Tanamdebobis
pirTa
mosazrebebs
am
sakiTxze
mniSvnelovani skepticizmiT unda mivudgeT. Sromis miwodebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT Cven argumenti CamovayalibeT. Tumca iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi ufro zogadia, Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani ki is aris, rom Cveni yuradReba Cvens mierve ignorirebul sferoebze gaamaxvilos.
empiriuli analizis meTodebi
Teoria imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Cvensave mosazrebas organizaciuli forma mivaniWoT, rodesac igi ekonomikur samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebaze adamianTa
reaqciis
Sefasebas
Seexeba.
Tumca
igi,
Cveulebriv,
aRniSnuli
reaqciis masStabebze ar migvaniSnebs. marTlac, axlaxans ganxiluli Sromis miwodebis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, mxolod Teoria uZluria, mosalodneli cvlilebis aucilebeli.
mimarTuleba moqmedebs
iwinaswarmetyvelos. empiriuli
amisaTvis
strategiis
sami
empiriuli
saxe:
piradi
muSaobaa interviu,
eqsperimenti da ekonometrikuli Sefaseba. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis TeoriasTan koordinacia
sasicocxlod
aucilebelia.
Teoria
Sesaswavli
sakiTxis
organizaciul struqturaze, dasmul SekiTxvebsa da Sedegebis interpretaciaze zemoqmedebs.
interviuebi
yvelaze uSualo da pirdapiri gza imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs mTavroba adamianis qcevaze, Tavad am adamianisaTvis martivi SekiTxvis dasmaa. es aris empiriuli `kvlevis~ tipi, romelic reportiorebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (`gviTxariT,
gadaavadebT
Tu
ara
pensiaze
gasvlas
im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
35
saxelmwifo miwodebaze
socialuri gadasaxadis
uzrunvelyofis efeqtis
sargebels
Sesafaseblad
Seamcirebs?~).
araerTi
rTuli
Sromis interviu
Catarda. britanel iuristTa da buRalterTa jgufs dausves frTxili SekiTxva, Tu rogor gansazRvraven Tavisi samuSao saaTebis sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
Sesaxeb,
romlebic
raodenobas, ician Tu ara im maT
mimarT
gamoiyeneba,
sagadasaxado ganakveTi maT muSaobas stimuls uqmnis Tu bariers. pasuxebis mixedviT dadginda, rom gadasaxadebi SedarebiT cota adamianze zemoqmedebs (Break,
1957,
gamokvlevis
gv.
549).
mdidari
Tanaxmad,
amerikelebis
`mxolod
maTi
erTi
jgufis meeqvsedi...
Sesaxeb
ufro
amtkicebs,
gviani
rom
maT
TandaTanobiT mzardi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo faqtobrivad Seamcires muSaobis masStabi... isini, vinc maqsimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs eqvemdebarebodnen, samuSao barieris arsebobis Sesaxeb odnav ufro xSirad acxadebdnen, vidre isini, vinc ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegrebodnen~ (Barlow, Brazer & Morgan, 1966, gv. 3).
interviusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba
interviuTa interpretireba did yuradRebasa da sifrTxiles moiTxovs. yovelives Semdeg, Tu individi xmamaRla ar acxadebs Tavisi sagadasaxado ganakveTis Sesaxeb, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ver aRiqvams gadasaxadis gadaxdamde
periodsa
da
gadasaxadis
gadaxdis
Semdgom
periods
Soris
gansxvavebas. Zveli Cinuri andaza gvaswavlis: `usmine, ras ambobs, da Semdeg uyure, ras akeTebs~. faqti, rom individi raimes ambobs Tavisi qcevis Sesaxeb, sulac ar adasturebs naTqvamis WeSmaritebas. zogierT adamians uWirs imis aRiareba, rom finansuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebs mis SromiT gadawyvetilebaze (`mirCevnia, ar
visaubro
fulis
Sesaxeb.
es
samarcxvinoa~,
_
Tqva
msaxiobma
barbara
streizandma). sxvebi mTavrobas sruli funqciis qonis gamo sayveduroben, Tumca maT qcevaze gadasaxadebi faqtobrivad ar zemoqmedebs. davuSvaT, gsurT gaigoT, TuUromel radiosadgurs usmens ojaxi. ras moimoqmedebT: SeekiTxebiT maT Tu mixvalT maTTan saxlSi da naxavT, romel talRazea dayenebuli radiomimRebi?
eqsperimentebi
36
ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi kontrolirebadi
eqsperimentebis
empiriuli muSaobis ZiriTadi problema
Catarebis
SeuZleblobaa.
Tumca
mTavrobam
daafinansa ramdenime cda, romelTa mizani ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad eqsperimentuli
meTodologiis
socialur
eqsperimentebs
romlebic
1990-iani
gamoyeneba
usvams
wlebis
xazs,
dasawyisSi
iyo. im
idea,
romelic
samuSaoebSia
saxelmwifo
da
aRniSnul
ilustrirebuli, kerZo
skolebis
SedarebiT efeqtianobaze Catarda. dRes sakmaod mwvave debatebi mimdinareobs imis Sesaxeb, sajaro finansebi bavSvebis kerZo skolebSi gasagzavnad unda gamoiyenebodes Tu ara. aRniSnuli debatebis mTavari sakiTxia, aris Tu ara kerZo skolebi saxelmwifo skolebze ufro efeqtiani, centraluri
gansakuTrebiT,
qalaqebidan.
am
_
roca
SekiTxvaze
saqme
exeba
pasuxis
ganaTlebul bavSvebs
gacemis
bunebrivi
gza
analogiuri donis im studentTa moswrebis Sefasebaa, romlebic erTi tipis skolebSi swavloben. aRniSnulma gamokvlevam uCvena, rom kerZo skolebi ufro kargad muSaoben. Tumca aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba imitom miviReT, rom maRali miRwevebis mqone studentebi, pirvel rigSi, kerZo skolebSi swavlas arCeven. 1990 wels, uiskonsinSi daigegma socialuri cda, romelic am problemisken iqneboda mimarTuli2. qalaq miluokis Rarib ojaxebs neba darTes, ganacxadi SeetanaT im programaze, romelic daafinansebda maT swavlas arareligiur kerZo
skolaSi.
ganmcxadeblebisgan
programaSi
monawileni
SemTxveviTobis
principiT SeirCa. ganmcxadeblebi, romelTa SerCeva ar moxda, sakontrolo jgufis funqcias asrulebdnen. nebismieri gansxvaveba, romelic ori jgufis Semdgom saskolo miRwevaSi dafiqsirdeboda, unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc ori sxvadasxva tipis skolis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba. socialuri eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. eqsperimenti ekonomikuri
qcevis
Sesaswavlad
saimedo
meTodia,
Tumca
mas
garkveuli
SezRudvebic axasiaTebs. amis erT-erTi mizezi swored is aris, rom klasikuri eqsperimentis meTodologia aucilebel winapirobad arCevanis SemTxveviTobas miiCnevs _ SerCeuli pirebi im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda iyvnen, romlis qcevac amJamad kvlevis sagania. socialuri eqsperimentis SemTxvevaSi arCevanis gakeTeba SemTxveviTobis principis ganuxreli dacviT (Tavdapirvelad am principis dacva Tundac SesaZlebeli iyos) faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. ase, magaliTad, miluokis eqsperimentSi aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi studenti, romelic
2
dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Rouse [1998].
37
kerZo skolaSi gaigzavna, leqciebs sulac ar eswreboda, an mxolod mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi eswreboda. vinaidan studentebma Tavad airCies kerZo skola, studentTa maxasiaTeblebi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa jgufs ukve aRar ekuTvnoda. garda amisa, mcenareebisa da laboratoriuli cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianebma ician, rom isini eqsperimentSi monawileoben. Segneba ki qcevaze yovelTvis monawileTa
axdens
zegavlenas.
reaqcia
programis
mcirericxovani mimarT
metad
da
universaluri
gansxvavebulia.
programis
eqsperimentma,
romelic mxolod ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi moitanos im SedegTan SedarebiT, romelic SesaZloa mudmivmoqmed programas hqondes. cxadia,
socialuri
eqsperimentebi
Zvirad
Rirebulia.
ase,
magaliTad,
eqsperimenti Catarda Raribi mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo gadawyvetilebebze saijaro subsidiebis zegavlenis Sesafaseblad da is 163,3 milioni aSS dolari dajda (ix. Ingram [1985]). bartlesis mixedviT [1995], socialur eqsperimentze mTlianma danaxarjma 1970 wlis Semdeg miliard dolars gadaaWarba. Tumca aRniSnuli danaxarji garkveuli saxis samomavlo investiciaa. SesaZloa, Rirdes kidec
ramdenime
milioni
dolaris
daxarjva
im
programis
efeqtianobis
gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic ramdenime miliardi dolaris daxarjvasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.
laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebi.
ekonomikuri
qcevis
garkveuli
saxiT
Seswavla laboratoriul pirobebSicaa SesaZlebeli. es aris midgoma, romelsac xSirad fsiqologebi iyeneben. gamomcdeli daiqiravebs adamianTa (subieqtTa) jgufs,
romlebic
sxvadasxva
funqciebs
asruleben.
Sromis
miwodebis
Sesaswavlad gamomcdelma SeiZleba Sromis miwodebis Teoriidan aRniSnos, rom mTavari cvladi wminda xelfasis ganakveTia. SesaZlo eqsperimentuli strategia ki
aseTia:
subieqtebs
sxvadasxva
samuSaoebis
SesrulebisaTvis
garkveul
jildoebs hpirdebian da iniSnaven, Tu rogor icvleba samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxi jildos xarisxis Sesabamisad. laboratoriuli
eqsperimentis
dros
gamoaSkaravdeba
socialuri
eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. mTavari problema isaa, rom garemo,
romelSic
qcevaze
dakvirveba
xdeba,
xelovnuria.
ufro
metic,
subieqtebi, romlebic kolejis studentebs warmoadgenen, mTeli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi ver iqnebian. Tumca laboratoriuli eqsperimenti bevrad ufro
38
iafi da moqnilia, vidre socialuri eqsperimenti. misi popularoba erTob gaizarda
ukanasknel
wlebSi,
da
rogorc
Semdgom
TavebSi
davinaxavT,
saintereso da mniSvnelovani Sedegi mogvca.
ekonometrikuli mecnierebebi
ekonometrika
aris
ekonomikuri
monacemebis
statistikuri
analizi,
romelic adamianTa azris gamokiTxvisa da maTze Catarebuli cdis Sedegebs ar efuZneba. ufro metic, am mecnierebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis Sesaxeb daskvna swored Seswavlili qcevis mixedviT keTdeba3. maSin, rodesac ekonomistebi ver akontroleben istoriul movlenebs, ekonometrika momxdari movlenis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
SromiTi qcevis martivi modelis mixedviT, wliuri samuSao saaTebi (L – Labor supply) damokidebulia wminda xelfasis ganakveTze (net wage rate - wn). amasTanave, iseTi arasaxelfaso Semosavali, rogoricaa dividendi da procenti (A),
asaki
(X1)
raodenobaze
da
Svilebis
zemoqmedebdes.
raodenoba
(X2),
ekonometrikosi
SesaZloa samuSao
samuSao saaTebisa
saaTebis da
am
ganmartebiTi cvladebis urTierTobis gamosaTvlelad specifikur algebrul formas irCevs. gansakuTrebiT martivi forma aseTia:
L = α0 + α1wn + α2A + α 3X1 + α4X2 +ε
α
gantolebis
Secdoma.
parametrebia,
parametrebi
gviCvenebs,
(2.1)
xolo Tu
ε
_
rogor
samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tu α 1
SemTxveviTi zemoqmedebs
(arasistematuri) marjvena
cvladi
= 0, maSin wminda xelfasi samuSao
saaTebis raodenobaze ar zemoqmedebs. Tu α1 0-ze metia, maSin wminda xelfasis zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro meti imuSaos – dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti. Tu α1
0-ze naklebia, maSin wminda xelfasis zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro naklebi
imuSaos _ dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti. 3
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom ekonometrikuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba gamokvlevebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis mimarTac.
39
SemTxveviTi Secdoma (ε) zemoqmedebas
asaxavs.
Sromis
miuxedavad
miwodebaze mkvlevrisaTvis
kvlevaSi
CarTuli
cvladebis
SeumCnevel odenobisa,
yovelTvis arsebobs qcevis modelis mier auxsneli tipi. Tu gvecodineba α, cxadia, Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb yvela debati gadawyvetili iqneba. ekonometrikis praqtikuli mxare sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyenebiT α-s Sefasebaa. yvelaze popularuli meTodi mravaljeradi
regresiuli
analizis
saxeliTaa
cnobili.
cxare
debatebi
Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs, rom aRniSnuli teqnika yovelTvis ar iZleva saboloo Sedegs. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratom xdeba ase, vnaxoT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba igi Sromis miwodebis magaliTisaTvis. am mizniT ramdenime wuTiT daiviwyeT 2.1 gantolebaSi miTiTebuli yvela cvladi, garda wminda xelfasisa. amdenad, samuSao saaTebis formula sakmaod martivia:
L = α0 + α1wn + ε
(2.2)
2.2 gantoleba wrfivia, radgan misi RerZi gadmocemulia L-iTa da wn-iT, xolo Sedegi _ sworxazovani.
2.1 grafiki
davuSvaT, samuSao
rom
saaTebis
arsebobs odenobisa
informacia da
gansazRvruli
gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis
jgufis
adamianTa
Semdeg
xelfasis
moculobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dakvirvebis grafikulad gamosaxvisas wertilebi
40
ganbneulia iseve, rogorc 2.1 A grafikSi. cxadia, erTi swori xazi yvela am wertils ver moergeba. mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis mizani im xazis parametrebis
aRmoCenaa,
romelic
saukeTesod
moergeba
wertilebs4.
aseTi
regresiuli xazi gamoxatulia 2.1 B grafikSi. regresiuli xazi geometriulad 2.2
gantolebaa,
xolo
misi
α1-s
daxriloba
gamoiTvlis
(A
parametris
kalkulacias ki regresiis koeficienti ewodeba). α1-s gamoTvlis Semdeg ganxiluli unda iqnes misi saimedooba. dgas ki igi α1-s `WeSmarit~ sididesTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom gavigoT,
ratomaa es sakiTxi
mniSvnelovani, warmoidgineT, rom wertilebi isea ganbneuli, rogorc 2.1 C grafikSi. regresiuli xazi 2.1 B grafikSi gamoxatulis identuria, Tumca wertilebi ufro metadaa ganbneuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom α 1 iseTivea, rogorc 2.1 B grafikSi, SesaZloa maT saimedoobaSi eWvi SevitanoT. ekonometrikosebi standartul Secdomas gamoiTvlian, romelic mianiSnebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes standartuli
gamoTvlili Secdoma
parametri
Sefasebuli
WeSmariti
parametris
sididisgan.
moculobasTan
rodesac SedarebiT
umniSvneloa, maSin koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba. aRniSnul magaliTSi mxolod erTi ganmartebiTi cvladi gvxvdeba – wminda xelfasi. davuSvaT, mis nacvlad gantolebis ori cvladi arsebobda: wminda xelfasi da arasaxelfaso Semosavali. organzomilebian sivrceze regresiuli xazis
morgebis
sivrceSi
msgavsad,
ganbneul
Sesaferisi analogiuri
regresiuli
wertilebs
geometriuli maTematikuri
sibrtye
moergos.
asaxvis
forma
principebi
SesaZloa
orze ar
meti
cvladis
arsebobs.
nebismieri
samganzomilebian SemTxvevaSi
miuxedavad
raodenobis
amisa,
ganmartebiTi
cvladebis parametrebis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba (im pirobiT, rom cvladebis raodenoba
dakvirvebaTa
raodenobaze
naklebia).
faqtobrivi
kalkulaciebi
kompiuteris saSualebiT xdeba. moqmedi α-s gamoTvlisas SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba L-is cvlilebis Sesaxeb, romelic wminda xelfasis SecvliTaa gamowveuli. davuSvaT, α 1 = 100-s. Tu gadasaxadebis zrda wminda xelfass 50 centiT amcirebs, maSin individi wliurad 50 saaTis (100 X 50 dolarze) ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs.
4
saukeTeso xazi kvadratSi ayvanil vertikalur manZils, romelic xazis wertilebsa da ganbneul wertilebs Soris arsebobs, minimumamde amcirebs. ixileT Wooldridge [2003].
41
ekonometrikuli analizisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi ekonometrikuli analizis dros warmoiSoba sirTuleebi, romlebic xsnis imas,
Tu
ratom
iReben
sxvadasxva
mkvlevrebi
sxvadasxva
daskvnebs.
ase,
magaliTad, 2.1 gantolebaSi nagulisxmebia daSveba, rom TiToeuli adamianis qcevas erTi da igive gantoleba aRwers. Tumca sxvadasxva tipis adamianebi sxvadasxvagvari daojaxebuli
Sromis
miwodebiT
mamakacisagan
xasiaTdebian.
gansxvavebuli
reaqcia
daojaxebul
eqneba
wminda
qals
xelfasis
cvlilebaze. analogiurad, axalgazrdas xandazmulisagan gansxvavebuli Sromis miwodeba axasiaTebs. aseT adamianTa erT jgufSi gaerTianeba parametrebis araswor gamoTvlas iwvevs. mkvlevrebma ZiriTadad winaswar ar ician, Tu rogor daiyofa maT mier SerCeuli nimuSebi. aq saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis msgavsi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaa saWiro, ramac SesaZloa mkvlevrebi gansxvavebul Sedegebamde miiyvanos. erT-erTi problema isaa, rom parametrebi icvleba. qalTa Sromis miwodebis gantoleba, romelic 1975 wlis maCveneblebs eyrdnoba, 2004 wlis maCveneblebis safuZvelze
damyarebuli
imave
gantolebis
Sedegisgan
metad
gansxvavebul
Sedegebs mogvcems. garkveulwilad es qalTa muSaobisadmi damokidebulebis Secvlis Sedegia da, amdenad, damokidebulia α sidideze. zogadad, is realoba, romlis gamokvlevis survilic ekonometrikosebs amoZravebT, mudmivad icvleba. sxvadasxva maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli Sefasebani gansxvavebulia, Tundac maT gamosaTvlelad analogiuri meTodebi gamoiyenebodes. garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom α saimedod iyos gamoTvlili, regresiuli gantoleba yvela Sesabamis cvlads unda moicavdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi zogierTi efeqti, romelic gamotovebuli cvladis Sedegia, SesaZloa miekuTvnos wminda xelfasis
faqtors.
mniSvnelovani
cvladebi
xandaxan
gantolebaSi
gamotovebulia, radgan maT Sesaxeb informacia ubralod ar arsebobs. ase, magaliTad,
rTulia
movipovoT
informacia
mosaxleobis
arasaxelfaso
Semosavlebis wyaroTa Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom: (1) arasaxelfaso Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) adamianis muSaobis masStabi iklebs, da (2) arsebobs arasaxelfaso
tendencia, rom
Semosavali
maRalanazRaurebad adamians aseve maRali
hqondes.
Tu
Cvens
gantolebaSi
ar
mivuTiTebT
arasaxelfaso Semosavals, misi efeqtis nawili xelfass miewereba, xolo α1-s gaangariSebuli zogadad,
α 1-s
SemTxvevisa,
sidide
Tavis
gaangariSebuli
rodesac
WeSmarit sidide
gantolebaSi
sidideze yovelTvis
yvela
is
ufro
naklebi
araobieqturia,
cvladia
CarTuli,
iqneba.
garda
im
romelic
42
samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebs da sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli xelfasTan. problema ufro garTuldeba maSin, rodesac potenciurad mniSvnelovani cvladi
gamoTvlas
ar
eqvemdebareba.
iseTi
damokidebuleba,
rogoricaa
agresiuloba (iniciativis maRali xarisxi), SesaZloa samuSao gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebdes, Tumca misi gamoTvla SeuZlebelia. mkvlevrebi xSirad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli cvladi unda iqnes CarTuli gantolebaSi. magaliTad, unda moicavdes Tu ara gantoleba iseT cvlads,
rogoricaa
individis
ganaTlebis
done?
erTni
amtkiceben,
rom
ganaTleba Sromis miwodebaze zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, CarTuli unda iqnes gantolebaSi, rogorc ganmartebiTi cvladi. meoreni darwmunebulni arian, rom ganaTleba samuSao gadawyvetilebebze mxolod xelfasis cvlilebis kuTxiT zemoqmedebs
da,
amdenad,
misi
gantolebaSi
CarTva
araracionaluria.
ekonomikuri Teoria ganmartebiTi cvladebis saZieblad garkveuli struqturis CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba. Tumca igi iSviaTadaa gansazRvruli _ sxvadasxva mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs akeTeben. cvladebis gansazRvris procesSi arsebuli siZneleebi saimedo Sefasebis mopovebas
arTulebs.
ganvixiloT
samuSao
drois
gamoTvlisas
wamoWrili
problemebi. erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi martivia _ TiTqos mxolod samsaxurSi gatarebuli drois gamoTvlaa saWiro. Tumca ukeTesia, gamovTvaloT mokle Sesveneba da `gacdenili~ dro. maTi gamoTvla aSkarad ufro rTulia. xelfasis ganakveTis gamoTvlac arsebiT problemebs ukavSirdeba. yvelaze kargi meTodi aris gamoTvla ara mxolod im Tanxisa, romelsac daqiravebuli yoveli kviris bolos
iRebs,
aramed
sxva
sargeblis
Rirebulebisac
(pensiis
ufleba,
janmrTelobis dazRveva, kompaniis avtomanqaniT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.) erTi mniSvnelovani
daSveba: gantolebis
marjvena mxares ganlagebuli
cvladebi marcxniv ganlagebul cvladebze zemoqmedebs, magram ara piriqiT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin marTlac seriozuli problemebi iCens Tavs. davuSvaT, 2.1 gantolebis α1 dadebiTia. erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, wminda xelfasis zrdasTan erTad adamiani ufro mets muSaobs. meore, sakmaod damajerebeli interpretaciis mixedviT, damqiravebeli met xelfass uxdis adamians, romelic ufro
didxans
muSaobs.
marTlac,
xelfasis
ganakveTi
SesaZloa
namuSevar
droze zemoqmedebdes, namuSevari dro ki _ xelfasis ganakveTze. Tu marTlac asea, maSin mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis Sedegad α1-is gamoTvlili
43
sidide Sromis
miwodebaze
wminda xelfasis
cvlilebis
efeqts
arasworad
afasebs. gamoiyeneba ramdenime statistikuri meTodi aRniSnuli erTdrouli mizezSedegobrivi
urTierTobis
problemis
gadasaWrelad.
isini
rTulia
da
sxvadasxva meTodebma SesaZloa sxvadasxva Sedegebamde migviyvanos. es aris ekonometrikuli mecnierebebis Sedegebis sxvadasxvaobis kidev erTi mizezi.
daskvniTi komentarebi Teoria empiriuli mkvlevrebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia, romelic maT im cvladebis izolirebaSi exmareba, romlebmac SesaZloa qcevis garkveul saxeze zegavlena moaxdinos. empiriuli muSaoba amowmebs, Seesabameba Tu ara Teoria msoflio gamocdilebas. imis gamo, rom ekonomistebisaTvis is Sedegia yvelaze sasurveli, romlis safuZvelic mopovebuli realuri monacemebia, empiriuli muSaobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi ekonomikaSi ekonometrikuli analizi gaxlavT.
Tumca
yvelaze
patiosani
ekonometrikosebic
ki
sxvadasxva
daskvnebamde midian, radgan arc monacemebi da arc statistikuri teqnika ar aris
srulyofili.
keTilgonieri
adamiani
`faqtebis~
definiciis
gansakuTrebuli nakrebis swor interpretacias ar daeTanxmeba: faqti martivia da faqti pirdapiria. faqti zarmacia da faqti igvianebs. yvela faqts axlavs mosazreba, faqtebi arasodes akeTeben imas, rac me msurs5. gadaviwuroT imedi, rom
odesme SeviswavliT
im
faqtorebs, romlebic
zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. ekonomisti, romelic ikvlevs empiriul
SekiTxvas,
aucileblad
Seejaxeba
mecnierebebs,
romelTagan
5
''Gross-Eyed and Painless''-idan © 1980 Bleu Music Co., Index Music, Inc., and E.G Music. Ltd. deivid birnisa da braian enos nebarTviT.
44
TiToeuli
sxvadasxva
daSvebas
akeTebs,
problemis
sxvadasxva
aspeqtze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amdenad, sruliad gansxvavebul daskvnebs gvTavazobs. xSirad
ramdenime
naTeli
suraTi
gamokvlevis harmonizacia iqmneba.
feldStainma
xdeba
(1982A,
da ganxilvis
gv.
830)
aseTi
fenomenis qmedebebis
ganmaxorcielebeli ekonomisti im maharajas Seadara, romelic sabavSvo igavarakSia
moxseniebuli.
igav-araki
im
xuT
brma
kaczea,
romlebic
spilos
sinjavdnen. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gakveTili am ambavSi is ki ar aris, rom TiToeuli brmis mier mopovebuli mtkicebuloba `araswori~ da nawilobrivi iyo, aramed is,
rom
ganswavluli
aucileblad
mouyrida
maharaja, Tavs
romelic
faqtebs
da
xuTi
kacis
miiRebda
aRmoCenas
spilos
ikvlevda,
karg
suraTs,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu mas odesme nanaxi hyavda es oTxfexa cxoveli. empiriuli
mecnierebebis
gafrTxilebani
yovelTvis
sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebani
meTodologiis
Sesaxeb
qcevis
Taobaze
am
wignSi
gaxsovdeT. ganixileba.
winasityvaoba
gakeTebuli
iq,
moxseniebisas sadac
konsensuss
ufro
zogadad,
sajaro
debatebis
gancxadebebis
aqve
mimarT
warmodgenili ver
imedia,
miaRweven, empiriuli
dros
ekonomikuri
janmrTel
skepticizms
gaaRviZebs. ufrTxildiT nebismier arguments, romelic iwyeba aseTi jadosnuri sityvebiT: `gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom~.
45
______________________________________________________________
daskvna
·
ekonomistebs
kontrolirebadi
eqsperimentis
Catareba,
zogadad,
ar
SeuZliaT, amitom rTulia ganisazRvros ekonomikuri politikis efeqti. ·
ekonomikuri Teoria im faqtorTa gansazRvraSi gvexmareba, romelTac SesaZloa qcevis mocemul tipze zegavlena moaxdinon. Tumca mxolod Teoria specifikuri faqtoris mniSvnelobas verasodes gansazRvravs.
·
empiriuli kvlevis mizani politikaSi gatarebuli cvlilebis qcevaze zemoqmedebis mimarTulebisa da masStabis Sefasebaa. empiriuli kvlevebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
formebia:
interviu,
socialuri
da
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi da ekonometrikuli analizi. ·
interviu
gulisxmobs
individisaTvis
SekiTxvis
pirdapir
dasmas,
Tu
rogor zemoqmedebs sxvadasxva politikuri gadawyvetilebebi mis qcevaze. Tumca individi SesaZloa faqtobrivad arc reagirebdes politikaze ise, rogorc amas aRwers. ·
socialuri eqsperimenti adamianTa erT jgufze politikuri eqsperimentis Catarebas da maTi qcevis kontrolirebad jgufTan Sedarebas gulisxmobs. problemebi SeiZleba Semdegi mizezebiT warmoiSvas: Tavad eqsperimentma SesaZloa individis qcevaze moaxdinos zegavlena; rTulia SemTxveviTi arCevanis gakeTeba; socialuri eqsperimentis Catareba sakmaod Zviria.
·
laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebi
zogierTi
saxis
ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba. ·
ekonometrika
ekonomikuri
monacemebis
statistikuri
analizia.
ekonometrikaSi sxvadasxva politikis efeqtis Sesaxeb daskvna Seswavlili qcevis safuZvelze keTdeba. ·
mravaljeradi `saukeTeso~
regresiuli
parametris
analizi
ekonometrikuli
mosaZieblad
gamoiyeneba.
modelisaTvis
parametrebis
codna
saSualebas iZleva, `viwinaswarmetyveloT~ politikuri cvlilebis efeqti. ·
ekonometrika garkveuli naklovanebebiT gansxvavebuli cvladebi
jgufebis
ignorirebulia,
monacemTa
xasiaTdeba. Tu absoluturad
kombinireba
gamoiyeneba
araswori
xdeba,
mniSvnelovani
maTematikuri
forma,
46
cvladebi
arasworad
gamoiTvleba,
arsebobs
erTdrouli
mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri cvladebs Soris, maSin araswor Sedegebs viRebT.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
ekonomistebis
astronomebi
msgavsad,
axorcieleben.
kontrolirebad
miuxedavad
amisa,
eqsperimentebs
astronomia
ufro
verc zust
mecnierebad iTvleba, vidre ekonomika. ratom? 2. 2003 wels jorj u. buSma saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi Seamcira. ganmarteT, ratomaa rTuli Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadis Semcirebis zemoqmedebis
Sefaseba
mxolod Teoriaze
dayrdnobiT.
ra saxis empiriuli
samuSao dagvexmareba prognozirebaSi? 3. MDMA aralegaluri rekreaciuli narkotiki gaxlavT, romelic eqstazis saxeliTaa cnobili. standartuli sibrZne ki is aris, rom eqstazis gamoyeneba xangrZliv problemebs (nerviul dazianebasa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis SezRudvas) iwvevs. bolo periodSi mecnierebma aRniSnuli mosazreba kiTxvis niSnis
qveS
praqtikam
daayenes,
`ver
rodesac
gaiTvaliswina
amtkicebdnen, sxva
iseTi
rom
adre
faqtorebi,
ganxorcielebulma rogoricaa
manamde
arsebuli fsiqologiuri Civilebi an sxva narkotikis gamoyeneba~ ("The Economist", 2002 wlis (eqstazis
7
seqtemberi,
grZelvadiani
gv. 71).
daukavSireT
zemoqmedebis
medikos-mkvlevarTa
gansazRvra)
ekonomistebis
problema problemas
(ekonomikuri politikis efeqtis gansazRvra). 4. 1970-ian wlebSi RAND-korporaciis mkvlevrebma socialuri eqsperimenti Caatares, raTa janmrTelobis dazRvevis samoqmedo arealsa da janmrTelobis dacvis
momsaxurebiT sargeblobis areals Soris urTierToba gamoekvliaT.
eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi SerCeul individebs Tavisi Cveulebrivi sadazRvevo polisi
unda
gaecvalaT
RAND-is
axal
polisze,
romelic
momxmarebels
Tanadafinansebis sxvadasxva ganakveTs sTavazobda (sxvadasxva ganakveTi, romlis mixedviTac sadazRvevo momsaxureba individs janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweul sxvadasxva danaxarjebs aunazRaurebs). 1993 wels klintonis administraciam RAND-is eqsperimentis Sedegebi imis prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyena, Tu ramdenad gaizrdeboda janmrTelobis dacvis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis ganakveTi, Tu
47
dazRveva
yvela
danaxarjs
universaluri
gaxdeboda).
eqsperimentis
Sedegebis
ra
dafaravda problemebi
safuZvelze
(dazRvevis SeiZleba
universaluri
samoqmedo
warmoiSvas dazRvevis
areali
socialuri zemoqmedebis
Sefasebisas? 5. buSis administraciis mier wardgenili sabiujeto winadadebis (2003 weli) mixedviT, deficiti, anu danaxarjebsa da Semosavlebs Soris sxvaoba, iyo navaraudevi,
ramac
sakmaod
mwvave
polemika
gamoiwvia.
erTi
mxriv,
administracias imitom akritikebdnen, rom maRali deficiti maRal saprocento ganakveTebamde
migviyvanda.
administraciis
momxreebi
ki
amtkicebdnen,
rom
saprocento ganakveTze deficiti aranair zegavlenas ar moaxdenda. am cxrilSi moyvanilia
istoriuli
monacemebi
deficitisa
da
saprocento
ganakveTis
Sesaxeb. TiToeuli wlisaTvis deficiti aris Semosavalsa da danaxarjs Soris sxvaoba, romelic dolariTaa gamoxatuli. uaryofiTi ricxvi deficitia, xolo dadebiTi ricxvi _ proficiti.
weli
deficiti
saprocento ganakveTi
1980
- 73, 8
15,2%
1985
- 212,3
9,9%
1990
- 221,2
10,0%
1995
- 164
8,8%
2000
236,4
9,2%
am monacemebis safuZvelze ra daskvnas gaakeTebdiT federalur deficitsa da saprocento ganakveTs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Sesaxeb? ganmarteT, ratom iqneba arasrulyofili is daskvnebi, romlebic mxolod am monacemebs daefuZneba.
48
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Burtless, Gary. "The Case for Randomized Field Trials in Economic and Policy Research". Journal in Economic Perspectives #9, 2 (1995 wlis gazafxuli), gv. 63 – 84. Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1998 – 2008. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 1998. Smith, Vernon L. "Economics in the Laboratory". Journal of Economic Perspectives #8, 1 (1994 wlis zamTari), gv. 113 _132. Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. Introductory Econometrics. 2d.ed. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing, 2003.
49
Tavi 3
normatiuli analizis saSualebani
saxelmwifos mizani Tavisi xalxis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaa. eris materialuri winsvla da keTildReoba mxolod maSinaa Rirebuli, Tu mas TiToeuli
Rirseuli
moqalaqis
moralur
da
materialur
keTildReobamde
mivyavarT. Teodor ruzvelti
aiReT nebismieri yoveldRiuri gazeTi: aucileblad waawydebiT statias ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolze debatebis Sesaxeb. unda Semcirdes Tu ara saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi?
saWiroa
Tu
ara
xandazmulTaTvis
medikamentebis
Sesasyidad subsidiis gamoyofa? gonivruli iqneba Tu ara saxelmwifo miwis gamoyeneba alaskaze navTobis saZieblad? _ aseTi CamonaTvali usasruloa. saxelmwifos marTlac
ekonomikuri
aucilebelia
im
saqmianobis zogadi
amgvari meTodebis
mravalferovnebis arseboba,
pirobebSi
romelTa
mizani
sxvadasxva saxelmwifo operaciebis racionalobis Sefaseba iqneboda. aseTi sistemuri CarCos gareSe saxelmwifo programa mTavrdeba da misi Sefaseba specialuri meTodebiT xdeba, ris Sedegadac saTanado ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.
50
keTildReobis ekonomika
sajaro
finansebis
specialistebis
umetesoba
aRniSnul
CarCod
keTildReobis ekonomikas iyenebs. keTildReobis ekonomika aris ekonomikuri Teoriis
ganStoeba,
romlis
formaciebis
socialuri
safuZvelebia
asaxuli.
xelsayreli
pirobebi
yuradRebis
sasurvelobaa1. TeoriiT (bazari
centrSi
ekonomikuri
am TavSi keTildReobis
imisTvis kargad
sxvadasxva
sargebloben,
muSaobs)
rom
misTvis
ekonomikis bazrisaTvis
araxelsayreli
pirobebisagan (bazari ver aRwevs sasurvel Sedegebs) gavarCioT.
3.1 grafiki. wminda barteruli ekonomika
daviwyoT
yvelaze
martivi
ekonomikis
ganxilviT.
igi
Sedgeba
ori
adamianisagan, romlebic romlebic fiqsirebuli miwodebis koeficientis mqone ori saxis saqonels moixmaren. am SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi ekonomikuri problema or adamians Soris ori saqonlis ganawilebaa. rogori martivic ar unda iyos es modeli, aRsaniSnavia, rom `ori saqoneli _ ori adamianis~ SemTxvevas
1
keTildReobis ekonomika efuZneba ZiriTad ekonomikur saSualebebs, gansakuTrebiT _ ganurCevlobis (indeferentulobis) mrudebs. ixileT danarTi wignis bolos.
51
mivyavarT iseTi ekonomikisaken, romelsac ukve adamianTa da saqonelTa didi odenoba axasiaTebs2. SemTxveva `ori orze~ misi simartivis gamoa ganxiluli. es ori adamiani adami da eva gaxlavT, xolo ori saqoneli _ vaSli (sakvebi) da leRvis foToli (samosi). analitikuri mowyobiloba cnobilia `ejuorTis yuTis~ (Edgeworth Box) saxeliT, romelic adamsa da evas Soris vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis ganawilebis sqemas aRwers3. 3.1 grafikSi ejuorTis yuTis sigrZe, Os, aris meurneobaSi arsebuli vaSlebis mTliani raodenoba; misi simaRle, Or, leRvis foTolTa mTliani raodenobaa. adamis mier Sesyiduli produqcia saqonlis
gamoiTvleba raodenoba
manZilebiT
ki
_
O
wertilidan,
manZilebiT
O'
evas
wertilidan.
mier ase,
moxmarebuli v
magaliTad,
wertilTan adami moixmars Ou leRvis foTols da Ox vaSls, xolo eva _ O'y vaSls da O'w leRvis foTols. amdenad, ejuorTis yuTis nebismieri wertili adamsa da evas Soris vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis ganawilebis momentia. davuSvaT, adamsa da evas aqvT pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis mrudebi,
romlebic
damokidebulebas
vaSlsa
warmoadgens.
da 3.2
leRvis grafikSi
foTolTan orive
maT
upirates
ganurCevlobis
mrudi
ejuorTis yuTSi devs. adamis mrudebs ewodeba A, xolo evas mrudebs _ E. maRali ricxvebi ganurCevlobis mrudebze miuTiTebs sargeblis (kmayofilebis) maRal doneze. adami ufro kmayofilia, Tu mrudi emTxveva A3-s, vidre A2-s an A1s; eva kmayofilia, Tu mrudi emTxveva E3-s, vidre E2-s an E1-s. zogadad, evas kmayofileba izrdeba, rodesac misi pozicia inacvlebs samxreT-dasavleTisaken, adami ki maSinaa ufro kmayofili, rodesac Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken moZraobs.
2
ixileT me-11 Tavi. Henderson and Quandt [1980], sadac mocemulia gamoTvlis Sedegebi. saxeli XIX saukunis didi ekonomistis, fransis isidro ejuorTis pativsacemad daerqva. 3
52
3.2 da 3.3 grafikebi
davuSvaT, 3.3 grafikSi SerCeulia vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis SemTxveviTi ganawilebis wertili _ g. Ag aris adamis ganurCevlobis mrudi, romelic moZraobs g wertilis mixedviT; Eg evas ganurCevlobis mrudia. Cndeba SekiTxva: SesaZlebelia Tu ara vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis iseTi ganawileba, rom adami ufro SeZlebuli gaxdes, evas ki igive standarti SeunarCundes? pirvelive azri aseTi ganawilebis Sesaxeb h wertilTan migviyvans. adami bevrad SeZlebulia am wertilSi, radgan ganurCevlobis mrudi Ah miuTiTebs, rom adami am wertilSi ufro met sargebels iRebs, vidre Ag wertilSi. meore mxriv, eva h wertilSi
53
sulac ar gaRaribdeba, radgan igi Tavis Tavdapirvel wertilSi imyofeba _ ganurCevlobis mrudi Eg-ia.
3.4 grafiki
SeiZleba Tu ara, adamis keTildReoba ise gaizardos, rom ziani ar miadges evas?
manam,
sanam
adami
imoZravebs
ganurCevlobis
mrudiT
Crdilo-
aRmosavleTisaken da Tanac darCeba Eg wertilSi, es SesaZlebelia. procesi gagrZeldeba, sanam adamis ganurCevlobis mrudi exeba Eg-s, rac emTxveva p wertils 3.3 grafikSi. erTaderTi gza imisaTvis, rom adami ayvanil iqnes ufro maRal ganurCevlobis mrudze, vidre Ap-ia, aris evas CamoqveiTeba. resursTa p wertilis mixedviT ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi gza erTi adamianis materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad meore adamianis mdgomareobis gauaresebaa. es resursTa
pareto-efeqtianobis
ganawilebis
miznobriobis
saxeliTaa
cnobili. pareto-efeqtianoba
Sesafaseblad
xSirad
gamoiyeneba.
Tu
ganawileba ar emTxveva pareto-efeqtianobas, igi `araekonomiurad~ CaiTvleba, vinaidan aseT dros SesaZlebeli iqneba erTi adamianis keTildReobis amaRleba ise,
rom
sxvas
ar
miadges
ziani.
rodesac
ekonomistebi
xmaroben
sityva
efeqtians, isini yovelTvis gulisxmoben pareto-efeqtianobas.
54
pareto-efeqtianobas ukavSirdeba cneba pareto-gaumjobeseba _ resursTa ise ganawileba, rom erTi adamianis materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba meore adamianis keTildReobis daqveiTebas ar iwvevdes. 3.3 grafikSi g-dan h-sken moZraoba aris pareto-gaumjobeseba, iseve, rogorc moZraoba h-dan p-mde. p wertili ar aris resursTa ganawilebis erTaderTi pareto-efeqtianoba, romelic miiRweva, Tu g wertilidan daviwyebT moZraobas. 3.4 grafiki gviCvenebs, SegviZlia Tu ara gavaumjobesoT evas mdgomareoba ise, rom ar SevamciroT adamis sargebeli. 3.3 grafikis analogiuri logikis mixedviT, ase moxdeba, Tu evas ganurCevlobis mrudiT samxreT-dasavleTisken vimoZravebT, im pirobiT, rom ganawileba Ag wertilSi darCeba. aseTi gziT p1-s izolirebas vaxdenT. p1 wertilSi evas keTildReobis amaRlebis erTaderTi saSualeba adamis ufro dabal ganurCevlobis mrudze gadayvanaa. Semdeg ki, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, p1 iqneba ganawilebis pareto-efeqtianoba.
3.5 grafiki
jerjerobiT mxolod is svlebi ganvixileT, romlebic erTi adamianis keTildReobas
amaRlebs,
meorisas
ki
imave
doneze
tovebs.
3.5
grafikSi
viTvaliswinebT g wertilidan iseT ganawilebas, romelic rogorc adamis, ise
55
evas
keTildReobas
aamaRlebs.
adami,
magaliTad,
p2
wertilSi
ufro
SeZlebulia, vidre g wertilSi (Ap2 ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTaa, vidre Ag). asevea evac (Ep2 ufro samxreT-dasavleTiTaa, vidre Eg). p2 wertili ki paretoefeqtianobaa, radgan am wertilSi erTi individis keTildReobis amaRleba meore individis keTildReobisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe ukve SeuZlebelia. axla ki naTeli unda iyos, rom roca g wertilidan viwyebT, SesaZloa moviZioT pareto-efeqtianobis uamravi wertili. isini resursTa ganawilebis Sedegad TiToeuli mxaris mogebis odenobis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. gavixsenoT, rom sastarto wertili _ g SemTxveviT iqna SerCeuli. Cven proceduris gameoreba da pareto-efeqtianobis nebismieri sastarto wertilidan moZieba SegviZlia. CavTvaloT, rom 3.6 grafikSi k wertili aris Tavdapirveli p3
ganawilebis
wertili.
izolirebaa
SesaZlebeli.
efeqtianobis
wertilTa
da
p4
wertilebSi
aRniSnuli mTel
mdebare
savarjiSo
speqtrs
pareto-efeqtianobis
ejuorTis
aaSkaravebs.
yuTis
pareto-
pareto-efeqtianobis
wertilTa centraluri pozicia aris kontraqtuli mrudi, romelic 3.7 grafikSi gamoxatulia mm niSniT. gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT Semdegs: imisaTvis, rom ganawileba daemTxvas pareto-efeqtianobas (mm niSanze moxvedra), igi unda mdebareobdes im wertilSi, romelSic adamisa da evas ganurCevlobis mrudebi odnav exeba erTmaneTs. maTematikuri TvalsazrisiT, ganurCevlobis mrudebi mxebia _ maTi daxriloba erTi da igivea.
56
3.6 da 3.7 grafikebi
ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT,
ganurCevlobis
mrudis
daxrilobis
absoluturi Rirebuleba im ganakveTze miuTiTebs, romliTac individi mzadaa, ivaWros erTi saqonliT meore saqonlis damatebiTi odenobis sanacvlod, rasac
57
Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi (marginal rate of substitution _ MRS) ewodeba4. amrigad, pareto-efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTebi TiToeuli momxmareblisaTvis toli iyos:
MRS afAdam = MRS afEve
(3.1)
MRS afAdam
sadac
adamis
Senacvlebis
Seenacvleba leRvis foTols), xolo
zRvruli
MRS afEve
ganakveTia
(vaSli
_ evas Senacvlebis zRvruli
ganakveTi.
warmoebis ekonomika
warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudi. aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom yvela produqciis miwodeba fiqsirebuli raodenobiT xdeboda. warmoidgineT, ra moxdeba, Tu sawarmoo saSualebani gadainacvlebs vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis warmoebas Soris
ise,
rom
saSualebaTa
am
ori
produqciis
raodenoba
efeqtianad funqcionirebis pirobebSi
Seicvalos. vaSlis
warmoebis
warmoebis
zrda
aucileblad gulisxmobs leRvis foTlis warmoebis Semcirebas, da piriqiT. warmoebis
SesaZleblobaTa
mrudi
leRvis
foTlis
maqsimalur
odenobas
uCvenebs, romlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia vaSlis mocemul odenobasTan erTad. tipuri warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudi 3.8 grafikSi naCvenebia CC-s saxiT. rogorc
imave
grafikSi
ixilavT,
erT-erTi
xelmisawvdomi
alternativa
ekonomikaSi aris Ow leRvis foTlisa da Ox vaSlis warmoeba. SesaZloa, vaSlis warmoeba Ox-dan Oz-mde gaizardos xz manZiliT. amisaTvis saWiroa sawarmoo saSualebebis
mTlianad amoReba leRvis foTlis warmoebidan
vaSlis warmoebaSi.
da
gadatana
leRvis foTlis warmoeba wy manZiliT Semcirdeba, Tu
vaSlis warmoeba xz-iT gaizrdeba. wy-dan wz-mde manZilis proporcia vaSlis leRvis foTlad transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTia (MRTaf), radgan igi im ganakveTs
uCvenebs,
transformacia
4
romliTac
SeuZlia.
iseve,
ekonomikas rogorc
MRSas
vaSlis aris
leRvis
ganurCevlobis
foTlad mrudis
Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilulia wignis danarTSi.
58
daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba, MRTaf warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebulebaa. sasargebloa,
transformaciis
zRvruli
ganakveTi
avxsnaT
zRvruli
danaxarjis (marginal cost – MC) konteqstSi. zRvruli danaxarji aris erTi erTeuliT
meti
saqonlis
mzardi
sawarmoo
davubrundeT im faqts, rom sazogadoebas
danaxarji.
vaSlis warmoebis
amisaTvis xy-iT
ki
gazrda
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, Tu leRvis foTlis warmoebas SeaCerebs. faqtobrivad wy manZili vaSlis warmoebis zrdadi Rirebulebaa, romelsac MCaiT aRvniSnavT. analogiurad, xz manZili aris leRvis foTlis warmoebis zrdadi danaxarji anu MCf. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba warmoadgens xz manZils, romelic xz-iTaa gamoyofili, anda MCa/MCf-s. Tumca, imave gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa
mrudis
daxriloba
transformaciis
zRvrul
ganakveTs
warmoadgens. amdenad, vaCveneT, rom:
MRTaf =
MC a MC f
efeqtianobis
(3.2)
pirobebi
cvalebadi
warmoebis
SemTxvevaSi.
vaSlisa
da
leRvis foTlis cvalebadi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi 3.1 gantolebaSi paretoefeqtianoba unda gaizardos. igi ase gamoiTvleba:
MRTaf = MRS afAdam = MRS afEve
ganmartebisaTvis
ki
(3.3)
aqve
ariTmetikul
magaliTs
giCvenebT.
davuSvaT,
mocemuli ganawilebis wertilSi adamis MRSaf udris 1/3-s, xolo MRTaf
– 2/3-s.
MRSaf-is ganmartebis Tanaxmad, adamma sam zedmet vaSlSi erTi leRvis foToli unda miiRos, raTa SeinarCunos sargeblis Tavdapirveli done. amdenad, adami ufro mdidari iqneba, Tu sami vaSlis nacvlad or leRvis foTols miiRebs (anu sami vaSlis ori leRvis foTlad transformirebas ganaxorcielebs), Tanac amgvari procesiT aravis miadgeba ziani. aseTi vaWroba yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, sanam Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs ar
59
gautoldeba.
rodesac TiToeuli
mrudis
daxriloba gaTanabrdeba,
pareto-
MTRaf = MRS af , rac pareto-
gaumjobeseba mxolod maSin miiRweva. amdenad,
efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobaa. is ganakveTi, romlis mixedviTac vaSlis leRvis foTlad transformireba xdeba (MRTaf), unda udrides momxmareblebis mzadyofnis ganakveTs, vaSli gacvalon leRvis foTolze (MRSaf). 3.2 gantolebis gamoyenebis Sedegad pareto-efeqtianobis pirobebi SesaZloa zRvruli
danaxarjis
konteqstSi
xelaxla
iqnes
interpretirebuli.
3.2
gantolebis 3.3 gantolebiT Secvlis Sedegad gamova:
MC a = MRS afAdam = MRS afEve MC f
(3.4)
rac pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobaa.
keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoria
Cven pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobebi ganvixileT. amis Semdeg SeiZleba
Semdegi
SekiTxva
sasurvel
mdgomareobas
romelsac
gavakeTebT
daisvas:
SesaZlebelia
miaRwios?
ekonomikis
pasuxi
im
operaciebis
ki,
rom
daSvebazea Sesaxeb.
ekonomikam
am
damokidebuli,
davuSvaT,
rom:
1.
mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi srulyofili konkurentebi arian (anu, arc erTi maTgani ar flobs sabazro Zalauflebas); 2. bazari TiToeuli produqciisaTvis arsebobs. aseTi daSvebis farglebSi e.w. keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi
Teoria
amtkicebs,
rom
resursTa
ganawileba
swored
pareto-
efeqtianobis mixedviT xdeba. faqtobrivad saocari Sedegi gamovlinda, romelic migviTiTebs, rom konkurentuli ekonomika resursebis efeqtian ganawilebas `avtomaturad~ esaWiroeba Teoria
im
axorcielebs,
(adam smiTis Semecnebis
rasac
`uxilavi
centralizebuli
xelis~
formalizebas
mmarTveloba
Crdili). keTildReobis
axdens,
romelic
ukve
ar
pirveli
didi
xania
60
aRiarebulia: rodesac saqme saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebaze midgeba, Tavisufal sawarmoTa sistema Zalian nayofieri xdeba5. Teoriis
dasamtkiceblad
sakmaod
rTuli
maTematikaa
saWiro.
Tumca
SegviZlia qvecnobieri (intuiciuri) dasabuTeba SemogTavazoT. konkurenciis ZiriTadi arsi isaa, rom yvela adamianisTvis dawesebulia Tanabari fasebi _ TiToeuli momxmarebeli Tu mwarmoebeli imdenad umniSvneloa bazrisaTvis, rom igi fasze zemoqmedebas ver axdens. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, konkurencia gulisxmobs, rom adami da eva leRvis foTlisa (Pf) da vaSlisaTvis (Pa) erTnair fass ixdidnen. momxmareblis arCevanis Teoriis ZiriTadi Sedegi6 is aris, rom adamis sargeblis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa:
MRS afAdam =
Pa Pf
(3.5)
analogiurad, evasTvis sargeblis gasazrdelad aucilebelia, rom:
MRS afEve =
Pa Pf
(3.6)
3.5 da 3.6 gantolebebi erTad gvaZlevs:
MRS afAdam = MRS afEve
igi
3.1
gantolebis
identuria,
rac
pareto-efeqtianobis
erT-erTi
aucilebeli pirobaa.
5
`burJuebma 100-wliani deficitis dros ufro masiuri da ufro kolosaluri sawarmoo Zalebi Seqmnes, vidre wina Taobebma~. karl marqsi da fridrix engelsi, The Communist Manifesto. I nawili (Tucker, 1978, gv. 477). 6 aRniSnuli Sedegi ganxilulia wignis danarTSi.
61
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom warmoebis mxarec
gasaTvaliswinebelia. Teoriis
ZiriTadi Sedegi aris is, rom mogebis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli firma produqcias swored im wertilamde awarmoebs, sadac zRvruli danaxarji da fasi Tanabaria. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom Pa = MCa, xolo Pf = MCf, an
MC a P = a MC f Pf
gavixsenoT
(3.7)
3.2
gantoleba,
sadac
MCa/MCf
transformaciis
zRvruli
ganakveTia. amdenad, SegviZlia 3.7 gantoleba ase SevcvaloT:
MRTaf =
Pa Pf
(3.8)
gaaanalizeT 3.5, 3.6 da 3.8 gantolebebi. SeniSnavT, rom Pa/Pf aris TiToeuli gantolebis marjvena mxares. amdenad, samive gantoleba erTad niSnavs, rom
MRS afAdam = MRS afEve = MRTaf .
es
ki
pareto-efeqtianobis
aucilebeli
pirobaa.
konkurencia, TiToeuli individis qcevis maqsimizaciis TanxlebiT, efeqtian Sedegs iZleva. sabolood ki, SegviZlia visargebloT 3.4 gantolebis
upiratesobiT da
pareto-efeqtianobis pirobebi zRvruli danaxarjis konteqstSi CamovayaliboT. ubralod, SevunacvloT 3.5 an 3.6 gantoleba 3.4 gantolebas. miviRebT:
Pa MC a = Pf MC f
(3.9)
pareto-efeqtianoba zRvrul danaxarjTan fasis proporciulobas moiTxovs. konkurencia ki am pirobis Sesrulebis garantia. saqonlis zRvruli danaxarji sazogadoebisaTvis
damatebiTi
danaxarjia.
3.9
gantolebis
Tanaxmad,
62
efeqtianobis
misaRwevad
aucilebelia
TiToeuli
saqonlis
damatebiTi
danaxarjis mis fasSi asaxva.
samarTlianoba da keTildReobis ekonomikis meore ZiriTadi Teoria
Tu kargad funqcionirebadi konkurentuli bazari efeqtianad anawilebs resursebs, maSin ra rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo? aseT viTarebaSi racionalurad mxolod saxelmwifos umniSvnelo roli CaiTvleba. saxelmwifos mTavari funqcia iqneba sakuTrebis uflebis dacva ise, rom bazarma imuSaos. saxelmwifo
adgens
kanons
da
uzrunvelyofs
sasamarTlo
sistemiTa da erovnuli
Tavdacvis
wesrigs; meqanizmiT.
igi
aRWurvilia
sxva yvelaferi
zedmetia. Tumca aRniSnuli daskvna keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis zedapirul gaazrebas
efuZneba.
samyaroSi
yvelaferi
gacilebiT
rTulia.
erTi
mxriv,
63
igulisxmeba,
rom
efeqtianoba
erTaderTi
kriteriumia
imis
dasadgenad,
keTilgonivrulad aris Tu ara ganawilebuli resursebi. Tumca ar ikveTeba, pareto-efeqtianoba sasurvelia Tu ara. ganmartebisaTvis im martiv models davubrundeT, romelSic TiToeuli saqonlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia. gaiazreT 3.9 grafiki, romelic 3.7 grafikidan
kontraqtuli
mrudis
(mm)
reproduqcias
axdens.
SeadareT
ganawilebis ori wertili: p5 (yuTis qveda marjvena kuTxe) da q (centrTan axlos mdebare).
vinaidan
p5
kontraqtul
mrudzea
ganTavsebuli,
gansazRvrebis
Tanaxmad, igi pareto-efeqtianobaa. meore mxriv, q arasakmarisia. p5 ganawilebis wertili ukeTesia masTan SedarebiT Tu ara? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras
vgulisxmobT
`ukeTesSi~.
Semosavlis
SedarebiT
SedarebiT
upiratesoba
amasTanave,
sazogadoebas
ganawileba,
an
sazogadoeba
Tanabar
ganawilebas
mieniWos,
SesaZloa,
SeiZleba
upiratesobas
aniWebs;
SesaZloa
Tundac
q
ar
sulac
ar
ainteresebdes,
upiratesad
adamsa
iyos
da
faqtobrivi
evaze
q-s
p5-Tan
pareto-efeqtianoba. rogor
xdeba
zrunavdes.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi p5-s q-sTan SedarebiT upiratesoba mieniWeba.
3.9 grafiki
ZiriTadi
azri
isa,
rom
pareto-efeqtianobis
kriteriumi
resursebis
alternatiuli ganawilebis kategoriebis gamoyofisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris.
64
sargeblis ganawilebis samarTlianobis dasadgenad Rirebulebis Sesaxeb mkafio gadawyvetilebebia aucilebeli. am ideis formalizaciisaTvis gaiTvaliswineT, rom kontraqtuli mrudi farulad gansazRvravs im urTierTobas, romelic adamis mier mopovebuli sargeblis maqsimalur moculobasa da evas sargeblis yovel
dones
Soris
arsebobs.
3.10
grafikSi
Cans,
rom
evas
sargebeli
horizontalur, xolo adamis sargebeli _ vertikalur RerZs efuZneba. UU mrudi sargeblis gamoyvanili7.
SesaZleblobaTa
mrudia,
romelic
mrudidanaa
igi piris sargeblis maqsimalur odenobas gviCvenebs, rodesac
sxva piris sargeblis done mocemulia. wertili kontraqtul
kontraqtuli
mrudze p5-s
Seesabameba.
am
r 3 3.9 grafikSi arsebul
SemTxvevaSi
evas
sargeblis
done
SedarebiT maRalia, vidre adamis sargeblis done. r 3 3.10 grafikSi, romelic 3.9 grafikis p3 wertils Seesabameba, misi sawinaaRmdegoa.
q
3.9 grafikSi q-s
Seesabameba. imdenad, ramdenadac q kontraqtul mrudze ar aris ganlagebuli, q sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT unda mdebareobdes, rac imas niSnavs, rom erTi adamianis sargeblis gazrda meore adamianis sargeblis Semcirebis gareSe SesaZlebelia.
3.10 grafiki
7
3.8 grafikSi mocemuli sawarmoo saSualebebis mrudi im racionaluri daSvebis safuZvelzea Caxazuli, romlis mixedviTac misi daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba mudmivad izrdeba, rodesac Cven qvemoT vmoZraobT. rac ufro meti vaSli iwarmoeba, warmoebidan miT meti leRvis foToli amovardeba. Tumca ar arsebobs imis mizezi, vifiqroT, rom amas individTa sargeblebs Soris ganxorcielebul savaWro kompromisamde mivyavarT. swored amitom 3.10 grafikSi UU mrudi ufro talRovania, vidre swori.
65
yvela wertili, romelic sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa mrudze an mis qveviT mdebareobs, sazogadoebis mier miRwevadia; wertilebi, romlebic mrudis zeviT mdebareobs, miRwevadi ar aris. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, UU-s yvela wertili pareto-efeqtiania, magram isini adamsa da evas Soris faqtobrivi Semosavlis gansxvavebul SekiTxvaze
ganawilebas
pirobiTi
warmoadgens.
pasuxis
gasacemad
romeli
wertilia
saWiroa
socialuri
saukeTeso?
am
keTildReobis
funqciis Camoyalibeba, romelic sazogadoebis mosazrebebs adamisa da evas Sesabamis martivi
keTildReobasTan gancxadebaa
keTildReoba
misi
imis
aerTianebs. Sesaxeb,
wevrebis
socialuri
Tu
rogor
keTildReobas.
keTildReobis
funqcia
ukavSirdeba
sazogadoebis
individis
keTildReoba
damokidebulia im saqonlis odenobaze, romelsac is moixmars, sazogadoebis keTildReoba ki _ misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblis normaze. algebrulad, socialuri keTildReoba (W) TiToeuli individis sargeblis normis funqciaa (F):
W = F(UAdam, UEve)
(3.10)
66
vfiqrobT, rom socialuri keTildReoba UAdam-is an UEve-s zrdis Sedegad izrdeba _ sazogadoeba ufro mdidaria, rodesac misi wevrebis simdidris done izrdeba.
SeniSnavdiT,
axorcielebs
rom
sazogadoeba
araferi
gviTqvams
aRniSnuli
imis
upiratesobis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
gancxadebas.
rogor
garkveul
pirobebSi sazogadoebis wevrebi SesaZloa ver SeTanxmdnen imaze, Tu rogor moxdeba
sxva
individTa
sargeblis
klasifikacia.
amdenad,
socialuri
keTildReobis funqcia arc arsebobs. axla ki ramdenime wuTiT CavTvaloT, rom igi arsebobs. saqonelze
individis
sargeblis
funqcias
mivyavarT
am
saqonelTa
ganurCevlobis mrudebamde, iseve, rogorc socialuri keTildReobis funqcias _ socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebamde, romlebic individTa sargeblebs Soris aigeba. 3.11 grafiki socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudTa tipur nakrebs aRwers. qvemoT
mimarTuli
SemTxvevaSi
daxriloba
erTaderTi
SenarCunebisaTvis keTildReobis
gza
adamis
done
uCvenebs, socialuri
sargeblis
izrdeba
rom
evas
sargeblis
keTildReobis
gazrdaa,
da
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT
Semcirebis
arsebuli
piriqiT. moZraobisas,
donis
socialuri rac
imas
aRniSnavs, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi individis sargeblis zrda socialuri keTildReobis zrdas iwvevs. 3.12 grafikSi socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebi 3.10 grafikidan sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa mrudzea ganTavsebuli. i wertili naklebad sasurvelia, vidre ii wertili (ii wertili socialuri ganurCevlobis ufro maRali mrudia, vidre i wertili), Tundac i emTxveodes pareto-efeqtianobas, ii wertili ki _ ara. aq socialuri
Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb
msjeloba,
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqciasTan erTad, faqtobrivi Semosavlis ufro Tanabar ganawilebas uwyobs xels (Tumca SesaZloa, ganawileba araefeqtiani iyos). cxadia, iii wertils upiratesoba
eniWeba
orive
zemoT
miTiTebul
wertilTan
SedarebiT.
igi
efeqtianicaa da `samarTlianic~.
3.11 da 3.12 grafikebi
67
amrigad,
keTildReobis
funqcionirebadi
konkurentuli
pirveli sistema
Teoriis
mixedviT,
jansaRad
sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa
mrudis
garkveuli saxiT ganawilebas gvaZlevs. Tumca ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom
aRniSnuli
gansakuTrebuli
mimarTulebaa,
romelic
socialuri
keTildReobis maqsimizacias uzrunvelyofs. vaskvniT, rom Tundac ekonomikam resursTa ganawilebis pareto-efeqtianobis wertilebis generireba moaxerxos, saxelmwifos Careva sargeblis `samarTliani~ ganawilebis mizniT mainc saWiro iqneba.
68
unda ekonomika
Sevides
Tu
ara
keTildReobis
saxelmwifo
maqsimizaciis
uSualod
bazarSi
uzrunvelmyof
imisaTvis,
wertilamde
rom
mivides?
magaliTad, unda daawesos Tu ara man zeda zRvruli fasi im saqonelze, romelsac Raribi mosaxleoba moixmars? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. keTildReobis meore
ZiriTadi
sazogadoebam ganawilebas,
Teoriis
SesaZloa Tu
mimdevari
miaRwios
Tavdapirvel
ekonomistebis
resursebis
Senatanebs
mosazrebis
pareto-efeqtianobis
Tanaxmad, mixedviT
daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyenebs da
Semdeg adamianebs erTmaneTTan Tavisuflad vaWrobis saSualebas miscems (iseve, rogorc Cvens ejuorTis modelSia)8. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo sargeblis miRebis SesaZleblobaTa maqsimums uzrunvelyofs, Tu igi Semosavals jerovnad gadaanawilebs, bazars Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualebas miscems, Tavad ki gzidan Camoecleba. keTildReobis meore Teoria mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi efeqtiani da samarTliani ganawilebis sakiTxebis gamocalkevebaa SesaZlebeli. Tu sazogadoeba gadawyvets, rom resursebi dRes usamarTlod nawildeba, igi sabazro fasebSi ki ar unda Caerios da amiT efeqtianoba Seamciros, aramed resursebi
samarTlianad
unda
gaanawilos.
cxadia,
saxelmwifos
resursTa
ganawilebis garkveuli meTodi esaWiroeba. problemebic swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac
am
mizniT
araefeqtianobas
xelmisawvdomi
iwvevs.
meqanizmebi
SemdgomSi
(rogoricaa
ganvixilavT
gadasaxadebi)
efeqtianobasa
da
samarTlianobas Soris arsebul kavSirs (me-14 Tavi).
bazris naklovanebebi
rodesac cnobil kinofilmSi `kasablanka~ policiis ufross raimeSi eWvi epareba, igi gascems brZanebas, `alya Semoertyas Cveulebriv eWvmitanilebs~. analogiurad,
rodesac
bazari
resursebs
efeqtianad
ver
anawilebs,
ekonomistebi Cavardnis SesaZlo mizezebs alyas Semoartyamen xolme. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ekonomika SesaZloa ori ZiriTadi mizeziT iyos araefeqtiani _ sabazro Zalaufleba da bazris ararseboba.
8
mtkicebuleba gansazRvruli teqnikuri pirobebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs. magaliTad, ganurCevlobis yvela mruds standartuli (amozneqili) forma unda hqondes.
69
sabazro Zalaufleba
keTildReobis pirveli Teoria mxolod maSinaa qmediTi, roca fass yvela momxmarebeli da firma eTanxmeba. magram Tu zogierTi individi an firma fass gansazRvravs (maT aqvT fasebze zemoqmedebis unari),
resursTa ganawileba
ZiriTadad araefeqtiania. ratom? sabazro Zalauflebis mqone firmas SeiZleba imis unari aRmoaCndes, rom fasi zRvrul Rirebulebaze metad gazardos, Tu bazars
konkurentTan
gantoleba,
SedarebiT
pareto-efeqtianobis
nakleb
produqcias
erT-erTi
miawvdis.
aucilebeli
amdenad,
piroba,
3.9
irRveva.
saqonlisaTvis arasakmarisi resursebi gamoiyofa. fasis daweseba, rogorc qmedeba, sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. yvelaze eqstremaluri SemTxveva monopoliaa, rodesac bazarze mxolod erTi firmaa, sxva firmebisaTvis ki Sesasvleli Caketilia. naklebad eqstremaluri SemTxvevaa oligopolia (ramdenime gamyidveli), rodesac erTi tipis warmoebaSi CarTul firmebs SeswevT zRvrul danaxarjze maRali fasis dawesebis unari. da bolos, arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac zogierT warmoebaSi bevri firmaa CarTuli, magram TiToeul
maTgans
aqvs
sabazro
Zalaufleba
imdenad,
ramdenadac
isini
diferencirebul produqcias awarmoeben. ase, magaliTad, bevri firma awarmoebs sportul fexsacmels, Tumca momxmareblebi ganasxvaveben "Reebok"-is, "Nike"-isa da "Adidas"-is produqcias.
bazris ararseboba
keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis mixedviT, bazari yvela produqciisaTvis arsebobs. efeqtianad
Tu
bazari
garkveuli
saqonlisaTvis
verc resursebs gaanawilebs.
ar
realurad,
arsebobs, garkveul
maSin
igi
produqciaze
SesaZloa bazari marTlac ar warmoiqmnas. aviRoT, magaliTad, dazRveva _ moulodnelobiT aRsavse samyaroSi metad mniSvnelovani momsaxureba. miuxedavad iseTi firmebis arsebobisa, rogoricaa "Aetna" da "Allstate", arsebobs garkveuli movlenebi, romlebic kerZo bazarze ubralod ar izRveva. ase, magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom gsurT, daazRvioT gaRaribebis SesaZlebloba. SesaZlebelia ki, rom firmam, romelic konkurentul bazarze moqmedebs, momgebianad CaTvalos `siRaribis dazRveva~? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. Tu dagazRveven siRaribeze, SeiZleba aRar imuSaoT. amis Tavidan asacileblad ki sadazRvevo firmebi Tqvens qcevas
70
Seamowmeben, raTa gansazRvron, Tqveni dabali Semosavali Tqveni uiRblobiTaa gamowveuli Tu ubralod samsaxuris gacdeniT. Tumca aRniSnuli monitoringis Catareba
an
Zalian
rTuli
iqneba
an
SeuZlebeli.
amdenad,
ar
arsebobs
siRaribis dazRvevis bazari _ misi dazRveva ubralod SeuZlebelia. ZiriTadi problema aq asimetriul informaciaSia _ garigebis erT mxares aqvs
iseTi
informacia,
saxelmwifo
Semosavlis
Sedegi
isaa,
rom
romelzedac
meore
mastimulirebeli
isini
siRaribis
mxares
xeli
programebis
dazRvevas
ar
miuwvdeba.
erT-erTi
uzrunvelyofen
dadebiTi
(rac
kerZo
biznesisaTvis SeuZlebelia). jildo aRniSnuli `sadazRvevo politikisaTvis~ aris is gadasaxadebi, romlebsac ixdiT Semosavalze. gaRaribebis SemTxvevaSi Semosavals saxelmwifo daxmarebis saxiT miiRebT. araefeqtianobis meore tipi, romelic bazris ararsebobis gamo SeiZleba warmoiSvas, aris garegani efeqti _ situacia, romelSic erTi individis qceva meore individis keTildReobaze zemoqmedebs. ase, magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom Tqveni oTaxis megobari iwyebs didi sigaris mowevas da haeris dabinZurebas (rac Tqvenze cudad moqmedebs). ratom aris es efeqtianobis problema? Tqveni megobari sigaris mowevisas moixmars iSviaT resurss _ sufTa haers. Tumca sufTa haeris bazari, romelic mas daavaldebulebda, gadaexada safasuri sufTa haeris dabinZurebisaTvis, ar arsebobs. faqtobrivad is arafers ar ixdis sufTa haerSi
da
swored amitom
`borotad sargeblobs~
amiT.
fasTa
sistema ki
saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb jerovan signalebs ver gadascems. keTildReobis ekonomika garegani efeqtis gasaanalizeblad sasargeblo CarCos
gvTavazobs. 3.9
gantolebis
warmoebuli gulisxmobs,
rom zRvruli
danaxarji niSnavs socialur zRvrul danaxarjs _ igi warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli sazogadoebrivi resursebis zrdad Rirebulebas aerTianebs. Cveni sigarebis SemTxvevaSi Tqveni oTaxis megobris wevis zRvruli danaxarji ufro dabalia, vidre socialuri zRvruli danaxarji, radgan Tqvens megobars ar uxdeba im sufTa haeris safasuris gadaxda, romelsac moixmars. sigaris fasi, romelic asaxavs mis pirad zRvrul danaxarjs, socialur zRvrul danaxarjs saTanadod ar aCvenebs. amdenad, 3.9 gantolebis piroba ar aris dakmayofilebuli da resursTa ganawileba araefeqtiania. sxvaTa Soris, garegani efeqti SesaZloa iyos
pozitiuri
–
gvTavazobdes
sargebels
_
an
negatiuri.
ifiqreT
im
molekulur biologze, romelic axali gen-splaisingis (genetikuri Sezrdis) teqnikis kompaniam
Sesaxeb
naSroms
gamoiyenos.
gamoaqveynebs,
pozitiuri
romelic
garegani
efeqtis
SesaZloa
farmacevtulma
SemTxvevaSi
sasargeblo
71
saqmianobis odenoba, romelic generirebulia bazris mier, araefeqtianad mcire iqneba. garegani efeqtis monaTesave cnebaa sazogadoebrivi saqoneli _ produqcia, romelic arakonkurentuli moxmarebiT xasiaTdeba. erTi individis mier misi moxmareba
ar
zRudavs
meores,
analogiurad
moixmaros
es
saqoneli.
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis klasikuri magaliTi Suquraa. rodesac igi inTeba, misi
sinaTliT
axlos
myofi
yvela
gemi
sargeblobs.
is,
rom
erTi
piri
upiratesad sargeblobs Suquris momsaxurebiT, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom meores ar SeuZlia imave periodSi aseve moiqces. SesaZloa, individs imis stimuli hqondes, rom damalos, Tu ramdenad afasebs sazogadoebriv saqonels. davuSvaT, CemTvis metad sasargebloa Suquris arseboba, Tumca kargad vici, rom mas Semdeg, rac naTura ainTeba, SemeZleba misi momsaxurebiT visargeblo, miuxedavad imisa, am momsaxurebisaTvis gadavixdi Tu ara. amdenad, SemiZlia ganvacxado, rom Suqura absoluturad umniSvneloa CemTvis, raki meqneba `sxvebis xarjze sargeblobis~ imedi mas Semdeg, rac momsaxurebisaTvis isini gadaixdian. samwuxarod, yvelas igive azri amoZravebs. amitom SeiZleba Suqura saerTod ver aSendes, Tundac misi mSenebloba Zalian sasargeblo
iyos.
sazogadoebrivi
sabazro saqonlis
meqanizmma mimarT
SesaZloa
ver
preferenciebi
aiZulos
individi,
gamoavlinos,
rasac,
savaraudod, imisken mivyavarT, rom sazogadoebrivi saqonlisaTvis arasakmarisi resursebi gamoiyofa.
mimoxilva
keTildReobis pirveli Teoria amtkicebs, rom saTanadod funqcionirebadi konkurentuli ekonomika TavisTavad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe, resursebs pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT anawilebs. Tumca ar aris aSkarad gamokveTili is, rom resursTa efeqtiani ganawileba socialuri TvalsazrisiT sasurvelia: erTni
amtkiceben,
rom
gasaTvaliswinebelia
ganawilebis
samarTlianobis
postulatic. ufro metic, Cven vaCveneT, rom ekonomikaSi zogjer zogierTi saqonlisaTvis arc konkurencia arsebobs da arc bazari. amdenad, resursebis bazris
koniunqturis
SemTxvevaSi
mixedviT
saxelmwifos
ganawileba
SesaZlebloba
efeqtiani eZleva,
ar
Caerios
aris. da
swored
am
ekonomikis
efeqtianoba gazardos.
72
xazi
unda
problemebi
gavusvaT
im
faqts,
saxelmwifosTvis
SesaZleblobas,
rom
efeqtianobasTan
uzrunvelyofs
dakavSirebuli
ekonomikaSi
Carevis
Tumca arasodes moiTxovs aRniSnul Carevas. is, rom resursTa
bazris koniunqturis mixedviT ganawileba srulyofili ar aris, ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifos ukeTesi ganawilebis unari aqvs. ase, magaliTad, zogierT SemTxvevaSi
im
saxelmwifo
romelmac
unda
moagvaros
SesaZloa
Tavad
garegani
samsaxuris garegan efeqtis
CamoyalibebisTvis
efeqtTan danaxarjs
gaweuli
dakavSirebuli aRematebodes.
xarji,
problemebi, ufro
metic,
saxelmwifo, adamianis msgavsad, Secdomebs uSvebs. erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo absoluturad uunaroa imisaTvis, rom efeqtianad imoqmedos. ase rom,
Tu
Teoriulad
saxelmwifos
ZaluZs
status-kvos
gamosworeba,
praqtikulad mas arasodes Seswevs amis unari. miuxedavad imisa, rom argumenti sakmaod
eqstremalurad
gamoiyureba,
igi
naTels
hfens
im
faqts,
rom
ekonomikuri Teoria mxolod im situaciis identificirebaSi gvexmareba, romlis drosac intervenciam SesaZloa ufro maRali efeqtianoba mogvitanos.
keTildReobis ekonomikaSi wvlilis Setana
dRes yvelaze cxare kamaTi ekonomikis organizebasTan dakavSirebiT yofil komunistur qveynebSi mimdinareobs. miuxedavad amisa, igive sakiTxebi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebSic sakmaod mwvaved dgas: erovnuli Semosavlis ra nawili unda daeTmos sajaro seqtors? rogor dafinansdeba saxelmwifo danaxarjebi? am TavSi warmodgenilma keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoriam aRniSnul movlenaTa gasaanalizeblad standartuli CarCo
uzrunvelyo. Tumca Teoriis garSemo
winaaRmdegobani gvxvdeba. pirvel
rigSi,
ZiriTadi
xedva
metad
individualuria.
igi
adamianis
sargebelsa da misi maqsimizaciis gzebzea fokusirebuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqciis formulirebaSic (3.10 gantoleba) moCans. am gantolebis ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom kargi sazogadoeba bednier adamianTa erTobliobas warmoadgens. rogorc pirvel TavSi iqna ganxiluli, misaRebia sxva socialuri miznebi, rogoricaa saxelmwifos Zalauflebis zrda, uflis dideba da a.S. keTildReobis ekonomikas bevri araferi aqvs saTqmeli aseTi
73
miznebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis.
ar
aris
gasakviri,
rom iraneli aiaTola
homeini ambobda, rom ekonomika maimunebisTvisaa Seqmnili. vinaidan
keTildReobis
adgilze ayenebs, igi adamianma
yvelaze
sawinaaRmdego
ekonomika
aRniSnuli
kargad
Sexeduleba,
adamianis
upiratesobis
icis,
Tu
erT
dros
ra
upiratesobas
centralur
seriozul aRqmas
aniWebs
mSvenivrad
mas
moiTxovs.
kmayofilebas.
formulirebuli
amis tomas
o’nilis (warmomadgenelTa palatis yofili spikeri) mier, aseTi iyo: `xSirad amerikelebs swored is surT, rac maTTvis kargi ar aris~. Tu vinme daijerebs, rom individis preferencia arajansaRi da uzneoa, aRmoCndeba, rom Teorias, romlis mizani individis sargeblis maqsimizaciaa, verasodes gamoviyenebT. masgreivma [1959] `damsaxurebuli~ saqonlis Sesaxeb koncefcia ganaviTara. aRniSnuli
produqcia
aucileblad
unda
iqnes
miwodebuli,
Tundac
sazogadoebis wevrebi masze moTxovnas ar gamoxatavdnen. saxelmwifos mier saxviTi xelovnebis
mxardaWera
xSirad
am
safuZvelzea
dasabuTebuli.
Tu
individi ar ixdis saTanado Rirebulebas, opera da koncerti sajarod unda Catardes. magram rogorc baumoli da baumoli [1981] SeniSnavdnen: termini damsaxurebuli saqoneli ubralo formalur daniSnulebaze migviTiTebs _ miRebulia
subieqturi
gadawyvetileba,
rom
xelovneba
sazogadoebisaTvis
kargia.
amdenad, igi finansur mxardaWeras imsaxurebs. damsaxurebuli saqonlis mimarT midgoma ar aris mxardaWeris faqtobrivi dasabuTeba _ igi qmnis terminologias, romelic zustad miuTiTebs mxardaWeris survilze (gv. 426 – 427).
keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi SesaZlo problema
misi
SedegTan
damokidebulebaa.
situacia
fasdeba
resursTa
ganawilebis mixedviT da ara imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvra ganawilebis forma. SesaZloa, sazogadoeba unda ganisajos im procesis mixedviT, romelmac igi ganawilebis am formamde miiyvana, da ara faqtobrivi Sedegebis mixedviT. SeuZlia Tu ara adamians Tavisuflad dados kontraqti? aris Tu ara sajaro procesebi
demokratiuli?
Tu
amgvar
mosazrebas
avirCevT,
keTildReobis
ekonomika Tavis normatiul mniSvnelobas dakargavs. meore mxriv, keTildReobis ekonomikis seriozuli upiratesoba is aris, rom igi saxelmwifo politikis Sesafaseblad logikur CarCos uzrunvelyofs. yovelives Semdeg, saxelmwifos nebismieri intervencia resursTa ganawilebas gamoiwvevs, keTildReobis ekonomikis mizani formebis
Sefasebaa.
keTildReobis
ki ganawilebis alternatiuli
ekonomikis
CarCo
gvibiZgebs,
rodesac
74
saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaze vsaubrobT, davsvaT sami arsebiTi SekiTxva: ·
moxdeba
Tu
ara
aRniSnuli
qmedebis
Sedegad
yvelaze
sasurveli
formiT ganawileba? ·
gazrdis Tu ara igi efeqtianobas?
·
gamoiwvevs Tu ara igi miznobriv danaxarjebs?
Tu
pasuxi
samive
SekiTxvaze
uaryofiTia,
maSin
sasurvelia,
bazars
Tavisufleba mivaniWoT. cxadia, aRniSnul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arsebiT kvlevebs da, pirveli SekiTxvis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtur Sefasebasac moiTxovs. swori
SekiTxvis
dasma
gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis
procesisaTvis
faseul
struqturas uzrunvelyofs. igi individs aiZulebs, Tavisi eTikuri faseulobebi gamoxatos,
da
zedapiruli
da
mxolod
sakuTari
interesebis
dasakmayofileblad moqmedi programebis aRmoCenas amartivebs.
daskvna
·
keTildReobis ekonomika aris mecniereba alternatiuli ekonomikuri formaciebis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb.
·
resursebi rodesac
pareto-efeqtianobis individs
materialur
ar
mixedviT
SeuZlia
mdgomareobas
mxolod
gamdidreba
ziani
ar
ise,
miayenos.
maSin rom
nawildeba, sxva
piris
pareto-efeqtianobis
wertili moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli piris SemTxvevaSi ori saqonlis Senacvlebis udrides.
zRvruli
ganakveTi
pareto-efeqtianoba
tranformaciis
ekonomikis
zRvrul
efeqtianobis
ganakveTs
Sesafaseblad
ekonomistTa sakontrolo wertilia. ·
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
konkurentuli
sabazro
pirveli
ZiriTadi
meqanizmi
Teoria
garkveul
amtkicebs,
pirobebSi
rom
pareto-
efeqtianobamde migviyvans. ·
mTeli momxibvlelobis miuxedavad, pareto-efeqtianobas pretenzia ara aqvs,
eTikur
normad
CaiTvalos.
SesaZlebelia,
sazogadoebas
Tanasworobis an sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze araefeqtiani ganawileba
75
erCios,
rac
ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos
intervenciisaTvis
erT-erT
SesaZlebel mizezs uzrunvelyofs. ·
socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcia misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblis mimarT
sazogadoebis
imisTvisaa forma,
preferencias
SesaZlebeli,
romelic
rom
socialuri
ganazogadebs.
moinaxos
resursTa
uzrunvelyofis
misi
gamoyeneba
ganawilebis
masStabs
iseTi
maqsimalurad
gazrdis. ·
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
sazogadoebam
SesaZloa
meore
ZiriTadi
resursebi
Teoriis
Tanaxmad,
pareto-efeqtianobis
mixedviT
gaanawilos, Tu daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyenebs Tavdapirvel Senatanebs, Semdeg ki xalxs erTmaneTTan Tavisufali vaWrobis saSualebas miscems. ·
saxelmwifos intervenciis meore mizezi bazris naklovanebaa (fiaskoa), romelic
sabazro
Zalauflebis
an
bazris
ararsebobis
dros
aSkaravdeba. ·
is faqti, rom bazari resursebs srulyofilad ver anawilebs, sulac ar gulisxmobs,
rom
amas
saxelmwifo
ukeT
SeZlebs.
yvela
SemTxveva
damsaxurebis mixedviT unda Sefasdes. ·
keTildReobis
ekonomika
individualistur
socialur
filosofias
efuZneba. igi did yuradRebas ar aqcevs im procesebs, romlebic miznis misaRwevad
gamoiyeneba.
amdenad,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
politikis
gasaanalizeblad igi logikur da sasargeblo CarCos uzrunvelyofs, keTildReobis ekonomika universaluri mecniereba ar aris.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. Tqveni azriT, romeli bazari moitans efeqtian Sedegebs? ratom? a) sanapiroze mdebare saxlebis dazRveva wyaldidobisagan; b) samedicino momsaxureba; g) safondo birJa; d) personaluri kompiuterebi; e) sesxebi studentTaTvis, romelTac kolejSi swavla surT;
76
v) manqanis dazRveva. 2. warmoidgineT, rom ekonomika ori subieqtisagan Sedgeba. eseni arian henri da ketrini, romlebic ori saxis saqonels – pursa da wyals _ moixmaren. axla warmoidgineT, rom uflebamosilma pirebma gvalvis gamo gadawyvites, TiToeuli maTganisTvis arsebuli wylis resursis zustad naxevari gamoeyoT. imisaTvis, rom erT adamians ar ganexorcielebina meoris `eqspluatacia~, arc erTs ar SeeZlo
mieyida
meorisaTvis
wyali
ufro
meti puris
safasurad. daxazeT
ejuorTis yuTi, asaxeT mdgomareoba da axseniT, ratomaa SeuZlebeli paretoefeqtianobis dacva. 3. safrangeTis mTavroba begravs sazRvargareT gadaRebul filmebs da subsidiebs gamoyofs qveyanaSi gadaRebuli filmebisaTvis. Seesabameba Tu ara aRniSnuli politika resursebis ganawilebas pareto-efeqtianobis koeficientis mixedviT?
(miniSneba:
warmoidgineT
modeli,
romelSic
momxmarebeli
or
saqonels `ucxour filmebsa~ da `adgilobriv filmebs~ Soris akeTebs arCevans. rogori
Tanafardoba
am
produqciaTa
Senacvlebis
zRvrul
ganakveTsa
da
transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs Soris?) 4. warmoidgineT martivi ekonomika ori subieqtiT: avgustusiT da liviaTi. a) socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcia iyos:
W = UL + UA,
sadac
UL da UA aris Sesabamisad livias da avgustusis sargebeli. daxazeT
socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudi. rogor aRwerT maTi keTildReobis Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs?
b) gaimeoreT a, rodesac:
W = UL+ 3UA
g) CaTvaleT, rom sargeblis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba aseTia:
77
(grafiki)
grafikulad uCveneT, rogor gansxvavdeba optimaluri gadawyvetileba a da b nawilebSi miTiTebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqciaTa mixedviT. 5.
garkveul
SesaZlebelia
periodSi
aseTi
proeqtis
CikagoSi
ufaso
racionalizeba
koncertebi
imarTeboda.
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
safuZvelze? daukavSireT proeqti `damsaxurebuli~ saqonlis koncefcias. 6. yvela qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT Tu ara keTildReobis ekonomikis safuZvelze saxelmwifo politikis racionalizeba? a) los-anjelesSi policia wliurad 127 aTas dacviT signalizaciaze axdens
reagirebas.
masze
gadasaxadi
ar
arsebobs
(signalis
97
procenti
mcdaria); b) Taflis warmoebaze subsidias federaluri mTavroba gascems; g)
amerikis
fermerTaTvis katastrofuli
SeerTebuli
kulturaTa sawarmoo
Statebis
dazRvevis
soflis
meurneobis
subsidirebas
danakargebis
dasazRvevad
departamenti
axorcielebs. aranair
fermeri
sadazRvevo
gadasaxads ar ixdis; d)
vaSingtonSi
ver
gaxdebiT
parikmaxeri,
Tu
ar
geqnebaT
qalaqis
mmarTvelobis mier gacemuli licenzia; e) erovnuli energetikis politikis aqtis mixedviT, yvela axali tualeti unda irecxebodes mxolod 1,6 galoni wyliT. amerikelebis uamrav saxlSi tualeti 5,5-dan 7 galonamde wyals xarjavs Carecxvisas; v) federaluri mTavroba wiwilis nakelisagan eleqtroenergiis warmoebis subsidirebas axorcielebs [SeniSvna: es me ar momigonia.] 7. Tqveni TviTmfrinavi wynar okeaneSi Cavarda. Tqven ukacriel kunZulze moxvdiT sxva mgzavrTan erTad. kunZulze moxvda aseve miwis Txilis 100 patara yuTi. miwis Txili sakvebad gamosadegi erTaderTi saqonelia. aseT ekonomikaSi, sadac ori adamiani da erTi saqonelia, xolo warmoeba ar arsebobs, daxazeT diagrama da warmoadgineT SesaZlo ganawilebis formebi.
78
ganmarteT, ratom emTxveva yvelanairi ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobas. aris ki yvelanairi ganawileba samarTliani? 8.
rogorc papi ioane-pavle II ambobda, `rac ufro stabiluri iqneba
sazogadoebrivi wyoba, miT naklebad moxdeba piradi interesebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis interesebis dapirispireba. stabiluri sazogadoebrivi wyoba maTi nayofieri bazrebi
harmonizaciis jansaR
gzebs
`socialur
eZebs.~ wyobas~?
am
kriteriumis
rogor
mixedviT,
Seesabameba
qmnian
Tqveni
ki
pasuxi
keTildReobis pirvel Teorias? 9. warmoidgineT ekonomika, sadac ori subieqtia: viqtoria da alberti. arsebobs ori saqoneli: Cai da Rvezeli. dReisaTvis viqtoria da alberti or Wiqa Cais erT RvezelSi gacvlian. momavalSi, Tu ekonomika erTi WiqiT naklebi Cais
warmoebas
daiwyebs,
misi
warmoebidan
gamoTavisuflebuli
resursi
SesaZloa sami damatebiTi Rvezelis sawarmoeblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. emTxveva Tu ara resursebis ganawilebis aseTi forma pareto-efeqtianobis maCvenebels? Tu ase araa, ufro meti Cai unda iyos Tu Rvezeli? 10. qvemoT CamoTvlil formulirebaTagan romelia swori, araswori an gaurkveveli. pasuxi daasabuTeT. a) Tu yvela xasiaTdeba Senacvlebis Tanabari zRvruli ganakveTiT, maSin resursebis ganawileba daemTxveva pareto-efeqtianobas; b) Tu resursebis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis wertils emTxveva, maSin yvela xasiaTdeba Senacvlebis Tanabari zRvruli ganakveTiT; g) Tu aiceriT wiTelaze, es dadebiTi garegani efeqtia; d)
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
meore
ZiriTadi
Teoriis
mixedviT,
socialurad sasurvelia resursebis konkurentuli ganawileba.
gamoyenebuli literatura: Bator, F.M. "The simple analytics of Welfare Maximazation". American Economic Review 47 (1957 wlis marti), gv. 22-59.
79
nawili meore
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
Teoriam
Cveni
yuradReba
SeaCera
bazris
naklovanebebsa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebze, romlebic saxelmwifos intervenciis
SesaZleblobas
informacias
imis
Sesaxeb,
qmnis. Tu
am
ras
nawilis SeiZleba
ramdenime
Tavi
gulisxmobdes
gvTavazobs saxelmwifo
politikis cneba. me-4 Tavi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvras gvaZlevs, me-5 Tavi
garegan
efeqtebs
Seexeba
(garemosTan
dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis
gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT), me-6 Tavi ki, im politikis gamoyenebiT, romelic me4 da me-5 TavebSia mocemuli, imis mimoxilvas eTmoba, upasuxeben Tu ara politikuri amaRlebis
institutebi
amocanas. me-7
bazris
naklovanebis
daZlevisa
da
efeqtianobis
da me-8 Tavebi Semosavlis ganawilebis sakiTxebs
eZRvneba. bazris naklovaneba yvelaze xSirad dazRvevis sferoSi Cans. socialuri dazRvevis dros mimdinare movlenebs me-9 da me-10 Tavebi ikvlevs. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Cveneuli analizi sruldeba me-11 TaviT, romelSic mocemulia danaxarjebisa Sesafaseblad
da
Sedegebis
aucilebel
analizi
praqtikul
_ wesTa
sazogadoebrivi krebuli,
danaxarjebis
romelic
Teorias
efuZneba.
80
Tavi 4
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli
saerTo keTildReobasa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa Soris Sinagani, WeSmariti kavSiri arsebobs. moraluri wesrigi, romelsac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
organos
sazogadoebaSi
saerTo
keTildReobis
dasanergad
esaWiroeba, imave organos sTxovs, efeqtianad miaRwios mizans. papi ioane XXIII
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg amerikelebi SeTanxmdnen, rom momavali riskis gasaneitraleblad saxelmwifos qmediTi zomebi unda mieRo. miuxedavad imisa, rom mimdinareobda (da dResac mimdinareobs) cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu zomebi
unda
gatarebuliyo,
yvelam
aqsiomad
CaTvala
mosazreba,
ra rom
saxelmwifos racionaluri funqcia Tavdacvaa. ra Tvisebebis gamo iTvleba erovnuli Tavdacva saxelmwifos yvelaze Sesaferis pasuxismgeblobad? Sedis Tu ara sxva saxis saqoneli da momsaxureba am TvisebebSi da evaleba Tu ara saxelmwifos maTi uzrunvelyofa? swored es SekiTxvebia saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebis birTvi. am TavSi Cven im pirobebs ganvixilavT, romelTa mixedviTac saxelmwifos mier garkveuli saqonlis uzrunvelyofa racionalurad iTvleba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva bazris naklovanebas, romlis gamoc bazari garkveul saqonels pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT ver uzrunvelyofs.
81
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvra
ra gansxvavebaa saxelmwifo Tavdacvasa da picas Soris? SekiTxva SeiZleba suleluradac
ki
mogveCvenos,
Tumca
misi
gaanalizebis
Sedegad
mivalT
daskvnamde, Tu romeli saqoneli unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo seqtorma da romeli _ kerZom. dasawyisisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom or saqonels Soris arsebobs erTi uzarmazari gansxvaveba _ ori adamiani ver SeWams erTdroulad erT picas: Tu erTi Wams picas, maSin imave picaze meore analogiur qmedebas veRar ganaxorcielebs.
amis
individTa
momsaxurebis
mier
sapirispirod,
dacva,
romelsac
erTdroulad
zRudavs. meore mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
armia
gamoyenebis
uzrunvelyofs,
SesaZleblobas
ar
isaa, rom erT adamians advilad
SeuZlia, meore arc ki gaakaros picas. magram SeuZlebelia adamianis CamoSoreba saxelmwifo
Tavdacvis
Sedegad
miRweuli
keTildReobisagan
(rTulia,
warmovidginoT, rom teroristebs miecemaT erTi individis saxlis darbevis nebarTva, meoris saxlisa ki aekrZalebaT). saxelmwifo
Tavdacva
wminda
sazogadoebrivi
saqonelia,
romelic
moxdeba,
saqonlis
Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba1:
·
mas
Semdeg,
rac
saqonliT
uzrunvelyofa
moxmarebisaTvis sxva piris zRvruli danaxarji nuls udris _ misi moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs. ·
pirisaTvis saqonliT sargeblobis uflebis warTmeva an Zalian Zviria an
SeuZlebeli
_
saqonlis
moxmareba
gamoricxvis
princips
ar
eqvemdebareba.
amis sapirispirod, iseTi piradi moxmarebis saqoneli, rogoric picaa, moxmarebisas konkurencias iwvevs da gamoricxvis princips eqvemdebareba. aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvris zogierTi aspeqti.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
saqonlis
Tanabar
moculobas
yvela
moixmars,
saqonlis Tanabari Sefaseba momxmarebelTa mier saWiro ar aris. warmoidgineT, 1
literaturaSi arsebobs mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebisa, rodesac absoluturi saxelmwifo saqonlis daxasiaTeba xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi ix. Cornes and Sandler [1996].
82
rom lagdeba oTaxi, romelSic kolejis ramdenime studenti cxovrobs. mas aqvs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis kargi Tviseba _ yvelas siamovnebs sufTa abazanaSi Sesvla, amitom rTulia, romelime studenti am sargebels CamoaSoro. Tumca zogierTi studenti sxvebze metad zrunavs sisufTaveze. analogiurad, Cvens mier
moyvanil
mtrulad
Tavdacvis
ganwyobili
magaliTSi
ucxoelebis
isini,
vinc
arsebobas,
yvelaze
metad
saxelmwifo
ganicdian
Tavdacvas
ufro
faseulad miiCneven, vidre isini, vinc SedarebiT usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi).
uaryofiTi
marTlac,
sazogadoebrivi
momxmarebelTa
saqoneli,
Sefasebani,
gansxvavebulia.
dadebiTia
TiToeul
Tu
adamians
erTaderTi arCevani aqvs _ axali saraketo sistemis momsaxurebiT isargeblos. erTni, visac sjera, rom sistema usafrTxoebis xarisxs aamaRlebs, dadebiTad afaseben
sistemas;
gadaadgilebas
meoreni
gamoiwvevs
ki
da
fiqroben,
saxelmwifo
rom
axali
usafrTxoebis
sistema dones
armiaTa
Seamcirebs,
amitom damatebiT raketas uaryofiTad afaseben. isini siamovnebiT gadaixdian imisaTvis, rom raketa maTTan axlos ar iyos. wminda
sazogadoebriv
saqonlad
klasifikacia
sabazro
pirobebsa
da
teqnologiur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. kvlav ifiqreT Suquris Sesaxeb. rogorc ki naTura inTeba, erTi gemi misi momsaxurebiT sargeblobs, Tanac meore gems analogiuri
momsaxurebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevs.
ufro metic, arc erT gems ar SeiZleba signaliT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba waerTvas. aseT pirobebSi Suqura wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonelia. davuSvaT, gamoigones SemzRudavi mowyobiloba, romlis amoqmedebis Sedegad gemi veRar xedavs Suquris signals, vidre specialur mimReb mowyobilobas ar SeiZens. aseT SemTxvevaSi principi, romlis mixedviTac, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli gamoricxvis princips
ar
eqvemdebareba,
sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli.
aRar
moqmedebs.
sakmaod
Tumca
STambeWdavi
aRarc
sanaxaoba
Suquraa ki
wminda
swored
maSin
iqmneba, rodesac wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonliT momxmarebelTa mcire jgufi sargeblobs.
Tumca
gadaitvirTeba.
mayurebelTa
sanaxaobis
imave
raodenobis
`odenobas~
zrdasTan
TiToeuli
erTad
adamiani
areali
`moixmars~,
magram misi xarisxi adamianTa ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. amdenad, principi, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs, aRar moqmedebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi kargi iqneba, `sajaroobis~, rogorc xarisxis, Sesaxeb vifiqroT. wminda sazogadoebrivi Sereuli
sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli zustad Seesabameba definicias.
saqonlis
moxmareba
garkveuli
masStabiT
konkurentulia da zogierTi momxmareblis gamoricxvasac iwvevs. faqtobrivad
83
wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Zalian bevri nimuSi ar arsebobs. Tumca wminda konkurenciis
analizis
Sedegad
faqtobrivi
bazrebis
saqmianobis
Sesaxeb
codnas mniSvnelovnad vimaRlebT. amdenad, wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis analizi gvexmareba im problemebis aRqmaSi, romlebic xelisuflebis winaSe dgas, romelsac gadawyvetilebebis miReba evaleba.
saqoneli SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mxolod erT definicias akmayofilebdes da ara orives. aRniSnuli koncefcia swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom arakonkurentuli moxmarebisa da momxmareblis gamoricxvis SeuZleblobis principi ZiriTadi
SesaZloa
erTdroulad
satransporto
gamoricxvis
dakmayofildes.
magistralebi
SeuZleblobis
TvalsazrisiT
ar
principi
mouxerxebelia
pikis
muSaobs
warmoidgineT
saaTis _
gadasaxadis
qalaqis
dros.
ZiriTadad
transportis
monitoringis
amkrefi
jixuris
yvelgan
damontaJeba, raTa gzebze moZraoba SeizRudos. magram moxmareba TavisTavad konkurentulad
iTvleba
_
es
sacobSi
moyolilma
nebismierma
adamianma
SeiZleba gamoscados. meore mxriv, bevrma SeiZleba isiamovnos uzarmazari napiriT ise, rom sxvaTa analogiuri sargebeli sulac ar Seamciros. miuxedavad imisa,
rom
adamianebi
moxmarebelTa
moxmarebisas
garkveuli nawilis
erTmaneTs
momsaxurebiT
konkurencias
ar
sargeblobisgan
uweven,
CamoSoreba
mainc mosalodnelia (Tu mxolod ramdenime misasvleli gza arsebobs). kvlav gavimeorebT,
rom
samarTlebriv magaliTis
saqonlis
gadawyvetilebebzea
moyvana.
radiotalRebs avtomaturad
maxasiaTebeli
E-XPasses-i
iyenebs
da
daaricxavs.
teqnologiur
damokidebuli.
gamvleli
mZRols magaliTad,
manqanebis
gzebiT State
aq
mdgomareobasa
mosaxerxebelia
91
gzis
identificirebisaTvis
sargeblobisaTvis Rout
da
gadasaxads
los-anjelesis
axlos
oTxzoliani gzatkecilia, romelic mxolod im mZRolebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi, romelTa manqanebi
specialuri mowyobilobiT aris aRWurvili. warmoidgineT,
rom erT mSvenier dRes aseT teqnologias im mZRolTa dasabegrad gamoiyeneben, romlebic
gadatvirTul
quCaze
gavlas
Seecdebian
_
quCiT
sargebloba
gamoricxvis princips daeqvemdebareba.
zogierT cnebas, romelic pirobiTad gansazRvrulia, rogorc `saqoneli~, sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
niSan-Tvisebebi
aqvs.
patiosneba
mniSvnelovani
magaliTia. Tu TiToeuli moqalaqe komerciul garigebebSi patiosani iqneba, maSin
saqmis
warmoebis
dros
fasebis
SemcirebiT
mTeli
sazogadoeba
84
isargeblebs.
aseTi
tipis
xarjebis
Semcireba
rogorc
arakonkurentuli
moxmarebis, ise gamoricxvis SeuZleblobis principiT xasiaTdeba. analogiurad, Semosavlis
ganawileba
sazogadoebrivi
saqonelia.
Tu
Semosavali
`samarTlianad~ nawildeba, maSin TiToeuli individi kmayofilia imiT, rom jansaR sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs _ Cven ar SegviZlia, romelime individis aRniSnuli
ufleba
gamefebuli
winaaRmdegobebis
Sefasebis
xelvyoT.
meTodebis
cxadia, fonze,
mixedviT
samarTlianobis individebi
gansxvavdebian.
cnebis
Semosavlis
miuxedavad
irgvliv
ganawilebis
amisa,
Semosavlis
ganawileba arakonkurentulia da gamoricxvis
princips ar eqvemdebareba _
amdenad,
los-anjelesSi,
igi
aris
sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli.
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis brZanebis Tanaxmad, restornebi valdebulni arian, yvelas uCvenon Tavisi restornis higienuri norma: "A" – sufTa, "B" – WuWyiani, "C' – ukiduresad WuWyiani.
informaciis
aseTi
ganawileba
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
niSan-
Tvisebebs warmoaCens _ misi moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs; yvelas SeuZlia, restornis
higienuri
norma
internetSi,
gazeTSi
an
ubralod
restornis
fanjaraSi ufasod naxos. es gamoricxvis princips ar eqvemdebareba.
piradi moxmarebis saqoneli yovelTvis eqskluziurad kerZo seqtoris mier ar
iwarmoeba.
romelsac
arsebobs
saxelmwifo
piradi
moxmarebis
uzrunvelyofs _
saqonlis
esaa
farTo
saqoneli,
asortimenti,
romlis
moxmareba
konkurentulia, Tumca momxmareblis nawils misi moxmarebis saSualeba ara aqvs (gamoricxvis
principi
moqmedebs),
magram
mas
saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs.
samedicino momsaxureba da binaTmSenebloba piradi moxmarebis iseTi saqonelia, romelsac
zogjer
mogvianebiT
vnaxavT,
saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs.
analogiurad,
SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
rogorc
uzrunvelyofa
kerZo seqtoris mier (ifiqreT im pirebze, romlebic fuls gamoyofen saerTo sargeblobis sivrcis SesanarCuneblad. swored am fulis wyalobiT ulamazesi yvavilebiTaa mofenili centraluri parki da niu-iork-siti). mokled, cneba `kerZo~
an
`saxelmwifo~
misi
uzrunvelmyofi
seqtoris
Sesaxeb
arafers
gveubneba.
saqonlis saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli saqoneli am seqtoris mieraa warmoebuli. magaliTad, nagvisagan dasufTaveba. zogierTi sazogadoeba am momsaxurebas Tavad gaswevs _ saxelmwifo seqtoris menejerebi nagvis gasatan manqanebs yiduloben, muSebs qiraoben da Sesabamis grafiks
85
akeTeben.
sxva
sazogadoebebSi
aRniSnuli
samuSaos
Sesasruleblad
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba kerZo firmas qiraobs, anu municipaliteti warmoebis organizebas
Tavad
ar
axorcielebs.
amerikis
SeerTebul
StatebSi
xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris 37% kontraqtiT daqiravebul kerZo firmebze modis. biblioTekebisaTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 23%-ia, xolo adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi transportisaTvis _ 48% (Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleiferi da Vishni, 1997).
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani uzrunvelyofa
ra
iqneba
efeqtiani
saxelmwifo
odenoba?
Tavdacvis
sazogadoebrivi
an
sxva
saqonlis
sazogadoebrivi efeqtiani
saqonlis
miwodebisaTvis
aucilebeli pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, me-3 TavSi mocemuli analizisagan mciredi
gansxvavebiT,
piradi
moxmarebis
saqoneli
unda
gaviazroT.
kvlav
warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, romelSic ori adamiani – adami da eva cxovrobs. piradi moxmarebis ori saqonelia _ vaSli da leRvis foToli. 4.1A grafikSi leRvis foTlis raodenoba (f) horizontalur RerZze izomeba, xolo misi calobiTi fasi (Pf ) _ vertikalur RerZze. leRvis foTolze adamis moTxovnis mrudi D fA -iTaa gamoxatuli. moTxovnis mrudi leRvis foTolTa im raodenobas gviCvenebs, romelsac mocemul fasad adami sxva Tanabar pirobebSi moixmars2. analogiurad, D4.1B grafiki leRvis foTolze evas moTxovnis mrudia. amave dros, yoveli individis moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdens gadaixdis TiToeuli
maTgani
leRvis
foTlis
gansazRvrul
raodenobaSi
(ix.
wignis
danarTi). davuSvaT, gvinda vnaxoT, Tu rogoria leRvis foTolze bazris moTxovnis mrudi. am mizniT Cven ubralod vajamebT leRvis foTlis im raodenobas, romelzedac,
fasis
miuxedavad,
orive
adamianis
moTxovna
arsebobs.
4.1A
grafikSi, sadac leRvis foTlis fasi 5 dolaria, adami leRvis erT foTols moiTxovs (horizontaluri manZili D D fA -sa da vertikalur RerZs Soris). 4.1B grafiki miuTiTebs, rom imave fasad eva leRvis or foTols moiTxovs. amrigad, orive individis mier moTxovnili leRvis foTlis saerTo raodenoba, Tu misi 2
moTxovnis mrudi wignis danarTSia ganxiluli.
86
fasi 5 dolars udris, samia. leRvis foTolze bazris
moTxovnis mrudi
gamoxatulia D fA+ E -iT (grafiki 4.1C). rogorc ukve vaCveneT, wertili, sadac fasi 5 dolaria, raodenoba ki 3, zustad bazris moTxovnis mrudzea ganlagebuli. analogiurad, mocemuli fasis farglebSi bazris moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis piradi moTxovnis mrudebs Soris arsebuli horizontaluri manZilisa da fasis vertikaluri RerZis Sekrebaa aucilebeli. es horizontaluri jamis saxeliTaa cnobili.
4.1 da 4.2 grafikebi
4.2
grafiki
4.1
grafikis
informaciis
reproducirebas
axdens.
4.2C
grafikSi bazris miwodebis mruds (Sf) zemodan bazris moTxovnis mrudi ( D fA+ E ) daedeba.
bazari
dabalansebulia
maSin,
rodesac
moTxovna
da
miwodeba
Tanasworia. aRniSnuli Tanafardoba ki maSin miiRweva, rodesac fasi 4 dolaria
87
(grafiki 4.2C). am fasad adami leRvis erTnaxevar foTols, xolo eva sam foTols moixmars. yuradReba miaqcieT Semdegs: ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom adami da eva
Tanabari odenobis leRvis foTols moixmaren. gansxvavebuli
gemovnebis, Semosavlisa da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gamo isini leRvis foTlis gansxvavebul odenobas moiTxoven. es ki SesaZlebelia, radgan leRvis foToli piradi moxmarebis saqonelia. 4.2C grafikSi mocemul Tanafardobas erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba aqvs: leRvis foTlis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT xdeba. samomxmareblo arCevanis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sargeblis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli individi awesebs
leRvis
foTlis
vaSliT
Senacvlebis
zRvrul
ganakveTs
(MRSfa),
romelic leRvis foTlis fasisa (Pf ) da vaSlis fasis Sefardebis tolia (Pa):
MRS fa =
Pf
Pa
3.
vinaidan racionalur arCevanze
mxolod SedarebiTi fasebi
zemoqmedebs, vaSlze SesaZloa nebismieri SemTxveviTi fasi dawesdes. ufro moxerxebuli
rom
iyos,
Pa
gavutoloT
1
dolars.
amdenad,
sargeblis
maqsimizaciis piroba MRS fa = Pf -mde mcirdeba. leRvis foTlis fasi gamoiyeneba im
donis
Sesafaseblad,
romelzedac
individi
leRvis
foTols
vaSlze
gacvlis. axla ki leRvis foTolze adamis moTxovnis mrudi ( D fA ) uCvenebs leRvis erT foTolze maqsimalur fass, romelsac adami leRvis foTlis moxmarebis yvela doneze gadaixdis. amdenad, moTxovnis mrudi leRvis foTlis moxmarebis
yvela doneze
MRS fa -sac uCvenebs. analogiurad,
D Ef
SesaZloa
ganimartos, rogorc evas MRS fa ganrigi. imave meTodis gamoyenebiT davinaxavT, rom miwodebis mrudi (Sf) 4.2C grafikSi uCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba leRvis foTlis
warmoebis
paralelurad
leRvis
foTlis
vaSlad
(
MRT fa
)
transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi4. 4.2C grafikSi mocemuli Tanafardobis mixedviT, adami da eva aweseben
MRS fa -s, romelic oTxs udris. mwarmoebelic awesebs MRT fa -s, romelic aseve oTxia. amdenad, gamodis aseTi Tanafardoba: 3
ixileT wignis danarTi. konkurenciis pirobebSi firmebi saqonels swored im wertilamde awarmoeben, sadamdec fasi zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. amdenad, miwodebis mrudi (Sf) leRvis foTlis warmoebis yvela doneze gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs uCvenebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna (me-3 4
Tavi), MRT fa =
MC f
MC a
. imdenad, ramdenadac Pa = 1 dolars, fasi zRvrul danaxarjs
utoldeba, amitom MCa = 1 dolars, MRTfa = MCf. amis Semdeg SegviZlia zRvruli danaxarjisa da miwodebis mrudis mimarT transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi ganvsazRvroT.
88
MRS faAdam = MRS Eve fa = MRT fa
(4.1)
4.1 gantoleba pareto-efeqtianobis (ix. me-3 Tavi) aucilebeli pirobaa. sanam
bazari
konkurentuli
iqneba
da
saTanadod
imuSavebs,
keTildReobis
ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoriis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli piroba daculi iqneba.
kvlav efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis pirobis Sesaxeb
Cven movaxdineT piradi moxmarebis saqonlis efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis pirobis reinterpretacia. axla davubrundeT sazogadoebriv saqonels. vidre formalur
dasknas
CamovayaliboT. tkbebian.
evas
gavakeTebdeT,
davuSvaT, mier
misiT
rom
adami
efeqtianobis da
tkoba adamis
eva
piroba
feierverkis
analogiur
intuiciurad
cqeriT
Tanabrad
siamovnebas sulac ar
amcirebs, da piriqiT. SeuZlebelia, erTma individma meoris feierverkiT tkbobis SesaZlebloba SezRudos. feierverkis masStabi cvalebadia, amitom rogorc adami, ise eva sxva Tanabar pirobebSi upiratesobas did qalaqebs aniWeben. davuSvaT, dRevandeli feierverki 19 raketisgan Sedgeba, TiTo raketis damateba ki 5 dolari eRireba. adams surs, gadaixados 6 dolari da feierverks erTi raketa Sematos, xolo eva mzadaa, amisTvis 4 dolari gadaixados. aris Tu ara feierverkis erTi raketiT gazrda efeqtiani? rogorc yovelTvis, zRvruli sargebeli
zRvrul
danaxarjs
unda
SevadaroT.
zRvruli
sargeblis
gamosaTvlelad gaixseneT, rom feierverkiT tkboba konkurentebs ar warmoSobs, xolo meoce raketas orive (adamic da evac) moixmars. amdenad, meoce raketis zRvruli sargebeli aris im Tanxis jami, romelsac adami da eva gadaixdian da romelic 10 dolars udris. vinaidan zRvruli danaxarji mxolod 5 dolaria, meoce raketis damateba namdvilad Rirs. zogadad rom vTqvaT, Tu individTa mier sazogadoebrivi saqonlis damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxis jami
mis
zRvrul
danaxarjze
metia,
maSin
efeqtianobis
gasazrdelad
am
erTeulis uzrunvelyofaa sasurveli; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ sasurveli ar aris. amrigad, efeqtianobis gasazrdelad sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis gazrda
89
im momentamdea aucilebeli, vidre bolo erTeulze individis mier gadaxdili Tanxa erTeulze gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs ar gautoldeba. aRniSnuli Sedegis grafikulad Camosayalibeblad gaaanalizeT A jgufis 4.3 grafiki, romelSic adamis mier raketis moxmareba (r) horizontalur RerZze, xolo raketis erTeulis fasi (Pr ) _ vertikalur RerZze izomeba. raketaze adamis
moTxovnis
moTxovnis
mrudi
mrudia
DrA . analogiurad, 4.3B grafikze raketaze evas
DrE . rogor vipovoT raketis Sesyidvis
aris
jgufuri
survili? leRvis foTolze (piradi moxmarebis saqoneli) jgufuri moTxovnis mrudis mosaZieblad Cven horizontalurad individualuri moTxovnis mrudebs vajamebT.
am
proceduris
meSveobiT
adamsa
da
evas
SesaZlebloba
miecaT,
Tanabari fasis mqone leRvis foTlis sxvadasxva odenoba moexmaraT. piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi amgvari midgoma kargia. raketis sikaSkaSe (sazogadoebrivi saqoneli) Tanabari odenobiT unda iqnes moxmarebuli. Tu adami meoce raketis feierverks moixmars, maSin igi evamac unda moixmaros. amitom
azri
ara
aqvs
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
im
raodenobis
Sejamebas,
romelsac individebi mocemul fasad moixmaren. raketis Sesyidvis jgufuri survilis gamosaTvlelad vajamebT fasebs, romlebsac TiToeuli individi saqonlis gansazRvul raodenobaSi gadaixdis. 4.3A grafikSi mocemuli moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, rom adami mzadaa, erT raketaSi
6
dolari
gadaixados,
rodesac
20
raketas
moixmars.
evas
erT
raketaSi 4 dolaris gadaxda surs maSin, rodesac 20 raketiT sargeblobs. raketis Sesyidvis jgufuri survili erTeulze 10 dolars udris. amdenad, Tu
DrA+ E -s 4.3C grafikSi ganvsazRvravT, rogorc gadaxdis jgufur survils, vertikaluri manZili DrA+ E -sa da wertil r = 20-s Soris 10 unda iyos5. sxva wertilebi
DrA+ E -ze aRniSnuli proceduris gameorebis Sedegad produqciis
TiToeuli
donisaTvis
ganisazRvreba.
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
SemTxvevaSi
gadaxdis jgufuri survili individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis vertikaluri jamis saSualebiT unda moviZioT. yuradReba
miaqcieT
piradi
moxmarebis
saqonelsa
da
sazogadoebriv
saqonels Soris simetrias. piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi yoveli adamiani erTnairi MRS-iT xasiaTdeba, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani am saqonels
5
DrA+ E ar aris pirobiTi moTxovnis grafiki, radgan igi ar uCvenebs im odenobas,
romelic nebismieri fasis pirobebSi iqneba moTxovnili. Tumca pirobiTi niSani naTels hfens msgavsebebs piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi.
90
gansxvavebuli
odenobiT
gansxvavebuli
moTxovnis
moixmars. mixedviT
amdenad, jamdeba.
moTxovna
horizontalurad,
sazogadoebriv
saqonels
yvela
Tanabari odenobiT moixmars, magram adamianebs SesaZloa gansxvavebuli MRS-i hqondeT. aq vertikaluri Sejameba saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gadaxdis jgufuri survili
iqnes
moZiebuli.
sxva
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
piradi
moxmarebis
standartuli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanabar fass ixdis da amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu raodenobiT moixmars am saqonels. sazogadoebrivi saqonlis SemTxvevaSi ki yvela sargeblobs Tanabari odenobis saqonliT da mxolod amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdens gadaixdis.
4.3 da 4.4 grafikebi
91
raketebis efeqtiani odenoba swored im wertilSia, romelSic adamisa da evas
survili,
damatebiTi
erTeulis
Rirebuleba
gadaixadon,
erTeulis
warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. 4.4 C grafikSi zRvruli danaxarjis
92
grafiki (Sr) gadaxdis jgufuri survilis mruds DrA+ E gadakveTs6.
gadakveTa
maSin xdeba, rodesac erTeulTa raodenobaa 45, xolo zRvruli danaxarji _ 6 dolari. kidev erTxel gavimeorebT, rom fasebi SesaZloa Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTis konteqstSi iqnes interpretirebuli. zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebiT adamis mier raketis safasuris gadaxdis zRvruli survili misi Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTia ( MRS raAdam ), iseve, rogorc evas gadaxdis zRvruli survili _ misi Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi ( MRS raEve ). amdenad, im Tanxebis jami, romelTa
gadasaxdelad
warmoebis
orive
TvalsazrisiT,
individi
fasebi kvlav
MRS raAdam + MRS raEve
mzadaa,
transformaciis
udris.
zRvrul ganakveTs,
MRTra -s, warmoadgens. amdenad, 4.4C grafikSi Tanafardoba Semdegi pirobiT xasiaTdeba:
MRS raAdam + MRS raEve = MRTra
piradi moxmarebis saqonlis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi es piroba SeadareT efeqtianobis pirobas, rogorc es 4.1 gantolebaSia aRwerili; am SemTxvevaSi efeqtianobis Tanabari
uzrunvelsayofad
ganakveTi
gautoldeba.
hqondes,
wminda
aucilebelia,
romelic
sazogadoebrivi
yovel
individs
transformaciis saqonlis
Senacvlebis
zRvrul
SemTxvevaSi
ganakveTs
Senacvlebis
zRvruli ganakveTebis jami transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTis toil unda iyos7.
vinaidan
moixmaros,
misi
yvelam
sazogadoebrivi
efeqtiani
saqonlis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis
Tanabari
saWiroa,
odenoba
bolo
unda
erTeulis
mTliani Rirebuleba (MRS-Ta jami) mis warmoebaze gaweul zrdad danaxarjs (MRT) utoldebodes.
6
aRniSnuli analizi warmoebis maqsimalur saSualebas, romelic miwodebis mrudis ukan mdebareobs, calsaxad ar ganixilavs. ix. Samuelson [1955]. 7 am analizis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis dasafinanseblad aucilebeli gadasaxadebi SesaZlebelia kerZo seqtorSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis damaxinjebis gareSe Segrovdes; sxva SemTxvevaSi efeqtianobis piroba icvleba. ix. Atkinson and Stern [1975].
93
problemebi efeqtianobis miRwevis gzaze
rogorc me-3 TavSi aRiniSna, zogad pirobebSi, decentralizebuli sabazro sistema piradi moxmarebis saqonels efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs. 4.4 grafikis mixedviT, SeuZlia ki bazars, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis efeqtian dones (r=45) miaRwios? pasuxi nawilobriv imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra doniT gamoavlenen adami da eva feirverkebis mimarT WeSmarit preferencias. rodesac piradi
moxmarebis
saqoneli
konkurentul
bazarze icvleba,
individi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad afasebs am saqonels, ar cruobs. Tu evas surs, leRvis foTolSi misi mimdinare fasi gadaixados, igi verafers moigebs – piriqiT, ver moaxerxebs erTi leRvis foTlis yidvas. individma SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mimarT WeSmariti preferencia damalos. adamma SesaZloa icruos, rom misTvis feierverki arafers niSnavs. Tu adami evas raketis mTel safasurs gadaaxdevinebs, maSin mas kvlav SeeZleba, siamovneba miiRos sanaxaobisagan, Tanac vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis sayidlad bevri
fuli
daitovos.
erTi
individi,
romelic
meores
gadaaxdevinebs
im
*
momsaxurebisaTvis, romlis beneficiari Tavadac aris, fri-raideris saxeliTaa cnobili.
cxadia,
saqonlis
evasac
SemTxvevaSi
surs
sxvisi
`TiToeuli
xarjiT
adamiani
cxovreba.
Secdeba,
sazogadoebrivi
miisakuTros
raime
sargebeli, rac sruliad SeuZlebelia piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, romlis konkurentul fassac TviTdamcavi meqanizmi aqvs~ (Samuelson, 1955, gv. 389). amdenad, SesaZloa bazari ar iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodeba efeqtiani odenobiT moxdes. bazari ar flobs im avtomatur tendencias,
romlis
saSulebiTac
igi
saqonels
efeqtianad
rodesac
saqonliT
sargebloba
gaanawilebda
(grafiki 4.4). Tundac princips
im
SemTxvevaSi,
eqvemdebareba,
iseTi
saqonlis
bazris
mier
gamoricxvis
warmoeba,
romelic
moxmarebisas konkurencias ar iwvevs, araefeqtianad iTvleba. davuSvaT, yvelas ara aqvs feierverkiT tkbobis ufleba: adamiani ver ixilavs Sous, Tu ar iyidis uzarmazar kolizeumSi Sesasvlel bileTs. mogebis gazrdaze orientirebuli mewarme
bileTebs
yidis.
gansazRvruli
masStabis
feierverkis
Cvenebis
SemTxvevaSi sxva mayureblis mier feierverkiT tkbobaze gaweuli zRvruli danaxarji
nulia
(radgan
Cveneba
konkurencias
ar
iwvevs).
efeqtianobis
*
"Free Rider" gadaxdis gareSe mgzavrobas niSnavs, Tumca bolo qarTul ekonomikur literaturaSi inglisuri termini mkvidrdeba, romelic, zogadad, gadaxdis gareSe sargeblis miRebas niSnavs (red.).
94
gasazrdelad Cvenebaze adamianTa mxolod is jgufi unda SevuSvaT, romelic feierverks nulze maRali RirebulebiT afasebs. adamians feierverkis yurebis saSualeba
eqneba
danaxarjs).
amdenad,
arseboba,
manam,
romelic
sanam
misi
efeqtianobis nulis
sargebeli
aRemateba
asamaRleblad
toli
iqneba.
nuls
aucilebelia
magram
is
(gaweul
iseTi
mewarme,
fasis
romelic
mayureblisagan mxolod nulis tol Rirebulebas amoiRebs, iZulebuli iqneba, datovos biznesi. arsebobs raime gamosavali? warmoidgineT ori aseTi piroba: (1) mewarmem sazogadoebriv
saqonelze
TiToeuli
individis
moTxovnis
mrudi
icis;
(2)
rTulia an SeuZlebelia saqonlis erTi adamianidan meorisTvis gadacema. am ori
pirobiT
mewarmes
saSualeba
miecema,
TiToeuli
adamianisgan
individualurad amoiRos Rirebuleba survilis mixedviT. aRniSnul process srulyofili fasiT diskriminacia ewodeba. individi, romlisTvisac feierverki mxolod 1 peni Rirs, zustad am Tanxas gadaixdis _ mas feierverkiT tkbobis saSualeba eqneba. amdenad, yvela, vinc dadebiTad Seafasebs Sous, daeswreba mas, rac ukve efeqtiani Sedegia8. Tumca individi, romlisTvisac feierverki Zalian Rirebulia,
yvelaze
maRal
fass
gadaixdis.
amdenad,
mewarmesac
SeeZleba
biznesis gagrZeleba. srulyofili fasiT
diskriminacia SeiZleba problemas wyvetdes, sanam
gavixsenebT, rom pirveli piroba TiToeuli individis preferenciis codnas moiTxovs. magram Tu viciT individis moTxovnis mrudis mdgomareoba, maSin upiratesi
optimaluri
arakonkurentuli
miwodebis
saqonliT
gansazRvra
sargeblobis
martivi
ufleba
yvela
iqneba9.
SesaZloa,
momxmarebels
ar
hqondes (moqmedebdes gamoricxvis principi), magram kerZo seqtoris miwodebas efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisaken mainc mivyavarT.
fri-raideris problema
erTni fiqroben, rom fri-raideris problemas sazogadoebrivi saqonlis araefeqtian saxelmwifom
miwodebamde aseTi
mivyavarT. efeqtianobis
saxis
saqonlis
warmoeba
asamaRleblad ki saWiroa, uzrunvelyos.
aRniSnuli
8
Sedegi efeqtianad CaiTvleba, radgan momxmareblis mier gadaxdili zRvruli fasi saqonlis zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. 9 Seqmnilia mTeli rigi meqanizmebisa, romlebic adamians aiZulebs, samTavrobo samsaxurs Tavisi WeSmariti preferenciis Sesaxeb gaumxilos. ixileT am Tavis danarTi.
95
koncefcia imiT sabuTdeba, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia, garkveuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT gansazRvros TiToeuli individis WeSmariti preferencia, Semdeg ki iZulebis
uflebis
sargeblobisaTvis SesaZloa
gamoyenebiT gadasaxadi
fri-raideris
aiZulos
igi,
gadaixados.
problema
sazogadoebrivi
aseT
Tavidan
SemTxvevaSi
aicilos
da
saqonliT
saxelmwifom
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis optimaluri miwodeba uzrunvelyos. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom fri-raideri ar aris faqti – es gaxlavT
hipoteza, romlis mixedviT, individi zrdis sargeblis funqcias, romelic saqonlis pirad moxmarebazea damokidebuli. arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodeba ar xdeba mxolod imitom, rom individi Tavis preferencias malavs. meore mxriv, xSir SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia da moqmedebs kidec koleqtiurad, saxelmwifos iZulebis gareSe. moxaliseTa mier gamoyofili
Tanxebis
wyalobiT
aSenda
monastrebi,
musikaluri
darbazebi,
biblioTekebi, samecniero laboratoriebi, xelovnebis muzeumebi, saavadmyofoebi da msgavsi Senoba-nagebobani. arsebobs kerZo seqtoris mier iseTi klasikuri sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
uzrunvelyofis
aSkara
mtkicebuleba,
rogoric
Suquraa (Coase, 1974). erTi gamoCenili ekonomistis TqmiT, `me ar vici bevri istoriuli uCvenebs,
faqti
rom
an
sxva
empiriuli
preferenciaTa
mtkicebuleba,
saTanado
romelic dabejiTebiT
gamoaSkaravebis
problema
odesme
praqtikuli mniSvnelobiT yofiliyos datvirTuli~ (Johansen, 1977, gv. 147). aseTi dakvirveba sulac ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom fri-raideris problema aqtualuri
ar
aris.
miuxedavad
maxasiaTebelTa
mqone
zogierTi
imisa,
rom
saqonlis
sazogadoebrivi miwodebas
kerZo
saqonlis seqtori
uzrunvelyofs, kidev rCeba saqonlis garkveuli nawili, romlis miwodeba kerZo seqtoris mier ar aris uzrunvelyofili (Tumca, efeqtianobis safuZvelze, iTvleba, rom aRniSnul saqonels kerZo seqtori unda awvdides). ufro metic, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis is raodenoba,
romlis miwodeba kerZo seqtoris
mieraa uzrunvelyofili, SeiZleba arc iyos sakmarisi. ZiriTadi sakiTxi isaa, rom fri-raideris problemis
mniSvneloba empiriul SekiTxvas warmoadgens,
romelze pasuxic damtkicebulad arasodes CaiTvleba. fri-raideris qcevis mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad bevri laboratoriuli eqsperimenti Catarda. tipuri eqsperimentis
monawileebs
dauriges Jetonebi,
romlebic maT an unda SeenaxaT an `gacvlis jgufisaTvis~ unda eCuqebinaT. yoveli monawile TiToeuli Senaxuli JetonisaTvis iRebda anazRaurebas _ pirobiTad
4
dolars.
SemdgomSi
isini
Jetons
gacvlis
jgufs
Cuqnidnen.
TiToeul maTgans aZlevdnen Tanabari odenobis fuls, pirobiTad 3 dolars, im
96
monawilis
CaTvliT,
romelmac
Jetoni
gaiRo.
cxadia,
yvela
monawilis
mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu isini maT gankargulebaSi arsebul yvela Jetons
gacvlis
jgufs
gadascemdnen.
am
jgufisTvis
Jetonis
Cuqeba
arakonkurentul da sayovelTao anazRaurebas uzrunvelyofda. fri-raideris Sesaxeb Teoriis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi monawile gonivrulad gadawyvetda, Jetoni gacvlis
jgufisTvis
ar
gadaeca
_
igi
sargebels
sxva
monawileTa
kontribuciis Sedegad miiRebda, TviTon ki erT Jetonsac ar gaiRebda. ras
gviCvenebs
Sedegebi?
aRmoCenebi
eqsperimentebis
mixedviT
gansxvavebulia. magram palfris da prisbris mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi
absoluturad
tipuria.
saSualod,
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlisaTvis
individi Tavisi resursis garkveul nawils gaiRebs. amdenad, sxvisi xarjiT sargebloba dRes imiT gamoixateba, rom zogierTi individi gacvlis jgufs mis xelT arsebul yvela Jetons ar gadascems. meore mxriv, Sedegi ewinaaRmdegeba cnebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvisi xarjiT sargeblobas sazogadoebrivi saqonlis nulovan an umniSvnelo raodenobamde mivyavarT. ori sxva mniSvnelovani Sedegi isaa, rom rac ufro meti adamiani gaimeorebs TamaSs, moTamaSeni miT nakleb Jetons
gaiReben.
alternatiuli
amdenad,
kontribuciis
Rirebuleba
izrdeba
ganakveTi (rodesac
mcirdeba, Jetonis
xolo
misi
SenaxvisaTvis
gadasaxdeli jildo ufro izrdeba). rogorc me-2 TavSi iqna xazgasmuli, laboratoriuli cdebis Sedegebis interpretacias frTxilad unda movekidoT. Tumca Sedegi jer kidev cxadyofs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia ipovos `Tbili naTeba~, Tu saqmianobas viwro piradi interesebis sakeTildReod mimarTavs.
debatebi privatizaciis sakiTxis irgvliv
msoflios
erebi
kamaToben
im
sargeblis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
SesaZloa
saxelmwifo funqciebis privatizaciam mogvitanos. privatizacia saxelmwifos mier
gasawevi
momsaxurebis
uflebis
kerZo
seqtorisaTvis
gadacemas
gulisxmobs, ris Semdegac es ukanaskneli aRniSnul momsaxurebas awarmoebs an/da
gaswevs.
Cven
jer
momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki _ mis warmoebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.
97
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa Tu kerZo uzrunvelyofa?
saxelmwifo
seqtoris
mier
uzrunvelyofil
momsaxurebas
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi kerZo seqtori gaswevs. `dacva~ SeiZleba policiam uzrunvelyos. amasTanave, garkveuli masStabiT, dacvis gaumjobeseba saimedo saketisa da signalizaciis
sistemis
damontaJebisa
da
dacvis
personalis
daqiravebis
gziTaa SesaZlebeli, rac ZiriTadad kerZod xorcieldeba. marTlac, dRes aSSSi kerZod daqiravebuli policielebis raodenoba samjer aRemateba saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi policielebis raodenobas ("Economist", 1997, gv. 21). did ukana ezos SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi parkis bevri niSan-Tviseba hqondes; saxelmwifo sasamarTloebis momsaxureba kerZo seqtoris mier gaweuli msgavsi momsaxurebiT icvleba. ase, magaliTad, swored im astronomiuli sasamarTlo baJis gamo, romelic individma saxelmwifo sasamarTlo sistemis gamoyenebisaTvis unda gadaixados, kompaniebi mas gverds uvlian da davas winaswar SeTanxmebuli neitraluri mrCevlis daxmarebiT wyveten. wliurad 40 aTasze met samoqalaqo davas, romelic tradiciulad sasamarTloSi unda gadawyvetiliyo, dRes kerZo firmebi wyveten (Pollock, 1993, gv. B1). drois gasvlasTan erTad, saxelmwifo da kerZo uzrunvelyofis modelTa Tanafardoba
arsebiTad
pasuxismgebloba
Seicvala.
ganaTlebaze,
XIX
policiaze,
saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
biblioTekebsa
da
kerZo
sxva
saxis
momsaxurebaze ufro maRali iyo, vidre dRes aris. Tumca amJamad ukusvlis tendencia SeiniSneba _ kerZo seqtors is funqciebi gadaecema, romlebic dRemde saxelmwifo
pasuxismgeblobad
iyo
aRiarebuli.
ase,
magaliTad,
zogierT
qalaqSi saqmiani samyaros warmomadgenlebi SekavSirdnen da nagvis gamtani kerZo firmebi daiqiraves, raTa quCebSi sisufTave SeenarCunebinaT. zogierT sazogadoebaSi
saxlis
individualuri
mesakuTre
qiraobs
kerZo
kompanias,
romelmac xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacva unda uzrunvelyos. marTlac, daniaSi xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris ori mesamedi kerZo seqtorze modis. rogoria saxelmwifo da kerZo uzrunvelyofis optimaluri Tanafardoba? SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ifiqreT im sawarmoo saSualebebze, romlebic saxelmwifo an kerZo seqtoris mier mosaxleobisaTvis sasurveli saqonlis sawarmoeblad aris gankuTvnili. maswavlebeli, saklaso oTaxi, saxelmZRvanelo, kerZo maswavlebeli _ es yovelive sawarmoo saSualebaa, raTa sabolood
98
miviRoT saqoneli, romelsac ganaTlebis xarisxs vuwodebT. davuSvaT, rom sakiTxi,
romelic
SemTxvevaSi,
sabolood
ganaTlebis
ainteresebs
done)
da
individs,
ara
mis
saqonlis
sawarmoeblad
xarisxia
(am
gamoyenebuli
konkretuli saSualebani. ra kriteriumi unda gamoviyenoT TiToeuli sawarmoo saSualebis
masStabis
gamosaTvlelad?
am
sakiTxze
ramdenime
mosazreba
arsebobs.
SedarebiTi xelfasi da materialuri danaxarji. Tu saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebi SromiTi resursebisa da masalebisaTvis gansxvavebul Tanxebs ixdian, maSin sxva Tanabar pirobebSi da efeqtianobis safuZvelze upiratesoba ufro iaf
seqtors
mieniWeba.
ase,
magaliTad,
sajaro
skolis
mier
swavlis
saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji aWarbebs kerZo skolis imave maCvenebels _ sajaro skolebis maswavleblebi gaerTianebulni arian profkavSirebSi, xolo maTi kolegebi kerZo seqtorSi _ ara.
administraciuli
danaxarjebi.
saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofis
farglebSi
nebismieri fiqsirebuli administraciuli danaxarji SesaZloa bevr adamians Seexos. imis nacvlad, rom sazogadoebam nagvis gadayris organizebaSi dro dakargos, am sakiTxs specialuri samsaxuri aregulirebs. rac ufro didia sazogadoeba, miT metia am danaxarjis ganawilebis SesaZlebloba. saxelmwifo saskolo sistema yvela skolaSi msgavsi tipis swavlebas gvTavazobs, rac dazogavs
mSoblis drosa da
energias,
romelic
kerZo
saskolo
sistemis
SemTxvevaSi kargi skolis Ziebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.
gemovnebaTa mravalferovneba. bavSvian an ubavSvo ojaxebs maRalxarisxiani ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb
gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebani
aqvT.
adamiani,
romelic
Zvirfas nivTebs saxlSi inaxavs, SesaZloa sakuTrebis dacvis momsaxurebas ufro metad afasebdes, vidre is adamiani, romelic ase ar iqceva. vinaidan aseTi mravalferovneba
dRes
aqtualuria,
kerZo
uzrunvelyofa
SeiZleba
ufro
efeqtianad CaiTvalos, radgan individs SeuZlia, igi Tavis gemovnebas zustad Seusabamos. rogorc ronald reigani ambobda, `aseTi strategia uzrunvelyofs im momsaxurebis gawevas, romelic sWirdeba klients, da ara im momsaxurebisa, romelic samTavrobo biurokratebis mier aris SerCeuli~ (Economic Report of the President, 1986, gv. 9). cxadia, mravalferovani gemovnebis dasakmayofileblad
99
gaweuli momsaxurebis sargebeli administraciuli danaxarjis SesaZlo zrdis fonze unda Sefasdes.
ganawilebis
sakiTxebi.
sazogadoebis
samarTlianobis
cnebis
Tanaxmad,
zogierTi saqoneli yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. aRniSnuli koncefcia saqonlis egalitarianizmiT (samarTliani ganawilebiT) aixsneba. es Teoria imis garkvevaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom gamoiyeneba ase farTod saxelmwifo saskolo sistema _ adamians swams, rom yvelasaTvis minimaluri saswavlo kursi mainc unda
iyos
xelmisawvdomi.
analogiuri
mosazreba
samedicino
momsaxurebis
Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebis drosac gamoikveTa.
saxelmwifo warmoeba Tu kerZo warmoeba?
aeroportis
usafrTxoeba
11
seqtembris
Semdeg
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi gaxda. konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom usafrTxoebis sistema saSinel mdgomareobaSia da saWiroa misi ganaxleba, miRweulia. debatebi mimdinareobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba. erTni amtkiceben,
rom
federalizeba, moxeleebi
saWiroa
rac
unda
usafrTxoeba
imas
gulisxmobs,
iyvnen.
unda
aeroportis
meoreni
daafinansos,
usafrTxoebis
rom
isini
fiqroben, Tumca
warmomadgenlTa
federaluri
rom
mTavrobam
momsaxureba
kerZo
mTavrobis aeroportis
firmebs
unda
dauTmos, romlebic monitorings daeqvemdebarebian da valdebulni iqnebian, pasuxi agon Secdomebze. es
debatebi
garkveuli
xazs
usvams
momsaxureba
saxelmwifo
winaaRmdegobaSi vardebian momsaxurebis
gaweva
Semdegs:
adamianebi
Tanxmdebian
seqtorma
unda
imaze,
gaswios,
rom
Tumca
maSin, rodesac saubroben, Tu sad unda moxdes am
_
saxelmwifo
Tu
kerZo
seqtorSi?
winaaRmdegoba
nawilobriv im fundamenturi gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli, romelic ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos intervenciis masStabs exeba (ix. pirveli Tavi), nawilobriv ki _ saxelmwifo sxvadasxva
da
kerZo
miwodebis
mdgomareobiT.
erTni
SedarebiTi amtkiceben,
fasebis rom
irgvliv
saxelmwifo
Seqmnili seqtoris
menejerebi, kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, mogebaze orientirebulni
ar
arian
da
imaze
ar
nerviuloben,
rom
maTi
kompania
likvidirebuli iqneba an gakotrdeba. amdenad, saxelmwifo seqtoris menejerebs
100
umniSvnelo stimuli aqvT, Tavisi sawarmoebis saqmianoba akontrolon. jer kidev 1776 wels adam smiTi amtkicebda, rom: `evropis
monarqiul
saxelmwifoebSi
saxelmwifo
miwebis
gayidva
did
fuls
moitanda. am Tanxas saxelmwifo valis gadasaxdelad Tu gamoiyenebdnen, maSin isini yadaRiT
datvirTul
im
uZrav
qonebas
gaaTavisuflebdnen,
romelic
saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi odesme arsebul miwaze ufro meti iqneboda. rogorc ki saxelmwifo miwa kerZo sakuTreba gaxdeba, yovelwliurad gaumjobesdeba misi xarisxi da igi ukeT damuSavdeba”10.
arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva. maTgan cnobili niu-iorkSi moxda: centralur parkSi sacigurao yinulis moednis xelaxal aSenebaze 12 milioni aSS dolari daixarja [1980-1986]. mTavari problema is iyo, rom kontraqtorebi yinulis Sesaqmnelad
sruliad
axali
teqnologiis
gamogonebas
Seecadnen,
magram
teqnologiam ver imuSava. 1986 wels, mas Semdeg, rac 200 aTasi aSS dolari daixarja imis gamosakvlevad, Tu ra ar keTdeboda sworad, qalaqis pirveli pirebi mixvdnen, rom yvelaferi Tavidan iyo dasawyebi. 1986 wlis ivnisSi uZravi qonebis developeri donald j. trampi Seudga proeqtis ganxorcielebas da imave wlis dekemberSi daasrula daaxloebiT 2,5 milion aSS dolarad. trampma sacigurao moednis mSenebloba dagegmilze sami kviriT adre daamTavra da proeqtisaTvis gamiznuli xarjebidan 750 aTasi aSS dolari dazoga. rodesac CikagoSi mitovebuli manqanebis buqsiriT gasawevad saxelmwifo brigadas kerZo brigadebi
Caenacvla,
wliuri
wminda danazogi 2,5
milioni
aSS dolari
aRmoCnda. 1998 wels kerZo kompaniis sakuTrebaSi gadavida samxreT floridis saxelmwifo fsiqiatriuli klinika, romelic sakmaod uaryofiTi reputaciiT sargeblobda,
radgan
daavadebulTa
bediT
iq
pacientebs
dainteresebuli
cudad
mkurnalobdnen.
adamianebi
Sokirebulni
gonebrivad iyvnen
am
gadawyvetilebiT. erTi wlis Semdeg isinic ki aRiarebdnen, rom hospitalSi mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. cota xanSi kompaniam aRniSna, rom hospitals ukve mogeba mohqonda. 2002 wels ki saxelmwifo kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom aSSis sagadasaxado samsaxurma gadauxdeli gadasaxadebi (sul mcire 20 miliardi aSS dolari) ver amoiRo. aRniSnuli gadasaxadebi sakmaod advili amosaRebi iqneboda, Tu
gadasaxadis
akrefis funqcia
kerZo
samsaxurebs gadaecemoda
(McKinnon, 2002, gv. A1). privatizaciis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom es magaliTebi kerZo warmoebis Sedegad danaxarjebis danazogis moculobas azviadebs. faqtobrivad, kerZo da saxelmwifo 10
warmoebaTa
Soris
mcire
sistemuri
gansxvaveba
arsebobs.
citirebulia: Sheshinski and Lopez-Calva [1999].
101
mniSvnelovani mizezi ki aRniSnuli ori seqtoris mier warmoebuli saqonlis xarisxis
gansxvavebulobaa,
rac
SesaZloa,
kerZo
ufro
klinikaSi
maT
SedarebiT
dabali
fasebi
daxasiaTebas iyos,
arTulebs.
vidre
saxelmwifo
klinikaSi. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom kerZo klinika iseT pacients, romlis mkurnaloba Zviria, ar mkurnalobs. swored am magaliTis Semdeg mivdivarT kerZo warmoebis oponentTa mTavar argumentamde: kerZo kontraqtori dabali xarisxis (meorad) saqonels awarmoebs.
arasrulyofili SeiZleba
iTqvas
kontraqtebi.
Semdegi:
kargi
kritikis iqneba,
qarcecxlis
Tu
gasaneitraleblad
saxelmwifo
kerZo
seqtoris
warmomadgenelTan iseT kontraqts dadebs, romelic zustad da srulyofilad gansazRvravs momsaxurebis im xarisxs, romelic saxelmwifos sWirdeba. Tumca rogorc harti, Slaiferi da viSni [1997] aRniSnaven, zogjer srulyofils mimsgavsebuli
kontraqtis
gauTvaliswinebel
Sedgena
garemoebas
ver
SeuZlebelia,
ganWvret.
ase,
radgan
magaliTad,
yvela
`kontraqtis
safuZvelze saxelmwifo kerZo seqtors sagareo politikas ver gadaabarebs. misi ZiriTadi aspeqtebi xom gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebia. kerZo kontraqtori ki udides Zalauflebas Tavisi simdidris gasazrdelad gamoiyenebs (magaliTad, jaris romelime adgilas gagzavnaze uaris TqmiT) ise, rom kontraqtis pirobebs ar
daarRvevs~
(gv.
3).
meore
mxriv,
arasrulyofili
kontraqti
ar
aris
seriozuli problema SedarebiT rutinuli saqmianobis (nagvisa da Tovlisagan gawmenda)
kerZo
seqtorisTvis
gadacemisas.
mokled rom
vTqvaT,
Tu
kerZo
seqtorSi fasi ufro dabalia, vidre saxelmwifo seqtorSi, da amave dros SesaZlebelia
SedarebiT
srulyofili
kontraqtis
Sedgena,
maSin
SeiZleba
sakmaod msxvili funqciis gadacema kerZo seqtorisTvis. privatizaciis
momxreebs
sjeraT,
rom
Tundac
SeuZlebeli
iyos
srulyofili kontraqtis Sedgena, arsebobs sxva meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom kerZo firmebma araefeqtianad ar Seamciron sawarmoo xarjebi. momxmarebeli yidulobs saqonels; arsebobs bevri mimwodebeli. momxmarebels SeuZlia, sxva mimwodeblisagan
SeiZinos
saqoneli,
dabalxarisxian
momsaxurebas
Tu
sTavazobs.
am
amJamindeli TvalsazrisiT
mimwodebeli
mas
erTi magaliTia
kerZo klinika. garda amisa, reputaciis mopoveba mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ kerZo kontraqtori, romelsac surs momavalSi kontraqtebis dadeba, unda Seecados, ar
ganaxorcielos
periodSi.
Slaiferi
sawarmoo [1998]
xarjebis
amtkicebs,
araefeqtiani
rom
kargi
Semcireba
reputaciis
mimdinare
damkvidrebis
102
survili mniSvnelovani iyo kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTaTvis, romlebic cixeebs uzrunvelyofdnen. kerZo seqtori mSvenier avtomanqanas uzrunvelyofs _ Cven viwyebT fiqrs aeroportis usafrTxoebaze (sakiTxi, romelic zemoT iyo naxsenebi). kerZo warmoebis
momxreni
amtkicebdnen,
rom
iseTi
rutinuli
davalebis
Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa tvirTis ekranze gaSuqeba, savsebiT SesaZlebelia srulyofili kontraqti daidos. saxelmwifos SeuZlia, daawesos standartebi da maTi Sesrulebis monitoringi ganaxorcielos. mogebaze orientirebul kerZo firmas eqneba stimuli, ukeTesi teqnologiiis danergviT Seamciros adamianur resursebze gaweuli danaxarji. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom israelis aeroportSi, romelic
msoflioSi
inspeqtorebi
erT-erTi
muSaoben.
meore
saukeTesoa, mxriv,
tvirTis
isini,
visac
usafrTxoebis
swams,
rom
kerZo
aeroportis
usafrTxoeba saxelmwifo seqtorma unda uzrunvelyos, miiCnevdnen, rom kerZo firma adamianuri resursebis treiningze fuls yovelTvis dazogavs Semosavlis zrdis mizniT. privatizebuli sistema ki Sedegad sxvadasxva usafrTxoebis donis
mqone
gansxvavebul
aeroportebs
moitanda
(Uchitelle,
2001,
gv.
WK3).
sabolood debatebSi gaimarjves adamianebma, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi federaluri samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi yofiliyvnen. sabazro
garemo.
privatizaciis
irgvliv
arsebuli
debatebis
bolo
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is sabazro garemo, romelSic saxelmwifo da kerZo sawarmoebi
funqcionireben.
sazogadoebis
poziciidan,
kerZo
sakuTrebaSi
arsebul monopolias metad araefeqtiani Sedegis motana SeuZlia, xolo sajaro operaciam
konkurenciis
pirobebSi
SesaZloa
sakmaod
efeqtian
maCveneblebs
miaRwios. ukanasknel SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT ifiqreT Phoenix, Arizona-s SemTxvevaze.
sazogadoebrivi
samuSaoebis
departamentis
danaxarjebisa
da
Sesrulebis xarisxis gamo Seqmnili ukmayofilebis Sedegad Phoenix-is tenderSi kerZo kompaniebma daiwyes monawileobis miReba. tenderSi unda SerCeuliyo firma, romelic mimdebare teritorias nagvisagan gawmendda. sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis
departamentsac
mieca
konkursSi
monawilebis
ufleba.
pirvel
etapze misi cda warumatebeli gamodga, radgan kerZo firmebi ukeT da ufro iafad asrulebdnen samuSaos. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg departamentma sxvadasxva eqsperimentebi (rogoricaa nagvis Segrovebis marSrutis xelaxali dizainireba) Caatara da kontraqti daibruna. Phoenix-is ambavi cxadyofs, rom Tu
konkurencia
arsebobs,
saxelmwifo
da
kerZo
sakuTrebebs
Soris
gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani aRaraa. kanadaSi rkinigzis saxelmwifo da kerZo
103
danaxarjebis skrupulozuri ekonometrikuli Seswavlis safuZvelze kavesi da kristenseni (1980, gv. 974) imave daskvnamde mividnen: `saxelmwifo sawarmoTa ase xSirad
moxseniebuli
araefeqtianoba
efeqtiani
konkurenciisgan
misi
izolaciiTaa gamowveuli da ara misi saxelmwifo sakuTrebiT~. deventeri da malatesta TavianT gamokvlevaSi
privatizaciis
saerTaSoriso maCveneblebis
Sesaxeb [2001] akeTeben aRmoCenas, rom im dros, rodesac saxelmwifo firmebi kerZo firmebTan SedarebiT naklebad Semosavliania, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba imisa, rom privatizacia Semosavlianobas zrdis. firmis Semosavlianobis zrda mis
privatizaciamde
ramdenime
wliT
adre
iwyeba
–
firmaSi
arsebiTi
restruqturizacia xorcieldeba, sanam igi kerZo seqtors mieyideba. am ideis gansamartavad deventeri da malatesta
ambobdnen, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia,
gazardos efeqtianoba, Tumca aRniSnuli Sedegi SeiZleba uazrod gaifantos, radgan mTavroba konkurenciul zewolas ar ganicdis. Tu marTlac asea, maSin privatizaciis
Sedegad
miRebuli
WeSmariti
sargebeli
Sedegis
SenarCuneba
iqneba.
ganaTleba
ganaTleba saxelmwifo biujetis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani muxlia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi adgilobrivi, Statisa da federaluri mTavrobis erToblivi danaxarji wliurad 392 miliard aSS dolars aRemateba (US Census Bureau, 2002, gv. 143). rogorc 4.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, 1980 wlis Semdeg erT moswavlis ganaTlebaze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji 55 procentiT gaizarda. ganaTlebaze
gaweuli
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis
gasaanalizeblad
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Teoriis gamoyeneba kargi iqneboda. keTildReobis ekonomikis mixedviT, Cven viwyebT fundamenturi SekiTxviT: ratom iRebs saxelmwifo aseT eqstensiur pasuxismgeblobas ganaTlebaze imis nacvlad, rom igi bazars dauTmos? rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, bazari ver uzrunvelyofs
efeqtian
saqonelze
_
igi
qmnis
ganaTleba
upirvelesad
saqonels garegan piradi
maSin, efeqts
rodesac an
moxmarebis
saubaria
warmoebulia saqonelia,
sazogadoebriv
monopolisturad.
romelic
adamianis
keTildReobas amaRlebs imiT, rom aswavlis mas, rogor miiRos Semosavali da gadawyvitos cxovrebiseuli problemebi. rodesac satransporto danaxarjebi
104
maRalia, maSin adgilobriv skolebs monopoliuri Zalauflebis elementi aqvT, magram es argumenti maincdamainc damajerebeli ar aris, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca es sofelSi xdeba. zogierTi
imaze
miuTiTebs,
rom
ganaTlebas
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. skola SesaZloa socializaciisaTvis mZlavri Zala iyos. berZeni
istorikosis,
keTilSobilebis
plutarqes,
fesvica
da
moralis
nayofic
Tanaxmad,
karg
`patiosnebisa
ganaTlebaSia~.
da
demokratiul
saxelmwifoebSi ganaTleba amomrCevels safuZvelsa da perspeqtivas aZlevs, gaakeTos arCevani. rogorc jorj vaSingtoni werda, `im masStabiT, romliTac saxelmwifo
struqtura
sazogadoebriv
azrs
aZlierebs,
saWiroa,
Tavad
sazogadoebriv azrs moefinos naTeli.~ arsebobs mosazreba, rom ganaTleba adamianTa
idelogiur
moqalaqeebisaTvis
damuSavebas
mTavroba
ufro
uzrunvelyofs,
misaRebi
xdeba.
aseTi
ris
Sedegadac
gziT
ganaTlebas
wvlili Seaqvs politikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.
cxrili 4.1. sajaro dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis mier erT mowafeze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji
mowafeze gaweuli danaxarji
saswavlo weli
(dolari)
1980
4632
1985
5537
1990
6635
1995
6452
2000
7066
2001
7161
wyaro: gamoTvlilia US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, Washington, DC, 2002, gv. 146.
argumentebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifos intervencias asabuTebs,
ekonomikis
efeqtianobas
mixedviT,
gasaTvaliswinebelia
ukavSirdeba.
swavlebis
keTildReobis
erTianobis
ekonomikis
faqtoric
da
am
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo swavlebis argumentTa Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia.
105
gaixseneT am TavSi mocemuli saqonlis egalitarianizmis cneba. ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba
socialuri
mobilurobis
mniSvnelovani
wyaroa.
amdenad,
ganaTleba aris mniSvnelovani saqoneli, romelic TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi. Tu
ganaTleba
sazogadoebrivi
saqonelia,
maSin
saxelmwifos
misi
subsidireba unda surdes. Tumca subsidirebis sazRvrebs gavcdebiT, rodesac dawyebiTi da saSualo skola aris ara marto ufaso (finansdeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis
mier),
aramed
savaldebuloc.
aseTi
sistema,
romelic
bevr
qveyanaSi msgavsia, mxolod efeqtianobis safuZvelze ar aris racionaluri. ufro metic,
ra
aris
iseTi
gansakuTrebuli
ganaTlebaSi,
rac
mTavrobas
aiZulebs, ara mxolod uzrunvelyos, aramed awarmoos kidec igi? erT-erTi Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ganaTleba adamianur kapitals qmnis da amave dros adamianebs arsebuli politikuri sistemis rwmenas unergavs. adamiani sakuTar adamianur kapitalze zrunavs, Tumca politikuri sistemis mimarT rwmenidan
aranair
konkurireben, formirebas
pirad
rom
sargebels
sakuTar
axmaren.
am
procesebis
mimarTulebiT
martivad
xorcieldeba
ar
resursebs
mosazrebis
iRebs.
kerZo
moswavlis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifo
skolebi
adamianuri
arsebuli
erTgulebis
saskolo
ki
imiT
kapitalis
demokratiuli
formireba
sistemaSi,
ufro
romelic
konkurenciisagan daculia. rac ar unda racionaluri mxardaWera movunaxoT ufaso sajaro skolas, gasaocaria, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebisaTvis aseTi sistema ar qmnis stimuls, ufro meti ganaTleba miiRon, vidre kerZo saskolo sistemaSi miiRebdnen.
gaixseneT
jepetos
istoria,
romelic
gadawyvets,
Tu
rogori
ganaTleba unda miiRos misma vaJma _ pinoqiom. 4.5 naxazSi ganaTlebis masStabi izomeba horizontalur RerZze, xolo sxva saqoneli, romelsac ojaxi moixmars, naCvenebia
vertikalur
RerZze
(simartivisaTvis
CaTvaleT,
rom
miRebuli
ganaTlebis masStabi udris saaTebis im raodenobas, romelsac saklaso oTaxSi gaatarebT. ufro rTuli modeli moicavs ganaTlebis im aspeqtebsac, romlebic zrdis mis xarisxs). saxelmwifo saskolo sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi jepeto
ganaTlebis
Seisyidis,
misi
sasurvel
arCevani
AB
odenobas sabiujeto
pinoqiosaTvis
ganaTlebis
eo
saaTebis
eqvemdebareba
SezRudvas);
co
sxva
kerZo
bazarze
SezRudviTaa raodenobas
saqonelze
arsebul
fasad
SemosazRvruli. Seisyidis
gasawevi
is
(romelic
xarjebisTvisaa
gadadebuli.
106
davuSvaT, gaixsna sajaro skola. jepetos SeuZlia pinoqio gaagzavnos aseT skolaSi, sadac igi kviraSi ep saaTis ganmavlobaSi iqneba, da damatebiTi danaxarjebis gaweva aRar mouwevs11. es alternativa warmodgenilia ara xaziT, aramed erTi wertiliT – x, sadac ganaTlebis miRebis masStabi aris ep; jepetos SeuZlia, mTeli Tavisi Semosavali sxva saqonlis SesaZenad daxarjos. vinaidan indiferentulobis
mrudi
ii,
romelic
x-ze
gadis,
ufro
maRalia,
vidre
indiferentulobis mrudi i, jepeto pinoqios kerZo skolidan gamoiyvans da sajaro pinoqios
skolaSi mier
saxelmwifo
Seiyvans.
mniSvnelovania,
ganaTlebis
saskolo
miRebis
sistemis
rom
ep
ufro
koeficienti
arseboba
kerZo
mcirea,
vidre
eo.
iklebs.
intuiciurad,
ganaTlebis
alternatiul
Rirebulebas mniSvnelovnad zrdis, ris gamoc jepeto kerZo saskolo sistemas Tavs aridebs, xolo pinoqios mier ganaTlebis miRebis koeficienti mcirdeba (rogorc es sinamdvileSi xdeba).
4.5 grafiki
11
Cven vuSvebT, rom jepeto gadasaxadebs ixdis imisgan damoukideblad, dadis Tu ara misi Svili sajaro skolaSi.
107
indiferentulobis
mrudis
gansxvavebuli
nakrebis
SemTxvevaSi,
cxadia,
saxelmwifo ganaTlebas jepetos ojaxis wevrebis mier ganaTlebis miRebis koeficienti SeeZlo gaezarda. ufro metic, 4.5 grafiki saxelmwifo saskolo sistemas ganixilavs, rogorc alternativas _ `sul erTia~. vinaidan ganaTlebis moculoba,
romelsac
gakveTilebiT sistemam
Seivsos,
miRebuli
sajaro
skolebi
naklebad
ganaTlebis
uzrunvelyofen,
mosalodnelia, koeficienti
rom
SesaZloa
saxelmwifo
Seamciros.
kerZo
saskolo
miuxedavad
amisa,
analizi gviCvenebs, rom sulac ar aris damtkicebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili ufaso swavleba (an sxva saqoneli am SemTxvevisaTvis) ganaTlebis miRebis koeficients amaRlebs.
ra mizniT gaiweva danaxarjebi saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze?
saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Taobaze arsebuli debatebis mTavari sakiTxia is, Tu ramdenad sakmarisia masze gaweuli danaxarji. aRniSnuli debatebis gamo Cven
mniSvnelovani
SekiTxvis
winaSe
vdgavarT:
amaRlebs
Tu
ara
maRali
danaxarji ganaTlebis xarisxs? saboloo rogorc
jamSi,
aseTze,
Cven
aramed
vzrunavT im
ara
Sedegebze,
ganaTlebaze romlebsac
gaweul
danaxarjze,
moswavle
ganaTlebis
saSualebiT aRwevs. amdenad, gvesaWiroeba im urTierTobis codna, romelic Sesyidul sawarmoo saSualebebsa da warmoebuli ganaTlebis masStabs Soris arsebobs. arsebuli
ganaTlebis
sxvadasxva
urTierTobis
maswavlebelTa sirTuleebTanaa
saSualebaTa
(maswavlebelTa
raodenoba
TiToeul
dakavSirebuli.
gamoyenebis
gamocdileba
moswavleze
sirTulis
da
nawili
doneebs
wlebis
a.S.)
mixedviT,
Sefaseba
`ganaTlebis~
Soris sakmao Sedegis
gansazRvras ukavSirdeba, mis Sefasebaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT. adamianuri daswrebis
kapitalis
Canawerebi,
zrdis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba testis qulebi,
garicxulTa
raodenoba,
maRal
klasebSi
swavlis
gamgrZelebelTa raodenoba da SromiTi bazris iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa umuSevrobis done da Semosavlis done. hanuSekma [2002] im urTierTobis 376 statistikuri Sefaseba gamoikvlia, romelic sawarmoo saSualebaTa gamoyenebisa da ganaTlebis donis Sefasebis sxvadasxva meqanizms Soris arsebobs. sawarmoo saSualebebSi
Sedis
maswavlebeli/moswavlis
proporcia,
maswavleblis
ganaTleba, gamocdileba, xelfasi da TiToeul moswavleze danaxarji. igi
108
gasaocar daskvnamde mivida:
monacemebis mixedviT, erT moswavleze gaweuli
Sroma misi ganaTlebis xarisxze ar moqmedebs. daskvna mainc winaaRmdegobrivia (Sander, 1993). Cndeba erTi sakamaTo SekiTxva: rogor davTvaloT danaxarji, romelic unarSezRuduli bavSvebis SedarebiT mcire jgufze iqna gaweuli _ danaxarji gamoxatuli unda iyos fulis saxiT, romelic saSualod moswavleze daixarja? Tundac
imis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
rom
sawarmoo
saSualebebi
mxolod
umniSvnelod zemoqmedebs miRwevebze, zogierT qveteqsti sakmaod bundovania. rogorc hanuSeki (2002, gv. 46) SeniSnavda, `mtkicebuleba ar ambobs, rom fuli da resursi umniSvnelo faqtoria; arc imas ambobs, rom aRniSnuli faqtorebi warsulSi iTvleboda umniSvnelod... marTlac, mtkicebulebis yvelaze swori interpretacia aris is, rom zogierTi skola efeqtianad moixmars resursebs, magram es skolebi im skolebiTaa dabalansebuli, romlebic amas ver axerxeben~. Tumca kvleva sulac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, romeli skola
iqneba
efeqtiani,
Tu
ubralod
CavixedavT
maT
xelT
arsebuli
ganaTlebis saSualebaTa nusxaSi. igive marTebulia maswavleblebis SemTxvevaSi _
miuxedavad
(maswavleblebi, SearCevs,
imisa,
rom
romelTa
mopovebuli
direqtori
moswavleebic
akademiuri
yovelTvis swavlisas
xarisxis
an
`karg~
maswavlebels
karg Sedegebs
maswavleblis
uCveneben)
gamocdilebis
wlebis mixedviT kargi da cudi maswavleblis identificireba Zneldeba. gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavi
Sedegi
klasSi
moswavleTa
raodenobis
Seswavlam gamoiRo. rogorc aRmoCnda, sxva faqtorebs Soris, igi akademiur moswrebaze ar zemoqmedebs. saswavlo Sedegis Sefasebis pirobiTi berketebis pirobebSi 20-bavSviani klasis swavleba ar aris ufro efeqtiani, vidre 30bavSvianisa.
kvlevis
Sedegad
dadginda,
rom
SeerTebul
StatebSi
erT
moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji klasis 10%-iT Semcirebisas daaxloebiT 615 aSS dolaria. (Hoxby, 2002B, gv. 23). saSualebis
principis
Tu gamokvleva sworadaa Catarebuli, cxadia, SedegimixedviT,
klasis
zoma
ar
unda
Semcirdes.
kvlav
vimeorebT: es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela danaxarji usargebloa. zogierTi mtkicebuleba cxadyofs, rom 20-bavSviani klasi 30-ian bavSvianze efeqtiani ar aris. Tumca klasebi, romlebic sami an naklebi moswavlisgan Sedgeba, aSkarad ukeTesia, gansakuTrebiT _ dawyebiT klasSi, da akademiuri moswreba saSualo doneze dabalia. gaTvaliswinebul doneze qvemoT miznobrivad Semcirebuli klasis raodenoba (aRwerilia hanuSekis mier Catarebul kvlevebSi), magaliTad, kerZo maswavlebelTan mecadineoba, SesaZloa Sedegiani iyos.
109
ganaTlebaze
gaweuli
danaxarjebis
efeqtianoba
mowafeTa
asakzecaa
damokidebuli. kerZod, hekmenis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva [1999] cxadyofs, rom dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxTa bavSvebisaTvis ganaTlebis misaRebad adreul bavSvobaSi kargad
Cadebuli
investiciebi
SemuSavebuli
programebi
nayofs
gamoiRebs.
mSoblebTan
xSiri
skolamdeli vizitebisa
aRzrdis da
Tavad
bavSvebTan intensiuri muSaobisagan Sedgeba, ramac programaSi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli
monawileobis
Semdeg
SesaZloa
prezumfcia kvlav aqtualurs
xdis
testis
qulebi
daskvnas
imis
aamaRlos.
Sesaxeb, rom
miznobrivi programebi ufro efeqtiania, vidre klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis Semcirebis mcdelobebi. bolos miRwevebze sainteresoa,
ki
gvinda
saskolo is
aRvniSnoT:Lmiuxedavad
danaxarjis
meore
kritikul
imisa,
zemoqmedebis cvladze
–
rom
sakiTxi
saganmanaTleblo mniSvnelovani
Semosavalze
pirdapir
da ar
mianiSnebs. Tundac ganaTlebaze gaweuli maRali danaxarji testis qulebs ar zrdides, ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu aRniSnuli danaxarji ukve zrdasruli adamianis Semosavals gazrdis. Tumca ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjis 10%-iT zrda Semdgomi Semosavlis
mxolod 1 an 2%-iT zrdas iwvevs (Heckman, 1999).
mainc gafrTxildiT kvlav: zogierTi programa (gansakuTrebiT _ is programebi, romelTa mizania adreuli Careva) Semosavalze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens.
saxelmwifo ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebebi
amerikul saxelmwifo saskolo sistemas imaSi adanaSauleben, rom igi adamians `asaSualoebs~, rac qveyanas ekonomikur da socialur safrTxes uqmnis. saganmanaTleblo politikis bevri sxva aspeqtis msgavsad, es mtkicebulebac sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. SAT-is qulebma 1960 wlidan daiklo, risi mizezic SesaZloa is iyos, rom gamocdis Cambarebel studentTa Semadgenloba droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala _ koleji ufro popularuli gaxda da testi im pirebma Caabares, romelTac kolejSi moxvedris naklebis Sansi hqondaT. saswavlo procesis saxelmwifo Sefasebis samsaxuri (aSS-is ganaTlebis departamentis regulirebis sferoSi Sedis) amgvari SemadgenlobiTi tendenciurobiT naklebad xasiaTdeba da acxadebs, rom ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocdis Sedegebi odnav gaumjobesda. aseTi umniSvnelo gaumjobeseba ver aneitralebs
110
kritikis qarcecxls, romlis mixedviTac, Sedegi saTanadod ar gaumjobesebula, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT moswavleze faqtobrivi danaxarji sakmaod gaizarda (ixileT 4.1 cxrili).
Carteruli skolebi. Tu ganaTlebaze danaxarjis gazrda situacias ar aumjobesebs, ra berketis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli am mizniT? ekonomistebi fiqroben, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi problemuri bazari, romelic sargebels ar miiRebs, Tu igi konkurentul garemos SeuerTdeba. es marTebulia im debatebis SemTxvevaSic, romlebic Seexeba qveynis skolebSi gasatarebel RonisZiebebs. zogierTi
ekonomisti
amtkicebs,
rom
swavlis
xarisxi
gaumjobesdeba,
Tu
skolebi moswavleTa mozidvisaTvis konkurirebas daiwyeben. es aris Carteruli skolis motivaciis erTi mxare. aRniSnuli skola saxelmwifoa da saxelmwifo Carteris qveS funqcionirebs, ris gamoc saTanado standarts icavs, Tumca aqvs eqsperimentis Catarebis uflebac, aseve garkveuli Tavisufleba xarjvis da personalis daqiravebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas. magaliTi arsebobs arizonas
msgavs
StatebSi,
romelsac
saxelmwifoSi
yvelaze
liberaluri
Carteruli kanoni aqvs. am magaliTis mixedviT, Carteruli skola arCevanis mravalferovnebas Carteruli
da
skola
mSobelTa
`ZiriTadisken
kmayofilebas
zrdis.
arizonas
zogierTi
dabrunebis~
midgomas
atarebs:
garkveuli
yuradReba yofaqcevis formirebaze, orsuli moswavleebisaTvis sakvebi, da a.S. garda
aseTi
magaliTebisa,
Catarda
ekonometrikuli
samuSaoebi,
romlebic
amtkicebs, rom Tu sajaro skola konkurirebs Carterul skolasTan, maSin sajaro
skolaSi
swavlis
xarisxi
gaumjobesdeba. hoqsbim [2002A]
miCiganis
Statis mier 1994 wels warmodgenili Carteruli skolis programis efeqti Seiswavla. moswavleze raionis
programis
farglebSi
gansazRvrul
biujetidan
miCiganis
anazRaurebas
CamoiWra
Tanxa,
Carteruli
iRebdnen.
romelic
skolebi
TiToeul
mniSvnelovania
udris
zemoT
is,
rom
miTiTebuli
anazRaurebis Tanxas yvela im moswavleze, romelic sajaro skolam Carteruli skolis sasargeblod dakarga. hoqsbim aRmoaCina, rom is skolebi, romlebic Carterul skolebTan konkurirebdnen, zrdidnen Tavis moswavleTa miRwevebs (testebis
Sedegebs)
konkurenciaSi
ar
im
sajaro
moxvedrilan.
skolebTan Tanac
SedarebiT,
aRniSnulma
romlebic
skolebma
amgvar
warmatebas
yovelgvari xarjis gazrdis gareSe miaRwies.
111
vauCerebi. bolo periodSi didi yuradReba eqceva gegmebs, romelTa mizani arCevanis SesaZleblobis mniSvnelovani gazrdis safuZvelze sajaro skolebis xarisxis amaRlebaa, rac vauCeruli sistemis farglebSi unda ganxorcieldes. ZiriTadi principia moswavleTa da ara pirdapir skolis finansuri daxmareba. TiToeul moswavles miecema saswavlo vauCeri, romelic misi ojaxis mier nebismieri
maRali
xarisxis
skolis
SerCevisTanave
ganaRddeba.
Teoriis
mixedviT, ganaTlebis bazarze konkurenciis efeqti iseve sasargeblo iqneba, rogorc
sxva
bazrebze.
dabali
xarisxis
skolebSi
SemsvlelTa
ricxvi
Semcirdeba da isini daixureba. Sedegad ki maswavleblis Sesaxeb moswavleTa da mSobelTa
Sexeduleba,
naklebad
romelic
ignorirebulia,
cud
saxelmwifo
saskolo
maswavlebelTa
sistemis
dasjis
mier
safuZveli
met-
gaxdeba.
swavlidan gadasaxadis miRebis SesaZlebloba mewarmeebs waaxalisebT, axali skolebi
im
xarisxisaa.
adgilebSi es
Camoayalibon,
scenari
sadac
WeSmaritebasTan
arsebuli
sakmaod
skolebi
axlos
dgas.
dabali mogebaze
orientirebulma kompaniam, Edison Project-ma, ukve daaarsa 149 skola 84 aTasi moswavliT, romelTac ZiriTadad sajaro skolis sabWosTan aqvT kontraqti dadebuli. aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba uamravi sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovs. ra masStabis Tavisufleba aqvs skolas saswavlo gegmis Camoyalibebisas? SeuZlia Tu
ara
skolas
kriteriumiT
rekomendaciis
unda
miiRos
armqone
skolam
maswavleblebis
moswavleebi,
Tu
daqiraveba?
bevri
ra
msurvelia?
SesaZlebelia ki, rom programaSi saeklesio skolac iqnes CarTuli? SeuZliaT Tu ara mSoblebs, damatebiTi resursebi gadascen skolas, romelsac isini airCeven,
Tu
es
arRvevs
Tanaswori
ganaTlebis
standarts?
ra
wyarodan
Seityoben moswavleTa ojaxebi sxvadasxva saskolo arCevanis Sesaxeb? bazarze orientirebuli sqemebis kritikosebi bevr prezumfcias uaryofen. maTgan ZiriTadia is, rom momxmareblebi ganaTlebis bazris Taobaze kargad informirebulni ar arian; amdenad, konkurenciis Sedegi namdvilad ar iqneba damakmayofilebeli.
am
mosazrebis
momxreni
mianiSneben
saeWvo
reputaciis
profesiul-teqnikuri saswavleblebis momravlebaze, romlebic im studentebze `nadiroben~, romlebic federalur studentur sesxs an vauCers miiReben. isini amtkiceben, rom Camoyalibdeba tendencia, romlis mixedviTac, SedarebiT karg students,
romelic
ufro
susts
ukan
Camoitovebs,
vauCeriT
sargeblobis
ufleba miecema, rac mas dabali xarisxis skolisagan daicavs. studentis ganaTlebis
xarisxi
nawilobriv
misi
Tanatolis
imave
maCvenebelzea
damokidebuli. swored amitom susti studenti iZulebuli iqneba, ufro dabali
112
xarisxis skolaSi iswavlos, vidre vauCeruli sistemis danergvamde iswavlida. marTlac, rodesac CileSi ramdenime wlis win vauCeruli sistema dainerga, aRmoCnda, rom sajaro skolidan maRali SesaZleblobis mqone bevri studenti gamovida (Ladd, 2002, gv. 19). amis
pasuxad, arCevanis momxreebi SeniSnaven, rom miuxedavad xarjebis
mniSvnelovani zrdisa, sajaro skolis xarisxi SeerTebul StatebSi iklebs.
SesaZloa,
SesaZleblobaTa
adamiani
moZieba
Raribi
surdes
iyos,
da
magram
SeeZlos12.
SvilebisaTvis dRes
bevri
TandaTan saukeTeso
sazogadoeba
vauCeruli sistemis danergvis mimarTulebiT eqsperiments atarebs. miluokiSi 1990 wels daaxloebiT 1000-ma dabali Semosavlis mqone moswavlem saxelmwifo vauCeris
gamoyenebiT
Rirebuleba 3200 aSS
kerZo
skolaSi
dolari
swavla
daiwyo
(TiToeuli
vauCeris
iyo). rouzma [1997] gaaanaliza Sedegebi
da
aRmoaCina, rom kerZo skolis moswavleebma maTematikaSi ufro maRali qulebi daagroves,
vidre
gamovlinda13.
sajaro
miluokisa
skolisa.
da
kiTxvaSi
ganaTlebis
ki
bazris
TiTqmis
Tanabari
konkurenciis
Sedegi
Sesaxeb
sxva
eqsperimentebis Sedegebi Semdgomi debatebis CatarebaSi dagvexmareba.
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da sazogadoebrivi arCevani
cneba
sazogadoebrivi
im
saqonlis
aRsawerad
gamoiyeneba,
romelic
arakonkurentulia da momxmareblebs ar gamoricxavs. igi TiTqos warmoadgens winaswar pasuxs SekiTxvaze, es saqoneli saxelmwifo seqtorma unda awarmoos Tu ara. marTlac, ukve giCveneT, rom kerZo bazari wminda sazogadoebriv saqonels
pareto-efeqtianobis
misawodebeli
saqonlis
Sesabamisi
raodenobis
odenobiT
ver
gansazRvrisaTvis
uzrunvelyofs. koleqtiuri
gadawyvetileba unda iqnes miRebuli. ganaTlebis Sesaxeb diskusia gviCvenebs, rom wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis (magaliTad, saxelmwifo Tavdacva) garda, arsebobs kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli saqoneli, romelic saxelmwifo seqtorSi warmoebul saqonels Seenacvleba. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mier saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis aucilebeli masStabis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaa
12 13
saWiroa.
amdenad,
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlisa
da
sazogadoebrivi
am mosazrebis argumentirebisaTvis ixileT Chubb and Moe [1990]. rouzis kvlevis struqtura me-2 TavSia aRwerili.
113
arCevanis
cnebebi
erTmaneTTanaa
gadajaWvuli.
me-6
TavSi
ganvixilavT
da
SevafasebT im meqanizmebs, romlebic koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad gamoiyeneba.
daskvna
·
sazogadoebrivi momxmarebels
saqonlis ar
sazogadoebrivi
moxmareba
gamoricxavs.
saqonlis
imave,
konkurencias amdenad,
Tumca
ara
ar
iwvevs
da
TiToeuli
adamiani
aucileblad
upirates
odenobas moixmars. ·
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani miwodeba individualuri MRS-ebis jamis MRT-sTan tolobas moiTxovs. kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani miwodeba aseTia: MRS = MRT.
·
sabazro meqanizmi arakonkurentuli saqonlis efeqtian warmoebas ver uzrunvelyofs, Tundac saqonlis momxmareba gamoricxvis princips ar eqvemdebarebodes.
·
Cveulebrivi
dakvirveba
da
adamianebi sxvisi xarjiT
laboratoriuli
kvleva
mianiSnebs,
rom
sargeblobis SesaZleblobebs mTlianad ar
iyeneben. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi fri-raideri seriozuli problemaa. ·
sazogadoebrivi piradi
saqonlis
moxmarebis
warmoeba
saqonlis
SesaZloa
warmoeba
_
kerZo
seqtorma,
saxelmwifo
xolo
seqtorma
uzrunvelyos. ·
Tundac saqonlis warmoebis saxelmwifo seqtoris mier uzrunvelyofas upiratesoba eniWebodes, aucilebelia saxelmwifo da kerZo warmoebebs Soris
arCevanis
gakeTeba.
mTavari
faqtori
imis
gansazRvrisaTvis,
saxelmwifo warmoeba ufro efeqtiani iqneba Tu kerZo, sabazro garemoa. meore
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia
is
masStabi,
romliTac
SesaZlebelia
srulyofili kontraqtebis kerZo seqtoris servis-provaiderebTan dadeba. ·
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
ganaTlebas
saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs,
gaurkvevelia, aris Tu ara igi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli. ufro metic, statistikuri gamokvlevebiT irkveva, rom ganaTlebaze danaxarjsa da mis Sedegs Soris kavSiri sakmaod umniSvneloa.
114
·
miuxedavad imisa, rom klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis Semcirebis mizniT, ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjis zrda akademiuri moswrebis zrdaze ar aisaxeba, zogierTi miznobrivi xarjviTi programa sakmaod efeqtiania. kerZod, kargad dagegmili adreuli Careva gazrdis rogorc momavali testis qulebs, ise Semosavals.
·
zogierTi ekonomisti darwmunebulia, rom sajaro skola gaumjobesdeba, Tu konkurentul garemoSi moxvdeba. am mimarTulebis erT-erTi mxare vauCeruli sistemaa, romlis mixedviTac, saswavlo finansur daxmarebas pirdapir
moswavlis
ojaxi
iRebs
da
igi
uSualod
skolisaTvis
gankuTvnili ar aris. vauCeri ganaRddeba imis miuxedavad, rogori skolac ar unda airCios ojaxma.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. romelia qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan wminda sazogadoebrivi saqoneli? a) veluri garemo; b) municipaluri wylis miwodeba; g) samedicino saskolo swavleba; d) sazogadoebrivi satelevizio programebi; e) veb-gverdi, romelic TviTmfrinavis ganrigis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva. 2. tarzani da jeini junglebSi marto cxovroben da gepards maT mier gasufTavebul farTobze patrulirebas, agreTve tropikuli xilis mosavlis aRebas aswavlian. jetas 3 funti xilis Segroveba 1 saaTSi SeuZlia. igi dReSi 6 saaTs xarjavs patrulirebaze, 8 saaTs
_ nayofis Segrovebaze, 10 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi ki sZinavs. a) mocemul magaliTSi romelia sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da romeli _ piradi moxmarebis saqoneli? b) Tu tarzani da jeini survils gamoxataven, 1 saaTi patrulireba xilis 2 funtSi gacvalon, iqneba Tu ara gepardis drois ganawileba pareto-efeqtiani?
115
man
patrulireba
mcire
drois
ganmavlobaSi
unda
ganaxorcielos
Tu
xangrZlivad? 3. espaneTSi kerZo firmebi madridis garSemo sasartyelo gzas aSeneben. kompaniebi Semosavals sagzao gadasaxadis dawesebis saSualebiT iReben. aris Tu ara trasis mSeneblobis kerZo uzrunvelyofa keTilgonivruli azri? 4. 1997 wels texasis Statma saxelmwifo keTildReobis mTliani sistemis administrirebaze tenderi gamoacxada. tenderSi monawileoba kerZo sawarmoebs unda
mieRoT.
klintonis
miuTiTa,
rac
imiT
sajaro
moxeleebi
administraciam
daasabuTa, unda
rom
texaselebs
qveynis
axorcielebdnen.
procesis
keTildReobis aris
Tu
SeCerebaze
administrirebas
ara
keTildReoba
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli? romelma seqtorma unda awarmoos igi – saxelmwifom Tu kerZom? daukavSireT Tqveni pasuxi SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara es is situacia, rodesac
kerZo
seqtoris
kompaniasTan
SedarebiT
srulyofili
kontraqtis
dadebaa SesaZlebeli. 5. gamoTvlilia, rom kerZo cixeebi erT patimarze gaangariSebiT 10%-iT iafia, vidre saxelmwifo cixeebi (Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny, 1997). amis mixedviT, emxrobiT Tu ara cixis privatizaciis ideas? Tu ara, ra sxva damatebiTi informacia gesaWiroebaT? 6. ramdenime wlis win manCesteris qalaq vermontis ramdenime moqalaqem gadawyvita, skolisaTvis
fondebis
mozidvis kampania daewyo.
moqalaqeTagan
Semdgarma kerZo jgufma gansazRvra, Tu ra moculobis kontribucia unda gaeRo TiToeul
saojaxo
meurneobasa
gadaxdis mimarTulebiT gancxadeba
iuwyeboda:
didi `Cven
da
bizness.
socialuri ver
amdenad,
zemoqmedeba
davsxdebiT
da
ver
sruli
gadasaxadis
arsebobda.
erT-erTi
davelodebiT,
rodis
miaRweven Cveni mezoblebi warmatebas~ (Tomsho, 2001, gv.AA1). kampaniis Sedegis prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneT im eqsperimentis Sedegebi, romelic fri-raiders Seexeba (ganxilulia am TavSi). 7. italia didebuli xelovnebis saganZurs flobs, romelsac saxelmwifo marTavs.
Tumca
italiis
kulturul
institutebs
arasaTanado
saxelmwifo
dafinansebis problema awuxebT (uficis galereas florenciaSi, msoflios erTerT
udides
mezeums,
imdeni
fuli
ar
hqonda,
rom
abazanisaTvis
saWiro
pirsaxocis qaRaldi eyida). amis pasuxad 2002 wels mTavrobam daaarsa axali saxelmwifo
saagento,
romlis
mizani
iyo,
mTlianad
Seefasebina
italiis
kulturis saganZuri da gadaewyvita, risi gayidva an ijariT gacema SeiZleboda kerZo firmebisaTvis ("Economist", 2002, 30 noemberi, gv. 55). racionaluria Tu ara
116
saxelmwifosaTvis muzeumebis privatizacia? pasuxi gaeciT am TavSi ganxiluli sakiTxis _ saxelmwifo warmoeba Tu kerZo warmoeba – mixedviT. 8. 4.5 grafikis analizi miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo saskolo sistema `sul erTias~ principiT moqmedebs – individs ar SeuZlia, sajaro skolaSi miRebul codnas kerZo gakveTilebi daamatos. gviCveneT, rogor unda moxdes diagramis modificireba, Tu sawinaaRmdego suraTi daixateba, anu Tu mSoblebs SeeZlebaT ganaTlebis damatebiTi saaTebis Sesyidva SvilebisaTvis, romlebic sajaro skolaSi
swavloben.
meore
daSveba
am
modelTan
dakavSirebiT
isaa,
rom
saxelmwifo ganaTleba `ufasoa~ _ mSoblebi aranair gadasaxads ar ixdian. uCveneT,
rogor
unda
moxdes
modelis
modificireba,
Tu
sajaro
skola
mSobelTa mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT dafinansdeba. 9. rodolfo da mimi erT binaSi cxovroben. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili temperaturis yoveli donisTvis rodolfos da mimis zRvrul sargeblebs (MB) da temperaturis SenarCunebis zRvrul danaxarjs (MC) gviCvenebs:
temperatura
rudolfos MB
mimis MB
MC
66
8
12
14
67
7
10
17
68
5
8
21
69
2
6
26
70
1
3
32
(gradusi)
axseniT, Tu ratomaa am magaliTis mixedviT temperatura sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, da ipoveT efeqtiani temperatura. 10. telma da luiza mezoblebi arian. zamTarSi Tovlis gamwmendi manqana telmas saxlis win teritorias ver wmends, Tu ar gawmends teritorias luizas saxlis win. telmas zRvruli sargebeli Tovlis gawmendis momsaxurebidan 12–Zs udris, sadac Z quCis gawmendis odenobaa. luizas zRvruli sargebeli aris 8– 2Z. quCis gawmendis zRvruli Rirebuleba 16 aSS dolaria. SeadgineT ori zRvruli sargeblis grafiki sargeblis grafiki.
da agregirebuli zRvruli
aseve SeadgineT zRvruli danaxarjis grafiki da ipoveT
Tovlis gawmendis momsaxurebis efeqtiani done.
117
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Coase, Ronald H. "The lighthouse in Economics". Journal of Law and Economics (1974 wlis oqtomberi), gv. 357 _ 376.
Ladd, Helen F. "School Vouchers: A critical view". Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002 wlis Semodgoma), gv. 3 _ 24. Neal, Derek. "How vouchers Could Change the Market for Education". Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002 wlis Semodgoma), gv. 25 _ 44. Palfrey, Thomas R., and Jeffrey E. Prisbrey. "Anomalous Behavior in Public Goods Experiments: How much and Why?". American Economic Review 87 (1997 wlis dekemberi), gv. 829 _ 846. Samuelson, Paul A. "Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure". Review of Economics and Statistics 37 (1955), gv. 350 _ 356.
118
danarTi
preferenciaTa gamovlenis meqanizmi
bazari,
rogorc
wesi,
iseTi
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlisaTvis,
romelic
moxmarebis dros gamoricxvis princips ar eqvemdebareba, individebis WeSmariti preferenciebis
gamovlenas
ver
axorcielebs.
amdenad,
fasTa
sistema
maT
efeqtiani odenobiT ver uzrunvelyofs. arsebobs raime gza, romelic aiZulebs yvelas, sicruis deteqtoriT gamoicados da simarTle Tqvas? mofiqrebulia zogierTi procedura, romelic adamians aiZulebs, WeSmariti preferenciebi gamoavlinos. axla aRvwerT erT-erT maTgans, romelic Groves-isa da Loeb-is muSaobazea damyarebuli14 [1975]. davuSvaT,
rom
xelisuflebis
warmomadgeneli
evas
eubneba:
`gTxovT,
saraketo feierverkze Tqveni moTxovnis mrudi aRmiweroT. am informacias, aseve analogiur informacias adamisgan, gamoviyeneb, raTa raketebis pareto-efeqtiani odenoba
SevarCio
mipasuxebdeT,
minda
da
TiToeul icodeT,
Tqvengans
rom
gadasaxadi
Semdegnairad
davakisro.
daibegrebiT:
sanam
rodesac
sazogadoebrivi saqonliT uzrunvelyofis done erTi erTeuliT gaizrdeba, cvlileba Tqvens gadasaxadebSi am erTeulis zrdad danaxarjs gautoldeba, romelsac yvela sxva individis mier miwodebis gazrdisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxa gamoakldeba~. mas Semdeg, rac warmomadgeneli wava, eva, upirveles yovlisa, gadasaxadebis struqturas algebrulad warmoidgens. Tu
DT Eve = MRTra - ( MRs ratotal - MRS raEve )
(4A.1)
4A.1 gantolebis mixedviT, evam unda gadawyvitos, ganacxadebs Tu ara simarTles, anu saraketo feierverkis Cvenebis nebismieri donisTvis gamoavlens Tu ara Tavis WeSmarit zRvrul Sefasebas. man icis, rom warmoeba gagrZeldeba, sanam erTi erTeulis Sesyidvis zRvruli sargebeli 14
MRS raEve Eevas zRvrul
ixileT agreTve Tideman and Tullock [1976].
119
danaxarjs gautoldeba, rac faqtobrivad misi gadasaxadebis zrdaa. amdenad, evas
surs,
naxos
is
sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli,
romlis
miwodebisas
dakmayofildeba Semdegi piroba:
DT Eve = MRS raEve
(4A.2)
4A.1 gantolebidan
DT Eve -is Senacvleba gvaZlevs:
MRTra - ( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) = MRS raEve
Tu ( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) davamatebT gantolebis orive mxares, miviRebT:
MRTra = MRS ratotal
(4A.3)
vinaidan 4A.2 da 4A.3 pirobebi ekvivalenturia, evas interesSi simarTlis Tqma Seva, Tu ecodineba, rom saxelmwifo mis informacias resursebis 4A.3 gantolebis mixedviT ganawilebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. Semdeg
eva
gaiazrebs,
rom
swored
amas
apirebs
xelisuflebis
warmomadgeneli. ratom? gaixseneT, rom igi miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze raketebis
pareto-efeqtianobis
uzrunvelyofa
4.2
mixedviT
gantolebiT
miwodebas
xasiaTdeba.
dahpirda.
gansazRvrebis
aseTi
saxis
Tanaxmad,
MRS ratotal = ( MRS raAdam - MRS raEve ) ; amdenad, 4.3 da 4.2 gantolebebi identuria. amdenad, saraketo
feierverkis
saxelmwifos
mier
uzrunvelyofa
4A.3
gantolebis
pirobas daakmayofilebs, xolo evas stimuli gauCndeba, simarTle Tqvas. Tuki adamsac igive sagadasaxado struqtura waredgineba, masac eqneba simarTlis Tqmis stimuli. amdenad, fri-raideris problema gadawyvetilad CaiTvleba. intuiciurad rom dainaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs sistema, gaaanalizeT 4A. gantolebis marjvena mxare, romelic uCvenebs,
rogor ganisazRvreba evas
120
gadasaxadebi.
yuradReba
miaqcieT,
( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) yvela
rom
adamianis
zRvruli sargeblis jamia. amdenad, evas gadasaxadebSi cvlileba saqonlis miwodebis zrdis dros mis zRvrul sargebelze damokidebuli ar aris. amdenad, evas tyuilis Tqmis stimuli aRar aqvs. am meqanizmTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli problemebi arsebobs. meqanizmis garkveuli nawili Sereulia sxva berketebTan, romelTa mizani fri-raideris problemis
gadawyvetaa.
pirvel
rigSi,
gadasaxadis
gadamxdelma
SesaZloa
sistemis Sinaarsi ver gaigos (Tu amas problemad ar miiCnevT, SeecadeT, es yvelaferi
im
megobars
auxsnaT,
romelsac
ekonomikis
kursebi
arasodes
gauvlia). meore: Tundac sqema amomwuravi iyos, gadasaxadis gadamxdels unda hqondes imis survili, rom moTxovnis mrudebi Camoayalibos da maTze angariSi Caabaros saxelmwifos. SesaZloa, adamians miaCndes, rom amaze drois daxarjva ar Rirs. mesame: maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebSi milionobiT adamiania
CarTuli,
informaciis
Segrovebasa
da
asimilaciaze
gaweuli
danaxarji dauSvebeli iqneba15 (SedarebiT mcire jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa socialuri klubi, es didi problema ar iqneba). vaskvniT, rom preferenciebis gamovlenis ukeTesad
meqanizmis
gavigebT.
saSualebiT
Tumca
iTvleba,
fri-raideris rom
aRniSnuli
problemis meqanizmi,
struqturas saxelmwifo
gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi organosTvis mainc, ar aris problemis gadawyvetis praqtikuli gza.
15
aq damatebiTi teqnikuri problemebia. SesaZloa, Segrovebuli gadasaxadebi biujets ar abalansebdes, aseve SesaZlebelia, jgufma Camoyalibos da Secvalos struqtura. ix. Tideman and Tullock [1976].
121
Tavi 5
garegani efeqtebi
gaufrTxilebeli egoizmi yovelTvis cud moralze mianiSnebda; dRes igi cud ekonomikaze mianiSnebs. franklin delano ruzvelti
qaRaldis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi Tavisi saqmianobisas meoreul saqonels _ qimiur
dioqsins
maTeTrebeli
_
qlori
awarmoeben. Seereva.
is
maSin
rogorc
ki
formirdeba, dioqsini
rodesac
xis
garemoSi
gamova,
masas igi
cximovani kanis zedapirsa da meZuZuri dedis rZeSi SeiWreba. zogi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom dioqsini, sxva daavadebebis garda, Tandayolil defeqtebsa da kibosac iwvevs. ekonomistebi xSirad saubroben imaze, rom bazari resursebs efeqtianad anawilebs (ix. me-3 Tavi). dioqsini ki bazris funqcionirebis Sedegia. nuTu es imas
niSnavs,
SekiTxvaze
rom
garemoSi
dioqsinis
pasuxis
gasacemad
jer
is
arseboba meTodebi
TavisTavad
ganvasxvavoT,
efeqtiania? romlebiTac
adamianebi erTmaneTis keTildReobaze zemoqmedeben. warmoidgineT, rom qalaqgareT mosaxleTa didi nawili qalaqis centralur nawilSi cxovrebas gadawyvets. rogorc ki isini qalaqisaken gasweven, maSinve miwaze fasi gaizrdeba. urbanuli qonebis mesakuTreebi gamdidrdebian, xolo saxlis
arendatorebis
qalaqSi movaWre mis
(droebiTi
mesakuTreebis)
saqonelze gazrdili
keTildReoba
moTxovnis wyalobiT
Semcirdeba. sargebels
iRebs, misi qalaqgareTa kolegis mdgomareoba ki uaresdeba. im droisaTvis,
122
rodesac
ekonomika
axal
wonasworobaSi
gadavida,
realuri
Semosavlis
ganawileba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. migraciis
magaliTSi
yvelanairi
zegavlena
sabazro
fasis
cvlilebis
saSualebiT xorcieldeba. davuSvaT, rom gemovnebis cvlilebamde resursTa ganawileba pareto-efeqtiani iyo. moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis cvlilebis Sedegad Sesabamisi fasebi Seicvala; magram konkurencia garantias iZleva, rom yvelaferi Sesabamisi Senacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTTan TanafardobaSi iqneba. amdenad, faqti, rom erTi adamianis qceva meoris keTildReobaze zemoqmedebs, bazris Cavardnas yovelTvis ar
iwvevs. manam, sanam zegavlena fasebis meSveobiT
xorcieldeba, bazrebis saqmianoba efeqtiania1. urbanuli miwis magaliTisgan gansxvavebiT, dioqsinis SemTxveva sxva tipis intervenciaze miuTiTebs. dioqsinis msxverplTa keTildReobis Semcireba fasTa cvlilebis Sedegi ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi qaRaldis qarxnis funqcionirebis Sedegi mezobel teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxze pirdapir moqmedebs. rodesac erTi piri (individi, sawarmo) pirdapir zemoqmedebs meoris keTildReobaze ise, rom es sabazro meqanizmis farglebSi ar eqceva, zemoqmedeba garegani efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili (radgan erTi piri zemoqmedebs im piris keTildReobaze, romelic
misTvis
zegavlenisagan
`gareSe
gansxvavebiT,
piria~). garegani
sabazro efeqti
fasebiT
ganxorcielebuli
ekonomikis
efeqtianobaze
uaryofiTad aisaxeba. am TavSi amgvar araefeqtianobas da misi gamosworebis SesaZlo gzebs ganvixilavT. garegani efeqtebis Teoria gamoiyeneba garemos xarisxis Sesaxeb debatebis dros, romelTa didi nawili am sakiTxzea fokusirebuli.
1
cxadia, fasebis axali struqtura ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT metnaklebad sasurveli iqneba; amave dros, igi piris eTikur gansjaze iqneba damokidebuli, rogorc es socialuri keTildReobis funqciaSia mocemuli. fasebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli zegavlena zogjer finansuri garegani efeqtebis saxeliT moixsenieba. miSani [1971A] dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom aRniSnuli zemoqmedeba bazris normaluri funqcionirebis nawilia; amdenad, saxelwodeba metad damabnevelia. igi mxolod sqolioSia miTiTebuli masalis sisrulis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo SemdgomSi ignorirebulia.
123
garegani efeqtebis buneb a
warmovidginoT, rom barti amuSavebs qarxanas, romlidanac nagavi mdinareSi iyreba (mdinare aravis sakuTreba ar aris). liza ki am mdinaridan TevzWeriT irCens Tavs. bartis saqmianoba lizas cxovrebis pirobebs pirdapir auaresebs, xolo zemoqmedeba fasTa cvlilebis Sedegi sulac ar aris. am magaliTSi sufTa wyali bartisaTvis sawarmoo saSualebad qceula. igi mas iseve iyenebs, rogorc sxva sawarmoo saSualebebs: miwas, Sromas, kapitalsa da masalebs. sufTa
wyali
iSviaTi
resursia
da
mas
sruliad
sxva
daniSnuleba
aqvs
(TevzWera, rogorc amas liza akeTebs, curva). efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom bartma gadaixados
wylis
gadasaxadi,
romelic
wylis, rogorc
iSviaTi
resursis
(romelic sruliad sxva daniSnulebisaa), Rirebulebas zustad asaxavs. amis magivrad barti arafers ixdis da, cxadia, wyals araefeqtianad, didi odenobiT iyenebs. am problemis garegani efeqtebis WrilSi ganxilvis Sedegad wyaro xiluli gaxdeba.
barti
sxva
sawarmoo
saSualebebs
efeqtianad
iyenebs,
radgan
valdebulia, maT mflobelebs gadauxados gadasaxadi, romelic alternatiuli gamoyenebis dros sawarmoo saSualebaTa Rirebulebas asaxavs. sxva SemTxvevaSi sawarmoo
saSualebaTa
mflobelebi
maT
ubralod sxvagan
gayidian.
Tumca
rodesac mdinares mesakuTre ar hyavs, misi ufasod gamoyeneba yvelas SeuZlia. am SemTxvevaSi garegani efeqtebi sakuTrebis uflebis uunarobis an ararsebobis Sedegia.
mdinares
sargeblobisaTvis
rom
patroni
gadasaxadis
hyoloda,
gadaxda
mis
mouwevda
momxmarebels da
garegani
mdinariT
efeqtebi
ar
iqneboda. davuSvaT, liza flobs mdinares. mas SeuZlia, barts mdinaris dabinZurebis gamo, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba mis mier daWeril Tevzze, Tanxa gadaaxdevinos. barti
sawarmoo
gadawyvetilebaTa
miRebis
dros
am
gadasaxadebs
gaiTvaliswinebs da mdinares ase araefeqtianad aRar gamoiyenebs. meore mxriv, Tu barti mdinaris mesakuTre iqneba, mas SeeZleba, lizas TevzWeris gamo gadaaxdevinos da am gziT iSovos fuli. Tanxa, romelsac liza barts mdinareSi TevzWeris uflebisaTvis gadauxdida, dabinZurebis arsebul xarisxze iqneboda damokidebuli. amdenad, barts mdinaris zedmetad dabinZurebis survili aRar eqneboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi is lizasgan did Tanxas veRar miiRebda.
124
piris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli resursis fasi alternatiuli sargeblobis Rirebulebas asaxavs; amdenad, resursi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba (bazris fiaskos ararsebobis
dros
mainc).
amis
sapirispirod,
is
resursi,
romelic
sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebaa, borotad gamoiyeneba _ misi ekonomiurad gamoyeneba aravis surs. sakiTxis ufro detalurad ganxilvis mizniT daakvirdiT garegani efeqtis Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:
garegani efeqtis unari aqvs rogorc momxmarebels, ise sawarmos. adamiani, romelic xalxiT savse oTaxSi sigaras eweva, sazogadoebrivi resursis – sufTa haeris _ gamoyenebis Sedegad sxvaTa keTildReobas amcirebs.
garegani
efeqti
`dambinZureblad~
ormxrivia.
miviCnioT.
Cvens
Tumca
magaliTSi
aseve
bunebrivi
SegviZlia
iqneba,
CavTvaloT,
rom
barti liza
TevzWeris mowyobilobiT `abinZurebs~ mdinares, raki zrdis bartis warmoebis socialur danaxarjs. TevzWeris alternativa _ mdinareSi narCenTa utilizacia _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad uaresi qceva ar aris. SemdgomSi vaCvenebT, rom aRniSnuli ori saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi igi alternatiuli variantebis Rirebulebazea damokidebuli.
garegani efeqti SesaZloa pozitiuri iyos. warmoidgineT, rom teroristTa Semotevaze reagirebis mizniT `yvavilze~ aiceriT. Tqven garkveul danaxarjs gaswevT: vaqcinaciis Rirebuleba, diskomforti, mcire riski, rom vaqcinacia daavadebas
gamoiwvevs.
isargeblebT
imiT,
rom
Tqveni
daavadebis
riski
bioterorizmis Semotevis dros minimaluri iqneba. garda amisa, arsebobs kidev erTi sargebeli: sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs daavadebas ar gadasdebT. Tumca arc Tqven da arc sxvebi ar iTvaliswineben aseTi saxis gare sargebels, rodesac sargebelsa da danaxarjs iTvlian. amdenad, adamianTa arasakmarisi raodenoba sajaro intervenciis ararsebobis dros icreba.
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli SeiZleba garegani efeqtis gansakuTrebul tipad CaiTvalos. rodesac individi pozitiur garegan efeqts ganicdis da ekonomikaSi CarTuli nebismieri piri mis srul efeqts grZnobs, garegani efeqti wminda
125
sazogadoebriv saqonlad CaiTvleba. dRes sazRvari sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da
garegan
efeqts
Soris
bundovania.
davuSvaT,
Cems
ezoSi
davamontaJe
mowyobiloba, romelic eleqtrotalRebis saSualebiT koRoebs anadgurebs. Tu koRoTa mTel armias gavanadgureb, iTvleba, rom sazogadoebriv saqonels vqmni. Tu zegavlena mxolod ramdenime mezobelze xorcieldeba, maSin aRniSnuli qmedeba garegan efeqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca formaluri TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da garegani efeqti TiTqmis analogiuria, praqtikaSi mainc sasurvelia maTi erTmaneTisagan garCeva.
grafiki 5.1. – garegani efeqtis problema
grafikuli analizi
5.1 grafiki aanalizebs Cvens mier ganxilul bartisa da lizas magaliTs. horizontaluri RerZi zomavs saqonlis raodenobas _ Q-s, romelsac bartis qarxana awarmoebs, xolo vertikaluri RerZi fuls (dolars) iTvlis. MB mrudi
126
(MB – Marginal Benefit) warmoebis gviCvenebs; igi
warmoebis
yvela doneze
zrdasTan erTad
bartis
zRvrul sargebels
ecema2. warmoebis
gvxvdeba zRvruli piradi danaxarji, romelic MPC-iTaa
yvela doneze
(Marginal Private Cost -
MPC) warmodgenili. zRvruli piradi danaxarji moicavs sawarmoo saSualebebze bartis mier gadaxdil Tanxebs, romlebic warmoebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba. qarxana
mdinares
saqonelia),
rac
abinZurebs lizas
(dabinZureba mdgomareobas
qarxnis
saqmianobis
auaresebs.
meoreuli
qarxnis
gafarToebasTan erTad dabinZurebis xarisxi izrdeba.
warmoebis
warmoebis TiToeul
doneze dabinZurebis Sedegad lizasTvis miyenebuli zRvruli ziani MD sxiviTaa aRniSnuli.
misi
kuTxe
damatebiTi
dabinZurebis
maRlaa
mimarTuli,
zemoqmedebis
rac
sagania.
imas
misi
niSnavs,
rom
mdgomareoba
liza
warmoebis
zrdis SemTxvevaSi uaresdeba. Tu barts surs Semosavlis maqsimizacia, ra odenobis saqoneli unda awarmoos man? barti saqonlis TiToeul erTeuls ise awarmoebs, rom bartis zRvruli sargebeli bartis zRvrul danaxarjs aWarbebdes. 5.1 grafikze is awarmoebs saqonels, rodesac MB aWarbebs MPC-s, xolo wyvets warmoebas iq, sadac
MPC
aWarbebs MB-s.
amdenad,
igi
produqcias
Q1 sawarmoo
donemde
awarmoebs, sadac MPC MB-s gadakveTs.
5.2 grafiki
Tu barti qarxnis mTel saqonels moixmars, maSin klebadi MB saqonlis Semcirebad zRvrul sargeblianobas asaxavs. Tu barti saqonels konkurentul bazarze gayidis, MB sabazro fasze ucvleli darCeba. garda amisa, am magaliTSi vgulisxmobT, rom saqonlis erT erTeulze dabinZurebis done fiqsirebulia. 2
127
sazogadoebis poziciidan, warmoeba unda gagrZeldes, sanam sazogadoebis zRvruli sargebeli sazogadoebis zRvrul danaxarjs aWarbebs. sazogadoebis zRvruli danaxarji ori komponentisagan Sedgeba: 1. bartis mier Sesyiduli sawarmoo saSualebani, romelTa Rirebuleba MPC-Sia asaxuli; 2. lizasTvis miyenebuli zRvruli ziani, romelsac MD asaxavs. amdenad, zRvruli danaxarji udris MPC plus MD. Tu SevajamebT grafikulad MPC-isa da MD-s simaRles warmoebis yvela doneze, zRvruli socialuri danaxarjis grafiks miviRebT. 5.1 grafikze
igi
MSC
sxiviTaa
mocemuli.
yuradReba
miaqcieT
imas,
rom
konstruqciis Tanaxmad, MSC-sa da MPC-s Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZilia MD (imitom, rom MSC = MPC + MD, rac gulisxmobs, rom MSC – MPC = MD). socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtianoba saqonlis mxolod im erTeulTa warmoebas moiTxovs, romelTaTvisac MB MSC-s aWarbebs. amdenad, warmoeba Q* wertilSi unda iyos, sadac ori sxivi gadaikveTeba.
Sedegebi
analizi
or
dakvirvebaze
migviTiTebs.
pirveli:
garegani
efeqtis
ararsebobisagan gansxvavebiT, kerZo bazars socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtiani
128
saqonlis warmoeba ar esaWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT _ rodesac saqoneli negatiur garegan efeqtebTan asocirdeba; es gulisxmobs, rom dabinZureba am saqonlis warmoebis Sedegia3. meore: modeli ara mxolod imas uCvenebs, rom efeqtianoba Q1-dan Q*-mde moZraobis
Sedegad gaizrdeba,
aramed
aseTi
manevriT
miRebuli
sargeblis
gamoTvlis meqanizmsac uzrunvelyofs. 5.2 grafiki 5.1 grafikidan zRvruli sargeblis (MB), zRvruli piradi danaxarjis (MPC) da zRvruli socialuri danaxarjis (MSC) sxivebis kopirebas axdens. rodesac warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde mcirdeba,
barti
Semosavals
kargavs.
misi
danakargis
zusti
masStabis
gamosaTvlelad gaixseneT, rom saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul
pirad
danaxarjs
Soris.
aris Tu
sxvaoba zRvrul sargebelsa da
merve
erTeulis
zRvruli
piradi
danaxarji udris 10 dolars, xolo misi zRvruli sargebeli _ 12 dolars, maSin
zRvruli
Semosavali
2
dolaris
tolia.
geometriulad,
saqonlis
mocemul erTeulze zRvruli Semosavali aris vertikaluri manZili MB-sa da MPC-s Soris. Tu barti iZulebulia, warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde Seamciros, igi Q1dan Q*-mde warmoebuli saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulisaTvis MB da MPC mrudebs Soris
arsebul
gansxvavebas
dakargavs.
5.2
grafikze
es
areali
dcg-iTaa
gamoxatuli. amave dros, lizas mdgomareoba gacilebiT umjobesdeba, radgan bartis warmoeba mcirdeba da masTan erTad iklebs lizas TevzWeraze ziani. bartis produqciis
yoveli
erTeuliT
Semcirebis
Sedegad
liza
moigebs
Tanxas,
romelic utoldeba zRvrul zians, romelsac mas saqonlis aRniSnuli erTeuli miayenebda. 5.2 grafikze produqciis yoveli erTeuliT Semcirebis Sedegad lizas mogebas MD-sa da horizontalur RerZs Soris vertikaluri manZili asaxavs. amdenad, lizas mogeba produqciis warmoebis Q1-dan Q*-mde Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi
zRvruli
zianis
mrudis
abfe-s
(Q*-dan
Q1-mde)
qveS
arealia.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom amJamad abfe cdhg-s utoldeba. konstruqciis Tanaxmad, MSC-sa
da
MPC-s
Soris
vertikaluri
manZilia
MD,
romelic
MD-sa
da
horizontalur RerZs Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZilis tolia. jamSi, Tu warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde Semcirda, barti dcg areals dakargavs, xolo liza cdhg areals moigebs. sazogadoebis poziciidan, Tu bartis erTi 3
am modelis mixedviT, dabinZurebis Semcirebis erTaderTi gza warmoebis masStabis Semcirebaa. Tu arsebobs dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego teqnologia, maSin SesaZlebelia erTdroulad dabinZurebis donis Semcireba da warmoebis masStabis SenarCuneba. analizi ZiriTadad analogiuria, radgan teqnologiis danergva resursebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs.
129
dolari
lizas
sazogadoebas
erTi
moutans
dolaris wminda
ekvivalenturia,
mogebas,
romelic
Q1-dan
Q*-mde
cdhg-sa
da
moZraoba
dcg-s
Soris
gansxvavebaa da dhg-iT aris moniSnuli. mesame: analizi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom, zogadad, dabinZurebis ararseboba socialurad
sasurveli
faqtori
ar
aris.
dabinZurebis
adekvaturi
donis
gamosaTvlelad sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sedarebaa aucilebeli, optimaluri done ki dabinZurebis romelime pozitiur dones emTxveva. faqtobrivad yvela sawarmoo saqmianoba dabinZurebas iwvevs. amdenad, dabinZurebis ararsebobis moTxovna gulisxmobs yvela warmoebis SeCerebas, rac aSkarad araefeqtiani gadawyvetilebaa.
Tu
aRniSnuli
azri
keTilgonivrul
da
praqtikul
azrs
waagavs, dae, ase iyos. Tumca SegaxsenebT, rom kongresma daisaxa erovnuli mizani: `sanavigacio wyalSi dambinZurebeli nivTierebebis Cayra unda Sewydes 1985 wlidan~. aseTi dauSvebeli da araefeqtiani miznis dasaxva absurdulia; garda amisa, igi Q1-s msgavsi wertilidan raime moZraobis winaRobaa. da bolos, 5.2 grafikiT gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris ganxorcieleba hipoTeturi zRvruli zianisa da sargeblis mrudis daxazvaze mets saWiroebs. daaxloebiT mainc unda ganisazRvros maTi faqtobrivi mdebareoba da forma. Tumca rTuli praqtikuli SekiTxvebi swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac dRis wesrigSi
dabinZurebiT
gamowveuli
zianis
identificirebisa
da
Sefasebis
sakiTxi dgeba.
ra
saqmianobis
Sedegad
identificirebuli
iqnes
dabinZurebis
da
tipi
Cndeba
sxvadasxva
odenoba.
dambinZureblebi?
sawarmoo
ganvixiloT
procesTan
mJavuri
wvima
aucilebelia, dakavSirebuli _
sayovelTao
SeSfoTebis sagani. mecnierebma uCvenes, rom mJavuri wvima maSin Cndeba, rodesac haerSi gamoSvebuli gogirdis oqsidi da azotis oqsidi wylis orTqlTan mJavis Sesaqmnelad reaqciaSi Sedis. aseTi mJava dedamiwaze wvimisa da Tovlis saxiT Camodis, zrdis mJavianobis zogad dones da
potenciurad zianis momtania
mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyarosTvis. Tumca ar aris cnobili, ramdenad ukavSirdeba mJavuri wvima fabrikaqarxnebis
warmoebas
da
ramdenad
–
mcenaris
daWknobasa
da
vulkanur
amofrqvevas. ufro metic, rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra odenobis gamoyofil da generirebul azotisa da gogirdis oqsids emuqreba mJavur wvimad gardaqmnis saSiSroeba. es garkveulwilad adgilobriv meteorologiur pirobebze, agreTve
130
sxva
dambinZureblis,
magaliTad,
araorganuli
hidrokarbonatis
arsebobis
donezea damokidebuli.
romeli dambinZurebelia zianis momtani? mecnierTa unari, dabinZurebis zegavlenis
Sesafaseblad
farTomasStabiani
kontrolirebadi
eqsperimentebi
Caataron, metad SezRudulia. amdenad, mocemuli dambinZureblis zegavlenis zustad
gansazRvra
federaluri
rTulia.
mTavrobis
mJavuri wvimis
mJavuri
naleqis
magaliTi
Sefasebis
am
mxriv
10-wliani
gamodgeba: saxelmwifo
programis (500 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis) Sedegebis Tanaxmad, `mJavuri wvima
sasoflo-sameurneo
zegavlena
produqciaze
SeerTebuli Statebis
faqtobrivad
Crdilo-aRmosavleTi
ar
moqmedebs;
seqtoris
misi
maRalmTian
nawilSi arsebul tyeebze ki SezRudulia~ (Portney, 1990, gv. 175). am aRmoCenam gaanadgura mecnierTa konsensusi, romlis mixedviTac, mJavuri wvima SeerTebul Statebs udides zians ayenebda. kargi mecnieruli informaciis gareSe rTulia dambinZureblebis Sesaxeb politikis SemuSaveba. am sirTules naTlad uCvenebs 1999 wlis magaliTi, rodesac garemos dacvis samsaxurma navTobis kompaniebs M.T.B.E-s saxelwodebiT cnobili qimiuri ingredientis benzinze damateba aRar mosTxova.
M.T.B.E imitom iyo daSvebuli, rom igi benzinis sufTa wvas uwyobda
xels da haeris dabinZurebas amcirebda. samwuxarod, mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom rom gaJonvis SemTxvevaSi M.T.B.E wylis dabinZurebis potenciurad saSiSi wyaro iyo. am TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturi iqneboda, gveTqva, rom is
qimikatebi,
romelTa
ufro
gamoyenebas
aSS-is
mTavroba
ar
aregulirebs,
kibos
met
safrTxes qmnis, vidre is qimikatebi, romelTa gamoyenebac regulirdeba (ix. Viskusi [1995]).
ra
Rirebulebisaa
miyenebuli
ziani?
dambinZureblis
mier
miyenebuli
fizikuri zianis gansazRvrisTanave gamoiTvleba materialuri ziani. rodesac ekonomistebi
raimes
Sefasebas
cdiloben,
rogorc
wesi,
isini
adamianis
gadaxdis survilze fiqroben. Tu mzad xarT, gadaixadoT 162 aSS dolari velosipedisaTvis, maSin es Tanxa TqvenTvis velosipedis Rirebulebaa. velosipedisagan gansxvavebiT, dabinZureba arsebul bazrebze ar iyideba (zogierTi gamonaklisi aqve iqneba ganxiluli). rogor gamoiTvleba adamianTa survili, gadaixadon dabinZurebis likvidaciisaTvis? arapirdapiri daskvnis gasakeTeblad saxlebze fasebi Seiswavles. rodesac individi saxls yidulobs, is
or
faqtors
ukvirdeba:
saxlis
xarisxs
da
irgvliv
teritoriis
131
maxasiaTeblebs (quCebis sisufTave, skolebis xarisxi). davuSvaT, rom ojaxi haeris
dabinZurebis
donezec
zrunavs.
wamoidgineT
ori
identuri
saxli,
romelic mdebareobs or msgavs ubanSi, oRond erTi maTgani daubinZurebel arealSi,
meore
daubinZurebel
ki
_
dabinZurebulSi.
garemoSi
dgas,
ufro
vfiqrobT,
Zviri
rom
iqneba.
saxli,
fasis
romelic
diferencialis
saSualebiT gamoiTvleba individis survili, gadaixados sufTa haerisaTvis. aRniSnuli dakvirvebani sufTa haerisaTvis individTa gadaxdis survilis gamoTvlis bunebriv strategiaze migvaniSnebs. daakvirdiT saxlebs, romlebic absoluturad identuria, ubralod gansxvavebulia mimdebare haeris xarisxiT, da
Semdeg
SeadareT
maTi
fasebi.
amgvari
saxlebis
aRmoCena
gamokveTili
problemaa. sabednierod, aseTi problemis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia, Tu mravaljeradi regresiis statistikur teqnologias gamoviyenebT (ix. me-2 Tavi). Ceisa
da
grinstounis
mier
Catarebuli
ekonometrikuli
analizi
[1995]
gulisxmobs, rom individi mzadaa, Tavisi saxlis Rirebulebis 0,7 %-dan 1,5 %mde gadaixados
imisaTvis, rom erTi erTeuliT
Seamciros mikronawilakTa
(mikrogramebSi kuburi metris mixedviT) koncentracia. rogorc es me-2 TavSia aRwerili,
ekonometrikuli
gansazRvrebis
sisrulezea
analizis
qmediToba
damokidebuli.
Tu
nawilobriv
saxlis
fasis
modelis
mniSvnelovani
determinantebi ignorirebuli iqneba, maSin dabinZurebis gamoTvlili efeqti arasaimedoa. ufro Zireulad rom vTqvaT, gadaxdis survili kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba. mosaxleobisaTvis SesaZloa arc iyos cnobili safrTxe, romelsac dabinZurebuli
haeri
mis
janmrTelobas
uqmnis,
da
amdenad,
dabinZurebis
Semcirebis aucileblobas jerovnad ar afasebdes. ekonometrikuli midgoma sakmaod imedismomcemia, Tumca man ukve sabolood gansazRvra miyenebuli zianis Rirebuleba.
daskvna
5.2 grafikze mocemuli proceduris Sesruleba biologebis, inJinrebis, ekologebisa
da
eqimebis
unar-Cvevebis
gamoyenebas
saWiroebs.
dabinZurebis
problemis gamokvleva mkacr disciplinaTSoris midgomasac moiTxovs. xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom yvelaze safuZvelzedac
ki
didebuli inJinruli da biologiuri monacemebis
SeuZlebelia
efeqtiani
gadawyvetilebis
miReba,
Tu
ar
visargeblebT ekonomistebis iseTi berketiT, rogoric zRvruli analizia.
132
piradi gamoxmaurebani
garegani
efeqtis
arsebobis
dros,
Tu
araferi
gakeTda
am
sakiTxis
mosagvareblad, xSirad resursebi araefeqtianad nawildeba. qvemoT ganvixilavT garemoebebs, romelTa farglebSic kerZo individebi, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, garegan efeqtebTan dakavSirebul problemebs Tavidan icileben.
garigeba da qouzis Teorema
gaixseneT Cveni argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom garegani efeqtis ZiriTadi mizezi sakuTrebis uflebis ararsebobaa. rogorc ki sakuTrebaze uflebis miniWeba
xdeba,
reagireben.
individebi
warmovidginoT,
urTierTgarigebebis rom
mdinareze
gziT
sakuTrebis
garegan ufleba
efeqtebze aqvs
barts.
davuSvaT, rom lizasa da barts garigebis damyareba araferi ar daujdebaT. SesaZlebelia
Tu
ara,
orma
mxarem
miaRwios
garigebas,
romlis
Sedegad
warmoeba Q1-dan Semcirdeba? barts surs, ar awarmoos saqonlis mocemuli erTeuli, sanam igi iRebs gadasaxads, romelic erTeulis warmoebis Sedegad miRebul wminda zrdad mogebas
(MB - MPC)
gadauxados,
rom
am
aRemateba.
meore
ukanasknelma
ar
mxriv,
lizas
awarmoos
surs,
mocemuli
barts
imisTvis
erTeuli,
sanam
lizasTvis am erTeulis warmoebis Sedegad miyenebul zRvrul zianTan (MD) SedarebiT gadasaxadi ufro mcirea.
vidre is Tanxa, romelic lizas surs
barts gadauxados, warmoebis Sedegad miRebul wminda zrdad mogebas aRemateba, garigebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. algebrulad, moTxovna aseTia: MD>(MB - MPC). 5.3
grafiki
(romelic 5.1
grafikze
arsebuli
informaciis
reproducirebas
axdens) uCvenebs, rom warmoebis Q1 doneze MB – MPC aris nuli, maSin, rodesac MD dadebiTia. amdenad, MD aRemateba MB – MPC da garigebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs.
133
5.3 grafiki
imave proceduris gavlis Sedegad mivalT daskvnamde, rom Tanxa, romlis gadaxdac lizas surs, warmoebis yvela doneze Q*-s marjvniv aRemateba (MB – MPC)-s. amis sapirispirod, Q*-s marcxniv Tanxis odenoba, romelsac barti warmoebis SemcirebisaTvis moiTxovs, aRemateba im Tanxas, romlis gadaxdac surs lizas. amdenad, liza barts warmoebis SemcirebisaTvis uxdis Q*-s, rac efeqtiani donea. Cven ar gvaqvs sakmarisi informacia, rom gamoviTvaloT, Tu ra Tanxis SemTxvevaSi wyvets liza gadaxdas. es orive mxaris garigebis Sesabamis potencialzea damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor nawildeba garigebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba, warmoeba sruldeba Q* wertilSi. am analizSi mniSvnelovan rols ori arsebiTi daSveba asrulebs: 1. mxareTa garigebis danaxarji mcirea; 2. resursTa mesakuTreebs maT sakuTrebaze zianis wyaros identificireba da, amdenad, zianis legaluri aRmofxvra SeuZliaT. 5.3
grafikis
diskusiis
Sesajameblad
aRvniSnavT,
rom
am
daSvebebis
farglebSi efeqtiani gadawyvetileba imisgan damoukideblad iqneba miRebuli, Tu vis ekuTvnis sakuTrebis ufleba, sanam aRniSnuli ufleba vinmes aqvs
134
miniWebuli.
es
Sedegi
laureatis,
ronald
ki
cnobilia
qouzis
qouzis
pativsacemad)
Teoremis
saxeliT,
(nobelis
romlis
premiis
mixedviTac,
sakuTrebis uflebis dadgenisTanave, saxelmwifos intervencia garegani efeqtis dasaregulireblad saWiro aRar aris (Coase, 1960). Tumca
garegani
efeqtis
iseTi
tipi,
rogoric
haeris
dabinZurebaa,
milionobiT adamians (rogorc dabinZurebis wyaro, ise dabinZurebis msxverpli) ukavSirdeba.
rTulia
mosalaparakeblad
imis
da
warmodgena,
dabali
Tu
Rirebulebis
rogor
Seikribebian miaRweven4.
garigebas
isini Tundac
momavalSi haerze sakuTrebis ufleba dadgindes, misi mesakuTre mainc ver gansazRvravs, aTasobiT potenciuri dambinZureblidan romelma daabinZura misi sahaero sivrce da ra proporciis zianze agebs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani. qouzis Teorema yvelaze Sesabamisi maSinaa, rodesac procesSi ramdenime adamiani
monawileobs
Tundac
daculi
Semosavlis
da
iyos
garegani
aRniSnuli
ganawilebis
efeqtis
wyaro
pirobebi,
TvalsazrisiT
aSkarad
sakuTrebis
adekvaturia.
gansazRvrulia.
uflebis
miniWeba
sakuTrebis
ufleba
faseulia; Tu liza mdinaris mesakuTrea, misi Semosavali bartis SemosavalTan SedarebiT gaizrdeba, da piriqiT. qouzis
Teoremis
mixedviT,
sakuTrebis
uflebis
miniWeba
garemosTan
dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani problemebis gadawyvetaSi dagvexmareboda. erTi komentatori amtkicebda, rom kargi iqneboda, mdinareze sakuTrebis ufleba aSSSic dawesebuliyo, da miuTiTebda, rom: `inglissa da SotlandiaSi kerZo sakuTrebam
mdinareebsa
da
farvaterebze
warmatebulad
aRmofxvra
Warbi
TevzWera; igi wylis dabinZurebas ukve 800 wlis ganmavlobaSi akontrolebs. mesakuTreebi momxmareblebs TevzWeris uflebisaTvis mdinaris maT kuTvnil teritoriaze ekonomikuri
ubralod stimuli
gadasaxads gauCndaT,
axdevineben.
Tevzis
Sedegad
saxeobebi
da
mesakuTreebs
wylis
sisufTave
SeinarCunon~ (Conda, 1995, gv. A18). qouzis Teoremis kargad gamoyeneba veluri samyaros dacvis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba.
afrikaSi
ubralod
nadirobis
spilos
populaciis
akrZalva
(erTi
SenarCunebis
gza).
Tumca
mizniT
SesaZlebelia
adgilobriv
soflebSi
mcxovrebs srulebiT ar surs, daemorCilos aRniSnul akrZalvas; igi mainc nadirobs
(rTulia
kanonis
TiToeul
moklul
cxovelze
4
gatareba),
amdenad,
faqtobrivad
misi
nulis
zRvruli tolia.
rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifos mier gadawyvetilebis operaciuli xarjebi ar unda iyos ufro mcire.
danaxarji
nulis
Sesrulebaze
toli
gaweuli
135
danaxarji ki mniSvnelovnad Warb nadirobas iwvevs. meore gza cxovelebze sakuTrebis uflebis dawesebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi soflis mcxovrebT gauCndebaT imis stimuli, rom Camoayalibon jogebi _ momavalSi soflis mcxovrebi gayidis maTze nadirobis nebarTvas da iSovis fuls. sagis Tanaxmad [1996], keniaSi 1977 wels yvela saxis nadiroba aikrZala, xolo spiloTa raodenoba 1982 wels 167 aTasidan 16 aTasamde Semcirda. amis sapirispirod, zimbabveSi 1982 wels miwis mflobelebs velur samyaroze sakuTrebis ufleba mieniWaT. am momentidan 1995 wlamde
spiloTa
raodenoba
40
aTasidan
68
aTasamde
gaizarda.
idea
individebisaTvis maT miwaze arsebul velur cxovelebze sakuTrebis gadacemis Sesaxeb aSkarad popularuli gaxda. samxreT afrikaSi bevrma fermerma ufro efeqtianad
CaTvala,
sakvebi
kulturebis
moyvana
SeeCerebina,
miwisaTvis
Cveulebrivi iersaxe daebrunebina da turistebisagan cxovelTa daTvalierebis Rirebuleba amoeRo. samxreT afrikis teritoriis mesamedis daaxloebiT 18 % dRes amgvar ekoturizms emsaxureba (Heal, 2001, gv. 10).
gaerTianeba
garegani gaerTianebis
efeqtis gziT
misi
daregulirebis `aTvisebaa~.
erT-erTi
gza
simartivisaTvis,
monawile davuSvaT,
mxareTa rom
aris
mxolod erTi dambinZurebeli da dabinZurebis erTi msxverpli, rogorc
am
Tavis dasawyisSi barti-lizas scenarSia ganxiluli. rogorc aRiniSna, Tu barti im zians gaiTvaliswinebs, romelsac lizas TevzWeras ayenebs, maSin wminda
mogebis
ganxilvas).
miRebis
sxva
SesaZlebloba
sityvebiT
rom
vTqvaT,
iqneba
(daubrundiT
bartisa
da
lizas
5.2
grafikis saqmianobis
koordinirebis SemTxvevaSi erToblivi sawarmos mogeba maT mier cal-calke saqmianobis faqtobrivad,
dros
miRebul
individualur
arakoordinirebuli
qmedebisas
mogebaTa barti
da
jams
gadaaWarbebs.
liza
fuls
yrian!
bazari ki ori firmis gaerTianebis mZlavr stimuls qmnis _ lizas SeuZlia iyidos qarxana, barts ki SeuZlia iyidos TevzWeris meurneoba, an mesame mxares SeuZlia iyidos orive maTgani. ori firmis gaerTianebis Sedegad garegani efeqtis `aTviseba~ xdeba _ mas ukve is mxare iTvaliswinebs, romlis saqmianobis Sedegadac garegani efeqti warmoiqmneboda. magaliTad, bartis mier TevzWeris meurneobis Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi igi naklebi produqciis warmoebas daiwyebda. aseTi gziT
barti gazrdida TevzWeris seqtoridan sargebels _ es sargebeli
qarxnuli warmoebis SemcirebiT miRebul danakliss gadaaWarbebda. Sedegad,
136
garegani efeqti ar warmoiqmneboda da bazaric araefeqtiani aRar iqneboda. sxvagvarad
rom
vTqvaT,
gare
damkvirvebeli
situacias
`garegani
efeqtis~
kvalifikacias arc ki mianiWebda, vinaidan aseT viTarebaSi gadawyvetilebebi erTi firmis farglebSi miiReba.
socialuri konvenciebi
firmebisagan gansxvavebiT, individebi garegani efeqtis `aTvisebis~ mizniT ver
erTiandebian.
Tumca
arsebobs
gansazRvruli
socialuri
konvenciebi,
romlebic SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc mcdeloba, individs daanaxon, Tu ra
saxis
garegan
efeqts
warmoqmnis
misi
saqmianoba.
skolis
moswavleebs
aswavlian, rom nivTebis uadgilod dayra upasuxismgeblobis niSania da ar aris `lamazi~. Tu swavleba Sedegiania, maSin bavSvi xvdeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom kanfetis qaRaldis an bananis qerqis tareba, sanam igi sanagve yuTs ipovides, mis Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, man aRniSnuli Zalisxmeva unda gaswios, radgan igi verafriT
Seedreba
im
adamianTa
nebisyofas,
romlebic
iZulebulni
arian,
nagavsayrels uyuron. ifiqreT oqros kanonze: `moeqeci sxvebs ise, rogorc gsurs,
rom
gamosaxatavad
mogeqcnen aseTia:
Sen~.
`vidre
naklebad raimes
eleganturi
moimoqmedeb,
gza
am
sentimentis
gaiTvaliswine
misi
gare
zRvruli sargebeli da danaxarji~. moralis zogierTi postulatis Tanaxmad, erTi individi meoris grZnobebs
iziarebs
da,
amdenad,
im garegan
efeqts
`iTvisebs~, romelic SesaZloa mis saqciels gamoewvia. faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli postulatebi
bazrebis
ararsebobiT
Seqmnili
mdgomareobis
koreqtirebas
axdens.
garegan efeqtebze sazogadoebrivi reagireba
137
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individi sakuTari interesis mixedviT iqceva da efeqtian
gadawyvetilebas
ver
aRwevs,
mTavrobas
intervenciis
ramdenime
aqvs5.
SesaZlebloba
gadasaxadebi
barti araefeqtianad awarmoebs produqcias, radgan sawarmoo saSualebebze mis mier gaweuli danaxarji socialuri danaxarjebis Sesaxeb araswor signals iZleva.
ufro
konkretulad
rom
vTqvaT,
radgan
bartis
mier
sawarmoo
saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji metad mcirea, misi produqciis fasic Zalian dabalia. bunebrivi gadawyvetileba, romelic gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi miRebuli
iqna
dambinZurebeli
britaneli ibegreba
ekonomistis, garkveuli
arTur
sesil
gadasaxadebiT,
pigus rac
mier,
misi
aseTia:
sawarmoo
saSualebebis metad dabali fasebis kompensirebas axdens. pigus gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi, romliTac dambinZureblis produqciis yoveli erTeuli ibegreba da romelic udris im zRvruli zianis Tanxas, romelsac dambinZurebeli warmoebis efeqtian doneze warmoSobs. 5.4 grafiki 5.1 grafikze mocemuli magaliTis reproducirebas axdens. am SemTxvevaSi Q* efeqtiani warmoebisas zRvruli ziani udris cd manZils. es aris pigus gadasaxadi (gaixseneT, rom vertikaluri manZili MSC-sa da MPC-s Soris aris MD). ra reaqcia eqneba barts, rodesac misi produqciis TiToeuli erTeuli cd gadasaxadiT daibegreba? gadasaxadi bartis zRvrul danaxarjs gazrdis. mis mier
warmoebuli
TiToeuli
erTeulisaTvis
barti
iZulebuli
iqneba,
gadauxados rogorc sawarmoo saSualebis mimwodeblebs (iTvleba MPC-iT), ise gadasaxadis
Semgrovebels
(iTvleba
cd-Ti).
geometriulad,
bartis
axali
zRvruli grafiki daixazeba, Tu warmoebis yvela doneze MPC-s davumatebT cd-s. es MPC-is cd vertikaluri manZiliT gadanacvlebas moiTxovs.
5
aq CamoTvlil SesaZleblobaTa nusxa ar aris srulyofili. alternativebis detaluri kvlevisaTvis ix. Cropper and Oates [1992].
sxvadasxva
138
5.4 grafiki
Semosavlis maqsimizaciisaTvis bartma unda awarmoos manam, sanam zRvruli sargebeli zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba. es ki Mb-isa da (MPc + cd)-is gadakveTis adgilas warmoiqmneba, romelic zustad efeqtiani warmoebis Q* wertilze mdebareobs. faqtobrivad, gadasaxadi barts iZulebuls xdis, misi saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili garegani efeqtis Rirebuleba gaiTvaliswinos da efeqtian warmoebas miaRwios. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gadasaxadi TiToeul warmoebul id erTeulze (id = OQ*) Semosavlis saxiT cd dolaris generirebas axdens. amdenad, sagadasaxado Semosavali udris cd X I, romelic 5.4 grafikze ijcd marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia. kargi iqneboda, es Semosavali mTlianad lizas konpensirebis mizniT gamogveyenebina, romelsac amJamadac adgeba ziani bartis saqmianobis
Sedegad,
an
Tanxa,
gadasaxadebis
gareSe,
arendatorisaTvis
gadagveca. Tumca aq sifrTxilea saWiro. Tu cnobili gaxdeba, rom nebismieri piri, romelic mdinareSi Tevzs iWers, gadasaxads iRebs, is individebic ki Seudgebian TevzWeras, romlebic amas sulac ar apirebdnen. Sedegi ki mdinareSi araefeqtianad
didi
odenobis
TevzWera
iqneba.
mTavari
sakiTxi
isaa,
rom
139
dabinZurebis
msxverplisaTvis gaweuli
kompensacia
efeqtianobis
misaRwevad
aucilebeli ar aris. pigus sagadasaxado sistemis ganxorcielebis gzaze garkveuli problemebi arsebobs. aRniSnuli siZneleebis fonze, romlebic zRvruli zianis funqciis gamoTvlas rTuli
ukavSirdeba,
iqneba.
Tumca
adekvaturi
SesaZlebelia
sagadasaxado
ganakveTis
keTilgonivruli
dafiqsireba
kompromisis
miRweva.
davuSvaT, avtomobilis garkveuli tipi momwamvlel gazs uSvebs. Teoriulad, gavlili manZilis mixedviT dawesebuli gadasaxadi efeqtianobas zrdis, Tumca misi administrireba dauSveblad Zviri dajdeba. mTavrobas SeuZlia daawesos manqanaze specialuri gayidvis gadasaxadi, Tundac manqanaze sakuTreba garegani efeqtis masStabs ki ara, mxolod gavlil manZils gansazRvravdes. gayidvis gadasaxads yvelaze efeqtian Sedegamde ar mivyavarT, Tumca SesaZlebelia, igi jer kidev status-kvos gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iyos. ufro zogadad, gadasaxadis daweseba ukve gulisxmobs, rom cnobilia, Tu vin da ra masStabiT abinZurebs. xSirad aseT SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia. Tumca teqnologiurma cvlilebam SesaZloa dabinZurebis monitoringi sakmaod gaamartivos. samxreT kaliforniaSi testirebuli axali teqnologiis Sedegad dabinZurebis TiToeul wyarosTan damontaJebulia sensori, romelic dabinZurebas
mudmivad
ganTavsdeba.
gamoavlens.
warmogidgeniaT
dambinZureblisaTvis
pigus
aRniSnuli kompiuteri,
adekvatur
informacia
kompiuterSi
romelic
gadasaxads
TiToeuli
gansazRvravs
da
mas
sagadasaxado davalebas ugzavnis? cxadia, is ki ar aris aqtualuri, pigus gadasaxadi garegani efeqtis regulirebis srulyofili meTodia Tu ara, aramed is, sxva alternativebs Soris
ukeTesia
Tu
ara
igi.
am
konteqstSi
sasargebloa
SevniSnoT,
rom
safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, norvegiaSi, italiaSi, niderlandebsa da sxva qveynebSi gadasaxadebiT dabinZurebis sxvadasxva tipi ibegreba (Stavins, 1999). miuxedavad imisa, rom Statebs dabinZurebis dabegvris sakmaod mokrZalebuli sistema aqvs, gadasaxadebi dawesebulia gansazRvrul qimikatebze, romlebic arRveven ozonis Sres. magaliTad, oTxqloriani naxSirbadi da halon-1211 TiToeul funtze Sesabamisad 9,84 da 26,85 aSS dolariT ibegreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom pigus gadasaxadi garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis konteqstSi ganvixileT, igi Tanabrad adekvaturia sxva tipis garegani efeqtis SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, gadatvirTul gzebsa da gzatkecilebze TiToeuli mZRoli danaxarjs
sxva mZRolebs
gadascems, imis
gamo, rom ufro
metad
140
tvirTavs quCas, Tumca aravin ar aris iZulebuli, es danaxarji gaiTvaliswinos. manqanis tarebaze gadasaxadi, Tu igi quCis gadatvirTvis zRvruli danaxarjis toli iqneba, efeqtianobas gazrdis. uinstoni da Sirli [1998], fiqroben, rom politika,
romelic
StatebSi
socialur
quCis
gadatvirTvis
Semosavals
moitans
gamo –
daawesebs
5.2
grafikze
fass,
SeerTebul
dhg-is
farTobis
ekvivalents _ wliurad daaxloebiT 3.2 miliard aSS dolars. zogierTi qalaqi gadasaxads quCis
gadatvirTvaze awesebs. magaliTad, londonis
transporti
ganTqmuli 5£-iT ibegreba (daaxloebiT 7,80 aSS dolari) pikis saaTebSi qalaqis centrSi
moZraobis
maRalteqnologiuri
uflebiT variantis
sargeblobisaTvis.
SemTxvevaSi
san-diegoSi
sqemis
ufro
zogierT
mZRols
SeuZlia, gamoiyenos maRali datvirTvis samanqano zoli trasaze, Tu gadaixdis fass, romelic swored imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad gadatvirTulia quCa im momentSi.
subsidiebi
warmovidginoT SemTxvevaSi
dambinZurebeli
warmoebis
sawarmoebis
efeqtiani
donis
fiqsirebuli
miRweva
odenoba.
SesaZlebelia,
am Tu
dambinZurebels fuls imisTvis gadavuxdiT, rom garemo aRar daabinZuros. SesaZloa, es idea erTi SexedviT ucnauradac ki mogveCvenos, magram garwmunebT, rom
igi
sagadasaxado
SewyvetisaTvis
sqemis
gamoyofili
msgavsad
subsidia
muSaobs,
dambinZureblis
radgan
dabinZurebis
efeqtiani
sawarmoo
danaxarjis gasazrdelad ubralod sxva meTodia. davuSvaT, saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom igi barts gadauxdis cd subsidias saqonlis TiToeul erTeulze, romelsac barti ar awarmoebs. ras moimoqmedebs barti? 5.5 grafikze bartis zRvruli ganakveTi warmoebis doneze (Q1) MB-sa da horizontalur RerZs, ge-s, Soris manZilia. Q1 wertilSi warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji aris jami, romelic Sedgeba im Tanxisagan, romelsac barti sawarmoo saSualebebisaTvis subsidiisagan,
(romelTac
romelzedac
kargad
vxedavT
barti warmoebis
MPC mrudze)
gagrZelebis
ixdis,
SemTxvevaSi
da
cd
uars
ambobs. kvlav vimeorebT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli danaxarji MPC + cd iqneba. Q1 warmoebis dros igi ek=(eg + gk) manZils udris. magram ek zRvrul sargebels, ge-s aWarbebs. vidre Q1 wertilSi zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul sargebels aWarbebs, bartis mier saqonlis am ukanaskneli erTeulis warmoebas
141
azri ara aqvs. amis nacvlad man uari unda ganacxados warmoebis gagrZelebaze da unda aiRos misi kuTvnili subsidia. imave mizeziT, cxadi xdeba, rom barti irCevs, Warbi warmoeba Q*-s mixedviT SeaCeros. am wertilis marjvniv, nebismier sawarmoo doneze, zRvruli piradi danaxarjisa da subsidiis jami zRvrul sargebels aRemateba. gagrZeleba
uRirs,
meore mxriv, am wertilis marjvniv barts warmoebis Tundac
igi
iZulebuli
iyos,
uari
Tqvas
subsidiaze.
warmoebis am doneebisaTvis mTliani alternatiuli Rirebuleba, MPC + cd, ufro mcirea, vidre zRvruli sargebeli. amdenad, barts subsidia aiZulebs, awarmoos mxolod Q* wertilamde, rac efeqtiani warmoebaa.
5.5 grafiki
dramatulad
gansxvavebulia
gadasaxadebisa
da
subsidiebis
sqemis
ganawilebis Sedegebi. nacvlad imisa, rom barts idcj gadasaxadi gadaexada, igi iRebs anazRaurebas, romelic im
erTeulTa
Rirebulebis
tolia,
romelTa
warmoebazedac bartma uari ganacxada (ch). igi subsidias yovel erTeulze iRebs (cd), romelic 5.5 grafikze dfhc marTkuTxedis tolia6. ar aris gasakviri, rom 5.5 grafikze Q1 wertili aris safuZveli, saidanac aiTvleba bartis warmoebis Semcireba. principSi, nebismieri safuZveli Q*-is marjvniv SeiZleba SeirCes. 6
142
efeqtiani
gadawyvetileba
SesaZloa
Semosavlis
sxvadasxva
ganawilebas
ukavSirdebodes. igi me-3 TavSi mocemuli Sedegebis analogiuria – ejuorTis yuTSi efeqtiani ganawilebis wertilTa ganusazRvreli raodenobaa, romelTagan TiToeuli realuri Semosavlis ganawilebis sakuTar sqemas ukavSirdeba. pigus
sagadasaxado
subsidirebis
sqemasTan
programasTan
gaixseneT,
rom
arsebobas momavalSi
5.5
dakavSirebuli
dakavSirebuli
grafikis
analizi
moiTxovs.
subsidia
maRal
SesaZloa
bevri
firma
problemebic
fiqsirebuli
Semosavals
mdinaris
problemebis arsebobs.
odenobis
qmnis.
maxloblad
ase
garda, pirveli:
sawarmoTa
rom,
Soreul
ganTavsdes.
axali
firmebi, romlebsac subsidiis miRebis survili eqnebaT, mdinaris maxloblad ganlagdebian, rac saboloo jamSi faqtobrivad gazrdis dabinZurebis masStabs. meore: subsidia SesaZloa eTikuri TvalsazrisiT arc iyos sasurveli. rogorc miSani aRniSnavs (1971, gv. A25): `xmauriani amgvari
avtomobilebis
Tavisufleba
sxvaTa
marTva,
dambinZurebeli
keTildReobas
qarxnis
SemTxveviT
funqcionireba
zians
ayenebs.
da
Tumca
sazogadoebis wevrTa survili, icxovron sufTa da wynar garemocvaSi, da amgvari Tavisufleba sxvaTa keTildReobas sulac ar amcirebs. Tu es argumentebi WeSmaritia, maSin
arsebobs
safuZveli...
dambinZurebels
sasamarTlos
winaSe
pasuxismgebloba
daekisros~.
5.6 grafiki
143
bazris Camoyalibeba
rogorc SesaZloa
aRvniSneT,
resursze
efeqtianobis
garegan
bazris
amaRlebis
efeqtTan
asocirebuli
ararsebobas
ukavSirdebodes.
alternatiuli
politika
araefeqtianoba aq
mTavrobis
ikveTeba,
rac
mwarmoebelTaTvis dabinZurebis nebarTvis miyidvaSi gamoixateba. aseTi gziT mTavroba faqtobrivad sufTa haeris an wylis bazars ayalibebs. aseTi ram sxva SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli ar iyo. mTavroba acxadebs, rom Z* dambinZureblis garemoSi
gaSvebisaTvis
nebarTvas
gayidis
(dambinZureblebis
odenoba
Q*
warmoebas ukavSirdeba). firmebi aRniSnuli nebarTvis mosapoveblad brZolas daiwyeben da nebarTvasac umaRles fasad miiReben. dakisrebuli gadasaxadi bazars
yovelgvar
pasuxismgeblobas
uxsnis
_
dabinZurebis
odenoba
saxelmwifos mier dawesebul dones utoldeba. TiToeuli mwarmoeblisaTvis dabinZurebis nebarTvisTvis gadaxdili fasi dabinZurebis Rirebulebaa. 5.6 grafiki gviCvenebs, Tu rogor moqmedebs nebarTva realur samyaroSi – azotis
dioqsidis
bazarze.
horizontaluri
zRvari
azotis
dioqsidis
warmoebis uflebas, xolo vertikaluri _ am uflebis mopovebisaTvis gadaxdil safasurs gamoiTvlis. saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom igi auqcionis wesiT gayidis
144
nebarTvebs Z*-iT dabinZurebis uflebaze. faqtobrivad dabinZurebis uflebaTa uzrunvelyofa uflebaze erTeulze
Z*-is
moTxovna, P1
mimarT DZ,
absoluturad
qveviT
wertilSia.
vertikaluria.
daxrilobiT
firmebi,
romelTac
xasiaTdeba.
dabinZurebis Tanabari
TiToeuli
fasi
dabinZurebuli
erTeulisaTvis ar surT P1 safasuris gadaxda, an amcireben warmoebas an ufro sufTa teqnologias nergaven. mTavrobas
SeuZlia,
nebarTvebis
auqcionze
gayidvis
firmebze sxva sawarmoebisTvis miyidvis pirobiT gayidos.
nacvlad
isini
sruliad SemTxveviT
aRmoCnda, rom sqema aseT drosac muSaobs. sabazro miwodeba Z*-is mimarT kvlav absoluturad vertikaluria, xolo fasi isev P1-ia. araferi Secvlila, radgan firmas
surs, dabinZurebis nebarTvebi im pirobiT gayidos, rom firma am
uflebas P1-ze naklebi RirebulebiT afasebs. Tundac efeqtianobis masStabi auqcionis SemTxvevis
analogiuri iyos, ganawilebis Sedegebi
gansxvavebulia. auqcionis SemTxvevaSi
radikalurad
fuli midis saxelmwifoSi, sxva sqemis
mixedviT ki _ firmebTan, romlebic imdenad warmatebulni aRmoCndnen, rom dab inZurebis uflebebi miecaT. yvela
SemTxvevaSi,
am
martiv
modelSi
rogorc
nebarTvis,
ise
pigus
gadasaxadis Sedegad dabinZurebis efeqtiani done iqna miRweuli. nebismieri maTganis dasanergad aucilebelia, vicodeT vin da ra masStabiT abinZurebs. rogor avirCioT maT Soris ukeTesi? qroperi da otsi [1992] amtkicebdnen, rom nebarTvas sagadasaxado sqemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli praqtikuli upiratesoba aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris is, rom nebarTvis sqema dabinZurebis saboloo doneze gaurkvevlobas amcirebs. Tu mTavroba kerZo zRvruli danaxarjisa da kerZo sargeblis Sesaxeb informacias flobs (5.4 grafiki), maSin mas SeuZlia usafrTxod iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor imoqmedebs pigus gadasaxadi qcevaze. magram Tu aRniSnuli mrudebis
Taobaze informacia mwiria, rTuli iqneba
ganisazRvros, ra odenobis gadasaxadi Seamcirebs dabinZurebas. Tu informaciis simwire politikosebs aiZulebs, dabinZurebis standarti SemTxveviTi principiT gansazRvron, amis gakeTeba dabinZurebis nebarTvis sistemis saSualebiT ufro adviladaa
SesaZlebeli.
garda
amisa,
im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
firma
mogebazea
orientirebuli, standartis misaRwevad is danaxarjis teqnologias miagnebs. ufro metic, rodesac
ekonomikaSi inflaciaa, dabinZurebis
nebarTvaze
sabazro fasebic inflaciis temps ahyveba, sagadasaxado ganakveTis Secvlas ki xangrZlivi administraciuli procedura dasWirdeba. meore mxriv, auqcionis sqemasTan dakavSirebuli potenciuri problema isaa, rom firmam SesaZloa
145
dabinZurebis danaxarjis
licenzia
Warbi
minimizaciis
odenobiT
moTxovnis
iyidos,
vidre
dasakmayofileblad,
es
saWiroa
da
am
firmis
gziT
sxva
firmebs bazarze Semosasvleli gza mouWras. rTulia viwinaswarmetyveloT, saerTod ganviTardeba Tu ara ase movlenebi.
regulireba
regulirebis
Tanaxmad,
TiToeuli
dambinZurebeli
dabinZurebis
dones
garkveuli masStabiT unda amcirebdes, an winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul sanqcias unda eqvemdebarebodes. Cvens modelSi barts ubralod ubrZaneben, warmoeba Q*-mde Seamciros. regulireba mravali gansxvavebuli firmis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani ar aris. warmoidgineTo ori firma, X da Y. orive maTgani uSvebs naxSirbadis dioqsids (CO2),
qimikats,
romelsac
globalur
daTbobaSi
didi
wvlili
Seaqvs.
5.7
grafikze firmaTa warmoeba horizontalur RerZze, xolo misi Rirebuleba (dolarSi) _ vertikalur RerZze ganisazRvreba. MBX aris zRvruli sargeblis aRmniSvneli
sxivi
X-saTvis,
MBZ
ki
_
Z-saTvis.
mxolod
eqspoziciuri
TvalsazrisiT CavTvaloT, rom X-s da Y-s aqvT identuri MPC sxivi da mogebaze orientirebuli warmoeba X1 = Z1. .
5.7 grafiki
146
davuSvaT, cnobilia, rom mTliani warmoebis efeqtiani donis SemTxvevaSi zRvruli ziani d dolars udris. efeqtianobis misaRwevad
TiToeulma firmam
im wertilamde unda awarmoos, romelSic zRvruli sargeblis mrudi zRvruli kerZo danaxarjis mrudsa da d-s jams gadakveTs. 5.7 grafikze efeqtiani warmoeba aRniSnulia ase _ X* da Z*. dakvirvebis saocari Sedegi isaa, rom efeqtianobis misaRwevad ar aris saWiro, firmebma CO2-s wliuri warmoeba Seamciron. Z warmoebis
efeqtiani
Semcireba
gansxvavebuli MB sxivis warmoebis
adekvaturi
gamo
Semcireba
X
warmoebis
xdeba,
magram,
zRvruli
Semcirebas zogadad,
sargeblisa
aWarbebs.
nebismieri da
es
firmis
zRvruli
kerZo
danaxarjis mrudebis formazea damokidebuli. amdenad, regulirebas, romelic firmas
uflebas
absoluturi,
ise
aZlevs,
Tanabari
proporciuli
odenobiT
Seamciros
TvalsazrisiT),
Sedegad
warmoeba moaqvs
(rogorc is,
rom
zogierTi firma Zalian bevr saqonels awarmoebs, zogierTi ki _ ukiduresad cotas. aRniSnuli analizi ubralod imas gviCvenebs, rom dabinZurebis Semcirebis danaxarji
da
sargebeli
sxvadasxva
SemTxvevebSi
gansxvavebulia.
manqana,
romelic SedarebiT dausaxlebel adgilas moZraobs, nakleb zians ayenebs garemos, vidre is manqana, romelic moZraobs mWidrod dasaxlebul arealSi. maSin ra azri aqvs imas, rom orive manqanas gamonabolqvis Semamcirebeli Tanabarad Zviri aRWurviloba an gamonabolqvis
erTi da igive standarti
147
hqondes?
aSS-is
politikis
mxolod
naxevarSi
unda
mixedviT,
ukiduresad
akmayofilebdes
dabinZurebuli
yvela
manqana
qalaqebis
haeris
xarisxis
gasaumjobesebel standartebs. cxadia, politika ar iqneba efeqtiani. ra Tqma unda, maregulirebel organos SeuZlia, TiToeul dambinZurebels specialurad Seqmnili sawarmoo kvota mianiWos. magram dambinZureblebis didi odenobis pirobebSi es administraciuli TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia. empiriul
kvlevaTa
Catarebisas
cdilobdnen,
dabinZurebis
Semcirebis
danaxarji SeedarebinaT rogorc ekonomikuri stimulis, ise reglamentirebis SemTxvevaSi.
gansakuTrebuli
dabinZurebis
adgilzea
Sedegi
ganxilul
damokidebuli.
aRmoCnda,
dabinZurebis rom
tipsa
nebismier
da
SemTxvevaSi
ekonomikuri stimuli problemis gadaWris bevrad iafi gzaa (ix. Cropper and Oates 1992,
gv.
686).
karg
magaliTs
gvTavazobs
federaluri
mTavrobis
navTobis
ekonomiis korporaciuli (Corporate Average Fuel Company - CAFE) standartebi, romlebic
yoveli
axali
msubuqi
manqanisTvisaa
dawesebuli.
aRniSnuli
standarti awesebs milze benzinis xarjis normas, romelic nebismierma manqanam unda daicvas (27,5 mili galonze da 20,7 mili galonze orxidiani manqanebis SemTxvevaSi).
alternatiuli
aramaregulirebeli
midgoma,
romlis
mizani
benzinis moxmarebisa da misi Tanmxlebi dabinZurebis masStabis Semcirebaa, aris benzinis dabegvra. qrandalis Tanaxmad (1992, gv. 179), CAFE danaxarji 7-10-jer Zviria, vidre danaxarji benzinze gadasaxadis dawesebaze, romelic sawvavis moxmarebas
Seamcirebs. CAFE yvela
Semcirebis
ganakveTs,
Zveli
momxmareblis
manqanebisa
da
mier
benzinis
arasatransporto
moxmarebis
saSualebebis
moxmarebis CaTvliT, ver aTanabrebs~.
Sefaseba
garegani efeqtis arseboba xSirad intervenciis garkveul tips moiTxovs. intervenciis
mizani
efeqtianobis
amaRlebaa.
garemosTan
dakavSirebuli
nebismieri saxis politikis ganxorcielebas Tan rTuli teqnikuri sakiTxebi axlavs. arc erTi saxis politika ar aris srulyofili. zogierTi ekonomisti upiratesobas bazarze orientirebul gadawyvetilebas aniWebs. efeqtiani Sedegi misi saSualebiT ufro advilad miiRweva, vidre pirdapiri regulirebis gziT.
148
SeerTebuli Statebis gamoZaxili
eTanxmeba Tu ara garegani efeqtis problemebze gamoZaxili problemaTa gadawyvetis Teoriul gzebs? mTavari federaluri kanoni, romelic
haeris
dabinZurebas aregulirebs, aris sufTa haeris aqti [1963] da misi Semdgomi cvlilebebi7. sufTa haeris aqtSi 1970 wels Setanili Sesworebebis Tanaxmad, kongresma haeris xarisxis erovnuli standarti daawesa, romelic, miuxedavad gaweuli danaxarjisa, aucileblad unda yofiliyo daculi. garemos dacvis saagento (Environmental Protection Agency - EPA) imisTvis daarsda, rom standartebi daewesebina da Statebis mier maTi dacva uzrunveleyo. 1990 wels sufTa haeris aqtSi
mniSvnelovani
wlisaTvis
qveynis
damatebebi
yvelaze
Sevida.
didi
erTi
gamonabolqvis
debulebis mqone
9
mixedviT,
qalaqSi
1995
benzinis
standarti ise unda Secvliliyo, rom misi moxmarebis Sedegad gamonabolqvis odenoba 15%-iT Semcirebuliyo. 1996 wels EPA propagandas uwevda ozonisa da myari nawilakebiT dabinZurebisagan haeris dacvis axal, mkacr standartebs. aRniSnuli magaliTebi miuTiTebs aSS-is tendenciaze, sabazro stimulis nacvlad reglamentireba moexdina. marTlac, 1970-iani wlebidan Camoyalibebuli mniSvnelovani
garemosdacviTi
kanonmdebloba
ukrZalavs
politikosebs,
garemosdacviTi standartebis dawesebis dros gaiTvaliswinon sargebeli da danaxarji! rogorc aRiniSna, es garegani efeqtis koreqciis sakmaod Zvirad Rirebuli mcdelobaa. Sefasebis mixedviT, federaluri garemosdacviTi reglamentebis wliuri danaxarji daaxloebiT 135 miliardi aSS dolaria. portnis mier Catarebuli Sefasebis mixedviT [1990], 1990 wels sufTa haeris aqtSi Setanili damatebebis wyalobiT 2005 wels SeerTebuli Statebis dabinZurebis kontrolze gaweuli danaxarji daaxloebiT 30 miliardi aSS dolariT gaizrdeba, xolo sargeblis odenoba 6-dan 25 miliard aSS dolaramde iqneba. miaRwia
Tu
ara
sufTa
haeris
kanonmdeblobam
miznebs?
danaxarjebis
ignorirebis SemTxvevaSic ki Canaweri Sedegebis Sesaxeb Sereulia da misi interpretireba rTulia.
haeris
dabinZurebis
garkveuli
tipebi,
magaliTad,
azotis oqsidiT, sufTa haeris aqtis pirvelad miRebis momentidan faqtobrivad gaizarda. meore mxriv, aseTi saSiSi nivTierebis arseboba myari nawilakebis saxiT Semcirebulia. Tumca frTxilad unda movekidoT im gadawyvetilebas, rom 7
aqtis debulebis srulyofil reziumes portni [1990] da qroperi da otsi [1992] gvTavazoben.
149
aRniSnuli
Semcireba
garemosdacviT
reglamentirebas
ukavSirdeba.
SesaZlebelia, aseTi gaumjobeseba samrewvelo saqmianobis Semcirebis Sedegia, rac zogadad seqtoris stagnaciiT da ara EPA-s saqmianobiTaa gamowveuli. EPAs monacemTa analizi cxadyofs, rom sufTa haeris aqti dabinZurebis Semcirebis berketi iyo (iTvleboda, rom
aqtis
gareSe
dabinZureba
ar Semcirdeboda)
(Freeman, 2002, gv. 127). meore mxriv, makavois (1992, gv. 102) ekonometrikuli analizi sruliad
sxva
Sedegs
gvaZlevs.
konsensusis
ararsebobis
dros
mravali
analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom reglamentirebam sazogadoebas imedi gaucrua. ukve vaCveneT, Tu ratomaa sufTa haeris maregulirebeli msgavsi midgoma araefeqtiani. ratom aris igi amave dros uSedego? baumols [1976] miaCnda, rom reglamentirebis Sedegi maregulireblis sifxizlis xarisxzea damokidebuli: `brZanebaTa miRebis siswrafe, maTi debulebebis simkacre, SesworebaTa Setanis SemTxvevaSi
maregulireblis
mdgradobis
xarisxi,
danaSaulis
aRmoCenisa
da
dokumentirebis dros misi efeqtianoba, damnaSavis dasjisas misi Zala da warmateba da jarimaTa simkacre, romlebic dawesebulia sasamarTlos mier~ (gv. 445).
es ki sakmaod rTuli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT _ Tu gaviTvaliswinebT politikur
zewolas,
ganxorcielebisas
romelsac
ganicdis.
amis
maregulirebeli sawinaaRmdegod,
Tavisi
pigus
saqmianobis
gadasaxadi
`ara
maregulireblis fxizel Tvalze, aramed gadasaxadis Semgroveblis saimedo mdgradobazea dabinZurebis
damokidebuli.
isini
Segnebulad
utoveben
dambinZurebels
Semcirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac waaxaliseben, Tavi aaridon
gadasaxadebis gadaxdas~ (Baumol, 1976, gv. 445). garda
amisa,
saboloo
muqara
regulirebis ki
`an
–
dambinZurebeli
an~
midgoma
wyaros
ukuqmedebiT
daxurvaSi
xasiaTdeba.
gamoixateba.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli qmedeba momuSaveTa an/da momxmarebelTa mniSvnelovan gadanawilebas texasis
gamoiwvevs
Statis
da,
amdenad,
sakanonmdeblo
politikuri
organos
gadawyvetilebiT,
harmonizeba specialuri da satvirTo manqanebis dajdeboda.
imave
suliskveTebiT,
TvalsazrisiT
rTulia. wesebTan
EPA-s
SemTxvevaSi sakmaod Zviri
rodesac
indoeTSi
sasamarTlom
uflebamosili organoebi daavaldebula, 10 aTasi avtobusisagan Semdgari parki, romelic dizelze muSaobda, Seecvala iseTi avtobusebiT, romlebic sufTa bunebriv
airze
uflebamosil winaaRmdeg, mimarTavdnen
imuSavebda,
organoebs
romlebic da
ar
ar
gansakuTrebuli surdaT,
imuqrebodnen,
araferi
wasuliyvnen
rom
SeuSindebobdnen
sxva
momxdara.
avtobusis
zomebTan
SimSiliT
qalaqis
mesakuTreTa
erTad
SimSilsac
sikvdils.
marTlac,
150
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis dRidan ori wlis gasvlis Semdegac grZeldeboda deliSi dizelze momuSave axali avtobusebis licenzireba (Dugger, 2001, gv. A3). imis
pirdapir
SeuZlebelia.
Tqma,
rodesac
rom saqme
regulireba Zalian
sasargeblo
toqsikur
arasodes
nivTierebebs
ar
aris,
exeba,
maSin
regulireba SesaZloa problemis ganeitralebis saukeTeso gza iyos. magram, zogadad,
regulireba
ZiriTadad
garemosdacviTi
politikis
naklovanebis
wyaroa. maSin ratomaa igi aseTi popularuli? albaT imitom, rom kanonmdeblebs uyvarT myisieri zomebis gatareba, ris saSualebasac maT miRebuli kanonebi aZlevT. arada, am dros iseTma pasiurma zomam, rogoricaa bazris Camoyalibeba, SeiZleba
ufro
efeqtiani
Sedegi
gamoiRos.
cinikosi
ityoda,
rom
maregulirebeli gadawyvetileba aris imis Sedegi, rom politikosebs garemos dacvis organoTa sakeTildReod keTilSobiluri kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibeba surT, Tumca, samwuxarod, aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba bizness `ar axarebs~.
bazarze orientirebuli midgoma: gogirdis dioqsidi
miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis garemosdacviT politikaSi regulirebis
meTodi
dominirebs,
bazarze
orientirebul
ekonomistTa
mier
momzadebuli argumenti TandaTan iwyebs zegavlenis mopovebas. 1990 wlis sufTa haeris
aqtis
dioqsidis
Sesworebebis gamoyofas
Sedegad
Seiqmna
akontrolebda
bazari,
romelic
(funqcionirebda
5.6
gogirdis grafikze
ilustrirebuli sxivebis msgavsad). yovel weliwads EPA gogridis dioqsidis gamoyofis
maqsimalur
eleqtroenergetikul TiToeuli
tona
saxelmwifo
kompanias
gogirdis
zRvars
(gogirdis
awesebda.
dioqsidis
dioqsidisaTvis,
mTavari
romelsac
yvela
saxis
mwarmoeblebi)
qarxana
gamoyofda
garemoSi, unda hqonoda `nebarTva qimikatis gamoyofaze~. nebarTvaTa mTlianoba EPA-s
maqsimalur
zRvars
udrida.
nebarTvebi
Tavdapirvelad
arsebul
eleqtroenergetikul kompaniebs Sesyidvis an gayidvis uflebiT daurigdaT. dRes nebarTva weliwadSi daaxloebiT 9 milion tonaze arsebobs (Burtraw, 2002, gv. 140). nebarTvebis bazari Zalian aqtiuria. nebarTvis fasi 150 aSS dolaridan 200 aSS dolaramde meryeobs. sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli fasi mniSvnelovnad naklebia navaraudev fasze, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom gogirdis dioqsidis
151
gamoyofis miznobrivi odenobisTvis miyenebuli dartyma bevrad iafi aRmoCnda, vidre vinme warmoidgenda. marTlac, stavinsi [1999] amtkicebda, rom programis wyalobiT wliurad dazogili iqna daaxloebiT 1 miliardi aSS dolari, anu Tanxa, romelic pirobiTi maregulirebeli procedurebis gamoyenebis Sedegad daixarjeboda. firmebis
waxaliseba,
saSualebiT izogeba.
axali
dabinZurebac
magaliTad,
naxSiris
SereviT
gamonabolqvis Sereva
gamonabolqvis
danaxarjis teqnologia
mcirdeba
romelime
savaWro
teqnologiuri
danergon.
da
firma
Sualeduri
Semcirebis
programebis
aRniSnuli
nebarTvebze
sxvadasxva
miznis
erT-erTi
TvalsazrisiT
praqtikulad
fulic
SemcvelobasTan
gamonabolqvs
ganxorcielebamde
amcirebs.
aRniSnuli
ar
aris
teqnologiis
gadasaxdeli
gogirdis
misaRwevad
gza
meTodiT
iTvleboda,
magram
programam firmebi waaxalisa, misi amuSavebis SesaZleblobebi epovaT (Burtraw, 2002, gv. 144). mokled
rom
iTqvas,
SO2-s
gamonabolqviT
vaWrobis
eqsperimenti
warmatebuli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad amisa, bazarze orientirebuli midgoma jer kidev
ver daikavebs
berketi.
regulirebis
tradiciuli
(gamoTvlebis
adgils
garemosdacviTi
Tanaxmad,
igi
mSp-is
da
ver
gaxdeba garemosdacviTi
programebis
2%-ia),
amdenad,
Rirebuleba bazarze
izrdeba
orientirebuli
midgoma politikosTaTvis SesaZloa ufro mimzidveli gaxdes.
Semosavlis ganawilebis Sedegebi
Cveni
yuradReba
mTlianad
garegani
efeqtis
efeqtianobis
faqtorebs
eTmoboda. keTildReobis ekonomika miuTiTebs, rom ganawilebis sakiTxebic unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
Tumca
garemos
gaumjobesebaze
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
Sedegis zemoqmedebis Sefaseba sakmaod did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.
vin sargeblobs?
Cvens martiv modelSi sargeblis ganawileba metad martivi sakiTxia, radgan magaliTSi
arsebobs
mxolod
erTi
tipis
dabinZureba
da
dabinZurebis
152
erTaderTi
msxverpli.
realurad
ki
individebi
garegani
efeqtebis
`mTel
asortiments~ ganicdian. zogierTi mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, dabali Semosavlis mqone pirTa dasaxlebebi ufro metad eqvemdebareba haeris dabinZurebis Sedegad warmoqmnil
safrTxes,
vidre
maRalSemosavliani
individebis
dasaxlebebi
(Cropper and Oates, 1992, gv. 727). Tu es asea, maSin dabinZurebis donis Semcireba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi realuri Semosavlis ganawilebas ufro samarTlians gaxdis. meore
mxriv,
maRali
programidan
miRebuli
teritoriis
(erovnuli
Semosavlis
mqone
sargeblis parkebi)
individi
beneficiaria,
gaumjobesebisken
iseTi
garemosdacviTi
romelic aris
rekreaciuli
mimarTuli,
radgan
swored es individia misi momxmarebeli. Tundac gvqondes garegani efeqtis msxverplis identificirebis saSualeba, mainc ar gvecodineba, Tu ramdenad surs `msxverpls~ misi likvidacia (ramdenad afasebs likvidaciis Sedegad miRebul sargebels). maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxi gacilebiT mets gadaixdis haeris xarisxis gaumjobesebaSi, vidre dabali Semosavlis
mqone
dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT
ojaxi.
fizikuri programa
amis
masStabi
Semdeg
gamwmendi
Tundac
yovelTvis
programis
Semcirdes,
maRalSemosavlian
Tanxis ojaxs
saSualebiT (dolaris) mianiWebs
upiratesobas.
vin gaswevs danaxarjebs?
davuSvaT, dambinZurebel firmebs saxelmwifo politika aiZulebs, warmoeba Seamciron. amis Semdeg firmis moTxovna warmoebis saSualebebze daecema, xolo warmoebis saSualebaTa mepatroneebi cud dReSi Cavardebian. dambinZurebeli firmis zogierTi yofili muSa uecrad umuSevari aRmoCndeba da iZulebuli iqneba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ufro dabal xelfasze imuSaos. Tu am muSebs mcire Semosavali eqnebaT, garemos dacva Semosavlis uTanasworobas gazrdis. Raribi adamianis mier garemosdacviTi danaxarjis gawevis masStabi mwvave dapirispirebis sagania. garemosdacviTi mecnierebis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom qalaqebSi qarxnebis funqcionirebis SeCerebis
mcdelobam `qalaqis yvelaze
Raribi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaauaresa~ (Ross, 1999, gv. A26). garemos damcvelebi aseTi tipis Carevas `samsaxurebriv SantaJad~ miiCneven da Rrmad swamT _ imis mtkicebuleba, rom Raribi mosaxleoba marTlac iCagreba, ar arsebobs.
153
aris aseTi mosazreba: Tu dambinZurebel firmas aiZuleben, gaiTvaliswinos zRvruli socialuri danaxarji, maSin mis saqonels gaZvirebis tendencia eqneba. efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT es misasalmebelia, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi fasi mTliani resursebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb araswor signals iZleva. miuxedavad amisa, am saqonlis myidvelis materialuri mdgomareoba misi gaZvirebis gamo ecema. Tu aRniSnul saqonels pirvel rigSi maRali Semosavlis mqone individi Seisyidis,
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi
realuri
Semosavlis
ganawileba
ufro
Tanabari xdeba, da piriqiT. amdenad, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu rogor moqmedebs dabinZurebis Semcireba ganawilebaze, dambinZurebeli firmis mier warmoebul saqonelze moTxovnis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb informacia gvesaWiroeba. cxadia, gansazRvra
dabinZurebis uaRresad
avtomobilebis ganxorcielebis
kontrolze
rTulia.
uolsma
gamonabolqvze proporciuli
gaweuli
danaxarjebis
da hansonma
gadasaxadebis
ganawilebis
[1999]
aRmoaCines,
rom
sistemis
danergva
da
danaxarjebi
wliuri
Semosavlis
ukuproporciulad icvleba. maT gamoTvales, rom ojaxs, romelic Semosavlis ganawilebis yvelaze dabal safexurze imyofeba, aRniSnuli politikis gatareba Semosavlis 2,65%, xolo ganawilebis umaRles safexurze myof ojaxs _ mxolod 0,35%
daujdeba.
ganzogadebulia,
vinaidan
aseTi
isini
dilemis
aRmoCenebi winaSe
garemosdacviTi ayenebs
politikisaTvis
individebs,
romlebic
upiratesobas Semosavlis ufro Tanabar ganawilebas, aseve ufro sufTa garemos aniWeben.
pozitiuri garegani efeqti
aqamde Cveni yuradReba negatiur garegan efeqts eTmoboda, magram Warbi zegavlena SesaZloa pozitiuri aRmoCndes. am SemTxvevis analizi simetriulia. davuSvaT, rom rodesac firma samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebs
(Research and Development – R&D)
atarebs,
sargeblisa (MPB) da zRvruli danaxarjis (MC)
misi
zRvruli piradi
monakveTebi 5.8 grafikzea
mocemuli. firma irCevs R&D donis R1-s, sadac MC=MPB. davuSvaT, rom firmis R&D sxva firmebs ufro iafi produqciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, Tumca am firmebs mecnieruli SedegebisaTvis fulis gadaxda ar uwevT, radgan
154
es
ukanaskneli
saerTo
codnis
nawili
xdeba8.
5.8
grafikze
TiToeuli
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad sxva firmebis mier miRebuli zRvruli sargebeli MEB-iTaa
(Marginal External Benefit – zRvruli
gare
sargebeli) aRniSnuli.
mecnieruli kvlevis zRvruli socialuri sargebeli MPB-s da MEB-is jamia da MSB-iT aris aRniSnuli. efeqtianoba sargeblis
moiTxovs
wonasworobas,
zRvruli romelic
danaxarjisa R*-ze
da
miiRweva.
zRvruli
amdenad,
socialuri
R&D saTanado
doneze ar Catarda. negatiuri garegani efeqtis gamosworeba pigus gadasaxadis saSualebiT, xolo pozitiuri garegani efeqtisa _ pigus subsidiis meSveobiT SeiZleba. ufro konkretulad, Tu R&D-is ganmaxorcielebel firmas eZleva subsidia, romelic optimalur SemTxvevaSi zRvrul gare sargebels udris – 5.8 grafikze ab manZils _ misi warmoeba efeqtiani iqneba9. gakveTili naTelia: rodesac individi an firma pozitiur garegan efeqts axorcielebs, bazari raime qmedebas
an
saqonels
ver
uzrunvelyofs,
magram
saTanado
subsidia
mdgomareobas aumjobesebs. cxadia, garegani efeqtis odenobisa da Rirebulebis SefasebasTan mecnieruli
dakavSirebuli kvleviT
sirTuleebi
dadginda,
rom
kvlav
R&D-is
aqtualuria.
ukugebis
kerZo
zogierTi ganakveTi
daaxloebiT 10%-ia, ukugebis socialuri ganakveTi ki _ 50%. Tu aRniSnuli cifrebi sworia, maSin cxadia, rom R&D-sTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri garegani efeqti namdvilad arsebobs.
gafrTxileba
5.8 grafiki
8
aseTi situaciis Tavidan acileba zojer sapatento kanonmdeblobiTaa SesaZlebeli. Tumca xSirad wminda mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi dapatentebis sagani ar aris, Tundac isini komerciuli miznebiT gamoiyenebodes. 9 yuradReba miaqcieT, rom konstruqciis Tanaxmad, ab = a’b’.
155
SesaZloa, bevr
adamians saerTod araferi
smenia
terminze
pozitiuri
garegani efeqti, Tumca isini, kargi intuiciuri aRqmadobis Sedegad, rogorc koncefciis,
ise
politikis
konteqstis
Sinaarss
mixvdebian.
am
adamianebma
kargad ician, rom miiReben subsidias, Tu saxelmwifos daarwmuneben, rom maTi saqmianoba
Sedegad
sasargeblo
saqonels
moitans.
aseTi
subsidiebisaTvis
ganacxadebi frTxilad ori mizeziT unda gaanalizdes: · subsidia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa resursebidan modis. amdenad, yvela subsidia gadasaxadis gadamxdelTagan (rogorc erTiani jgufi)
recipientze
Semosavlis
gadanawilebas
moicavs.
Tundac
subsidiam
efeqtiani Sedegi moitanos, misi Sedegi gadanawilebaze SesaZloa sasurveli ar iyos.
es
damokidebulia
Rirebulebis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebaze,
romelic
socialuri keTildReobis funqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. · faqti, efeqtianobis gamarTlebuli
rom
saqmianoba
misaRwevad mxolod
sargeblis
aucilebelia maSinaa,
momtania, subsidiis
rodesac
ar
gulisxmobs,
gamoyeneba.
bazari
am
rom
subsidia saqmianobis
ganmaxorcielebels sruli zRvruli ukugebis miRebis saSualebas ar aZlevs. ase, magaliTad, kargi qirurgi, romelic saukeTesod mkurnalobs
adamians,
pozitiur garegan efeqts ar qmnis, radgan misi xelfasi misi momsaxurebis zrdad danaxarjs moicavs. aRniSnuls ori magaliTis saSualebiT ganvmartavT:
156
mesakuTris cxovreba sakuTar saxlSi
aSS-is
federaluri
sagadasaxado
kodeqsis
debulebaTa
Sesabamisad,
mniSvnelovani subsidia eZleva adamians, romelic sakuTar saxlSi cxovrobs (debulebebi
detalurad
Camoyalibebulia
me-15
TavSi).
subsidiis
wliuri
Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 96 miliardi aSS dolaria (Joint Committee on Taxation, 2002, gv.
22).
SeiZleba
am
subsidiis
dasabuTeba?
argumentebi
ZiriTadad
im
mosazrebaze daiyvaneba, rom saxlis sakuTreba dadebiT garegan efeqts qmnis. saxlis mesakuTreebi kargad zrunaven maT qonebaze da inarCuneben sisufTaves, rac maTi mezoblebis materialur mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, amdenad, garegan efeqts
axorcieleben.
garda
amisa,
saxlze
sakuTreba
individisaTvis
uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi wils, rac zrdis socialur stabilurobas _ meore sasurveli siWarbis efeqts. qonebis frTxili movla-patronobis Sedegad, cxadia, pozitiuri garegani efeqti xorcieldeba; mepatroneebi ufro kargad zrunaven qonebaze, ezoze da a.S., vidre mdgmurebi (Glaeser anf Shapiro, 2002). nuTu saxlze sakuTreba Sedegad sasurvel
qcevas
gvaZlevs?
sasargeblo
garegani
efeqti,
romelic
saxlis
flobasTan asocirdeba, SesaZloa imis Sedegic iyos, rom saxlis mflobel amerikel
ojaxTa
66%
maRalSemosavlianad
iTvleba
(saxlis
mflobelTa
saSualo Semosavali mdgmurebis Semosavals TiTqmis orjer aRemateba). ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic miuTiTebda, rom sakuTrebis dabal ganakveTs socialur arastabilurobaSi Seaqvs wvlili. SveicariaSi, romelic mSvidobiani ararevoluciuri tendenciebiTaa cnobili, sakuTrebaSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis mesamedze naklebia. cxadia,
Tundac
subsidias
araefeqtianobis
gamosworebaSi
wvlili
ar
Sehqondes, igi SeiZleba Tanasworobis safuZvelze dasabuTdes. magram, rogorc aRiniSna, saxlis mflobelebs ufro maRali Semosavali aqvT, vidre saxlis damqiraveblebs.
amdenad,
Tu ganawilebis
mizani
Semosavlis uTanasworobis
gazrdaa, maSin am TvalsazrisiT saxlis mflobelobisaTvis subsidiis gacema gamarTlebulia.
157
umaRlesi ganaTleba
federaluri
mTavroba
xels
uwyobs
umaRlesi
ganaTlebis
farTo
masStabebs 1960-iani wlebis Sua periodidan10. 2002 wels pirdapirma grantebma, samuSao-saswavlo programebma da sxva sauniversiteto daxmarebam 12,8 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. studentTa daxmareba sesxebis saSualebiTac (39,2 aSS miliardi dolari) xorcieldeba. 2002 wels federaluri grantebisa da sesxebis saxiT 17 milioni premia gaica (US Census Bureau, 2002, gv. 172). garda amisa, umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis zogierTi subsidia piradi Semosavlis sagadasaxado sistemaSia CarTuli. umaRlesi ganaTlebis subsidirebis erT-erTi racionaluri mxare aris is, rom igi garegan efeqts warmoSobs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, es argumenti dawyebiTi da saSualo swavlebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod damajerebelia. aseTi sistema ara mxolod zrdis individis Sromisunarianobas, aramed amcirebs danaSauls,
wvlili
formirebaSi,
rac
Seaqvs
ase
ganaTlebuli
aucilebelia
da
informirebuli
Tanamedrove
mosaxleobis
demokratiis
Tavisufali
funqcionirebisaTvis. rogorc jon adamsi 1765 wels SeniSnavda: `ganaTlebis (codnis) miRebis saSualebaTa SenarCuneba, yvelaze dabali rangis CaTvliT, ufro mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre qveynis yvela mdidar kacTa qoneba. es ufro Sedegiania Tavad mdidarTaTvis da maTi Semdgomi warmatebisaTvis~ (Krueger and Lindahl [1999]).
zogierTi amtkicebs, rom unda moxdes kolejSi swavlebis subsidireba, radgan
igi
zrdis
universitetebi
mwarmoeblurobas.
moqmedi
subsidiebis
marTlac,
saxiT
sajaro
saxelmwifosa
kolejebi da
da
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobisagan wliurad daaxloebiT 50 miliard aSS dolars iReben (Kane, 1998, gv. 20). is, rom koleji zrdis mwarmoeblurobas, SesaZloa WeSmaritebac iyos11, magram manam, sanam kolejis kursdamTavrebulis Semosavali mis maRal mwarmoeblurobas kolejis
garegani
kursdamTavrebulTa
Tanatolebis resursebis
asaxavs,
Semosavalze, ekonomistebi
efeqti
ar
Semosavali
romelTac Tvlian,
rom
mniSvnelovnad
koleji sxva
xorcieldeba.
ar
faqtobrivad,
maRalia
daumTavrebiaT.
Tanabar
pirobebSi
maTi
SromiTi skolaSi
10
Semdgomi detalebisa Tvis ix. Kane [1998]. aRniSnulic mniSvnelovani mxardaWeraa, romelsac Statebi umaRles ganaTlebas uweven. 11 garkveuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, maRali Semosavali, romelic umaRles ganaTlebasTanaa asocirebuli, imis Sedegia, rom koleji aris gamosacdeli mowyobiloba, romelic maRali SesaZleblobis mqone individebis perspeqtiul muSakebad identificirebas axorcielebs.
158
swavlebis TiToeuli weli wliur Semosavals 5-11%-iT zrdis. imisaTvis, rom garegani efeqtis argumenti damajerebeli iyos, individma unda daamtkicos, rom mwarmoeblurobis Sedegi am diferencials aWarbebs. es mtkicebulebac ki ver asabuTebs mimdinare programis formas, yvela
uflebamosili
studentis
subsidirebas
erTi
da
imave
romelic ganakveTiT
axorcielebs. aris Tu ara kolejis treiningis Sedegad miRebuli yvela saxis garegani efeqti Tanaswori? axorcieleben Tu ara erTnair garegan efeqts xelovnebis istoria, buRalteria, samedicino kursebi? Tu ase ar aris, maSin efeqtianoba maT gansxvavebuli ganakveTiT subsidirebas moiTxovs. arsebobs dakvirveba, rom subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi kolejSi studentTa Semcirebuli odenoba swavlobs. es SesaZloa asec iyos, Tumca subsidiis
racionalobas
ar
asabuTebs.
Tu
subsidias
iRebs
axalgazrda,
romelsac surs avtoSemkeTebeli saamqros gaxsna, maSin subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi avtoSemkeTebeli saamqroebis odenobac Semcirdeba. ratom unda vepyrobodeT
gansxvavebulad
potenciur
manqanis
meqanikossa
da
potenciur
klasikoss? zogierTi amtkicebs, rom kolejis studentebisaTvis saxelmwifos mier gamoyofili subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mtkivneuli dartyma SedarebiT Raribi ojaxidan gamosul students miadgeba, radgan misTvis kerZo seqtoridan sesxis aReba gansakuTrebiT Zneli iqneba. kapitalis amdenad,
investirebisaTvis aseTi
ararsebobiT
sesxebis
aucilebeli bazarTa
gamowveuli problemis
metad rTulia adamianuri
sesxisTvis
materializacia gamosworeba
giraos uzrunvelyofa; SeuZlebelia.
SeiZleba,
Tu
bazris
saxelmwifo
mimdinare saprocento ganakveTiT sesxebs xelmisawvdoms gaxdis. ar arsebobs efeqtianobis
safuZveli,
romelic
daasabuTebda
saprocento
ganakveTis
subsidirebis racionalobas, Tu ar ganxorcieldeba pozitiuri garegani efeqti. ras
ityviT
saswavleblis
damTavrebis
Semdeg
sesxis
gastumrebis
SesaZleblobaze? rogorc paseli [1985] aRniSnavda, `saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg mZime sesxze valdebulebis perspeqtiva zogierT students gauqrobs survils, fuli isesxos. Tumca es SezRudvis yvelaze gonivruli formaa. viRac sabolood gadaixdis davalianebas. Tumca Znelia uyuro, rogor ixdis am vals gadasaxadis gadamxdeli pirdapiri beneficiaris nacvlad~. keTildReobis ekonomika aRiarebs, rom araefeqtiani programa SesaZloa dasabuTdes,
Tu
igi
ganawilebis
`sasurvel~
Sedegs
qmnis.
kolejis
studentisaTvis miniWebuli subsidia misTvis gadamxdelis, rogorc mTliani
159
jgufis,
transferia.
Tu
students
SevxedavT,
rogorc
im
ojaxis
nawils,
romelSic igi gaizarda, maSin marTla davinaxavT, rom saswavlo daxmarebis programebi Semosavlis Tanasworobas zrdis. federaluri daxmarebis miRebis albaToba
ojaxis
Semosavlis
zrdasTan
erTad
iklebs.
daimaxsovreT,
rom
kolejis studentTa umetesoba mzadaa, Tavisi ojaxi Seqmnas; maTi Semosavali mTeli
cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
ufro
maRalia,
vidre
mosaxleobis
sxva
nawilisa. aseTi saxis satransfero politikas, romelic kolejdamTavrebulTa subsidirebas
axorcielebs,
gazrdamde. vinaidan programam
SesaZloa
mivyavarT
sesxis
Semosavlis
recipienti
gazardos
araTanabari
sxva SemTxvevaSi
Semosavlis
Tanasworoba.
ganawilebis
ar wava kolejSi, Tumca
aRniSnuli
argumenti efuZneba Semdeg mosazrebas: mizezi imisa, rom dabali Semosavlis mqone
ojaxebis
warmomadgeneli
studentebis
mxolod
mcire
raodenoba
swavlobs kolejSi, gaxlavT is, rom swavlebis gadasaxadis dasafaravad maT fuli ara aqvT. sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas gamoTqvamen kameroni da hekmeni [1999]. isini
fiqroben,
rom ojaxis
Semosavali
ar
moqmedebs kolejSi swavlebis
Rirebulebaze. Semosavali aris sazomi, Tu rogor garemoSi izrdeba bavSvi. rodesac kolejSi SemsvlelTaTvis tardeba swavlebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb statistikuri
analizi,
romelic
studentTa
iTvaliswinebs,
swavlebis
gadasaxadisa
da
SesaZleblobis
ojaxis
Semosavlis
Sefasebas mniSvneloba
arsebiTad mcirdeba. subsidirebuli
sesxebi
da
pirdapiri
grantebi
studentebisa
da
kolejebisaTvis didi daxmarebaa. maT SenarCunebas orive maTgani intensiurad lobirebs. garegani efeqtis arsebobis damajerebeli mtkicebulebis gareSe ki sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis, sargebeli bundovania.
daskvna
·
garegani efeqti aris maSin, rodesac erTi individis saqmianoba meore individze
sabazro
meqanizmis
gareT
zemoqmedebs.
garegani
efeqti
zogadad sakuTrebaze qmediT uflebaTa ararsebobis Sedegia. ·
garegani
efeqtis
Sedegad
sabazro
fasi
socialuri
danaxarjisagan
gansxvavdeba, rasac Sedegad resursTa araefeqtiani ganawileba mohyveba.
160
·
qouzis Teorema miuTiTebs, rom SesaZloa, efeqtiani warmoebis mizniT kerZo mxareebma garigebas miaRwion, Tu arsebobs sakuTrebis ufleba. Tumca SeiZleba, garigebaze gaweuli xarjebi mcire iyos, garegani efeqtis wyaro ki – advilad identificirebadi.
·
pigus gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba dabinZureba da romelic efeqtiani warmoebis doneze zRvrul socialur zians udris. aRniSnuli gadasaxadi waaxalisebs mwarmoebels, Seamciros dabinZurebis masStabi (is efeqtian donze daiyvanos).
·
dabinZurebis likvidaciisaTvis gacemuli subsidia mwarmoebels aiZulebs, Seamciros dabinZureba (misi masStabi efeqtian doneze daiyvanos). Tumca subsidiis
Sedegi
administrirebis
SeiZleba
saqonlis
TvalsazrisiT
didi
rTulia
da
odenoba
eTikuri
iyos.
igi
TvalsazrisiTac
arcTu ise momxibvleli. ·
dabinZurebis dabinZurebis
uflebiT
SesaZlebelia
mTliani
masStabi
bazarze
vaWroba.
fiqsirdeba,
rac
amis
Sedegad
warmoadgens
upiratesobas, rodesac administratorebma arc ician, Tu ra reaqcia eqnebaT dambinZureblebs pigus gadasaxadze. ·
regulireba araefeqtiania, vinaidan dabinZurebis Semcirebis socialuri Rirebuleba
firmebis,
adgilmdebareobisa
da
mosaxleobis
mixedviT
icvleba. miuxedavad amisa, es aris garemosdacviTi politikis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli forma,
romelic ekonomistebs yvelaze metad
aRelvebT. amis magaliTi ki SeerTebuli Statebis sufTa haeris aqti gaxlavT. ·
pozitiur
garegan
efeqts
saqmianobis
arasaTanado
uzrunvelyofamde
mivyavarT. subsidias SeuZlia problemis gadawyveta, magram aramiznobrivi subsidiebis gamoyofis Tavidan asacileblad sifrTxilea aucilebeli.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. al goris, yofili vice-prezidentis TqmiT, `klasikuri ekonomistebi mwarmoeblurobas sakmaod viwro msoflmxedvelobiT gansazRvraven da surT, mwarmoeblurobis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba ekonomikur progress gavuTanabroT. magram
`wminda
gadaxedaven
graali~
iseTi
xolme im uaryofiT
mimzidvelia, gverdiT
rom
efeqtebs,
ekonomistebi
xSirad
romlebic Tan
axlavs
161
gaumjobesebas~ (Miller, 1997, gv. A22). ganixileT, aris Tu ara es `klasikuri ekonomistebis~ samarTliani Sefaseba. gori imasac ambobda, rom gvesaWiroeba `vaJkacuri da mkafio qmedeba... raTa garemos gadarCenis principi civilizaciis centralur organizaciul principad vaqcioT~. davuSvaT, politikosi xarT da fiqrobT, rogor gadawyvitoT manqanis gamonabolqvTan dakavSirebuli problema. rogor gamoiyenebdiT goris azrs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi? 2. qvemoT mocemul grafikze kazanovas mier TveSi gamarTul wveulebaTa ricxvi horizontalur RerZze izomeba, xolo Tanxa (dolarSi) _ vertikalur RerZze. MCp aris wveulebaTa zRvruli danaxarji, MBp ki _ kazanovas zRvruli sargebeli, romelsac igi wveulebidan iRebs. a) grafikulad uCveneT, ramden wveulebas umaspinZlebs kazanova; b) davuSvaT, arsebobs fiqsirebuli zRvruli sargebeli, $b, romelsac kazanovas megobrebi iReben wveulebidan. uCveneT is Tqvens grafaSi; g) ra aris mxareTa socialurad (da ara ganzrax) optimaluri done? rogor aiZulebs socialuri komiteti kazanovas, es ricxvi Seamciros? d) Tqvens grafaze miuTiTeT optimaluri subsidia TiToeuli mxarisaTvis da kazanovasTvis gadaxdili Tanxis mTliani odenoba. vin moigebs da vin waagebs am gegmis mixedviT?
grafiki
3. romeli situaciisaTvis aris misaRebi qouzis Teorema? ratom? a)
kolejis
komunalur
studentTa
samzareulos.
jgufi
saerTo
zogierTi
sacxovrebelSi
maTgani
arasodes
erTad
iyenebs
alagebs
areul
samzareulos mas Semdeg, rac saWmlis momzadebas daamTavrebs; b) braziliaSi akrZalulia garkveuli tropikuli jiSis Tevzis daWera da gayidva.
miuxedavad
amisa,
mdinare
amazonis
Soreul
myvinTavi midis egzotikuri Tevzis dasaWerad da
nawilebSi
aTasobiT
saerTaSoriso Sav bazarze
gasayidad. myvinTavTa didi raodenobis arseboba anadgurebs egzotikuri Tevzis marags;
162
g) vaSingtonis StatSi xorblis nawveralisagan gawmendis mizniT bevrma fermerma
gadawva
Tavisi
nakveTi,
raTa
Semdegi
saTesi
sezonisaTvis
momzadebuliyo. mezoblebi pretenzias acxadeben dabinZurebis gamo; d) internetis momxmarebeli, rogorc wesi, informaciis gadmotvirTvis dros
nulis
tol
zrdad
danaxarjs
gaswevs.
Sedegad
xdeba
gadatvirTva,
momxmareblebi ki Zalian Relaven amgvari gaWianurebis gamo. 4. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom navTobis importi SeerTebul Statebs saudis arabeTisa da Sua aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis
politikis
mZevlad aqcevs. es arTulebs aSS-is sagareo politikas. a) ganmarteT, ra saxis garegani efeqtia warmodgenili am situaciaSi? b) daaregulireT garegani efeqti pigus gadasaxadis saSualebiT; g) zogierT ekonomists surs adgilobrivi sawvavisa da benzinis moxmarebis Semcireba, Tumca mTavrobisaTvis mniSvnelovnad meti amonagebis micemis sakiTxs sifrTxiliT ekideba. am mosazrebis alternativaa feldStainis (2001, gv. A12) mosazreba savaWrod gamosadegi eleqtronuli sawvavis konservaciis vauCerebis sistemis Taobaze: Tu saxelmwifos surs, benzinis moxmarebis wliuri ganakveTi Seamciros (180 miliardi galonidan daaxloebiT 140 miliard galonamde), `kargi iqneboda, 140 miliardi sawvavis konservaciis vauCeri individebsa da bizness Soris gaenawilebina. vinc benzins iyidis, naRd fuls gadaixdis, rasac daemateba aseTi vauCeri sawvavis erTi galonisaTvis. vauCeri qaRaldis ubralo nagleji ki ar iqneba, aramed krediti, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneba sadebeto angriSze... radgan
vauCeri aucilebeli iqneba benzinis
Rirebuleba,
romelic
gansazRvruli
iqneba
SesaZenad;
mas
moTxovnisa
eqneba sabazro da
miwodebis
saSualebiT~. daxazeT
diagrama
da
asaxeT
gansazRvris meqanizmi. davuSvaT,
sawvavis
konservaciis
vauCerze
fasis
vauCeris sabazro fasi 75 centia. rogor
Seicvleba amis Sedegad benzinis galonis yidvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba? 5. SeerTebul StatebSi alkoholis Warbi moxmarebis Sefasebulia
unciaze
1,19
aSS
dolarad.
aRniSnuli
garegani efeqti
danaxarji
ZiriTadad
arafxizel mdgomareobaSi manqanis tarebis fatalur SedegebTan asocirdeba. dReisaTvis spirtze gadasaxadi unciaze daaxloebiT 27 centia, ludze _ 13
163
centi, Rvinoze _ 12 centi (Cutler, 2002, gv. 20). am situaciis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneT pigus dabegvris meTodi. 6. ganixileT amonaridi "Albuquerque Journal"-idan (1991 wlis 20 ivlisi). es bazris amoralobis erT-erTi yvelaze odiozuri magaliTia: Cikagos vaWrobis sabWom
kenWi
uyara
iseTi
kerZo
bazris
formirebas,
romelic
haeris
dabinZurebis uflebebs Seexeboda... man Camoayaliba sistema, romlis mixedviTac gasufTavebis
aucileblobas
gansazRvravs
Tqveni
mezobeli
dambinZureblis
jibis sisqe da ara is, Tu ramdenad auaresebs igi haeris xarisxs. dabinZurebis bazrebis
momavali
funqcionireba
aseTi
bazris
moraluri
uunarobis
demonstrirebas male moaxdens (gv. A7). 7. niu-iorkis Statis Finger Lake im turistebs izidavs, romelTac misi araCveulebrivi Rvinoebis degustacia surT. bolo periodSi am regionSi Roris sanaSene fermebi gaCnda _ zogierTi aTasze meti suli RoriT. didi odenobis Roris nakelis suni negatiurad moqmedebs turizmze. `Rori da Rvino* , anu – ar agerioT!~ (Chen, 2001, gv. L1). davuSvaT, patara goWebis ferma (Little pig - LP) tipsis venaxTan axlos mdebareobs. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili LP-is raodenobis TiToeul dones, Rorze gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs da tipsisaTvis miyenebul zRvrul zians gviCvenebs:
saqoneli
MC
MB
MD
1
3
13
5
2
6
13
7
3
10
13
9
4
13
13
11
5
19
13
13
6
21
13
15
a) ramdens Rors moaSenebs LP? b) ra aris Rorebis efeqtiani odenoba? g) LP-is mepatrone tipsis pretenziebiT misi meRoreobis fermis Sesaxeb daiRala da is gamoiyidis tipsis. aseTi gaerTianebis Semdeg ramden Rors moaSenebs LP? *
aq sityvebis TamaSia: Wine and Swine (mTargmneli).
164
d) ra zemoqmedebas axdens LPisa da tipsis 8.
gaerTianeba maT Semosavalze?
X saqonlis kerZo zRvruli sargebeli mocemulia 10-X-is saxiT, sadac
X aris moxmarebuli erTeulis raodenoba. X-is warmoebis kerZo zRvruli Rirebuleba TiToeul
mudmivad
erTeulze
5 2
dolaria. dolaris
sazogadoebis odenobis
gare
wevrebi
warmoebuli
gadasaxadiT
X-is
daibegrebian.
saxelmwifos intervenciis ararsebobis pirobebSi ramdeni X iwarmoeba? ra aris X-is warmoebis efeqtiani done? ra aris sazogadoebis sargebeli, rodesac igi warmoebis
araefeqtiani
donidan
efeqtianze
gadainacvlebs?
ifiqreT
pigus
gadasaxadze, romelsac mivyavarT efeqtian warmoebamde. ra Semosavals moitans gadasaxadi? 9. 1997 wels didi britaneTis mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad studentebi valdebulni iqnebian, universitetSi swavlis Rirebulebis nawili gadaixadon. studentTa erovnuli kavSiris warmomadgenelma protesti gamoTqva: `ufaso swavleba – es Cveni uflebaa... Cven yovelTvis gveubnebodnen, rom Tu avirCevdiT ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis gzas, saxelmwifo swavlis Rirebulebas gadagvixdida, radgan saxelmwifos bevr rames mivcemT, radgan ukeTesi samsaxuri gveqneba da met gadasaxads gadavixdiT~ (Lyall, 1997, gv. A7). gTxovT, aRniSnuli mtkicebulebis adekvaturobaze gaakeToT komentari. 10. qveyanam gadawyvita zogierTi dambinZureblis gamoyofis wliurad 50 erTeulamde SezRudva da dabinZurebis nebarTvebisaTvis bazris organizeba. erTi nebarTva firmas uflebas aZlevs, wliurad dambinZureblis erTi erTeuli gamoyos.
nebarTvaze
sabazro
moTxovna aseTia:
Q = 100-10P, sadac
Q aris
moTxovnil nebarTvaTa odenoba, P ki _ nebarTvis fasi. a) ra aris nebarTvis sabazro fasi? b) davuSvaT, rom ACME kompanias gamonabolqvis erTi erTeuliT Semcireba 8 dolari ujdeba. SeiZens Tu ara es firma nebarTvas? ra donis efeqtianoba miiRweva maregulirebeli reJimis gamoyenebiT, romelic ubralod ubrZanebs ACME kompanias, gamonabolqvi erTi erTeuliT Seamciros?
165
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Coase, Ronald H. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics (1960 wlis oqtomberi), gv. 1-44. Cropper, Maureen L, and Wallace E. Oates. "Environmental Economics: A survey". Journal of Economic Literature 30 (1992 wlis ivnisi), gv. 675-740. Ellerman, A. Denny, Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalense, Juan-Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth M.Baikey. Markets for Clean Air: The U.S. Acid Rain Program. Cambridge, UK: Canmbridge University Press, 2000. Viscusi, Kip. "Carcinogen Regulation: Risk Characteristics and the Synthetic Risk Bias". American Economic Review 85 (1995 wlis maisi), gv. 50-54.
166
Tavi 6
politikuri ekonomia
monarqia im gamarTul
gems
waagavs, romelic sworad
micuravs, sanam
romelime kapitanis mouxerxebloba ar CaZiravs; meore mxriv ki, demokratia flotiviTaa – arasodes iZireba, Tumca fexi yovelTvis sisveleSi aqvs... fiSer eimsi
bazris
naklovanebebisa
da
mdgomareobis
gamosworebis
meqanizmebis
ganxilva saxelmwifos SedarebiT lamaz ferebSi dagvanaxvebs. gadasaxadebisa da danaxarjebis saSualebiT saxelmwifo bazris naklovanebebs aneitralebs, roca xedavs, rom Semosavali eTikuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli meTodiT nawildeba. romelic
aRniSnul mTavrobis
mosazrebas
adamianTa
funqcionirebis
is
jgufi
uwevs
oponirebas,
xarisxiT ukmayofiloa. sazogadoebrivi
azris gamokiTxva cxadyofs, rom mosaxleobis 40% kongress ufro metad endoba. iumoristma p. j. o’rorkma, rogorc Cans, Seajera yvela es sentimenti, rodesac aRniSna,
rom
`mTavrobisaTvis
fulisa
da
Zalauflebis
micema
Tineijeri
biWunasaTvis viskisa da manqanis gasaRebis micemis tolfasia~. iqneb es gonebamaxviluri naTqvami ubralod dausabuTebuli pretenziaa?! gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis dros Cven zustad iseTi mTavroba gvyavs, rogoric gvsurs. arsebobs meore SesaZleblobac: TviT yvelaze demokrati gubernatorisTvisac
ki
rTulia,
erovnul
interess
upasuxos.
am
TavSi
SexvdebiT politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesis analizisaTvis saWiro ekonomikur principebs, romlebic politikuri ekonomiis saxeliTaa cnobili. politikuri ekonomiis mixedviT, individi mTavrobas aRiqvams, rogorc misi piradi interesis gazrdis meqanizms. aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania ori sakiTxi:
167
· egoizms zogjer efeqtiani Sedegebic motanac SeuZlia. rogorc
me-3
TavSi vnaxeT, garkveul pirobebSi bazari socialuri miznis misaRwevad pirad interess iyenebs. ismeba kiTxva: vin asrulebs am rols `politikur~ bazarze (Tu asrulebs saerTod)? · daSveba
piradi
interesis
gazrdis
Sesaxeb
arcTu
ise
koreqtulia.
miuxedavad amisa, igi analizis kargi sastarto wertilia. dasawyisSi ganvixilavT pirdapir demokratiul sistemas, aseve imas, Tu ramdenad warmatebulad gardaqmnis igi sazogadoebis wevrTa preferenciebs koleqtiur qmedebad. amis Semdeg gavaanalizebT im sirTuleebs, romlebic maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac gadawyvetilebas ara Tavad individi, aramed mis mier arCeuli warmomadgeneli iRebs.
pirdapiri demokratia
demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad kenWisyris sxvadasxva procedura gamoiyeneba. qvemoT zogierTi maTganis analizs ixilavT.
konsensusi
me-4
Tavidan
gaixseneT,
Tu
rogor
arTulebs
fri-raideris
problema
situacias _ adamianebi egoistebi arian, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli resursebiT saTanadod
ar
uzrunvelyofis
aris
uzrunvelyofili.
SemTxvevaSi
TiToeuli
arada, individis
misi
efeqtiani
materialuri
odenobis
mdgomareoba
gaumjobesdeboda. es niSnavs, rom Tu kenWisyra im sakiTxze Catardeba, unda iwarmoebodes Tu ara saqoneli efeqtiani odenobiT, cxadia, konsensusi iqneba miRweuli (sanam dafinansebisaTvis aucilebeli jerovani sagadasaxado sistema iarsebebs). konsensusis misaRwevi procedura lindalma XX saukunis adreul wlebSi Seqmna [1919-1985].
168
lindalis
proceduris
gasaanalizeblad
gaixseneT,
rom
arsebobs
ori
individi _ adami da eva da erTi saqoneli – feierverkis SuSxuna (r). adams uTxres, rom misi wili SuSxunaze gaweul danaxarjSi iqneba 30%. Tu SuSxunis sabazro fasi aris Pr, maSin adamis danaxarji SuSxunaze iqneba 0,30 X Pr. mocemuli
fasis,
safuZvelze
adams
sxva
saqonlis
SuSxunas
fasis,
adamis
gansazRvruli
gemovnebisa
odenobis
da
Semosavlis
moxmarebis
survili
gauCndeba. ufro zogadad rom avxsnaT, CavTvaloT, rom SA SuSxunaze gaweuli danaxarjidan adamis wilia. SA-s nebismieri konkretuli odenobis SemTxvevaSi adami SuSxunas garkveul odenobas moiTxovs. raki misi gadasaxadis wili izrdeba, xolo SuSxuna Zvirdeba, adami SuSxunas mcire odenobas moisurvebs. 6.1 grafikze horizontalur RerZze SuSxunas odenoba izomeba. adamis gadasaxadis wili O wertilidan vertikaluri manZiliT gamoiTvleba. DrA mrudi uCvenebs, Tu rogor mcirdeba adamis mier moTxovnil SuSxunaTa odenoba misi gadasaxadis wilis zrdasTan erTad. analogiurad, evas wili SuSxunaze gaweul danaxarjSi SE-iT aRvniSnoT (gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, SA + SE = 1). rodesac SE maRla midis, evas mier moTxovnil SuSxunaTa odenoba mcirdeba. 6.1 grafikze evas gadasaxadis wili Cvens mier O’ wertilidan qvemoT, vertikaluri RerZis mixedviT Camosvlis paralelurad izrdeba monakveTia
(amdenad,
OO’
manZili
1-is
tolia).
evas
moTxovnis
DrE . misi kuTxe zeviTaa mimarTuli, radgan am mimarTulebiT
moZraoba vertikaluri RerZis mixedviT evasTvis dabal fass qmnis. lindalis modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gadasaxadis wilsa da moTxovnis Cveulebrivi
Teoriis
sabazro
gansxvavebac.
nacvlad
imisa,
arsebobdes,
TiToeuli
personalizebuli
fasia,
fasebs
rom
yoveli
maTganisaTvis romelic
Soris
msgavsebac
individisaTvis
sazogadoebrivi
misi
gadasaxadis
SeiniSneba Tanabari
saqonlis wilzea
da fasi
erTeulze
damokidebuli.
aRniSnuli wili lindalis fasis saxeliTaa cnobili.
6.1 grafiki
169
wonasworoba
Sedgeba
fasebisagan,
romelTac
TiToeuli
individi
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Tanabari odenobis SemTxvevaSi `airCevs~. 6.1 grafikze adamis wonasworobis gadasaxadis wili aris OS*, xolo evasi _ O’S*. lindalis amgvari fasebis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare Tanaxmaa, rom mowodebuli iqnes r* odenobis SuSxuna.
konsensusis Sesrulebis xarisxi
lindalis
modeli
gadasaxadis
SeTanxmebul
wilsa
da
miwodebuli
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis odenobas gviCvenebs. ismeba mniSvnelovani SekiTxva: rogor mivaRwioT wonasworobas? warmoidgineT, rom auqcioneri gadasaxadis wilis Tavdapirvel odenobas acxadebs. Sesabamisi moTxovnis safuZvelze adami da eva
SuSxunaTa sasurvel odenobas `airCeven~. Tu konsensusi miRweuli ar
iqneba, auqcioneri gadasaxadis wilis gansxvavebul ganakveTs
gamoacxadebs.
procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam adami da eva SuSxunaTa odenobis Sesaxeb konsensuss ar miaRweven (r* 6.1 grafikze). odenoba
ganisazRvreba
sabazro
amis Semdeg sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
procesis
analogiurad.
bazris
Sedegis
170
msgavsad,
SesaZloa
arsebobdes
imis
argumenti,
rom
ganawileba
pareto-
efeqtiania1. lindalis proceduras, rogorc sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofis praqtikul meTods, ori ZiriTadi problema axasiaTebs. pirveli: aRniSnuli meTodisaTvis amomrCevlis gulwrfelobaa aucilebeli. Tu adami xvdeba, ra maqsimaluri odenobis Tanxas gadaixdis eva SuSxunaSi, igi Seecdeba, namdvilad gadaaxdevinos
mas es Tanxa. evasac igive
azri amoZravebs. adamma da evam
SeiZleba lindalis strategiuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis gamo wonasworobas ver miaRwion. meore: ormxrivad misaRebi gadasaxadis wilis Zieba SesaZloa did dros moiTxovdes. am magaliTSi mxolod ori mxarea. TiToeuli individis Tanxmobis mopoveba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis astronomiul danaxarjTanaa dakavSirebuli. marTlac,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
konsensusi
imis
garantiaa,
rom
aravin
`daiCagreba~, zogjer mis gamo gadawyvetileba saerTod ar miiReba. magaliTad, vaWrobis msoflio organizacia*, romelic 144 qveyanas Soris koordinirebuli vaWrobisaTvis wesebs adgens,
konsensusis
safuZvelze
muSaobs.
mis
Sesaxeb
masalis momzadebisas erT-erTi Jurnalisti ambobda, rom yvelaze didi Soki swored maSin iqneba, rodesac `isini odesme rameze SeTanxmdebian~ (Kahn, 2001, gv. A3).
cxrili 6.1. amomrCevlis preferenciebi, romlebic wonasworobas qmnis
amomrCeveli arCevani
kosmo
elaini
jorji
pirveli
A
C
B
meore
B
B
C
mesame
C
A
A
1
davuSvaT, rom: Pr = 1. evas SemTxvevaSi S Pr = MRS ra E
S Pr = MRS A
Eve ra
. amdenad, MRS
Eve ra
aris MRTra . anu MRS ra + MRS ra aucilebeli pirobaa. * World Trade Organization – WTO. Eve
+ MRS
Adam
Adam ra
Eve
, xolo adamis SemTxvevaSi
= S Pr + S Pr = Pr ( S E + S A ) = Pr … magram Pr R
A
= MRTra , rac 4.2 gantolebaSi pareto-efeqtianobis
171
xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesi
vinaidan konsensusis miRweva sakmaod rTulia, sasurveli iqneba kenWisyris (arCevnebis) iseTi sistemis daweseba, romelic erTsulovnebas ar moiTxovs. xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyis wesis gziT ki, amomrCevelTa naxevars plus
erTi
amomrCeveli
raime
alternativas
unda
eTanxmebodes,
raTa
es
ukanaskneli damtkicebul iqnes. miuxedavad iqneboda,
imisa,
misTvis
rom
kenWisyris
yuradRebiT
meqanizmi
gadagvexeda.
sakmaod
cnobilia,
warmovidginoT
kargi
sazogadoeba,
romelic sami amomrCevlisagan Sedgeba: kosmo, elaini da jorji, romelTac unda airCion saraketo warmoebis sami donidan erT-erTi. A done yvelaze dabalia, B – saSualo, xolo C _ yvelaze maRali. amomrCevelTa preferenciebi 6.1 cxrilSia mocemuli. TiToeuli sveti uCevenebs, Tu rogor anawilebs yoveli amomrCeveli arCevans. ase, magaliTad, elaini upiratesobas C dones aniWebs, magram B-sa da A-s Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas upiratesobas B-s mianiWebs.
davuSvaT, kenWisyra A da B doneebs Soris arCevanis gasakeTeblad Catarda. kosmo mxars uWers A-s, xolo elaini da jorji – B-s. amdenad, B ori xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg gaimarjvebs. is igebs nebismier arCevnebSi da xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesis Sedegad arCeuli variantia. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom B-s arCeva xmaTa Tanmimdevrobisagan damoukideblad xdeba. aseTi wesiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas arcTu ise xSirad mkafio Sedegamde mivyavarT. gaaanalizeT preferenciebi 6.2 grafikze. kvlav warmoidgineT wyvili arCevnebis seria, romlebic tardeba upiratesi donis dasadgenad. A da B doneebs Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi ori xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg B gaimarjvebs. sabolood, A da C doneebs Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi gaimarjvebs C. Sedegi sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. pirveli arCevnebi cxadyofda, rom B-sTan SedarebiT A-s eniWeba upiratesoba; meore kenWisyra gviCvenebda, rom C-sTan SedarebiT upiratesoba B-s eniWeba. logikurad, A-s C-sTan SedarebiT upiratesoba unda miniWeboda. Tumca mesame kenWisyraSi sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi miviReT. miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
TiToeuli
amomrCevlis
preferencia
stabiluria,
sazogadoebis preferenciebi sakmaod cvalebadi aRmoCnda. aRniSnuli movlena kenWisyris paradoqsis saxeliTaa cnobili.
172
cxrili 6.2. amomrCevelTa preferenciebi, romelTac ciklur moqmedebamde mivyavarT
amomrCeveli arCevani
kosmo
elaini
jorji
pirveli
A
C
B
meore
B
A
C
mesame
C
B
A
ufro metic, 6.2 cxrilSi miTiTebuli preferenciebis mixedviT, saboloo Sedegi
xmaTa
Tanmimdevrobaze
mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli.
Tu
pirveli
kenWisyra A-sa da B-s Soris Catarda da gamarjvebuli A daupirispirda C-s, maSin C saboloo arCevania. meore mxriv, Tu pirveli arCevani B C-s winaaRmdegaa da gamarjvebuli B upirispirdeba A-s, maSin arCevani aris A. am viTarebaSi xmaTa Tanmimdevrobis
kontrolis
SesaZlebloba
Zalian
mniSvnelovania.
Tanmimdevrobis manipulacia aris xmaTa Tanmimdevrobis organizebis procesi, romlis mizani saukeTeso Sedegis miRwevaa. kenWisyrasTan dakavSirebuli problema aseTia: wyvili kenWisyra SesaZloa ise warimarTos, rom gadawyvetileba arc iyos miRebuli. A-sa da B-s Soris kenWisyris Semdeg imarjvebs A. Tu C upirispirdeba A-s, maSin C imarjvebs. Semdeg Tu B daupirispirdeba C-s, gaimarjvebs B. procesi SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes. am movlenas cikluri moqmedeba ewodeba. cikluri moqmedebis kargi istoriuli magaliTi romelic
aSS-is
SeerTebuli Statebis
senatorebis
pirdapir
konstituciis
arCevnebs
me-17
Sesworebaa,
uzrunvelyofs.
aRniSnuli
cvlilebis miReba `saparlamento manevrebis wyalobiT 10 wliT dagvianda, rac kenWisyris
cikluri
qmedebebiT
iyo
gamowveuli.
arCevani
(senatorebis daniSvna saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organos mier)
status-kvosa da cvlilebis
or variants Soris unda gakeTebuliyo~ (Blare and Pollak, 1983, gv. 88). cxadia, xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyram amgvari problemebi ar unda warmoSvas. yvelafris Semdeg 6.1 grafikze miTiTebulma kenWisyram sakmaod mSvidobianad
Caiara.
ratom
arsebobs
gansxvaveba?
saqme
exeba
raketebis
173
Sesyidvis
individualuri preferenciebis
struqturas. kvlav gavixsenoT 6.2
cxrilSi monawile pirebi: imdenad, ramdenadac kosmo A-s B-sTan SedarebiT, B-s ki C-sTan SedarebiT aniWebs upiratesobas, es niSnavs, rom A kosmosaTvis ufro met sargebels uzrunvelyofs, vidre B, xolo B _ ufro mets, vidre C. 6.2 cxrilSi mocemuli informacia kosmos am damokidebulebas aRwers. elainisa da jorjis informacia imave mizans emsaxureba. Cven individis preferenciis maqsimalur wertils ganvsazRvravT, rogorc wertils, romelic yvela sxva mezobel wertilze maRla mdebareobs2. individis preferenciebi erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, Tu misi sargebeli maqsimaluri
wertilidan
yvela
sxva
mimarTulebiT
moZraobis
Sedegad
ganuxrelad mcirdeba. individis preferenciebi ori maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, Tu saukeTeso mdgomareobidan yvela sxva mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sedegad sargebeli jer iklebs da Semdeg isev imatebs. amdenad, kosmos erTi maqsimaluri wertili aqvs – A, jorjsac erTi maqsimaluri wertili _ B, elains ki _ ori maqsimaluri wertili, erTi A, xolo meore C. aRmoCnda, rom elainis preferenciebi kenWisyris paradoqsis erTaderTi mizezia. Tu elainsac nebismieri erTi maqsimaluri wertili eqneboda, maSin xmaTa umravlesobiT kenWisyra adekvatur arCevans gamokveTda. 6.1 cxrilSi kenWisyris paradoqsi swored
amitom
wertiliT
ar
yofila.
xasiaTdeboda.
preferenciebi
erTi
iq
ufro
maqsimaluri
TiToeuli
amomrCeveli
zogadad,
Tu
wertiliT
xasiaTdeba,
erTi
maqsimaluri
TiToeuli
amomrCevlis
maSin
kenWisyris
paradoqsi ar gvaqvs. mravali
maqsimaluri
umravlesobiT vicodeT,
Tu
kenWisyris ramdenad
wertilis Sedegs
mqone
amaxinjebs.
mniSvnelovania
preferenciebi amis
isini
xmaTa
miuxedavad,
praqtikuli
ubralo
aucilebelia TvalsazrisiT.
ganvixiloT kvlav 6.2 cxrilSi elainis magaliTi (ori maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferencia). misi arCevani raketaze ara saSualo, aramed minimaluri an maqsimaluri danaxarjia. aseTi preferenciebi namdvilad ar aris iracionaluri, magram mainc gansakuTrebuli specifikiT xasiaTdeba. iqneb elaini marTlac fiqrobs,
rom
raketebis
saSualo
odenoba
realurad
mcire
dacvas
uzrunvelyofs (an saerTod ver uzrunvelyofs); amdenad, Tu danaxarji ar aris maRali, maSin saSualo danaxarjis gawevas azri ara aqvs.
2
am analizSi sargeblis absoluturi odenoba, romelic TiToeul alternativasTanaa asocirebuli, Sesabamisi ar aris. vertikaluri manZili SeiZleba Seicvalos, magram ucvleli rCeba maqsimaluri wertilis mdebareoba da, amdenad, kenWisyris Sedegic.
174
davuSvaT,
rom
raketis
nacvlad
amomrCevlebi
sazogadoebriv
parkze
gaweul danaxarjs uyrian kenWs. sazogadoebrivi parki aris saqoneli, romelsac Semcvleli moeZebneba. davuSvaT, rom sazogadoebriv parkze dabali an saSualo danaxarjis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi amomrCeveli jeri qalaqgareT arsebul kerZo klubSi midis, magram maRali danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi igi sazogadoebriv parks gamoiyenebs.
jeris
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
parkze
gaweuli
danaxarjis
paralelurad izrdeba, amitom is saSualo parkTan SedarebiT upiratesobas patara parks aniWebs. jeri verc erTi variantis Sedegad ver sargeblobs. amitom igi upiratesobas mianiWebs parks, romelic mis gadasaxads yvelaze msubuq tvirTad daawveba. am dros jeris yvelaze didi preferencia SesaZloa didi danaxarjis mqone sazogadoebrivi parki iyos (es nawilobriv damokidebulia asocirebul sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobaze, qalaqgareT arsebuli kerZo klubis wevrobis gadasaxadTan SedarebiT). mokled, jeri saSualo parkTan SedarebiT SesaZloa upiratesobas rogorc patara, ise did sazogadoebriv parks aniWebdes. amrigad, rodesac sazogadoebrivi saqonlis piradi moxmarebis saqonliT Senacvlebis saSualeba arsebobs, mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone
preferencia
advilad
warmoiqmneba
(6.2
grafikze
elainis
SemTxvevis
msgavsad).
cxrili 6.3.
mxareTa danaxarjebis upiratesi done
amomrCeveli
danaxarji
donaldi
5
deizi
100
hiu
150
devi
160
lui
700
ufro metic, rodesac sakiTxis klasifikacia erTi ganzomilebis mixedviT SeuZlebelia, mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferenciebi mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs. davuSvaT,
gamoiyenebs
Tavisufal
sazogadoeba cdilobs gadawyvitos,
Senobas:
A arCevani
ginekologiuri
Tu rogor
klinikaa,
B
_
srulwlovanTa wignebis maRazia, xolo C _ jaris dakompleqtebis samsaxuri. saraketo warmoebis
sxvadasxva doneebisagan gansxvavebiT,
aq alternativebi
175
raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT ar Semoifargleba. amdenad, mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferenciebi advilad warmoiqmneba.
saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria
davubrundeT martiv magaliTs, romlis alternativebi saqonlis odenobis mixedviT
gansxvavdeboda.
individi
swored
am
niSan-Tvisebis
saqonlis
TiToeuli
alternativis
safuZvelze
klasifikacias
axdens
(magaliTad,
gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra odenobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli unda SeiZino). saSualo amomrCeveli aris amomrCeveli, romlis preferenciebi yvela amomrCevlis preferenciaTa nakrebis centrSi mdebareobs; amomrCevelTa naxevars
saSualo
amomrCevelze meti
surs, meore naxevars
ki
_
naklebi.
saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria amtkicebs, rom sanam preferenciebi mxolod erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris Sedegi
yovelTvis
wyvili
odenobis
saSualo
amomrCevlis
SemTxvevaSi
arCevans
SesaZloa
or
daemTxveva
saSualo
(amomrCevelTa
amomrCevels
Soris
Tanabari xmebi arsebobdes, rac SemTxveviTobis principis gamoyenebiT unda gadawydes). Teoriis
demonstrirebis
mizniT
CavTvaloT,
rom
arsebobs
xuTi
amomrCeveli: donaldi, deizi, hiu, deivi da lui. isini cdiloben gadawyviton, ra masStabis wveuleba gamarTon; maTi preferenciebi mxolod erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT
xasiaTdeba.
preferenciis xasiaTdeba,
dones. amitom
preferenciis
6.3
grafiki
preferenciebi rac
ufro
gviCvenebs
mxolod
axlosaa
maqsimalur wertilTan,
miT
erTi
TiToeuli
amomrCevlis
maqsimaluri
danaxarjis
done
wertiliT amomrCevlis
ufro did upiratesobas
aniWebs
amomrCeveli aseT dones. nulidan 5 dolaramde xarjs arc erTi amomrCeveli ar eTanxmeba. 5 dolaridan 100 dolaramde xarjs eTanxmebian: deizi, hiu, deivi da lui, xolo 100-dan 150 dolaramde xarjs _ hiu, deivi da lui. 150 dolarze meti danaxarji blokirebulia sul mcire sami amomrCevlis: donaldis, deizisa da hius mier. amdenad, umetesoba 150 dolars irCevs. es ki swored is Tanxaa, romelsac
hiu,
saSualo
amomrCeveli,
airCevs.
kenWisyris
Sedegi
saSualo
amomrCevlis preferenciebs emTxveva. vaskvniT, rom Tu preferenciebi erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, maSin xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyras stabilur Sedegamde mivyavarT da
176
arCevanic
saSualo
amomrCevlis
arCevans
emTxveva.
Tumca
maSin,
rodesac
preferenciebi mravali maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, SesaZloa kenWisyris paradoqsi warmoiSvas4.
realurad, xSirad iseTi preferenciebi fiqsirdeba,
romelTaTvisac mravali maqsimaluri wertilia damaxasiaTebeli. amitom xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyra SeiZleba stabiluri sazogadoebrivi arCevanis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT arcTu ise saimedo iyos. ufro metic, rogorc amas male gavaanalizebT, am wesiT kenWisyriT SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes sakmaod stabiluri,
magram,
samwuxarod,
araefeqtiani
gadawyvetileba
_
miRebuli
sargebeli gaweul danaxarjze mcire iqneba.
logrolingi*
xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesTan dakavSirebuli problema swored
isaa,
rom
individis
mier
upiratesobis
xarisxis
dafiqsirebis
saSualebas ar iZleva. amomrCeveli A-s B-sTan SedarebiT ubralo upiratesobas aniWebs Tu udides upiratesobas, Sedegze ar moqmedebs. logrolingi individebs aZlevs
xmebiT
vaWrobisa
da
emociis
dafiqsirebis
saSualebas.
davuSvaT,
amomrCevlebs – smiTsa da jouns _ urCevniaT, gansazRvrul odenobaze meti raketa ar hqondeT, Tumca maTTvis aRniSnuli sakiTxi aqtualuri ar aris. brauns ki aSkarad meti raketa urCevnia. logrolingis saSualebiT brauns SeeZleba, daarwmunos jounsi, met raketas misces xma, Tu brauni jounss daeTanxmdeba, xma axali gzis mSeneblobas misces, romelic jounsis qarxanasTan midis. xmebiT vaWroba sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. misi momxreebi Tvlian, rom xmebiT vaWrobas Sedegad sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani mowodeba mohyveba, iseve,
rogorc
piradi
moxmarebis
saqonlis
efeqtian
miwodebas
vaWroba
uzrunvelyofs. momxreebi xazs usvamen mis potencialsac, romlis saSualebiTac preferenciaTa intensiurobis gamovlena da stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva xdeba.
ufro
demokratiis
metic,
xmebiT
Seuferxebeli
vaWrobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
funqcionirebisaTvis
aucilebelia.
kompromisi rogorc
sociologi jeimz uilsoni [2000] aRniSnavda, `xmebiT vaWrobas `privilegiebis
4
mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferenciaTa arseboba kenWisyris paradoqss yovelTvis ar warmoSobs. aRniSnuli damokidebulia amomrCevelTa odenobasa da maTi preferenciis struqturaze. ixileT 1-li SekiTxva am Tavis bolos. * ,,logrolingi" sakanonmdeblo organoSi xmebiT vaWrobas niSnavs (red.).
177
barels~
an
logrolings
konkurirebadi
uwodeben.
interesebis
aseTi
vaWroba
dasabalanseblad,
aucilebelia
romelTagan
im
TiToeuli
kanonmdeblis mieraa daculi. aRniSnul kanonmdebels ki sxva kanonmdeblis winaSe valdebulebebi ar akisria. xmebiT vaWrobisa da `privilegiebis barelis~ proeqti iseTi miznis misaRwevad, romelic mxolod Zalisa da enis gamoyenebiT SeuZlebelia, aucilebeli meTodia. cifrobrivi dagvexmareba.
magaliTi
davuSvaT,
biblioTekasa
da
aRniSnuli
upiratesobis
sazogadoeba sam proeqts
sacurao
auzs.
es
ilustrirebaSi
ganixilavs: saavadmyofos,
sazogadoeba
sami
amomrCevliTaa
warmodgenili: melani, reti da skarleti. 6.4 cxrili TiToeuli proeqtis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi maT sargebels gviCvenebs (niSani `minusi~ wminda zaralze miuTiTebs, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom danaxarji aRemateba sargebels).
cxrili 6.4. logrolings keTildReobis amaRleba SeuZlia
amomrCeveli mTliani wminda
proeqti
melani
reti
skarleti
saavadmyofo
200
- 50
- 55
95
biblioTeka
- 40
150
- 30
80
sacurao auzi
- 120
- 60
400
220
sargebeli
pirveli, rasac cxrilSi SevniSnavT, aris is, rom TiToeuli proeqtisaTvis mTliani
wminda
sargebeli
sazogadoeba,
rogorc
isargeblebs5.
magram ra
monakveTSi
eyreba?
erTi
dadebiTia.
amdenad,
mTlianoba,
TiToeuli
moxdeba,
melani
mxars
gansazRvrebis proeqtis
Tu calkeul proeqts saavadmyofos
uWers,
kenWi
radgan
Tanaxmad,
damtkicebiT drois erT misi
wminda
sargebeli dadebiTia, magram reti da skarleti mis winaaRmdeg gamodian, radgan maTi
sargebeli negatiuria.
amdenad,
idea saavadmyofos
Sesaxeb marcxdeba.
analogiurad, marcxdeba idea biblioTekisa da sacurao auzis Taobaze.
5
vuSvebT, rom ar arsebobs arc garegani efeqti da arc raime faqtori, romelTa gamo kerZo danaxarji da sargebeli socialuri analogisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba.
178
xmebiT
vaWrobam
daTanxmdeba,
xma
SesaZloa
misces
situacia
biblioTekis
gamoasworos.
ideas,
Tu
davuSvaT,
reti
melani
daTanxmdeba,
xma
saavadmyofos ideas misces. melani vaWrobaSi gamodis 160 (=200 – 40), xolo reti _
100
(=150
-
50).
amdenad,
isini
garigebas
aRweven
da
saavadmyofosa da
biblioTekis ideebi imarjvebs. analogiurad, melanim da skarletma SesaZloa dadon garigeba, romlis mixedviTac melani xmas miscems sacurao auzs im pirobiT, rom skarleti mxars dauWers saavadmyofos. amdenad, logrolingiT SesaZlebeli iqneba samive proeqtis ganxorcieleba, rac sasurveli Sedegia. meore
mxriv,
logrolingis
oponentebi
Tvlian,
rom
mas
sargebeli
gansakuTrebuli interesisaTvis moaqvs, rac ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, rom ZiriTadi danaxarji gadawonos. SesaZloa, narCenTa didi odenoba warmoiSvas. magaliTad, terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad transportis usafrTxoebis administracias daevala `aTasobiT milioni dolaris daxarjva aeroportis bombis deteqtori mowyobilobiT aRWurvisaTvis, romelic adre gafuWebuli iyo da remonti Zviri dajda~ (Power, 2003, gv. A9) ratom? amis ZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom mowyobilobis mwarmoebeli firma asignebis palatis Tavmjdomaris raionSi mdebareobda;
misi
xma
kongresis
sxva
wevrTa
`sayvareli~
proeqtebis
dasamtkiceblad mniSvnelovani iyo. 6.4 cxrili uCvenebs situacias, sadac logrolings aseTi arasasurveli Sedegebisaken mivyavarT. Cven kvlav sam amomrCevelsa da sam proeqts vxedavT, rogorc es 6.4 cxrilSi iyo, romlebic wminda sargeblis sxva parametrebiT xasiaTdeba. TiToeul proeqts uaryofiTi wminda sargebeli aqvs. amdenad, yvela uaryofili unda iqnes. asec moxdeboda, yovel maTganze rom calke kenWisyra gamocxadebuliyo. logrolingiT
SesaZloa
araefeqtiani
proeqtis
garkveuli
nawili
an
mTlianad proeqti damtkicdes. davuSvaT, melani biblioTekis ideas im pirobiT uWers mxars, Tu reti saavadmyofos ideas dauWers mxars. garigeba miRweulia, radgan orive maTgani iRebs sargebels: melani 160-iT [160 (= 200 - 40)], xolo reti 40-iT [40 (= 150 - 110)]. melanisa da retis erToblivi mxardaWeris Sedegad orive proeqtma gaimarjva. analogiurad SeuZliaT retsa da skarlets xmebiT vaWroba auzisa da biblioTekisaTvis ise, rom orive proeqti damtkicdes. aRniSnul ifiqreT.
SedegSi
yuradReba
gasarkvevad
miaqcieT,
rogor
melanisa
da
`iCagreba~
retis
xmebiT
skarleti
orive
vaWrobaze proeqtis
damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi. swored ase qmnis koalicias amomrCevelTa umravlesoba da mxars im proeqts uWers, romelic maT interess emsaxureba. aseTi arCevnebis
179
mTeli `simware~
ki
umciresobaze
gadadis.
amdenad,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
umravlesobis proeqtis sargebeli danaxarjs aWarbebs, amas sazogadoebisaTvis, rogorc erTi mTlianobisaTvis, sargebeli ar moaqvs. vaskvniT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi
logrolingi
xmaTa
ubralo
umravlesobiT
kenWisyris
Sedegs
asworebs, Tumca igi yovelTvis ar aris panacea.
erous Seusrulebadobis Teoria
ukve vaCveneT, rom srulyofili da sasurveli Sedegis motana arc xmaTa ubralo umravlesobis principiT kenWisyras da arc logrolings ar SeuZlia. bevri sxva kenWisyris sistemac iyo ganxiluli, romlebic aseve arakoreqtuli aRmoCnda6. ismeba metad mniSvnelovani SekiTxva: arsebobs ki raime eTikurad misaRebi
meTodi,
individualuri
romlis
saSualebiTac
preferenciis
koleqtiur
garTulebis preferenciad
gareSe
moxdeba
gardaqmna?
pasuxi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras gulisxmobT `eTikurad misaRebi meTodis~ cnebaSi. nobelis
premiis
laureati,
keneT
erou
[1951]
Tvlida,
rom
demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis wesi Semdeg kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes7: 1.
man
miuxedavad warumatebeli
gadawyvetileba unda im
miiRos.
amomrCevelTa magaliTad,
SemTxvevaSic
ki,
Tu
preferenciebis
procedura zogierTi
ar
konfiguraciis unda
amomrCevlis
aRmoCndes preferencia
mravali maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba. 2. mas yvela Sedegis klasifikacia unda SeeZlos. 3. igi individebis preferenciebs unda upasuxebdes. kerZod, Tu TiToeuli individi A-s B-sTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs, maSin sazogadoebac B-sTan SedarebiT A-s unda aniWebdes upiratesobas.
6
esenia: qulebis mixedviT kenWisyra (TiToeul adamians eZleva qulaTa fiqsirebuli raodenoba, romlebic gansxvavebul alternativebze unda ganawildes), xmaTa ubralo umravlesobis principiT kenWisyra (imarjvebs alternativa, romelic yvelaze met xmas daagrovebs), bordas angariSi (TiToeuli alternativa klasificirebulia xarisxebis mixedviT TiToeuli amomrCevlis mier; arCevanis gasakeTeblad xarisxebi Sekrebilia), arCevnebi "Condorset" principis mixedviT (imarjvebs alternativa, romelic wyvil arCevnebSi danarCens amarcxebs), arCevnebi gamoricxvis principiT (is proeqti, romelic yvelaze naklebadaa Sefasebuli amomrCevelTa umetesobis mier, Cavardeba; aRniSnuli procedura meordeba, sanam erTi proeqti ar darCeba). ix. Levin and Nalebuff [1995]. 7 erous moTxovnebi sxvadasxvanairad iqna Camoyalibebuli. Cven blerisa da polakis formulirebas mivyvebiT.
180
4. igi mdgradi unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tu A B-sTan SedarebiT, xolo B G-sTan SedarebiT upiratesia, maSin A upiratesia G-sTan SedarebiT8. 5. A da B proeqtebis klasifikacia sazogadoebis mier aRniSnul proeqtTa individualur
klasifikaciazea
damokidebuli.
ekipaJTan
erTad
kosmosuri
frena da ucxouri daxmarebis klasifikacia damokidebuli ar aris imaze, Tu ra upiratesobas
mianiWeben
maT
individebi,
iseve,
rogorc
maTi
azri
Sidsis
samkurnalo preparatis kvlevis dros umniSvneloa. aRniSnuli daSveba zogjer daukavSirebeli alternativebis damoukideblobis saxeliTaa cnobili. 6. gamoricxulia diqtatoruli reJimi. socialuri upiratesoba mxolod erTi adamianis preferencias ar unda asaxavdes. erTad aRebuli es kriteriumebi sakmaod racionaluria. ZiriTadad, amboben, rom sazogadoebis arCevanis meqanizmi logikuri unda iyos da individebis preferenciebs pativs unda scemdes. samwuxarod, erous analizis gasaocari daskvna
isaa,
kriteriums
rom
im
wesis
akmayofilebs,
aRmoCena,
romelic
yvela
SeuZlebelia9.
zogadad
zemoT
mkafio
miTiTebul
gadawyvetilebas
demokratiuli sazogadoeba ver miiRebs. Sedegs ki erous Seusrulebadobis Teoria ewodeba, romelic demoratiis sicocxlisunarianobas
saeWvod
xdis.
bunebrivia,
rom
Teoriis
Sesaxeb
mimdinareobs debatebi, romelTa umetesoba imazea fokusirebuli, SeuZlia Tu ara sxva saxis kriteriumTa nakrebs, socialuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis formirebis SesaZlebloba Seqmnas. aRmoCnda, rom Tu ignorirebuli iqneba erTerTi am
eqvsi kriteriumidan, SesaZloa
Camoyalibdes,
romelic
danarCen
xuT
gadawyvetilebaTa kriteriums
miRebis
is
daakmayofilebs.
wesi Tumca
romelime kriteriumis ignorireba SeiZleba Tu ara, maTi eTikuri qmediTobis Sesaxeb adamianis mosazrebazea damokidebuli. erous Teoria ar amtkicebs imas, rom gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis stabiluri wesis aRmoCena calsaxad SeuZlebelia. Teoria mxolod imas ambobs, rom aravin ar
SeiZleba
individualuri problema
ar
iyos
imis
garanti,
preferenciebis arsebobs
rom
sazogadoeba
garkveuli
(magaliTad,
maSin,
swored
ase
moiqceva.
nawilis
SemTxvevaSi
aranairi
rodesac
sazogadoebis
wevrebs
identuri preferenciebi aqvT). zogierTi imasac amtkicebs, rom erous Teoriis 8
ufro konkretulad, am konteqstSi upiratesia raRacasTan SedarebiT gulisxmobs, rom ukeTesi an Tanabrad kargia. 9 damtkiceba rTul maTematikur analizs moiTxovs. damtkicebis procedura imas aCvenebs, rom Tu eqvsive piroba dakmayofildeba, maSin kenWisyris paradoqsis msgavsi fenomeni warmoiqmneba.
181
realuri mniSvneloba isaa, rom igi gemovnebaTa virtualuri erTgvarovnebis saWiroebas im SemTxvevaSi gviCvenebs, Tu demokratiuli sistema arsebobs da funqcionirebs. amboben imasac, rom bevr instituts konkretuli mizani aqvs, individis
interesi
erTgvarovnebaSi
garkveul
darwmundes.
yalibSi
amisi
moaqcios,
magaliTi
raTa
gemovnebaTa
savaldebulo
saxelmwifo
swavlebaa. dakvirveba Seesabameba britaneli saxelmwifo moRvawis, benjamin dizraelis, SerCebaT
sityvebs: xolme
`rodesac
saxelmwifo
eZeben
`mSobliur
ganaTleba.
mmarTvelobas~,
aRmoCnda,
rom
xelSi
damorCilebis
uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza aris tirania akvanSi~. lotma [1999] ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis mimarTulebani qveynebis mixedviT gaaanaliza; mis mier aRmoCenili Sedegi dizraelis mosazrebis analogiuri aRmoCnda _ sxva Tanabar pirobebSi
yvelaze
totalitaruli
mTavroba
yvelaze
did
investicias
saxelmwifo ganaTlebaSi debs. erous Teoriis garSemo erTi, metad gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs, romlis
mixedviTac,
erous
Teoria
demokratiuli
procesebis
sicocxlisunarianobaze bevrs arafers ambobs. nobelis premiis kidev erTi laureati, jeimz biuqeneni [1960] irwmuneboda, rom xmaTa ubralo umravlesobis principiT kenWisyris winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs sasargeblo Tvisebebic aqvs: am principiT kenWisyris wesi Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi misaRebia, radgan igi alternativebze manevrirebis saSualebas mas Semdeg qmnis, rac aRmoCndeba, rom
erTsulovnebis
konkurirebadi
miRweva
SeuZlebelia...
alternativebis
miReba
igi
da
uzrunvelyofs
gamocda
imas,
eqsperimentulad
rom da
pirobiTad SesaZlebelia, aseve SeiZleba maTi Secvla axali kompromisuli alternativiT,
romelic
mudmivad
cvalebadi
Semadgenlobis
jgufis
umravlesobis mieraa damtkicebuli. es aris demokatiuli arCevnebis procesi (gv. 83). erous Teoriis mier wamoWrili meore mniSvnelovani SekiTxva keTildReobis
funqciebis
gamoyenebas
Seexeba.
me-3
Tavidan
socialuri
gaixseneT,
rom
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia aris wesi, romelic individTa sargeblis sasurvelobis
xarisxs
afasebs.
demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi
aucilebelia,
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia koleqtiurad SeirCes. magram erous Teoriis Tanaxmad, aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba SeuZlebelia. amdenad, ver davuSvebT, rom socialuri keTildReobis funqcia realurad arsebobs. magram aRniSnuli funqcia rom ar arsebobdes, rogor SesZlebdnen ekonomistebi mis gamoyenebas alternatiul mdgomareobaTa klasifikaciisaTvis? zogierTi ekonomisti arc sargeblobs am funqciiT. isini amtkiceben, rom igi ubralod Rirebulebis
182
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebaTa
wardgenis
saSualebaa
da
ara
`sazogadoebis~
preferenciebis gacxadebisaTvis aucilebeli berketi. socialuri keTildReobis funqcia
resursebis
swori
ganawilebis
izolirebas
ar
axdens.
Tumca
ekonomistTa did nawils swams, rom es funqcia arsebiTi berketia. igi SeiZleba `garkveul~ pasuxs ar uzrunvelyofdes, magram alternatiuli Rirebulebis formulirebisaTvis
gamoiyenebodes.
am
interpretaciiT,
socialuri
keTildReobis funqcia Rirebul informacias uzrunvelyofs.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia
sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Sesaxeb diskusiam ramdenime mniSvnelovan
SekiTxvas
mohfina
naTeli.
miuxedavad
amisa,
igi
mainc
gubernatorobis Sesaxeb ararealistur mosazrebas efuZneba. saxelmwifo erTi didi kompiuteria, romelic cdilobs, gamoaaSkaraos moqalaqeTa preferenciebi da
es
informacia
socialuri
saqonlis
warmoebisas
gamoiyenos.
Tavad
saxelmwifos ki interesi ar gaaCnia – igi neitraluria da keTilismyofeli. faqtobrivad biurokratebi
da
saxelmwifos sxvani
–
adamianebi
marTaven.
_
politikosebi,
realisturi
mosamarTleebi,
politikuri
ekonomiis
modelebma mmarTvelTa miznebi da qceva unda Seiswavlos. qvemoT ramdenime aseTi modelis analizs ixilavT. modelebi miuTiTebs, rom mmarTvelebi, iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi, sakuTari interesis maqsimizacias cdiloben.
183
arCeuli politikosebi
Cvens
mier
ganxilulma
pirdapirma
demokratiam
saSualo
amomrCevlis
Teoriamde migviyvana. Tu individualur preferenciebs erTaderTi maqsimaluri wertili aqvs da misi wardgena SesaZlebelia erTi ganzomilebiT, maSin xmaTa ubralo
umravlesobiT
kenWisyris
Sedegi
saSualo
amomrCevlis
arCevans
emTxveva. realurad, fiskalur sakiTxebze referendumi TiTqmis ar tardeba. ufro xSirad moqalaqeebi irCeven warmomadgenlebs, es ukanasknelni ki arCevans moqalaqeebis SemTxvevaSi
saxeliT saSualo
akeTeben. amomrCevlis
miuxedavad Teoria
amisa,
gvexmareba
garkveuli avxsnaT,
Tu
daSvebis rogor
anawileben warmomadgenlebi Tavis poziciebs.
184
6.3 grafiki
ganvixiloT warmovidginoT,
ori rom
kandidaturis,
amomrCevelTa
smiTisa
da
preferenciebi
jounsis,
politikuri
arCevnebi.
mosazrebebis
speqtris paralelurad erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba. amomrCeveli arCevnebSi monawileobs, raTa maqsimalurad gazardos sakuTari sargebeli, kandidatebs ki miRebul xmaTa odenobis maqsimizacia surT. ra moxdeba? dounsi [1957] uCvenebs, rom am garemoebaTa farglebSi, is politikosi,
romelsac
xmebis
maqsimizacia
surs,
saSualo
amomrCevlis
preferenciis mixedviT programas iRebs, radgan am amomrCevlis preferencia preferenciaTa
ganawilebis
sqemis
centrSia
ganTavsebuli.
imisaTvis,
rom
gavigoT, Tu ratom xdeba ase, warmovidginoT, rom amomrCeveli yvela saxis pozicias or _ `konservatiul~ da `liberalur~ _ jgufad yofs. 6.3 grafiki uCvenebs amomrCevelTa mosalodnel ganawilebas imis mixedviT, Tu vin aniWebs yvelaze met upiratesobas politikuri speqtris TiToeul aspeqts. davuSvaT, rom
kandidati
kandidati amomrCevlis
jounsi
smiTi
_
S
M
pozicias
pozicias
preferenciebi
erTi
(Sualedur
(pozicias
pozicias)
centris
maqsimaluri
ikavebs,
marjvniv).
wertiliT
xolo
TiToeuli
xasiaTdeba;
garda
amisa, TiToeuli maTgani sargeblis maqsimizaciazea orientirebuli. amitom amomrCeveli
mxars
im
kandidaturas
dauWers,
romlis
Sexedulebebic
mis
SexedulebebTan yvelaze axlosaa. smiTi moipovebs S-is marjvniv arsebul yvela xmas, aseve S-sa da M-s Soris zogierT xmas. vinaidan M Sualeduri wertilia, amomrCevelTa erTi naxevari M-is marcxniv mdebareobs. jounsi miiRebs am xmebs, agreTve zogierT xmas, romelic M-is marjvniv mdebareobs, anu garantirebulad miiRebs xmaTa umravlesobas. erTaderTi gza imisaTvis, rom smiTi `motyuebuli~ ar darCes, aris is, rom igi Tavad unda gadaadgildes M poziciisaken. amdenad,
185
orive
kandidatisaTvis
sakmaod
mniSvnelovania,
maqsimalurad
miuaxlovdnen
saSualo amomrCevlis pozicias. modeli ori SedegiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli: ori mxarisagan Semdgari sistema stabilurobas inarCunebs – centrTan daaxloebul pozicias ikavebs. garkveuli masStabiT es amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis kargi aRweraa. aRmoCnda, rom prezidentobis is kandidati, romelic centrisgan sakmaod Sors dadgeba (bari goldvoTeri 1964 wels da jorj makgoverni 1972 wels), amomrCevelTa simpaTias verasodes moipovebs10. 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis dros Jurnalistma al gori da jorj buSi daaxasiaTa, rogorc `ori kandidati, romelTac bevr sakiTxSi saocrad msgavsi pozicia ukaviaT~ (Farney, 2000, gv. A1). saSualo amomrCevlis modelis Tanaxmad, amaSi gasakviri araferia. rogorc karikaturaze xedavT, politikosisaTvis centrisgan daSoreba sakmaod avismomaswavebelia.
karikatura: `iqneb Tqvenma udidebulesobam inebos, marTos centridan!~
meore,
pirdapiri
referendumis
warmomadgenlobiTi
Sedegze ar moqmedebs. orive ubralod saSualo
sistemiT
Secvla
amomrCevlis preferenciebs
asaxavs. amdenad, saxelmwifos danaxarji `Warbi~ ver iqneba, radgan politikuri konkurencia
xmebis
mosapoveblad
swored
danaxarjis
im
donemde
midis,
romelic saSualo amomrCevlis survils Seesabameba. sanam
am
optimistur
Sedegebs
gulTan
axlos
mivitandeT,
ramdenime
seriozuli sakiTxi ganvixiloT.
erT ganzomilebaSi klasificireba. Tu yvela politikuri mrwamsis erTi speqtrze ganTavseba ver moxerxdeba, maSin saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria qmediTi aRar iqneba, radgan saSualo amomrCevlis identuroba ganxilul sakiTxzea damokidebuli. pozitiuri qmedebebis alternativaTa saSualo amomrCeveli da Tavdacvis sakiTxebis alternativaTa saSualo amomrCeveli SesaZloa ar iyos erTi
da
igive
piri.
analogiurad,
rogorc
es
pirdapiri
referendumis
SemTxvevaSi iyo, Tu preferenciebi ar xasiaTdeba erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT, maSin SeiZleba stabiluri saarCevno wonasworoba arc arsebobdes.
10
goldvoTeris erT-erTi saarCevno lozungi iyo: `arCevani da ara eqo~. saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria ganmartavs, Tu ratom dominirebs eqo.
186
ideologia
modeli gulisxmobs imas, rom politikosebi ubralod xmebis odenobis maqsimizacias
cdiloben,
Tumca
maTi sazrunavi
arCevnebis
mogebis
mizanze
gacilebiT metia. ideologia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. yovelives Semdeg, 1850 wels henri qleim Tqva: `ara, batono Cemo, me mirCevnia viyo memarjvene, vidre prezidenti~.
pirovneba
mosazreba,
rom
amomrCevelTa
alternativazea
damokidebuli,
mniSvnelovania.
amboben,
gadawyvetileba
ararealisturia.
ronald
reiganis
ubralod
zogjer
mTeli
asarCev
pirovneba
ufro
momxibvleloba
imasi
mdgomareobda, rom mas amerikelebi mamad aRiqvamdnen.
lideroba
am modelis Tanaxmad, amomrCevlis preferenciebze politikosebi pasiurad reagireben. Tumca aRniSnuli preferenciebi SesaZloa Tavad politikosebis zemoqmedebis
qveS
aRmoCndes.
es
ki
imas
gulisxmobs,
rom
politikosebi
liderebi arian. saintereso eqstremaluri magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeuZlia liderobas arCevnebis Sedegi Secvalos, swored maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac politikosis qmedebani faqtobrivad cvlis mis amomrCevelTa Semadgenlobas. magaliTad,
meri,
romelsac
mxars
upiratesad
Raribi
mosaxleoba
uWers,
SeiZleba iseT politikas atarebdes, romelic aviwroebs am regionSi maRali Semosavlis identurobas.
mqone ase
mosaxleobas, moxda
bostonSi,
riTac XX
cvlis saukunis
saSualo pirvel
amomrCevlis naxevarSi,
da
detroitSi, imave saukunis meore naxevarSi (Glaeser and Shleifer, 2002 A).
187
gadawyvetileba arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb
analizi cxadyofs, rom xmis micemis uflebis mqone pirs surs am uflebis ganxorcieleba.
Tu
kandidatebis
poziciebi
individTa garkveul nawils SesaZloa radikaluri gariyulad
mosazrebebis igrZnos.
dakavSirebuli
mqone
modeli
xarjebis
erTmaneTs
Zalian
hgavs,
maSin
arCevnebSi monawileoba `daezaros~.
individma
SeiZleba
informaciis
ignorirebas
Tavi
arCevnebisagan
da
kenWisyrasTan
mopovebasa
axdens.
srulad
informirebuli
amomrCeveli zustad gansazRvravs kandidatis platformis adekvaturobas, imis albaTobas, Tu ramdenad SeeZleba (da eqneba survili) kandidats, danapirebi Seasrulos, da a.S. sakmaod maRali danaxarji da imis SegrZneba, rom erTi xma saboloo
Sedegs
amomrCeveli problema Tavidan
ver
arCevnebSi
warmoiqmneba acilebis
moiqceva,
gansazRvravs,
xSirad
monawileobisagan _
TiToeul
stimuli
demokratiis
aqvs.
aris
Tavs
individs
Tu
ikavebs.
romlis
aqac
arCevnebSi
individTa
funqcionireba
mizezi,
gamoc
fri-raideris
monawileobisTvis
mniSvnelovani
warmoudgenelia.
nawili
ase
amomrCevelTa
monawileobis dabali ganakveTis gamo xSirad Civian (magaliTad, 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, romlebSic srulwlovani mosaxleobis mxolod 51%-ma miiRo
monawileoba), Tumca
yvelaze didi Tavsatexi isaa,
Tu ratom aris
procentuli wili ase maRali. Tavsatexi SesaZloa nawilobriv amoixsnas, Tu gavixsenebT, rom saswavlo sistema TiToeul
individs
imas
unergavs, rom
moqalaqis valdebuleba, miiRos monawileoba arCevnebSi, viwro pirad interesze maRla unda idges.
sajaro moxeleebi
Semdegi jgufi, romelsac gavaanalizebT, Sedgeba sajaro moxeleebisagan, romelTac biurokratebadac moixsenieben. maTi rolis gasagebad gaixseneT, rom arCeuli
politikosis
mier
Seqmnili
kanonmdebloba
xSirad
bundovania.
nebismieri programis ganxorcielebis berketi ki sajaro moxeleTa xelebia. magaliTad, sufTa haeris aqti miuTiTebs, rom mTavrobam unda Camoayalibos standartebi, sazogadoebrivi
`romlebic
aucilebeli
janmrTeloba
iqneba
usafrTxoebis
imisTvis,
adekvaturi
rom zRvris
mTavrobam mixedviT
daicvas~ (Epstein, 2001, gv. A22). rogor fasdeba janmrTelobis mdgomareoba? ra
188
mecnieruli
standarti
identificirebisTvis?
am
unda
iqnes
gamoyenebuli
`adekvaturi
zRvris~
kanoni
sicarielis
Sevsebis
SekiTxvebze
dums.
pasuxismgebloba garemosdacviT samsaxurSi momuSave biurokratebs ekisreba, romlebic didi TavisuflebiTa da ZalauflebiT sargebloben. biurokratebis misamarTiT mwvave kritika gaismis. maT upasuxismgeblobasa da uzarmazari biurokratiuli meqanizmis CamoyalibebaSi adanaSauleben; garda amisa, iTvleba, rom isini moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi uxeSad erevian. axali mimarTulebis rok-jgufic ki SeuerTda am Setevas: biurokratia. me vxedav, rom Sen ver xedav. biurokratia. akeTeb SenTvis, gvikeTeb Cven. biurokratia yvavis DC* -Si. biurokratia gklavs Sen da mklavs me. biurokratia begravs yvelafers. Zirs biurokratia!11 Tanamedrove mTavrobas biurokratiis gareSe funqcionireba ar SeuZlia. biurokratebi programebis Camoyalibebisa da ganxorcielebis dros faseul teqnikur eqspertizas uzrunvelyofen. maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris imave maCvenebels yovelTvis aRemateba, rac sasicocxlod aucilebel `instituciur
mexsierebas~
uzrunvelyofs.
biurokratebis
meore
mniSvnelovani funqciaa sajaro seqtoris tranzaqciis Sesaxeb dokumentaciis akuratulad warmoeba, raTa aRniSnuli uflebis mqone TiToeulma moqalaqem sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebidan
Tanabari
daxmareba
miiRos
da
korufciis
sxvadasxva formebi aRmoifxvras. meore mxriv ki, gulubryviloba iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom biurokratebis erTaderTi
mizani
eleqtoratisa
da
misi
warmomadgenlebis
survilTa
interpretacia da pasiuri Sesrulebaa. Cven kidev ver gagvigia, Tu ra aris biurokratis mizani. niskaneni [1971] amtkicebda, rom bazarze orientirebul kerZo seqtorSi individi, romelsac surs `moipovos warmateba~, Zalisxmevas ar zogavs imisaTvis, rom misma kompaniam maqsimalurad rentabelurad imuSaos.
*
kolumbiis federaluri olqi. `biurokratiidan~ (Red Tape), kevin morisisa da greg heTsonis (Circle Jerks) sityvebi da musika. © 1980 Irving Music Inc., and Olagued Musci (BMI). yvela ufleba daculia. saerTaSoriso saavtoro ufleba daculia. 11
189
individis xelfasi firmis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba. biurokrati ki, piriqiT, Tavis yuradRebas iseT privilegiaze mimarTavs, rogoricaa samuSao adgili,
sazogadoebrivi
SesaZlebloba,
moixveWos
reputacia, fuladi
Zalaufleba, Semosavali,
mfarveloba,
minimaluria12.
radgan im
misi
studentis
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelsac indoeTis sajaro samsaxurSi surda muSaobis dawyeba, biurokratad Camoyalibeba `niSnavs udides Zalauflebas.. Zalauflebas imisa, rom gaakeTo is, rac gsurs.. isini aWianureben im saqmes, romlis gakeTebac surs
mTavrobas~
(Gargan, 1993, gv. A4). niskaneni fiqrobda, rom Zalaufleba, statusi da sxva fenomenebi biurokratebis biujetTan pozitiur kavSirSia, da askvnida, rom biurokratis mizani sakuTari biujetis maqsimizaciaa.
6.4 grafiki
hipoTezis SedegTa Sesafaseblad 6.4 grafiki ganixileT. biurokratiuli saqoneli, Q, horizontalur RerZze izomeba. Q SesaZloa iyos saxelmwifo binaTmSeneblobis erTeulis odenoba (romelic binaTmSeneblobisa da urbanul
12
cxadia, aRniSnuli distinqcia sakmaod bundovania. firmis aRmasruleblebi zrunaven rogorc Zalauflebaze, ise samsaxursa da fulze. miuxedavad amisa, distinqciis ganxilva analitikuri miznebisaTvis sasargebloa.
190
departamentSi Sedis) an sarezervo avzis odenoba (Tavdacvis departamentSi). Tanxa
(dolarebSi)
vertikalur
RerZze
izomeba.
V
mrudi
aris
mTliani
Rirebuleba, romelic Q-s TiToeul donezea ganTavsebuli im kanonmdebeli sponsoris mier, romelic biujets akontrolebs. V-s daxriloba saqonlis zRvruli socialuri sargebelia, romelic zRvruli sargeblis Semcirebis racionaluri daSvebis mixedviT aris formulirebuli. warmoebis TiToeul doneze gaweuli mTliani danaxarji aris C. warmoebis TiToeuli erTeuli misi daxrilobiT izomeba. C zrdadi zRvruli danaxarjis daSvebis safuZvelzea Caxazuli. davuSvaT, biurokratma icis, rom sponsori miiRebs nebismier proeqts, romlis
mTliani
akeTebs
Qbc-is
sargebeli
SeTavazebas
mTlian warmoebis
danaxarjs iseT
aRemateba.
doneze,
biurokrati
romelic
(bc)
biurokratiis
masStabs maqsimumamde zrdis (aq moqmedebs SezRudva: C V-ze maRla ar unda iyos). Qbc warmoebis araefeqtiani odenobaa. efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom saqonlis erTeuli manamde iwarmoebodes, sanam saqonlis zRvruli sargebeli mis zRvrul danaxarjs
aRemateba.
amdenad,
efeqtiani
warmoeba
swored
im
wertilSi
warmoiqmneba, sadac zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul sargebels utoldeba (da ara mTliani danaxarji mTlian sargebels utoldeba). 6.4 grafikze efeqtianobis donea Q*, anu wertili, sadac V-sa da C-s daxrilobebi Tanabaria. amdenad, biurokratis survils, aaSenos SeZlebisdagvarad didi `imperia~, araefeqtianad maRal biurokratiamde mivyavarT. niskanenis RonisZiebaTa
modelis eqspansia
mniSvnelovani surT,
romlebic
Sedegi
isaa,
saqonlis
rom
biurokratebs
warmoebis
im
stimulirebas
isaxavs miznad, raTa Semosavlebis Sesaxeb sponsoris molodini gazardos _ V mrudi maRla aswios. es kerZo seqtoris reklamis analogiuria. Tu aseTi wonasworoba miRweuli iqneba, maSin Qbc-is wonasworobis Rirebuleba marjvniv gadainacvlebs.
amdenad,
Tavdacvis
departamentis
warmomadgeneli
usafrTxoebaze, xolo janmrTelobisa da adamianTa momsaxurebis departamentis warmomadgeneli _ siRaribis problemaze akeTebs aqcents. niskaneni fiqrobs, rom biurokratma SesaZloa sponsors Tavisi saqoneli `yvelaferi an araferi~ proporciiT warudginos: mTlianad Qbc an araferi aiRoT. ismeba SekiTxva: ratom uaryofs sponsori biurokratis saqonels? am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia biurokratis informaciuli upiratesoba. biurokratiuli saqonlis warmoebis procesi Zalian rTulia da specializebul informacias moiTxovs,
romlis
mopoveba
sponsorisaTvis
Znelia.
SeuZlia
ki
kongresis
191
Cveulebriv wevrs, icodes im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, romlebic atomur wyalqveSa navTan an alternatiuli samsaxuris im treiningis programis sargebelsa da danaxarjebTan tardeba?
asocirdeba,
informaciis
afrikidan
modis:
biurokratebi,
romelic
mniSvnelobis
aparteidis
romlebic
keTildReobis erTi
SesaniSnavi
dasrulebis
reJimis
programis
saTaveSi
magaliTi
Semdegac
idgnen,
farglebSi
ki
qveynis
samxreT
TeTrkaniani marTvis
dros
dominanturi rolis TamaSs agrZelebdnen. ratom? `mxolod biurokratebma ician qveynis marTvis saidumloebani~ (Keller, 1994, gv. A1).
gansakuTrebuli interesebi
Cven vamtkicebT, rom individi, romelsac surs, samTavrobo politikaze zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos,
individualuri
amomrCevlis
rolSi
gamodis.
faqtobrivad saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebi koordinirebuli qmedebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa araproporciuli Zalauflebis problemasac ganicdidnen. jgufis Zalauflebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos misi wevrebis tendencia, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli hqondeT, vidre mTlianad sazogadoebas. amasTanave, moqalaqeebs SesaZloa kampaniaSi wvlilis Setana an/da qrTamis micema
surdeT.
magaliTad,
kongresisa
da
senatis
saarCevno
kampaniaSi
Setanili wvlili daaxloebiT 950 milioni dolari iyo [2002 w.]. ris safuZvelze yalibdeba saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebi? amis Zalian bevri SesaZlebloba arsebobs.
Semosavlis wyaroebi: kapitali Tu SromiTi resursi
marqsizmis interesebi
imis
tradiciuli mixedviT
Teoriis
Tanaxmad,
adamianTa
ganisazRvreba,
isini
kapitalistebi
politikuri arian
Tu
proletarebi. aRniSnuli mosazreba metad martivia imisaTvis, rom Tanamedrove SeerTebul StatebSi saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebis formireba ganimartos.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
maRali
Semosavlis
mqone
individebi
kapitalidan Semosavlis araproporciul wils iReben, mdidris Semosavlis udidesi nawili mainc mSromelTa jgufidan modis. amdenad, Zalian Znelia `kapitalistisa~
da
`proletaris~
identificireba.
marTlac,
SeerTebul
192
Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi Semosavlis ganawilebaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom mTliani Semosavlis araTanabari ganawilebis mTavari mizezi Sromis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlis araTanabari ganawilebaa (Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997).
Semosavlis masStabi
Raribi
da
mdidari
mosaxleoba
mraval
sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT
ver
Tanxmdeba. Raribi danaxarjebis gadanawilebis programas aniWebs upiratesobas, xolo mdidari ewinaaRmdegeba mas. analogiurad, TiToeuli jgufi mxars uWers pirobiT an aSkara subsidiebs, romlebic im saqonelze gamoiyofa, romelsac jgufis wevrebi mudmivad moixmaren. amdenad, mdidari mxars uWers subsidias, romelic eZleva sakuTar saxlSi mcxovreb pirs, xolo Raribi upiratesobas saarendo cxovrebis specialur reJims aniWebs.
Semosavlis wyaro: mrewveloba, sadac dasaqmebulia individi
rogorc muSebs, ise mesakuTreebs surT, rom saxelmwifom maT mrewvelobas mxari dauWiros. foladis, safeiqro da saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi kavSirebi da menejmenti mxardamxar muSaoben imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifom isini ucxouri konkurenciisagan daicvas.
regioni
geografiuli
regionis
rezidentebs
xSirad
saerTo
interesebi
aqvT:
samxreTi Statebis mosaxleobas surs, sawvavze sasurveli sagadasaxado reJimi dawesdes, centraluri dasavleTis mcxovrebni sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebze zrunaven,
xolo
Crdilo-aRmosavleTis
mcxovrebni
urbanul
ganviTarebaze
gaweul danaxarjebs lobireben.
193
demografiuli da piradi maxasiaTeblebi
xanSi
Sesuli
mosaxleoba
upiratesobas
subsidirebul
jandacvis
programebsa da karg sapensio programebs aniWebs; axalgazrda daqorwinebuli wyvili dainteresebulia, Tu sad aris kargi skola da dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. religiuri mrwamsi mTavar rols asrulebs im debatebSi, romlebic abortis dafinansebas da kerZo skolebisaTvis gaweul saxelmwifo daxmarebas Seexeba. eTnikuri jgufebi orenovan saswavlo programebze gaweuli saxelmwifo xarjebis miznobriobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebas gamoxataven. sqesi saerTo interesebis
mqone
safuZvelia:
adamianTa
jgufebis
formirebis
2000 wlis arCevnebSi qalebma
metad
`demokratebs~
mniSvnelovani
araproporciulad
maRali odenobis xma misces, xolo `respublikelebma~ ufro didi zegavlena mamakacebze moaxdines. nusxa
usasrulod
gagrZeldeba.
saerTo
interesebis
mqone
adamianTa
jgufebis CamoyalibebisaTvis uamravi safuZveli arsebobs; amdenad, sulac ar iqneba gasakviri, rom erT sakiTxSi dapirispirebuli adamianebi meore sakiTxze SeTanxmdebian. `politika ucxoebsac ki aqorwinebs~ _ aRniSnuli fraza dResac metnaklebad aqtualuria. diskusia
axdens
im
SekiTxvis
ignorirebas,
Tu
rogor
axerxeben
organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvarebas saerTo interesebis mqone individebi. jgufis wevroba SesaZloa moiTxovdes sawevro gadasaxads, drois xarjvas da a.S. TiToeul individs surs, sxvebma imuSaon, TviTon ki Sesrulebuli samuSaos nayofi mokrifos (individi fri-raideri xdeba). arsebobs imis albaToba, rom jgufs gafarToebis survili eqneba. SesaZlebelia isic, rom im individze, romelsac ar surs, SeuerTdes jgufs, sanqciebi dawesdes. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi racionaluri finansuri interesi aRniSnul qmedebebs ar amarTlebs. abortis saxelmwifo dafinansebis garSemo zemoqmedebis
masStabsa
da
emocias
arsebuli debatebi
gviCvenebs,
romelic
ideologiis
romelime
jgufSi
Sesvlis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebas axlavs Tan.
194
`nadiroba~ rentaze
Cven aRvniSneT, rom moqalaqeTa jgufs politikuri sistemiT manipulireba SeuZlia, raTa Semosavlis gadanawileba maT sasargeblod moxdes. zogadad, aseT qmedebas rentaze nadiroba ewodeba. am dros mTavroba Cveulebrivze ufro maRali
ukugebis
(rentis)
miRebis
mizniT
gamoiyeneba.
rentaze
nadirobis
ramdenime forma arsebobs. mniSvnelovani varianti ki aseTia: mwarmoebelTa jgufi aiZulebs mTavrobas, maTi saqonlis miwodeba SezRudos. SezRudul saqonels Sedegad mwarmoeblisaTvis maRali fasi moaqvs, rac mwarmoebels saSualebas aZlevs, renta miiRos. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi araqisis mosayvanad aucilebelia, individs hqondes saxelmwifo licenzia, romelic mas uflebas
aZlevs,
araqisis
warmoebisaTvis
mxolod
1,5
milioni
akri
miwa
gamoiyenos. araqisis mosayvanad saWiro miwis odenobis SezRudviT mTavroba araqisis warmoebas amcirebs da mwarmoebelTaTvis rentas agrovebs.
6.5 grafiki
195
rentaze nadirobis specifikis gasaanalizeblad ganixileT 6.5 grafiki, romelic
araqisis
CavTvaloT,
rom
bazars
asaxavs.
araqisis
moTxovnis S,
miwodeba,
D.
mrudia
simartivisaTvis
horizontaluria.
saxelmwifos
intervenciis ararsebobisas wonasworoba miwodebisa da moTxovnis gadakveTis wertilSi miiRweva, sadac warmoeba aris Qc, xolo fasi _ Pc (qvemoTa indeqsi c gvaxsenebs, rom es konkurentuli saqonelia). araqisis mwarmoebelTa interesSi TiToeuli maTganis produqciis masStabis Semcireba da Sedegad sabazro fasis gazrda
Seva.
ufro
konkretulad,
araqisis
mwarmoebelTa
mdgomareoba
gaumjobesdeba, Tu isini koordinirebulad gazrdian warmoebis sargebels da gainawileben mas _ Camoayalibeben kartels (gaerTianebis forma, romelSic erTiandebian mimwodeblebi produqciis miwodebis Semcirebisa da masze fasis gazrdis mizniT). ratom ar iqcevian ase mwarmoeblebi? imitom, rom koleqtiuri qmedebis ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi
isini
sargebels
miiReben,
rogorc
kartelis
nawili, rac ukve aRar aris individualuri piradi interesi. rodesac karteli fass zrdis, individualur firmas uCndeba survili, `iTaRliTos~ _ warmoeba dawesebul rogorc
kvotaze
ki
maRla
isini
gazardos.
warmoebis
wonasworobamde Semcirdeba. SeeZlebaT, fasebis
karteli
SenarCunebis
gamoiricxeba. dakanoneba
yvela
gazrdian,
mwarmoebeli
maSinve
fasi
moisurvebs. konkurentul
swored aq Cndeba saxelmwifo. Tu mwarmoeblebs
saxelmwifos saSualebac
araqisis
Zalian
dones
amas
meSveobiT miecemaT,
warmoebis
martivad
daakanonon, Tanac
SemTxvevaSi
SeuZlia _
maSin
maT
yovelgvari
maRali
TaRliToba
saxelmwifos
kartelis
danaSaulad
CaiTvleba
federalur
araqisis licenziis gareSe warmoeba! licenziis flobis SemTxvevaSi mosayvani araqisis odenoba samTavrobo asocirebuli renta
qvotiT
uzarmazaria _
ganisazRvreba. licenziis
erT-erTi
Sefasebis
flobasTan
Tanaxmad, ukugebis
wminda ganakveTi 51%-s udris (Bovard, 1995, gv. A10). ra
aris
kartelisTvis
saukeTeso
fasi?
samrewvelo
sargeblis
maqsimizaciisaTvis kartels saqonlis ise warmoeba sWirdeba, rom warmoebis zRvruli
danaxarji
(erTi
tona
araqisis
warmoebis
zRvruli
danaxarji)
zRvrul Semosavals (araqisis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali) udrides. miwodebis mrudi aris warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji (MC), xolo zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi _ MR. kartelis saqoneli, Qcartel , maTi gadakveTis Sedegad ganisazRvreba,
asocirebuli fasi
ki Pcartel -ia.
mwarmoeblebi
iReben
araqisis maRal fass (ab manZili) TiToeul gayidul ad tonaze _ gamodis, rom araqisis mwarmoeblebis renta abcd farTobs uTanabrdeba.
196
mwarmoeblebma salicenzio sistemis SesanarCuneblad garkveuli Tanxa unda gaiRon. savaraudod, maT uwevT kongresis wamyvani wevrebis saarCevno kampaniaSi wvlilis Setana, lobistebis daqiraveba da a.S. ra maqsimalur Tanxas gadaixdis mwarmoebeli am sistemis SenarCunebisaTvis? renta Cveulebriv ukugebaze ufro maRali gadasaxadia. mwarmoebeli mzad aris, Tavisi kargi mdgomareobisaTvis maqsimaluri Tanxa gadaixados, romelic rentebis mTlian Rirebulebas (abcd) utoldeba. rogorc Cans, rentaze nadirobas ubralod momxmareblidan (vinc maRal fass ixdis) mwarmoeblamde (vinc rentas iRebs) transferisaken mivyavarT. Tumca realurad ufro bevri ram xdeba. gaixseneT im arealSi momxmareblis siWarbe, romelic fasis maRla da moTxovnis mrudis dabla mdebareobs (ixileT wignis danarTi).
licenziebis
SemoRebamde
momxmarebelTa
fae
siWarbe
arealSi
fiqsirdeboda. analogiuri logikiT, licenziis dawesebis Semdeg momxmarebelTa siWarbe fbc arealSi fiqsirdeba. amdenad, momxmarebelTa mdgomareoba or areals Soris
arsebuli
miemarTeba.
gansxvavebis
visTan
midis
(abce)
darCenili
gamo
uaresdeba.
nawili
(dce)?
abcd
mwarmoeblisaken
aravisTan.
es
`sruli
danakargia~, romelsac sazogadoeba ganicdis _ danakargi, romelsac aranairi mogeba
ar
axlavs.
sruli
tevadobis
danakargi
imitom
warmoiqmneba,
rom
araqisze fasis zrdis Sedegad araqissa da sxva saqonels Soris momxmarebelTa arCevanis deformireba xdeba. monopoliis
standartuli
reJimis
SemTxvevaSi
dce
farTobi
sruli
tevadobis erTaderTi danakargia. magram rentaze nadirobis modelSi igi ufro didi iqneba. rogorc aRiniSna, rentaze nadiroba resursebs mTlianad amowuravs –
lobistebi
cdiloben
kanonmdeblebis
darwmunebas,
konsultantebi
maregulirebeli jgufis winaSe mowmeebad gamodian, reklamaze pasuxismgebeli piri
ki
romelTa
sazogadoebasTan axali
urTierTobis
saqonlisa
da
kampanias
momsaxurebis
axorcielebs. sawarmoeblad
resursebi, gamoyenebaa
SesaZlebeli, kvlav arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebaze brZolas xmardeba. amdenad, abcd farTobi ubralod erTdroulad gadasaxdeli Tanxis transferi ar aris; igi emsaxureba realuri resursebis Sefasebas, romlebic sabazro Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyeneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, am mosazrebis mixedviT, rentaze nadirobasTan asocirebuli sruli tevadobis danakargi abcd da dce, an abce Tanxaa. Cven
ver
davaskvniT,
rom
abce
farTobi
yovelTvis
danakargia.
bevr
SemTxvevaSi es farTobi rentaze nadirobis efeqtianobis danaxarjs zrdis.
197
magaliTad, zogjer rentaze nadiroba saarCevno kampaniaSi finansuri SenataniT an qrTamis micemiT gamoixateba. es ubralo transferia da realuri resursis `amowurvad~
ar
SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.
miuxedavad
amisa,
rentaze
nadirobis
modelis arsebiTi Sedegi isaa, rom igi Cveni yuradRebis fokusirebas im danakargis
potenciur
gamoyenebis
Sedegad
masStabze
axdens,
grovdeba,
romelic
rodesac
mTavrobis
aRniSnuli
Zalauflebis
Zalaufleba
rentis
dagrovebazea orientirebuli. saboloo SekiTxva ki ase JRers: ratom aZleven arsebobis uflebas rentaze nadirobis
fenomens?
mwarmoeblis
6.5
mogebas
grafiki
aWarbebs.
gviCvenebs,
ratom
ar
rom
momxmareblis
moiTxoven
danakargi
momxmareblebi
aseTi
licenziebis gauqmebas? erTi mizezi isaa, rom saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufi SeiZleba kargad iyos organizebuli da saTanado informacia hqondes, maSin, rodesac is individebi,
romlebsac
organizebulni
iyvnen
mZime da
tvirTad mimdinare
awveba
gadasaxadebi,
movlenebis
SesaZloa,
Sesaxebac
ar
arc
hqondeT
warmodgena. SesaZlebelia, moqalaqe, romelic aRniSnul danaxarjebs gaswevs, informirebulic programis
iyos,
danaxarjs
magram
paeqrobaSi
mTeli
mosaxleoba
drois
daxarjva
inawilebs;
ar
uRirdes.
amdenad,
araqisis
individualuri moxmareblis danaxarji dabalia – am ukanasknels opoziciis organizebaSi
drois
koncentrirebulia
da
daxarjva politikuri
ar
uRirs.
organizaciis
sargebeli potenciur
SedarebiT beneficiarad
iTvleba.
sxva monawileebi
arsebobs
kidev
ramdenime
mxare,
romelic
saxelmwifos
fiskalur
gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas. sasamarTlos xarjviT
gadawyvetilebis
gadawyvetilebebze
saSualebiT
mniSvnelovnad
sasamarTlo
zemoqmedebs.
saxelmwifo
mosamarTleebi
imis
uflebas iZlevian, rom danaxarjebi iseTi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebiT iqnes gaweuli, rogoric saxelmwifo skolebi da cixeTa modernizaciaa. sakmaod STambeWdavi
magaliTia
misuris
federaluri
mosamarTlis
gadawyvetileba,
romliTac skolebis asaSeneblad kanzas-sitis 1,2 miliardi dolaris daxarjva daevala.
mosamarTlis
azriT,
skola
TeTrkanian
ojaxebs
yvelaze
didi
198
umciresobis
mqone
raionebSi
miizidavda.
mosamarTlem
adgilobriv
mmarTvelobas am gegmis dasafinanseblad gadasaxadis gazrda daavala (Blumstein, 1995, A13). Jurnalistebi fiskalur Sedegebze sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gaSuqebis gziT zemoqmedeben.
magaliTad,
dazianebuli
xidebisa
da
gzebis
farTo
sazogadoebrivi gaSuqebis Sedegad bevrma TviTmmarTvelobam insfrastruqturis gasaumjobeseblad danaxarjebi gazarda. informacia SeiZleba
Zalauflebis
iTqvas,
gadawyvetilebebze
rom
potenciurad
eqspertebic
zemoqmedebas.
mniSvnelovani
axdenen
sakanonmdeblo
wyaroa,
amitom
saxelmwifo
seqtoris
konsultanti,
romelsac
garkveuli programebis gamocdileba aqvs, debulebaTa SemuSavebisas xSirad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. arasamTavrobo eqspertebi, akademiuri mecnierebi, garemosdacviTi inJinrebi da sxvebi cdiloben, Tavisi kvalifikacia ekonomikur politikaze
zegavlenis
meinard keinzis
gansaxorcieleblad gamoiyenon.
ekonomistebs
jon
(1965/1936, gv. 383) cnobili gamonaTqvamis citireba uyvarT:
`ekonomistebisa da politikosebis ideebi, miuxedavad imisa, WeSmaritia Tu ara, ufro Zlieria, vidre dRemde hgoniaT. marTlac, msoflios marTvas cota ram sWirdeba~. Tumca Zalian rTulia ganisazRvros, zemoqmedebs Tu ara politikaze socialuri mecnierebebi, da Tu asea, rogor?
cxrili 6.6. zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis proporcia mSp-sTan (gansazRvrul wlebSi)
wlebi
kanada
Sveicaria
didi britaneTi
1900
9,5
-
14,4
1910
11,4
-
12,7
1920
16,1
-
26,2
1930
18,9
15,9
26,1
1940
23,1
19,2
30,0
1950
22,1
19,9
39,0
1960
29,7
17,7
31,9
1970
31,2
21,3
33,2
1980
37,8
29,3
41,8
1990
46,0
33,6
41,9
199
2001
-
37,4
-
38,8
ar aris informacia. wyaro: 1970 wlamde _ Pommerehne, "Quantitative Aspects of Federalism: A study of Six
Countries", in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, ed. Wallace oates (Lexington, MA: D C Health, 1977), gv. 310. Semdegi wlebi gamoTvlilia sxvadasxva gamocemebis mixedviT: National Accounts, vol.2 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), garda 2001-isa, romelic gamoTvlilia: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, gv. 838.
ratom izrdeba mTavrobis zoma?
politikuri ekonomiis sakiTxTa Soris mTavrobis zegavlenis zrdis gamo yvelaze didi vnebaTaRelva SeiniSneba. rogorc es pirvel TavSi dokumenturad iyo
dadasturebuli,
xangrZlivi
drois
ganmavlobaSi
SeerTebul
StatebSi
saxelmwifo danaxarjebi rogorc absoluturi, ise proporciuli TvalsazrisiT astronomiulad gaizarda. mzardi sajaro seqtori mxolod SeerTebul Statebs ar axasiaTebs, razedac dasavleTis sxva qveynebis maCveneblebic miuTiTebs (6.6 grafikze). Tu gvsurs gavigoT, Tu ratom izrdeba mTavrobis zegavlena, aSSisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
movlenebisa
da
institutebis
ganxilviT
ar
unda
SevizRudoT. arsebobs bevri cnobili Teoria, romlebic urTierTgamomricxavi sulac ar aris. arc erT Teorias ar ZaluZs, mTeli fenomeni axsnas. Tu maT erTobliobaSi ganvixilavT, ufro meti bundovani sakiTxi darCeba.
moqalaqeTa preferenciebi
saxelmwifo davuSvaT,
rom
danaxarjebis saSualo
zrda
amomrCevlis
moqalaqeTa moTxovna
preferenciebis saxelmwifo
gamoxatvaa.
saqonelsa
da
momsaxurebaze (G) saxelmwifo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (P) da Semosavlis (I) Sesabamisi fasis funqciaaa (f).
200
G = f (P,1)
(6.1)
moTxovnis migviyvanos,
funqcias
romelic
SeuZlia
im
saxelmwifo
Semosavlis
seqtors
gazrdil
unda
proporciamde
gadascemoda.
rodesac
Semosavali mocemuli procentiT izrdeba, moTxovnili saxelmwifo saqoneli da momsaxureba
ufro
meti
procentiT
izrdeba
_
moTxovnaze
Semosavlis
elastiuroba yvelaze maRalia. Tu marTlac asea, maSin sxva Tanabar pirobebSi Semosavlis
zrdis
process
Semosavlis
im
wilis
mkacrad
zrdad
koeficientamde, romelic saxelmwifo seqtorSi midis, TavisTavad mivyavarT13. analogiurad, Tu moTxovnaze fasis elastiuroba G-saTvis ufro dabalia da P TandaTan izrdeba, mTavrobis Semosavlis wili izrdeba. mniSvnelovania
Semdegi
sakiTxi:
saxelmwifo
seqtoris
masStabis
SedarebiTi zrda TavisTavad ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom politikur procesebSi raime
`arasworia~.
saxelmwifos
rolis
zrda
SesaZlebelia
amomrCevlis
survili iyos, romelic mis alternatiul Rirebulebas kerZo seqtorSi misi winaswari moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT racionalurad iTvaliswinebs. Semdeg ki Cndeba
aseTi
SekiTxva:
SeiZleba
Tu
P-sa
ara,
da
I-Si
ganxorcielebuli
faqtobrivi cvlileba garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg G-Si ganxorcielebuli istoriuli
cvlilebis
mizezad
CaiTvalos?
aRniSnul
SekiTxvaze
pasuxis
gasacemad borCerdingma [1985] P-sa da I-Si momxdari procentuli cvlilebebis gamoTvla daiwyo. P-s procentuli cvlileba man P-s mimarT G-s elastiurobis ekonometrikul Sefasebaze gaamravla, xolo I-Si dafiqsirebuli procentuli cvlileba _ I-s mimarT elastiurobaze. gamoTvlis Sedegad miviReT, rom G-Si momxdari
cvlilebis
mizezi
aris
P-sa
da
I-Si
momxdari
cvlilebebi.
borCerdingma es cifri G-Si dafiqsirebul cvlilebas Seadara da aRmoaCina, rom 6.1 gantolebis saSualebiT SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo biujetis zrdis mxolod 38 %-is dasabuTeba SeiZleba. es, cxadia, uxeSi gamoTvlaa, magram igi aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom saSualo amomrCevlis faqtoris garda, kidev bevri faqtori arsebobs, romelic saxelmwifos rolis zrdaze moqmedebs.
13
hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo momsaxureba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre Semosavali, vagneris kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili (adolf vagneris pativsacemad, romelmac misi formulireba moaxdina. moRvaweobda XIX saukuneSi.)
201
marqsistuli mosazreba
zogierTi marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo danaxarjebis zrda politikur-ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli integraluri procesia. marqsistul modelSi kerZo seqtors surs, Warbi produqcia awarmoos, amdenad, kapitalistur mmarTvelobas isRa darCenia, produqciis asaTviseblad danaxarji gazardos. rogorc wesi, aRniSnuli samxedro danaxarjis zrdiT miiRweva. amave dros, saxelmwifos surs, momuSavis ukmayofilebis aRmosafxvrelad socialur momsaxurebaze
danaxarji
gazardos.
saboloo
jamSi,
mzardi
danaxarji
sagadasaxado amonagebis odenobas uswrebs, mTavroba ki kraxs ganicdis. masgreivi [1980] amtkicebda, rom istoriuli faqtebi analizs ewinaaRmdegeba. `arsebobs
umniSvnelo
sazogadoebrivi
mtkicebuleba
ukmayofilebis
imisa,
rom
gamosworebiskenaa
danaxarji, mimarTuli,
romelic ganuxrelad
izrdeba~ (gv. 388). aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom dasavleT evropaSi II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi mTavrobis zomisa da kompetenciis astronomiul zrdas Tan axlda
yvelaferi,
garda
samxedro
Zalis
reabilitaciisa.
marqsistuli
analizis ZiriTadi kontribucia ki isaa, rom gamokveTilad aRiarebs kavSirs, romelic arsebobs mTavrobis zomis zrdis iseT wyaroTa Soris, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebi.
SemTxveviTi movlenebi
im Teoriebs, romlebic mTavrobis zrdas gardauvlad miiCneven, oponirebas uwevs azri, romelic miiCnevs, rom es SemTxveviTi movlenis Sedegia. `normalur~ periodSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mokrZalebuli zrda SeiniSneba. ekonomikur da
politikur
sistemaze
sruliad
SemTxveviTma
gare
Sokebma
saxelmwifo
danaxajebis ufro maRali done da dafinansebis axali meTodebis danergva `moiTxova~.
Sokis
ganeitralebis
Semdegac
ki,
inerciis
Sedegad
maRali
danaxarjebi kvlav dominirebda. pikoki da uaizmani [1967] amas cvlilebis efeqts uwodebdnen. Sokis magaliTebad didi depresia, II msoflio omi da vietnamis omi gamodgeba.
202
cvlilebani sazogadoebis damokidebulebaSi
popularuli diskusiebi zogjer imaze miuTiTebs, rom iseT socialur tendencias, rogoric sakuTari Tavis ndobis waxalisebaa, Sedegad is moaqvs, rom adamians politikuri sistemis mimarT eqtravagantuli moTxovna uCndeba. amave dros, farTod gavrcelebuli satelevizio reklama ararealurad maRal molodins
qmnis,
rasac
`santa
klausis
mentalitetamde~
mivyavarT,
es
ki
sabolood individs imis SegrZnebas akargvinebs, rom samTavrobo programasac aqvs Tavisi alternatiuli Rirebuleba. Tumca DerTni imasac amtkiceben, rom individi saxelmwifo proeqtebis Sedegad miRebul sargebels jerovnad ar afasebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo seqtori Zalian mcirea. ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi gamokveTili socialuri fenomeni SesaZloa saxelmwifo danaxarjebis zrdis mizezi iyos, aRniSnulis gansamartavad igi ufro saimedoa, radgan didi xania, rac arsebobs da bevri ram unaxavs.
Semosavlis gadanawileba
mTavroba izrdeba, radgan dabali Semosavlis mqone individebi politikur sistemas
Semosavlis
gadasanawileblad
iyeneben.
idea
is
aris,
rom
politikosebs saSualo an dabali Semosavlis mqone amomrCevelTa mozidva SeuZliaT,
Tu
maT
maRalSemosavliani
garkveul individis
sargebels
SesTavazeben,
Semosavlidan
romelic
gamoiqviTeba.
vidre
uSualod saSualo
Semosavali Sualedur Semosavals aRemateba, gadanawilebisaTvis aucilebeli meqanizmebi ki arcTu didi zianis momtania, politikosebs xmebis
mopoveba
SeuZliaT,
masStabs
Tu saxelmwifos
dafinansebiT
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
gazrdian. davuSvaT, arsebobs xuTi amomrCeveli, romelTa Semosavali aris Sesabamisad: 5 aTasi aSS dolari; 10 aTasi dolari; 15 aTasi dolari; 25 aTasi dolari; 40 aTasi dolari. Sualeduri Semosavali 15 aTasi dolaria, xolo saSualo _ 19 aTasi dolari. politikosi, romelic mxars uWers saxelmwifo programebs, romelTa mixedviTac Semosavali gadaecema im individebs, romelTa Semosavali
25
aTasi
dolarze
naklebia,
xmaTa
umravlesobas
moipovebs.
Sualedur da saSualo Semosavlebs Soris gansxvavebis zrdis paralelurad izrdeba mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli gadanawilebis masStabi _ rac ufro
203
meti Semosavalia koncentrirebuli zeda wertilSi, miT metia gadanawilebis transferebidan
saSualo
amomrCevlis
potenciuri
sargebeli. personis
da
taberlinisis mixedviT [1999], ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlis transferis politika marTlac xasiaTdeba aRniSnuli maxasiaTebliT. Teoriis
problema
isaa,
rom
igi
ar
uCvenebs,
Tu
ratom
izrdeba
TandaTanobiT saxelmwifo danaxarjebi (rogorc es 1.1 cxrilSia mocemuli). ratom
ar
mdidris
arsebobs
erTjeradi
Semosavlis
qveynebSi
qonebis
transferi,
konfiskacia
an
xdeba?
mdgomareobis
rodesac
wina
Raribis
sasargeblod
saukuneSi
dasavleT
evropis
saarCevno moTxovnebi
TandaTan
gauqmda.
SeerTebul StatebSi darCenil saarCevno barierTagan zogierTi moqalaqeTa Sesaxeb
kanoniT
(1960-iani
wlebi)
moixsna.
arCevanis
uflebis
gafarToeba
maTTvis, vinc Semosavlis yvelaze mcire nawils iRebs, zrdis amomrCevelTa proporcias, romlebic im politikoss uWeren mxars, romelic maT Semosavlis gadanawilebas dahpirdeba. xmis uflebis TandaTan gafarToebas Sedegad moaqvs mTavrobis
zomis
ganuxreli,
TandaTanobiTi
da
ara
erTjeradi
zrda.
es
hipoTeza hastidisa da kenis [1997] analizs Seesabameba (analizi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb 1950-1958 ww-Si). am periodis ganmavlobaSi Statebis garkveulma nawilma amomrCevlis gadasaxadi da marTlweris testi gaauqma,
ramac
amomrCevelTa
raodenoba
gazarda,
gansakuTrebiT
_
Rarib
mosaxleobaSi. aseT StatebSi aRiniSneboda `keTildReobaze danaxarjis uecari zrda (Tumca sxva saxis danaxarji ucvleli darCa)~ (gv. 53). am Teoriis
nakli isaa, rom igi
ver ganmartavs meTodebs,
romlebic
saxelmwifos mier Semosavlis gadanawilebisas gamoiyeneba. Tu es marTalia, maSin Semosavlis transferTa umetesoba Raribi mosaxleobisken unda iyos mimarTuli;
is
aamaRlebs maT
keTildReobas, anu
transferi unda arsebobdes. amis SeerTebul
StatebSi
xSirad
naRdi
fulis
pirdapiri
nacvlad, rogorc Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT,
transferi
naturiT
da
sxva
sargebliT
xorcieldeba, romelic saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone klasisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. alternatiuli
mosazreba
arsebobs
imis
Taobaze,
rom
Semosavlis
gadanawilebis Sedegad yvelaze metad saSualo Semosavlis mqone adamianebi igeben. `saxelmwifo danaxarjiT upirvelesad saSualo klasi sargeblobs; mas ki
14
Raribi
da
mdidari
individebi
afinanseben~14.
ix. Stigler [1970], romelic amgvar winadadebas pativsacemad direqtoris kanons uwodebs.
Tumca
ekonomistis,
sxva
samTavrobo
aaron
direqtoris,
204
satransfero programebi arsebobs, romelTa beneficiarebi mdidrebi arian; X TavSi ixileT, magaliTad, diskusia samedicino momsaxurebis Sesaxeb. satransfero
programebi,
romelTa
beneficiarebi
sxvadasxva
klasis
warmomadgenlebi arian, SesaZloa erTdroulad arsebobdes. mTavrobis mier Semosavlis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb mosazrebani urTierTgamomricxavi ar aris. mniSvnelovani
maTi
erTianobaa:
politikosebi,
rentis
maZiebelni,
saerTo
interesebis mqone individTa jgufebi da biurokratebi mxars mudmivad mzardi masStabis programebs uWeren.
mTavrobis zrdis kontroli
rogorc miuTiTebs, individs
aRvniSneT,
rom
saxelmwifo
romelime
swams,
rom
seqtoris
sabiujeto procesi
saxelmwifo
amomrCevlis
preferenciebi
kontrolis
ganxorcielebis
wesrigSi
seqtoris
metnaklebad sakiTxi
arsebiTi
ar
finansur
ganapirobebs.
mniSvnelovani
zrda aris.
qcevas
maTTvis
ar
imaze
aris.
ar
zogierT saSualo
mTavrobaze meore
mxriv,
arseboben adamianebi, romlebic mTavrobis zomis zrdas saxelmwifo politikis moSlis
simptomad
miiCneven.
maTTvis
mTavrobis
zomis
SezRudvis
sakiTxi
sakmaod mniSvnelovania. kontrolis
SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb
gamarTuli
debatebis
dros
ori
argumenti gaisma. pirveli aris is, rom ZiriTadi problemis mizezi saxelmwifos mier
warsulSi
aRebuli
valdebulebebia.
amdenad,
dRes
politikosebs
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis zrdis ganakveTis an Semadgenlobis Sesacvlelad SezRuduli romelTa
qmedebebis
gatareba
SeuZliaT.
arian
pensionerebi,
beneficiarebi
avadmyofebi
da
sxva,
arakontrolirebadi
iseTi
uflebrivi
programebi,
Sromisuunaroebi,
umuSevrebi,
danaxarjis
udides
kategorias
ganekuTvneba. rodesac davamatebT iseT muxlebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo valis momsaxureba, soflis meurneobis mxardaWeris programebi, Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebi,
vnaxavT,
rom
federaluri
biujetis
daaxloebiT
75%
,,arakontrolirebadia~. aris ki es danaxarjebi marTlac arakontrolirebadi? Tu kanonmdeblobam uflebrivi programebi daakanona, igi uflebamosilia, gaauqmos kidec isini. bevri
programis
araTu
Semcireba,
aramed
gauqmebac
ki
SesaZlebelia
Teoriulad. realurad ki moraluri da politikuri principebi mosaxleobis
205
garkveuli jgufebisaTvis micemuli pirobis darRvevis uflebas ar iZleva. nebismieri seriozuli Semcireba Soreuli momavlisTvisaa gadatanili. amdenad, mimdinare programebis safuZvelze aRebuli valdebulebis mqone individze es ar imoqmedebs. meore argumentis Tanaxmad, Cveni politikuri institutebi fundamenturadaa moSlili, xolo kontroli uflebrivi programebis Secvlaze mets iTxovs. mdgomareobis gamosworebis ramdenime gza arsebobs.
biurokratiuli stimulis Secvla
niskaneni, romelic biurokratias mTavrobis dauSvebeli zrdis mizezad MmiiCnevda, romelic
ambobda,
rom
biurokratebis
samTavrobo
samsaxuris
kargi
iqneboda,
imperiul menejeris
Seqmniliyo
tendenciebs xelfasi
misi
finansuri
Searbilebda. samsaxuris
stimuli, magaliTad,
Semadgenlobis
cvlilebaze unda iyos damokidebuli. biurokrati, romelic samsaxuris biujets Seamcirebs,
gazrdil
xelfass
miiRebs
(analogiuri
jildo
SeiZleba
SevTavazoT im kanonmdebels, romelic biujetis xarjviT nawils Seamcirebs). Tumca aseTma sistemam SesaZloa arasasurvel
Sedegebamdec
ki
migviyvanos.
xelfasis gasazrdelad menejerma SeiZleba biujeti im wertilis qvemoTac Seamciros, romelSic zRvruli sargebeli zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. nuTu marTlac
gvsurs,
gaizardos
im
socialuri
muSakis
xelfasi
imdenjer,
ramdenjerac is Seamcirebs im ojaxTa odenobas, romelTac ufleba hqondaT, saxelmwifo daxmareba mieRoT? niskaneni
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
gasawevad kerZo firmebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
saxelmwifo
sawarmoeblad
da
momsaxurebis
proporciis gazrdazec fiqrobda, im
seqtori
maT
dafinansebas
gaagrZelebda.
privatizaciis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi me-4 TavSi iyo ganxiluli.
fiskaluri institutebis Secvla
rodesac
saubroben
saxelmwifo
danaxarjebze
kontrolis
dawesebaze,
ZiriTadad sabiujeto procesis kontrols gulisxmoben. kritikosebi wlebis
206
ganvlobaSi amtkiceben, rom federaluri biujeti yovelgvar disciplinasaa moklebuli. 1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, kongresi Seecada, ramdenime kanoni mieRo, romelTa mizani garkveuli disciplinis daweseba iyo. dRes ukve qmediTi kanoni, biujetis Sesrulebis aqti* , 1990 wels iqna miRebuli. igi danaxarjisa da Semosavlis
miznebzea
fokusirebuli.
ase,
magaliTad,
1997
wlis
biujetma
daawesa diskretuli xarjvis zeda zRvari (1998-dan 2002 wlamde) (diskretuli xarji yvela im xarjs gulisxmobs, romelTac kongresi aZlevs xmas, avzis mSeneblobidan
sajaro
moxeleebis
xelfasebamde).
dadginda ramdenime
wesi,
romlebmac gansazRvra mdgomareoba, romlis drosac zeda zRvris darRveva SesaZlebeli iyo. problema isaa, rom rodesac saqme am wesebis Tavidan acilebaze midga, kongresma udidesi SemoqmedebiTi niWi gamoavlina. magaliTad, gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaze
danaxarjis
gaweva
dawesebuli
zeda
zRvris
darRvevad
ar
iTvleboda. 1999 wels yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel Casatarebel aRweraze 4,5 miliardi
aSS
dolari
klasificirebuli. konstitucia
gamoiyo,
Tumca,
romelic
iqidan
uzrunvelyofs,
2000
gauTvaliswinebel
gamomdinare, wlis
rom
aRweraze
xarjad
aRweris
iqna
Catarebas
danaxarjis
gawevis
aucileblobis ganWvreta 200 wlis winac ki SeiZleboda! amgvari
sasacilo
situaciebis
Semxedvares
aucileblad
gauCndeba
SekiTxvis dasmis survili: aqvs ki raime azri fiskaluri institutis arsebobas? Tu prezidentsa da kongress gansazRvruli odenobis fulis daxarjva surT, gana ar SeuZliaT, yovelgvar wess koordinirebulad auaron gverdi? marTlac, 2000 da 2001 wlebSi diskretulma xarjma BEA-s limits 200 miliardi aSS dolariT
gadaaWarba.
erT-erTma
damkvirvebelma
aRniSnuli
movlena
Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: `es giJuri xarjva da BEA-s dacinvaa~ (Schick, 2002, gv. 46). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi raime gasamarTlebeli sabuTis moZiebiTac ki ar iwuxeben Tavs – isini ubralod kanonebs gverds uvlian. amitom
BEA-sTan
dakavSirebuli
gamocdilebis
safuZvelze
raime
daskvnis
gamotana rTulia. aravin icis, ra formas miiRebda xarjebi kanonis ararsebobis dros. fiskaluri gamocdilebis
institutebis analizia.
mniSvnelobis
Statebis
Sefasebis
umetesobas
meore
gza
konstitucia
Statebis
operatiul
deficitur biujets ukrZalavs (operatiuli biujeti mimdinare danaxarjebis *
Budget Enforcement Act – BEA.
207
dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba, kapitaluri biujetisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic grZelvadian
investiciebs,
magaliTad,
gzebisa
da
Senobebis
mSeneblobas
afinansebs). mniSvnelovania is, rom wesebi masStabisa da simkacris mixedviT gansxvavebulia. zogierT StatSi gubernators erTaderTi moTxovna waeyeneba: waradginos dabalansebuli biujeti. Tu aRmoCnda, rom gubernatoris gegma arasworia da deficiti warmoiqmneba, ar aris saWiro, rom Statma gadasaxadebi gazardos da danaxarji Seamciros _ mas SeuZlia, fuli deficitis Sesavsebad isesxos da igi momavali wlis biujetSi Seitanos. sxva StatebSi amgvari sistema miuRebelia _ deficitis Semdgom periodSi gadatana ar SeiZleba.
aseTi
xerxebi zogjer Statebis deficitis dasafaravad gamoiyeneba. ase, magaliTad, kolorados
gubernatorma
268
milioni
aSS
dolariT
Seamcira
Statebis
deficiti: sajaro moxeleebs xelfasi erTi dRis dagvianebiT misca (fiskaluri wlis ukanaskneli dRis nacvlad xelfasi gasca Semdegi fiskaluri wlis pirvel dRes). Tumca aseTi strategiuli fandebi arcTu ise xSirad gamoiyeneba. gamokvlevis yvelaze bunebrivi strategia aseTia: SevadaroT mkacri da SedarebiT rbili sabiujeto wesebis mimdevari ori Stati; vnaxoT, romlis biujeti
xasiaTdeba
reagirebs
naklebi
gauTvaliswinebel
deficitiT
da
Semcirebul
romeli
ufro
Semosavalze.
operatiulad
arsebobs
imis
mtkicebuleba, rom mkacri sabiujeto kanonebis mqone Stati naklebi deficitiT xasiaTdeba
da
miTiTebul
danaklisze
ufro
swrafad
reagirebs.
am
mtkicebulebis interpretacia sakmaod rTulia. Cven ar viciT, Statis aseTi Sedegi
ramdenadaa
damokidebuli
mkacr
wesebze.
es
SesaZlebeli
iqneboda,
mkacri kanonebi finansuri konservatorebis mier rom iyos miRebuli, romlebic deficitis sakiTxs samarTlebrivi iZulebis gareSec agresiulad miudgebodnen. swored aseTi daskvna gamoitana ramdenime ekonometrikulma kvlevam. aseTi garTulebis
gaTvaliswinebis
Semdeg
Tavad
fiskaluri
institutebis
arsebiTobis sakiTxi mainc dgeba. rogorc poterba (1997, gv. 83) SeniSnavda: `miuxedavad imisa, rom analizis aseTi Sedegebi sakmarisi ar aris federaluri sabiujeto politikis sakiTxebis srulyofilad gamokvlevisaTvis, isini qmnis albaTobas, rom sabiujeto procesis Secvla zemoqmedebs sabiujeto Sedegze~.
sakonstitucio SezRudvebis SemoReba
BEA-s problemebi swored im mosazrebis gamo Seeqmna, rom BEA ubralod kanonmdeblobis nawili iyo, romlis Sesworeba, SeCereba da gauqmeba orive
208
palatis
xmaTa
umravlesobiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
zogierTi
SesaZloa
Sorsac
wavides da sabiujeto kanoni Tavad konstituciaSi Seitanos. konstituciaSi Sevida ramdenime Sesworeba, romelTa debulebebi tipuria: 1.
kongresi
daamtkicebs
sabiujeto
winadadebas,
`romelSic
mTliani
Semosavlis
ganakveTze
maRali
danaxarji mTlian Semosavals ar aRemateba~. 2.
mTliani
Semosavali
`erovnuli
ganakveTiT~ ar izrdeba. 3.
`kongresi
da
prezidenti
uzrunvelyofen
imas,
rom
faqtobrivma
danaxarjma biujetiT gansazRvrul danaxarjs ar gadaaWarbos~. 4. debulebebi omis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa ignorirebuli iqnes. rogorc
liberali,
ise
konservatori
ekonomistebi
Tvlian,
rom
dabalansebul biujetSi cvlilebis Setana ramdenime mizeziT ar aris jansaRi idea15. pirveli:
danaxarjisa
da
Semosavlis
Sesaxeb
sabiujeto
winadadebis
momzadeba ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb prognozebis momzadebas moiTxovs. problema swored isaa, rom prognozis avtorebi sxvadasxva Sefasebebs akeTeben. rogor SearCevs kongresi am prognozTa Soris saukeTesos? Tu SerCeuli iqneba araswori prognozi, maSin kongresi gauazreblad daarRvevs kanons! sakiTxi ufro amouxsneli da bundovani xdeba, rodesac aRmoCndeba, rom zogierTi prognozi
politikuri
tendenciurobis
safuZvelze
SeirCeva.
danaxarjebis
gazrdis mosurneni mxars dauWeren iseT prognozs, romelSic sagadasaxado Semosavlebis muxli momavali wlisTvis gaberilia, da piriqiT. meore:
clileba
`danaxarjsa~
da
`Semosavals~
ver
gansazRvravs.
mosaxerxebeli buRaltruli meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad kongress advilad SeuZlia,
gverdi
auaros
kanons.
magaliTad,
mTavrobas
martivad
SeuZlia,
Camoayalibos sxvadasxva samsaxurebi da korporaciebi, romlebsac xarjvisa da sesxebis
uflebamosileba
eqnebaT.
aseTi
saxis
arasabiujeto
saqmianoba
biujetis faqtobrivi masStabis dafarvis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. amasTanave, kanonmdeblebs
SeuZliaT,
regulirebis
iseT
miznebs
miaRwion,
romelTa
Sesrulebas gazrdili danaxarji esaWiroeba. magaliTad, kongress SeuZlia, samsaxurebis administracias daavalos TanamSromelTa dazRveva, nacvlad imisa, rom meti danaxarji gaswios samedicino momsaxurebaze. 15
ix. Schultze [1995], sadac argumenti biujetSi cvlilebis gatarebis winaaRmdeg, agreTve Buchanan [1995], sadac argumenti cvlilebis gatarebis sasargeblodaa mocemuli.
209
swavlulma iuristebma ramdenime SekiTxva dasves: ra moxdeba deficitis SemTxvevaSi? mTel kongress xom ar Casvamen cixeSi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, kongresi zedmeti xarjvis gamo gaasamarTlon? gadawyveten ki federaluri mosamarTleebi ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs? SeuZlia ki moqalaqes, sasamarTlosgan moipovos akrZalva, romlis Tanaxmadac deficitis SemTxvevaSi
yovelgvari
saxelmwifo qmedeba
SeCerdeba? BEA-s
gamocdileba
informaciuli xasiaTisaa. rodesac kanonis dacvas uaresi Sedegi mohqonda, vidre mis ignorirebas, kanoni yovelTvis ignorirebuli iyo. miuxedavad dawesebis Setanis
amisa,
idea
xarjvasa da
dResac
Sesaxeb
deficitze
popularulia.
mosazreba
konstituciuri
dabalansebul
kongresSi
1997
SezRudvebis
biujetSi
wels
cvlilebis
damarcxda.
Tumca
mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi aseTi winadadeba kidev iqneba.
daskvnebi
saxelmwifos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi rTuli da gaugebaria. demokratiis martivi modelebis sawinaaRmdegod, arsebobs Zala, romelic imaze met
saxelmwifo
mimdinare
saxsrebs
sabiujeto
xarjavs,
procesis
vidre saSualo amomrCeveli
kritikosebma
ukeTesi
isurvebda.
alternativa
ver
Camoayalibes. sabiujeto procesisaTvis racionaluri wesebisa da SezRudvebis formulireba,
rogorc
konstituciis,
ise
kanonis
doneze,
akademiuri
da
politikuri moRvaweobis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia. bolos
ki,
xazi
gvinda
gavusvaT
Semdegs:
azri
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
saxelmwifo finansebis arsebuli sistema tendenciuri da araefeqtiania, ar gulisxmobs, rom mTavroba, rogorc instituti, `cudia~. individs, romelic resursebis bazarze orientirebuli midgomis Sesabamisad ganawilebas emxroba, ufleba aqvs bazris gaumjobesebis gzebi eZios. es saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia.
210
daskvna
politikuri
ekonomia
politikuri
gadawyvetilebis
miRebis
procesis
raTa
pirdapiri
analizis dros ekonomikuri principebiT sargeblobs.
·
ekonomistebma
Seiswavles
demokratiis lindalis
dros
sxvadasxva
sazogadoebrivi
faswarmoqmnas
sazogadoebrivi
meTodebi, saqonlis
mivyavarT
saqonlis
efeqtian
doneebi
SeerCiaT.
konsensusisaken, miwodebas
romelic
ukavSirdeba
da
preferenciaTa gulwrfel aRiarebazea damokidebuli. ·
xmaTa umravlesobiT kenWisyram, Tu zogierTi individis preferencia erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT ar xasiaTdeba, SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Sesaxeb alogikur gadawyvetilebamde migviyvanos.
·
logrolingi xmebiT vaWrobis saSualebiT amomrCevels preferenciaTa intensiurobis
gamoxatvis
saSualebas aZlevs. Tumca SesaZloa
didi
danakargis xarjze mcire mogeba warmoiqmnas. ·
erous
Seusrulebadobis
miRebisaTvis
iseTi
wesis
Teoria
amtkicebs,
moZieba,
romelic
rom
gadawyvetilebis
ramdenime
racionalur
kriteriums erTdroulad akmayofilebs, zogadad SeuZlebelia. Sedegi ki isaa, rom demokratiuli sistema Seusabamo gadawyvetilebas iRebs. ·
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis qcevis axsna im urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas moiTxovs, romelic arCeul xelisuflebas, sajaro moxeleebsa da saerTo interesebis mqone individTa jgufs Soris arsebobs.
·
SemzRudavi daSvebis farglebSi arCeuli politikuri figuris qmedeba saSualo amomrCevlis survilebs Seesabameba.
·
sajaro moxeleebi ekonomikuri politikis ganviTarebasa da Sesrulebaze mniSvnelovnad
zemoqmedeben.
erTi
Teoriis
mixedviT,
biurokrati
cdilobs samsaxuris biujetis maqsimizacias, rasac Warb momsaxurebamde mivyavarT. ·
rentis maZiebeli fizikuri pirebi mTavrobis saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis gansaxorcieleblad jgufs qmnian. gansakuTrebuli interesi Semosavlis wyaros,
Semosavlis
masStabis,
mrewvelobis,
regionis
an
piradi
maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze formirdeba.
211
·
mTavrobis
zomis
zrdis
daCqareba
bevr
mizezzea
damokidebuli.
am
fenomenis ganmarteba aseTia: moqalaqeebs ubralod ufro didi masStabis mTavroba surT. saxelmwifo
seqtori
unda
gafarTovdes,
raTa
Warbi
kerZo
warmoebis
aTviseba moaxerxos. iseTi
SemTxveviTi
movlenebi,
rogoricaa omi,
mTavrobis
zomis
zrdas
aCqarebs, xolo inerciis wyalobiT Zvel doneze dabruneba aRar xdeba. ararealisturi
molodinis
Sedegia
gazrdili
moTxovna,
romelic
saxelmwifo programebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis ignorirebas axdens. garkveuli jgufebi saxelmwifos iyeneben imisaTvis, rom gadainawilon Semosavali. ·
winadadebebi
mTavrobis
zomis
zrdaze
kontrolis
ganxorcielebis
Sesaxeb kerZo seqtorSi konkurencias, sabiujeto procesis reformas da sakonstitucio cvlilebebs waaxalisebs.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. davuSvaT, xuTi adamiani (1, 2, 3, 4 da 5) Semdegnairad axorcielebs A, B, C da D proeqtebis klasificirebas:
1
2
3
4
5
A
A
D
C
B
D
C
B
B
C
C
B
C
D
D
B
D
A
A
A
a) grafikulad asaxeT preferenciebi (rogorc es 6.2 grafikzea). b) SeirCeva Tu ara xmaTa umravlesobiT romelime proeqti? romeli? Tu ar SeirCeva, axseniT _ ratom.
212
2. 2002 wels aSS-is senatma miiRo kanoni soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb. Crdilo-aRmosavleTelma
senatorebma
samxreTSi
brinjis
mwarmoebelTa
subsidirebas dauWires mxari, samxreTelebma ki _ Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi rZis mwarmoeblebis subsidirebas. Cvens mier warmodgenilia modelebi politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesis Sesaxeb. romeli moergeba yvelaze kargad am konkretul situacias? 3.
`teqnologiis~
investiciebs, (wliurad)
ris 3%-iT
qveynis
Sedegadac
mrewveloba kerZo
izrdeba.
axal
seqtorSi
mTavrobis
aRWurvilobaSi
momuSavis
warmomadgenlebi
debs
mwarmoebluroba aseTi
teqnikuri
progresis beneficiarebi ar arian. a) Tu kerZo seqtorSi xelfasi zRvruli saqonlis Rirebulebas utoldeba, ramdeniT gaizrdeba xelfasi wliurad? b) saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSaveTa xelfasi ise izrdeba, rom igi kerZo seqtoris
analogiur
maCvenebels
Seesabameba.
ra
TanafardobaSia
sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba kerZo seqtorSi warmoebul saqonelTan? g) Tu yovelwliurad erTi da imave odenobis sazogadoebrivi
momsaxureba
iwarmoeba, rogor Seicvleba mTavrobis zoma da saxelmwifo danaxarji? 4. qristiania (Tavisufali qalaqi kopenhagenSi) aris sazogadoeba, romelic 800 srulwlovnisa da 250 bavSvisagan Sedgeba. sazogadoeba `hipebma da sxvebma~ Camoayalibes. danarCeni daniisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar emorCileba kanonebs. `aq ar
arsebobs
konsensusis
gubernatori, safuZvelze
gadawyvetileba
arasodes
sabWo wydeba... ar
an
administraciuli
praqtikulad,
miiReba...
sxvadasxva
es
organo, niSnavs,
jgufebidan
yvelaferi rom
bevri
komunaluri
valdebulebebis ganawilebisa da dafarvis dros daZabuloba SeiniSneba~ (Kinzer, 1996, gv. A3). Seesabameba Tu ara es Sedegi Cvens Teoriebs, romlebic pirdapiri demokratiis dros kenWisyrasTanaa dakavSirebuli? kenWisyris ra procedurebs gauwevdiT rekomendacias qristianiasTvis? 5.
2002
wlis
Sualedur
arCevnebSi
kaliforniaSi
amomrCevelTa
76%
TeTrkanianebi iyvnen, arada, isini kaliforniis mosaxleobis naxevarze naklebia. Tu
es
monacemebi
sworia,
maSin
ramdenad
adekvaturia
Teoria
saSualo
amomrCevlis Sesaxeb? 6. 1998 wels Ppuerto-rikos mosaxleobam referendumi Caatara. arsebobda xuTi arCevani: 1. SenarCunebuliyo Tanamegobrobis statusi; 2. Seqmniliyo Stati; 3.
moepovebina
demokratia;
4.
Camoeyalibebina
`Tavisufali
asociacia~
213
(damoukideblobis tipi, romlis mixedviTac SeerTebul Statebze garkveuli Zalaufleba delegirdeboda); 5. arc erTi. ganixileT is problemebi, romlebic SesaZloa
warmoiSvas,
rodesac
mosaxleoba
arCevans
xuTi
alternatividan
akeTebs. 7. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi valdebulni arian, deficiti mSp-is 3%-ze dabla
SeinarCunon.
qveynebi,
romlebic
am
kanons
arRveven,
jarimdebian.
SeerTebuli Statebis gamocdilebaze (romelic 1990 wlis biujetis Sesrulebis aqts ukavSirdeba) dayrdnobiT, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad efeqtiani iqneba aSSSi deficitis SezRudvebi? rogor fiqrobT, ras moimoqmedeben evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi? 8. rentaze nadirobis sakiTxze diskusiis dros aRiniSna, rom licenziis gareSe araqisis moyvana akrZalulia. licenzia SesaZloa arafermermac iyidos. marTlac asea: licenziaTa umetesobas floben firmebi, romelTac araqisis warmoebasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT (magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebi). am faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara samarTliani araqisis warmoebis gaixseneT
SemTxvevaSi diskusia
salicenzio
imis
Sesaxeb,
sistemis rom
gauqmeba?
licenziis
pasuxis
mflobeli
gacemisas
valdebulia,
licenziisaTvis Tanxa gadaixados. 9. rZeze moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia Q-Ti, romelic udris 100 – 10P, sadac P aris fasi galonze, Q ki _ wliuri moTxovnis odenoba. miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria, Tu fasi 2-is tolia. a) bazari konkurentulia. amdenad, ra Rirs rZis erTi galoni da ramdeni galoni iyideba? b)
zogierTi
amuSaveben
politikosis
kartels
(aseTi
TanxmobiT
karteli
rZis
marTla
mwarmoeblebi
funqcionirebs
qmnian
da
SeerTebuli
Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi). ra iqneba kartelis fasi da ramdeni galoni
rZe
gaiyideba?
[miniSneba:
zRvruli
amonagebis
mrudi
(MR)
warmodgenilia Semdegnairad: MR = 10 – Q/5. garda amisa, gaxsovdeT, rom miwodebis
mrudi
warmoebis
TiToeul
donesTan
dakavSirebul
zRvrul
danaxarjs uCvenebs]. g) ra renta asocirdeba kartelTan? d) kartelis SesanarCuneblad rZis mwarmoeblebi lobisti politikosebis saarCevno kampaniebisaTvis erTjerad Sesatans ixdian. ra aris is maqsimaluri
214
Tanxa,
romlis
Setanis
survilic maT
eqnebaT? ra aris kartelis sruli
tevadobis danakargi? e)
rZis mwarmoeblebi kongresSi maTi sakiTxis gasatanad erTjeradi
Tanxis nacvlad lobistebsa da advokatebs daiqiraveben. icvleba Tu ara Tqveni azri
sruli
tevadobis
danakargis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
rentis
ZiebasTan
asocirdeba? 10. 11 seqtembris Semdeg arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom teroristebi qveynis sasursaTo
uzrunvelyofis
sursaTisa da wamlis niskanenis
sabotaJs
daiwyebdnen.
sasursaTo
administraciis kompetencias
biurokratiis
modeli
(grafiki
6.4).
ra
usafrTxoeba
ganekuTvneba.
gamoiyeneT
zemoqmedebas
moaxdens
sursaTis uvneblobasTan dakavSirebuli axali vnebaTaRelva administraciis TanamSromlebis optimalur odenobasa da faqtobriv odenobaze? 11.
`TheEconomist~
gakveTili
is
wers:
`amerikis
rom
SedarebiT
aris,
uaxlesi
istoriis
konservatiul
erT-erTi
qveyanaSi
naTeli
demokratebi
warmatebas maSin aRweven, rodesac centrisken gadaadgildebian~ (2002 wlis 16 noemberi).
politikuri
ekonomiis
romeli
modeli
xsnis
saukeTesod
am
magaliTs?
gamoyenebuli literatura: Borcherding, Thomas E. "The Causes of Government Expenditure Growth: A Survey of the U.S. Evidence". Journal of Public Economics 28. # 3 (1985 wlis dekemberi), gv. 359-382. Levin, Jonathan, and Barry Nalebuff. "An Introduction to Vote-Counting Schemes". Jurnal of Economic Perspectives 9 (1995 wlis zamTari), gv. 3-26. Persson, Torsten, and Guida Tabellini. "Political Economics and Public Finance". Working Paper 7097. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 04. 1999 Poterba, James M. "Do Budget Rules Work?" In Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Economic Research, ed. Alan J Auerbach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
215
Tavi 7
Semosavlis ganawileba: konceptualuri sakiTxebi
RaribTa
daxmareba
civilizaciis
winaSe
arsebuli
yvelaze
rTuli
gamocdaa. semiuel jonsoni
`mTavrobis mTeli xelovneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mosaxleobis erTi fenidan
maqsimaluri
odenobis
Tanxa
amoiRos
da
meore
fenas
gadasces~.
volteris es mtkiceba SesaZloa odnav gadaWarbebulad mogeCvenoT, Tumca yvela WeSmaritad
politikuri
sakiTxi
Semosavlis
ganawilebas
ukavSirdeba.
SekiTxvebi imis Taobaze, Tu vin moigebs da vin waagebs, aSkarad Tu SefarviT, saxelmwifo
politikis
saxelmwifo
Semosavlis
aspeqtebze
ifiqroT.
gaaanalizoT
sadiskusio ganawilebis
Semdeg
ZiriTadi
sagania.
TavSi
Tavi
politikis
ukve
saxelmwifo
es
imis
saSualebas
normatiul
SesaZlebloba
programebi,
romelTa
da
mogcemT, pozitiur
geqnebaT,
mizani
rom
RaribTa
Semosavlis SenarCunebaa. sanam saqmes SevudgebodeT, vnaxoT, ramdenad evaleba ekonomists, zogadad ganixilos ganawilebis sakiTxebi. erTni fiqroben, rom es ar ganekuTvneba ekonomistis kompetenciis sferos. Semosavlis `marTebuli~ ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
mosazreba
sxvadasxvaobaTa dawyebuli
subieqturia
sakiTxs
diskusia
gadawyvetda,
ekonomikis
ekonomistebma socialuri
da
`mecnieruli~ ar
arsebobs.
obieqturobas
sakiTxebis
gza,
ganawilebis
Crdils
efeqtianobis
romelic
ayenebs.
analizisagan
eTikur Taobaze amdenad,
Tavi unda
Seikavon.
216
am mosazrebas ori problema axasiaTebs. pirveli: rogorc me-3 TavSi iqna ganxiluli,
keTildReobis
ekonomikis
Teoria
miuTiTebs,
rom
efeqtianoba,
TavisTavad, araadekvaturi normatiuli standartia. amdenad, rodesac resursTa alternatiuli kriteriumi
ganawilebis
unda
iqnes
Sedareba
xdeba,
gamoyenebuli.
efeqtianobisagan
cxadia,
viRacas
gansxvavebuli
gauCndeba
survili,
amtkicos, rom efeqtianoba gadamwyveti faqtoria, magram, garwmunebT, es misi subieqturi Sefaseba iqneba. meore: gadawyvetilebis mimRebni politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganawilebis struqturas
adgenen.
Tu
ekonomistebi
ganawilebis
sakiTxebis
ignorirebas
moaxdenen, maSin politikosebi ekonomistebs gauweven ignorirebas. Sedegad imas miviRebT,
rom
politikosebi
mxolod
ganawilebis
sakiTxze
iqnebian
fokusirebulni da efeqtianobis sakiTxs uyuradRebod datoveben. ekonomisti, romelic
ganawilebis
sakiTxebs
gamudmebiT
Tvals
adevnebs,
politikoss
efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdgomareobis Taobaze mudmivad acnobebs.
ekonomikis
Seswavla
eTikuri
Sefasebis
umaRles
SesaZleblobas
aravis uboZebs. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomistebs aqvT unari da gamocdileba, alternatiul
RirebulebaTa
Sedegebi
warmoaCinon
da
sxvadasxva
eTikuri
miznebis miRwevisaTvis gaweuli danaxarjebi gamoTvalon. unda
monawileobdes
Tu
SecvlaSi?
rogorc
struqturis
ara
saxelmwifo
pirvel
TavSia
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
aRniSnuli,
politikuri
filosofiis zogierTi mniSvnelovani tradicia konkretulad miuTiTebs imaze, rom
Semosavlis
yvelaze
minimaluri
ganawilebaze. masalis
ganawilebaSi
intervenciac
magaliTad,
SeZenis
saxelmwifo ki
saxelmwifos
SemTxvevaSi
zogierT
ar
unda
axdens
mier
Caerios.
saxelmwifos
zegavlenas
Semosavlis
sazogadoebrivi
firmasTan
ideba
saqonlisaTvis
kontraqti,
xolo
zogierTi _ kontraqtis gareSe rCeba. im firmis mflobeli, romelic kontraqts dadebs,
damatebiT
sagadasaxado
da
Semosavals saxarjo
miiRebs.
politika
ufro
realuri
zogadad,
saxelmwifos
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
cvlilebas ukavSirdeba.
217
Semosavlis ganawileba
gavaanalizoT informacia Semosavlis mimdinare ganawilebis Sesaxeb. 7.1 cxrili uCvenebs SeerTebul StatebSi Semosavlis ganawilebas 1960-iani wlebis bolodan (Census Bureau). igi gviCvenebs, rom ganawileba usamarTlo iyo. 2001 wels mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedi mTliani Semosavlis 50%-s iRebda, xolo uRaribesi mexuTedi _ 4%-ze naklebs. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, rom usamarTlo ganawilebis done TandaTan gaizarda. Semosavlis wili, romelic uRaribesi ojaxebis or mexuTedze nawildeba, ufro naklebia, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win. sainteresoa, rom usamarTlo ganawilebis precedenti mxolod SeerTebul Statebs ar axasiaTebda. usamarTlo ganawileba yvela ganviTarebadi qveynis seni iyo, Tumca misi masStabi sxvagan odnav mcire gaxldaT.
cxrili 7.1.
fuladi Semosavlis ganawileba ojaxebs Soris
procentuli wili weli
udablesi
meore
saSualo
meoTxe
umaRlesi
umaRlesi
mexuTedi
mexuTedi
mexuTedi
mexuTedi
mexuTedi
5%
1967
4,0
10,8
17,3
24,2
43,8
17,5
1977
4,4
10,3
17,0
24,8
43,6
16,1
1982
4,1
10,1
16,6
24,7
44,5
16,1
1987
3,8
9,6
16,1
24,3
46,2
18,2
1992
3,8
9,4
15,8
24,2
46,9
18,6
1997
3,6
8,9
15,0
23,2
49,4
21,7
2001
3,5
8,7
14,6
23,0
50,1
22,4
wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, Current Popilation Reports, series P. 60-209 (Washington D.C:
US
Government
Printing
Office),
2001,
URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h02.html. cifrebi naturiT ganxorcielebul transferebs ar moicavs.
218
cxrili 7.2. vin aris Raribi?
jgufi
siRaribis ganakveTi
jgufi
siRaribis ganakveTi
yvela piri
11,7 %
18 wlamde
16,3%
TeTrkaniani
7,4
65 wlis da zemoT
10,1
Savkaniani
20,7
laTino-amerikeli
19,4
martoxela dedebi
26,4
ojaxebiT
wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, "Historical Poverty Tables". [WWW Document] URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/2002/pubs/p60-219.pdf. cifrebi 2001 wlisaa.
cxrili 7.3.
siRaribis ganakveTi (gansazRvruli wlebi)
weli
siRaribis ganakveTi
weli
siRaribis ganakveTi
1959
22,4%
1980
13,0%
1960
22,2
1985
14,0
1965
17,3
1990
13,5
1970
12,6
1995
13,8
1975
12,3
2000
11,3
2001
11,7
wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, "Historical Poverty Tables". [WWW Document] URL: http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/perindex.html
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
Sesafaseblad
SesaZlebelia
maTi
odenobis
gamoTvla, vinc siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. siRaribis zRvari aris realuri Semosavlis fiqsirebuli ganakveTi, romelic cxovrebis minimaluri donis
uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisia1.
cxadia,
imis
dadgenisas,
Tu ra aris
1
siRaribis zRvris gamosaTvlelad, pirvel rigSi, im racionis minimaluri Rirebuleba unda iqnes gamoTvlili, romelic kvebiTi Rirebulebis standarts akmayofilebs. Semdeg Semosavlis is proporciuli wili unda gamoiTvalos, romelic sakvebze sxvadasxva
219
adekvaturi, subieqturi mosazrebebi dominirebs. miuxedavad amisa, siRaribis zRvris arseboba sasargeblo sakontrolo wertilad iTvleba. 2001 wels oTxi wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxis siRaribis zRvari iyo 18244 aSS dolari. imave wels dafiqsirebuli saSualo Semosavali (ojaxTa erTi naxevari iRebda masze dabal, xolo meore naxevari _ masze maRal Semosavals) 42228 aSS dolari iyo. 2001 wels siRaribis zRvars qvemoT 32,9 milioni adamiani, anu mosaxleobis 11,7% imyofeboda. 7.2 cxrili sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT siRaribis zRvars qvemoT
myofi
mosaxleobis
proporcias
gviCvenebs.
siRaribe
gansakuTrebiT
daundobelia martoxela dedebis ojaxebSi _ siRaribis zRvars qvemoT aseTi ojaxebis 26,4%-ia. Savkanianebic da laTino-amerikuli warmoSobis adamianebic am zRvars qvemoT imyofebian. 7.3 cxrili siRaribis ganakveTSi droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdar cvlilebebs asaxavs. cifrebi cxadyofs, rom siRaribis masStabi SeerTebul StatebSi dRes mniSvnelovnad
dabalia,
vidre
naxevari
saukunis
win.
Tumca
Semcirebis
tendenciis stabilizeba ver xerxdeba. ratom nawildeba Semosavali ase araTanabrad? – es SekiTxva didi xania ekonomikis centralur adgils ikavebs, Tumca masze mkafio pasuxi jer kidev ar arsebobs2. SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi ojaxebs Soris Semosavlis sxvadasxva
usamarTlod xelfasia.
ganawilebis
sakuTrebaze
mTavari
gansxvavebuli
mizezi
ojaxis
Semosavali
ufrosTa
(procentebi,
dividendebi da a.S.) Semosavlis usamarTlo ganawilebis gamomwvevi araarsebiTi mizezia. dakvirveba, cxadia, mniSvnelovania, magram igi Semosavlis usamarTlo ganawilebis mizezs jer kidev ver xsnis _ SesaZloa, vinmem aseT mizezad sxvadasxva masStabis gasamrjelo daasaxelos. gamomuSavebuli gasamrjelo iseT gansxvavebul faqtorebzea damokidebuli, rogoricaa: fizikuri Zala, gonebrivi potenciali, energia, janmrTeloba, ganaTlebis done, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminacia, saxelmwifo keTildReobis programebi da iRbali. ekonomistebis azriT, bolo periodSi araTanabari ganawilebis zrdis ZiriTadi
mizezi ganaTlebis
Sedegad miRebuli
finansuri ukugebis
zrdaa. iseTi teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kompiuteruli teqnikis
sayovelTao
danergva,
kolejdamTavrebulebi
bevrad
maRal
zomis ojaxebSi ixarjeba. siRaribis zRvari `adekvatur~ racionze am proporciis Sebrunebuli ricxvis gamravlebiT dgindeba. 2 etkinsoni [1983] Semosavlis ganawilebis alternatiul Teoriebs ganixilavs; topeli [1997] Semosavlis ganawilebaSi bolo periodSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs aanalizebs.
220
anazRaurebas iReben, vidre maTi Tanatolebi, romelTac dabali ganaTleba aqvT. Tumca es siRaribis yvela tipis asaxsnelad ar gamodgeba. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, es faqti keTilgonivruli politikis SemuSavebis process, romlis mizani Semosavlis gadanawileba iqneba, `datanjavs~.
ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis interpretacia
aSS-Si
aRweris
monacemebi
Semosavlis
ganawilebisa
da
siRaribis
ganakveTis Sesaxeb yvelaze farTo ganxilvis sagania. amdenad, mniSvnelovania vicodeT es monacemebi da maTi SezRudvebis dros gamoyenebuli meTodebi.
Semosavlis maCveneblebi mxolod ojaxTa fulad Semosavals moicavs. am faqtis mniSvnelobis gasagebad Semosavlis gansazRvras gTavazobT. individis Semosavali aris mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli da dazogili Tanxebis jami (Semosavlis ufro detaluri gansazRvreba ixileT me-15 TavSi). ojaxis Semosavali ara mxolod miRebuli naRdi fulisagan, aramed naturiT miRebuli Semosavlisagan (anazRaureba ara naRdi fuliT, aramed saqonliT an momsaxurebiT)
Sedgeba.
oficialuri
definicia,
romelic
naturiT
miRebul
Semosavals ar iTvaliswinebs, siRaribis donis araswor Sefasebamde migviyvans. warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni administracia Rarib mosaxleobas vauCers urigebs, romelic
Raribs
saukeTeso
sastumroSi
cxovrebisa
da
yvelaze
cnobil
restoranSi saWmlis mirTmevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Tumca amiT siRaribis oficialuri ganakveTi ar
Seicvleba.
Seuqmnis.
is
samagierod,
dabalSemosavliani
mosaxleobis
saxelmwifo Raribebs
uzrunvelyofs
fufunebas
sasursaTo
binaTmSeneblobis
programas,
ver
talonebs, samedicino
samsaxuris subsidirebas. Cveni Sefasebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier gacemuli arafuladi
sargeblis
ganakveTi 20%-ze metiT naturiT
gaTvaliswinebis
Semdeg
siRaribis
oficialuri
Semcirdeba3.
miRebuli
Semosavlis
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
forma
im
drois
Rirebulebaa, romelsac srulwlovnebi Tavis ojaxs miuZRvnian. oficialuri monacemebi arafers ambobs imaze, rom martoxela mSoblis ojaxisaTvis da ori mSoblis
ojaxisaTvis
gansxvavebuli
odenobis
ekonomikuri
resursebia
US Census Bureau, CPS Annual Demographic Supplement. cxrili ganTavsebulia Semdeg misamarTze: http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty01/r&dtable6.html 3
221
xelmisawvdomi, an imaze, rom ekonomikuri resursebis sxvadasxva odenobas iRebs ojaxi, romelSic orive mSobeli muSaobs, da ojaxi, romelSic mxolod erTi mSobelia dasaqmebuli. naturiT Semosavali zogjer grZelvadiani sargeblobis saqonliTaa warmodgenili. yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi am mxriv saxlia, romelic mflobelisaTvis sacxovrebel-komunaluri momsaxurebis nakads qmnis. aRniSnuli momsaxurebis Rirebuleba saxlis mesakuTis mier sxva SemTxvevaSi sacxovrebeli binis daqiravebaze gaweul danaxarjs utoldeba. amdenad, Tu ojaxi flobs saxls, romlis daqiravebisTvisac mas 5 aTasi aSS dolari unda gadaexada, maSin gamodis, rom es Tanxa mis SemosavalSi unda iqnes CarTuli. dakvirveba efuZneba im faqts, rom 15 aTas aSS dolarze naklebi Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis 48% saxlebs flobs.
oficialuri cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebs. Semosavlis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi gadasaxadis gadaxdamde periods asaxavs. amdenad, faqti, rom sagadasaxado sistemas maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis Semosavlis ufro didi odenoba miaqvs, vidre dabalSemosavliani ojaxebisa, am cifrebSi naCvenebi ar aris.
RaribTa
sasargeblod
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
erT-erTi
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani programa, romelsac gamomuSavebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis krediti (Earned Income Tax Credit - EITC)
ewodeba,
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba (programa me-8 TavSia ganxiluli). saSualebiT dolari
dabalSemosavlian
gadaecema;
siRaribis
ojaxebs
yovelwliurad
Sesaxeb
statistika
EITC programis
31
ar
miliardi
iTvaliswinebs
aSS am
transferebs.
Semosavali
wliurad
izomeba.
Semosavlis
koncefcia
mniSvnelovania
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi garkveuli periodis intervaliT izomeba. Tumca drois zusti grafiki gamokveTili ar aris. dRiuri an kvireuli Sefaseba absurduli ideaa – SesaZloa, TviT yvelaze mdidar adamiansac ki drois mcire monakveTSi
nulovani
Semosavali
hqondes.
yvelaze
racionaluri
iqneboda,
Semosavali weliwadSi erTxel gagvezoma (swored wliurad dgeba oficialuri monacemebi).
Tumca
wliurma
Sefasebamac
ki
SeiZleba
individis
WeSmariti
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ver asaxos. wlidan wlamde Semosavali SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad ganmavlobaSi
meryeobdes. miRebuli
Teoriuli
Semosavali
TvalsazrisiT,
idealuri
mTeli
varianti
sicocxlis
iqneboda,
Tumca
praqtikulad am monacemis gamoTvla warmoudgenelia.
222
sxvadasxva periodebis Semosavlebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani SesaZloa ubralo
akademiur
fandad
CavTvaloT,
Tumca
es
gansxvavebani
metad
mniSvnelovania. individs dabali Semosavali aqvs, rodesac is axalgazrdaa, SedarebiT maRali – roca saSualo asakSia, da naklebi, rodesac xandazmulia da pensias iRebs. amdenad, individebi, romelTac identuri Semosavali aqvT mTeli
sicocxlis
imyofebian, Sefaseba
ganmavlobaSi,
wliurad (7.1-dan
ganawilebas
7.3
uCvenebs,
magram
sxvadasxva cxrilis vidre
sxvadasxva
Semosavals CaTvliT)
is
sasicocxlo
iReben.
wliuri
Semosavlis
ufro
usamarTlo
Semosavlis
Sefasebani,
fazaSi
romlebic
sicocxlis
mTel
xangrZlivobazea gaTvlili. xangrZlivi periodisaTvis keTildReobis ganakveTis Sefasebis
Sedegad
Raribi
ojaxebis
wili
siRaribis
wliur
ganakveTTan
SedarebiT sami an oTxi procentuli punqtiT mcirdeba (Jorgenson, 1998).
rTulia sxvasTan
dakvirvebis
erTad
obieqtis
cxovrobs
da,
gansazRvra.
amdenad,
individTa
garkveuli
udidesi
masStabiT,
nawili
erToblivi
ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba miiReba. ris mixedviT unda Sefasdes Semosavlis ganawileba – individis Tu ojaxis? Tu ekonomia erTad cxovrebiT miiRweva, es individis Semosavlis gamoTvlis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Tu ara? ase, magaliTad: aris Tu ara orwevriani ojaxi, romlis Semosavali 30 aTasi aSS dolaria, iseTive materialur mdgomareobaSi, rogorSic erTwevriani ojaxi, romlis Semosavali 15 aTasi aSS dolaria? ori individis danaxarji erTi individis danaxarjis toli ver iqneba, magram SesaZloa wyvilma ise icxovros, rom 1,5 individis danaxarji gaswios. Tu asea, maSin, realurad, wyvili ufro ukeTes materialur mdgomareobaSi yofila, vidre erTwevriani ojaxi. Tumca marTebuli
makoreqtirebeli
konteqstSi
7.2
cxrilidan
faqtoris gaixseneT,
moZieba rom
arcTu
erT-erTi
ise
advilia.
kategoria
am
swored
martoxela dedebi arian, romelTac awevT ojaxi da ar hyavT qmari. Tumca, baumanis [1997] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, im ojaxis Semosavlis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad, romlis wevrebic daqorwinebulni ar arian iuridiulad, oficialuri gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad Raribad Seracxul individTa 55% siRaribis zRvars zemoT gadainacvlebs. problema moulodnelad Cndeba, rogorc ki ojaxis struqtura icvleba. warmoidgineT, ra moxdeba, rodesac bebias gazrdili Semosavali, nacvlad srulwlovan saSualebas
SvilebTan miscems.
erTad
warmoiqmneba
cxovrebisa, axali
sakuTar
ekonomikuri
saxlSi erTeuli
cxovrebis Semosavlis
dabali ganakveTiT. oficialuri statistika gviCvenebs, rom viTareba gauaresda
223
_ saSualo Semosavali daeca da ekonomikuri uTanabroba gaizarda. Tumca axali
sacxovrebeli
mimarTulebebi
individebis
mdgomareobas
zogadad
aumjobesebs. amrigad, Semosavlis ganawilebisa da siRaribis donis standartuli sazomi berketebi sasargeblo informacias uzrunvelyofs, Tumca maT garkveuli eWviT unda movekidoT. es aSkaraa, rodesac Sedarebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba.
Semosavlis ganawilebis logikuri safuZveli
cxadia, Semosavali usamarTlod nawildeba. individebi ver Tanxmdebian, saxelmwifom ganawilebis politika unda gaataros Tu ara. aRniSnul sakiTxze qvemoT bevr mosazrebas SexvdebiT.
martivi utilitarizmi
tradiciuli keTildReobis ekonomikis postulatis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis keTildReoba misi wevrebis keTildReobazea damokidebuli. algebrulad, Tu sazogadoebaSi sargeblianoba
n
arsebobs aris
Ui
,
raodenobis
maSin
individi
socialuri
da
keTildReoba,
i-uri W,
individis individebis
sargeblianobis F funqciaa4:
W = F (U 1 ,U 2,..., U n )
(7.1)
7.1 gantolebas zogjer utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis funqcias uwodeben, radgan igi XIX saukunis socialuri utilitarizmis filosofosebTan
4
diskusia im problemebs ar iTvaliswinebs, romlebic maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac sazogadoebis wevrebi socialuri keTildReobis funqciis Sesaxeb ver Tanxmdebian. ix. me-6 Tavi.
224
asocirdeba5. Ui -s nebismieri cvlileba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi zrdis W-s. cvlileba,
romlis
ganxorcielebis
Semdeg
erTi
individis
mdgomareoba
umjobesdeba ise, rom meore individis materialur mdgomareobas ziani ar adgeba, socialuri keTildReobis dones amaRlebs. ras ambobs
utilitarizmi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifom Semosavali unda
gaanawilos Tu ara? pasuxi gulwrfelia, Tumca ara Zalian informaciuli _ saxelmwifos SeuZlia, Semosavali im pirobiT gadaanawilos, rom amis Sedegad gaizrdeba
W.
ufro
konkretuli
instruqciis
misaRebad
ganvixiloT
7.1
gantolebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli piroba:
W = U 1 + U 2 + ... + U N
(7.2)
am SemTxvevaSi socialuri keTildReoba individTa sargeblianobis ubralo jamia. es aditiuri socialuri keTildReobis funqciis saxeliTaa cnobili. davuSvaT, saxelmwifos mizania, 7.2 gantolebaSi mocemuli W maqsimalurad gazardos. aRniSnuli socialuri keTildReobis funqcia, ramdenime daSvebasTan erTad, mkacri Sedegebis miRebis safuZvels gvaZlevs. davuSvaT, rom: 1. individebs aqvT identuri sargeblianobis funqcia, rac mxolod maT Semosavalzea damokidebuli. 2. aRniSnuli sargeblianobis funqciebi Semosavlis Semcirebad zRvrul sargeblianobas
gamoxatavs
_
individis
Semosavlis
zrdasTan
erTad
misi
materialuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, magram ufro mcire proporciiT. 3. xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia. saxelmwifom
am
daSvebebisa
da
aditiuri
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqciis gamoyenebis Sedegad Semosavali imisTvis unda gadaanawilos, rom srul Tanasworobas miaRwios. amis dasamtkiceblad warmovidginoT, rom sazogadoeba ori wevrisagan _ petresa da pavlesgan Sedgeba (am SemTxvevaSi ufro martivia ganzogadeba, vidre mravalwevrian
magaliTebSi).
7.1
grafikze
OO ¢
horizontaluri
manZilis
5
faqtobrivad, utilitaristebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialuri keTildReoba 7.2 gantolebis Tanaxmad sargebelTa jamia. Tumca saxelwodeba dRes 7.1 gantolebis ufro zogadi formulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.
225
saSualebiT sazogadoebisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis
pavles Semosavali O wertilis
gamoiTvleba.
izomeba, petres Semosavali ki _ amdenad,
OO ¢
mTliani odenoba
marjvniv arsebuli
manZiliT
O¢ wertilis marcxniv arsebuli manZiliT.
nebismieri wertili pavlesa
da petres
Soris
Semosavlis
ganawilebas gviCvenebs. Cveni mizania, `saukeTeso~ wertili vipovoT.
pavles Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianoba O wertilidan vertikalurad izomeba. meore daSvebis Tanaxmad, pavles Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobis sxivi misi Semosavlis donis mimarT qvemoTaa daxrili da aRniSnulia MU Paul iT. petres Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobis sxivi MU Peter -iTaa aRniSnuli (gaxsovdeT,
rom
horizontalur
RerZze
marcxniv
moZraoba
aris
petres
Semosavlis zrda). petresa da pavles identuri sargeblianobis funqciebi aqvT, amdenad, MU Peter MU Peter -is sarkisebri gamosaxulebaa. davuSvaT, rom pavles Tavdapirveli Semosavalia Oa, petresi ki _ O¢a . aris Tu
ara
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqcia
SeZlebisdagvarad
maRali,
an
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom petresa da pavles Soris Semosavlis ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi sargeblis jami gaizardos? davuSvaT, rom petres ab dolari gamoarTves da misces pavles. cxadia, petres mdgomareoba gauaresdeba, xolo pavlesi _ gaumjobesdeba. aq daismeba arsebiTi SekiTxva: ra mouva sargebelTa
226
jams? petre pavleze mdidaria, amitom petres sargeblianobis danakargi pavles mogebaze
mcire
geometriulad,
iqneba,
amdenad,
TiToeuli
maTi
individis
sargeblianobis
Semosavlis
jami
zRvruli
gaizrdeba.
sargeblianobis
sxivis qveS ganTavsebuli areali individis Semosavlis cvlilebiT gamowveul sargeblianobis cvlilebas zomavs. pavlesaTvis ab dolaris micemis Sedegad pavles sargeblianoba abfe arealiT gaizarda, petresaTvis ab gamorTmevam ki petres sargeblianoba abdc arealiT Seamcira. maTi sargeblianobis jami cefd gamuqebuli arealiT gaizarda. sanam
sxvadasxva
individis
Semosavali
da
zRvruli
sargeblianoba
araTanabaria, sargeblianobis jami gaizrdeba, Tu Semosavals ufro Rarib individs
gavunawilebT.
mxolod
I* wertilSi,
sadac
Semosavali
zRvrul
sargeblianobas utoldeba, xdeba socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizacia. aseT viTarebaSi Semosavlis sruli Tanasworobis wertilis Zieba unda gagrZeldes. daskvna ekonomikuri politikisaTvis gasaocaria. amdenad, yuradRebiT unda movekidoT im daSvebebs, romelTac igi efuZneba.
daSveba # 1. imis dadgena, individebi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT xasiaTdebian
Tu
ara,
SeuZlebelia.
Cven
verasodes
gavigebT,
individebi
saqonlis moxmarebiT Tanabrad kmayofilni arian Tu ara, radgan kmayofilebis obieqturad Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca aRniSnuli daSveba ori mosazrebiTaa dasabuTebuli: pirveli:
SeuZlebelia
davamtkicoT,
rom
individebi
Tanabar
sargeblianobas iReben Semosavlis identuri odenobidan. Tumca es marTebuli daSvebaa. Tu individebi xiluli maxasiaTeblebiT (wona, simaRle da a.S.) didad ar gansxvavdebian, ratom iqneba gansxvavebuli maTi sargeblianobis funqciebi? rogorc nobelis premiis laureati, amartia seni (1999, gv. 358) ambobda, `rogor SeuZlia gaigos erTma adamianma sxva adamianis fiqri da grZnoba, Tu ar Seadarebs
Tavis
fiqrsa
da
grZnobas.
SesaZloa,
aseTi
Sedareba
ar
iyos
absoluturad zusti, magram... adamianTaSorisi Sedarebis didi sizuste misi sistematuri gamoyenebisaTvis SeiZleba arc iyos saWiro~. meore: daSvebis interpretacia ara fsiqologiuri, aramed eTikuri kuTxiTaa SesaZlebeli. moqmedebdes,
ganawilebis TiTqos
politikis
yvela
individi
SemuSavebisas identuri
saxelmwifo
sargeblianobis
ise
unda
funqciiT
xasiaTdebodes (miuxedavad imisa, namdvilad asea Tu ara).
227
cxadia, rom arc erT arguments ar ZaluZs skeptikosis darwmuneba. amdenad, daSveba kvlav arasaimedod gamoiyureba.
daSveba # 2. odnav ufro teqnikuri, Tumca mainc mniSvnelovani protesti Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis Sesaxeb daSvebas axlavs Tan. nebismieri mocemuli saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba SesaZloa moxmarebis Sedegad
daeces.
Tumca
aRniSnuli
daSveba
mTlianad
Semosavlis
mimarT
WeSmariti ar aris. 7.1 grafikSi Sedegebi radikalurad icvleba, Tu Semosavlis zRvruli
sargeblianobis
sxivi
qvemoT
ixreba.
davuSvaT,
rom
Semosavlis
zRvruli sargeblianoba Semosavlis yvela doneze ucvlelia. maSin MU Peter da
MU Paul
identur
dolaris
horizontalur
gamorTmevis
xazze
SemTxvevaSi
iqneba
misi
warmodgenili.
sargeblianobis
petresaTvis
danakargi
pavles
mogebas utoldeba. amdenad, maTi sargeblianobis jami Semosavlis ganawilebaze damokidebuli
ar
aris.
saxelmwifos
ganawilebis
politikas
socialuri
keTildReobis Secvla ar SeuZlia.
daSveba # 3. daSvebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis mTliani Semosavali, OO ¢ , fiqsirebulia. namcxvris zoma saxelmwifos mier misi naWrebis ganawilebis Sedegad
ar
Seicvleba.
davuSvaT,
rom
individis
sargebeli
ara
marto
Semosavalze, aramed Tavisufal drozecaa damokidebuli. TiToeuli individi iRebs
gadawyvetilebas
imis
Sesaxeb,
Tu
ra
odenobis
Tavisufali
dro
moaxmaros sargeblis maqsimizacias (anu ramdeni xani imuSaos). gadasaxadebi da subsidiebi, individis
romlebic samuSao
Semosavlis
gasanawilebladaa
gadawyvetilebas cvlis
dawesebuli,
da mTlian
realur
zogadad
Semosavals
amcirebs. amdenad, sazogadoeba, romlis mizani sargeblianobis jamis gazrdaa, dilemis winaSe dgeba. erTi mxriv, mas Semosavlis ganawilebis gaTanabreba surs.
aseTi
qmedebiT
ki
is
xelmisawvdomi
Semosavlis
mTlian
odenobas
amcirebs. Semosavlis optimaluri ganawileba Tanasworobis misaRwevad gaweul danaxarjs (realuri Semosavlis danakargs) unda iTvaliswinebdes. zogierTi kvleva cxadyofs, rom aseTi danaxarjebi marTlac mniSvnelovania. balardma [1996]
gaaanaliza
dabalSemosavlian iTvaliswinebda.
programa, individebze
man
daadgina,
romelic
maRalSemosavliani
ganxorcielebul rom
aseT
naRdi
SemTxvevaSi
fulis
individebis transfers
maRalSemosavliani
individis danakargi 1,28-2,14-jer mainc aRemateboda beneficiaris mogebas. Tumca es sakiTxi jer kidev formulirebis stadiaSia.
228
amrigad,
identuri
sargeblianobis
funqciis
Sesaxeb
daSveba
imis
garantirebisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis ganxorcielebiT Tanasworobas miaRwevs, sakmarisi ar aris. pasuxi Semosavlis ganawilebis dros gamoyenebul
meTodebsa
da
maT
mier
adamianis
qcevaze
ganxorcielebul
zemoqmedebazea damokidebuli.
maqsimumis kriteriumi
utilitarizmis
pirobebSi
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqciis
forma
adekvaturi saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. 7.2 gantolebaSi ganvixileT martivi aditiuri socialuri keTildReobis ganawilebis
funqcia, mimarT
romlis
Tanaxmadac
indiferentulia6.
Tu
sazogadoeba
sargeblianobis
sargeblianobis
erTeuls
erT
individs gamoarTmeven da meores miscemen, sargeblianobaTa jami ucvlelia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, aseTia socialuri keTildReoba. utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis sxva funqcia amgvari logikiT ar xasiaTdeba da, cxadia, gansxvavebuli politikuri daniSnulebisaa. ganixileT socialuri keTildReobis aseTi funqcia:
W = Minimum(U 1 ,U 2 ,..., U n
(7.3)
7.3 gantolebis Tanaxmad, socialuri keTildReoba minimaluri sargeblis mqone individis sargebelzea damokidebuli. aRniSnuli socialuri fenomens xSirad
maqsimalur
kriteriums
uwodeben,
radgan
misi
mizani
minimaluri
sargeblis mqone individis sargeblis maqsimizaciaa. maqsimaluri kriteriumis Tanaxmad,
Semosavlis
ganawileba
idealurad
Tanaswori
unda
iyos,
garda
Tanasworobidan iseTi gadaxrisa, romlis Sedegad yvelaze Raribi individis materialuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, romlis mdidari individi, petre, Rarib pavles
amuSavebs. saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT
dabegravs petres da amonagebs pavles gaunawilebs. petre dabegvris Semdeg amcirebs 6
warmoebas
da
pavles
aTavisuflebs.
ufro
metic,
7.2 gantoleba ar gulisxmobs imas, rom rogorc zemoT sazogadoeba Semosavlis ganawilebis mimarT indiferentulia.
iyo
pavles
mier
damtkicebuli,
229
saxelmwifosagan warmoqmnil pirobebSi
miRebuli
danakargTan SesaZloa,
Semosavali
SedarebiT
maqsimaluri
samsaxuridan
mcirea.
aseTi
kriteriumis
gaTavisuflebiT
hipoTeturi
ekonomiis
dakmayofilebis
Semdegac
arsebobdes araTanabari Semosavali. maqsimalurma kriteriumma didi yuradReba daimsaxura. filosofosi jon raulzi [1971] amtkicebda, rom kriteriumi eTikuri TvalsazrisiT misaRebi iyo. raulzis argumenti sawyisi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mosazrebas eyrdnoboda. esaa warmosaxviTi situacia, rodesac arc erTma adamianma ar icis Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi. adamianebi arc imaze fiqroben, gamdidrdebian Tu gaRaribdebian. amdenad, raulzi miiCnevs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi adamianTa mosazrebani ganawilebis miznebis
Taobaze miukerZoebeli da samarTliania. raulzi imasac
amtkicebda, rom sawyis poziciaSi myofi individebi maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis
funqcias
danergaven,
radgan
igi
adamianebs
fataluri
Sedegebisagan azRvevs. adamians eSinia, Semosavlis ganawilebisas fskerze ar aRmoCndes. amitom mas urCevnia fskerze maqsimalurad maRali pozicia daikavos. raulzis analizi winaaRmdegobrivia. mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad eTikuria is gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac adamiani sawyis poziciaSi miiRebs. ratom unda mivaniWoT gansakuTrebuli moraluri mniSvneloba sawyis mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianis amoralur da egoistur mosazrebebs? garda amisa, Tundac CavTvaloT, rom raulzis Sexeduleba sawyisi poziciis eTikurobis Sesaxeb marTebulia, sakiTxavia, raulzis
migviyvans mimdevrebs
ki
racionaluri
ise
eSiniaT
egoizmi
riskisa,
rom
maqsimalur
kriteriumamde?
aranairi
SesaZleblobis
gamoyeneba ar surT. Tumca individTa umetesoba siRaribis mcire SesaZleblobis arsebobas daeTanxmeba, Tu samagierod maRali Semosavlis miReba SeeZleba. da
bolos,
kritikosebi
SeniSnaven,
rom
maqsimaluri
kriteriumi
specifikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. feldStaini (1976 gv. A84) aseT scenars gvTavazobs: `arsebobs axali SesaZlebloba imisa, rom yvelaze Raribi individis materialuri mdgomareoba odnav gaumjobesdes. Tumca amgvari qmedebiT TiTqmis yvela sxva individis iqneba
mxolod
mniSvnelovani
mdgomareoba
ramdenime, Raribi
vinc
individis
mniSvnelovnad uzRvav
gauaresdeba, gamonaklisi
simdidres
keTildReobis
moixveWs~.
amaRlebaa.
yvelaze
maqsimaluri
kriteriumi ki migviTiTebs, rom sazogadoebam es SesaZlebloba unda gamoiyenos. Tumca aseTi midgoma aramimzidvelad gamoiyureba.
230
Semosavlis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT
aditiuri da maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis funqciebis ganxilvam im daskvnamde migviyvana, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis Sedegad individTa erTi jgufis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, xolo meore jgufisa – uaresdeba. ganawileba pareto-gaumjobesebis wertilSi arasodes ar iqneba _ igi iseT cvlilebas verasodes uzrunvelyofs, romlis drosac TiToeuli individis materialuri keTildReoba Tu ar gaumjobesdeba, arsebul doneze mainc darCeba. zustad aseT Sedegs iZleva imis daSveba, rom TiToeuli individis sargebeli mxolod mis Semosavalzea
damokidebuli.
am
koncefciis
sapirispirod,
warmovidginoT
mdidari altruisti, romlis sargebeli ara mxolod mis Semosavalze, aramed Raribis Semosavalzecaa damokidebuli. aseT viTarebaSi ganawilebam SesaZloa pareto-gaumjobesebis wertils miaRwios. roca mdidari (petre) dolars Raribs (pavles) aZlevs, petres kmayofileba Tavisi keTili saqcielis gamo mis zarals gadawonis. amave dros, dolaris damatebiT pavles sargebelic izrdeba. transferis Sedegad orive individis materialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba. marTlac, efeqtianoba imas moiTxovs, rom Semosavali ganawildes, sanam petres mier pavlesaTvis dolaris gadacemis Sedegad
gazrdili
sargeblianobis
kmayofilebis
danakargs,
rac
SegrZneba
ufro
zustad
dabali
udris
moxmarebiTaa
petres
gamowveuli.
davuSvaT, petres uWirs aseTi transferis Tavad ganxorcieleba. albaT imitom, rom mas ara aqvs informacia, Tu vin aris namdvilad Raribi. Tu saxelmwifo petres am transferiT usasyidlod uzrunvelyofs, maSin efeqtianoba gaizrdeba. es problema garegan efeqts ukavSirdeba. pavles qceva (am SemTxvevaSi _ moxmareba) petres keTildReobaze bazris garedan axdens zemoqmedebas. rogorc yovelTvis,
saxelmwifos
efeqtianobis
amaRleba
SeuZlia.
Tu
movlenebs
logikur dinebaze mivuSvebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Semosavlis ganawileba sazogadoebrivi araTanasworobis mdgomareoba
saqonelia,
radgan
xarisxi
zemoqmedebs.
Semosavlis
ufro
TiToeuli davuSvaT, Tanabari
individis rom
sargeblianobaze
TiToeuli
ganawilebis
individis SemTxvevaSi
gaumjobesdeboda. Tumca arc erT individs TavisTavad ar surs, Semosavali Raribs gadasces. Tu saxelmwifo iZulebis uflebis gamoyenebiT TiToeul mdidar individs aiZulebs, Semosavali Raribebs gadaunawilos, ekonomikuri efeqtianoba gaizrdeba.
231
cxadia, adamianTa cxovrebaSi altruizmi did rols asrulebs. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifos Semosavlis ganawilebis programaTa umetesoba swored altruistuli motivebiT sabuTdeba. argumenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom iZulebis gareSe individi Raribs efeqtian Tanxaze naklebs miscemda. Tumca Tu adamians
surs
daexmaros
Raribs,
is
asec
moiqceva
_
amas
cxadyofs
miliardobiT dolari, romelic yovelwliurad saqvelmoqmedo fondebs emateba. kidev bevri mizezi arsebobs, romlis gamoc adamianis pirad interesSi Semosavlis
ganawileba
Sedis.
jer
erTi,
adamians
arakontrolirebadi
garemoebis gamo gaRaribebis mudmivad eSinia. Semosavlis ganawilebis politika ki dazRvevas waagavs. rodesac individis materialuri mdgomareoba kargia, igi gadasaxadis formiT RaribTa sakeTildReod `premias~ ixdis. Tu cudi dro dadgeba, gadaxdili Senatani individs ukan ubrundeba da mis mdgomareobas amsubuqebs. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifom `usafrTxoebis bade~ (ekonomikis stabiluri funqcionirebis sistema) unda uzrunvelyos, Zalian Zvelia. XVII saukunis politikosi, tomas hobzi [1963/1951, gv. 303-304] ambobda, rom: `individi, romelic SemTxveviT aRmoCndeba uZluri, arCinos sakuTari Tavi, kerZo pirebis qvelmoqmedebis imedad ar unda darCes. igi Tanamegobrobis kanonma unda daicvas da uzrunvelyos misTvis bunebrivad aucilebeli pirobebi~. garda amisa, Semosavlis ganawilebis programebi socialuri stabilurobis safuZvelia.
Tu
Raribi
ufro
gaRaribda,
igi
SeiZleba
antisocialuri
RonisZiebebis (danaSauli, masobrivi uwesrigobani) iniciatoradac ki iqces. norvegielma biznesmenma mis saxelmwifoSi mimdinare ganawilebis uzarmazari programebis Sesaxeb aseTi komentari gaakeTa: `SesaZloa es Zviri iyos, magram mas
socialuri
simSvide
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
socialuri
komentatori
ganawileba
mcire
moaqvs~.
kavSiri
cvlilebas Tvlis,
politikuri
Soris
rom
socialur naTeli
SeerTebul
mniSvnelobisaa,
stabilurobasa ar
aris.
StatebSi
albaT
misi
da
zogierTi Semosavlis
moqalaqeebis
individualisturi daZabulobis gamo~ (Kristol, 1997).
araindividualisturi Sexedulebebi
Semosavlis ganawilebis Sesaxeb Cvens mier ganxiluli ideebi sxvadasxva SedegiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca yvela maTgani utilitarul mosazrebas iziarebs. maT mixedviT, socialuri keTildReoba individTa sargeblianobis garkveuli
232
funqciaa. Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis principebi ki swored socialuri keTildReobis ganesazRvra,
funqciidan rogori
iRebs
unda
saTaves.
iyos
zogierTi
Semosavlis
moazrovne
ganawileba,
cdilobda
individualuri
gemovnebisgan damoukideblad. rogorc feari SeniSnavda (1971, gv. 552), platonis mosazrebiT, jansaR sazogadoebaSi mdidrisa da Raribis Semosavlis proporcia maqsimum `oTxi erTTan~ unda iyos. araTanasworoba arasasurvelia. davuSvaT, maRalSemosavliani individis Semosavali ise izrdeba, rom dabalSemosavliani individis
materialur
mdgomareobas
ziani
ar
miadges.
standartuli
utilitarizmis mixedviT, sazogadoebisaTvis es kargi iqneba. araTanasworobis mowinaaRmdegeni
ki, romelTa umetesobis
upirvelesi principi
Tanabari
da
samarTliani ganawilebaa, amas negatiur movlenad CaTvlian7. arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom mxolod gansakuTrebuli
saqoneli
unda
ganawildes
samarTlianad.
amas
zogjer
saqonlis egaliterianizmi ewodeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi midgoma momxibvlelia. adamianTa
umetesobas
ganawilebuli.
omis
swams,
rom
periodSi
xmis
ufleba
aucilebeli
Tanabrad
sursaTic
unda
iqnes
Tanabrad
unda
gadanawildes. saqonlis egaliterianizmis sxva saxeebi ufro winaaRmdegobrivia. yvela amerikeli bavSvisaTvis swavlebis masStabi Tanabari unda iyos Tu ara, Tu konkretul ojaxs swavlebis ufro didi masStabis uzrunvelyofis ufleba eqneba? daculi unda iyos Tu ara analogiuri formiT TiToeuli individis janmrTeloba?
cxadia,
`gansakuTrebuli~
saqonlis
asortimentis
dadgena
rTulia. sainteresoa, rom pozicia, romelic saqonlis egaliterianizms waagavs, pirobiTi keTildReobis ekonomikis safuZvelze ganzogaddeba. davuSvaT, henri ketrinis keTildReobaze zrunavs. henris sargeblianoba sakuTar Semosavalze, agreTve ketrinis sursaTis moxmarebis koeficientze da ara mis Semosavalzea damokidebuli (SesaZloa imitom, rom henris ar surs sxva produqti, romelic SesaZloa
ketrins
SeeZina).
faqtobrivad,
ketrinis
sasursaTo
moxmarebis
Sedegad pozitiuri garegani efeqtebi viTardeba. me-5 TavSi mocemuli logikis Tanaxmad, subsidireba
efeqtianoba moxdeba
an
gaizrdeba,
Tu
sursaTiT
igi
ketrinis pirdapir
sasursaTo iqneba
moxmarebis
uzrunvelyofili.
mokled, rodesac donori recipientis mier garkveuli saqonlis moxmarebaze zrunavs, politika, romelic Semosavlis am saqonlis saSualebiT ganawilebas
7
es mosazreba ufro Zlieria, vidre raulzis azri, romelic Tvlida, rom araTanabari ganawileba dasaSvebia manam, sanam is Raribi mosaxleobis materialur keTildReobas amaRlebs.
233
iTvaliswinebs,
SesaZloa
garegani
efeqtebis
gamosworebis
mcdelobad
CaiTvalos.
sxva mosazrebani
procesi – Sedegi. ganxilul SemTxvevebSi aqsiomad iyo miCneuli is, rom individTa
Semosavali
aris
zogadi
sakuTreba
da
misi
`sazogadoebis~
Sexedulebis Sesabamisad ganawileba SesaZlebelia. yuradReba arc im procesTa samarTlianobas ar eqceoda, romelTa mixedviTac Tavdapirveli Semosavlis ganawileba
ganisazRvreboda,
romlebic
Semosavlis
mosazreba,
rom
da
arc
im
gasanawileblad
Semosavlis
procedurebis
gamoiyeneboda.
samarTlian
samarTlianobas,
piriqiT,
ganawilebas
Tavad
arsebobs
is
procesi
gansazRvravs, romlis ganmavlobaSic Semosavlis generireba xdeba. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi popularulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom Tu `Tanabari SesaZlebloba~ yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba, maSin Sedegi samarTliani iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor ganawildeba dagrovili Semosavali. amdenad, Tu
Semosavlis
dagrovebis
procesi
samarTliania,
maSin
saxelmwifos
dafinansebiT Semosavlis ganawilebis RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba saWiro aRar iqneba. filosofosi struqturaSi
robert
cvlilebis
nociki,
romelsac
ganxorcielebis
Semosavlis
marTebulobis
ganawilebis
dasabuTeba
surda,
[1974] utilitaristul principebs daupirispirda. man daamtkica, rom SekiTxva, rogor unda gaanawilos `sazogadoebam~ Semosavali, sruliad uazroa, radgan `sazogadoebas~, rogorc aseTs, gasanawilebeli Semosavali ar aqvs. Semosavals adamiani
iRebs.
saxelmwifo
ganawilebis
politikis
erTaderTi
SesaZlo
argumenti isaa, rom sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba araproporciulia. nociks aqcenti `kargi~ socialuri funqciis Ziebidan sazogadoebis qmedebaTa marTvis wesebis `karg~ nakrebze gadaaqvs. problema isaa, Tu rogor unda Sefasdes socialuri
procesebi.
rTulia,
procesis
Sesaxeb
misi
Sedegebisagan
damoukideblad imsjelo. Tu wesebis `kargi~ nakrebis gamoyenebT arasasurvel Sedegs
miviRebT,
rogor
SeiZleba,
wesi
karg
wesad
CaiTvalos?
arsebobs
mosazreba, rom bazris mier generirebuli Semosavali samarTlianobis pirobiT cnebasTan srulad harmonizebulia: `bazari gvajildoebs bejiTi muSaobisaTvis, muyaiTobisaTvis, harmonizebuli
patiosnebisaTvis, samarTlianobis
yairaTianobisaTvis...
koncefciebTan...
saqme
is
es ki
ki ar
kargadaa aris,
rom
234
sabazro ganawileba srulyofilad samarTliania, aramed is, rom bevr sxva alternativas
Soris
igi
samarTlianobis
adamianiseul
aRqmasTan
yvelaze
axlos dgas~ (Brawning, 2002, gv. 511).
mobiluroba. saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis sawinaaRmdego argumenti isaa, rom saTanado socialuri mobilurobis fonze Semosavlis ganawileba gansakuTrebul eTikur interess kargavs. davuSvaT, rom individi, romelic Semosavlis ganawilebis udables safexurze imyofeba (an misi Svili), momavalSi ekonomikuri
kibis
mwvervalze
ava.
amave
dros,
zogierTi
individi
dabla
gadmoinacvlebs, metnaklebad mainc. amis Semdeg statistika ganawilebis Sesaxeb, romelic
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
SedarebiT
ucvleli
rCeba,
didi
masStabis
cvlilebas Semosavlis ganawilebaSi malavs. yvelaze dabal safexurze myofi individi Tundac Zalian Raribi iyos, ganawilebis Secvla droTa ganmavlobaSi didi socialuri problema ar aris. sainteresoa, rom es mosazreba Seesabameba kvlevis
Sedegebs,
romelic
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
mimarT
adamianTa
damokidebulebis dasadgenad Catarda. Tu individs imis odnavi gancda aqvs, rom igi sazogadoebaSi win waiwevs, rac ar unda Raribi iyos, mainc ityvis, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis politikas mxars ar uWers (Alesina and La-ferrara, 2001). arsebobs gotSalkis
ramdenime
(1997,
gv.
kvleva 37)
Semosavlis
gamoTvlebis
mobilurobasTan
Tanaxmad,
1974
dakavSirebiT.
wels
Semosavlis
ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT imave poziciaze 1991 wels yvelaze dabali erTi mexuTedis mexuTedSi
Semadgenlobidan mxolod 42% darCa, 1974 wels ki maRal erT myofTagan
_
mxolod
54%.
SeerTebuli
Statebis
mosaxleobaSi
mravali fena namdvilad ar gamoiyofa. meore mxriv, imdeni mobiluroba ar arsebobs,
rom
utilitaristebi
darwmundnen
_
Semosavlis
araTanasworoba
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ar aris.
korufcia.
ganawilebis
araTanasworobam institutebis
erT-erTi
argumenti
SesaZloa samarTlebrivi,
damxoba
gamoiwvios.
isaa,
politikuri
sazogadoeba
rom da
ekonomikuri
radikalurma
maregulirebeli TvalsazrisiT
verasodes ayvavdeba, Tu sakuTrebis ufleba ar iqneba daculi. zrda investicias moiTxovs, investirebas ki aravin ganaxorcielebs, Tu imis SiSi eqneba, rom mis qonebas individi an saxelmwifo miisakuTrebs. Tu individTa garkveuli fena mniSvnelovan simdidres daagrovebs, mas SeeZleba Tavisi simdidris wyalobiT sasamarTloebi da politikuri procesebi moisyidos. amis Semdeg igi fuls
235
ukanonod moixveWs (moiparavs), magram ar daisjeba glaserma da
Sliferma
[2002B] aRmoaCines, rom susti kanonis mqone qveynebSi (aRmosavleT evropis gardamavali
ekonomikis
mqone
qveynebi)
ekonomikur
zrdaze
araTanasworoba
damRupvel zemoqmedebas axdens.
danaxarjis zemoqmedeba
Cven ganvixileT, saxelmwifom Semosavali unda gaanawilos Tu ara. axla analitikur
problemebs
ganawilebis
programebis
zemoqmedeba
realuri
davubrundeT,
romlebsac
Sefasebisas
wavawydebiT.
Semosavlis
faqtobrivi
ganawilebaze
saxelmwifo
danaxarjis danaxarjis
politikis zemoqmedebis
saxeliTaa cnobili. saxelmwifo Semosavlis ganawilebaze gadasaxadebisa da saxarjo politikis gatarebis saSualebiT zemoqmedebs (analizi ixileT me-12 TavSi,
sadac
gadasaxadebia
ganxiluli).
rTulia,
danaxarjis
zemoqmedeba
ganisazRvros. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
fardobiTi
fasebis
efeqti.
davuSvaT,
saxelmwifom
dabalSemosavlian
individTa binaTmSeneblobis subsidireba gadawyvita. ra zemoqmedebas axdens es Semosavlis ganawilebaze? individi, romelic subsidias iRebs, moigebs, xolo is,
vinc
gadasaxads
ixdis
_
izaralebs.
Tu
gadasaxadis
gadamxdelis
Semosavali ufro maRalia, vidre subsidiis recipientisa, maSin Semosavali ufro Tanabrad ganawildeba. samwuxarod, am magaliTma SesaZloa SecdomaSic Segviyvanos. Tu subsidia waaxalisebs
individs,
meti
sacxovrebeli
moiTxovos,
maSin
SesaZloa
binaTmSeneblobis pre-subsidirebis danaxarji gaizardos. amdenad, subsidiis recipienti subsidiis mTeli TanxiT ar sargeblobs: miwis mesakuTrec mogebas iRebs. mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad gaZvirda bina (Tu gaZvirda saerTod). rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, binis fasi moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis Tanafardobazea damokidebuli. binaTmSeneblobis
subsidirebis
programa
mimwodebelTa Semosavalzec zemoqmedebs.
amdenad,
samSeneblo
saSualebebis
mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebul
236
pirTa
xelfasi
izrdeba.
Zvirdeba
samSeneblo
masalebic.
Tu
samSeneblo
saSualebaTa mimwodebels maRali an saSualo Semosavali aqvs, am tendenciis wyalobiT Semosavali naklebad Tanasworad ganawildeba. zogadad, individze
nebismieri
zemoqmedebs,
saxelmwifo miuxedavad
programa imisa,
awesebs
myidvelis
fasebs, rolSia
romlebic igi
Tu
gamyidvelisa. saxarjo programa, romlis ganxorcielebis Sedegad intensiuri moxmarebis
saqonlis
fardobiTi
individis
mdgomareobas
fasi
auaresebs.
izrdeba,
sxva
analogiurad,
Tanabar
pirobebSi
programa,
romelic
mimwodeblis sawarmoo saSualebaTa fass zrdis, mis materialur mdgomareobas aumjobesebs. ubralod, Zalian rTulia, konkretuli programis ganxorcielebiT gamowveuli fasis cvlileba iqnes asaxuli. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom mocemuli politikis
Sedegad
sargebels
mxolod
recipientebi
iReben;
Semosavlis
ganawilebaze fasis sxva cvlilebiT gamowveuli efeqti umniSvneloa. xSir SemTxvevaSi amgvari mosazreba marTldeba.
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli
mniSvnelovani
saxelmwifo danaxarji
gaiweva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
warmoebaze – saqonlisa, romlis erTdroulad moxmareba erTze met adamians SeuZlia. rogorc me-4 TavSi aRiniSna, bazari ar aiZulebs individs, aRiaros, ramdenad afasebs sazogadoebriv saqonels.
magram Tu ar viciT, ramdenad
afasebs TiToeuli ojaxi sazogadoebriv saqonels, rogor SevZlebT Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis gansazRvras? saxelmwifom 2002 wels Tavdacvaze daaxloebiT 349 miliardi aSS dolari daxarja. ramdeni dolariT gazarda am qmedebam TiToeuli ojaxis realuri Semosavali? isargebla Tu ara TiToeulma maTganma Tanxis erTi da imave odenobiT? Tu ase ar aris, maSin ufro metad Raribma isargebla Tu mdidarma? amomwuravi pasuxebis gacema rTulia. samwuxarod, alternatiuli pasuxebi, romlebic
WeSmaritTan
axlos
mdgar
daSvebebs
efuZneba,
gansxvavebuli
SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. menCikma [1991] sazogadoebriv saqonelze (am SemTxvevaSi, Tavdacvaze)
danaxarjis
ganawilebis
Sedegebi
ori
daSvebis
gamoyenebiT
gaaanaliza:
237
a) ojaxis sargeblis wili misi Semosavlis proporciulia; b) wili ojaxis wevrebis raodenobis proporciulia. (a) daSvebis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis udablesi erTi mexuTedis Semosavali 3,8%-iT gaizrdeba (Tavdacvaze gaweuli xarjebi); (b) daSvebis mixedviT ki, misi Semosavali
danaxarjebis
14,6%-iT
gaizrdeba.
Sedegebi,
cxadia,
sakmaod
delikaturia.
naturiT ganxorcielebuli transferis Sefaseba
bolo
ramdenime
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi
soflis
meurneobis
departamentma Rarib mosaxleobas 3 miliard funtze meti Warbi yveli, karaqi da
mSrali
rZe
gadasca.
Warbi
sursaTis
gadacemis
programa
naturiT
ganxorcielebuli transferis politikis mxolod erTi magaliTia. Cven naturiT ganxorcielebul individebisaTvis
transfers gaweul
ganvixilavT,
daxmarebas:
rogorc
sasursaTo
dabalSemosavliani
talonebi,
samedicino
daxmarebis polisi, saxelmwifo binaTmSenebloba. Tumca saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone individebic naturiT transferisagan iReben sargebels. amis magaliTia ganaTleba.
wminda sazogadoebrivi
saqonlisagan gansxvavebiT,
gadacemuli
naturis
momxmarebeli erTdroulad ramdenime adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad amisa, imis gamoTvla, Tu ramdenad afaseben mas beneficiarebi, rTulia. yvelaze mosaxerxebeli
meTodi
am
maCveneblis
gamosaTvlelad
isaa,
rom
naturiT
transferis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifos mier daxarjuli yoveli dolari recipientis Semosavlis yoveli dolariT zrdaze metyvelebs. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs
mizezi,
virwmunoT,
rom
naturiT
transfers
beneficiari
aseT
safuZvelze afasebs. ganvixiloT jounsis cxovreba. igi tipuri keTildReobis recipientia, romlis Tviuri Semosavali 300 aSS dolari yvelsa da `sxva danarCen produqtebzea~ gayofili. erTi funti yvelis sabazro fasi 2 aSS dolaria,
xolo
`sxva danarCeni
produqtebis~
erTeulebis
fasi
_
1
aSS
dolari. 7.2 grafikSi jounsis mier yvelis moxmareba horizontalur RerZze, sxva produqtis moxmareba ki vertikalur RerZze izomeba. jounsis sabiujeto
238
SezRudva
AB8.
aris
davuSvaT,
rom
jounsi,
romelic
zrdis
Tavis
sargeblianobas, 260 erTeul sxva produqts da 20 funt yvels yidulobs. warmovidginoT, uzrunvelyofs, jounsis
rom
Tumca
mdgomareoba
moxmarebis
saxelmwifo
bazarze yvelis
nebismieri
mis
jounss gayidvas
programis
donis
Tviurad ukrZalavs.
danergvis
paralelurad,
60
rogor
Semdeg?
jounss
funti sxva
SeuZlia
yveliT
Seicvleba saqonlis
winandelTan
SedarebiT 60 funtiT meti yveli moixmaros. geometriulad, misi sabiujeto SezRudva AB-s marjvniv 60 erTeuliT gadainacvlebs, rac sabolood mogvcems AFD-s. yvelaze maRali indiferentulobis mrudi, romelic SesaZloa AFD-s sabiujeto
SezRudvas Seexos,
aris
U
mrudi7.2
grafikSi.
igi
sabiujeto
SezRudvas zustad `kuTxeSi~ _ F wertilSi exeba, sadac jounsi 60 funt yvels da 300 erTeul sxva danarCen produqts moixmars. Tu
jounsis
mier
koeficients
warsulis
gazrdilia.
saxelmwifo
amJamad imave
yvelisa
da
maCvenebels
jounss
yveliT
sxva
produqtebis
SevadarebT, uzrunvelyofs,
moxmarebis
vnaxavT, mas
ki
rom
igi
SeuZlia,
yvelisaTvis gadadebuli fuliT sxva produqtebi iyidos.
7.2 grafiki
8
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor avagoT sabiujeto xazi, ixileT wignis danarTi.
239
axla
davuSvaT,
rom
saxelmwifo
jounss
60
funti
yvelis
nacvlad
pirdapir naRd fuls, 120 aSS dolars (= 60 funti X 2 dolari funtze) aZlevs. Semosavlis 120 dolariT zrda sabiujeto SezRudvis ise formirebas iwvevs, rom AB-s yvela wertilze zustad 120 erTeuliT maRla iqneba. sabiujeto SezRudva 7.2 grafikze HD wiriTaa warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom naRdi fulis transferi jounss saSualebas aZlevs, moxmareba HF segmentis farglebSi gaafarToos. aRniSnuli SesaZlebloba jounss yvelis programis dros ar hqonda, radgan mas saxelmwifos mier gadacemuli yveliT vaWroba sxva produqtebis SesaZenad ekrZaleboda. HD
sabiujeto
SezRudvis
fonze
jounsi
axorcielebs
sargeblis
maqsimizacias E3 wertilamde. am wertilSi is 340 erTeul sxva produqts da 40 funt yvels moixmars. E3 da F wertilebis SedarebiT vaskvniT, rom: (1) naRdi fulis transferis programis farglebSi jounsi nakleb yvels da ufro
met
sxva
produqts
moixmars,
vidre
yvelis
transferis
programis
farglebSi; (2) 120 dolaris Rirebulebis yvelis gadacemiT jounsis mdgomareoba ise ar umjobesdeba, rogorc 120 aSS dolaris gadacemiT.
240
E3 wertili ufro maRali indiferentulobis mrudze mdebareobs, vidre F wertili, amdenad, naRdi fulis transferi jounsis mdgomareobas aumjobesebs. yvelis programis problema isaa, rom igi jounss aiZulebs, yvelis mTeli masa (60 funti) moixmaros. mas albaT erCivna, yvelis nawili gaeyida da am fuliT sxva produqti SeeZina. aris Tu ara naRdi fulis transferi naturiT transferTan SedarebiT yovelTvis ufro ukeTesi? pasuxi aseTia – yovelTvis ara. 7.3 grafiki smiTis mdgomareobas asaxavs, romlis Semosavali jounsis Semosavlis identuria da analogiur sabiujeto SezRudvebs ganicdis (AB yvelis programis danergvamde da AFD programis danergvis Semdeg). Tumca smiTs sxva gemovneba aqvs da sxva saxis indiferentulobis mrudebiT xasiaTdeba. subsidiamde igi axorcielebs sargeblis maqsimizacias E4 wertilamde, 82 funt yvels da 135 erTeul sxva produqts moixmars; subsidiis Semdeg is 126 funt yvels da 168 erTeul sxva produqts moixmars. smiTis mdgomareoba naRdi fulis transferis Sedegad ar gaumjobesdeba, misi yvelaze preferenciuli wertili HD-ze mxolod yvelis subsidiis SemTxvevaSia xelmisawvdomi. smiTi bednieria, rom SeuZlia 60 funtze meti yveli moixmaros; SezRudva, romlis Tanaxmadac mas minimum 60 funti yvelis moxmareba mouwevs, smiTis mdgomareobas zians ar ayenebs.
7.3 grafiki
241
amdenad, ar SeiZleba zustad vicodeT, naturiT transferi Semosavlis pirdapir transferTan SedarebiT naklebad fasdeba Tu ara. saboloo pasuxi empiriuli analizis saSualebiT unda moiZebnos. magaliTad, RaribTa daxmarebis mimarTulebaTa zogierTi kvleva miuTiTebs, rom binaTmSeneblobis subsidiiT miRebuli TiToeuli dolari naRdi fuliT miRebuli 90 centis tolfasia (Crews, 1995) 9. naturiT transferTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi problema isaa, rom is mniSvnelovan administraciul danaxarjs iwvevs. ganxiluli yvelis programis SemTxvevaSi danaxarji yvelis Senaxvaze, transportirebasa da ganawilebaze gaiweva (gadasaxadi imdenad maRalia, rom zogierTi sazogadoeba monawileobaze Tavs ikavebs). analogiurad, sasursaTo talonis programasTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli danaxarjis Semcireba SesaZlebelia, Tu beneficiari kuponis nacvlad Ceks miiRebda, romliTac sursaTis Rirebulebas gadaixdida.
9
binaTmSeneblobis programis struqtura yvelis programis struqturisagan gansxvavdeba. recipients binaTmSeneblobisaTvis garkveuli fasis gadaxda uwevs. Tumca ZiriTadi idea igivea. detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT momdevno Tavi.
242
naturiT transferis ganxorcielebis mizezebi
momdevno TavSi naxavT, rom sasursaTo, binaTmSeneblobisa da samedicino daxmarebis
transferi
SeerTebuli
politikaSi
mniSvnelovan
adgils
Statebis
ikavebs.
Semosavlis
Tu
naturiT
SenarCunebis
ganxorcielebuli
transferi, naRdi fuliT ganxorcielebul transferTan SedarebiT, recipients naklebad akmayofilebs da ufro maRal administraciul danaxarjebs moiTxovs, maSin ratom xorcieldeba igi saerTod? am SekiTxvaze bevri SesaZlo ganmarteba arsebobs. zogierTi maTgani Cvens mier adre ganxilul normatiul sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba.
kerZod,
saqonlis
egalitarianizmi
SesaZloa
ganawilebi
politikaSi mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos. magaliTad, erTxel aSS-is kongresma mkafiod
daadgina
erovnuli
mizani,
romelic
ase
JRerda:
`uzrunvelvyoT
Rirseuli sacxovrebeli saxli da adekvaturi sacxovrebeli garemo TiToeuli amerikuli ojaxisaTvis~. SeniSneT gansxvaveba am mizansa da Semdeg sentiments Soris: `uzrunvelvyoT jerovani Semosavali ise, rom TiToeul amerikul ojaxs cxovreba iseT saxlSi SeeZlos, rogorsac airCevs~. ufro metic, naturiT transferi SiSs SedarebiT aneitralebs. ganxilvam cxadyo, rom imis identificireba, Tu vin unda miiRos daxmareba da vin ara, uproblemod mimdinareobs. realurad es ase ar xdeba da adamianebi, romelTac daxmarebis miReba ar ekuTvniT, zogjer misi beneficiarebi xdebian. daxmarebis miRebis uflebis armqone pirs naturiT transferi xSirad survils ukargavs, moiTxovos
daxmareba,
radgan
saSualo
Semosavlis
mqone
pirs
fuladi
daxmarebis miReba endomeba da ara im produqtisa, romelic mas ar esaWiroeba. aRniSnuli gayidva
prezumfcia
rTulia
gansakuTrebiT
marTebulia,
(saxelmwifo binaTmSeneblobisas,
Tu
miRebuli
saqonlis
binis
gayidvis
msgavsad).
analogiurad, keTildReobis recipientTaTvis barierebis Seqmna (rigSi dgoma, oficialuri dokumentebis farTo asortimentis Sevseba) daxmarebis miRebis survils
zogierT
iseT
individs
daukargavs,
romelsac
daxmarebis
gziT
miRebuli produqti `sinamdvileSi marTla~ ar esaWiroeba. saqme kompromisTan gvaqvs.
erTi
mxriv,
ganxorcielebul
Raribi
daxmarebas
upiratesobas mianiWebs
imave
naRdi
fuliT
Rirebulebis
(500
dolari)
binaTmSeneblobis
daxmarebasTan SedarebiT. magram Tu naturiT daxmareba SiSs aneitralebs, maSin SesaZlebelia
resursebis
ufro
meti
arxis
gayvana
im
adamianebs
Soris,
romlebsac namdvilad esaWiroebaT daxmareba. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifom
keTildReobis
recipientTaTvis
optimalurze
meti
administraciuli barieri daawesa. magaliTad, 2003 wels, buSis administraciis
243
brZanebiT,
skolaSi
ufaso
sadilis
misaRebad
moswavles
unda
waredgina
mtkicebuleba, rom misi mSoblebis Semosavali sakmarisad dabali iyo. aris azri, rom miRebuli gadawyvetileba bavSvebTan mimarTebiT usamarTlo iyo. naturiT
ganxorcielebuli
daxmareba
politikuri
TvalsazrisiT
mimzidvelia, radgan igi ara mxolod beneficiars, aramed upiratesad produqtis mwarmoebels
exmareba.
transferi,
romelic
zrdis
moTxovnas
sacxovrebel
saxlze, qmnis sargebels mSeneblobisaTvis. mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulni mzad arian, im politikur koalicias dauWiron mxari, romelic am programas atarebs. analogiurad, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli pirebi yovelTvis sasursaTo talonebis udidesi damcvelebi iyvnen. oregonis Statma ramdenime wlis win iTxova nebarTva, rom keTildReobis recipientTa mier misaRebi sasursaTo taloni naRdi fuliT misaReb daxmarebad gardaeqmna. idea sasoflo-sameurneo Statebidan
arCeulma
moxeleebi,
kongresis
romlebic
wevrebma
sxvadasxva
dablokes.
naturis
analogiurad,
satransfero
sajaro
programebis
administrirebas axorcieleben, mas yovelTvis ukavSireben Tavis politikur mxardaWeras.
magaliTad,
binaTmSeneblobisa
da
urbanuli
ganviTarebis
departamentis sajaro moxeleebi sacxovrebeli biniT daxmarebis SeCerebas da naRdi fulis grantebiT mis Canacvlebas tradiciulad, Zlier ewinaaRmdegebian. naturiT daxmarebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ganmartebani urTierTgamomricxavi ar aris da albaT politikis Camoyalibebazedac axdens gavlenas.
daskvnebi
Cven bevri mosazreba ganvixileT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad sasurvelia saxelmwifos
mier
aSkarad
mosazrebebi
sruli
gatarebuli
Tanasworobis
Semosavlis
damyarebis
ganawilebis
ideidan
politika.
umoqmedobis
ideamde
meryeobs. uTanxmoebis masStabi, cxadia, gasakviri ar aris. ganawilebis mizani imas efuZneba, Tu rogor warmoudgenia individs kargi sazogadoeba. mosazrebebi sakmaod
winaaRmdegobrivia.
Semosavlis
optimaluri
ganawilebis
Sesaxeb
Teoriebi ufro normatiulia, vidre pozitiuri. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, naTeli
ar
aris,
aSS-Si
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
proceduras
romelime
logikuri normatiuli Teoria Seesabameba Tu ara. kidev Semosavlisa
erTxel da
gavamaxvileT masze
yuradReba
saxelmwifo
im
politikis
siZneleebze, zegavlenis
romlebic Sefasebisas
244
warmoiSoba. intervenciamde arsebuli Semosavali wliurad (da ara sicocxlis mTeli xangrZlivobisTvis) gamoiTvleba. Semosavlis bevri mniSvnelovani tipi ignorirebulia
Semosavlis
Sefasebisas
mis
daTvlasTan
dakavSirebuli
sirTuleebis gamo. saxelmwifo danaxarjis programis efeqtis gamoTvlac ar aris
advili.
aRniSnuli
programebis
saSualebiT
SeumCnevlad
icvleba
fardobiTi fasebi da realuri Semosavlebi. transfers xSirad sazogadoebrivi saqonlis an naturis forma aqvs, amitom misi Tanxobrivi Rirebulebis gamoTvla sakmaod rTulia. amrigad, Semosavlis ganawilebaze saxelmwifo programebis efeqtis interpretacias frTxilad unda movekidoT.
daskvna
·
siRaribis donis gansazRvra sakmaod rTulia. siRaribis oficialur saxelmwifo monacemebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aseTia: a) maTSi aisaxeba
mxolod
naRdi
fuliT
miRebuli
Semosavali;
b)
maTSi
gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris gadasaxadebi; g) isini efuZneba Semosavlis wliur
gamoTvlas;
d)
maTSi
gaTvaliswinebuli
ar
aris
ojaxis
Semadgenlobis cvlileba. ·
Tu:
1.
socialuri
keTildReoba
aris
identuri
sargeblianobis
funqciebis jami, igi damokidebulia mxolod Semosavalze; 2. arsebobs Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba; 3. Semosavlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia, maSin Semosavali Tanabrad unda ganawildes. es
sakmaod
mkacri
daSvebebia
da
maTi
Sesusteba
radikalurad
gansxvavebul Sedegebamde migviyvans. ·
maqsimaluri kriteriumis Tanaxmad, Semosavlis saukeTeso ganawileba yvelaze
dabali
maqsimalurad
sargeblianobis
zrdis.
am
daSvebis
mqone
individis
eTikurobasTan
sargebels dakavSirebiT
winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebani arsebobs. ·
Semosavlis
ganawileba
analogiurad
ganxorcieldes
Semosavali
SesaZloa
miukerZoebladaa
_
yvela
sazogadoebrivi iRebs
ganawilebuli.
saqonlis
sargebels, am
dros
radgan saWiroa
saxelmwifo iZuleba, raTa Semosavali ganawildes. pareto-efeqtiani
245
ganawileba maSin miiRweva, rodesac transferis Sedegad arc erTi individis mdgomareoba ar uaresdeba. ·
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
utilitarul
Sesaxeb
postulatebs
arsebuli
uaryofs.
sxva
arsebobs
mosazrebani
mosazreba,
rom
upirvelesi principi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Semosavali, an garkveuli saqoneli mainc, Tanabrad unda iyos ganawilebuli. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom
Semosavali
araadekvaturad
nawildeba,
sanam
ganawileba
`samarTlian~ process efuZneba. ·
saxelmwifo
programas
fardobiTi
fasebis
Secvla
SeuZlia,
rac
sxvadasxva individebisaTvis danakargsa da mogebas iwvevs. rTulia fasis yvela cvlilebis aRricxva. amrigad, ekonomistebi, rogorc wesi,
ZiriTadad
fokusirebas
im
sabazro
fasebze
axdenen,
ramdenad
afasebs
romlebzedac pirdapiri zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba. ·
individi
arasodes
aaSkaravebs
imas,
Tu
sazogadoebriv saqonels; rTulia ganisazRvros, rogor zemoqmedebs aseTi saqoneli realur Semosavalze. ·
bevri saxelmwifo programa saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (naturiT transferi)
naRdi
recipientebs gayidvis
miRebuli
ufleba
moxmarebis
fuliT ara
survili
daxmarebis
produqtisa aqvT.
eqneba,
Tu
da
nacvlad
momsaxurebis
recipients
naturiT
uzrunvelyofs.
naklebi
transferis
legalurad produqtis
Rirebuleba
mis
sabazro Rirebulebaze dabali iqneba. ·
naturiT
daxmarebis
programebi
SesaZloa
sameurveo,
saqonlis
egalitarianizmis, administraciuli Sesrulebadobis an politikuri momxibvlelobis gamo dominirebdes.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. `ar mainteresebs, ramdenad mdidaria yvelaze mdidari. me vnerviulob imaze, rom Tu igi araeTikurad gamdidrdeba, Tavis
simdidres uxeSad da
borotad gamoiyenebs... imaze ar vdardob, ra simdidres dakargavs mdidari, an rogor daibegreba... arc is mainteresebs, SeinarCunebs Tu ara mTel simdidres... magram me mecodeba yvela Raribi... vfiqrob, maTi siRaribe yvelaze intensiuri zrunvis sagani unda gaxdes. darwmunebuli var, rom am sakiTxidan Semosavlis
246
araTanabari ganawileba erovnul yuradRebas Tavisken mimarTavs (Stein, 1996, gv. A14). eTanxmebiT Tu ara am winadadebas? Seesabameba Tu ara igi utilitarul postulatebs? 2. davuSvaT, rom arsebobs mxolod ori adamiani: simoni da CeriTi. maT unda gaiyon fiqsirebuli Semosavali _ 100 dolari. simonisaTvis Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobaa:
MU 3 = 400 - 2 I a
xolo CeriTis zRvruli sargeblianoba:
MU C = 400 - 6I C
sadac I C , I S Sesabamisad CeriTisa da simonis Semosavalia. a)
rogoria
Semosavlis
optimaluri
ganawileba,
Tu
socialuri
keTildReobis funqcia aditiuria? b) rogoria optimaluri ganawileba, Tu sazogadoeba mxolod CeriTis sargebels afasebs? an piriqiT? pasuxebs daurTeT komentarebi; g) rogor Seicvleba Tqveni pasuxebi, Tu simonisa da CeriTis Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianoba mudmivia:
MU C = 400 MU S = 400
3. siRaribis masStabis popularuli sazomi siRaribeSi gansxvavebaa. am sazomiT
gamoiTvleba,
Tu
ra
odenobis
Semosavali
unda
gadaeces
Rarib
mosaxleobas imisaTvis, rom saojaxo Semosavali siRaribis zRvars ascdes. ra konceptualuri
sirTuleebiT
xasiaTdeba
siRaribis
Sefasebis
amgvari
247
saSualeba? [miniSneba: Tu saxelmwifos Raribi ojaxebisTvis fuli im mizniT unda mieca, rom isini siRaribis zRvramde asuliyvnen, ra moxdeboda maT mier SromiTi
resursebis
uzrunvelyofasTan
dakavSirebiT?
ra
moxdeboda
maT
transferamdel SemosavalTan dakavSirebiT?]. 4. davuSvaT, saxelmwifo samsaxurebis ufrosebs aiZulebs, muSakebisaTvis dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis centri Seqmnan. warmovidginoT, rom erT-erTi samsaxuris mier gaweuli dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis sabazro Rirebuleba wliurad 5 aTasi aSS dolaria. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom muSaki, romelic dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis centris upiratesobiT isargeblebs, wliurad mdgomareobas 5 aTasi aSS dolariT gaiumjobesebs? [miniSneba: gaaanalizeT modeli,
sadac
individi
akeTebs
arCevans
or
saqonels
Soris
(`dRiuri
samedicino daxmarebis dro~ da `sxva saqoneli~)]. 5. gaaanalizeT Semdegi saxelmwifo programebi: a) meSvide klasis yvela moswavles mieces portatuli kompiuteri; b)
Raribi
ojaxis
bavSvebisaTvis
uzrunvelyofili
iqnes
ufaso
skolisSemdgomi programebi. ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens TiToeuli programa Semosavlis ganawilebaze? 6. ekonomika ori individis, linisa da jonaTanisagan Sedgeba, romelTa sargeblis doneebi aRniSnulia, rogorc UL da UJ. a) davuSvaT, socialuri keTildReobis funqcia aris:
W = UL +UJ
marTalia
Tu
ara,
rom:
sazogadoebisaTvis
ara
aqvs
mniSvneloba,
vis
miscems dolars _ lins Tu jonaTans; b) axla davuSvaT, rom socialuri keTildReobis funqciaa:
W = U L + 8U J
248
marTalia Tu ara, rom: sazogadoeba upiratesobas jonaTanis bednierebas aniWebs da ara linis bednierebas; g) axla warmovidginoT, rom socialuri funqciaa:
W = min[U L , U J ]
marTalia
Tu
ara,
rom:
am
sazogadoebaSi
Semosavlis
optimaluri
ganawileba absoluturad Tanabrad xdeba. 7.
gaaanalizeT
7.2
grafikiT
mocemuli
naturiT
transferis
modeli.
davuSvaT, rom recipients ara aqvs yvelis gayidvis ufleba. Tumca arsebobs Savi
bazari,
sadac
erTi
funti
yveli
1
dolarad
iyideba.
uCveneT,
ra
zemoqmedebas axdens Savi bazari individis sabiujeto SezRudvaze. aumjobesebs Tu ara igi mdgomareobas? 8.
Seris
US,
sargeblianobaa
xolo
misi
Semosavali
_
YS.
marSas
sargeblianoba aris Um, misi Semosavali ki _ YM. davuSvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSi
U s = 100YS1 2 , da U M = 100Y A1
gansazRvreT
2
+ 0.8U S
pareto-efeqtiani
gadanawileba;
ganmarteT,
ratomaa
es
koncefcia am situaciaSi adekvaturi. davuSvaT, rom Tavdapirvelad Serisa da marSas
Semosavali
100-s
udris.
Tu
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqcia
aditiuria, ra moxdeba socialur keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu marSas 36 fulad erTeuls gamoarTmeven da Seris gadascemen?
249
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Atkinson, A.B. The Economics of Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. Browning, Edgar K. "The Case Against Income Redistribution". Public Finance Review 30 (2002 wlis noemberi), gv. 509-530. Gottschalk, Peter. "Inequality, Income Growth, and mobility: The Basic Facts". Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (1997 wlis gazafxuli ), gv. 21-40. Jorgenson, Dale W. "Did We Lose the War on Poverty?" Journal of Economic Perpectives 12 (1998 wlis zafxuli), gv. 79-96.
250
mecxre Tavi
socialuri dazRveva I: saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa da umuSevrobisagan dazRveva
netav maSinac dagWirdebi da damapureb, rodesac me samocdaoTxi wlis viqnebi? jon lenoni da pol makartni
cxovreba aRsavsea moulodnelobebiT. iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa xanZari da avadmyofoba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianze. mdgomareobis Semsubuqebisa da Tavdacvis erTaderTi gza sadazRvevo paketis SeZenaa. piri, romelic gadasaxads uxdis sadazRvevo kompanias, dazRveulia arasasiamovno moulodnelobebisagan. zaralis kompensacias zogierTi federaluri saxelmwifo programac iTvaliswinebs, romelic nawilobriv arakontrolirebadi garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli. aRniSnuli programebi socialuri dazRvevis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili (CamonaTvali 9.1 cxrilSia mocemuli). Tqven naxavT, rom socialur dazRvevaze gaweul danaxarjebze federaluri danaxarjebisa da mTliani Sida produqtis didi wili modis.
sxvadasxva programa, cxadia, gansxvavebul mizans emsaxureba. Tumca zogierT maTgans iseTi maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebs, rogoricaa:
· · · ·
savaldebulo monawileoba. dazRveviT sargeblobis ufleba da sargeblis masStabi nawilobriv adamianis mier warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. sargeblis gadaxda iwyeba iseTi identificirebadi incidentis Semdeg, rogoricaa: samuSaodan daTxovna, avadmyofoba an pensiaze gasvla. ar aris saWiro programis racionalurobis (saWiroebis) Sefaseba _ sargeblis miRebis uflebis misaRebad finansuri siZneleebis manifestireba aucilebeli ar aris.
axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra amarTlebs socialuri dazRvevis arsebobas. winamdebare Tavi eTmoba socialuri dazRvevis ori mniSvnelovani programis daxasiaTebas: saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofas da dazRvevas umuSevrobisagan. Semdeg TavSi ki naxavT socialur doneze uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis detalur analizs.
251
cxrili 9.1 ZiriTadi socialuri dazRvevis programebi
programa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa (OASDI) `mediqeari” (SeRavaTiani samedicino dazRveva xandazmulTa da invalidTaTvis) dazRveva umuSevrobisagan veteranTa samedicino dazRveva
SemoRebis TariRi 1935
2002 $ 453
1965
254
1935
51
1917
22
mTliani procentuli wili federalur danaxarjebSi
37,9%
mTliani procentuli wili mSp-Si
7,5%
wyaro: pirveli sami monacemi mopovebulia kongresis sabiujeto ofisidan, The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004-2013 (Washington, DC: US Government printing Office, 2003). bolo monacemi miviReT prezidentis aRmasrulebeli ofisis menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxuridan, The Budget of the United States Government, for Fiscal Year 2004 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2003).
ra saWiroa socialuri dazRveva?
keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, kerZo bazari, rogorc wesi, uzrunvelyofs saqonlis sakmaris raodenobas. ra aris gansakuTrebuli iseTi saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa `dazRveva~? araxelsayreli SerCeva
252
gaixseneT mesame Tavi da Cveni mimoxilva, sadac aRvniSneT, rom asimetriuli informaciis arsebobas (mdgomareoba, rodesac garigebis erTi mxare meore mxarisaTvis miuwvdomel informacias flobs) sadazRvevo bazris araefeqtianobamde mivyavarT. axla ki mokled ganvixiloT es argumenti, magaliTad ki sicocxlis dazRveva gamoviyenoT. sadazRvevo paketis myidvelis erTaderTi maxasiaTebeli, romelzec sadazRvevo kompania zrunavs, misi sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobaa. kompaniis TvalTaxedviT, idealuri klienti arasodes kvdeba. imdenad, ramdenadac potenciurma klientma ufro kargad icis Tavis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, vidre sadazRvevo kompaniam, adgili asimetriuli informaciis arsebobas aqvs. rodesac mzRveveli sxvadasxva adamianis sicocxlis mosalodnel xangrZlivobas ver akontrolebs, igi iZulebulia, yvela klients erTi da igive momsaxureba gauwios. visTvis iqneba es momsaxureba yvelaze Rirebuli? cxadia, im adamianebisaTvis, romelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba problemuria, maT sadazRvevo kompaniis momsaxureba da misgan misaRebi sargebeli sWirdebaT. swored es adamianebi ar sWirdeba sadazRvevo kompanias klientebis saxiT! amdenad, sadazRvevo kompanias klienturis amorCeva Tavad kompaniis interesebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobiT uxdeba. am periodSi fasi izrdeba – reagirebs araxelsayrel SerCevaze, rac, saboloo jamSi, kompanias `karg~ klienturas akargvinebs. amis Sedegad ki problema uaresdeba. individi, romelsac aqvs sadazRvevo kompaniidan miRebuli sargeblis gamoyenebis gansakuTrebuli survili da maRali moTxovna dazRvevaze, iseTi fenomenis arsebobas udebs safuZvels, romelic araxelsayreli SerCevis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. asimetriuli informaciis arsebobis pirobebSi araxelsayreli SerCeva bazris efeqtianobas amcirebs.
axla ki ganvixiloT aseTi problema: davuSvaT, rom daizRveva ara moaxloebuli sikvdili, aramed grZelvadiani sicocxle. ratom warmoadgens es problemas? gifiqriaT odesme, ramden xans icocxlebT pensiaze gasvlis dRidan? aravin icis amis Sesaxeb. sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba pensiaze gasvlidan daaxloebiT 18 welia, magram 65 wels miRweulTa mxolod 25% Tu gaxdeba 90 wlisa da metis. SesaZloa, Rrma siberemde cxovreba Zalian sasurveli iyos, Tumca aq Cndeba erTi problema: geyofaT ki siberis periodisaTvis gadadebuli da danazogi fuli sicocxlis bolomde? rogor davazRvioT sakuTari Tavi navaraudevze ufro xangrZlivi sicocxlisagan? sadazRvevo kompania yidis momsaxurebis pakets, romelsac anuiteti ewodeba. anuiteti individs yovelwliuri SemosavliT uzrunvelyofs sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. Teoriulad, sadazRvevo kompania xarjavs fuls pirebze, romlebic saSualoze didxans cxovroben, samagierod, fuls akeTebs im pirebis xarjze, romlebsac mokle sasicocxlo cikli aRmoaCndebaT da, amdenad, danakargebis gareSe muSaobas axerxebs.
problema amjeradac bazarze araxelsayrel SerCevaSi mdgomareobs. piri, romlis sasicocxlo cikli, rogorc Cans, Cveulebrivze ufro xangrZlivi iqneba, ufro metad saWiroebs anuitets. araxelsayreli SerCevis Sedegad sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anuitetze gaweuli danaxarji izrdeba, amdenad,
253
izrdeba misi fasic, rac anuitetis potenciur myidvelebs afrTxobs da bazars amcirebs. amdenad, bazari ver uzrunvelyofs pirs saTanado TanxiT, romelic saWiroa misTvis ufro xangrZlivi sasicocxlo ciklisaTvis. savaldebulo socialuri dazRveva araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas aneitralebs; savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli piri valdebulia, SeiZinos sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi. amdenad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, socialuri dazRveva ganvixiloT, rogorc anuiteti, romlis SeZena TiToeuli individisaTvis savaldebuloa.
rogorc mesame TavSi aRiniSna, asimetriuli informacia mniSvnelovnad aferxebs efeqtianobas. Tumca xSirad xdeba ise, rom asimetriuli informacia aseTi zemoqmedebiT sulac ar xasiaTdeba. empiriuli TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa Tu ara, rom araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori socialuri dazRvevis aucileblobas qmnides? _ es damokidebulia programis bunebaze. sicocxlis dazRvevis SemTxvevaSi araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori ase mniSnvelovani ar aris. am momsaxurebis myidveli samedicino Semowmebas gadis da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb specialur kiTxvars avsebs. kiTxvarSi araswori pasuxis arsebobisas momsaxurebis gaweva wydeba. rogorc Cans, aseTi pirobebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli asimetriuli informaciis arseboba, rac araxelsayreli SerCevis mTavar gamomwvev mizezs warmoadgens [Hendel and Lizzeri, 2000]. dRes kargadaa ganviTarebuli janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazrebi, xelmisawvdomia rogorc individualuri, aseve jgufuri sadazRvevo baraTis momsaxurebis anotaciebi. Tumca anuitetis bazari sruliad sawinaaRmdegodaa mowyobili. aSS-Si anuitetis bazari mcire da ganuviTarebelia, rac, zogierTi adamianis azriT, sabazro Cavardnaze migvaniSnebs. Tumca arsebobs sruliad sxvagvari azric, romlis Tanaxmadac anuitetis bazris simcire imiTaa gamowveuli, rom socialuri dazRvevis sistema aviwroebs da devnis kerZo anuitets _ bevri potenciuri myidveli ar midis bazarze imitom, rom mas ukve saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili anuiteti faqtobrivad SeZenili aqvs.
sxva argumentebi
garda araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtorisa, savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis arsebobis aucileblobas bevri sxva faqtoric iwvevs. windaxedulobis simcire. individs ara aqvs sakmao windaxeduloba imisaTvis, rom sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis daezRvios; amdenad, mTavrobam unda aiZulos igi, sadazRvevo paketi SeiZinos. ase magaliTad, arsebobs friad popularuli azri imis Taobaze, rom socialuri dazRvevis ararsebobs SemTxvevaSi adamianTa umetesoba ver daagrovebda sakmaris fuls (aqtivs) imisaTvis, rom uzrunveleyo uzrunveli sibere. aseTi argumenti or sakiTxs wamoWris. pirveli, nuTu savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis gareSe marTla ver moaxerxebs individi sakmarisi fulis dagrovebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs individi savaldebulo sadazRvevo sistemis 254
ararsebobis pirobebSi. es ki sakmaod did sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tundac es realoba iyos, mTavrobis Carevis winapiroba mainc ar iqmneba. maRali individualisturi filosofiis mimdevarni Rrmad arian darwmunebulni imaSi, rom TiToeul individs sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba unda hqondes, Tundac igi am gziT Secdomas uSvebdes. moraluri riski (arakeTilsindisieri moqmedebis safrTxe). individs swams, rom igi, Caayenebs ra sakuTar Tavs unugeSo situaciaSi, mTavrobas daavaldebulebs, daexmaros mas. magaliTad, sazogadoeba Tvlis, rom gaumarTlebelia umweo xandazmulTa daxmarebis institutis arseboba, radgan bevri axalgazrda amgvar daxmarebas dazRvevis formad miiCnevs da sakuTar Tavs umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnis uflebas aZlevs. es ki moraluri riskis, anu arakeTilsindisieri moqmedebis safrTxis winaSe gvayenebs _ es aris cvlileba individis moqmedebaSi, rac gamowveulia im faqtiT, rom igi dazRveulia (ixileT mesame Tavi). savaldebulo sistemis arsebobis erT-erTi gamarTleba moraluri riskis Semcirebis mcdelobaa. gadawyvetilebis miRebis danaxarjebis dazogva. sadazRvevo da anuitetis bazrebis struqtura sakmaod rTulia, amdenad, individs swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad bevri dro sWirdeba. Tu oficialuri pirebi, romlebic gadawyvetilebas iReben, iseT momsaxurebas SesTavazeben sazogadoebas, romelic misaRebia misi TiToeuli wevrisaTvis, maSin es ukanasknelni ar daxarjaven resurss gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. Tumca Zneli dasajerebelia, rom mTavrobam sazogadoebas marTebuli da mosaxerxebeli politika SesTavazos. saerTod, yvela adamians Tavisi moTxovnileba aqvs. amdenad, ukeTesi iqneba, TiToeuls sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualeba mivceT. Semosavlis ganawileba. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom socialuri dazRvevis programis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli (daxmareba) nawilobriv warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. Tumca, zogierTi programis farglebSi, daxmarebis moculobasa da warsul Senatans Soris kavSiri sakmaod sustia. savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis pirobebSi adamianTa erTi nawili ukeTesad cxovrobs, vidre kerZo dazRvevis pirobebSi icxovrebda, xolo meore nawili ki _ uaresad. am TvalsazrisiT, socialuri dazRvevis programebi Semosavlis gadanawilebis programas warmoadgens. swored es gvexmareba, avxsnaT programis savaldebulo xasiaTi. sxva SemTxvevaSi individma, romelsac danakargis eSinia, SesaZloa, socialuri dazRvevis programaze Tavad Tqvas uari. socialuri dazRvevis erT-erTi programa, romelsac Cven axla ganvixilavT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili da mniSvnelovani gamanawilebeli aspeqtebiT xasiTdeba.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis struqtura saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa – oficialurad ki `xandazmulTa, marCenalis gareSe darCenilTa da qmeduunaroTa dazRveva (Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance - OASDI)” _ Sida saxsrebiT dafinansebuli erT-erTi umsxvilesi programaa. sistema aseTi stiliT muSaobs: sistemis 255
wevrebi da maTi damqiraveblebi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi ixdian saxelfaso gadasaxads. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg sistemis wevrebi iReben daxmarebas, romlis moculoba nawilobriv maT mier warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. saxelmwifo sapensio sistema, uzrunvelyofs ra individs wliuri fiqsirebuli daxmarebiT pensiaze gasvlis momentidan mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, warmoadgens imis garantias, rom individi mokle vadaSi ver amowuravs dagrovil Tanxas (aqtivebs). sapensio sistema daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs SromisuunaroTaTvis, agreTve misi da pensioneris meuRlisa da kmayofaze myofi SvilebisaTvis. garda amisa, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema gamanawilebeli programis formiTac funqcionirebs. dRes vinc muSaobs, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis an sxva saxelmwifo sapensio programis farglebSi yvela dazRveulia. sistema sakmaod rTulia. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi qvemoTaa mocemuli. ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis ki saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis veb-gverds mimarTeT (www.ssa.gov). ZiriTadi komponentebi gadasaxadis gadaxdis sistema Semosavlis miRebisTanave. saxelmwifo sapensio programa 1935 wels daiwyo. am dros igi Zalian hgavda dazRvevis kerZo sistemas. individi mTeli Tavisi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi xelfasis nawils inaxavda specialur fondSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi fondSi xdeboda procentis damateba, pensiaze gasvlis dRidan ki individi iRebda fondSi deponirebul ZiriTad Tanxasa da akumulirebul procents. aseTi sqema sruli dafinansebis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. aseTi sistema male moiSala. 1939 wels sistemam sxva forma SeiZina. es iyo Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadasaxadis gadaxdis sistema. aRniSnuli sistemis farglebSi, pensioneris daxmarebis (pensiis) formireba amJamad momuSaveTa SenatanebiT xdeba. pensionerTa TiToeul Taobas miecema pensia, romelic formirebulia Sromisunariani da momuSave Taobis SenatanebiT da ara - akumulirebuli fondidan. aseT sistemaze gadasvlis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom xandazmulTa danazogis didi nawili sruliad daikarga didi depresiis dros, arada, isini imsaxurebdnen imaze mets, ris saSualebasac depresiis Semdgom ramdenime weliwadSi dagrovili fuli iZleoda. am sistemaze gadasvlis meore mizezi ki is iyo, rom zogierTi politikosi SiSobda, aseTi fondi an araefeqtianad iqneboda gankarguli saxelmwifos mier, an ubralod daixarjeboda. cvlilebaTa Sedegad 1983 wels saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemam zedmeti Tanxa daagrova da satransto fondSi gadaricxa. rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi, satrasto fondi warmoadgens saaRricxvo mowyobilobas da mas ar gaaCnia mniSvnelovani realuri Sedegi. amdenad, ufro zusti iqneboda, Tu sistemas mivaniWebdiT aseT saxelwodebas: Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadaxdis sistema. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis pirveli beneficiarebi TavianT Senatanze Zalian maRal ukugebas iRebdnen. yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi am mxriv ida fiuleria, erT-erTi pirveli beneficiari, romelmac 24,85 aSS dolari gadaixada sapensio gadasaxadis 256
saxiT, samagierod ki 99 wlamde icocxla da misi pensiis mTliani moculoba 20897 aSS dolars gautolda. cxadi transferi. 1939 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli meore mniSvnelovani cvlileba iyo programis samoqmedo arealis gafarToeba. 1935 wlis aqtis Tanaxmad, yovelTviur pensias iRebdnen dazRveuli momuSaveebi, romelTa wlovaneba 65 wels an mets utoldeboda. 1939 wels yovelTviuri sapensio daxmareba dazRveul momuSaveTa arasrulwlovani Svilebis an maTi meuRleebisTvisac dainerga. amdenad, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programa uzrunvelyofs ara marto dazRvevas, aramed individTa Soris Semosavlis transfers axorcielebs. satransfero funqcia droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro da ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenda. kulminacia ki 1972 wels umweoTaTvis damatebiTi daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis (Supplemental Security Income - SSI) programis danergva iyo. programa, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis administraciis mier iyo administrirebuli, Tavisi pirobiTi definiciis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens dazRvevas. es aris daxmarebis programa, romelic xandazmulebsa da Sromisuunaroebs federaluri minimaluri Semosavlis garantiiT uzrunvelyofs. damatebiTi SemosavliT uzrunvelyofis programa merve TavSia ganxiluli. daxmarebis struqtura. individis pensia (daxmareba, romelsac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema uzrunvelyofs individisaTvis) damokidebulia misi Semosavlis istoriaze, asaksa da sxva pirad faqtorebze. pirvel etapze xdeba indeqsirebuli saSualo Tviuri Semosavlis (Average Indexed Monthly Earnings - AIME) gamoTvla. es aris individis saSualo xelfasi misi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi1. daiTvleba wliuri Semosavali da miiReba mxedvelobaSi Semosavlis zeda zRvari. zeda zRvari igivea, rac xelfasis maqsimaluri moculoba, romelic warmoadgens sapensio saxelfaso dabegvris sagans (ganxilulia Semdeg nawilSi). Semdegi nabiji AIME-s Casmaa daxmarebis gamosaangariSebel formulaSi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT individis pensiis daricxvis sabaziso sidide (primary insurance amount - PIA), rac im sabaziso daxmarebas warmoadgens, romelic im momuSaves unda gadaexados, romelic pensiaze normalur sapensio asakSi gadis (65 weli an ufro gvian; damatebiTi informacia qvemoT ixileT), an romelic Sromisuunaro xdeba. daxmarebis gamoTvlis formula isea Sedgenili, rom PIA izrdeba AIME-s zrdasTan erTad, magram ufro dabali ganakveTiT. 2003 wels PIA gamoTvlili iyo Semdegnairad: AIME-s pirveli 600 dolaris 90%, plus 600 dolarsa da 3653 dolars Soris AIME-s 32%, plus 1
xelfasi, romelsac iRebs individi sxvadasxva wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar aris pirdapir Sedarebadi imdenad, ramdenadac droTa ganmavlobaSi zogadad icvleba fasebi. aRniSnulis Sesasworeblad yvela momuSavis xelfasis zrdis procentis mixedviT xdeba xelfasis indeqsireba. im individebisaTvis, romlebic sul mcire 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen, kalkulaciis dros yvelaze saukeTeso 35 weli miiReba mxedvelobaSi.
257
3653 dolarze maRali AIME-s 15% amdenad, pensioneris PIA, romlis AIME 200 dolaria, 180 dolars udris, im pensioneris PIA ki, romlis AIME 1600 dolaria, daaxloebiT - 863 dolars. gTxovT, SeniSnoT, rom dabali AIME-s mqone momuSaveebi uflebamosilni arian, aiRon daxmareba SemosavalTan SedarebiT ufro maRali proporciiT, vidre im momuSaveebma, romlebic maRali AIME-Ti xasiaTdebian2. faqtobrivad, 2003 wels Cveulebrivi momuSave, romelsac hqonda dabali Semosavali da pensiaze 65 wlis asakSi gavida, iRebda saxelmwifo pensias, romlis moculoba AIME-s 64%-s udrida; saSualo Semosavlis mqone pensionerisaTvis es maCenebeli 48%-s udrida, xolo maRali Semosavlis mqone pensionerisaTvis ki _ 40%-s [www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/examples.html]. individis faqtobrivi daxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia ara marto PIA-ze, aramed or sxva faqtorzec. asaki, rodesac xdeba daxmarebis gamoyofa. asaki, rodesac individi xdeba uflebamosili, miiRos saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemiT gansazRvruli sapensio daxmareba, normaluri sapensio asakis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. normaluri sapensio asaki damokidebulia individis dabadebis welze. 1944-sa da 1954 wlebs Soris dabadebuli piris normaluri sapensio asaki 66 welia. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli yovel Semdgom weliwadze ori TviT izrdeba _ 1960 welsa da mis Semdgom dabadebuli pirebisaTvis ki normaluri sapensio asaki 67 welia. momuSave uflebamosilia, daxmareba miiRos sul mcire 62 wlidan, magram aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tviuri daxmarebis moculobis permanentuli Semcireba imdenad, ramdenadac normalur sapensio asakad 67 welia miCneuli, Semcirebis ganakveTi 30% iqneba. analogiurad, momuSave, romelic normaluri sapensio asakis dadgomis Semdegac ar miiRebs daxmarebas, miiRebs daxmarebas, romelic permanentuli zrdis ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba. 1943 welsa da mis Semdgom dabadebuli momuSave, romelic ar gadis pensiaze normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdegac ki, miiRebs daxmarebas, romelsac yovel vadagadacilebul weliwadze emateba 8%. recipientis ojaxuri mdgomareoba. rodesac srulad dazRveuli martoxela momuSave pensiaze normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave gadis, misi faqtobrivi yovelTviuri daxmareba ubralod pensiis daricxvis sabaziso sidides udris. momuSave, romelsac kmayofaze hyavs meuRle an Svili, damatebiT iRebs PIA-s 50 procents. pensioneri wyvilis saSualo yovelTviuri daxmareba daaxloebiT 1460 aSS dolaria [dazRvevis mTavari ofisi (Office of the Chief Actuary), 2003]. garda amisa, daxmarebis struqturis formirebaze ori damatebiTi wesi moqmedebs. pirveli: daxmarebis 85%-ze meti, romelsac iRebs individi, romlis Semosavali gansazRvrul sabaziso Tanxas aRemateba, 2
kanoni gansazRvravs PIA-s maqsimalur moculobas, agreTve daxmarebis specialur minimums, romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi dabali Semosavlis mqone momuSaveebs ufro didi moculobis daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs, vidre es Cveulebrivi formuliT gamoiTvleba.
258
federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba. aseTi sabaziso Tanxa aris 25000 aSS dolari dauojaxebeli gadamxdelisaTvis da 32000 aSS dolari daojaxebuli wyvilisaTvis. meore: daxmareba koreqtirdeba inflaciis mixedviT. AIME-s gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba warsuli Semosavlebi, romlebic xelfasis zrdis indeqsiT aris koreqtirebuli. ufro metic, individis daxmarebis Tanxis msyidvelobiTunarianoba mas Semdeg, rac individi gaxdeba uflebamosili, miiRos saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba, wliuri saarsebo minimumis zrdis indeqsis mixedviT yovelTvis koreqtirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis saSualebiT izomeba. finansuri aqtivebis Zalian mcire raodenoba iTvaliswinebs inflaciisagan dacvis amgvar meqanizms. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis recipientTa daxmarebis Tanxa normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevamde 11000 aSS dolari Semosavlis zemoT (es Tanxa yovelwliurad icvleba, radgan xorcieldeba misi indeqsacia saSualo xelfasis zrdis ganakveTis mixedviT) recipientis Semosavlis yovel or dolarze daaxloebiT erTi dolariT mcirdeba. aRniSnuli piroba Semosavlis kriteriumis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi individis daxmareba, romelic Semosavlis kriteriumis pirobis gamo mcirdeba, momavalSi SesaZloa, gaizardos. amdenad, `miuxedavad imisa, rom sapensio Semosavlis kriteriums xSirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadad aRiqvamen, realurad igi daxmarebis Tanxis gadaxdis im momentamde gadavadebas iTvaliswinebs, rodesac momuSaves mniSvnelovani Semosavali aRar eqneba~ [kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2001, gv. 24]. dafinanseba. saxelfaso gadasaxadi momuSavis wliuri daubegravi xelfasis procentul nawils warmoadgens, vidre Semosavali miaRwevs gansazRvrul Tanxas. gadasaxadis nawils ixdis damqiravebeli, xolo meore naxevars ki _ Tavad daqiravebuli, anu momuSave. kanonmdeblis survili iyo, programis xarji damqiravebelsa da momuSaves (anu daqiravebuls) Tanabrad gadaexada. miuxedavad amisa, damqiravebels SeuZlia, Tavisi kuTvnili xarjis gaReba nawilobriv an mTlianad momuSaves dabali daubegravi xelfasis gacemis gziT daakisros. xdeba Tu ara xarjis gaRebis valdebulebis momuSavisaTvis gadacema, me-12 TavSia ganxiluli. amJamad ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom programis xarjebis Tanabrad (50-50%-ze) ganawileba realurad ar xdeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi daxmarebis Tanxa gaizarda. gaizarda saxelfaso gadasaxadic. dRes sagadasaxado ganakveTi 6,2%-s udris (mas ixdis TiToeuli damqiravebelic da momuSavec), rac mis Tavdapirvel dones eqvsjer aRemateba (ix. 9.2 cxrili). 1977 wlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, maqsimaluri dasabegri Semosavali saSualo xelfasis zrdis ganakveTTan erTad avtomaturad izrdeba. cxrili 9.2. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis sagadasaxado ganakveTebi* (SerCeuli periodi) weli
maqsimaluri dasabegri Semosavali (dolari)
damqiravebeli da daqiravebuli 259
1937 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
$ 3000 3000 4800 7800 29700 51300 76200 87000
(momuSave), TiToeuli (procenti) 1,0% 1,5 3,0 4,2 5,08 6,2 6,2 6,2
* ganakveTSi ar Sedis saxelfaso gadasaxadi, romliTac dafinansebulia `mediqeari~, romelzec 1,45%-s ixdis rogorc damqiravebeli, aseve daqiravebuli (momuSave). aRniSnuli gadasaxadis zeda zRvari ar arsebobs. wyaro: mTavari sadazRvevo ofisi, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis administracia (Office of the Chief Actuary, Social Security Administration) [URL: http://www.ssa.gov].
9.2 cxrilSi mocemul ganakveTebSi ar Sedis damatebiTi saxelfaso gadasaxadi, romliTac xdeba `mediqearis~ programis dafinanseba (aRniSnuli programis Sesaxeb Cven Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT). dRes aRniSnuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi 1,45%-s udris damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulisaTvis (TiToeulisaTvis). 1993 wlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, misi safuZveli yvela Semosavalia. amdenad, individisaTvis, romlis Semosavali saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis maqsimalur dasabegr Tanxaze dabalia, kombinirebuli saxelfaso sagadasaxado ganakveTi gamoiTvleba, romliTac ifareba rogorc saxelmwifo sapensio gadasaxadi, agreTve `mediqearis~ gadasaxadi, rac 15,3%-s [= 2 X (6,2 + 1,45)] udris. bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis dafinanseba specialuri saxelfaso gadasaxadidan da ara mTliani Semosavlidan. marTlac, 1999 wels prezidentma klintonma warmoadgina erTob arawarmatebuli winadadeba, qveyanaSi saxelmwifo sapensio programis gasafarToeblad gamoyenebuli yofiliyo mTliani Semosavali. am winadadebas Zalian mcire mxardaWera xvda wilad. mizezi, ris gamoc sapensio fondis dafinanseba saxelfaso gadasaxadidan xdeba, ufro politikur xasiaTs atarebs, vidre ekonomikurs. kavSiri gadasaxadsa da daxmarebis Tanxas Soris, rac ar unda umniSvnelo iyos igi, mTavrobas avaldebulebs, SeinarCunos sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs daxmarebas. franklin ruzveltma aseTi mdgomareoba sakmaod mWevrmetyvelurad aRwera: es gadasaxadebi arasodes yofila ekonomikis winaSe arsebuli problema. isini mxolod da mxolod politikur xasiaTs atarebs. Cven vawesebT saSemosavlo gadasaxads imisaTvis, rom gadamxdelma igrZnos, rom mas SeuZlia, hqondes iuridiuli, moraluri da politikuri ufleba, moiTxovos da aiRos pensia. aseTi gadasaxadebis arsebobis pirobebSi politikosi verc moisurvebs da verc gaauqmebs saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programas [“Your Stake in the Fight”, 1981, gv. 504].
ganawilebis sakiTxebi 260
Cven davaxasiaTeT saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema da davinaxeT, rom igi gacilebiT metia, vidre dazRvevis programa. Tu dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa erTaderTi mizani iqneboda, maSin individi warsul Senatanebze daaxloebiT igive moculobis ukugebas miiRebda. kerZod, TiToeuli individi samarTlian sadazRvevo ukugebas miiRebda _ saSualod, miRebuli daxmareba sapensio Senatanebis moculobas gautoldeboda (gamoTvla unda moxdes `saSualod~, radgan daxmarebis mTliani moculoba damokidebulia individis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, romlis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia). faqtobrivad, adamianTa zogierTi tipi sistematurad iRebs sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro maRal ukugebas. cxrili 9.3 saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis daxmareba da danaxarji pensiaze gasvlis weli
1980
1995
2015
dabali Semosavlis mqone saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxa saxelfaso gadasaxadebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mogeba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxa saxelfaso gadasaxadebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mogeba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxa saxelfaso gadasaxadebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mogeba
Semosavlis done saSualo Semosavlis mqone
maRali Semosavlis mqone
67048$
111422$
139186$
27718
61595
82057
39330
49827
57130
75180
124000
158687
54516
121146
171658
20664
2854
- 12971
108164
178709
236189
89311
198468
314610
18853
- 19759
- 78421
wyaro: ganaxlebuli cxrilebi, wardgenili Tavad avtorTa mier, 2002 weli, ix. C. Eugene Steuerle and Jon M. Bakija, "Retooling Social Security for the 21st Century: Right and Wrong Approaches to Reform", Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1994 – Tavdapirveli cxrilebi da meTodologia. Rirebuleba gamoxatulia 1993 w. dolarebSi.
kanonmdeblobis struqtura, romelic saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis funqcionirebas aregulirebs, metad rTulia. swored amitom Znelia, ganisazRvros, vin igebs da vin agebs. ganawilebis aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad yvelaze pirdapiri gza aris mosalodneli sasicocxlo xangrZlivobis ganmavlobaSi sapensio fondidan ramdenime individisaTvis wminda daxmarebis moculobis faqtiuri gamoTvla, rac saSualebas mogvcems, davinaxoT, Tu vin iRebs met daxmarebas. gamoTvlis pirveli etapi sapensio daxmarebis (romelsac individi iRebs)
261
saSualebiT miRebuli mTliani Semosavlis gamoTvlaa3. momavalSi mosalodneli sapensio daxmarebebis Rirebuleba sapensio Tanxad (saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxad) klasificirdeba. igi warmoadgens individis aqtivTa mniSvnelovan nawils _ saSualod, mis wilad modis pensioneri individis likvidur aqtivTa 38% [Baxter, 2001]. Sepirebuli sapensio daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba individis mier im `sikeTed~ CaiTvleba, romelsac mas saxelmwifo uxdis. sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT ki es aris mTavrobis Seusrulebeli valdebuleba da, amdenad, `wminda sikeTes~ ar warmoadgens. wminda daxmarebis kalkulaciis meore etapi danaxarjis gamoTvlaa, rac gulisxmobs yvela im gadasaxds, romelsac individi ixdis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. cxadia, rogorc saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanxa, agreTve momavali saxelfaso ganakveTi droTa ganmavlobaSi xelfasis zrdazea damokidebuli. 9.3 cxrilSi mocemulia sami `warmomadgeneli~ individi: `dabali Semosavlis mqone”, romelic yovelTvis saSualo xelfasis Tanxis 45%-s Soulobs, `saSualo Semosavlis mqone~, romelic saSualo xelfass Soulobs da `maRali Semosavlis mqone~, romelic maqsimalur Semosavals iRebs, rac socialuri dazRvevis gadasaxadiT ibegreba. gamoTvlebi sami gansxvavebuli sapensio asakis mixedviTaa Catarebuli. cxrilis TiToeuli ujredi gvaZlevs aseT informacias: (1) saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxa; (2) saxelfaso gadasaxadebi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi; (3) wminda mogeba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemidan, romelic martivad gamoiTvleba: (1) maCvenebels _ (2) maCvenebeli. amdenad, individi, romelsac saSualo Semosavali aqvs da romelic pensiaze 1995 wlidan gava, miiRebs 124000 dolar sapensio daxmarebis Tanxas. individi ixdida saxelfaso gadasaxads, romlis mTlianma moculobam Seadgina 121146 aSS dolari. amdenad, misi wminda mogeba sistemidan Seadgens 2854 dolars. 9.3 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gadaanawilebs Semosavals sxvadasxva fenas Soris saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema. arsebuli da momavali pensionerebis SemTxvevaSi ki rac ufro maRali iqneba maTi Semosavali, miT ufro dabali iqneba maTi pensia. marTlac, maRali Semosavlis mqone individebi, romlebic pensiaze 2015 wels gavlen, saxelmwifo sapensio daxmarebis programaSi monawileobis gamo daaxloebiT 78000 aSS dolars dakargaven. cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor anawilebda Semosavals saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema Zvel Taobebze. ganvixiloT ori individi saSualo SemosavliT, romelTagan erT-erTi pensiaze 1980 wels gavida, xolo meore ki 2015 wels gava. pirveli sapensio programis wyalobiT miiRebs wminda daxmarebas 49827 dolaris, xolo meore _ 19759 dolaris odenobiT.
3
saxelmwifo sapensio daxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, amdenad, misi faqtobrivi Rirebuleba ganusazRvrelia da aqtuaruli cxrilebi gamoyenebul unda iqnas `saSualo~ an `mosalodneli~ Rirebulebis gamosaTvlelad. daxmareba gaicema da, Sesabamisad, xarjebi gaiweva xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, amdenad, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba `mimdinare RirebulebiT” unda iyos gamoTvlili. Tu TqvenTvis ucnobia aRniSnuli koncefciebi, ixileT me-11 Tavi.
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rogorc naxatidan Cans, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema ufro didsulovania wina Taobis, vidre axalgazrda Taobis mimarT. naxati 9.3 cxrili Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs imaze, Tu rogor anawilebs saxelmwifo sapensio sistema Semosavals TaobaTa Soris. garda amisa, saxelmwifo sapensio sistema Semosavals Taobis SigniTac anawilebs. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania, SevniSnoT, rom ararealuria, Tu cxad gadanawilebas, romelic materializirebulia daxmarebis sakalkulacio formulaSi, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis konteqstSi ganvixilavT. aRniSnuli gadanawileba ki swored im martivi mizeziTaa gamowveuli, rom mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sapensio daxmareba damokidebulia aramxolod wliur daxmarebaze, aramed wlebis im raodenobaze, romlis ganmavlobaSic Tqven iRebT sargebels. ase magaliTad, libmanma [2001B] gamoiTvala, rom im afro-amerikelebs Soris, romlebic pensiaze 1990-ian wlebSi gavidnen, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli wminda sapensio daxmareba iyo uaryofiTi (2514 aSS dolari), xolo TeTrkanianebSi ki _ dadebiTi (250 aSS dolari). magram, Tu imave afro-amerikelebs danarCeni mosaxleobis analogiuri mosalodneli sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da ganaTleba eqnebodaT, maSin maTi wminda sapensio daxmareba dadebiTi gaxdeboda (18259 aSS dolari). sasicocxlo ciklis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad bevr sxva saintereso daskvnamde mivdivarT. aviRoT, magaliTad, gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT. qali mamakacze didxans cocxlobs, amdenad, is daxmareba, romelsac qali mTeli sasicocxlo ciklis ganmavlobaSi miiRebs, mamakacis mier misaRebi daxmarebis analogiur maCvenebels aRemateba. libmanis gamoTvlaTa Tanaxmad, im adamianebidan, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi pensiaze gavidnen, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma dakarges daaxloebiT 43000 aSS dolari, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma ki moiges 37000 aSS dolari. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema Semosavals individTa arCevanisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli faqtorebis mixedviT anawilebs. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi qorwinebaSi myofi individi kmayofaze myofi meuRliT bevrad met daxmarebas iRebs, vidre martoxela adamiani. daqorwinebuli individi iRebs damatebiT daxmarebas meuRlisaTvis, romelic misi sakuTari daxmarebis 50%-is tolia. ufro metic, qorwinebaSi myofi piris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi darCenili meuRle uflebamosilia, mTeli daxmareba miiRos. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wyvili, romelSic mxolod erT-erTs aqvs Semosavali, iRebs ufro met daxmarebas, vidre qorwinebaSi myofi Semosavlis mqone meuRleebi. warmoidgineT ojaxi, romelSic cols aqvs ufro meti Semosavali mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre mis qmars. Tu daxmarebis Tanxa, romlis miRebis ufleba aqvs qmars saxelfaso istoriis mixedviT, naklebia misi colis sapensio daxmarebis 50%-ze, maSin qmars gaezrdeba sapensio daxmarebis Tanxis moculoba da colis sapensio daxmarebis maqsimum 50%-s gautoldeba. am Tanxas qmari warsulSi rom ar emuSava, mainc miiRebda. Tu qmris sapensio daxmarebis Tanxa aRemateba colis sapensio daxmarebis Tanxis 50%-s, maSin qmari igebs mxolod im sxvaobiT, rac arsebobs mis sapensio daxmarebis Tanxasa da colis sapensio daxmarebis Tanxis 50%-s 263
Soris. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom SedarebiT dabali Semosavlis mqone meuRlis xelfasi ibegreba saxelfaso gadasaxadiT mTeli misi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programidan igi Zalian mcire Tanxas iRebs. aris Tu ara ganawilebis aseTi sqema sasurveli? rogorc yovelTvis, pasuxi axlac subieqtur gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli. SesaZloa, arsebobdes mosazreba, rom xalxi, romelic didi depresiisa da II msoflio omis dros cxovrobda, imdenad arasamarTlianad daiCagra, rom imsaxurebs, axali Taobisagan miiRos kompensacia. Tu am midgomas gamoviyenebT, maSin 9.3 cxrilSi mocemuli TaobaTaSorisi transferi sakmaod miznobrivi da racionaluria. meore mxriv, gaurkvevelia, Tu samarTlianobisa da obieqturobis romeli principi asabuTebs ganawilebis meqanizms ojaxebis sxvadasxva tips Soris, romelic es-esaa ganvixileT. gaimarTa bevri sajaro diskusia saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis transferebis Sesaxeb, Tumca saTanado yuradReba maT arasodes miqcevia. Tanxebi Zalian didia: es Tanxebi pirdapiri daxmarebis programebis saSualebiT rom yofiliyo gadacemuli, albaT, yvelaze cxare kamaTis sagani gaxdeboda. Tumca saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis aspeqtebi bundovania, xolo sazogadoebrivi informirebulobis done ki _ dabali. satrasto fondi rodesac saxelfaso sagadasaxado Semosavlebi aRemateba beneficiarebisTvis gadasaxdeli daxmarebis Tanxas, sxvaoba gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo obligaciebis SesaZenad, romlebic `deponirebulia~ saxelmwifo sapensio uzrinvelyofis sistemis satrasto fondSi. sityva brWyalebSi imitomaa Casmuli, rom satrasto fonds xSirad arasworad moiazreben. mas miiCneven, rogorc gigantur Semnaxvel angariSs, romelic momavalSi uzrunvelyofs daxmarebis Tanxebis gacemas. sinamdvileSi satrasto fondi saaRricxvo mowyobilobaa, romelic federalur biujetSi saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis mier akumulirebul wliur namets aRricxavs. Tavisi arsiT satrasto fondi ar aZlierebs mTavrobis unars, momavalSi uzrunvelyos daxmarebis Tanxebis gamoyofa. sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad kargi iqneboda, mogvexdina Semdegi fundamenturi faqtis aRiareba: nebismier momaval weliwads pensionerisa da momuSavis moxmarebis masStabi im wels warmoebuli produqciis moculobidan gamomdinareobs. amdenad, satrasto fonds SeuZlia, daafinansos momavali pensionerebis moxmareba produqciis moculobis gazrdis gziT momavalSi. erTaderTi gza, romlis saSualebiTac satrasto fonds SeuZlia momavalSi produqciis moculobis gazrda, aris arsebuli ZiriTadi kapitalis gazrda, radgan maRali ZiriTadi kapitali momavali momuSaveebis mwarmoeblurobas zrdis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu satrasto fondSi akumulirebuli Tanxebi met saxelmwifo danazogTan ar asocirdeba, maSin aRniSnuli Tanxebi momavalSi daxmarebis Tanxebis gadaxdas ver uzrunvelyofs.
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axla ki davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis nametis pirobebSi politikosebi iReben gadawyvetilebas biujetis arasapensio nawilis xarjvis gazrdis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, mocemul weliwads saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemam moagrova nameti 10 miliardi aSS dolaris moculobiT; kongresma ki sxva programaze 10 miliardi aSS dolariT meti daxarja. satrasto fondSi kidev darCa 10 miliardi dolaris Semosavali. es Semosavali warmoadgens danaxarjs, romelic gaweul unda iqnas xazinis xarjze; misi dafarvis Semdgom es danaxarji dafinansebuli iqneba sazogadoebrivi gadasaxadebis gazrdis an sxva danaxarjebis Semcirebis gziT. Tumca es 10 miliardi ar zrdis saxelmwifo danazogebs. amdenad, realurad ar gazrdila arc sazogadoebis unari, uzrunvelyos daxmarebis Tanxa. faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevridan didi nametiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli nametiT xdeboda federaluri biujetis danarCeni didi deficitis kompensacia, rac gulisxmobs swored imas, rom satrasto fondis Rirebuleba bevrad aRemateba danazogis faqtobriv zrdas [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2002 weli, gv. 77]. Cven kvlav davubrundebiT am sakiTxs mogvianebiT, rodesac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis reformis Sesaxeb winadadebebs ganvixilavT. xandazmulTa ekonomiuri mdgomareoba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis erT-erTi mTavari mizani xandazmulTa Semosavlis SenarCunebaa. miaRwia ki programam am mizans? cifrebi sakmaod optimistur istorias gviamboben. xandazmulTa jgufi SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi myof jgufad iTvleba. 1970 wels xandazmulTa oTxi ojaxidan saSualod erTi ojaxi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeboda. Semcirda xandazmulTa siRaribis ganakveTi; ufro metic, dRes igi ufro mcirea, vidre mTliani mosaxleobis siRaribis ganakveTi. 2001 wels 65 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleobis 10,1% iyo Raribi, maSin rodesac mTliani mosaxleobis igive maCvenebeli 11,7%-s udrida. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi xandazmulTa Semosavali ufro swrafad mzardi ganakveTiT gaizarda, vidre danarCeni mosaxleobis analogiuri maCvenebeli. 1974 wlidan 2001 wlamde 15 wels gadacilebuli mTliani mosaxleobis realuri saSualo Semosavali daaxloebiT 31%-iT gaizarda, xolo 65 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleobis analogiuri maCvenebeli ki _ 45%-iT4. dRes xandazmulTa mTliani Semosavlis 39% saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programebidan midis. xandazmulTa yvelaze Raribi (mexuTe) fenis Semosavlis 82% saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programidanaa dafinansebuli [http://www.ssa.gov/]. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa ori gafrTxileba. pirveli: marTalia, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemam xandazmulTa Soris orjer Seamcira siRaribis done, man mainc ver moaxerxa siRaribis sruli aRmofxvra. xandazmuli qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki qvrivebi, mZime ekonomikuri siZneleebis winaSe imyofebian. meore: saxelmwifo pensia yovelTvis ar warmoadgens 4
kalkulaciebi efuZneba: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income.html.
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pensionerebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi resursebis wminda damatebas. individma SesaZloa, sakmaod mcire danazogi gaakeTos saxelmwifo pensiis imediT, an SesaZloa, miatovos muSaoba da pensiaze gavides. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo sapensio sistema individis gadawyvetilebebze, aucilebelia, SevafasoT sistemis efeqti da ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
efeqti ekonomikur qcevaze zogierTi ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema amaxinjebs individebis qcevas da asustebs ekonomikur efeqtianobas. diskusiaTa qarcecxlSi swored danazogebi da SromiTi gadawyvetilebebi moxvda. rogorc vnaxavT, empiriul moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli yoveli sirTule, romelic meore TavSi iyo ganxiluli, axla Cven winaSe erTgvari revanSis formiT wardgeba. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis efeqti qcevaze kvlav winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxad darCeba. amdenad, wignis es nawili upiratesad mimdinare kvlevebis Sesaxeb angariSs warmoadgens da ara gadamwyveti daskvnebis mokle anotacias. danazogebi saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemisa da danazogebis struqturis kvlevis amosavali wertili aris danazogis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani moxmarebisa da dazogvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs im daskvnebis safuZvelze, romelsac individi mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi akeTebs. im periodSi, romlis ganmavlobaSic individi muSaobs, piri Semosavlis garkveul nawils im mizniT zogavs, rom uzrunveli sibere Seiqmnas5. aseTi Tanxebi investirebulia, vidre dadgeba maTi gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac zrdis sazogadoebis ZiriTad kapitals. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergva mniSvnelovnad cvlis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili danazogi Tanxis moculobas. cvlileba sami saxis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli: simdidris Canacvlebis efeqti. momuSave gaiazrebs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio fondSi Setanili kontribuciis safasurad igi garantirebul sapensio Semosavals miiRebs. amdenad, individi saxelmwifo sapensio gadasaxads `danazogadac~ ki aRiqvams; am imediT igi aRar gaakeTebs sxva damatebiT danazogs (an SedarebiT patara danazogs gaakeTebs). aRniSnuli fenomeni simdidris Canacvlebis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadasaxadis gadaxdis sistemis pirobebSi kontribucia amJamindel beneficiars gadaexdeba. amdenad, saxelmwifo danazogi ufro cotaa, vidre kerZo danazogis Semcirebis ganakveTi, rac kapitalis akumulaciis mTliani moculobis Semcirebas gulisxmobs. 5
cxadia, danazogis akumulireba sxva mizniTac xdeba: samomxmareblo da grZelvadiani saqonlis SeZena, gamoyeneba saWiroebis Jams da a.S. ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis Sesaxeb ix. Modigliani [1986].
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pensiaze gasvlis efeqti. saxelmwifo sapensio sistemam SesaZloa, ubiZgos individs, mosalodnelze adre gavides pensiaze. imisaTvis, rom piri gaxdes uflebamosili, miiRos daxmareba, igi aRar unda muSaobdes. Tumca, Tu gaizrdeba sapensio periodi, individs daugrovdeba meti aranamuSevari weliwadi, romlis ganmavlobaSic individis moxmarebis dafinanseba unda moxdes; amdenad, individs ufro naklebi raodenobis samuSao weli eqneba imisaTvis, rom Tanxebis akumulireba moaxerxos. pensiaze gasvlis efeqti danazogi Tanxis moculobas zrdis. memkvidreobis efeqti. davuSvaT, rom danazogis akumulirebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizani misi SvilebisaTvis memkvidreobiT gadacema aris. gaixseneT 9.3 cxrilidan, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi Svilis (momuSavisa da gadasaxadebis gadamxdelis) Semosavali mamas (pensionersa da daxmarebis beneficiars) gadaecema. amdenad, mSobels SeuZlia, gaakeTos meti danazogi da SvilisaTvis gadasacemi memkvidreoba gazardos, riTic saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis gamanawilebeli efeqtis kompensacia moxdeba. Tavisi arsiT adamianebi danazogs imisaTvis zrdian, rom Svilebis Semosavalze saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis zemoqmedeba Seamsubuqon. aRniSnuli fenomeni ki memkvidreobis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. ekonometrikuli analizi. samive zemoT aRwerili zegavlenis tipi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT muSaobs. amdenad, marto Teoria uZluria, axsnas, Tu saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema danazogebze ra zemoqmedebas axdens. aq ukve saWiroa ekonometrikuli analizi. pirveli nabiji maTematikuri kavSir-urTierTobis gansazRvraa, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu danazogebis Tanxa saxelmwifo sapensio fondis Tanxebze da sxva mniSvnelovan cvladebze rogoraa damokidebuli. alternatiulad, mkvlevarma SesaZloa, gaakeTos im urTierTobis postulireba, romelic moxmarebis moculobas axsnis, rogorc imave cvladebis funqcias, radgan, gasazRvrebis Tanaxmad, danazogi da moxmareba erTi da imave medalis sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoadgens _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic moxmarebis moculobas erTi dolariT zrdis, imave TanxiT amcirebs danazogis moculobas. winaaRmdegobriv kvlevaSi feldSteinma [1974] aRniSna, rom moxmareba mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi wlis dasawyisSi arsebuli piradi simdidris, wlis ganmavlobaSi gankargvadi (wminda) Semosavlisa da saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis Tanxis funqcias (sxva cvladebs Soris) warmoadgens. Semosavali da piradi simdidre gaTvaliswinebulia, radgan individis moxmarebis potencialis formirebisaTvis saWiro meqanizms warmoadgens. kvlevis ganaxlebul versiaSi feldSteinma [1996] regresiis gantoleba SeerTebuli Statebis wliur monacemebTan (1932-dan 1992 wlamde) erTad Seafasa. man gamoiyena statistikuri meTodebi, romlebic meore TavSi aRweril meTodebs waagavda. ZiriTadi SekiTxva, romelic Cven gvainteresebs, aris im parametris niSani da sidide, romelic saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Tanxis cvlads zrdis. feldSteinma 267
aRmoaCina dadebiTi da statistikurad mniSvnelovani sidide – 0,028. es dadebiTi niSani cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Tanxis zrda moxmarebis zrdas iwvevs da danazogs amcirebs. amdenad, simdidris Canacvlebis efeqti dominirebs pensiaze gasvlisa da memkvidreobis efeqtebze. koeficientis raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi: 2001 wels saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Tanxis moculoba uxeSi SefasebiT 16000 miliardi aSS dolaris tolia. koeficienti 0,028 gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemam piradi danazogi 2002 wels 448 miliardi aSS dolariT Seamcira ( = 0,028 X $16000). 2002 wels piradi danazogis moculoba daaxloebiT 296 miliardi aSS dolari iyo. 448 miliardi dolari potenciuri kerZo danazogis, anu 744 miliardi aSS dolaris (448 miliardi dolarisa da 296 miliardi dolaris jami) 60%-ia. amdenad, Tu feldSteinis kalkulaciebi sworia, maSin saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema, romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadaixdeba, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kapitalis akumulaciaze friad uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs. imdenad, ramdenadac produqtiuloba mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia ZiriTad kapitalze, es ukve seriozuli sakiTxia6. feldSteinis kvlevam azrTa sxvadasxvaobas daudo safuZveli. sxva kvlevebi, romlebic iyenebdnen gasxvavebul monacemebsa da Sefasebis meTodebs, sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs aRwevdnen. ase magaliTad, laimerma da lesnoim [1982] miakvlies mtkicebulebas, romelic mianiSnebda imaze, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema rig SemTxvevebSi danazogebis moculobas zrdida. Tu yvela am analizs SevajerebT, mainc Tamamad SesaZloa iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema namdvilad negatiur zemoqmedebas axorcielebs danazogebze, Tumca kvlavac gaurkvevelia zemoqmedebis simZlavris xarisxi [Hurd, 1990]. gadawyvetileba pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb 62 wels gadacilebul individs saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema nawilobriv an mTlianad pensiaze gasvlisaken ubiZgebs. 1930 wels 65 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebis 54% kvlav muSaobda. 1950 wlisaTvis dasaqmebis ganakveTi aRniSnuli jgufisaTvis 45,8% iyo, xolo 2001 wels ki 18%-mde daeca7. klebis aseTi tendencia gamowveuli iyo iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: zrdadi Semosavali, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis cvlileba, Tanamdebobrivi gansxvavebani. bevri mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema sapensio mimarTulebebis esoden dramatul cvlilebebs iwvevda.
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sainteresoa, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergvis periodSi, anu 1930 wels, sistemis mier danazogis Semcirebis tendencia mis Rirsebad iyo miCneuli. bevrs swamda, rom didi depresiis mTavari gamomwvevi mizezi is iyo, rom mosaxleobas ar hqonda unari, TviTonve daefinansebina sakuTari moxmareba. 7 ixileT aSS mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, [1975, gv. 132]. naxeT veb-gverdi: www.bls.gov
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saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema pensiaze gasvlis stimuls gvTavazobs. stimulis arsSi rom gaverkveT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis sikeTis koncefcia unda gavixsenoT. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis sikeTe im daxmarebaTa mimdinare Rirebulebas warmoadgens, romlis miReba individs SeuZlia. davuSvaT, rom 66 wlis individi iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, imuSaos Tu ara kidev erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mTavaria, ra moxdeba mis sapensio daxmarebis TanxasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu igi pensiaze gasvlas gadaavadebs erTi wliT da imuSavebs. Tu cvlileba sapensio TanxaSi pozitiuria da igi emateba dabegril (wminda) xelfass, romelsac individi Sesrulebuli muSaobisaTvis iRebs, maSin individis muSaobis stimuli ufro Zlierdeba. magram, Tu cvlileba sapensio TanxaSi negatiuria, maSin mcirdeba momavali wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis survili. am analizis Semdeg aseTi kiTxva wamoiWreba: damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis SemTxvevaSi cvlilebas pensiis TanxaSi ra gansazRvravs? pasuxi sxvadasxva faqtorzea damokidebuli, Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovania koreqtireba, romelsac sapensio Tanxa eqvemdebareba, Tu individi kidev erT damatebiT weliwads imuSavebs. erT-erTi SesaZlebloba aqtuaruli samarTliani koreqciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, rac niSnavs imas, rom, Tu individi kidev erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daxmarebis miRebaze uars ityvis, maSin mis mier momavalSi asaRebi pensiis Tanxa izrdeba ise, rom mimdinare RirebulebiT igi momavalSi ucvleli moculobiT gadaecema individs. am SemTxvevaSi sapensio Tanxis moculoba ar icvleba imis mixedviT, individi kidev erTi damatebiTi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs Tu ara. amdenad, individs sistema arc ubiZgebs pensiaze gasvlisaken da arc ewinaaRmdegeba mis mier am gadawyvetilebis miRebas. aRmoCnda, rom, rogorc ki momuSave 64 wels miaRwevs, Tanxis koreqtireba sulac ar moxdeba samarTlianad, rac TavisTavad imas gulisxmobs, rom, Tu individi agrZelebs muSaobas kidev erTi damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sapensio Tanxa klebulobs. marTlac, 66 wlis individisaTvis sapensio Tanxis Semcirebis ganakveTi wminda Semosavlebamde SesaZloa, sakmaod maRali iyos _ daaxloebiT 23% (daimondisa da gruberis [1999, gv. 456] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad). ramdenad zemoqmedebs sapensio Tanxis esoden usamarTlo koreqcia pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebze? ramdenime ekonometrikuli kvlevis mizani piris gadawyvetilebaze pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis zemoqmedebis Sefaseba iyo. bevri maTgani mivida saerTo hipoTezamde: sistema pensiaze gasvlas waaxalisebs da im individebis Sromis moculobas Seamcirebs, romlebic muSaobas agrZeleben. ase magaliTad, TerTmet industriul qveyanaSi saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Sesaxeb Catarda kvleva [1999] gruberisa da uaizis mier, romlebmac aRmoaCines, rom pensiaze gasvlis SemTxvevebi normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave, anu pirvelive sapensio wels, xSiria. Tumca danazogebis akumulirebis analogiurad, reaqciis masStabis Taobaze mniSvnelovani ganusazRvreloba arsebobs. ganusazRvrelobis gamomwvevi mniSvnelovani mizezi aris is faqti, rom is cvladebi, romlebic xandazmulTa SromiT gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebs, gamosaTvlelad rTuli da zogjer 269
xelmiuwvdomelicaa. aseTi cvladebia: janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, adgilobrivi SromiTi bazris pirobebi da kerZo pensiebis saxiT akumulirebuli Tanxebi. Sedegebi bevr ekonomists sjera, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema rogorc muSaobis, aseve danazogis akumulirebis survils amcirebs. Tumca zogierTi ekonomisti am mosazrebaSi arsebuli bundovani mtkicebulebis gamo ase Rrmad darwmunebuli ar aris. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tundac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs marTlac amaxinjebdes, es mainc ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom sistema cudia. Tu sazogadoebas surs, xandazmulebi Semosavlis garkveuli doniT iyvnen uzrunvelyofilni, maSin igive sazogadoeba mzad unda iyos, garkveuli safasuri gadaixados xandazmulTaTvis Semosavlis gansazRvruli donis uzrunvelsayofad (rac TavisTavad efeqtianobis SemcirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli). meore mxriv, Tu arsebobs imisi SesaZlebloba, rom xandazmulebi igive daxmarebiT sargeblobdnen, xolo sazogadoebam ki naklebi danakargi miiRos, maSin sistemis reformirebis sakiTxi unda gadaisinjos.
saxelmwifo sapensio grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba
sistemaze
ganxorcielebuli
dRes saxelmwifo sapensio sistemaSi gadaxdili saxelfaso gadasaxadi aRemateba sapensio Tanxas, romelic sistemam pensionerisaTvis unda uzrunvelyos. aseTi nametis arseboba daaxloebiT 2016 wlamdea navaraudevi. am momentis Semdeg mTavrobas gadasaxadebis gazrda, pensiis Tanxis an sxva danaxarjebis Semcireba, an sazogadoebisagan sesxis aReba mouwevs. mokled rom vTqvaT, arsebuli struqturis fonze saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema finansurad arastabilurad gamoiyureba. martivi formula dagvexmareba, problemis wyaro warmovaCinoT. stabiluri sistemis farglebSi, sadac gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebis momentSi gadaixdeba, pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxa zustad amJamindeli momuSaveebis mier gadaxdil Tanxas udris. Tu Nb aris pensionerTa raodenoba, B ki pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxaa, maSin daxmarebaTa mTliani moculoba iqneba N b ´ B . amJamindeli momuSaveebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi sagadasaxado ganakveTis (t), momuSaveTa raodenobisa (Nw) da momuSavis saSualo xelfasis namravls: ( w) ¸ t ´ N w ´ w warmoadgens. amdenad, miRebuli sapensio daxmarebisa da gadaxdili gadasaxadebis Tanafardoba moiTxovs:
Nb ´ B = t ´ Nw ´ x gantolebis gadanacvlebis Sedegad viRebT:
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t=(
Nb
Nw
) ´ (B ) w
(9.1)
pirveli monacemi marjvena mxares daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi _ pensionerebisa da momuSaveebis proporciuli damokidebuleba aris. meore monacemi Senacvlebis ganakveTs _ saSualo pensiis proporciul damokidebulebas saSualo xelfasze warmoadgens. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli grZelvadiani problemebi swored im faqtis gamo warmoiqmneba, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi xandazmuli mosaxleobis siWarbiT xasiaTdeba, rac TavisTavad miuTiTebs imaze, rom daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi ganuxrelad izrdeba. dRes es maCvenebeli erTi mesamedia, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom erT pensionerze daaxloebiT sami momuSave modis. 2030 wlisaTvis (rodesac `Sobadobis bumis~ Taoba normalur sapensio asaks miaRwevs), proporcia iqneba 0,5 _ mxolod ori momuSave darCeba erT pensionerze. (9.1) gantolebidan Cans, rom zrdadi daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom sistemam (romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebasTan erTad xdeba), kvlavac uzrunvelyos sapensio Tanxebis igive moculoba (anu B/w-s mudmivi Rirebuleba), aucilebeli gaxdeba momuSaveTa gadasaxadebis gazrda. ase magaliTad, dRes damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis (momuSavis) mier gadaxdili kombinirebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 12,4%-ia, rac SeiZleba 2030 wels daaxloebiT 20%-mde gaizardos. alternatiulad, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli gadasaxadebis gazrda, sapensio Tanxis moculoba erTi mesamediT unda Semcirdes. imave problemas bevri sxva qveyanac ganicdis. daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi izrdeba kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, dasavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikisa da aziis rig qveynebSi.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis reforma saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis finansuri problemebi dRes sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSia. grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, `statusqvo~ sakmaod arastabilurad gamoiyureba. swored amitom sistemis SesaZlo cvlilebis Sesaxeb mTeli rigi diskusiebi imarTeba. ganvixiloT ramdenime alternatiuli potenciuri reforma. arsebuli sistemis SenarCuneba erT-erTi mosazreba aris is, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema `krizisul mdgomareobaSi~ sulac ar aris. rogorc aaroni [1996, gv. 1] aRniSnavda, `problemebi realuria da, cxadia, yuradRebas imsaxurebs. rac ufro swrafi iqneba adekvaturi reagireba, miT ukeTesi iqneba sistemisaTvis. gadasaxadebi gaizrdeba, pensiis Tanxa Semcirdeba, an orive erTad moxdeba. Tumca mTavrobis aCqarebuli guliscema da damZimebuli sunTqva sulac ar aris saWiro~. ase magaliTad, Tu saxelfaso sagadasaxado ganakveTi gaizrdeboda 1,89%-iT, xolo amonagebi ki satrasto fondis akumulirebis saSualebas mogvcemda, maSin SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda sistemis mwyobrSi Cayeneba da igi momavali 75 271
wlis ganmavlobaSi stabilurad imuSavebda. alternatiulad, SesaZlebelia, sapensio asakis gazrdis an pensiis maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT dabegvris saSualebiT Senacvlebis ganakveTi Semcirdes. am midgomis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema popularuli da warmatebuli programaa, romelsac ganviTareba unda vacadoT. oponentebi saubroben im problemis Sesaxeb, romelic ukve aRiniSna _ sistema amcirebs saxelmwifo danazogs, arastabilurad anawilebs Semosavals da a.S. garda amisa, sazogadoebas ar surs, gaizardos gadasaxadebi. dabolos, imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnas permanentuli balansi, aucilebelia, mniSvnelovnad (daaxloebiT 4,7%-iT) gaizardos xelfasis gadasaxadis ganakveTi. sistemis privatizacia ukanasknel periodSi rogorc politikosebi, aseve mecnierebi seriozulad ganixilaven saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis privatizebis sakiTxs. termini privatizacia moicavs sqemaTa did raodenobas, TiToeul maTgans erTi saerTo niSan-Tviseba aqvs: damqiravebelica da daqiravebulic ixdis savaldebulo gadasaxads, romelic akumulirdeba individualur angariSze. momuSaveni Tanxis sxvadasxva finansur aqtivSi, gansakuTrebiT urTierTfondebSi (rac SerCeuli aqciebisa da valdebulebebis nakrebs warmoadgens) investirebas axorcieleben. samuSao ciklis dasasruls individi sapensio periodis ganmavlobaSi angariSze dagrovili Tanxis wyalobiT Tavadve uzrunvelyofs sakuTar Tavs. saerTod, unda arsebobdes imisi SesaZlebloba, rom individma, adreuli sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, angariSze arsebuli gamouyenebeli Tanxa gadasces memkvidres. 1981 wels CileSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis privatizacia. Ciles sistema sami ZiriTadi komponentisagan Sedgeba: (1) yvela momuSave valdebulia, Tviuri Semosavlis 10% ganaTavsos angariSze, romelic gaxsnilia mTavrobis mier akreditirebul finansur servis-firmaSi; (2) pensiaze gasvlis momentidan pensiis miReba SesaZloa rogorc TandaTanobiT, aseve anuitetis formiT; (3) individi, romelic CarTulia sistemaSi sakmarisi periodis ganmavlobaSi, garantirebul minimalur pensias iRebs, romelic dafinansebulia mTliani Semosavlidan [Edwards, 1998]. Ciles sistemis momxibvleloba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT, valdebulebebs ukugebis gacilebiT ufro maRali ganakveTi ericxeba, vidre es saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi xdeba. sapensio anaricxebis investireba kerZo bazarze saSualebas mogvcems, ukugebis ganakveTi gaizardos da momuSaveTa gadasaxadebis gazrdis gareSe pensioners ufro maRali pensia mieces. mosazrebis Sesafaseblad gavixsenoT Cveni dakvirveba imis Sesaxeb, rom momuSavisa da pensioneris moxmarebis koeficienti yovelTvis warmoebis wliur maCvenebelzea damokidebuli. amdenad, privatizacia momavali pensionerebis moxmarebis dafinansebas momavalSi warmoebis moculobis gazrdis gziT xels Seuwyobs. erTaderTi gza am miznis misaRwevad ki danazogebis gazrdaa. 272
Tumca ar arsebobs safuZveli, davijeroT, rom privatizacia Tavisi arsiT gazrdis saxelmwifo danazogis moculobas. mTavrobas uwevs, nebismieri gziT daifinansos deficiti. dRes saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis satrasto fondi saxelmwifo obligaciebis formiTaa warmodgenili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo iZulebuli iqneba, Tavisi obligaciebi kerZo investorebs mihyidos. imisaTvis, rom kerZo investori saxelmwifos obligaciebis satrasto fondis gavliT SeZenaSi dainteresdes, maSin maTi Semosavlianoba unda gaizardos (rac ufro daamZimebs gadamxdelis sagadasaxado tvirTs), an Semcirdes aqciebis Rirebuleba, an orive erTad. sabolood ki es yvelaferi warmoadgens saxelmwifo da kerZo fasiani qaRaldebis gacvlas satrasto fondsa da kerZo bazrebs Soris. rogorc xedavT, axali danazogis akumulireba ar momxdara. ai, ratom iTvaliswinebs danazogis zrdas privatizirebis rTuli modelebi. ase magaliTad, feldSteini da samviki [2001] gvTavazobdnen `piradi sapensio angariSebis~ danergvas, romelzec individis saxelfaso gadasaxadi (Semosavlis 1,5%) mxolod individis Tanxmobis safuZvelze ganTavsdeba. feldSteini da samviki amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi midgoma axali tipis danazogis akumulirebas waagavs, romelic mniSvnelovnad gazrdis ZiriTad kapitalsa da warmoebas. riski. ukanasknelma wlebma aSkarad dagvanaxva, rom aqciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc Rirebulebis Semcireba, aseve gazrda. privatizaciis erT-erTi naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi met finansur risks iwvevs. pasuxad privatizaciis ideis mesveurebi amtkiceben, rom arsebuli mdgomareobis stabiluroba ararealuria _ TiToeuli individi im saSiSroebis winaSe dgas, rom momavali kanonmdebelni, SeewinaaRmdegebian ra (9.1) gantolebaSi mocemul mkacr postulatebs, pensiis Tanxas Seamcireben. faqtobrivad, bevrma qveyanam, aSS-s CaTvliT, ukve Secvala sapensio sistema ise, rom dRevandeli axalgazrda da saSualo asakis Taoba momavalSi Semcirebul pensias miiRebs [McHale, 1999]. faqtobrivad, privatizaciis mesveurebi amtkiceben, rom politikuri riskis Semcirebisa da privatizaciis gziT ufro usafrTxo da naklebad riskiani sistema damkvidrdeba. administracia. SeuZlebelia sapensio sistemis administracia ufasod. aucilebelia fulis gadaxda iseT momsaxurebaSi, rogoricaa: Tanxebis Segroveba, amonaweris warmoeba, aqtivTa marTva, sapensio Tanxis gamoTvla da sxva. swored amitom zogierTi adamiani SiSobs, rom privatizaciis SemTxvevaSi es xarjebi Zalian gaizrdeba. ramdenad realuria es SiSi? pasuxis gasacemad is xarjebi ganvixiloT, romlebic gaiweva organizaciebze, romlebic dRes sapensio danazogis angariSs gvTavazobs, an pensioners SemosavliT uzrunvelyofs (magaliTad, gansazRvruli erToblivi fondebi). Cven davinaxavT, rom danaxarji damokidebulia sistemis detalebze. investoris winaSe arCevanisa da momsaxurebis asortimenti rac ufro didia, miT maRalia administraciuli xarjebi. ase magaliTad, rac ufro xSirad Secvlis individi investicias, miT ufro Zviri iqneba programa. SesaZlebelia administraciuli danaxarjebis Semcireba, Tu individis mier aqtivTa 273
gadanawilebis sixSire SeizRudeba, rac, amave dros, programis moqnilobas Seamcirebs. mTavari ki isaa, rom privatizebuli sistema, racionaluri kompromisis wyalobiT, SesaZloa, yvelaze mokrZalebuli danaxarjebiTac ki iqnes administrirebuli [Shoven, 2000]. ganawileba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema xSirad sadazRvevo sistemadac moiazreba, misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizani Semosavlis gadanawilebaa. arsebul sistemas ori gansakuTrebuli da calsaxa mizani gaaCnia: aiZulos individi, muSaobis periodidan miRebuli Semosavali pensiis periodze gadaanawilos, agreTve gaanawilos Semosavali xandazmulebze, romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, `socialurad adeqvaturi~ mxardaWeris deficitis winaSe dadgebodnen. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli bevri problema swored imitom wamoiWreba, rom sistema erTi berketis saSualebiT ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs. privatizaciis modelTa umetesoba am orive mizans cal-calke, damoukideblad aregulirebs. pensiis dafinanseba individualur sapensio angariSebze dagrovili Tanxis saSualebiT xdeba. rac Seexeba gadanawilebis mizans, mas damoukidebeli sistema aregulirebs, romelic transfers im pensionerebs sTavazobs, romelTa sapensio angariSze arsebuli Tanxa sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi dafinansebis garantias ar iZleva. umweoTaTvis damatebiTi daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis programa, romelic mTliani Semosavlidanaa dafinansebuli, amgvari transferebis gansaxorcieleblad ukve arsebuli meqanizmia. savaraudod, SesaZloa misi im mizniT gafarToeba, rom xandazmulebma imdeni daxmareba miiRon, ramdensac sazogadoeba moisurvebs. privatizaciis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rom ojaxuri mdgomareoba aRar iqneba mTavari individis sapensio Tanxis gansazRvraSi. Tu wyvili, romelTagan mxolod erTi muSaobs da agreTve is wyvili, romelTagan orive muSaobs, Tanabari moculobis Tanxas Seitans fondSi, Tanabar sapensio daxmarebas miiRebs. kmayofaze myofi umuSevari meuRleebis problema SesaZloa, Semdegnairad gadawydes: moxdeba TiToeuli meuRlis dakrediteba im TanxiT, romelic wyvilis mier fondSi Setanili mTliani Tanxis naxevars udris. am gziT, Tundac ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeul meuRles sakuTari balansi eqneba, romlis safuZvelze sapensio Tanxa gamoiTvleba. cxadia, saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis transferis nawilis mTliani dafinanseba sxva samTavrobo prioritetebTan sistemis srul konkurentunarianobas moiTxovs. politikosebi da sazogadoeba valdebulni arian, sxva socialuri miznebis WrilSi calsaxad gansazRvron xandazmulTaTvis transferTa Rirebuleba. privatizaciis mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom am gziT mTlianad moiSleba programa [Munnell, 1999]. sawinaaRmdego reagireba kvlavac aqtiurad ismis privatizaciis momxreTa mxridan. buSis komisia. 2001 wels prezidentma buSma Camoayaliba komisia, romelsac unda SeemuSavebina winadadebebi saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis privatizaciis Sesaxeb. komisia sami 274
alternatiuli winadadebiT wardga. samive maTgani Seicavda Sereul saxelmwifo-kerZo sistemebs, romelSic individs saSualeba eqneboda, saxelfaso gadasaxadebis garkveuli nawili pirad angariSze ganeTavsebina. im individis sapensio Tanxa (romelic ganisazRvreba im principiT, rom gadasaxadebi gadaixdeba Semosavlis miRebisTanave), romelic am alternativas airCevda, Sesabamisad Semcirdeboda. erT-erTi gegmis Tanaxmad, individi uflebamosili iqneboda, saxelfaso gadasaxadis 2,5% pirad sapensio angariSze (Personal Retirement Account - PRA) im pirobiT gadaetana, Tu momuSave am angariSze Seitanda Semosavlis damatebiT 1%-s (dabali Semosavlis mqone individisaTvis ganxorcieldeboda 1% damatebiTi Senatanis subsidireba). es winadadeba akmayofilebda racionaluri reformis ganxorcielebis erT-erT winapirobas _ TiTqos axlebur sistemas danazogis akumulaciis masStabis gazrdisaTvis unda Seewyo xeli. samwuxarod, bevri administraciuli sakiTxi am winadadebaSi naxsenebi ar iyo _ amdenad, misi Sefaseba Znelia. Tumca aucilebelia, aRvniSnoT, rom sazogadoebrivi-kerZo narevi ar aris ubralod Teoriuli SesaZlebloba; isini danergilia da muSaobs bevr qveyanaSi, Sveciis, avstraliis, germaniisa da didi britaneTis CaTvliT. airCevs ki am gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi?
dazRveva umuSevrobisagan 1935 wels (zustad imave wels, rodesac iqna dakanonebuli saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema), kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, Stati uflebamosilia, gaataros umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis (Unemployment Insurance - UI) programebi. programis mizani Semosavlis im danakargis kompensaciaa, romelic umuSevrobisganaa gamowveuli. faqtobrivad, xdeba nebismieri xelfasis kompensacia. 2002 wels daaxloebiT 10 milionma individma miiRo pirveli daxmareba. saSualo kvireuli UI daxmareba daaxloebiT 258 aSS dolars udris [www.doleta.gov]. ratom azRvevs saxelmwifo umuSevrobisagan? gaixseneT mesame Tavidan, rom kerZo bazari im situaciebSi, rodesac araxelsayreli SerCevisa da moraluri riskis fenomenebi aqtiurdeba, dazRvevis saTanado moculobas ver uzrunvelyofs. umuSevroba srulad pasuxobs am pirobebs. momuSave, romelsac yvelaze metad emuqreba umuSevroba, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevas yvelaze aqtiurad moiTxovs (araxelsayreli SerCeva). amdenad, kerZo firma, romelic cdilobda, gaewia amgvari momsaxureba, mogebis misaRebad maRal sadazRvevo gadasaxadebs iTxovda, rac potenciuri klienturis did nawils afrTxobda. amavdroulad, is momuSave, romelsac amgvari sadazRvevo paketiT sargeblobis ufleba eqneboda, meti uqme droTi (anu umuSevrobiT) `datkbeboda~, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi (moraluri riski). Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu visi braleulobiTaa gamowveuli umuSevroba – amdenad, sadazRvevo kompanias mouwevda didi moculobis Tanxebis gadaxda usafuZvlo moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. mokled, daujerebelia, rom umuSevrobisagan dazRveva romelime kerZo sadazRvevo kompaniisaTvis odesme warmatebul da Semosavlian biznesad iqces. araxelsayreli SerCevis fenomeni damqiravebels imis survils daukargavs, rom Tavisi TanamSromeli umuSevrobisagan daazRvios. 275
dazRveva umuSevrobisagan damatebiTi preferenciaa, romelmac SesaZloa, iseTi momuSaveebic ki moizidos, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi arasodes dainteresdebodnen xangrZlivi muSaobiT. savaldebulo saxelmwifo programa araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas Tavidan gvacilebs. amdenad, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevas saxelmwifos mier efeqtianobis gazrdis potenciali aqvs, Tumca saxelmwifos mier aRniSnuli dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa moralur risks ar amcirebs. rogorc Semdeg naxavT, es umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis sistemis dagegmvis problemas arTulebs. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor muSaobs umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis programa. daxmareba kviraTa raodenoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic individs SeuZlia, isargeblos daxmarebiT, rTuli formulis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba, romelic muSaobis istoriasa da im Statzea damokidebuli, romelSic individi cxovrobs. Statebis umetesobaSi maqsimaluri dro 26 kviriTaa gansazRvruli. aRniSnuli periodi gagrZeldeba, Tu Statis umuSevrobis done gansazRvrul maCvenebels aRemateba. ase magaliTad, 11 seqtembris Semdeg, periodi 13 kviriT gaizarda. Statebis umetesoba daxmarebis gamosaTvlel iseT formulas iyenebs, sadac Senacvlebis mTliani ganakveTi _ daubegravi Semosavlis proporcia, romelic Senacvlebulia UI-s saSualebiT _ daaxloebiT 50%-is tolia (arsebobs maqsimaluri zeda zRvari, romlis gadaWarbeba akrZalulia). UI daxmareba ibegreba federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, Tumca Tavisufalia saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis gadasaxadisagan. dafinanseba UI-s dafinanseba saxelfaso gadasaxadidan xdeba. saxelmwifo sapensio sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, Statebis umetesobaSi am gadasaxads mxolod damqiravebeli ixdis (da ara damqiravebeli da daqiravebuli erToblivad)8. damqiraveblis UI sagadasaxado valdebuleba mocemuli momuSavisaTvis damqiraveblis UI gadasaxadis ganakveTis, tu-sa da momuSavis wliuri Semosavlis (UI gadasaxadis zeda zRvramde) namravls warmoadgens. federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, UI gadasaxadis safuZveli moicavs minimum pirvel 7000 aSS dolars TiToeuli momuSavis wliuri Semosavlis mixedviT. Statebis 76% sargeblobs UI gadasaxadis sabaziso monacemiT, romelic aRemateba federalur sabaziso monacems dabegrili SemosavliT, romelic havaize 29300 dolars udris [www.doleta.gov]. saxelfaso gadasaxadis mniSvnelovani Tviseba aris is, rom tu damqiraveblis mixedviT gansxvavdeba: UI gamocdilebis reitingis sistemiT xasiaTdeba _ tu damokidebulia imaze, Tu firmas TanamSromelTa Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis konteqstSi rogori gamocdileba aqvs. firma, romelic TanamSromelTa did raodenobas aTavisuflebs 8
rogorc me-12 TavSi aRiniSna, miuxedavad imisa, rom debulebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadi unda gadaixados damqiravebelma, realurad gadasaxads daqiravebulic ixdis.
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dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, UI sistemaze moTxovnis farTo da swraf generirebas axorcielebs. amdenad, aseT firmebs miniWebuli aqvT SedarebiT maRali tu. Tu moxdeba momuSavis gaTavisufleba, damqiraveblis gazrdili danaxarji (tu-s maRali Rirebulebis gamo) yovelTvis ufro mcirea, vidre UI daxmareba, romelsac momuSave iRebs. am mizeziT gamocdilebis reitingis sistema xasiaTdeba, rogorc `arasrulyofili~. zegavlena umuSevrobaze umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis danergvis Tavdapirveli momentidanve arsebobda seriozuli SiSi imisa, rom igi umuSevrobis dones gazrdida, risi erT-erTi mizezic gamocdilebis reitingis arasrulyofili sistemaa. davuSvaT, rom firmis produqtze moTxovna droebiT Sesustda da mas zogierTi TanamSromlis gaTavisufleba uwevs. gamocdilebis reitingis arasrulyofili sistemis farglebSi damqiraveblis danaxarji, romelic gamoxatulia gazrdili UI gadasaxadebis formiT, ufro naklebia, vidre momuSavisaTvis gadaxdili UI daxmarebis Tanxa. amdenad, SesaZloa, ormxrivad momgebiani iyos TanamSromlis droebiT gaTavisufleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemas eqneboda gamocdilebis reitingis srulyofili sistema, maSin UI aRar Seuwyobda xels samsaxuridan droebiT gaTavisuflebas. UI-s zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb bevrs msjeloben rogorc mecnierul, aseve politikur doneze. ZiriTadi aqcenti SedarebiT maRali Senacvlebis ganakveTebzea gadatanili. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, individis Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareoba xSirad Tavad am individis mieraa kontrolirebuli. amdenad, aramarTebuli yofaqcevis gamo individma SesaZloa, samsaxuri dakargos. analogiurad, umuSevari adamiani samsaxurs sakuTari gadawyvetilebisamebr (an aqtiurad, an pasiurad) eZebs. umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis arsebobis gamo individi Seecdeba, muSaoba iseT seqtorSi daiwyos, romelic mas gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod maRali daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs. garda amisa, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis arseboba individs aZlevs saSualebas, ufro didi dro samsaxuris SerCevas dauTmos, vidre amas sxva SemTxvevaSi gaakeTebda. aris Tu ara aseTi moraluri riskis problema mniSvnelovani empiriuli TvalsazrisiT? es kiTxva uamravi ekonometrikuli kvlevis sagani iyo. rogorc wesi, mkvlevari afasebda regresias, romlis marcxena mxares ganTavsebuli cvladi im kvirebis raodenobaa, romlis drosac individi umuSevrobis sadazRvevo sistemiT gaTvaliswinebul daxmarebas iRebs. ganmartebiTi cvladebi moicavs momuSavis pirad maxasiaTeblebsa (sqesi da ojaxuri mdgomareoba) da UI yovelkvireuli daxmarebis Tanxis moculobas. Tu UI xels Seuwyobs umuSevrobas, yovelkvireuli daxmarebis Tanxis koeficienti dadebiTi unda iyos; rac ufro maRalia sadazRvevo daxmarebis saxiT gacemuli Tanxa, miT ufro didxans unda gagrZeldes umuSevrobis periodi. gamoTvlebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom UI wminda Senacvlebis ganakveTis 10%-iani zrda _ kvireuli daxmarebis proporciis gazrda yovelkvireuli xelfasis mimarT 45%-dan 55%-mde _ umuSevrobis periods daaxloebiT 1 1 kviriT zrdis [Meyer, 2002]. 2 277
is faqti, rom umuSevrobisagan dazRveva umuSevrobas Seuwyobs xels, arcTu ise arasasurveli da sagangaSoa. rac ufro met dros daxarjavs individi swori samsaxuris SerCevaSi, miT ufro Sesabamis samsaxurs monaxavs igi, rac, saboloo jamSi, efeqtianobas aamaRlebs. aRniSnuli argumentis Tanaxmad, UI-s ararsebobis pirobebSi samsaxuris Ziebaze daxarjuli dro suboptimaluri iqneba. aseTi SemTxveva ki maSin gveqneba, rodesac umuSevari individi samsaxuris Ziebis dros moxmarebis arsebuli donis SesanarCuneblad fuls ver isesxebs. ufro zogadad, sazogadoeba, romelsac swams, rom aucilebelia iZulebiT umuSevari individebis moxmarebis done SenarCundes, zogierT SemTxvevaSi iZulebuli iqneba, igive daxmareba nebayoflobiT umuSevrebs gauwios. SesaZloa ki saxelmwifom daxmareba gaswios da, amavdroulad, naklebi dabrkoleba warmoSvas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime socialuri eqsperimenti Catarda. ilionisSi Catarebuli cdis pirobis Tanxmad, SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCeuli umuSevari individebisagan Semdgar jgufs 500 aSS dolaris moculobis premias Sehpirdnen, romelsac isini miiRebdnen, Tu samsaxurs 11 kviris ganmavlobaSi monaxavdnen da am samsaxurs oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunebdnen. individi, romelsac aseTi premia SesTavazes, erTi kviriT naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi UI daxmarebas iRebda, vidre sakontroli jgufis wevrebi _ amdenad, programam ufro meti UI daxmarebis Tanxa dazoga, vidre premiebze daxarja. eqsperiments Tavs daatyda bevri Cveulebrivi problema, romelic socialur eqsperimentebs Tan axlavs (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. meieri [1995]), misi Sedegi erTob nayofieri mignebaa samomavlo kvlevebis Casatareblad.
daskvnebi rogorc winamdebare TavSi araerTgzis aRiniSna, socialuri dazRvevis programebi erTob gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom socialuri dazRvevis sistemis damfuZneblebis survili iyo, Semosavlis mniSvnelovani gadanawileba ojaxuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze ganexorcielebinaT. analogiurad, aravis surda umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic umuSevrobis masStabebs waaxalisebda da gazrdida. ra masStabiT iwvevs socialuri dazRveva ekonomikur problemebs, jerjerobiT ucnobia. arsebobs aSkara konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom aSS-s socialuri sadazvevo politika samarTliani da efeqtiani ar aris, rac nawilobriv imiTaa gamowveuli, rom programa adreul periodSia danergili _ maSin ki sruliad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri da demografiuli pirobebi iyo. socialuri sadazRvevo politikis naklovanebis nawilobrivi gamomwvevi mizezi politikosTa uunarobaa, zustad gansazRvon programis Sedegi da mizani. reformis gatareba siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan socialuri dazRvevis arsebuli formebi xelSeuxebel da wminda fenomenadaa qceuli.
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dagveTanxmebiT, rom Zalian rTulia socialuri dazRvevis `jansaRi~ sistemis SemuSaveba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, moraluri riski rogorc kerZo, aseve sazogadoebrivi sadazRvevo gegmis dizains arTulebs. UI-s arseboba momuSaves waaxalisebs, samsaxuris ZiebaSi `gaumarTleblad didi~ dro daxarjos, xolo saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema ki `amcirebs~ individis survils, danazogis akumulireba ganaxorcielos. aseTi stimulis ganeitraleba dabali Senacvlebis ganakveTis saSualebiT dazRvevis masStabs amcirebs. magram programis wardgenisa da ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi safuZveli dazRvevis sistemis funqcionirebis aucilebloba iyo. stimulsa da adeqvatur dazRvevas Soris swori kompromisis povna _ ai, problema, romlis gadawyvetis gza arcTu ise gamWvirvalea.
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socialuri dazRvevis arseboba aucilebelia araxelsayreli SerCevis, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gaweuli xarjebis, Semosavlis ganawilebisa da paternalizmis gamo. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa aris socialuri dazRvevis umsxvilesi programa, romelic, marTlac, udides Sida danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sistema xandazmulTaTvis sapensio daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs. sapensio Tanxis moculobis gamoTvla or safexurad mimdinareobs. indeqsirebuli saSualo yovelTviuri Semosavali (AIME) momuSavis Semosavlis istoriis safuZvelze iTvleba, rac pensiis daricxvis sabaziso sidides (PIA) gansazRvravs. daxmarebis Tanxis gamosaTvlelad PIA koreqtirdeba TanxiT, romelic sapensio asakze, ojaxur mdgomareobasa da sxva Semosavlebzea damokidebuli. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebisTanave xdeba. mimdinare sapensio daxmarebis dafinanseba amJamindeli momuSaveebis gadasaxadebis saSualebiT xdeba. sapensio uzrunvelyofis satrasto fondi saaRricxvo meqanizms warmoadgens da, TavisTavad, ar zrdis sazogadoebis unars, mzrunveloba gauwios momaval pensionerebs. farTo TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema Semosavals maRali Semosavlis mqone individebidan dabali Semosavlis mqone individebze anawilebs, mamakacebidan _ qalebze da axalgazrda Taobidan - xandazmul Taobaze. wyvili, romelTagan mxolod erTi iRebs Semosavals, ufro momgebian mdgomareobaSia im wyvilTan SedarebiT, romelTagan orive iRebs Semosavals, an analogiur mdgomareobaSi myof martoxela individebTan SedarebiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi xandazmulTa ekonomikuri statusi gaumjobesda. pensiam am mimarTulebiT didi roli Seasrula. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema amcirebs piradi danazogis moculobas (Senacvlebis efeqti), an zrdis mas (pensiaze gasvlisa da memkvidreobis efeqti). racionaluri daskvna ekonometrikuli Sedegebis safuZvelze miiReba, romlis Tanaxmadac, 279
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danazogi Semcirda, Tumca ra moculobiT, es jer kidev gaurkvevelia. pensioneri xandazmuli momuSaveebis procentuli wili dramatulad gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema dainerga, rac, nawilobriv, sistemis dabrkolebaTa Sedegia. sapensio gadasaxadebis moculoba 2016 wlidan Seicvleba. erT-erTi SesaZlo cvlileba sistemis privatizaciaa, romlis Semdeg individs Tanxis investirebis saSualeba miecema. aseTi gegmebi ganxilvis procesSia, Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu mocemuli winadadebebi danazogis gazrdaSi axla ar dagvexmareba, igi verc momavalSi Seamsubuqebs xandazmulTa uzrunvelyofis tvirTs. umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis sistema gamocdilebis reitingis arasrulyofili sistemiT xasiaTdeba. ufro metic, am sistemis farglebSi gacemuli daxmareba xSirad warsulSi miRebuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovan proporcias warmoadgens. orive faqtori umuSevrobas zrdis.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi 1. safrangeTis avtomobilis dazRvevis bazarze asimetriuli informaciis arsebobis dasadgenad eqsperimenti Catarda. Ciapori da salanie [2000] individis sadazRvevo paketis momsaxurebis arealsa da kompensaciis Tanxas Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas daakvirdnen. aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro met momsaxurebas sTavazobs sadazRvevo paketi klients, miT ufro Zviria kompensacia. axseniT, ras efuZneba es midgoma (sxvaTa Soris, asimetriuli informaciis egzistenciis aranairi mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda). 2. amJamindeli saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema savaldebulo monawileobas moiTxovs; amasve iTvaliswinebs bevri saprivatizacio gegma. milton fridmeni [1999] oponirebda ra am midgomas, aRniSnavda, rom `Semosavlis is wili, romelsac individi dazogavs da gadadebs imisaTvis, rom sapensio periodSi gamoiyenos, damokidebulia individis garemo pirobebsa da Rirebulebebze. amdenad, am maCveneblis daweseba yvela adamianisaTvis iseTive uazrobaa, rogorc imis savaldebulo gansazRvra, Tu ramdeni unda daxarjos individma saojaxo saqmeebsa da transportze~. ra iqneba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi nebayoflobiTi monawileobis Sedegi? 3. 1990-ian wlebSi 65 wels gadacilebuli individebis proporcia im adamianebis mimarT, romelTa asaki 20-dan 64 wlamde meryeobda, inglisSi 26,7%-s udrida. 2050 wels es maCvenebeli 45,8%-mde gaizrdeba. davuSvaT, rom sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebisTanave xdeba. rogor Seicvleba saxelfaso gadasaxadi 1990-dan 2050 wlamde 1990 wels dafiqsirebuli xelfasi-pensiis proporciis moculobis SesanarCuneblad? Tu sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mudmivi iqneba, rogor Seicvleba xelfasi-pensiis proporcia? 4. ganixileT urTierTdamokidebuleba or winadadebas Soris: (a) saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi gacemuli 280
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pensiis Tanxa nawilobriv eqvemdebareba pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxads, magram mxolod im recipientTaTvis, romelTa Semosavlis sxva wyaroebi gansazRvrul zRvars aRemateba. (b) sapensio sistema socialuri dazRvevaa da ara daxmareba; amdenad, misi racionalurobis damtkicebis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs. jein ostini Tavis cnobil nawarmoebSi `grZnoba da mgrZnobeloba~ werda: `Tu daakvirdebiT, dainaxavT, rom individebi usasrulod cxovroben, Tu ki raime saxis anuitets iReben~. daukavSireT es citata anuitetis bazarze gamefebul araxelsayreli SerCevis fenomens. 9.1 formulis Sesaxeb gamarTuli msjelobis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom problema SesaZloa, wamoiSvas Senacvlebis imave ganakveTis SenarCunebiT im mosaxleobaSi, sadac matulobs daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi. davuSvaT, imis nacvlad, rom Senacvlebis ganakveTi ucvlelad SevinarCunoT, sazogadoeba ecdeba, ucvlelad SeinarCunos daxmarebis Tanxa. rogor imoqmedebs aseTi midgoma daqvemdebarebulobis mzard ganakveTze, gansakuTrebiT ki xelfasis pirobebSi, rac produqtiulobis matebiTaa gamowveuli. ganixileT aseTi midgoma: `grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, aqciis ukugebis ganakveTi saxelmwifo savalo valdebulebebze ukugebis ganakveTs aRemateba. amdenad, momavali pensionerebisaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis fondis investireba moxdeba aqciebSi da ara saxelmwifo obligaciebSi”. diamondisa da gruberis [2001, gv. 456] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu 68 wlis mamakaci gadawyvets, imuSaos kidev erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi da pensiaze 69 wlis asakSi gava, 68 wlis asakSi kidev erTi damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis efeqti aseTia: saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis mTliani Tanxa 95964dan 91131 aSS dolaramde Seicvleba. aris Tu ara aqtuarulad samarTliani sapensio Tanxa, romelsac individi kidev erTi damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis Semdeg miiRebs? pasuxi ganmarteT. amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis dafinansebis sqema arasamarTliania, radgan dabali Semosavlis mqone individi ufro maRali gadasaxadiT ibegreba, vidre maRali Semosavlis mqone individi. ganmarteT es argumenti. aRniSnuli mosazrebis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom sagadasaxado sistemis ganxilva, rogorc gadasaxadis transferis sistemis nawilisa, ukve Secdomaa. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema proporciulad zrdis dabali Semosavlis individis sapensio Tanxas. axseniT es argumentic. warmoidgineT, rom individis Semosavali 15%-iani saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiTa da 7,45% sapensio da `mediqearis~ sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. davuSvaT, rom, misi umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis sistemiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba misi daubegravi Semosavlis 50%-s anazRaurebs. gaixseneT, rom sadazRvevo daxmareba ibegreba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, magram ara saxelfaso gadasaxadiT. dabegrili Semosavlis ra procentuli wils anazRaurebs UI daxmareba? ra zemoqmedebas axdens UI dasaqmebaze? 281
Selected References Congressional Budget Office. Social Security:A Primer, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Oddice, September 2001 Feldstein, Martin, and Horst Siebert, eds. Social Security Pension Reform in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Meyer, Bruce D. “Comparing In-Work Benefits and the Reward to Work for Families with Children in US and UK.” Fiscal Studies 23 (March 2002). pp. 1-49. Meyer, Bruce D. “Lessons from the U.S. Unemployment Insurance Experiments.” Journal of Economic Literature 33 (March 1995), pp. 91 -131. Munnell, Alicia H. “Reforming Social Security: The Case Against Individual Accounts.” National Tax Journal, vol. LII, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 783 – 802.
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Tavi 10 socialuri dazRveva II: janmrTelobis dacva
me namdvilad ar gamaCnia pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze, magram me sruliad darwmunebuli var imaSi, rom dauSvebelia amerikis mier am problemis ugulebelyofa... bil klintoni, janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb prezident klintonis am winadadebam sakmaod farTo gamoxmaureba pova. mosaxleobis nawilma aRiqva, rom aSS jandacvis sistema garkveuli saxis problemebis winaSe idga. janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxis irgvliv msjelobaTa umetesoba am seqtorSi mTavrobis jerovan da saTanado rolze iyo fokusirebuli. winamdebare Tavi mimoxilvis imave meTodebs iyenebs, romelic wina TavebSi iyo gamoyenebuli. kvlav daviwyebT imisi analiziT, Tu ra aris gansakuTrebuli janmrTelobis dacvaSi, rogorc momsaxurebis seqtorSi da ganvixilavT, Tu ratom ver uzrunvelyofs mas kerZo bazari. amis Semdeg Cven aSS janmrTelobis dacvis seqtoris funqcionirebisa da masSi mTavrobis monawileobis sakiTxebs SeviswavliT.
ra aris gansakuTrebuli janmrTelobis dacvaSi? janmrTelobis dacva unikaluri momsaxurebaa, romelic sikvdilsicocxlis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. gadarCenisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania kvebisa da TavSesafris sakiTxis mogvarebac, rasac kerZo bazari optimalurad axerxebs. janmrTelobis dacvis seqtoris kidev erTi unikaluri niSan-Tviseba is aris, rom misi masStabi ukanasknel periodSi ganuxrelad farTovdeba: 1970 wels janmrTelobaze gaweuli danaxarji mTliani Sida produqtis 7,1% iyo, dRes ki daaxloebiT 13,2%ia [avadmyofobis kontrolisa da prevenciis centrebi, 2003]. Tavisi arsiT, is faqti, rom adamianebi am momsaxurebaze araproporciulad bevrs xarjaven, arc unikaluria da arc sagangaSo. ukanasknel periodSi cifrul kamerasa da DVD pleierze gaweuli danaxarjebic dramatulad gaizarda, Tumca aravin dardobs amis Sesaxeb. ratom ereva saxelmwifo am bazris funqcionirebaSi? _ qvemoT CamoTvlili ramdenime mizezis gamo:
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mwiri informacia. momxmarebeli SesaZeni saqonlis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb, zogadad, kargadaa informirebuli. ase magaliTad: rodesac Tqven yidulobT vaSls, Tqven zustad iciT, Tu rogori gemo da sxva niSan-Tviseba aqvs mas. Tumca avadmyofobis periodSi Cven warmodgena ar gvaqvs aucilebeli samkurnalo procedurebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi Cven ndobas vucxadebT eqims da miTiTebul rCevas vasrulebT. eqimi ki is adamiania, romelic Tavis momsaxurebas yidis Cvenze. cxadia, arsebobs bevri sxva momsaxureba, romlis irgvliv ganusazRvreloba da asimetriuli informacia (Tundac saxlis saremonto samuSaoebi) arsebobs. magram aseT viTarebaSi informaciis mosagroveblad bevrad meti dro gvaqvs xolme, vidre maSin rodesac samedicino daxmareba gvesaWiroeba. araxelsayreli SerCeva da moraluri riski. janmrTelobis dacvis xarji SesaZloa, warmoudgenlad maRali iyos. aseT situaciaSi adamians dazRveva sWirdeba. kerZo sadazRvevo bazris Sesaxeb Cven mier wina TavebSi ganxiluli problemebi janmrTelobis dazRvevis mimarTac Tanabrad aqtualuria. ·
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sadazRvevo kompania mocemuli jgufis (magaliTad, saSualo asakis qalaqSi macxovrebel qalbatonebze) warmomadgenlebze garkveul safasurad yidis momsaxurebis pakets. aRniSnul pakets swored is SeiZens, vinc yvelaze maRali riskis matarebelia. ase magaliTad, Tu monika gulis Setevis maRali riskis winaSe dgas, xolo reiCeli ki sruliad janmrTelia, Tu maT sadazRvevo kompania Tanabari Rirebulebis sadazRvevo pakets SesTavazebs, arsebobs didi albaToba, rom sadazRvevo pakets swored monika iyidis. araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis Tanaxmad, sadazRvevo paketis saSualo myidveli ufro maRali riskiT xasiaTdeba, vidre mis jgufSi sxva saSualo adamiani. sadazRvevo kompania, romlis bevri klienti avadaa, dakargavs fuls. imisaTvis, rom kompaniam ar imuSaos wagebaze, man unda gazardos sadazRvevo Senatani (gadasaxadi). maRali Senatanebis SemTxvevaSi, SedarebiT dabalriskiani individi bazars datovebs (maRali gadasaxadis pirobebSi, monika mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZens sadazRvevo pakets, rodesac namdvilad darwmunebuli iqneba, rom mas gulis Seteva emuqreba). amdenad, bazarma sxva Tanabar pirobebSi SesaZloa saTanado da jerovani janmrTelobis dazRveva ver uzrunvelyos. dazRveva individis yofaqcevas amaxinjebs. individi, romelmac icis, rom dazRveulia, naklebad ecdeba, riski aicilos. dazRveulma individma SesaZloa cxovrebis arajansaR stils misdios: Wamos bevri “junk food”-i (maRalkaloriuli, dabali kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi) da im imediT ar ivarjiSos, rom aseTi qmedebis yvela SesaZlo uaryofiT Sedegs dazRveva gaaneitralebs. garda amisa, dazRveul individs surs, Warbi samedicino daxmarebiT isargeblos, radgan sadazRvevo kompania ixdis yvela an zogierTi momsaxurebis gadasaxads. aRniSnuli fenomeni moraluri riskis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
moraluri riskis analizi SesaZlebelia moTxovna-miwodebis pirobiTi diagramis saSualebiT. 10.1 grafikze warmodgenilia samedicino 284
momsaxurebaze sabazro moTxovnis mrudi – Dm. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom samedicino momsaxurebis gawevis zRvruli Rirebuleba _ P0 _ mudmivia. miwodebis mrudi _ Sm _ P0-is horizontalur monakveTs warmoadgens. rogorc yovelTvis, axlac Tanafardoba moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSi miiRweva: P0 fasi, M0 ki raodenobaa. samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweuli mTliani danaxarji udris erTeulis fasis namravls erTeulTa raodenobaze, anu OP0-s namravls OM0-ze, rac P0OM0a marTkuTxeds qmnis. grafiki 10.1
unda SevniSnoT, rom 10.1 grafikze mocemuli moTxovnis mrudi daRmavali kuTxiT xasiaTdeba. nuTu avadmyofi, fasis miuxedavad, ar asrulebs eqimis daniSnulebas? nuTu Tqven gamwvavebuli apendicitis dros eqims vaWrobas dauwyebT? samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnis mrudi idealurad vertikaluria, rac TavisTavad samedicino proceduraTa diskretul xasiaTs ugulebelyofs. pacienti, Tavdapirvelad, gadawyvetilebas iRebs imis Sesaxeb, izrunos Tu ara sakuTari janmrTelobis dacvaze. miuxedavad konfliqt-interesisa, romelzec Cven ukve vimsjeleT, pacienti arcTu iSviaTad eqimis daniSnulebas arRvevs. ra zemoqmedebas axdens dazRveva bazarze? simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom dazRveva janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebis 80%-s anazRaurebs. danarCen nawils, anu 20%-s (rac `TanadazRvevis ganakveTis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), ixdis pacienti. dazRvevis zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad warmoidgineT, rom TanadazRvevis ganakveTi, anu 20%, pacientis mier gadasaxdeli fasis 80%-iani Semcirebis ekvivalenturia _ 285
Tu saavadmyofos dRiuri zrdadi xarji 800 dolaria, pacienti ixdis mxolod 160 dolars. 10.1 grafikze pacienti aRar ixdis P0 fass, aramed ixdis mxolod mis 20%-s. aseTi dabali fasis pirobebSi moTxovna izrdeba M1-mde, xolo pacientis mier samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweuli xarji ki OjhM1 marTkuTxeds qmnis. myardeba axali wonasworoba: pacienti ixdis P0-is 20%-s, Tumca samedicino momsaxurebis gawevis zRvruli Rirebuleba jer kidev P0-ia; sxvaoba, anu P0-is 80% ki sadazRvevo kompaniis mier gadaixdeba. amdenad, mTliani danaxarji udris OP0 gamravlebuli OM1-ze an marTkuTxed P0OM1b-s, sadac sadazRvevo kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli gadaxda P0bhj marTkuTxeds moicavs. amdenad, dazRvevis arsebobis Sedegad samedicino momsaxurebis xarji P0OM0a-dan P0OM1b-mde izrdeba, rac aM0M1b areals qmnis. cxadia, danaxarjebis zrdis faqtiuri Tanxa moTxovnis mrudis formazea damokidebuli. formis Sefasebis mizniT cnobili eqsperimenti Catarda (romelic SemTxveviTi SerCevis princips iyenebda) RAND korporaciis mier (1970-iani wlebi). SemTxveviTi SerCevis safuZvelze individebma sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi sxvadasxva sadazRvevo TanamonawileobiT miiRes. am gziT ukve SesaZlebeli iqneboda, gvenaxa, Tu rogor Seicvleboda individis mier janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli danaxarji. Sedegma cxadyo, rom samedicino momsaxurebis fasis 10%-iani zrda moTxovnis moculobis daaxloebiT 2%-iT Semcirebas iwvevs [Newhouse et al., 1993]. garegani efeqti. individis mier samedicino momsaxurebiT sargebloba rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis. Tu Tqven gripis sawinaaRmdego acras gaikeTebT, maSin warmoiqmneba dadebiTi garegani efeqti _ sxva individebis gripiT inficirebis saSiSroeba mcirdeba. Tumca, meore mxriv, individis mier antibiotikebiT borotad sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi, imunuri baqteriis axali Stami viTardeba da mdgomareoba uaresdeba. garegani efeqtis arsebobis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo intervencia WeSmaritad zrdis efeqtianobas (ixileT me-5 TavSi mocemuli ZiriTadi argumentebi). paternalizmi. individma SesaZloa, ver gaigos, rogor funqcionirebs sadazRvevo sistema. individma SesaZloa, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi windauxedaobis gamo ar SeiZinos. paternalizmis argumentebis Tanaxmad, individisaTvis samedicino sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketis SeZena savaldebulo unda iyos, radgan igi individis sargebels da metnaklebad stabilur mdgomareobas uzrunvelyofs. am mimarTulebiT arsebuli bevri mosazrebis fonze arsebobs erTi seriozuli sazogadoebrivi konsensusi _ TiToeuli individisaTvis sul mcire ZiriTadi samedicino momsaxureba mainc unda iyos xelmisawvdomi.
aSS-s janmrTelobis dacvis bazari 286
aSS-s janmrTelobis dacvis bazari erTob vrcelia. igi moicavs: saavadmyofoebs, kerZo klinikebs, eqimebs, eqTnebs, dantistebs, saTvalis, receptiT da ureceptod gasacemi medikamentebis, proTezebisa da sxva saSualebebis mwarmoeblebs. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia daaxloebiT 10 milioni adamiani da masze mSp-s daaxloebiT 13,2% modis. xarjvis ori ZiriTadi komponenti saavadmyofoebsa (daaxloebiT 32%) da eqimis momsaxurebaze (daaxloebiT 22%) modis. winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi mocemuli iyo Teoria janmrTelobis dacvis bazrebis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec Cven ukve SegviZlia, am bazris ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi ganvixiloT. kerZo dazRveva momxmarebeli sakuTari jibidan jandacvis xarjebis mxolod 17%-s ixdis. danarCeni `mesame mxaris~ mier ixdeba _ janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi kerZo seqtori ixdis xarjebis 35%-s, saxelmwifo _ 43%-s, xolo xarjis danarCeni nawili ki filantropuli Senatanebidan da sxva wyaroebidan ifareba1. mokled rom iTqvas, momxmarebeli janmrTelobis dacvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis did nawils ar ixdis. am nawilSi Cven janmrTelobis dazRvevis kerZo sistemas davaxasiaTebT. damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveva. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo dazRvevis mniSvnelovani da gansakuTrebuli niSanTviseba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 65 wlamde mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 93%-s damqiravebeli kerZo dazRveviT uzrunvelyofs2. magram, Tu individi sursaTs an tansacmels damqiraveblis saSualebiT ar yidulobs, maSin ratom sargeblobs damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveviT? es fenomeni, rogor Cans, warmoadgens qveproduqts, romelic saxelmwifo saxelfaso da fasebis kontrolis sistemas (damkvidrda II msoflio omis dros) mxedvelobidan gamorCa. sakompensacio paketis iseTi arasaxelfaso komponenti, rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, gaTavisuflebuli iyo kontrolisagan. rogorc Cans, damqiravebelma samuSao Zalis mosazidad aseTi saxis arafuladi sargeblis SeTavazeba daiwyo. damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofilma dazRvevam didi popularoba SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac ZalaSi Sevida saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis zogierTi debuleba, romelsac Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRvevis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli ki isaa, rom individi samsaxuris dakargvasTan erTad dazRvevasac kargavs. 1996 wels kongresma daamtkica kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmad, individi, romelic icvlis samuSaos, sadazRvevo pakets inarCunebs. janmrTelobis dazRvevis gadanacvlebadobisa da aucileblobis aqtis (romelic kenedi-kazenbaumis - sakanonmdeblo iniciatorebisa da sponsorebis - saxels atarebs), damqiravebeli valdebulia, axali TanamSromeli (romelic adre dazRveuli iyo) kompaniis sadazRvevo 12_Tvian jgufur sadazRvevo polisSi CarTos, 1
`mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ momsaxurebis centris mier mowodebuli informacia. Data Compendum 2002, www.cms.hhs.gov. 2 `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ momsaxurebis centris mier mowodebuli informacia. Health United States 2002, www.cms.hhs.gov.
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Tundac mas winaswarve janmrTelobis darRveva aReniSnebodes, romlis mkurnaloba Zviri iqneba da, amdenad, firmis sadazRvevo gadasaxads gazrdis. garda amisa, kanonis safuZvelze sadazRvevo kompania valdebulia, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis fasi xelmisawvdomi datovos im pirisaTvis, romelic jgufur sadazRvevo poliss datovebs. kenedikazenbaumis aqtis erTi ZiriTadi mizani SromiTi bazris efeqtianobis amaRleba iyo. aseTi kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, individi, romelic mkurnalobis ZviradRirebul kurss gadis, amJamindel samsaxurs mijaWvuli iqneba _ mis potenciur damqiravebels misi daqiravebis Semdeg ufro maRali sadazRvevo danaxarjebis gadaxdis survili ar eqneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom `samsaxurTan mijaWvis~ fenomenTan dakavSirebiT bevri kazuistikuri midgoma arsebobs. bundovania ekonometrikuli mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, moqmedebda Tu ara es fenomeni kenedikazenbaumis aqtamdec [Holtz-Eakin, 1994]. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi politikosi darwmunebulia, rom kanons aferxebda is faqti, rom mzRveveli individs sadazRvevo pakets erTob maRali fasiT sTavazobda. es Sedegi sulac ar aris gansacvifrebeli: araxelsayreli SerCevisa da administraciuli danaxarjebis gamo sadazRvevo paketis maRali fasi mosalodnelic unda yofiliyo. SromiT bazarTan dakavSirebulia araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtoric. damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveva garkveulwilad wyvets am problemas _ sadazRvevo pakets TanamSromelTa jgufisaTvis xom damqiravebeli iZens, amdenad, sadazRvevo kompaniam icis, rom, rogorc wesi, sadazRvevo paketis Rirebuleba Zalian maRali ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi Cven ukve ugulebelvyofT im faqts, rom konkretuli firmis momuSave SemTxveviTobis principze SerCeuli ar unda iyos. Tu gainteresebT, ratomaa ase, gaixseneT, rom janmrTelobis dazRveva momuSavis kompensaciis mxolod erT komponents warmoadgens. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi firmas SeuZlia, TanamSromels sruli sadazRvevo paketis SeTavazebis nacvlad ufro maRali xelfasi gadauxados. individi, romelic avadmyofobis Zalian dabali riskiT xasiaTdeba, an meuRlis dazRveviT sargeblobs, upiratesobas iseT damqiravebels mianiWebs, romelic mas maRal xelfassa da dazRvevis mcire pakets SesTavazebs (an am ukanasknels saerTod ar SesTavazebs). aRniSnuli fenomenis meore mxare is aris, rom firma, romelic momuSaves xelsayrel da farTo sadazRvevo pakets sTavazobs, mimzidveli iqneba iseTi samuSao ZalisaTvis, romelic janmrTelobis maRali riskiT xasiaTdeba. kompania iZulebulia, maRali riskis mqone individTa sadazRvevo paketisaTvis maRali gadasaxadi gadaixados. amdenad, mas saxelfaso ganakveTis Semcireba mouwevs, ris Sedegadac aseTi samsaxuri janmrTelobis maRali riskis mqone adamianTaTvis sul ufro da ufro mimzidveli xdeba. es aris araxelsayreli SerCevis tipuri fenomeni, rasac Sedegad is moaqvs, rom saTanado sadazRvevo paketis uzrunvelyofas mxolod ramdenime damqiravebeli axerxebs. dazRvevis uzrunvelyofis mravalferovani formebi. Cven ukve ganvixileT damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRvevis forma, romelic janmrTelobis dazRvevisa da xelfasis dones Soris arsebul erTgvar kompromiss warmoadgens. janmrTelobis dacvis maT mier SeTavazebuli meTodi xSirad gansxvavebulia. adreul 1980-ian wlebamde 288
moqmedebda aseTi sistema: sadazRvevo paketi samedicino dawesebulebas dazRveulis mkurnalobis faqtobriv xarjebs uxdida. aseTi sistema atarebda iseT saxelwodebas, rogoricaa `anazRaureba gaweuli danaxarjebis safuZvelze~ an `gadasaxadi gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis~. danaxarjebis safuZvelze moqmedi sistema mkurnalobaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcirebis Zalian mcire SesaZleblobas iZleoda; piriqiT, rac ufro meti resursi daixarjeboda pacientis mkurnalobaze, miT met Tanxas miiRebda samkurnalo dawesebuleba. mkurnalobis maRali da mzardi danaxarjebis pirobebSi damqiravebuli iZulebuli gaxda, iseTi zomebi gaetarebina, romlebic momsaxurebis gamoyenebas SezRudavda da bazris miwodebis, da ara bazris moTxovnis mxares, fasebs dabal doneze SeinarCunebda. aseTi mdgomareoba zogadad kontrolirebadi dazRvevis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am dros pacienti Zalian mcire xarjs gaswevs (an saerTod ar gaswevs). amdenad, imisi stimuli, rom moTxovnis mxares moxdes janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebis ekonomia, ar arsebobs. am dros samkurnalo dawesebuleba maqsimalurad cdilobs, xarjebi dabal doneze SeinarCunos. aseTi stimulis erTi magaliTi erT individze gaweuli danaxarjis anazRaurebis sistemaa, romlis farglebSic maTi mzrunvelobis qveS myofi TiToeuli pacientisaTvis provaideri wliur gadasaxads iRebs, miuxedavad pacientis mier gamoyenebuli momsaxurebisa. marTvadi samedicino momsaxurebis bevri forma arsebobs. janmrTelobis dacvis uzrunvelmyof organizaciebTan (Health Maintanance Organizations HMOs) erTad eqimTa jgufi mxolod konkretul polisze muSaobs da pacients eqimebis naxva mxolod am polisebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobis Tanaxmad SeuZlia. amis garda, upiratesi arCevanis sistemac arsebobs (Preferred Provider Organizations - PPOs), romlis Tanxmadac, eqimTa SerCeuli jgufi polisis mflobels SedarebiT dabal fasad emsaxureba. polisis mflobels SeuZlia, sxva eqims mimarTos, magram am SemTxvevaSi mas Tavad mouwevs danaxarjis dafarva. am Temis irgvliv sakmaod bevri variacia arsebobs. dRes amerikelebis daaxloebiT 95% kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistemiTaa dazRveuli. TamaSobs Tu ara kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistema dadebiT rols janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli fasebis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT? 1990-ian wlebSi es sistema sakmaod efeqtianad muSaobda _ Sedegad janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebma da sadazRvevo gadasaxadma mniSvnelovnad daiklo. magram aseTi warmateba danaxarjebis kontrolirebis mimarTulebiT sakmaod moklevadiani gamodga da xarjebma kvlav zrda daiwyo. am fenomenis SesaZlo mizezebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistemis naklovaneba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: samkurnalo dawesebuleba gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxs amcirebs. cxadia, es bunebrivia, radgan imis miuxedavad, Tu ra saxis momsaxurebaa gaweuli, Tanabari gadasaxadi miiReba. Tumca sakmaod bundovani argumentebis fonze kalteris mier ganxorcielebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi individi, romelic kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistemiTaa dazRveuli, sxva individisaTvis gaweul momsaxurebaze uares momsaxurebas ar iRebs. 289
saxelmwifos roli janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi mTavroba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. igi uflebamosilia eqimebis licenzirebaze, garemoSi janmrTelobis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis monitoringze, flobs saavadmyofoebs, daavadebaTa profilaqtikisa da gauvnebelyofis mizniT afinansebs kvlevebs, saTaveSi udgas bavSvebis imunizaciis programebs da atarebs bevr sxva RonisZiebas. axla ki kargi iqneba, Tu yuradRebas gadavitanT saxelmwifos rolze janmrTelobis dazRvevis uzunvelyofis mimarTulebiT. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi programa: `mediqeidi~, `mediqeari~ da kerZo dazRvevisaTvis aracxadi subsidia, romelic federalur saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemaSi Sedis. `mediqeidi~ federaluri mTavrobis doneze uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis programaa, romelic gansazRvruli dabali Semosavlis mqone individebisaTvis da bavSvebisaTvis moqmedebs (Cven am programis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT me-8 TavSi). axla ki ori danarCeni programa ganvixiloT. `mediqeari~ programa `mediqeari~ 1965 wels dainerga. igi 65 wlis, 65 wels gadacilebul individebsa da invalidebs uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobis dazRveviT. programis mizania, xandazmulTaTvis maTTvis zedmeti finansuri tvirTis dakisrebis gareSe xarisxiani janmrTelobis dacvis sistema xelmisawvdomi gaxados. 2002 wels `mediqearze~ gaweulma xarjebma 254 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. es aris meore udidesi saxelmwifo xarjviTi programa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Semdeg. vidre `mediqearis~ detalebs CavuRrmavdebiT, ganvixiloT, Tu ratomaa ase eqstensiurad CarTuli saxelmwifo xandazmulTa janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazarSi. bolos da bolos, cxadia, rom xandazmulTa mier Semosavlis miRebis unari klebulobs, agreTve uaresdeba xandazmulTa janmrTeloba. gaixseneT am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemuli janmrTelobis dacvis bazris daxasiaTeba. araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtoris arsebobis gamo dazRvevis efeqtiani moculobis uzrunvelyofa saWiro da aucilebeli moculobiT SeuZlebelia. problemis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia, Tu sadazRvevo polisis SeZena yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gaxdeba. garda amisa, janmrTelobis dazRvevis polisis SeZena maRal administraciul da savaWro danaxarjTanaa dakavSirebuli. individs yvelaze marTebuli da racionaluri polisis Zieba uxdeba, saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva samedicino gamokvlevis Catareba da a.S. xandazmul individTa erT jgufSi gaerTianebis gziT samTavrobo programa amgvar danaxarjs amcirebs. aseTi erTmniSvnelovani midgomis naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi sruliad ugulebelyofs individTa preferenciebs sadazRvevo momsaxurebis saxeebis mimarT. `mediqearis~ struqtura. `mediqeari~ moicavs TiTqmis mTel mosaxleobas, romelic 65 wlis an metisaa. programis daregistrirebul beneficiarTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 39.6 milion adamians aRwevs. 290
programa federaluri mTavrobis mieraa administrirebuli da masSi monawileobis kriteriumi yvela StatSi absoluturad erTgvarovania. `mediqeidisagan~ (RaribTa janmrTelobis dacvis programa) gansxvavebiT, `mediqearis~ saWiroeba da racionaluroba ar fasdeba. imisaTvis, rom miiRos programiT sargeblobis ufleba, ar arsebobs imis saWiroeba, individma daadasturos, rom misi Semosavali gansazRvrul zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. sargebeli. Tu saxelmwifo samedicino seqtorSi monawileobis miRebas gadawyvets, maSin mas fundamenturi gadawyvetilebis miReba mouwevs: vin gaswevs (awarmoebs) samedicino momsaxurebas _ saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtori? am mimarTulebiT TiToeuli qveyana Tavis gadawyvetilebas iRebs. ase magaliTad, did britaneTSi saxelmwifo flobs da marTavs saavadmyofoebs. aSS-Si ki - piriqiT: jandacva kerZo seqtoris mier aris uzrunvelyofili. amdenad, `mediqeari~ gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifo mxolod afinansebs da ara gaswevs (awarmoebs) jandacvasTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebas. `mediqearis~ programa sam: A, B da C nawiladaa gayofili. A komponenti, romelzec 2000 wels 131 miliardi aSS dolari daixarja, hospitalizaciis dazRvevis (Hospital Insurance - HI) saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. hospitalizaciis dazRvevis programaSi monawileoba savaldebuloa. igi stacionaruli mkurnalobis 90 dRes wliurad da xandazmulTa TavSesafarSi yofnis 100 dRes afinansebs (orive SemTxvevaSi pacienti ixdis gadasaxadebis garkveul nawils). HI grZelvadian institucionalur momsaxurebas ar afinansebs. `mediqearis~ B komponenti ki damatebiTi samedicino dazRveva (Supplementary Medical Insurance - SMI) aris, romelic eqimebisaTvis gadasaxads, maT mier gamowerili preparatebis Rirebulebasa da saavadmyofos gareT gaweuli samedicino momsaxurebis gadasaxads faravs. HI-sagan gansxvavebiT, SMI nebayoflobiTia, romlis registrirebuli monawileebi yovelTviur gadasaxads ixdian, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba da amJamad daaxloebiT 59 aSS dolars udris. uflebamosili mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 99% monawileobs SMI-Si. programis mesame, C nawilis saxelwodebaa `mediqears + arCevani~. igi individs uflebas aZlevs, monawileoba gansazRvruli kontrolirebadi dazRvevis programaSi miiRos. `mediqears + arCevanis~ TiToeuli polisi `mediqearis~ sargeblis srul pakets uzrunvelyofs, garda uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofos (hospisi) xarjebis anazRaurebisa. `mediqears + arCevanis~ Tviuri gadasaxadi Cveulebriv B nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul gadasaxads aRemateba. samagierod, programa faravs xarjebs, romlebic receptiT gamoweril medikamentebze (rac ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli `mediqearis~ standartuli polisiT) gaiweva. pirobiTad, kontrolirebadi dazRvevis msgavsad, `mediqears + arCevani~ zRudavs individis unars, SearCios samkurnalo dawesebuleba. detaluri informacia `mediqearis~ gadasaxadsa da sargeblis Sesaxeb ixileT `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ momsaxurebis centrebis veb-gverdze: http://cms.hhs.gov/medicare/. rogorc aRvniSneT, `mediqeari~ receptiT gamowerili wamlebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `mediqeari~ 1960-ian wlebSi dainerga. am dros farmacevtul teqnologiaSi revoluciuri winsvla 291
jer kidev ar SeiniSneboda, ris Sedegadac wamali iqca centralur qvakuTxedad gulis daavadebis mkurnalobidan arTritis mkurnalobamde. receptiT gamowerili wamlebis xarji aSS-is jandacvis sistemis yvelaze swrafad mzardi komponentia. `mediqearis~ beneficiarebma 2002 wels ambulatoriul wamlebze daaxloebiT 87 miliardi dolari daxarjes. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2005 wels 128 miliard dolaramde unda gaizardos [Congressional Budget Office, 2002. gv. ix]. Cven odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic `mediqearis~ sistemisaTvis medikamentebis xarjebis anazRaurebis komponentis damatebas ukavSirdeba. dafinanseba. HI-is dafinanseba amJamindeli momuSaveebis saxelfaso gadasaxadidan xdeba. ganakveTi udris 1,45%-s rogorc damqiraveblisaTvis, aseve daqiravebulisaTvis (mTlianad 2.90%). gadasaxadiT ibegreba nebismieri Semosavali: am SemTxvevaSi ar moqmedebs zeda zRvari. sagadasaxado amonagebi HI-s satrasto fondSia deponirebuli, saidanac janmrTelobis dacvis provaiderebs momsaxurebis gadasaxadi gadaexdebaT. `mediqearis~ gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadaixdeba. dRevandeli pensionerebis samkurnalo xarjebs dRevandeli momuSaveebi gadaixdian. aRniSnuli xarjebi HI-s satrasto fondidan ar ifareba. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis satrasto fondis (ixileT wina Tavi) msgavsad, HI-s satrasto fondic, upirvelesad, saaRricxvo mowyobilobas warmoadgens da ar zrdis sazogadoebis faqtiur unars, aanazRauros momavali samkurnalo xarjebi. HI-sagan gansxvavebiT, SMI dafinansebulia ZiriTadi Semosavlidan da ara saxelfaso gadasaxadidan. garda amisa, SMI Tanxas iRebs ukve naxsenebi yovelTviuri gadasaxadidanac. dRes SMI-s dafinansebis wyaros daaxloebiT 82% ZiriTadi Semosavlidan, xolo 18% ki gadasaxadidan modis. amdenad, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom federaluri subsidia sakmaod mZimea. `mediqearis~ uzrunvelyofa ufro jansaRi finansuri fundamentiT. cxrili 10.1 `mediqearze~ gaweuli federaluri danaxarji weli 1967 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2002
danaxarji (miliard dolarSi) 3,2 $ 6,8 14,1 34,0 69,6 107,4 177,1 253,7
danaxarji (mSp-is procenti) 0,4 % 0,7 0,9 1,2 1,7 1,9 2,4 2,2
wyaro: Congressional Budget Office [2003, gv. 156-157].
10.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi `mediqearze~ gaweuli danaxarjebi. monacemebi gamoxatulia dolarSi da agreTve mocemulia mSp-is procentis saxiTac. 1967 wels `mediqearis~ 292
danaxarji 3,2 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda, rac mSp-is daaxloebiT 0,4%-s udrida. 2002 wlisaTvis maCvenebeli 253 miliard dolaramde gaizarda da, Sesabamisad, mSp-is 2,2% Seadgina. ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi `mediqearis~ zrdis ganakveTma federaluri danaxarjebis zrdis ganakveTs gauswro. swored amitom warmoiqmna seriozuli politikuri interesi imisa, rom `mediqearis~ tvirTi federalur biujetze Semsubuqdes. xalxi kargad aris informirebuli `mediqearis~ finansuri problemebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gadawyvetazec didi dro da energia ixarjeba. am problemis gadaWris SesaZlo variantebia: amJamindeli beneficiarebis tvirTis gazrda. problemis gadaWris erT-erTi alternativa yovelTviuri gadasaxadis, TanadazRvevis ganakveTisa da daxmarebis miRebis damtkicebuli asakis gazrdaa. aRniSnuli alternativa sakmaod seriozulad damuSavda 1997 wels, Tumca sakanonmdeblo process ver gauZlo. fasebis kontroli. adreuli 1980-iani wlebidan `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis Semcirebis saukeTeso meTodad momsaxurebis provaiderebis mier miRebuli fasebis kontroli miiCneoda. ase magaliTad, 1984 wels `mediqearis~ A komponentma gaweuli danaxarjis anazRaurebis sistemidan samomavlo anazRaurebis sistemaze gadainacvla, romlis farglebSic HI saavadmyofos uxdis Tanxas, romelic damokidebulia pacientis avamdyofobis xarisxze da ganisazRvreba pacientis mkurnalobamde. `mediqearis~ B komponenti gazrdili periodis ganmavlobaSi eqimisaTvis gadasaxdeli `gayinuli~ (ucvleli) gadasaxadiT xasiaTdeba. aq moculobis Sesrulebis standarti moqmedebs, rac zrdis misaReb ganakveTs uzrunvelyofs, romlis safuZvelzec eqimis momsaxurebaze danaxarjebis gaweva xdeba. standartis Seusrulebloba isjeba. fasebis kontrolis proceduris administrireba Zalian rTulia (moqmedebs `mediqearis~ reglamenti, romlis moculoba daaxloebiT 100000 gverdia) da xSirad arasasurvel uaryofiT gverdiT efeqts warmoqmnis xolme. kontrolis yvelaze negatiuri Sedegi `mediqearis~ pacientis mkurnalobaze samkurnalo dawesebulebebis naklebi mzadyofna aris. ase magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac 2002 wels `mediqearma~ eqimis momsaxurebis gadasaxadis 5,4%-iani sayovelTao Semcireba gamoacxada, samedicino dawesebulebaTa mniSvnelovnma nawilma ubralod Sewyvita `mediqearis~ pacientis miReba da mkurnaloba (floridis Statis qalaq jeqsonvilis maios klinikis filialis CaTvlT) [Rosenberg, 2002, gv. 11]. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 10.1 cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis safuZvelze `mediqeari~, sxvadasxva saxis sakontrolo meqanizmebis arsebobis miuxedavad, kvlav ganagrZobs uwyvet da swraf zrdas. kontrolirebadi dazRveva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikaSi samedicino momsaxurebas kerZo seqtori uzrunvelyofs. kontrolirebadi dazRvevis alternativa dRes ukve `gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis gadasaxadis gadaxdis~ tradiciul midgomaze calsaxad dominirebs da igi `mediqeidis~ programisaTvis TandaTan ufro seriozul datvirTvas iZens. 1997 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba individs imisaken ubiZgebs, rom kontrolirebad dazRvevaSi miiRos monawileoba. miuxedavad amisa, es alternativa arcTu popularulia: aseT dazRvevaSi `mediqearis~ beneficiarTa mxolod 15% CaerTo [Cutler, 2002, gv. 11]. ufro mogvianebiT, 293
`mediqearis~ programas am ukanasknelis mier SeTavazebuli anazRaurebis dabali tarifis gamo bevri HMO gamoeTiSa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, rTulia imisi prognozireba, kontrolirebadi dazRvevis saSualebiT jandacvis xarjis arsebuli done momavalSic SenarCundeba Tu ara. uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofo (hospisi) da saxlSi mkurnaloba. `mediqearis~ beneficiarebi uimedo mdgomareobaSic ki (sikvdilis win) samkurnalo dawesebulebaTa momsaxurebas iyeneben. sicocxlis ukanasknel weliwads mkurnalobaze gaweuli xarjebi `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis 27%-s Seadgens. `mediqearis~ principebis Tanaxmad, ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobil pacients maqsimalurad unda Seumsubuqdes mdgomareoba. `mediqeari~ ar iTvaliswinebs momakvdavi pacientis mkurnalobas mtkivneuli da ZviradRirebuli procedurebiT, romelTa mizani pacientis sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebaa. swored pirveli mosazrebis gamo, `mediqearis~ wesebis Tanaxmad, ukurnebeli seniT daavadebul pacients aqvs saSualeba, uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofoSi (hospisSi) imkurnalos. rogorc garberi, makardi da maklelani [1999] mogviTxroben, aseTi cvlilebis gatarebis Sedegad sicocxlis ukanasknel periodSi gaweuli samkurnalo xarjebi ar Semcirebula. maT daadgines, rom momakvdavi beneficiarebis mier saavadmyofoebSi vizitebis raodenoba Semcirda, magram, samagierod, proporciulad gaizarda hospisiTa da sxva momsaxurebiT sargeblobis SemTxvevebi, rac aranairi danazogis gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleva. samkurnalo danazogis angariSi (Medical Savings Accounts - MSAs). `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis Semcirebis mcdelobaTa umetesoba ZiriTad aqcents janmrTelobis dacvis provaiderebze, anu samkurnalo dawesebulebebze akeTebda. Tumca gamoikveTa alternatiuli midgomac, romelic momxmarebels sakmaod Zlier stimuls sTavazobda, rom am ukanasknels janmrTelobis dacvis xarji Seemcirebina. `mediqearis~ pacientebis didi nawili, anazRaurebadi xarjebis fonze, Zalian mcire xarjs gaswevs (an ar gaswevs saerTod). amis sapirispirod, seriozuli daavadebis sadazRvevo polisis pirobebSi, individi ixdis Tavisi mkurnalobis xarjebs, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu xarji Zalian maRali ar aris. maRali danaxarjis anazRaurebas ki ukve sakuTar Tavze mzRveveli iRebs. amdenad, individs surs, Cveulebrivi, regularuli danaxarjebi akontrolos. kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom individs seriozuli avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi samkurnalo xarji aunazRaurdeba. `mediqearis~ C nawilis farglebSi beneficiarTa SezRudul raodenobas SeuZlia, gaxsnas da flobdes samkurnalo danazogis angariSs, romelic, faqtobrivad, seriozuli avadmyofobis sadazRvevo poliss warmoadgens. mTavroba iyenebs fulis nawils, romelic daxarjuli iqneba imisaTvis, rom individma kontrolirebadi dazRvevis RonisZiebebSi miiRos monawileoba da sadazRvevo polisi Seisyidos, romelSic dauzRveveli minimumi sakmaod maRalia (daaxloebiT 6000 aSS dolari). fulis danarCeni nawili angariSzea deponirebuli. mas Semdeg, rac dauzRveveli minimumis Sevseba moxdeba, angariSze arsebuli Tanxis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba. garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg angariSze darCenili Tanxa pirdapir miemarTeba individis jibeSi _ misi gamoyeneba Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli arasamkurnalo 294
mizniT. swored amis gamo individs yovelTvis janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebi dazogos.
aqvs
stimuli,
faqtobrivad, MSA-s mizania, ebrZolos dazRvevasTan asocirebul moralur risks. pacients `Warbi~ mkurnalobis gamoyenebis stimuli uqreba, radgan danaxarji alternatiul Rirebulebas iZens. Tumca es midgoma araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas verafriT umklavdeba _ sadazRevo polisi maRali dauzRveveli minimumiT mosaxleobis yvelaze janmrTel nawils miizadavs, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom igi yvelaze nakleb samkurnalo xarjs gaswevs. Sedegad `mediqearis~ sxva komponentebs mouwevT SedarebiT ufro uaresi janmrTelobis (da, amdenad, Zviri) pacientebis momsaxureba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, MSA mxolod 1997 wlidan dainerga da dRes xelmisawvdomia monawileTa mxolod SezRuduli raodenobisaTvis. amdenad, dRes maTi muSaobis arcTu ise bevri Sedegia TvalsaCino. yvelaze samwuxaro azri, albaT, isaa, rom daSvebuli polisi, romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis zrdas SeewinaaRmdegeba, ar arsebobs. Cven mogvianebiT davinaxavT, rom arsebobs mTeli rigi mosazrebani, romelTa Tanaxmad, samkurnalo xarjebis zrda gamowveulia im Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, romlebzec saxelSekrulebo kompensaciis sakontrolo areali ar vrceldeba. janmrTelobis dazRvevis aracxadi subsidia mTavrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba janmrTelobis dacvis bazarze federaluri sagadasaxado kanonis saSualebiT warmoiqmneba, romlis Tanaxmad, individis xelfasi saxelmwifo sapensio, saxelfaso da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebiT ibegreba, magram ar ibegreba damqiraveblis mier samedicino dazRvevis polisis SeZena. ase magaliTad, Tu Tqvenma damqiravebelma xelfasi 2000 dolariT gagizardaT, maSin Tqven mogiwevT gazrdili Tanxis Sesabamisi gazrdili gadasaxadebis gadaxda. magram, Tu Tqveni damqiravebeli am 2000 dolars Tqveni sadazRvevo polisis dasafinanseblad gamoiyenebs, maSin Tqven mier gadasaxdel gadasaxads arc erTi centi ar moemateba. kanonmdeblobis Sedegis ufro meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis davuSvaT, rom individis xelfasi ibegreba kombinirebuli gadasaxadiT 38%-is odenobiT. gamodis, rom TiToeuli miRebuli dolaridan individis gankargulebaSi aris mxolod 62 centi. amis sapirispirod, individis damqiraveblis mier sadazRvevo polisis dasafinanseblad gaRebuli TiToeuli dolariT zustad erTi dolari Rirebulebis sadazRvevo momsaxurebis SeZena xdeba (anu am SemTxvevaSi Tanxa absoluturad Tavisufalia yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan). faqtobrivad, sagadasaxado kodeqsis am debulebis Tanaxmad, janmrTelobis dazRvevis polisis Sesyidvis subsidireba sxva saqonlis mimarT misi alternatiuli Rirebulebis Semcirebis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. praqtikulad, subsidiis moculoba sakmaod didia. gruberisa da poterbis kvlevis [1996, gv. 149] Tanaxmad, igi damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis Sesabamis Rirebulebas daaxloebiT 32%-iT amcirebs. janmrTelobis dazRvevis SesaZeni Tanxis gamoqviTva sagadasaxado bazidan wliurad amerikis xazinas daaxloebiT
295
75 miliardi Semosavali).
dolari
ujdeba
(gauTvaliswinebeli
sagadasaxado
aracxadi subsidiis arsebobis gamo momuSave janmrTelobis dazRvevis formiT ganxorcielebul ufro maRal kompensacias iTxovs, vidre sxva pirobebSi moiTxovda. amdenad, janmrTelobis dazRvevis paketi TandaTan ufro yovlismomcveli da farTo xdeba. analogiurad, subsidia ubiZgebs damqiravebels, sadazRvevo polisi iseTi momsaxurebiT Seavsos da gaafarToos, rogoricaa Tvalis mkurnaloba da yoveldRiuri stolmatologiuri momsaxureba. araferia cudi sadazRvevo polisis SeZenaSi: igi adamianTa cxovrebiseul kritikul saWiroebebs avsebs. Tumca efeqtianobis misaRwevad sadazRvevo polisis SeZenis procesSi momxmarebeli gadawyvetilebas misi zRvruli Rirebulebis (ix. mesame Tavi) safuZvelze iRebs. subsidiis wyalobiT, momxmareblis mier gadasaxadeli fasi polisis zRvrul Rirebulebaze ufro dabalia, rac momxmarebels imisken ubiZgebs, rom saWiroze meti sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi SeiZinos. Sesabamisad, aseTi individi saWiroze met samedicino momsaxurebasac moixmars. bevri analitikosi darwmunebulia, rom swored aseTi tendenciis Sedegad izrdeba mkurnalobaze gaweuli danaxarji da, amdenad, damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis dabegvrac saWiro xdeba. arsebobs mniSvnelovani argumentebi imis Taobaze, rom sagadasaxado subsidia `Warbi~ moculobis sadazRvevo momsaxurebis gamoyenebas iwvevs. garkveuli masStabiT, teqnologiuri cvlileba janmrTelobis dacvis industriaSi sadazRvevo sistemis xelgaSlilobiT iyo gamowveuli _ janmrTelobis dazRvevis wyalobiT, individi uflebas aZlevs sakuTar Tavs, ZviradRirebuli axali procedurebiT isargeblos. aseT viTarebaSi mwarmoebeli mzadaa, axali momsaxureba Seqmnas. ibadeba aseTi kiTxva: iqneb sagadasaxado subsidia saTaves Zalian bevr siaxles udebs? sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Teoriis Tanaxmad (ixileT meoTxe Tavi), kerZo bazari saTanado da jerovan inovacias ver qmnis. samedicino inovaciebis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom igi sazogadoebrivi produqtis niSan-Tvisebebs atarebs _ arakonkurentuli da sayovelTao moxmarebiT xasiaTdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, CaiTvalos, rom subsidia racionaluria. faqtobrivad, zogierTi mtkicebuleba cxadyofs, rom samedicino inovaciis socialuri ukugebis masStabi kerZo ukugebis moculobas aRemateba [Cutler and McClellan, 2001]. amrigad, jer kidev gaurkvevelia, aracxadi sagadasaxado subsidia amcirebs Tu ara efeqtianobas.
wyvili problema: xelmisawvdomoba da Rirebuleba janmrTelobis dacvis arsebuli sistemis kritika ori ZiriTadi monaTesave mimarTulebiT xdeboda: janmrTelobis dacvis xelmisawvdomoba da misi Rirebuleba. winamdebare nawili ufro detalurad ganixilavs am or sakiTxs. 296
xelmisawvdomoba 65 wlamde asakis amerikelebis 83%-ia dazRveuli, xolo danarCeni 17%, anu 41 milioni adamiani, dauzRvevelia. 65 wlamde asakis dauzRveveli mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba. 1979 wels aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 14,7% iyo. dauzRveveli mosaxleoba amerikis janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens. dauzRvevelTa jgufi sakmaod mravalferovania. ase magaliTad, im mosaxleobis 31%, romelTa Semosavali siRaribis zRvars qvemoTaa, dauzRvevelia. amave dros, dauzRvevelia im mosaxleobis 7,7%, romlis Semosavali 75000 aSS dolars aRemateba. dasaqmebis faqtoris safuZvelze SesaZlebelia, iTqvas, rom naxevar ganakveTze dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 22% dauzRvevelia. Tumca dauzRvevelia srul ganakveTze momuSave pirTa daaxloebiT 16%-ic [US Census Bureau, 2002b]. marTlac, dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa umetesoba dasaqmebulia, an maTi ojaxis wevrebi mainc arian dasaqmebulni. individis mier janmrTelobis dazRvevis polisis flobis albaToba im firmis moculobis proporciulad izrdeba, romelSic dasaqmebulia individi, rac, savaraudod, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom dazRvevis Rirebuleba firmis moculobazea damokidebuli. dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad TiToeuli momuSavis sadazRvevo polisTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli danaxarji klebulobs. ufro metic, firma, sadac bevri adamiania dasaqmebuli, adamianTa did jgufze daavadebis gavrcelebis met saSiSroebas qmnis, amdenad, maT aqvTYSesaZlebloba, sadazRvevo polisi ufro xelsayreli ganakveTiT SeiZinon. mniSvnelovania, gaviazroT, rom janmrTelobis dazRvevis ararseboba da Tavad janmrTelobis dacvis ararseboba erTi da igive ar aris. zogierTi individi janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebs sakuTari jibidan gaiRebs, Tumca dauzRveveli individi saSualod mkurnalobis mxolod 44%-s ixdis. ufaso mkurnalobas maTTvis uzrunvelyofs saavadmyofoebi. 2001 wels aSS-is saavadmyofoebSi ufasod Catarda mkurnaloba (romlis Rirebuleba 24 miliardi aSS dolari iyo). mkurnaloba sxva mxareTa mier gadaxdili zrdadi gadasaxadis saSualebiT dafinansda [Hadley and Holahan, 2003]. miuxedavad amisa, dauzRveveli individi ufro nakleb samedicino momsaxurebas moixmars, vidre janmrTelobis analogiuri problemis mqone dazRveuli individi. saocaria is faqti, rom jer kidev bundovania, Tu rogor aisaxeba mkurnalobis aseTi simwire janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. rogorc meeri da rouzi [2003] aRniSnaven, mzardi dazRvevis wyalobiT, dauzRvevelis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zogierTi kvleva sruliad sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs. ratom izrdeba dauzRvevel individTa proporciuli wili? am SemTxvevaSi mTavari da ZiriTadi faqtori dazRvevis Rirebulebaa. janmrTelobis dazRveva TandaTan ufro Zvirdeba, individs Tavisi xelfasidan sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketis misaRebad sul ufro meti Tanxis daxarjva uxdeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi individs ar uRirs dazRvevaSi fulis gadaxda. marTlac, dazRveviT sargeblobs im 297
momuSaveTa mxolod 89%, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveva [Cooper and Schone, 1997]. dabali Semosavlis mqone individs urCevnia, ar isargeblos damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveviT. misi saxelfaso gadasaxadi imdenad mcirea, rom misTvis sul erTia, gamoakldeba Tu ara dasabegr Tanxas dazRvevis uzrunvelyofaze gaRebuli Tanxa. amdenad, janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaze xelmisawvdomobis Semcirebis tendencia mkurnalobis Rirebulebis zrdis tendencias mWidrod ukavSirdeba. Rirebuleba cxrili 10.2 saxelmwifo danaxarjebi janmrTelobis dacvaze (SerCeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi)
weli
sruli danaxarji (miliard dolarSi)
1970 1980 1990 1997 2000 2011
73 $ 246 696 1091 1300 2800*
mSp-s procenti 7,0 % 8,8 12,0 13,1 13,2 17,0*
saxelmwifos wili janmrTelobaze gaweul mTliani danaxarjebSi† 37,8 % 42,7 40,6 46,0 45,2 -
† prognozi * moicavs federalur, Statebisa da adgilobriv danaxarjs wyaro: “Health United States 2002”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [http://www.cdc.gov/]. prognozi 2011 wlisaTvis, romelic mogvawoda `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ serviscentrebma [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/].
cxrili 10.3. erT sulze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji janmrTelobaze zogierT qveyanaSi*
kanada
2535 $
germania
2748
iaponia
2012
didi britaneTi
1763
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
4631
* aSS dolari
298
wyaro: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Health Data 2002, cxrili 9. [http://www.oecd.org/].
10.2 cxrili aSS-Si janmrTelobis dacvis Rirebulebis zrdis daujerebel ganakveTs gviCvenebs. 1970 wels janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebi mSp-is 7,1%-s Seadgenda. dRes es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 13,2%-s utoldeba da, prognozis Tanaxmad, 2011 wlisaTvis 17%-s gautoldeba. 10.3 cxrili gviCvenebs aSS-is danaxarjebs sxva qveynebis fonze. cxrili cxadyofs, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro mets xarjavs TiToeuli moqalaqis janmrTelobis dacvaze, vidre kanada, germania, iaponia an didi britaneTi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika ufro met danaxarjs gaswevs, vidre aRniSnuli qveynebi, grZelvadiani perspeqtivis fonze, aRniSnuli danaxarjebis zrdis ganakveTi am qveynebis imave ganakveTs ar Seesabameba. aseTi dakvirveba kargadaa dokumentirebuli 10.2 cxrilSi, romelic mSp-Si janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis procentul wils gviCvenebs. janrTelobis dacvis dafinanseba aRniSnul oTx qveyanaSi aSS-sagan sruliad gansxvavebulad warmoebs. konkretulad ki am qveynebSi janmrTelobis dacvas damqiravebeli ar uzrunvelyofs, rogorc es aSS-Si xdeba da mTavroba fasebis dawesebaSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. amdenad, Tu Cven gvsurs, aSS-Si janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis zrdis aseTi ganakveTi avxsnaT, ar unda gavakeToT eqskluziuri aqcenti mxolod im faqtorebze, romlebic amerikisaTvis unikalurad iTvleba. Cven SevecdebiT, mokled gagacnoT niuhauzis [1992a] mier Catarebuli kvleva, romelic ecada, gamoeTvala, ramdenad zemoqmedebs TiToeuli qvemoT moyvanili faqtori zrdis ganakveTze.
grafiki 10.2
299
amerikis dabereba. 1980 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis 11,1% 65 wels gadacilebuli iyo; dRes es maCvenebeli 12,4%-ia. imave periodis ganmavlobaSi 85 wels gadacilebuli mosaxleobis wili 1,0%-dan 1,5%-mde gaizarda [US Bureau of the Census, 2002, gv. 13]. TandaTan moxucdeba mosaxleoba, amdenad, mosalodnelia janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebis zrda. ramdenad xsnis amerikis daberebis fenomeni danaxarjebis zrdis tendencias? imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvaze uxeSi pasuxi mainc mieRo, niuhauzma gamoiTvala, Tu ramdenad Seicvleboda mTliani danaxarji, Tu sulze gaweuli danaxarji TiToeul asakobriv jgufSi ucvleli darCeboda, rogorc es 1950 wlidan 1987 wlamde iyo da mxolod asakobrivi jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis raodenoba Seicvleboda. man aRmoaCina, rom cvlileba asakobriv struqturaSi danaxarjis Zalian mcire proporciiT zrdas iwvevs.
Semosavlis zrda. Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba moTxovna samedicino momsaxurebaze. amdenad, Semosavlis zrda SesaZloa, janmrTelobis dacvis danaxarjebis zrdas iwvevdes. samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnis ekonometrikuli analizis safuZvelze niuhauzma gansazRvra, rom samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnasTan asocirebuli Semosavlis elastiuroba 0,2-sa da 0,4s Soris meryeobs, anu Semosavlis 10%-iani zrda samedicino momsaxurebaze moTxovnis 2-4%-iT zrdas iwvevs. elastiurobis gamravlebis Sedegad Semosavlis faqtobriv procentul zrdasTan dakavSirebiT niuhauzma gaarkvia, rom Semosavlis zrda janmrTelobis xarjebis daaxloebiT 10%-iT zrdas iwvevs. mdidari sazogadoeba janmrTelobis dacvis ufro da ufro srulyofil pakets iTxovs. Tumca Semosavlis zrda erTpirovnulad ar iwvevs janmrTelobis dacvis danaxarjis zrdas.
mesame mxaris gadasaxadi. 10.1 cxrilSi Cven vxedavT, rom dazRveva samedicino momsaxurebaze arsebul moTxovnas zrdis. gaixseneT, rom Cveni mizania, avxsnaT, Tu mkurnalobis xarji ganuxrelad ratom izrdeba. imisaTvis, rom mesame mxaris gadaxda amgvari xarjebis zrdis mizezi gaxdes, aucilebelia, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis sfero gafarTovdes. dazRveul adamianTa ricxvi izrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc niuhauzis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, dazRveulTa ricxovnobis gazrdaze samkurnalo xarjebis zrdis mxolod erTi mervedi modis. marTlac, is saSualo ganakveTi, romlis mixedviTac saavadmyofos xarjebis anazRaureba xdeboda, 1980-iani wlebidan ucvlelia, maSin rodesac saavadmyofos faqtobrivi danaxarji daaxloebiT 50%iT gaizarda [gv. 7].
xarisxis gaumjobeseba. niuhauzma daadgina, rom yvela zemoT miTiTebuli da zogierTi sxva faqtoris (`dazRveviTi medicina~, administraciuli danaxarjebi) zemoqmedebaze samkurnalo xarjis zrdis ganakveTis naxevarze odnav naklebi modis. igi amtkicebda, rom danarCen zrdaze pasuxismgebeli teqnologiuri progresia. ufro intensiuri gaxda eqimTa treningebi, gaumjobesda samedicino aparatura da aRWurviloba. ukanaskneli ramdenime
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aTwleuli samedicino teqnologiis STambeWdavi ganviTarebis mowmea. amis Sedegad samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxi gaumjobesda, mag.: diagnostikuri saSualebebi, qirurgiuli operaciebi da sxvadasxva daavadebis Terapiuli mkurnaloba. dRes gulis Setevis mkurnaloba sruliad gansxvavdeba im procedurisagan, romelsac analogiuri avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi 1970 wels atarebdnen. faqtobrivad, iseTi inovaciebi, rogoricaa koronaruli Suntirebis operacia da gulis kaTeterizacia gulis daavadebis mqone pacientis danaxarjs zrdis. amave dros, maT, faqtobrivad, Seamcires janmrTelobis Sedegis miRwevis Rirebuleba (magaliTad: reabilitacia saavadmyofoSi gulis Setevis dros) [Newhouse, 2001].
dRes zogierTi samedicino teqnikuri miRweva sakmaod iaffasiani gaxda. im pacientisaTvis aspirinis gamowera, romelsac gulis Seteva hqonda, mniSvnelovnad zrdis misi gadarCenis albaTobas. magram sakmaod Zviria axali samedicino teqnologia. aseTia magaliTad, pozitronis saemisio tomografi (PET – positron emission tomography), romelsac magnitur-rezonansul tomografze an rentgenis aparatze swrafad SeuZlia ujredSi cvlilebis aRmoCena, vidre moxdeba simsivnis warmoqmna. amdenad, ukve CamoTvlili faqtorebis ararsebobis pirobebSic ki samedicino danaxarjebis zrda moxdeboda.
Teoria teqnologiis Sesaxeb gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu yvela qveyanaSi janmrTelobis dacvis xarji ratom izrdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebisa da miwodebis sistema sxvadasxvanairia (ix. 10.2 cxrili). aRniSnul sazogadoebebs erTi calsaxa niSani aerTianebT _ isini teqnikur ZviradRirebul inovacias erTnairad eqvemdebarebian.
Teoria teqnologiis Sesaxeb sruliad Rirebulebis (danaxarjis) SenarCunebis faqtorsac sxvanair Suqs hfens. gana cudia, Tuki Rirebuleba (danaxarji) xarisxis gaumjobesebis gamo izrdeba? am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi SekiTxva aris is, afasebs Tu ara individi amgvar inovacias zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis safuZvelze. WeSmariti pasuxi am SekiTxvaze ucnobia, Tumca niuhauzi sakmaod provokaciul mosazrebas warmoTqvams: `Tu momxmarebelTa umetesoba axal teqnologias jerovnad ar afasebs, maSin ratom ar vendobiT im firmas, romelic 1960-iani wlebis medikamentebis imave periodis fasebSi SemoTavazebas cdilobs?~ (gv. 6).
aRniSnul arguments marfisa da topelis [2000] kalkulaciebi amagrebs, romelTa Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis zrdam aSS-is saxelmwifo simdidres 1970-1990 wlebSi daaxloebiT 2,8 trilioni aSS dolari (1992 wlis dolarSi) Semata. nebismieri aseTi gamoTvla ramdenime mizezis gamo miaxloebiTia. pirveli, rogor SeiZleba dolaris saxiT warmovadginoT gaxangrZlivebuli sicocxlis yoveli weliwadi? marfi da topeli Semdegi
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statistikuri SefasebebiT sargebloben: momuSave im samsaxurSi, romelic mis sicocxles did risks uqmnis, maRal xelfass iTxovs. es midgoma Semdeg TavSia ganxiluli. meore, ar aris calsaxad dadasturebuli, rom sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba janmrTelobis dacvis stilis gaumjobesebiT aris gamowveuli. marfi da topeli aRniSnaven, rom `wliuri zrdis Tanxis (2,8 trilioni aSS dolari) Semadgeneli daaxloebiT 1,5 trilioni aSS dolari gulis daavadebis letaluri Sedegis Semcirebis wyalobiT dagrovda _ es aris is sfero, sadac rogorc prevenciis, aseve saswrafo daxmarebisa da mkurnalobis miRwevebi Zalian mniSvnelovania~ (gv. 24). mesame, miuxedavad imisa, rom sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebis faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania, zogadad, samedicino sferoSi miRweulma warmatebebma adamianTa cxovrebis xarisxi gaaumjobesa, rac aseve aranakleb yuradsaRebi faqtoria. ifiqreT ubralod menj-barZayis proTezirebis operaciis, `viagras~, `koqs – 2~-is Semanelebeli iseTi agentis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa arTritis tkivilis Sesamsubuqebeli `vioqsi~, agreTve artroskopiuli qirurgiis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rTulia da zogjer SeuZlebelic ki, aseTi progresi dolariT gamovxatoT. Sedegi ki, marTlac, umniSvnelovanesia. amdenad, miuxedavad marfisa da topelis daaxloebiTi gamoTvlebisa, maT mier gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweul xarjs udidesi da Seufasebeli Sedegi moaqvs, calsaxa da zustia.
amdenad, xSirad SexvdebiT sxvadasxva mosazrebebs imis Taobaze, samkurnalo xarjebis gazrda ganpirobebulia Tu ara teqnologiuri cvlilebiT. sainteresoa, rom mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs, garkveulwilad, sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT mivyavarT _ danaxarjis zrda samedicino inovaciis rentabelurobis zrdas iwvevs da, amdenad, teqnologiur progress waaxalisebs. cxadia, rTulia am mosazrebis Semowmeba, Tumca arsebobs mtkicebulebani, romlebic cxadyofs, rom realurad, marTlac, ase xdeba xolme. finkelSteinma [2003] aRniSna, rom 1993 wels `mediqearma~ yvela beneficiarisaTvis gripis sawinaaRmdego vaqcinaciis Rirebulebis yovelgvari Tanagadaxdis, an dauzRveveli minimumis gareSe, anazRaureba daiwyo. man aRmoaCina, rom aRniSnuli cvlilebis gatarebis Semdeg farmacevtulma firmam mniSvnelovnad maRali investicia ganaxorciela imisaTvis, rom gripis axali da gaumjobesebuli vaqcinebi Seqmniliyo.
amrigad, ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom samkurnalo xarjebis zrda TavisTavad negatiuri faqtoria, an mSp-is optimaluri procentuli wili arsebobs, romelic janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebis anazRaurebas unda daeTmos. fasis SenarCunebis iseTi meqanizmi, romelic teqnologiur progress aferxebs, sazogadoebis mdgomareobas mxolod gaauaresebs.
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saxelmwifos axleburi roli janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo kritikosebi Tvlian, rom ubralod SeuZlebelia, fasebi CamoviyvanoT `misaReb~ doneze federaluri mTavrobis mier Seqmnili sistemis fundamenturi Secvlis gareSe. amdenad, kritikosebi imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa ricxvi, saxelmwifos intervencias aucilebel faqtorad miiCneven. bevri daiwera jandacvis sistemaSi mTavrobis rolis gazrdis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT yvelaze seriozuli da gamorCeuli midgomebi da SesaZleblobebi. individualuri mandati. Statebis garkveuli nawili rezidentebs avtomobilis dazRvevis SeZenas sTxovs. maSin ratomaa SeuZlebeli, saxelmwifom TiToeul moqalaqes janmrTelobis dazRvevis ZiriTadi paketis SeZena mosTxovos? amgvari ideis avtori memkvidreobis fondi (Heritage Foundation) vaSingtonSi saxelmwifo politikis instituti iyo. memkvidreobis fondis gegmis Tanaxmad, SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis” programebi, Tumca damqiraveblis mier momuSaveTa janmrTelobis dazRvevaze gaweuli Tanxis dabegvra unda dawyebuliyo. amis nacvlad damqiravebels momuSave janmrTelobis dazRvevis vauCeriT unda uzrunveleyo, romlis saSualebiTac mas sadazRvevo momsaxurebis Tavad (an sxva organizaciis, magaliTad, eklesiis an sxva gaerTianebis saSualebiT) SeZenis SesaZlebloba eqneboda. am ideis momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom `danaxarjis kontroli saukeTeso meqanizmis saSualebiT moxdeba, danaxarji dabal doneze SenarCundeba, maRal doneze darCeba efeqtianoba da xarisxi: es ki aris momxmareblis arCevani konkurentul bazarze~ [Butler, 1992, gv. 42-43]. gegmas mcire biurokratiuli aparati esaWiroeboda da igi momxmareblis arCevanis uflebas, marTlac, icavda. iqneboda ki vauCeri sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom individs sadazRvevo momsaxureba SeeZina? _ am kiTxvaze pasuxi sakmaod bundovani da mravalmniSvnelovani iyo. garda amisa, miwodebis mxares araxelsayreli SerCevis safrTxe warmoiqmneboda _ mzRveveli ar daazRvevda maRali riskis mqone individs. aseT SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompanias aseTi klientebisaTvis gadasaxadis gazrdis ufleba unda miscemoda, an saWiro gaxdeboda iseTi meqanizmis danergva da amuSaveba, romelic daavaldebulebda sadazRvevo kompanias, amgvari klientebisaTvis momsaxureba gaewia. rogor moxdeboda mandatis danergva da amoqmedeba? ra sadamsjelo meqanizmi iarsebebda im individisaTvis, romelic sadazRvevo momsaxurebas ar SeiZenda? cixeSi Casvamdnen? iqneboda ki raime daSvebuli finansuri jarima, romelic imdenad didi iqneboda, rom yovel individs aiZulebda, sadazRvevo momsaxureba SeeZina? erTi provaideri reformis erT-erTi gegma arsebuli janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazris srul moSlas da mis nacvlad janmrTelobis dazRvevis erTaderTi kompaniis amoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. erTi provaideris (erTi sadazRvevo kompaniis) dafinanseba gadasaxadebis saSualebiT moxdeboda. kompanias yoveli moqalaqe, Semosavlisa da janmrTelobis 303
mdgomareobis miuxedavad, janmrTelobis dacvis gansazRvruli paketiT unda uzrunveleyo, dazRveulze gaweuli pirdapiri danaxarjis gareSe. Tu yvela moqalaqisaTvis savaldebulo iqneboda sistemaSi monawileobis miReba, maSin araxelsayreli SerCevis problemac gadaiWreboda. aseTi sistemis gansazRvruli formebi kanadasa da evropis ramdenime qveyanaSia gamoyenebuli. kanadaSi samedicino momsaxurebas kerZo seqtori eweva, anazRaurebis sakiTxi ki mTavrobasTan Tanxmdeba. did britaneTSi jandacvis momsaxurebas sazogadoebrivi seqtori saxelmwifo jandacvis samsaxuris saSualebiT axdens. amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis erTi provaideris sistemis Camoyalbebis saukeTeso varianti `mediqearis~ samoqmedo sferos mTel mosaxleobaze gazrda da misi ara mxolod xandazmulebze gavrcelebaa. is faqti, rom erTi provaideris sistema individs janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebis pirispir ar ayenebs, sistemis qomagTaTvis udides upiratesobas, xolo sistemis kritikosebisaTvis ki yvelaze seriozul negatiur mxares warmoadgens. am ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom friad araeTikuria, avadmyofi individi xarjebisa da Sedegis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe daayeno. SeuZlebelia, erTsa da imave dros man gaiaros mkurnalobis kursi da Tan mTeli aRfrTovanebiT daafasos programis universaluri xelmisawvdomoba. imdenad, ramdenadac pacienti Zalian cota samkurnalo xarjs ixdis, an ar ixdis arafers, kritikosebi SeniSnaven, rom sistemis xarjis Semcirebis aranairi stimuli ar arsebobs. Tu fasi xarjebis normirebas ver axorcielebs, maSin aucilebelia sxva meqanizmis amoqmedeba. im qveynebSi, sadac erTi provaideris sistema moqmedebs, danaxarjebis normireba momsaxurebis miwodebis SezRudvis gziT xdeba. winaswar dgeba jandacvis globaluri biujeti, romelic fasebze kontrolisa da reglamentebis saSualebiT sruldeba, rac aucilebel samkurnalo proceduraTa safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul proceduras samkurnalo proceduris didi xnis lodini da zogjer masze uaris Tqmac mohyveba. did britaneTSi, magaliTad, 65 wels gadacilebuli pacienti Tirkmlis dializze arc ki daiSveba. erTi provaideris sistemis kritikosebi ZiriTad aqcents akeTeben imaze, rom sistema iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni unda daxarjos janmrTelobis dacvaze individma da es gadawyvetileba politikur arenaze gamoaqvs. ase magaliTad, kanadaSi yvela `aucilebeli samkurnalo~ momsaxureba saxelmwifos mieraa dafinansebuli, Tumca `samedicino saWiroebis~ definicia regionebisa da politikuri garemos mixedviT gansxvavdeba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ramdenad meti dro esaWiroeba axali teqnologiis danergvas erTi provaideris SemTxvevaSi decentralizebul sistemasTan SedarebiT. ditoni da paqsoni [2001] amtkiceben, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sikvdilianobis koeficienti daeca. amerikaSi amgvari tendenciis dafiqsirebis Semdeg oTx weliwadSi sikvdilianoba did britaneTSic Semcirda. did britaneTSi sikvdilianoba rom gvian Semcirda, mkvlevarebi im faqts miaweren, rom didi britaneTis centralizebuli sistema axali da ZviradRirebuli teqnologiebis damkvidrebis process aferxebs. 304
cxadia, ramdenime kazuistikuri mtkicebuleba arsebobs, romelic adasturebs, rom erTi provaideris sistema kanadasa da dasavleT evropaSi xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT sicocxlisunariani ar aris. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jandacvis xarjebi, aSS-s msgavsad, am qveynebSic izrdeba. kanadis jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ukanasknel periodSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom `pacients grZel rigSi dgoma uwevs, sanam diagnozs dausvamen an operacias gaukeTeben, rac ukargavs sazogadoebas ndobas kanadis jandacvis sistemis mimarT~. amas Sedegad is mosdevs, rom `yvela miiswrafvis kerZo samedicino momsaxurebisaken. pacienti mzadaa, gadaixados fuli, oRond swrafi samedicino momsaxureba gauwion~ [krausi, 2003, gv. A3]. Zalian mniSvnelovania sistemis mier gaweuli momsaxurebis sakiTxi. sakmaod seriozulia kanadis jandacvis sistemis mimarT kritika: `arsebuli mdgomareobis pirobebSi, kanada mxolod imiT unda amayobdes, rom qveyanaSi dabali donis samedicino momsaxureba yvelasaTvis erTnairad xelmisawvdomia~. Tumca kanadis jandacvis sistemis damcvelebi Tvlian, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebisaTvis ufro advilad xelmisawvdomia eqimis momsaxureba da maT ar uwevT grZel rigSi dgoma, kanadasa da amerikaSi sicocxlis xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli erTi da igivea. amrigad, mkurnalobis Sedegi, mkurnalobaze gaweuli xarjebis garda, damokidebulia bevr sxva faqtorzec. Cven am Temas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebis anazRaureba rogorc individualuri mandatis, aseve erTi provaideris sistemis SemoReba aSS jandacvis sistemaSi radikalur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs. alternatiuli midgoma arsebuli sistemis im pirobiT SenarCunebas gulisxmobs, rom `mediqeari~ gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebas aanazRaurebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamowerili medikamenti jandacvis sferoSi udides rols TamaSobs, Tumca maTi Rirebulebis anazRaureba `mediqearis~ mier, rogorc wesi, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. gamowerili medikamentis anazRaurebis programis Sedgenisas gadasawyvetia mTeli rigi seriozuli sakiTxebi. ramdenad farTo unda iyos programa? ramdeni unda iyos dauzRveveli minimumi da Tanagadaxdis norma? vin miiRebs daxmarebas? `mediqearis~ TiToeuli beneficiari Tu mxolod dabali Semosavlis mqone individi? rogorc nebismier sadazRvevo programaSi, am SemTxvevaSic gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas araxelsayreli SerCevis sakiTxi. savaraudod, is individi, romelsac yvelaze meti raodenobis medikamenti sWirdeba, programis monawile gaxdeba, rac sadazRvevo Senatanis moculobas gazrdis. SesaZloa, araxelsayreli SerCeva bazris miwodebis mxaresac arsebobdes _ sadazRvevo kompania ecdeba, SezRudos im individTa monawileoba programaSi, romelsac, savaraudod, bevri da ZviradRirebuli medikamenti dasWirdeba. am problemis gadawyvetis erTi SesaZlo gza kerZo klinikis reklamirebis nacvlad janmrTelobis klubebis reklamirebaa. aseTi qmedeba ueWvelad gazrdis danaxarjs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `mediqeari~ finansurad arastabiluria; amdenad, medikamentis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis misTvis dakisreba finansuri 305
arastabilurobis problemas ufro mtkivneuls gaxdis. danaxarji damokidebulia konkretul debulebebze. amdenad, kongresis sabiujeto ofisi [2002] ganixilavda ramdenime variants, ris Sedegadac man aRmoaCina, rom danaxarji 2005-2012 wlebSi 200 miliard aSS dolaramde Tavisuflad gaizrdeba. am konteqstSi saintereso iqneboda, aRgveniSna, rom, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, gamowerili wamlis moculobis zrda jandacvis mTliani xarjebis ufro nakleb zrdas gamoiwvevs, vidre vinmes warmoudgenia. lixtenbergi [2002] `mediqearis~ beneficiarebisaTvis gamoweril wamlebsa da sxva samkurnalo procedurebs swavlobda. man aRmoaCina, rom maSin rodesac pacienti ukanasknel periodSi warmoebul medikamentebs iyenebs, wamalze gaweuli danaxarjis garda sxva danaxarji wamalze gaweuli Rirebulebis zrdis TanxasTan SedarebiT rvajer mcirdeba. buSis administraciam wamoayena winadadeba `mediqearis~ im beneficiarebisaTvis wamlis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kontrolirebad dazRvevaSi monawileoben. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `mediqearis~ beneficiarebi kontrolirebadi dazRvevis alternativas didi enTuziazmiT ar moekidnen, amdenad, ar aris naTeli, es winadadeba politikurad sicocxlisunariani gamodgeba Tu ara. medikamentis Rirebulebis ganuxreli zrdis gamo mTavrobas aucileblad mouwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba medikamentebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. saboloo mosazrebani rodesac saubaria jandacvis sferos reformirebaze, ar dagaviwydeT, rom: ·
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gadawyvetilebis miReba yovelTvis rTulia, radgan igi dakavSirebulia dilemasTan, romelic Tavs socialuri dazRvevis yvela programis SemuSavebis procesSi iCens _ saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa Tavisi arsiT efeqtianobis miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba. araferia amqveynad ufaso. universaluri samoqmedo arealisa da Rirebulebis SenarCunebis cnebebi urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivia. SeuZlebelia, 41 milioni adamiani jandacvis seqtorSi CavrToT da, Tanac, danaxarji imave doneze SevinarCunoT. analogiurad, SeuZlebelia, gavafarTovoT samoqmedo areali da Tan imave doneze SevinarCunoT regulaciebi Tundac im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom mosaxleobis maRali riskis mqone jgufs kerZo bazarze dazRvevis polisis SeZena ar SeuZlia. dazRvevis SeZenis erTaderTi gza maTTvis mTavrobis is kanonebia, romelic romelime kompanias aiZulebs, aseTi mosaxleobisaTvis dazRveva uzrunvelyos. es ar niSnavs imas, rom universaluri dazRveva araracionaluri da araswori mizania. Tumca TiToeuli Cvengani miznis misaRwevad saWiro saSualebebs realisturad unda afasebdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni ZiriTadi aqcenti upirvelesad jandacvis danaxarjebze iyo gadatanili, Cveni mTavari da ZiriTadi sazrunavi adamianTa janmrTelobaa. aRniSnuli ori faqtori mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca statistikuri 306
mtkicebuleba am sakiTxis irgvliv susti da umniSvneloa. bevri komentatori imasac amtkicebs, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi danaxarjebis zrda janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaze da sikvdilianobis koeficientis Semcirebaze ar moqmedebs. iseTi cxovrebiseuli Cvevebi, rogoricaa: moweva, dieta da varjiSi am TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovania.
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jandacvis bazari mwiri informaciis, araxelsayreli SerCevisa da moraluri riskis problemebis arsebobis gamo SesaZloa, araefeqtiani aRmoCndes, rac janmrTelobis dazRvevasTan pirdapiraa asocirebuli. kerZo samedicino dazRvevis didi nawili uzrunvelyofilia damqiraveblis mier momuSavis sasargeblod. `mediqearis~ programa uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobis dazRvevas im mosaxleobisaTvis, romlis asaki 65 weli an metia. daxmareba moicavs hospitalizaciis dazRvevasa da damatebiT samedicino dazRvevas. aseTi sistemis farglebSi eqimisa da samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarji anazRaurdeba. hospitalizaciis dazRveva amJamindeli momuSaveebis saxelfaso gadasaxadiT (1,45% rogorc damqiraveblisaTvis, aseve daqiravebulisaTvis) aris dafinansebuli. damatebiTi samedicino dazRveva dafinansebulia ZiriTadi Semosavlidan. Tu arsebuli tendenciebi momavalSic gagrZelda, `mediqearis~ danaxarji Semosavals gadaaWarbebs. `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis zrdis SesaCereblad ramdenime meTodi arsebobs, rogoricaa: amJamindeli beneficiarebisaTvis ufro didi tvirTis dakisreba, fasebis kontroli, kontrolirebadi dazRveva, hospisiT gazrdili sargebloba, samedicino momsaxurebis saxlSi gaweva da samkurnalo danazogis angariSi. gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad warmatebuli aRmoCndeba es meTodebi. federaluri sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRveva ar ibegreba, rac janmrTelobis dazRvevisaTvis aracxad subsidias warmoadgens. aSS mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15% dauzRvevelia. 65 wlamde asakis dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa wili droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba. janmrTelobis dacvis xarji ganuxrelad da swrafad izrdeba. amisi SesaZlo mizezebia: mosaxleobis dabereba, Semosavlis zrda, mesame mxaris gadasaxadis dominanturi mdgomareoba da teqnologiuri progresi. rogorc Cans, ukanakneli faqtori am mimarTulebiT yvelaze seriozul rols TamaSobs. warmodgenilia jandacvis sistemis reformirebis mTeli rigi winadadebebi. individualuri mandati aiZulebs yvela moqalaqes, SeiZinos janmrTelobis momsaxurebis paketi. erTi provaideris sistemis farglebSi, dazRveva uzrunvelyofili iqneba saxelmwifos mier. dazRveva sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT dafinansdeba. 307
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`mediqearis~ sistemas SesaZloa, gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis funqcia daematos. dauzRveveli pirisaTvis jandacvis sistemaze xelmisawvdomobis gazrda danaxarjis gazrdas da jandacvis bazarze mTavrobis intervenciis gaZlierebas gamoiwvevs.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi: 1. ifiqreT Semdeg citataze: `ekonomistebi samedicino momsaxurebis danaxarjis sakiTxs ganixilaven, rogorc sruliad fuW danaxarjs. sad midis fuli? fuli midis eqimebTan, eqTnebTan Tu samedicino saSualebebis mimwodeblebTan. SemdgomSi isini yiduloben saWmels, tansacmelsa da manqanas. nuTu ufro ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iqneba eri, sadac bevri musikaluri inventaria, vidre penicilini, an sadac ufro meti frCxilis saRebavia, vidre antibaqteriuli malamo? ra mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu raSi ixarjeba fuli, rodesac is brunavs da, Tanac, zrdis dasaqmebas?” [New York Times Magazine, December 12, 1993, gv. 28]. a) miaCniaT Tu ara ekonomistebs, rom jandacvaze gaweuli danaxarji `fuWia~? b) citataSi mocemuli bolo winadadeba jandacvaze gaweuli danaxarjis Sefasebis kriteriums warmoadgens. ra kriteriums gamoiyenebda ekonomisti? 2. `araxelsayreli SerCevis arseboba Teoriulad sadazRvevo bazars angrevs, praqtikulad ki individebis msxvili mogebis, msxvili jgufuri SenaZenis gamoyenebisa da sagadasaxado subsidiis kombinacia ganviTarebul, an, SesaZloa iTqvas, erTob ganviTarebul sadazRvevo bazars astimulirebs” [Feldstein, 1995A, gv. 3]. a) axseniT, Tu ratom angrevs araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori sadazRvevo bazaars? b) romel `sagadasaxado subsidiazea~ citataSi saubari? g) ra konteqstSia dazRvevis bazari `erTob ganviTarebuli”? 3. davuSvaT, rom eqimTan wliuri vizitebi aRiniSneba Dd-Ti, vizitis fasi _ Pd-Ti. Semdegi urTierTkavSiri fiqsirdeba: Dd = 4,22 – 0,0444 Pd. a) Tu vizitis Rirebuleba 50 dolaria, ramdeni viziti Sedgeba wlis ganmavlobaSi? ra Tanxa ixarjeba vizitebze? b) davuSvaT, rom individi dazRveulia. ar moqmedebs dauzRveveli minimumi, xolo TanadazRvevis ganakveTi ki 10%-ia. ramdenjer Sedgeba viziti eqimTan aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra Tanxas ixdis pacienti Tavisi jibidan? ramdens ixdis sadazRvevo kompania? ra aris mTliani danaxarji? 4. 1994 wels tenesis StatSi dainerga programa, romlis Tanaxmadac, janmrTelobis dazRveviT uzrunvelyofil iqna TiToeuli individi, 308
romelic samedicino dazRveviT sakuTar Tavs ver uzrunvelyofda, an imdenad avad iyo, rom ver SeiZenda kerZo dazRvevis momsaxurebis pakets. 1999 wlisaTvis programis danaxarji ise gaizarda, rom Stati iZulebuli gaxda, daxmareba Seemcirebina, gaerTulebina monawileobis kriteriumi da gadasaxadi eqimebisa da HMO-saTvis Seemcirebina. 10.1 grafikze dayrdnobiT ganmarteT, Tu ratom iyo SesaZlebeli aseTi Sedegis miReba. zogierTi damkvirvebeli aRniSnavs, rom yvelaze didi Secdoma iyo imis molodini, rom bevri beneficiaris arseboba programaSi ZiriTadi danaxarjis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. samwuxarod, aseTi prognozi ar gamarTlda. ratom ver SeinarCuna HMO-m samedicino momsaxurebis fasi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi (gamoiyeneT Teoria). 5. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `mediqearis~ programas gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba daekisreba, maSin individs mouwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba, isargeblos Tu ara aRniSnuli momsaxurebiT. gadawyvetilebis Secvla SeuZlebeli iqneba. individi an sargeblobs gamowerili medikamentebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebis momsaxurebiT da ixdis sadazRvevo gadasaxads, an verasodes isargeblebs am momsaxurebiT. ra logikuri safuZveli aqvs efeqtianobas am SemTxvevaSi? 6. e.w. `medigefis dazRveva” avsebs `mediqearis~ xarvezs, rac moicavs Tanagadaxdas, dauzRvevel minimumsa da gamowerili medikamentebis Rirebulebis anazRaurebas. ramdenime wlis win mTavrobam daamtkica reglamenti, romelic gansazRvravda im minimalur standarts, romelic `medigefs~ unda daekmayofilebina, ris Sedegadac es ukanaskneli gaZvirda da xandazmulTa 25%-ma (romelsac unda SeeZina `medigefis~ sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi) momsaxurebis SeZenisagan Tavi Seikava [Finkelstein, 2002]. davuSvaT, rom individi ori saxis saqonels moixmars: `dazRvevas~ da `yvela sxva saqonels~. `medigefis~ dazRvevis paketisa da yvela sxva saqonlis erTeulis Rirebuleba 1 dolaria. daxazeT sabiujeto SezRudvis grafiki indiferentulobis mrudebiT, romlebic Seesabameba Semdeg scenars: araregulirebad bazarze individi, romlis Semosavali 30000 aSS dolaria, 5000 aSS dolarad yidulobs `medigefis~ dazRvevas. mTavroba `medigefs” minimaluri paketis gazrdis instruqcias aZlevs; amdenad, individma `medigefis~ momsaxurebis sul mcire 8000 erTeuli mainc unda SeiZinos (an saerTod ar unda SeiZinos es momsaxureba). amdenad, individi, romelic awon-dawonis situacias, gadawyvets, saerTod ar isargeblos `medigefis~ dazRveviT. 7. konoris moTxovna dazRvevaze mocemulia Semdegnairad: Q = 100 – 8P, sadac P aris erTeulis fasi, xolo Q ki - moTxovnil erTeulTa raodenoba. dazRvevis erTeulis mimdinare sabazro fasi aris 2 dolari. konors SeuZlia, SeiZinos imdeni erTeuli, ramdenic surs. dazRvevis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT SeZena ar ibegreba. konoris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi 25%-ia. a) ra moculobis dazRvevas moiTxovs konori? 309
b) kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sedegad dazRvevis Tanxis dabegvra iwyeba. axla ra moculobis dazRvevas moiTxovs konori? g) ramdenad ukavSirdeba Tqveni pasuxi im mosazrebas, rom sadazRvevo danaxarjebis gaTavisufleba saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan dazRvevis Warb moxmarebas iwvevs. sxva ra faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, aris Tu ara gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis faqtori araefeqtiani?
gamoyenebuli literatura: Culter, David. “Health Care abd the Public Sector.” Working Paper No. 8802. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau pf Economic Research, February 2002. McClellan, Mark. “Medicare Reform: Fundamental Problems, Incremental Steps.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 21-24. Murphy, Kevin M, and Rober Topel. “Medical Research – What’s It Worth?” The Milken Institutte Review, First Quarter, 2000, pp. 23-30. Newhouse, Joseph. “Medical Care CostsL How much Welfare Loss?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 6, no. 3 (Summer 1992), pp. 3- 22.
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Tavi 11
danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi
parizi uZlebs masas. henri IV, safrangeTis monarqi
Tu bostonSi ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yofilxarT, aucileblad SeniSnavdiT, rogori gadatvirTulia qalaqis quCebi transportiT, risi mizezic e.w. “Big Dig”-ia – didi, $ 14,6 miliardiani saxelmwifo proeqti loganis aeroportamde axali gzebisa da kidev erTi gvirabis gasayvanad. mSenebloba sakmaod did TanxebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. arsebobs ki raime wesi, romlis mixedviTac SesaZloa amgvar proeqtTa Sefaseba? iseTi infrastruqturuli proeqti, rogoric “Big Dig”-ia, aTasobiT sazogadoebrivi proeqtis (dawyebuli mkerdis kibos skriningidan kosmosuri kvlevebiT damTavrebuli) mxolod erTi nairsaxeobaa. rogor unda miiRos mTavrobam gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, ganaxorcielos Tu ara proeqti? keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoria gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaswar meTods uzrunvelyofs: unda Sefasdes proeqtis ganxorcielebamde arsebuli da proeqtis Semdgomi socialuri keTildReobis funqcia da dadgindes, izrdeba Tu ara igi. Tu socialuri keTildReobis funqcia izrdeba, maSin proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionaluria.
es meTodi koreqtulia, Tumca arcTu ise sasargeblo. socialuri funqciis dasadgenad da Sesafaseblad aucilebelia Zalian didi informacia. socialuri keTildReobis funqcia garkveuli konceptualuri problemebis gadasawyvetadaa Rirebuli, Tumca igi proeqtis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli yoveldRiuri problemebis gadawyvetisas TiTqmis arafris momtania. keTildReobis ekonomika gvTavazobs fundaments danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gansaxorcielebad. es aris praqtikul meTodTa erToblioba, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba1.
1
bourdmeni, grinbergi, viningi da vaimeri [1996] keTildReobis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis meTodis kavSirs ganixilaven.
ekonomikisa
da
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saxelmwifo proeqtisa da strategiis ganxorcielebis Sedegad kerZo seqtori gansazRvruli saxis saqonlis an resursis deficitis winaSe dgeba. xarjisa da Sedegis analizi sistematur meTodTa erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlis mixedviTac produqtis an resursis Sefaseba xdeba SesaZlebeli. aseTi Sefasebis safuZvelze analitikosi gansazRvravs, racionaluri da sasargebloa Tu ara romelime konkretuli proeqti. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi politikosis berketia. igi exmareba politikoss, miaRwios imas, rasac kargad funqcionirebadi bazari avtomaturad axerxebs _ proeqtis dafinanseba racionaluria, vidre misi zRvruli socialuri sargebeli zRvrul socialur danaxarjs aWarbebs.
mimdinare Rirebuleba
proeqtis SefasebaSi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva periodis danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sefaseba igulisxmeba. ase magaliTad, Raribi bavSvis skolamdeli aRzrda moiTxovs mniSvnelovan danaxarjs awmyoSi, Tumca ukugebas momavalSi uzrunvelyofs. winamdebare nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic sxvadasxva periodis danaxarjisa da sargeblis fuladi erTeulis Rirebulebis Sedarebas ukavSirdeba. Tavdapirvelad, warmovidginoT, rom inflacia saerTod ar xdeba. SemdgomSi ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba gamoTvlebSi inflaciis faqtoris gaTvaliswineba.
fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebis gadayvana fuladi erTeulis momaval RirebulebaSi
davuSvaT, Tqven 100 aSS dolari SeitaneT bankSi da ganaTavseT iseT angariSze, romelic wliurad 5% sargebels mogitanT (gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg). wlis bolos Tqven geqnebaT: (1 + 0,05) X $100 = $105. Tqven Tadapirvelad ganaTavseT 100 dolari, romelsac daemata 5 dolari procentis saxiT. davuSvaT, rom Tqven Tanxas Semdegi wlisTvisac datovebT. meore wlis bolos Tqven geqnebaT: (1 + 0,05) X $105 = $110,25. aRniSnuli SesaZloa, agreTve gamoisaxos, rogorc: (1 + 0,05) X (1 + 0,05) X 100 = (1 + 0,05)2 X 100. Tu Tanxas sami wlis ganmavlobaSi datovebT angariSze, maSin misi moculoba mesame wlis bolos iqneba: (1 + 0,05)3 + $100. ufro zogadad, Tu $R ganTavsebulia angariSze T wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo r ki saprocento ganakveTia, maSin T wlis bolos misi moculoba iqneba: $R X (1 + r)T. es formula awmyoSi deponirebuli Tanxis momaval Rirebulebas gviCevnebs.
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fuladi erTeulis momavali mimdinare RirebulebaSi
Rirebulebis
gadmoyvana
fuladi
erTeulis
davuSvaT, rom vinmes surs Tqvengan $100-is sesxis aReba erTi wlis Semdeg ukan dabrunebis pirobiT. piri, romelic am garigebas gTavazobT, absoluturad sandoa. amdenad, Tqven ar gaqvT sababi, ifiqroT, rom gasesxebul Tanxas dakargavT. Tan ar dagaviwydeT, rom inflacia ar arsebobs. ra maqsimalur Tanxas gaasesxebT dRes? gasesxebul 100 dolars xom momavalSic 100 dolaris msyidvelunarianoba eqneba?! magram ar dagaviwydeT, rom am Tanxas Tqven mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi ver miiRebT. am dros Tqven kargavT sargebels, romelic daericxeboda Tanxas, Tqven rom igi bankSi gangeTavsebinaT. ratom unda gadaixadoT dRes 100 dolari imisaTvis, rom momavalSi isev 100 dolari miiRoT, rodesac SegiZliaT, 100 dolaris bankSi deponirebis gziT momaval wels miiRoT 105 dolari? amdenad, momavalSi dasabrunebeli 100 dolaris fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba dRevandeli 100 dolaris fuladi erTeulis Rirebulebaze naklebia. Tanxis momavali moculobis mimdinare Rirebuleba warmoadgens Tanxis im maqsimalur moculobas, romlis gadaxdis survilic gaqvT dRes imisaTvis, rom momavalSi fulis miRebis ufleba moipovoT.
im Tanxis dasadgenad, romelsac dRes gaiRebT imisaTvis, rom momavalSi (erTi wlis Semdeg) 100 dolari miiRoT, Tqven unda ipovoT cifri, romlis (1 + 0,05)-ze gamravlebis Sedegad miiRebT 100 dolars. ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es aris 100 dolari/(1 + 0,05), anu daaxloebiT 95.24 dolari. amdenad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi 5%-ia, erTi wlis Semdeg misaRebi 100 dolaris fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebaa: $100 / (1 + 0,05). Tqven, albaT, SeniSneT, rom es formula im formulis simetriulia, romelic Cven mimdinare Rirebulebis momaval RirebulebaSi gadayvanis dros gamoviyeneT. mimdinare Rirebulebis momaval RirebulebaSi (periodi erTi wlis Semdeg) gadasayvanad saprocento ganakveTisa da erTis jami mravldeba Tanxis mimdinare Rirebulebaze; momavali Rirebulebis mimdinare RirebulebaSi gadmosayvanad saWiroa Taxis gayofa erTisa da saprocento gankveTis jamze.
axla ki ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebas ori wlis Semdeg gvpirdebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoTvlebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tu 100 dolars 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi bankSi ganvaTavsebT, maSin misaRebi saboloo Tanxa iqneba: $ 100 X (1 + 0.05)2. imisaTvis, rom momavalSi (ori wlis Semdeg) 100 dolari miviRoT, dRes unda ganvaTavsoT Tanxa, romelic (1 + 0,05)2-ze gamravlebis Sedegad zustad gautoldeba 100 dolars, anu: $100 / (1 + 0,05), e.i. daaxloebiT 90,70 dolari.
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zogadad, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi warmodgenilia r-is saxiT, T weliwadSi misaRebi $R Tanxa ubralod udris $R / (1 + r)T2. inflaciis ararsebobis pirobebSic ki momavalSi fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebuleba dRes da, amdenad, saWiroa misi im TanxiT `diskontireba~, romelic saprocento ganakveTsa da Tanxis miRebis drozea damokidebuli. swored amitom r xSirad moiazreba, rogorc T diskontirebis ganakveTi. analogiurad, (1 + r) momavalSi T periodis Semdeg misaRebi Tanxis diskontirebis faqtors warmoadgens. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ramdenadac maRalia T, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi miT naklebia mimdinare Rirebuleba, rac ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi giwevT Tanxis miRebis lodini, miT naklebi Tanxis gadaxdis survili gaqvT dRes.
dabolos, ganvixiloT magaliTi, romlis mixedviTac Tqven giwevT $R0-is gadaxda dRes, erTi wlis Semdeg - $R1-is, ori wlis Semdeg - $R2-is da a.S. T wlis ganmavlobaSi. ramdenad Rirs am qmedebis ganxorcieleba? axla ukve cxadia, rom iseTi gulubryvilo pasuxi, rogoricaa ($R0 + $R1 + … + SRT) marTebuli ar aris imdenad, ramdenadac igi miuTiTebs imaze, rom momavalSi misaRebi fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba zustad ekvivalenturia dRes arsebuli fuladi erTeulis Rirebulebisa. diskontirebis faqtorze gayofis gareSe sxvadasxva periodis fulad RirebulebaTa ubralo mimateba vaSlisa da forToxlis mimatebas hgavs. yvelaze marTebuli iqneba, sxvadasxva periodis (TiToeuli wlis) Tanxis Rirebuleba mimdinare RirebulebaSi gadaviyvanoT da Semdeg mivumatoT erTmaneTs.
PV = R0 +
R1 R2 RT + + ... + 2 (1 + r ) (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
(11.1)
SeuZlebelia, mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvlas didi mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. Tumca misi mniSvnelobis ignorirebac seriozul Secdomamde migviyvans. diskontirebis ugulebelyofis dros momavalSi misaRebi Tanxa ufro maRali Rirebulebis Cans xolme, vidre sinamdvileSi aris. ase magaliTad, ganvixiloT proeqti, romelic 20 weliwadSi 1 milion dolars mogvitans. Tu saprocento ganakveTi 5%-ia, maSin mimdinare Rirebuleba udris $376889 [= $1000000 / (1,05)20]. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu r = 10%-s, maSin mimdinare Rirebuleba 20 udris $148644 [= $1400000 / (1,10) ].
2
es formula gulisxmobs, rom saprocento ganakveTi r aris mudmivi. davuSvaT, rom saprocento ganakveTi drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba: pirvel weliwads igi udris r1 -s, meore wells - r2 -s da a.S. amdenad, $RT Tanxis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic T weliwadSi unda iqnas gadaxdili, aris $RT/[(1 + r1) X (1 + r2)X … X (1 + rT)].
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cxrili 11.1 mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvla
gadasaxdeli Tanxa
momavali wlebi
diskontirebis faqtori
mimdinare Rirebuleba
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RT/(1 + r) T
inflacia
rogor Seicvleba gamoangariSebis meTodi, rodesac momavalSi mosalodnelia fasis gazrda? ganvixiloT proeqti, romelic mimdinare fasebiT yovelwliurad Tanabar ukugebas moitans. ukugeba $R0-iT aRvniSnoT. davuSvaT, rom inflaciis wliuri ganakveTi 7%-ia da ukugebis Tanxis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba am fasTan erTad izrdeba. amdenad, erTi wlis Semdeg ukugebis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba aris $Ř1 da udris (1,07) X $R0. analogiurad, ori wlis Semdeg misaRebi ukugebis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba $Ř2 = (1,07)2 X $R0 iqneba. zogadad, T periodSi misaRebi ukugebis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba aris $ŘT = (1+0,07)T X $R0.
$Ř0, $Ř1, $Ř2 ,... $ŘT-is fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba nominaluri Tanxis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. nominaluri Tanxa Sefasebulia ukugebis wels dafiqsirebuli fasebis donis mixedviT. aseTi ukugebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia romelime weliwads arsebuli fasebis mixedviTac, rasac realuri Tanxa ewodeba, radgan igi ar asaxavs cvlilebebs, romelic, faqtobrivad, fasebs cvlis. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, realuri Tanxa aris mudmivi $R0, romelic Sefasebulia mimdinare fasebis mixedviT. ufro zogadad, Tu mimdinare wlis fasebis mixedviT realuri ukugeba aris $R0, $R1, $R2, ... $RT, xolo inflaciis wliuri ganakveTi ki π-ia, maSin nominaluri ukugeba udris: $R0, $R1 X (1 + π), $R2 X (1 + π)2, ... , $RT X (1 + π)T.
315
Tumca es ar aris mTeli filosofia. Tu mosalodnelia fasebis zrda, maSin gamsesxebels r wliuri saprocento ganakveTiT, romelic fasebis stabilurobis dros gamoiyeneboda, gasesxebis survili ekargeba. gamsesxebelma icis, rom Semcirebuli Rirebulebis TanxaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos inflaciis ganakveTi (1 + π), meore wlis TanxaSi _ (1 + π)2. sabazro saprocento ganakveTi izrdeba im TanxiT, romelic daaxloebiT inflaciis mosalodnel ganakveTs udris, r procentidan r + π procentamde3. Cven vxedavT, rom mosalodneli inflaciis pirobebSi rogorc ukugebis nakadi, aseve diskontirebis ganakveTi klebulobs. nominalur gamoxatulebaSi Semosavlis nakadis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris:
PV = R0 +
(1 + p ) R1 (1 + p ) 2 R2 (1 + p )T RT + + ... + (1 + p )(1 + r ) (1 + p ) 2 (1 + r ) 2 (1 + p ) T (1 + r )T
(11.2)
(11.2) gantolebas Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom igi (11.1) gantolebis ekvivalenturia, radgan yvela punqti, romelic (1 + p ) -s moicavs, anulirebulia. mTeli am Teoriis mniSvneloba is aris, rom Cven viRebT erTsa da imave pasuxs imis miuxedavad, romeli sidide gamoiyeneba _ realuri Tu nominaluri. mniSvnelovania, rom erTi da imave meTodiT iqnes gamoTvlili fuladi erTeulis sidide da diskontirebis ganakveTi. Tu Rs -sTvis gamoyenebulia realuri Rirebuleba, maSin diskontirebis ganakveTic realuri saxiT unda iqnes wardgenili _ sabazro saprocento ganakveTs inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTi unda gamoakldes. alternatiulad, Tu Cven ganvaxorcielebT sabazro saprocento ganakveTis diskontirebas, maSin ukugeba gamoxatuli unda iqnes nominaluri formiT.
kerZo seqtoris proeqtis Sefaseba
rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSneT, danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis arsebiTi problema saxelmwifo proeqtebis danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sefaseba aris. am SemTxvevaSi umjobesia, igive problemis gaazreba kerZo firmis poziciidan daviwyoT.
3
(1 + r)-isa da (1 + π)-is warmoebuli aris (1 + r + π + rπ). amdenad, nominaluri ganakveTi, faqtobrivad, realur ganakveTs + π + rπ sididiT aWarbebs. Tumca racionaluri sididis ricxvebisaTvis rπ umniSvnelo sididea, am SemTxvevaSi ufro marTebuli miaxloebaa r + π. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi arc ki Seesabamebodes inflaciis ganakveTs. ixileT me-15 Tavi: `gadasaxadebi da inflacia~.
316
davuSvaT, rom firma or urTierTgamomricxav X da Y proeqts ganixilavs. X proeqtis realuri sargebeli da danaxarji gamoxatulia, Sesabamisad, BX-iTa da CX-iT; Y proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji ki _ BY da CY-iT. orive proeqtis SemTxvevaSi sargeblisa da xarjis realizacia maSinve xdeba. firmas or SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema uwevs: 1. ganaxorcielos Tu ara proeqtebidan erTerTi mainc? aris Tu ara proeqtebis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebi? (firmas SeuZlia, saerTod ar ganaxorcielos arc erTi proeqti). 2. Tu dasaSvebia orive proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romelia ufro upiratesi? imdenad, ramdenadac orive proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji dauyonebliv gancxaddeba, am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema martivia. gamoTvaleT X proeqtis wminda ukugeba (BX - CX) da SeadareT Sedegi Y proeqtis wminda ukugebas (BY - CY). proeqtis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia, Tu misi wminda ukugeba dadebiTi sididea, anu sargebeli aRemateba danaxarjs. Tu orive proeqti dasaSvebia da firmas maT Soris arCevanis gakeTeba uwevs, maSin igi upiratesobas im proeqts aniWebs, romelic ufro maRal wminda ukugebas moitans.
saerTod ki proeqts realuri sargebeli da ukugeba garkveuli periodis Semdeg moaqvs. davuSvaT, rom X proeqtis Tavdapirveli sargebeli da danaxarji
B0X da C0X ; proeqtis dawyebidan pirveli wlis Semdeg sargebeli da
aris
danaxarji aris B1X da C1X , xolo proeqtis funqcionirebis ukanaknel weliwads ki es maCveneblebia: BTX da CTX . X proeqtis wminda ukugeba (romelic SesaZloa, zogjer uaryofiTic ki iyos) ase gamoiyureba:
( B0X - C 0X ), ( B1X - C1X ), ( B2X - C 2X ),..., ( BTX - C TX )
cxrili 11.2 ori proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebis Sedareba
wliuri wminda ukugeba
mimdinare Rirebuleba
weli
kvleva da ganviTareba
reklama
r=
kvleva da ganviTareba
reklama
0
-$ 1000
-$ 1000
0
$150
$200
1
600
-0-
0,01
128
165
2
-0-
-0-
0,03
86
98
3
550
1,200
0,05
46
37
0,07
10
-21
317
Semosavlis nakadis ( PV X ) mimdinare Rirebulebaa:
PV X = B0X - C 0X +
B1X - C1x B2X - C 2X BTX - CTX , + + ... + (1 + r ) (1 + r ) 2 (1 + r )T
sadac r diskontirebis ganakveTia, romelic zustad Seesabameba kerZo seqtoris proeqts (odnav qvemoT mocemulia mosazrebani diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCevis Sesaxeb).
analogiurad, davuSvaT, rom Y proeqtis Sedegad xdeba danaxarjebisa da sargeblis B Y da C Y nakadis dagroveba T ¢ drois ganmavlobaSi (gaiTvaliswineT, rom T da T ¢ SesaZloa, Tanabari xangrZlivobis arc iyos). Y proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebaa:
PV Y = B0Y - C 0Y +
B1Y - C1Y B2Y - C 2Y BTY¢ - CTY¢ + + ... + (1 + r ) (1 + r ) 2 (1 + r ) T ¢
orive proeqti mimdinare RirebulebiT axla ukve Sefasebulia. amdenad, Cven SegviZlia, imave meTodebiT visargebloT, ra meTodebiTac wina SemTxvevaSi vsargeblobdiT. proeqtis Sefasebis mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi is aris, rom:
· ·
proeqtis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia maSin, rodesac misi mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTia. rodesac SeuZlebelia orive proeqtis erTad ganxorcieleba da aucilebelia arCevanis gakeTeba, maSin upiratesoba maRali mimdinare Rirebulebis mqone proeqts mieniWeba.
diskontirebis ganakveTi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. r-is ganakveTze damokidebulia iseTi seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rogoricaa proeqtis ganxorcielebis adekvaturoba da misi sxva proeqtebTan SedarebiToba.
ganvixiloT 11.2 cxrilSi naCvenebi ori proeqtis komponenti _ kvlevisa da ganviTarebis programa da sareklamo kampania. orive maTgani 100 aSS dolaris odenobis Tavdapirvel danaxarjs moiTxovs. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
318
programis Sedegad sargeblis saxiT pirveli wlis bolos 600 dolars miviRebT, xolo 550 aSS dolars ki _ mesame wlis bolos. sareklamo kampania, Tavis mxriv, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 1200 aSS dolars moitans.
gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCeva erTob seriozuli da mniSvnelovani procesia. r-s dabali moculobis SemTxvevaSi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis programasTan SedarebiT upiratesoba sareklamo kampanias eniWeba. samagierod, diskontirebis maRali ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi (rodesac mogebis miReba mxolod momavalSia SesaZlebeli), upiratesoba eniWeba kvlevisa da ganviTarebis proeqts. aseT SemTxvevaSi sareklamo kampaniis proeqti SesaZloa, araadekvaturadac ki CaiTvalos.
amdenad, aucilebelia, r-is SerCeva zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT moxdes ise, rom igi firmis finansebis faqtiur alternatiul Rirebulebas maqsimalurad miuaxlovdes. Tu SerCeuli diskontirebis ganakveTi Zalian maRalia, maSin igi aucileblad Seaferxebs iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, romlidanac amonagebis miReba SedarebiT Soreul momavalSia SesaZlebeli da piriqiT. am SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia firmis gadasaxadebi. magaliTad, Tu ukugebis mimdinare sabazro ganakveTi aris 10%, magram firmis sagadasaxado ganakveTi 25%-s uaxlovdeba, maSin ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom mxolod 7,5%-ia. imdenad, ramdenadac ukugeba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgom warmoadgens firmis alternatiul Rirebulebas, aucilebelia misi gamoyeneba ris gansazRvris dros.
mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumis garda, gamoiyeneba proeqtis Sefasebis bevri sxva kriteriumi. rogorc Cven mogvianebiT davinaxavT, maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad zogjer mcdar pasuxs viRebT. swored amitom Cven upiratesobas mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriums vaniWebT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sxva meTodebic erTob popularulia, amitom aucilebelia, kargad gavecnoT maT da Tanmxleb problemebs.
ukugebis Sida ganakveTi
warmovidginoT, rom firma ganixilavs Semdegi saxis proeqts: dRes igi xarjavs 1 milion dolars axal kompiuterul qselze, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg 1,04 milion zrdad Semosavals miiRebs. Tu Tqven gkiTxaven, Tu ramdenia kompiuteris qselis `ukugebis ganakveTi~, Tqven upasuxebT: 4%. Tqven aseTi pasuxi miiReT r -s Rirebulebis gansazRvris Semdeg, romlis saSualebiTac amoixsneba aseTi gantoleba:
319
- $1000000 +
$1040000 =0 (1 + r )
meTodis ganmarteba Semdegnairad SegviZlia: Tu proeqtis Semosavali aris (B), xolo misi xarji ki (C) T periodis ganmavlobaSi, maSin misi ukugebis Sida ganakveTi ( r ) warmoadgens iseT r -s, romlis saSualebiTac amoixsneba Semdegi saxis gantoleba:
B0 - C 0 +
B1 - C1 B2 - C 2 B - CT + + ... + T =0 2 1+ r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
(11.3)
ukugebis Sida ganakveTi diskontirebis ganakveTs warmoadgens, romelic proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebas nulamde daiyvans.
proeqtis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia, Tu proeqtis
r aRemateba r-s, anu
firmis finansebis alternatiul Rirebulebas. magaliTad, Tu proeqtis Semosavali 4%-ia, maSin rodesac firmas Semosavali sxva investiciidan mxolod 3%-ia, proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad CaiTvleba. Sesabamisi SedarebiTobis kriteriumi ki Semdegia: Tu SeuZlebelia orive proeqtis erTdrouli ganxorcieleba da firma arCevanis winaSe dgeba, maSin upiratesoba ufro maRali r -s mqone proeqts unda mieniWos.
ukugebis Sida ganakveTis gamoyenebiT proeqtebis SerCevam SesaZloa, uaryofiT Sedegebamdec migviyvanos. warmovidginoT X proeqti, romelic am etapze 100 dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovs, xolo erT weliwadSi ki 110 dolars mogvitans, anu misi ukugebis Sida ganakveTi 10%-ia. proeqti Y am etapze 1000 dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovs, xolo erT weliwadSi ki 1080 dolaris odenobis Semosavals mogvitans, anu Y proeqtis ukugebis Sida ganakveTia 8%. SeuZlebelia romelime proeqtis dublireba. davuSvaT, firmas Tavisuflad SeuZlia, isesxos an gaasesxos fuli wliuri 6%-iT.
ukugebis Sida ganakveTis safuZvelze X proeqts Y proeqtTan SedarebiT calsaxa upiratesoba eniWeba. firmis Semosavali X proeqtidan mxolod $4-ia ($10-s gamoklebuli $6 (procenti)), xolo Y proeqtis SemTxvevaSi is iRebs $20 Semosavals ($80 gamoklebuli $60 (procenti)). firmam ukugebis Sida ganakveTis gamoyenebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sapirispiro gza unda airCios da upiratesoba mianiWos Y proeqts, romelsac ufro meti mogebis motana SeuZlia. mokled, Tu proeqtebi gansxvavebulia masStabis mixedviT, maSin ukugebis Sida ganakveTis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegi arcTu ise saimedoa. amis
320
sapirispirod, mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvlis meTodi swor pasuxs gvaZlevs, Tundac proeqtebi masStabis mixedviT gansxvavdebodes. magaliTad, X proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris 100 + 110/1,06 = 3,77, xolo Y proeqtisa ki _ 1000 + 1080/1,06 = 18,87. amdenad, am meTodis gamoyenebiT miRebuli pasuxi miuTiTebs, rom Y proeqti aSkarad momgebiani proeqtia X proeqtTan SedarebiT.
`sargebeli _ danaxarjis” koeficienti
davuSvaT, rom proeqtis Semosavalia B0, B1, B2, …, BT, xolo danaxarjebi ki _ C0, C1, C2, …, CT. sargeblis (B) mimdinare Rirebulebaa:
B = B0 +
B1 B2 BT + + ... + 2 1 + r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
danaxarjis (C) mimdinare Rirebuleba ki aris:
C = C0 +
C1 CT C2 + + ... + 2 1 + r (1 + r ) (1 + r )T
(11.4)
`sargebeli _ danaxarjis” koeficients zogjer B/C-s (Benefit-Cost Ratio) uwodeben.
imisaTvis, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad CaiTvalos, aucilebelia, misi `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti erTs aRematebodes. am wesis gamoyenebis Sedegad Cven yovelTvis vRebulobT swor pasuxs. imisaTvis, rom dainaxoT, Tu ratom xdeba ase, ubralod gaiazreT, rom B/C >1, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom B – C >0. es ki warmoadgens mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriums imisaTvis, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad CaiTvalos.
gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis SerCevis dros, faqtobrivad, usargebloa `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis gamoyeneba. warmovidginoT, rom romelime Stati toqsikuri narCenebis utilizaciis or meTods Seiswavlis. I meTodis Tanaxmad, moxdeba toqsikuri narCenebis specialur nagavsayrelze utilizacia da am qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli (B) 100 milioni dolari iqneba, xolo danaxarji (C) ki _ 100 milioni dolari, amdenad, `sargebeli _
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danaxarjis~ koeficienti iqneba 2.5. II meTodis Tanaxmad, romelic iTvaliswinebs narCenebis saturnze raketiT gagzavnas, B = 200 milion dolars, xolo C = 100 milions, amdenad, `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti aris 2. Statis xelmZRvaneloba pirvel meTods irCevs, radgan misi `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti ufro maRalia. axla ki warmovidginoT, rom nagavsayrelze analizis dros analitikosebs SemTxveviT gamorCaT iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa 40-milioniani zarali, romelic gaumarTavi filtraciiTaa gamowveuli. Tu nagavsayrelze proeqtiT misaReb sargebels 40 milioni gamoakldeba, maSin misi `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti gaxdeba $210/$100 = 2,1. nagavsayrelis proeqts mainc upiratesoba mieniWeba raketis proeqtTan SedarebiT. aRniSnuli 40 milioni dolari SesaZloa, ganxilul iqnes, rogorc danaxarjis zrda. aseT SemTxvevaSi B/C = $250/$140 = 1,79 da raketis proeqti ufro mimzidvelad gamoiyureba.
amrigad, `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis gamoTvlas ganuyrelad axlavs erTgvari ganusazRvreloba. Semosavlis gamoTvla xSirad `uaryofiTi xarjis” saxiT xdeba da piriqiT. amdenad, sargeblisa da danaxarjis keTilgonivruli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, nebismieri nebadarTuli proeqtis `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti SesaZloa, TavisTavad maRali iyos. amis sapirispirod, (11.1) gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi arasodes Segviyvans aseT SecdomaSi, radgan es maCvenebeli efuZneba sxvaobas, romelic arsebobs sargebelsa da danaxarjs da ara maT ganakveTebs Soris.
·
ukugebis Sida ganakveTisa da `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis safuZvelze warmoebuli gamoTvlebis Sedegad SesaZloa, araswori pasuxi miviRoT. amdenad, mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi yvelaze saimedo qvakuTxedia.
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diskontirebis ganakveTi saxelmwifo proeqtebisaTvis
imisaTvis, rom mTavrobam gansaxorcielebeli proeqtis Sesaxeb keTilgonivruli gadawyvetileba miiRos, aucilebelia, gamoTvlil iqnes misi mimdinare Rirebuleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo seqtori kerZo seqtorisagan gansxvavebuli meTodiT gamoiTvlis danaxarjs, sargebelsa da diskontirebis ganakveTs. am Tavis winamdebare nawilSi Tqven saSualeba mogecemaT, kargad gaiazroT is problemebi, romlebic Tan axlavs saxelmwifo seqtorSi diskontirebis ganakveTis gamoTvlas. amis Semdeg Cven gavaanalizebT im problemebs, romlebic danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kerZo individTa mier SerCeuli diskontirebis ganakveTi ukugebis im ganakveTs unda asaxavdes, romelic xelmisawvdomia alternatiul investiciebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikulad rTulia ganakveTze aseTi detaluri aqcentis gakeTeba, konceptualuri mosazrebidan gamomdinare, firmis Tanxebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba r-is WeSmarit Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs.
am etapze SedarebiT mcire konsensusia miRweuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia saxelmwifo proeqtebis konceptualurad marTebuli diskontirebis ganakveTi. ganvixiloT ramdenime SesaZlebeli varianti4.
ganakveTi, romelic kerZo seqtoris ukugebazea dafuZnebuli
davuSvaT, rom ekonomikaSi kerZo investiciis ukanaskneli 1000 dolaris wliuri ukugebis ganakveTi 16%-ia. Tu mTavroba amoiRebs 1000 dolars kerZo seqtoridan da mas proeqtSi Cadebs (anu es 1000 dolari srulad kerZo seqtoris investiciidan iqneba gaRebuli), maSin sazogadoeba dakargavs im 160 dolars, romelic investicias unda moetana. amdenad, saxelmwifo proeqtis alternatiuli Rirebuleba kerZo seqtoris ukugebis 16%-ian ganakveTs warmoadgens. 16% diskontirebis racionaluri ganakveTia, radgan igi zustad gansazRvravs alternatiul Rirebulebas. ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, ibegreba Tu ara ukugeba. miuxedavad imisa, ukugebis mTeli Tanxa rCeba investorTan, Tu misi gansazRvruli nawili miemarTeba saxelmwifo biujetSi, ukugebis ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde zustad gansazRvravs sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sedegis Rirebulebas, romelic Tanxebis gamoyenebis Sedegad miviReT. 4
alternatiul SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tresch [2002, Tavi 24]
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praqtikulad, mocemuli proeqtisaTvis Tanxis Segroveba sxvadasxva gadasaxadebidan xdeba, romelTagan moxmarebasa da investiciaze TiToeuls gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs. amdenad, Cven mier odnav adre gakeTebuli daSvebis sawinaaRmdegod, rogorc Cans, saxelmwifo proeqtisaTvis gansazRvruli fulis garkveuli nawili moxmarebis an investirebis Semcirebis xarjze grovdeba. ra aris im Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romlis uzrunvelyofa moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba? warmovidginoT, rom arsebobs adamiani, saxelad keni, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanxis ra nawili daxarjos da ra nawili dazogos. am periodSi keni, TiToeuli daxarjuli dolaris safasurad, uars ambobs momaval wels dazogil erT dolarze, romelsac daemateboda ukugebis ganakveTi, romelsac keni dolaris dazogvis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda. amdenad, kenisaTvis TiToeuli daxarjuli dolaris alternatiuli Rirebuleba ukugebis im ganakveTiT ganisazRvreba, romelsac keni dolaris dazogvis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda. davuSvaT, rom kenisaTvis xelmisawvdomi sainvesticio SesaZleblobis Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde 16%-ia, magram ar dagaviwydeT, rom keni valdebulia, gadasaxadebis saxiT saxelmwifos ukugebis 50% gadauxados. keni, romelic dRes erT dolars moixmars, faqtobrivad, uars acxadebs ukugebis ganakveTze, romelic gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom 8%-s udris. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg darCenili ukugebis ganakveTi gansazRvravs individis danakargs moxmarebis Semcirebis Sedegad, amdenad, moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze danazogi fulis Rirebuleba dabegvris Semdeg diskontirebul unda iqnes ukugebis ganakveTiT.
sajaro seqtori fulad resurss kerZo seqtoris moxmarebisa da investirebis Semcirebis xarjze iRebs. amdenad, yvelaze keTilgonivruli iqneba, gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde arsebuli da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom darCenili ukugebis ganakveTebis saSualo Sewonili sidide gamoviyenoT: gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde arsebuli ukugebis ganakveTi investiciebidan miRebuli Tanxis proporciuli, xolo gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom darCenili ukugebis ganakveTi ki xarjvis Semcirebis gziT miRebuli Tanxis proporciuli iqneba. Cveni wina magaliTis mixedviT, Tu Tanxis erTi meoTxedi investiicidan modis, xolo Tanxis sami meoTxedi ki moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze grovdeba, maSin saxelmwifo seqtoris diskontirebis ganakveTi aris 10% ( 1 ´ 16% + 3 ´ 8% ).
4
4
samwuxarod, realur samyaroSi rTulia ganisazRvros,
saxelmwifo proeqtisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxis ra nawili modis investiciis Semcirebis da ra nawili _ moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs informacia TiToeuli gadasaxadis moxmarebasa da investirebaze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli gadasaxadiT xdeba proeqtis ganxorcielebis dafinanseba da romeli proeqtis dafinanseba xdeba konkretulad. faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia, saimedod ganisazRros sidideebi da erTeulebi. amgvari naklovanebis gamo diskontirebis ganakveTebis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT mcirdeba am meTodis, rogorc praqtikuli gzamkvlevis, saimedoobis xarisxi.
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socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sefasebis dros iTvaliswineben diskontirebis socialur ganakveTs. es aris maCvenebeli, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, am etapze Tu ramdenad uRirs sazogadoebas Tanxis dazogva (anu uaris Tqma Tanxis garkveuli nawilis daxarjvaze). Tumca ratom unda gansxvavdebodes dazogili Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba sazogadoebisaTvis im alternatiuli Rirebulebisagan, romelic ukugebis ganakveTebis bazarze arsebobs? socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi SesaZloa, ufro mcire iyos ramdenime qvemoT CamoTvlili mizezis gamo:
zrunva momaval Taobebze. politikosi valdebulia, izrunos momavali Taobis keTildReobaze. kerZo seqtori ki piriqiT: mxolod sakuTar keTildReobazea orientirebuli. amdenad, socialuri poziciidan kerZo seqtori zogavs Zalian mcire resurss, amitom igi awesebs ukugebis Zalian maRal ganakveTs, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneba momavalSi. amdenad, saxelmwifo, rogorc momaval TaobaTa interesebis altruisti damcveli, qmnis `yovlismcodnisa~ da filantropis sakmaod ararealistur suraTs. yvelaze egoisti individic ki axorcielebs proeqts, romelic sargebels momaval Taobas moutans. Tu arsebobs imis albaToba, rom momavali Taoba miiRebs sargebels romelime proeqtidan, maSin maRali iqneba mosalodneli Semosavalic, rac, faqtobrivad, dRes xels Seuwyobs da miizidavs investicias. kerZo firma dRes rgavs didi raodenobiT xes imisaTvis, rom momavalSi miiRos Semosavali xe-tyiT vaWrobis Sedegad, rac, dagveTanxmebiT, sakmaod Soreuli perspeqtivaa5.
paternalizmi. adamiani arcTu ise SorsmWvretelia, rom sworad Seafasos momavalSi misaRebi sargebeli; igi amgvari sargeblis diskontirebas Zalian maRali ganakveTiT axorcielebs xolme. pigu [1932, Tavi 2] am problemas axasiaTebs, rogorc `defeqtian optikur unars”. saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos diskontirebis iseTi ganakveTi, romelsac individi gamoiyenebda, igi momavalSi misaReb sargebels adekvaturad rom afasebdes. es aris erTgvari paternalisturi argumenti _ saxelmwifo aiZulebs moqalaqes, am etapze gaswios SedarebiT mcire xarji da dazogos Tanxa, xolo, samagierod, miiRos ufro meti momavalSi (swored maSin moqalaqe madlobas gadauxdis saxelmwifos amgvari SorsmWvretelobisa da gulisxmierebisaTvis). yvela paternalisturi argumentis msgavsad, aqac Tavs iCens fundamenturi filosofiuri kiTxva: maS rodis unda dadges is dro, rodesac individi daiwyebs saxelmwifos privilegiebiT sargeblobas? 5
ratom ar unda Cados individma fuli im proeqtSi, romelic mas sicocxleSi ar moutans Semosavals? mas xom yovelTvis eqneba imisi saSualeba, rom momavali sargeblis miRebis ufleba axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenelze gayidos da am gziT proeqtis Semosavali sicocxleSive gamoiyenos.
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bazris araefeqtianoba. rodesac firma raime mimarTulebiT Tanxis investirebas axorcielebs, igi mTel codnasa da teqnologiur `nou-haus~ agrovebs, riTic SesaZloa, sxva firmebmac isargeblon. am SemTxvevaSi investicia dadebiT gare efeqts, marTlac, qmnis. Cveulebrivi argumentaciis Tanaxmad ki, bazari saTanado moculobis investicias ver uzrunvelyofs (ixileT me-5 Tavi, `dadebiTi garegani efeqti~). sabazro ganakveTze dabali diskontirebis ganakveTis gamoyenebis gziT mTavrobas am naklovanebis aRmofxvra SeuZlia. yvelaze seriozuli praqtikuli problema am TvalsazrisiT zemoqmedebis faqtobrivi masStabis gansazRvraa. ufro metic, zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoria cxadyofs, rom mdgomareobis gamosworebis ufro keTilgonivruli meqanizmi iqneba optimaluri zRvruli gare sargeblis moculobis gansazRvra da am Tanxis toli subsidiis gamoyofa (ixileT me-5 Tavi).
rogorc Cans, sabazro ganakveTebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arc erTi argumenti saxelmwifo seqtoris diskontirebis ganakveTis gansasazRvravad ar aris saimedo. ra movimoqmedoT? Zalian Zneli iqneba, racionaluri winaaRmdegoba gavuwioT saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis dawesebul diskontirebis ganakveTs, romelic ukugebis daubegrav da dabegril ganakveTebs Soris meryeobs. am TvalsazrisiT erTi praqtikuli procedura arsebobs: gamoTvlili unda iqnes proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba diskontirebis ganakveTebis asortimentis fonze, ris Sedegadac davadgenT, aris Tu ara mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTi r-is nebismieri racionaluri sididis SemTxvevaSi. Tu mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTia, maSin analitikosi ufro darwmunebulia imaSi, rom miRebuli pasuxi diskontirebis ganakveTis mimarT ar aris mgrZnobiare. mgrZnobiarobis analizi aris danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro meTodi, romlis gamoyenebis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, Tu rogor icvleba parametris erTi modeli sxva modelis cvlilebis Sedegad.
praqtikuli diskontireba saxelmwifo seqtorSi
federaluri mTavroba iyenebs diskontirebis ganakveTebis farTo asortiments. diskontirebis faqtobrivi modeli damokidebulia samsaxurisa da proeqtis tipze [Bazelon and Smetters, 1999]. mmarTvelobiTi da sabiujeto ofisis reglamentebis Tanaxmad, federaluri samsaxuri valdebulia, gamoiyenos ukugebis 7%-iani realuri ganakveTi im pirobiT, rom igi kargad Seafasebs kerZo seqtoris proeqtebis ukugebis ganakveTs dabegvramde. am wesis miuxedavad, bevri proeqtis SemTxvevaSi, romlis danaxarjisa da sargeblis gancxadeba sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi xdeba, ukugebis 2%-iani realuri ganakveTi gamoiyeneba; ganakveTi dabegvris Semdgom ukugebis ganakveTs uaxlovdeba.
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federaluri sabiujeto dagegmva xSirad ufro met SeusabamobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rodesac axali sagadasaxado an xarjviTi programis wardgena xdeba, aucileblia misi 5-wliani zemoqmedebis manifestireba imisaTvis, rom dadgindes, igi balansis darRvevas gamoiwvevs Tu ara6. swored amitom yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sesabamisi gadasaxadebis an danaxarjebis Tanxebia; momavali nakadi diskontirebulia nulovani ganakveTiT. ase magaliTad, strategia, romelic dRes xarjvas zrdis miliardi dolariT da romelic dafinansebuli iyo miliardi dolaris odenobis gadasaxadebiT xuTi wlis win, ganxiluli iqneba ise, TiTqos mas ar hqondes aranairi zemoqmedeba deficitze. arada, mimdinare Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo portfeli kargavs fuls.
xuTwliani gadasaxedidan fiskaluri winadadebebis fiskaluri Sedegebi ugulebelyofilia. realurad isini usasrulobis ganakveTiTaa diskontirebuli! warmovidginoT proeqti, romelic pirveli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moitans 5 miliard dolar Semosavals, magram 10 weliwadSi gamoiwvevs 20 miliardi dolaris danakargs. mimdinare sabiujeto wesebis mixedviT, aseTi strategia qmnis siWarbes qveyanaSi; arada, nebismieri keTilgonivruli diskontirebis ganakveTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi calsaxaa, rom grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT strategia saxelmwifosaTvis ekonomikurad wamgebiania. zogadad, mTavroba waaxalisebs im proeqtebs, romlebic Semosavliania moklevadiani, magram wamgebiania grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT [Bazelon and Smetters, 1999].
saxelmwifo seqtoris sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba
proeqtis Sefasebis Semdegi nabijia sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba. kerZo firmis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli ori faqtoris Sefaseba SedarebiT ufro sworxazovnad mimdinareobs. proeqtis sargebeli aris mis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali, danaxarji ki – firmis gadasaxadi sawarmoo saSualebebze. orive maTgani sabazro fasis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. saxelmwifo seqtorSi Sefasebis problema ufro rTulia, radgan sabazro fasi socialur sargebelsa da danaxarjs ver asaxavs. ase magaliTad, ganvixiloT gzatkecilis gafarToebis proeqti, romelmac SesaZloa, ziani miayenos garemos. kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtori erTnairad ver ganaxorcielebs am proeqts: sargeblisa da danaxarjis analizi aRniSnul or seqtorSi xSirad Zalian gansxvavebulia, radgan saxelmwifos uwevs socialuri xarjebis (romelic garegani efeqtis faqtorsac moicavs) gaTvaliswineba.
6
garkveuli mizezebis gamo senati iTxovs informacias momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneli nakadebis Sesaxeb.
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ganvixiloT ramdenime meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac seqtoris proeqtebis sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba xdeba.
saxelmwifo
sabazro fasebi
rogorc me-3 TavSi aRiniSna, srulfasovnad funqcionirebad konkurentul garemoSi saqonlis fasi rogorc warmoebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv xarjs, agreTve momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis zRvrul fass asaxavs. Tu saxelmwifo iyenebs iseT sawarmoo saSualebas, an qmnis iseT produqts, romelic iyideba kerZo bazarze, maSin sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sesafaseblad sabazro fasebis gamoyeneba upriani iqneba.
ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom realuri samyaro bevri iseTi naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: monopolia, garegani efeqti da a.S. amdenad, fasi zRvrul socialur danaxarjsa da sargebels ar asaxavs. am SemTxvevaSi is ki ar aris gasarkvevi, aris Tu ara sabazro fasi yovlismomcveli, aramed is, Tu ramdenad keTilgonivruli iqneba misi da ara Sefasebis sxva alternatiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba. es alternatiuli meTodebi unda miviRoT an gamoviyvanoT msoflio ekonomikis Zalian rTuli da sakmaod saeWvo modelebidan. sabazro fasebi ki, mTeli maTi naklovanebis miuxedavad, auracxel informacias iafad iZleva. ekonomistTa didi nawilis azriT, rom ara aSkara naklovanebani, sabazro fasi saxelmwifo seqtoris sargeblisa da danaxarjis gamosaTvlelad universaluri saSualeba iqneboda.
koreqtirebuli sabazro fasebi
fasi saqonelze, romelic iyideba arasrulyofil bazarze, zRvrul socialur Rirebulebas ZiriTadad ver asaxavs7. aseTi produqtis Crdilovani fasi misi socialuri zRvruli danaxarjis safuZvels warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom arasrulyofil bazrebze saqonlis sabazro fasi Crdilovani fasisagan gansxvavdeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabazro fasi Crdilovani fasis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba. odnav mogvianebiT Sesabamis pirobebs ganvixilavT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi arsi aris is, rom Crdilovani fasi saxelmwifo intervenciis mimarT ekonomikis reaqciazea damokidebuli.
monopolia. samxreT afrikaSi ludis warmoeba monopolizirebulia Sps “South African Breweries” mier. davuSvaT, rom ganaTlebis ministri kontrolirebuli eqsperimentis Catarebis mizniT ludis Sesyidvis winadadebas ganixilavs. eqsperimentis mizania, ganisazRvros ludis moxmarebis zemoqmedeba kolejis 7
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Boardman, Greenberg, Vining, and Weimer [1996].
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studentebis akademiuri moswrebis xarisxze. rogor unda moxdes proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis dros imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eqsperimentis sawarmoo saSualeba monopolizirebulia?
srulyofili konkurenciisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis farglebSic fasi da zRvruli danaxarji Tanabaria, monopolisturi warmoebis pirobebSi monopolistis fasi zRvrul danaxarjs gacilebiT aRemateba (ixileT mesame Tavi). rogor unda Seafasos saxelmwifom ludi: sabazro Rirebulebis (romelic momxmareblis fass asaxavs) Tu zRvruli sawarmoo danaxarjis safuZvelze (romelic asaxavs warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli resursebis zrdad Rirebulebas)?
pasuxi damokidebulia im zemoqmedebaze, romelsac saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi axdens bazarze. Tu mosalodnelia ludis warmoebis zrda im raodenobiT, ra raodenobac esaWiroeba proeqts, maSin socialuri alternatiuli Rirebuleba warmoadgens resursebis Rirebulebas, romlebic gamoiyeneba damatebiTi produqciis warmoebis dros _ es ki zRvruli sawarmoo danaxarjia. meore mxriv, Tu ar moxdeba meti ludis warmoeba, ludis mwarmoebeli Semosavals kerZo momxmareblisgan miiRebs, romelic luds moTxovnis fasiT afasebs. kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi racionaluri iqneba fasisa da zRvruli danaxarjis saSualo Sewonili sididis gamoyeneba (gTxovT, diskontirebis ganakveTis problemasTan msgavseba SeniSnoT).
gadasaxadebi. Tu sawarmoo saSualeba gayidvis gadasaxadiT ibegreba, maSin mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi fasi myidvelis mier gadaxdil fasze naklebi iqneba, radgan myidvelis mier gadaxdili Tanxis garkveuli nawili gadasaxadis amkrefTan midis. saxelmwifos mier dasabegri sawarmoo saSualebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi romeli fasi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli xarjebis gamosaTvlelad: mwarmoeblis fasi Tu gamyidvelis fasi? ZiriTadi principi igivea, rac monopoliis SemTxvevaSi. Tu mosalodnelia warmoebis zrda, maSin racionaluri iqneba mwarmoeblis, miwodebis fasis gamoyeneba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu warmoebis masStabi ucvleli unda darCes, maSin upriani iqneba momxmareblis fasiT sargebloba. kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi racionaluri iqneba saSualo Sewonili sididis gamoyeneba.
umuSevroba. Tu saxelmwifo proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad daiqiraveben individs kerZo seqtoridan, maSin misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba xelfasis is ganakveTi, romelsac mas kerZo seqtorSi uxdidnen. mdgomareoba rTuldeba, rodesac proeqtSi xdeba iseTi adamianis dasaqmeba, romelic iZulebiT umuSevaria. umuSevari piris dasaqmebis Sedegad produqtis moculoba ar mcirdeba, Tumca piris mier proeqtidan misaRebi xelfasi raimes alternatiul Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens. umuSevari individi, romelsac daiqiraveben, uars ambobs mxolod Tavisufal droze, romlis Rirebulebac, albaT, metad umniSvneloa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli individi
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iZulebiT iyo umuSevari. miuxedavad amisa, mainc vawydebiT or sirTules: 1) Tu saxelmwifo axorcielebs stabilizaciis politikas dasaqmebis mudmivi donis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT, maSin umuSevari individis dasaqmeba dasaqmebisa da produqtis sxva adgilas Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi momuSavis socialuri Rirebuleba misi xelfasia. 2) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momuSave iZulebiT umuSevaria proeqtis dawyebis periodisaTvis, es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom igi aseve umuSevari darCeboda proeqtis ganxorcielebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca individis momaval samsaxureobriv SesaZleblobaTa prognozireba erTob rTulia. umuSevrobis mizezebisa da xasiaTis irgvliv arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa fonze dausaqmebeli resursis Sefaseba kvlavac rCeba mtkivneul da gadauwyvetel problemad. mniSvnelovani Semcirebis gareSe dausaqmebeli SromiTi resursis Sefaseba mimdinare xelfasiT praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze karg miaxloebas warmoadgens.
samomxmareblo danazogi
kerZo firma mcire erTeulia mTeli ekonomikis fonze. amdenad, mis warmoebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba ar zemoqmedebs produqtis sabazro fasze. saxelmwifo proeqti ki, piriqiT, SesaZloa, imdenad didi iyos, rom sabazro fasi Secvalos. ase magaliTad, saxelmwifos irigaciis proeqtma SesaZloa, Seamciros sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji ise, rom sursaTis sabazro fasic ki Semcirdes. magram sabazro fasis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi rogor Sefasdeba sursaTis darCenili raodenoba _ Tavdapirveli fasiT, proeqtis Semdgomi fasiT Tu raime Sualeduri fasiT?
grafiki 11.1
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11.1 grafiki gvaZlevs suraTs avokados momyvani warmosaxviTi regionis Sesaxeb. avokado funtebSi horizontalur RerZze, xolo misi fasi ki vertikalur RerZze izomeba, Da ki avokadoze arsebuli moTxovnaa. irigaciis proeqtis dawyebamde miwodebis mrudi iyo Sa, xolo sabazro fasi da raodenoba ki iyo Sesabamisad $2,89 da A0 (miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria, amdenad, misi ZiriTadi wertilebi SenarCundeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi kuTxe zemoTaa mimarTuli).
irigaciis
proeqts
miwebis
didi
nawili
daeTmoba,
xolo
avokadoze
moTxovnis mrudi S¢a -mde gadaadgildeba. axali wonasworobis farglebSi fasi 1,35 dolaramde daecema, avokados moxmareba ki A1-mde gaizrdeba. ramdenad gaumjobesda momxmareblis mdgomareoba? SekiTxva SesaZloa aseTi formiTac davsvaT: `ramdens gadaixdis momxmarebeli imisaTvis, rom moixmaros A1 funti avokado 1,35 dolarad imis nacvlad, rom moixmaros A0 funti avokado 2,89 dolarad?”
ekonomistebi pasuxis gacemis dros xSirad samomxmareblo danazogis cnebas iSvelieben _ es aris momxmareblisaTvis sasurvel da mis mier realurad
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gadasaxdel Tanxas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba. rogorc wignis danarTidan Cans, samomxmareblo danazogi izomeba im arealiT, romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudis dabla da sabazro fasis horizontalur xazs zemoT. amdenad, rodesac fasi aris 2,89 dolari, maSin samomxmareblo danazogi aris ebd areali.
rodesac avokados fasi 1.35 dolaramde ecema irigaciis proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, maSin samomxmareblo danazogi kvlav moicavs areals, romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis mrudis dabla da mimdinare fasis horizontaluri xazis maRla. Tumca axla fasi ukve 1,35 dolaria, amdenad, samomxmareblo danazogis areali aris esg. samomxmareblo danazogi ecg-sa da ebd-s Soris arsebuli sxvaobiT gaizarda da man bcgd areali daikava. amdenad, areali or fass Soris arsebuli moTxovnis mruds ukan gansazRvravs, Tu ra moculobiT SeiZens momxmarebeli avokados dabal fasad. im pirobiT, rom damgegmavs SeuZlia moTxovnis mrudis formis gansazRvra, SesaZlebeli iqneba proeqtis sargeblis Sefasebac.
Tu saqonlis miwodebis mrudi zemoTkenaa mimarTuli, SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes mwarmoeblis danazogSi (ganxilulia danarTSi) ganxorcielebuli cvlilebani. ase magaliTad, saijaro qiris regulirebis xarjisa da sargeblis analizis miwis mesakuTreTa raodenobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu iarsebebs ijaraze moTxovnis mrudis formis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia.
ekonomikuri qcevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi
aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac sabazro informacia socialuri xarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebis sawyis wertils warmoadgenda. xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqonliT aSkara vaWroba ar xdeba, amdenad, arc arsebobs Sesabamisi bazari. axla ganvixiloT ori magaliTi da pasuxi gavceT SekiTxvas: rogor fasdeba individTa survili, gadaixadon fuli gansazRvruli saqonlisaTvis?
drois fasi. winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi bostonis “Big Dig”-is proeqtis mniSvnelovani komponenti iyo 3,5 mili gzatkecilis gayvana, rac 6,5 miliard aSS dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovda. winaswari Sefasebis Tanaxmad, axali gzatkeciliT sargeblobis Sedegad centrsa da aeroports Soris arsebuli manZilis gavla 8 wuTSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli (gzatkecilis gareSe mgzavrobas 45 wuTi esaWiroeboda). racionaluria Tu ara aseTi proeqti? marTalia, arsebobs metad cnobili naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom `dro fulia~, magram imisaTvis, rom Cven CavataroT proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi, zustad unda vicodeT, Tu ra Rirs dro. drois fasis gansazRvris yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia Tavisufal drosa da Semosavals Soris
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arsebuli arCevanis TeoriiT sargebloba. individi akeTebs arCevans: igi muSaobs, vidre Tavisufali drois subieqturi Rirebuleba gautoldeba im Semosavals, romelsac igi iRebs erTsaaTiani muSaobis Sedegad (anu xelfasis ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg). amdenad, dabegrili xelfasi dazogili drois fasis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba8.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es midgoma sasargebloa, arsebobs ori ZiriTadi problema: (1) zogierTi individi ar irCevs samuSao saaTebis raodenobas. am mxriv yvelaze seriozuli problema iZulebiTi umuSevrobaa. (2) drois yoveli momenti, romelsac adamiani samsaxuris gareT atarebs, ar aris ekvivalenturi. ase magaliTad, mgzavrobis drois Sesamcireblad individma SesaZloa, iseTi ganakveTiT gadaixados, romelic mis xelfass aRemateba. meore mxriv, individi, romelic mxolod SabaT-kviras marTavs manqanas, SesaZloa, sulac ar zrunavdes drois alternatiul Rirebulebaze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi mainc ar muSaobs SabaT-kviras.
ramdenime mkvlevari Seecada, drois fasi imis mixedviT ganesazRvra, Tu ra saxis transports da, Sesabamisad, mgzavrobis ra xangrZlivobas airCevda adamiani. davuSvaT, rom mocemuli sazogadoebis wevrebs aqvT ori satransporto saSualebis _ avtobusis an matareblis _ gamoyenebis ufleba. matarebliT mgzavrobas naklebi dro sWirdeba, magram igi Zviria. imis mixedviT, Tu ra zedmet Tanxas ixdis individi imisaTvis, rom imgzavros matarebliT, Cven SegviZlia daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu individi mgzavrobis drois Sesamcireblad ramdens gadaixdis. cxadia, iseTi maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa individis Semosavali, mis mier gamoyenebul satransporto saSualebas gansazRvravs. meore TavSi aRwerili statistikuri teqnikis msgavsi meTodebi gamoyenebul unda iqnes am cvladebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT. aseTi kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom mgzavrobis periodis efeqtiani fasi daubegravi saxelfaso ganakveTis 50%-is tolia (ix. Small [1992, gv. 43-45]).
sicocxlis fasi. 11 seqtembris tragediis Semdeg Seiqmna specialuri fondi, romlis saSualebiTac tragediiT dazaralebul pirTa ojaxebis kompensacia unda momxdariyo. Jurnalistma aseTi SekiTxva dausva fondze pasuxismgebel pirs: `ra aris sicocxlis fasi?” pasuxi aseTi iyo: `albaT, an rabini unda iyo da an mRvdeli am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas rom Seecado~ [Henriques, 2001, gv. WK10]. marTlac, Cveni religiisa da kulturuli faseulobebis Tanaxmad, sicocxle Seufasebeli fenomenia. gaixseneT ramdenime wlis win momxdari ambavi: samxreT polusze momuSave mecnierma, jeri nilsenma, mkerdSi simsivne SeniSna. mas esaWiroeboda daxmareba. medikamentebis gadasatanad dauyonebliv gaigzavna sahaero ekipaJi (amindis gamo ekipaJi ver daeSva miwaze da medikamentebi aparatidan miwaze dauSves). ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, rodesac dadginda, rom doqtor nilsens hospitalizacia esaWiroeboda, mis aSS-Si gadasayvanad meore ekipaJi gaigzavna. am movlenas ganixilavda yvela 8
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. me-16 Tavi: `Sromis miwodeba~
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sainformacio gamoSveba, Tumca aravis dausvams SekiTxva operaciis Catarebis gamo gaweuli xarjis Sesaxeb. ar arsebobs xarji, romelic miuaxlovdeba sicocxlis fass. amdenad, ar gaocdeT, Tu Tqvenc gTxoven, SeafasoT Tqveni cxovreba da uecrad aRmoaCenT, rom igi absoluturad Seufasebelia.
aseTi situacia danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs arTulebs. Tu sicocxle Seufasebelia, xolo proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad gadarCeba erTi sicocxle mainc, maSin gamodis, rom proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba usasrulobamde maRalia. amis Sedegad, ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis gza imis Sesaxeb, keTilgonivruli iqneba Tu ara am proeqtis ganxorcieleba. amerikaSi yvela gza rom oTx xazad gaiyos, aucileblad Semcirdeba sagzao katastrofebi. aris ki es kargi proeqti? proeqti, romlis Sedegad moxdeba erTi sicocxlis xelyofa mainc, usasrulobamde dabali Rirebulebisaa. am konteqstSi gaixseneT Semdegi faqti: imisaTvis, rom dakmayofildes sawvavis efeqtianobis saxelmwifo mandati, manqanis mwarmoebeli qmnis ufro msubuq manqanas, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi awarmoebda. msubuqi manqana ki katastrofis ufro met safrTxesTanaa asocirebuli. amdenad, rogor fiqrobT, CaiTvleboda Tu ara dauSveblad sawvavis standartis proeqti misi danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebis safuZvelze?
sicocxlis gansazRvruli Rirebulebis dadgenis mizniT ekonomistebi ori meTodiT sargebloben: erTi maTgani dakargul Semosavlebs efuZneba, xolo meore ki gardacvalebis albaTobas.
dakarguli Semosavlebi. am meTodis Tanaxmad, individis sicocxlis fasi mis mier mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli wminda Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebaa. Tu individi gansazRvruli proeqtis Sedegad gardaicvleba, maSin misi sicocxlis fasi sazogadoebisaTvis im produqciis mosalodneli mimdinare Rirebulebaa, romelic am individs unda Seeqmna. aRniSnuli meTodi xSirad gamoiyeneba sasamarTloebSi, rodesac saqme gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebis mier misaReb kompensacias exeba. gamodis, rom sazogadoeba arafers dakargavs xandazmuli, fizikurad susti, fizikurad an gonebrivad unarSezRuduli mosaxleobis erTdrouli gardacvalebiT. cxadia, meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegi imdenad arabunebrivia, rom bevri ekonomisti uars ambobs mis gamoyenebaze.
gardacvalebis albaToba. proeqtebis umetesoba uSualod ar zemoqmedebs adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze. mas piris gardacvalebis albaTobis Secvla SeuZlia mxolod. ase magaliTad, aravinaa calsaxad darwmunebuli imaSi, rom kibos daavadebis Seswavla individis sicocxles gadaarCens. kvlevas mxolod gardacvalebis albaTobis Semcireba SeuZlia. es gansxvaveba sakmaod seriozulia. adamiani, romelic fiqrobs, rom misi sicocxle Seufasebelia, garkveuli Tanxis safasurad mudmivad gardacvalebis safrTxis winaSe ayenebs mas. individi, romelic msubuq manqanas marTavs, avtokatastrofaSi daRupvis
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ufro didi riskis winaSe dgas, vidre individi, romelic maRali gamavlobis manqanas marTavs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). individi mzadaa, sakuTari sicocxle daayenos didi riskis qveS fulis im fasad, romelsac igi msubuqi manqanis SeZeniT dazogavs.
individis mier riskis preferenciis gamoaSkaravebis meore gza mis mier profesiis amorCevaa. zogierTi tipis samuSao sicocxles didi safrTxis qveS ayenebs. SevadaroT identuri ganaTlebis, gamocdilebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone ori momuSave. erT-erT maTgans ufro safrTxiani samsaxuri aqvs. igi ufro maRal xelfass iRebs. maRali xelfasi gardacvalebis maRali albaTobis kompensaciis saSualebas warmoadgens. sxvaoba ori individis saxelfaso ganakveTs Soris aris is Tanxa, ris fasadac individi sakuTar Tavze gazrdil risks iRebs. garenma [1988] gamoiTvala, rom yovel 100000 momuSaveze sawarmoo ubeduri SemTxvevis erTi erTeuliT gazrda xelfasis daaxloebiT 0,55%-iT gazrdas iwvevs9.
Tumca adamianebi mzad arian, gadaixadon sakmaod soliduri Tanxa damcavi meqanizmebis SesaZenad (magaliTad, saxanZro signalizacia), romlebic gardacvalebis albaTobas amcirebs. sxvadasxva kvlevas sxvadasxva Sedegi moaqvs, Tumca am kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli sicocxlis fasi 4-dan 9 milion dolaramde meryeobs [Viscusi and Aldy, 2003]. diapazoni imdenad didia, rom SesaZloa, es gamoTvla sruliad usargebloc ki mogeCvenoT. Sefaseba iracionaluri proeqtebis gamosadevnad mainc Zalian sasargebloa. Seminuli ganaTebuli saavario gasasvlelis damontaJebis Rirebuleba TiToeuli gadarCenili sicocxlis mixedviT 900000 dolaria. aRniSnuli RonisZieba calsaxad gaivlis gamocdas racionalurobaze. meore mxriv, azbestis mocilebis saxelmwifo wesebis Rirebuleba TiToeul gadarCenil sicocxleze 100 milion dolarze metia.
am midgomis yvelaze momxibvleli aspeqti aris is, rom sicocxlis Sefaseba gadaxdis survilis safuZvelze xdeba. es monacemi sakmaod mniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivia. brumi [1989] amtkicebda, rom SemTxveviTi midgomis gamoyeneba arasworia, radgan igi aRiarebs, rom zogierTi individis sicocxle aucileblad dasruldeba. aravin icis, rodis dasruldeba sicocxle. swored amitom sakiTxs isev Tavidan vubrundebiT. SeuZlebelia, Sefasdes proeqti, romelic adamianis sicocxles Seexeba.
akademiuri winaaRmdegoba sazogadoebrivi Relvis sagani gaxda _ igegmeba bevri proeqti, romelic saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas da ekologias exeba. TiToeuli maTgani danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis WrilSi unda Sefasdes. 9
detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Viskusi [2003]. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi unda moicavdes ojaxisa da megobrebisaTvis umZimesi danakargis fsiqologiur Rirebulebas, agreTve cvlilebebs maT finansur mdgomareobaSi.
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erT-erTi proeqtis oponirebisas lobistma garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi SeniSna, rom SeuZlebelia, `SevafasoT sicocxlis gadarCena~ [Wetstone, 1995]. samwuxarod, iSviaTi resursebis mqone msoflioSi Cven arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba ara gvaqvs. erTaderTi SekiTxva is aris, gamoiyeneba Tu ara faswarmoqmnis keTilgonivruli meqanizmebi.
aramaterialuri (xelSeuxebeli) sikeTis Sefaseba
zogierTi saxis sargeblis an danaxarjis Sefaseba TviT yvelaze ganswavluli mkvlevaris mierac ki SeuZlebelia. mravaljeradi gamoyenebis xomaldebis gaSvebis programis erT-erTi sargebeli gazrdili saxelmwifo prestiJia. marTlac, prezidentma jorj buSma ganacxada, rom kosmosuri gamokvlevebi `adamianTa gulis siRrmeSi gamJRavnebuli survilia~. erovnuli parkebis gaSeneba individs aZlevs saSualebas, isiamovnos mSvenieri xediT. nuTu SeiZleba aseTi sikeTis fuladi erTeuliT Sefaseba? daimaxsovreT, rom aramaterialuri sikeTis SemTxvevaSi unda gaiTvaliswinoT sami mniSvnelovani faqtori:
pirveli: aramaterialurma sikeTem SesaZloa, daamsxvrios mTeli Teoria danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sesaxeb. aseTi proeqtebi yovelTvis Zalian didia, amdenad, nebismieri maTgani SesaZloa, araracionaluradac CaiTvalos. Jurnalistma, romelic britaneTSi arsebuli diskusiis Taobaze komentars akeTebda, unda aSenebuliyo Tu ara gvirabi la-manSis arxis qveS, aseTi rCeva gasca: `aaSeneT gvirabi. aaSeneT ara imitom, rom sargeblisa da danaxarjis mosawyeni analizi iZleva dadebiT pasuxs, aramed imitom, rom britaneTs gaacocxlebs didi proeqti” [Will, 1985a]. Tumca nebismierma proeqtma SesaZloa, `gamcocxleblis~ funqcia Seasrulos. rogor SevarCioT proeqti aseT SemTxvevaSi? (cxadia, arxis gvirabi sabolood aSenda. 1994 wels dasrulda misi mSenebloba da misi xarji 15 miliard dolars gautolda. realurma xarjma winaswar dagegmili xarjs TiTqmis orjer gadaaWarba).
meore: danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis berketebis gamoyenebiT SesaZloa, aramaterialuri sikeTis Sefasebis sazRvrebi dadgindes. davuSvaT, rom mravaljeradi gamoyenebis xomaldebis gaSvebis programis Tvladi xarji da sargebeli aris Sesabamisad C da B, xolo misi aramaterialuri sikeTe ki (magaliTad, saxelmwifo prestiJi) ucnobi sididea (X). Tu gamoTvlili xarji gamoTvlis sargebels aRemateba, imisaTvis, rom programis ganxorcielebaze gaices nebarTva, maSin X unda aRematebodes (C – B)-s. aseTi informaciis Sedegad SesaZloa, dadgindes, rom aramaterialuri sikeTe ar aris imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba Rirdes. Tu (C - B) mravaljeradi gamoyenebis xomaldebis gaSvebis programisaTvis udris 10 milion dolars wliurad, maSin mosaxleoba unda SeTanxmdes imaze, rom saxelmwifo prestiJis amaRleba namdvilad imsaxurebs amgvar kontribucias. Tu aRniSnuli maCvenebeli
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10 miliardi aSS dolaria, maSin aucilebelia gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba.
mesame: maSinac ki, rodesac SeuZlebelia gansazRvruli Sedegis Sefaseba, misi miRwevis alternatiuli meTodebi arsebobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli alternativis xarjis sistematuri Seswavla da maT Soris uiafesi meTodis SerCevaa aucilebeli. aRniSnuli procesi ekonomikuri efeqtianobis analizis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. SeuZlebelia, fuladi erTeuliT Sefasdes saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, alternatiuli iaraRis sistemis danaxarji ganisazRvros.
danaxarjisa Secdomebi
da
sargeblis
analitikosTa
Cveulebrivi
Cven mier ukve ganxiluli problemebis garda, treSma [2002] uamravi Cveulebrivi Secdoma aRmoaCina, romelic Tan axlavs danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs.
`jaWvuri reaqcia~
amgvari midgoma sainteresoa im mxriv, rom misi gamoyenebis dros meoradi sargeblis gamoTvla xdeba. saxelmwifos mier gzis gayvanis SemTxvevaSi pirveladi sargebeli individebisa da firmebisaTvis transportirebis xarjis Semcireba iqneba. amave dros, izrdeba adgilobrivi restornebis, sastumroebisa da benzingasamarTi sadgurebis Semosavali, rac sursaTis, TeTreulisa da sawvavis adgilobriv mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebs aamaRlebs. Tu ZiriTad sargebels aseTi meoradi sargebelic daemateba, maSin, faqtobrivad, yvela proeqti dadebiTi mimdinare RirebulebiT Sefasdeba.
aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad ratomRac ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom sargeblis garda, proeqts SesaZloa, danakargi hqondes. gzis gayvanis Semdeg iklebs matareblis operatoris Semosavali – misi klienturis garkveuli nawili avtomobiliT sargeblobas daiwyebs. avtomobiliT gazrdili sargebloba gazrdis fass sawvavze da sawvavis momxmarebelTa finansur keTildReobas Seamcirebs.
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mokled rom iTqvas, jaWvuri reaqcia ZiriTadad orientirebulia im sargebelze, romlis transferic erTi rgolidan meoreze xdeba. sawvavis fasis zrdis Sedegad Semosavali sawvavis momxmareblidan sawvavis mwarmoebelze gadadis, Tumca igi proeqtis wminda sargebels ar warmoadgens. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ganawilebiTi mosazrebani gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi SesaZloa, marTlac, mniSvnelovani iyos. magram, raki xdeba meoradi sargeblis gaTvaliswineba, meoradi danakargis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebeli iqneba.
`SromiTi Zala”
ramdenime wlis win kongresi ganixilavda sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, gaegrZelebina Tu ara `stelsis~ programa. Tavdacvis departaments fulis daxarjva am proeqtze ar surda, magram kaliforniis senatorma diana finSteinma programis gagrZelebis calsaxa survili gamoTqva. man ganacxada, rom programa `uzrunvelyofs xelfass, akuratulobasa da dacvas”. meore dRes kongresis CanawerebSi misi gamoTqma Caanacvles sityvebiT: `sasargeblo tvirTi” [Ricks, 1994, gv. A14].
senatoris Secdoma tipuria. xSirad proeqts agrZeleben imis gamo, rom igi samuSao adgilebs `qmnis~. am dros momuSaveTaTvis gadaxdili xelfasi proeqtis Sedegad iTvleba, es ki nonsensia, radgan xelfasi danaxarjis kategorias miekuTvneba da ara sargeblis kategorias. cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momuSave iZulebiT umuSevaria, maSin socialuri danaxarji ufro naklebia, vidre xelfasi. SeuZlebelia, proeqtSi dasaqmebuli kontingenti xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali ganakveTis mqone regionSic ki umuSevari darCes.
`gaormageba~
warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba apirebs miwis im garkveuli nawilis irigacias, romlis damuSaveba dReisaTvis SeuZlebelia. programis Sedegad (1) miwis Rirebulebis zrdisa da (2) damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli wminda Semosavlis nakadis mimdinare Rirebulebis jami iTvleba. problema ki is aris, rom fermers SeuZlia, an daamuSaos miwa da wminda Semosavlis nakadiT isargeblos, an miwa gayidos. konkurentul garemoSi miwis gasayidi fasi zustad misi damuSavebis Sedegad miRebul wminda Semosavals udris. fermeri orive qmedebas erTdroulad ver ganaxorcielebs. amdenad, (1) da (2) faqtoris Sejameba WeSmariti Sedegis (sargeblis) gaormagebas gulisxmobs.
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aseTi Secdoma imdenad sulelurad gamoiyureba, rom warmoudgenelia, vinmem igi dauSvas. Tumca rogorc treSi [2002, gv. 825] SeniSnavs, erT dros gaormageba iyo aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa departamentis melioraciis biuros oficialuri politika. biuros reglamentebis Tanaxmad, miwis irigaciis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli miwis Rirebulebisa da miwis damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli wminda Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebis jams warmoadgenda.
mosazrebani ganawilebis Sesaxeb
kerZo seqtorSi arcTu ise mniSvnelovania, Tu vin isargeblebs proeqtis SedegiT da vin gaswevs mis xarjs. dolari dolaria, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin miiRebs an daxarjavs mas. zogierTi ekonomistis azriT, upriani iqneboda aRniSnuli midgomis danergva saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis. Tu proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTia, maSin rekomendirebuli iqneba misi ganxorcieleba imis miuxedavad, Tu vin igebs, an vin agebs. vidre proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTia, piri, romelic igebs, uflebamosilia, aanazRauros im piris zarali, romelic proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad waagebs. am dros sargeblianobis wminda zrda fiqsirdeba. aseTi midgoma xSirad hiqs-kaldoris kriteriumis10 saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romlis safuZvelzec SeirCeva proeqti, romelSic pareto-gaumjobesebis potenciali devs. ar aris aucilebeli faqtobrivi kompensaciis ganxorcieleba: SeirCeva da racionalurad Sefasdeba proeqti, romlis ganxorcielebis dros sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili gaiRebs xarjs, rac sxva individs ufro meti wminda sargeblis miRebis saSualebas miscems.
saxelmwifos mizani sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis (da ara sargeblis) maqsimizaciaa. amdenad, zogierTi ekonomisti fiqrobs, rom proeqtis ganawilebiTi aspeqtebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. hiqskaldoris kriteriumi ki ganawilebiT aspeqtebs saTanadod ar aregulirebs.
ganawilebis problemis gadawyvetis erTi SesaZlo gza arsebobs: mTavroba, yovelgvari safasuris gareSe, racionaluri transferis ganxorcielebis gziT mogebulebsa da wagebulebs Soris ganawilebiT miRebul arasasurvel Sedegs gamoasworebs11. mTavroba uwyvetad uzrunvelyofs Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis dones, amdenad, xarjisa da Semosavlis analitikoss mxolod mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvla evaleba. aseTi meTodis daxasiaTebis dros, cxadia, gvaxsendeba realoba: mTavrobas, albaT, arc
10
kriteriums saxeli ewoda jon hiqsisa da nikolas kaldoris sapativsacemod. yovelgvari safasuris gareSe niSnavs imas, rom satransfero sistemis administrireba ar moiTxovs danaxarjs da transferic isea warmoebuli, rom ar amaxinjebs adamianis qcevas (ix. me-13 Tavi). 11
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Zalaufleba aqvs da arc SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom Semosavali optimalurad gaanawilos12 (ix. me-7 Tavi).
davuSvaT, politikoss swams, rom mosaxleobis erTi jgufi Semosavlis miRebas yvelaze metad imsaxurebs. Camoyalibdeba ganawilebiTi preferencia, romlis Tanaxmadac, am jgufis erTi wevrisaTvis micemuli erTi dolari ufro Rirebulia, vidre sxva jgufis wevrisaTvis micemuli igive Tanxa. preferenciis Camoyalibebas upiratesi jgufis sasargeblod proeqtebis araobieqturi SerCeva mohyveba. ganawilebiTi sakiTxebis irgvliv arsebul diskusiaTa didi nawili Semosavalze, rogorc adamianTa klasifikaciis safuZvelzea fokusirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, rasobrivi, eTnikuri da genderuli maxasiaTeblebic garkveul rols TamaSobs.
mas Semdeg, rac analitikoss upiratesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis aucilebel kriteriums warudgenen, man unda gansazRvros, rogor gamoTvalos am jgufis sargebeli da ra gansxvaveba iqneba jgufis wevrebisa da sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilis sargebels Soris. udris Tu ara mdidris erTi dolari Raribis or dolars? an iqneb 50 dolars? aseT sakiTxebze pasuxis gacema mTlianad subieqtur Sefasebazea damokidebuli. analitikosis maqsimumi aris is, rom aiZulos politikosi, naTlad Camoayalibos subieqturi Sefaseba da kargad gaiazros Sedegi.
ganawilebiTi mosazrebebis wardgenis potenciuri safrTxe is aris, rom politikuri sakiTxebi ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre xarjisa da sargeblis analizi. imis mixedviT, Tu ra parametrebia gamoyenebuli Sefasebis procesSi, nebismieri proeqti SeiZleba dadebiTi mimdinare RirebulebiT Sefasdes, imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad araefeqtiania igi. garda amisa, ganawilebiTi mosazrebebis gaerTianeba mniSvnelovnad zrdis xarjisa da sargeblis analizis winaSe arsebul sainformacio moTxovnilebas. analitikosi valdebulia, aramxolod sargebeli da danaxarji Seafasos, aramed - maTi ganawilebis meqanizmi mosaxleobaSi. rogorc me-7 TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifos fiskaluri saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlis ganawilebis sqemis Sefaseba rTulia.
ganusazRvreloba
12
ufro metic, rodesac saxelmwifo Semosavlis ganawilebis sqemis modificirebaze muSaobs, icvleba Sesabamisi fasebi. Tumca maTi cvlilebis paralelurad icvleba sargebeli da danaxarji. amdenad, efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxebis ase martivad gamocalkeveba SeuZlebelia.
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2003 wlis dasawyisSi kosmosuri xomaldi `kolumbia~ xelaxali gafrenis dros atmosferoSi afeTqda. katastrofa dResac yvelaze sazareli magaliTia da mudmivad gvaxsenebs, rom saxelmwifo proeqtebis Sedegi amoucnobia. saproeqto winadadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli bevri mniSvnelovani diskusia bolos im daskvnamde midis, rom aravin icis, ra Sedegs moitans proeqti. dasaqmebis treningis programa daxmarebis programis recipientTa Semosavlebs rogor gazrdis? imuSavebs Tu ara saTanadod maRalteqnologiuri iaraRis sistema saomar mdgomareobaSi?
davuSvaT, rom ori proeqti ganixileba. orive maTgani Tanabari xarjiTa da erTaderTi beneficiariT – kailiT _ xasiaTdeba. X proeqti 1000 dolaris sargebels ueWvelad da garantirebulad moitans. Y proeqti an ar moitans aranair sargebels (SesaZleblobis 50%), an 2000 aSS dolars (SesaZleblobis 50%) moitans. romel proeqts mianiWebs kaili upiratesobas?
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom saSualod X da Y proeqti Tanabari sargebliT xasiaTdeba, radgan mosalodneli sargebeli Y proeqtidan aris:
1 ´ $0 + 1 ´ $2000 = $1000. miuxedavad amisa, Tu kaili ar aris keTilganwyobili 2 2 riskis mimarT, maSin igi aucileblad SearCevs X proeqts _ Y proeqti garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo X proeqti ki saimedoa. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kaili ar aris keTilganwyobili riskis mimarT, maSin mas Y proeqtis garkveul Tanxaze (1000 dolarze naklebi) gacvlis survili eqneba. kaili mzadaa, garkveul Semosavalze uari Tqvas, oRond usafrTxod igrZnos Tavi. adamianTa umetesoba mzadaa, riskis Tavidan asacileblad gadaixados garkveuli Tanxa, ris mtkicebulebasac sxvadasxva tipis dazRveva warmoadgens.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac proeqtis sargebeli an danaxarji garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, maTi gansazRvrul ekvivalentad konvertacia aucilebeli xdeba. es gansazRvruli Semosavlis raodenoba aris, romelsac individi daTmobs imisaTvis, rom ganusazRvreli Sedegebisagan Tavi daizRvios. gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor nawildeba ukugeba da ramdenad keTilganwyobili arian riskis mimarT proeqtis monawileebi. gamoTvlis es meTodi am Tavis danarTSia aRwerili.
gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamosaTvlelad Tavidanve unda vicodeT, Tu rogoria danaxarjisa da sargeblis SemTxveviTi ganawileba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sainJinro daskvna da amindis Sesaxeb monacemebi SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes imis gansasazRvrelad, Tu damba wyaldidobis Sedegad gamowveuli zianis albaTobas rogor Seamcirebs. Tumca xSirad rTulia, sxvadasxva Sedegs davukavSiroT albaToba. atomur reaqtorebTan dakavSirebiT
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sakmarisi gamocdileba ar arsebobs, raTa defeqtis masStabi Sefasdes. analogiurad, ramdenad darwmunebulia individi, rom Sidsis sawinaaRmdego axali vaqcina namdvilad efeqtiani iqneba? am SemTxvevaSic karg analitikoss erTi gamosavali aqvs: maqsimalurad calsaxad Camoayalibos sakuTari mosazreba da gansazRvros, mosazrebaTa modificirebis SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi sakiTxebi ra doniT Seicvleba.
Rirs Tu ara klasis ricxovnobis Semcireba?
Cven ukve vnaxeT meoTxe TavSi, rom sazogadoebriv skolaSi klasis ricxovnobis Semcirebis efeqtianobis sakiTxi sakmaod sakamaToa. diskusiebis dros ZiriTadi aqcenti klasis zomasa da moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze keTdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian mniSvnelovania, ganvixiloT klasis zomis momaval Semosavlebze zemoqmedebis sakiTxi. eqneba Tu ara SedarebiT mcire zomis klasis moswavles mozrdilobaSi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) ufro meti xelfasi? klasis ricxovnobisa da Semosavlebis urTierTobis ekonometrikuli analizis dros kardma da krugerma [1996] aRmoaCines, rom klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcireba momaval wliur Semosavals 0,4-dan 1,1%-mde zrdis. Tu, marTlac, asea, maSin SesaZloa, CavTvaloT, rom klasis zomis Semcireba monetarul sargebels moitans.
aris ki klasis ricxovnobis Semcireba TavisTavad racionaluri strategia? klasis zomis Semcireba sakmaod Zviri jdeba: saWiroa ufro meti maswavleblis daqiraveba, damatebiTi saklaso oTaxebis mowyoba da a.S. aRemateba Tu ara sargebeli danaxarjs? SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad pelcmanma [1997] danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis meTodi gamoiyena. misi analizis Sedegad Cven mier am TavSi ganxiluli ramdenime Zireuli faqtori warmoCindeba.
xarjisa da sargeblis analizi diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCevas da yovelwliuri sargeblisa da xarjis gamoTvlas moiTxovs. vnaxoT, rogor ecada pelcmani am problemebis daregulirebas.
diskontirebis ganakveTi
Teoriulad sakmaod rTulia konkretuli diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCeva, amdenad, pelcmanma praqtikulad SearCia wyvili ganakveTi da daakvirda, iyo Tu ara arsebiTi Sedegi mgrZnobiare sxvaobis mimarT. pelcmanis mier SerCeuli (realuri) ganakveTebi iyo 3% da 7%.
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danaxarjebi
pelcmanis gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcireba moiTxovs sajaro skolis yvela saswavlo saSualebis (maswavlebeli, saklaso oTaxi, aRWurviloba da a.S.) 10%-iT gazrdas. amdenad, klasis 10%-iani permanentuli Semcireba wliur xarjs 10%-iT gazrdis. 1994 wels aSS-is sajaro skolebSi moswavleze gaweuli wliuri danaxarji daaxloebiT 6500 aSS dolaria, am Tanxis 10% ki _ 650 dolari. danaxarjis daricxva moxdeba 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi (swavlebis periodi TiToeuli studentisaTvis). xarjis daricxva swavlebis periodis ganmavlobaSi xdeba, amdenad, aucilebelia maTi diskontireba, 11.3 cxrilis (1) rigi r-is orive (3% da 7%) mniSvnelobisaTvis gviCvenebs 650 dolaris mimdinare Rirebulebas 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, aRniSnuli cifrebi warmoadgens C-s, anu proeqtis xarjebis mimdinare Rirebulebas diskontirebis nebismieri ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi.
cxrili 11.3 klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcirebis danaxarji da sargebeli
mimdinare Rirebuleba r = 7%
r = 3%
$5813
$7120
(2) sargebeli (225 dolari wliurad 2007 wlidan 2056 wlamde)
$1379
$4060
(3) sargebels minus danaxarji
-$4434
-$3060
(1) xarji (650 dolari wlidan 2006 wlamde)
wliurad
1994
wyaro: gamoTvlebi pelcmanis kvlevaze dayrdnobiT [1997].
C-s gamoTvlas bevri faqtori amartivebs: yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris, rom xarji swavlebis yoveli wlisaTvis mudmivia. faqtobrivad, studentze gaweuli xarji saSualo skolaSi ufro maRalia, vidre dawyebiT skolaSi, amitom danaxarjis didi proporciis momaval wlebze ganawilebiT misi mimdinare Rirebuleba Semcirdeba.
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rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kardma da krugerma gamoTvales, rom klasis zomis Semcirebis Sedegad miRebuli ukugebis ganakveTi 0,4%-dan 1,1%-mde meryeobs. pelcmanma Sualeduri ganakveTi airCia: 0,75%. misi azriT, individi skolis damTavrebisTanave iwyebs muSaobas da 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, amdenad, Semosavali momavali 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi wliuri 0,75%-iT izrdeba. 1994 wels 25 wlis da am asaks gadacilebuli momuSave mamakacis saSualo wliuri Semosavali 30000 dolari iyo. am Tanxis 0,75%-iT gazrdis Sedegad Semosavals daemateba 225 dolari wliurad 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi. xarjebis msgavsad, aucilebelia sargeblis diskontireba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli 225 dolari 13 wlis mere iqneba xelmisawvdomi; amdenad, misi mimdinare Rirebulebaa $225/(1 + r)13 . sargeblis (B) mimdinare Rirebuleba diskontirebis orive ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia cxrilis (2) rigSi.
rogorc xarjis, aseve sargeblis gamoTvlac mniSvnelovnad gamartivebulia. Cveulebriv, mamakaci ufro mets Soulobs, vidre qali, amdenad, mamakacis saSualo Semosavlis gaTvaliswineba sargeblis Sefasebas araobieqturad mimarTavs zemoT. meore mxriv, Semosavali droTa ganmavlobaSi Cveulebriv izrdeba _ igi erTsa da imave doneze ar rCeba. analizis dros ratomRac ugulebelyofilia aramonetaruli ukugeba (danaSaulis Semcireba, arCevnebis dros ufro informirebuli arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba da a.S.). pelcmanis saboloo SefasebiT, socialuri sargebeli ganaTlebisaTvis Zalian dabalia.
danaxarjisa da sargeblis balansi da maTi gansazRvra
proeqtis mimdinare wminda Rirebulebis gamoTvla wrfivad unda ganxorcieldes. diskontirebis TiToeuli ganakveTisaTvis aiReT 11.3 cxrilis (2) rigSi mocemuli sargebeli da mas (1) rigSi mocemuli danaxarji gamoakeliT. am gamoTvlis pasuxi (3) rigSia mocemuli, sadac Cans, rom Tu r aris 7%, maSin danaxarji sargebels $4434-iT aRemateba, xolo Tu r aris 3%, maSin - $3060-iT. amdenad, diskontirebis nebismieri ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi, (B - C) uaryofiTi sididea, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcireba racionalur proeqtad verasodes CaiTvleba. swored amis safuZvelze pelcmani ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom studentebis keTildReoba amaRldeba, Tu klasis zoma 10%-iT gaizrdeba, xolo dazogil Tanxas ki daemateba sabazro saprocento ganakveTi da TiToeul students gadaecema (gv. 226).
klasis ricxovnobis Semcirebis analizi miuTiTebs praqtikuli danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtze:
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analizi xSirad disciplinaTSorisi mecnierebis kompetenciaSi Sedis: ekonomists xSirad ara aqvs sakmarisi kvalifikacia imisaTvis, rom Seafasos yvela danaxarji da sargebeli. ase magaliTad, saWiro iqneba inJinris daskvna imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra danaxarji iqneba saWiro saklaso sivrcis 10%-iT gasafarToeblad. analogiurad, Tu vinme danaSaulis Semcirebas sargeblad miiCnevs, SesaZloa, aucilebeli gaxdes im sociologis konsultacia, romelic danaSaulebriv qmedebas swavlobs. xarjisa da Sedegis Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT Tu maTi realizacia momavalSia mosalodneli, specialur da gansakuTrebul daSvebebs moiTxovs. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom pelcmanis martivi daSveba Semosavlis mudmivobis Sesaxeb WeSmariti ar aris. Tumca imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad Sefasdes sargebeli da danaxarji, aucilebelia, gvqondes alternatiuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu Semosavali drois ganmavlobaSi rogor gaizrdeba (an Semcirdeba), rac arcTu ise naTelia dRevandeli gadasaxedidan. Tu Zalian maRalia ganusazRvrelobis xarisxi, analizis dros SeuZlebelia ganawilebis aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebac. ase magaliTad, mkvlevari, romelic ver adgens klasis zomis Semcirebis zemoqmdebis zust masStabs mTlian Semosavlebze, ver Seafasebs Semosavlis ganawilebis sqemas. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi informaciis Sejamebis saukeTeso meTods warmoadgens. igi waaxalisebs analitikoss, calsaxad ganacxados Tavisi daSvebebis Sesaxeb da naTlad Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi. klasis zomis Semcirebis Sesaxeb pelcmaniseuli mosazreba ramdenime friad saeWvo sakiTxs moicavs; swored amitom SesaZloa, daskvna sabolood araswori aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, pelcmanis analizi uaRresad Rirebulia, radgan igi racionalur CarCos qmnis, romlis farglebSic momavalSi unda gaimarTos diskusiebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.
mTavrobis mier danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gamoyeneba (an gamouyenebloba)
Tqven ukve kargad iciT, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi ar aris panacea, romelic yvela SekiTxvaze saboloo da mniSvnelovan `mecnierul~ pasuxs uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa, analizi mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba gadawyvetilebis miRebis saimedo da mdgradi proceduris Camoyalibebasa da swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. sargeblobs Tu ara mTavroba am meTodebiT? 1930-iani wlebis Semdgom federaluri mTavrobis brZanebis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi Catarda. prezidenti reigani, buSi da klintoni gamoscemdnen administraciul brZanebulebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvela ZiriTadi regulaciebis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis ganxorcieleba aucilebeli iyo.
am
rogorc demokratebis, aseve respublikelebis administracia prezedentis brZanebulebebs xSirad ugulebelyofda. arc kongresi gamoirCeoda
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maincdamainc didi surviliT, ganexorcielebina analizi. marTlac, hanma da sxvebma [2002] Seiswavles 1990-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli 48 umsxvilesi federaluri janmrTelobis, uvneblobisa da garemosdacviTi regulacia da daadgines, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi sami regulaciisaTvisac ki ar iyo ganxorcielebuli. ubralod, arc erTi samsaxuri brZanebulebiT gaTvaliswinebul danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs ar axorcielebda. ratom ar xdeba danaxarjisa da sargeblis analiziT sargebloba saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi? albaT, imitom, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs Zalian bevri praqtikuli sirTule axlavs Tan, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs konsensusi mTavrobis miznebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, bevr biurakrats arc Sesabamisi unari aqvs da arc survili, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme maT sakuTar programas exeba. arc erT politikoss ar siamovnebs misi `sayvareli~ proeqtis sxvebis mier detaluri Seswavla da analizi.
zogierT sasicocxlo seqtorSi danaxarjisa warmoeba aSkarad akrZalulic ki aris:
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da
sargeblis
analizis
`sufTa haeris Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia danaxarjis ganxilva mas Semdeg, rac haeris xarisxis standarti dawesdeba. 1997 wels, rodesac prezidentis mTavar mrCevels garemosdacviT sakiTxebSi uTxres, rom zogierTi axali garemosdacviTi regulaciis danaxarji sargebels asobiT miliardi dolariT gadaaWarbebs, man upasuxa: `saqme ar aris mxolod fulSi... es xom janmrTelobis standartebia” [Cushman, 1997, gv. 28]. nebismieri sxva pozicia aralegalurad CaiTvleboda. imave kanonis Tanaxmad, kompania valdebulia, daamontaJos aRWurviloba, romelic dabinZurebis xarisxs amcirebis, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad mcirea zrdadi SemcirebiT miRebuli sargebeli da ramdenad didia aRWurvilobis zrdadi danaxarji. gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi jiSebis gadarCenis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, Tevzisa da veluri samyaros dacvis samsaxurs SeerTebuli Statebis farglebSi, danaxarjis miuxedavad, gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi TiToeuli jiSis dacva daevala. sursaTis, wamlisa da kosmetikuri saSualebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, sursaTisa da wamlis administracia valdebulia, akrZalos nebismieri sakvebdanamati, romelmac SesaZloa, gamoiwvios kibo adamiansa da cxovelSi, riskis simcirisa da sargeblis masStabis miuxedavad.
1995 wels kongresis ramdenime wevri aRniSnul kanonTa Secvlas Seecada. iniciativa damarcxda. ufro metic, 2001 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom `sufTa haeris~ Sesaxeb kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gareSe proeqtebis ganxorcielebis akrZalva kidev erTxel daakanona. SesaZloa, gadawyvetileba keTilgonivruli iyos iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, magram igi warumatebeli aRmoCnda politikosebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi arasrulyofili berketia, igi erTaderTi analitikuri CarCoa logikuri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. danaxarjisa da sargeblis
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analizis akrZalva gadawyvetilebis miRebis danaSaulebriv qmedebad aRiarebas gulisxmobs.
keTilgonivruli
proceduris
daskvna
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danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi keTildReobis ekonomikis potenciuri proeqtebis Sefasebis mizniT praqtikuli gamoyenebis formaa. imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva drois wminda sargebeli SevadaroT, aucilebelia, maTi mimdinare Rirebuleba gamoviTvaloT. iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa: ukugebis Sida ganakveTi, Semosavlisa da xarjis koeficienti, araswor daskvnebamde mivyavarT. diskontirebis ganakveTis dadgena danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis dros yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapia. kerZo seqtorSi analizis dros sami SesaZlo sazomi arsebobs: ukugebis kerZo ganakveTi dabegvramde, ukugebis dabegvramde da dabegvris Semdgomi kerZo ganakveTebis saSualo Sewonili da socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi. maT Soris arCevani keTdeba imis mixedviT, Tu romeli seqtoria Seviwroebuli (investireba Tu xarjva?) da kerZo bazrebi sazogadoebis preferenciebs ra masStabiT asaxavs. praqtikulad aSS-is mTavroba diskontirebis ganakveTebiT erTob qaoturad sargeblobs. saxelmwifo proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji sxvadasxva meTodis saSualebiT fasdeba:
sabazro fasebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba, Tu ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom isini socialuri zRvruli danaxarjisagan gansxvavdeba.
Crdilovani fasebis saSualebiT xdeba sabazro fasebis koreqtireba, romelic avsebs socialuri zRvruli danaxarjisagan gadaxras, rac sabazro naklovanebaTa gamo arsebobs.
Tu SromiTi Zala dRes umuSevaria da mosalodnelia maTi umuSevrad yofna proeqtis mimdinareobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba dabali.
Tu msxvili saxelmwifo proeqti wonasworobiT fass cvlis, samomxmareblo siWarbe sargeblis gamoTvlaSi dagvexmareba.
iseTi saqonlis Rirebuleba, romelic ar iyideba, individis qcevis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. Sefasebis ori meTodi arsebobs: drois dazogvis
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Sedegad miRebuli sargeblis gamoTvla SemcirebiT miRebuli sargeblis Sefaseba.
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gardacvalebis
albaTobis
aramaterialuri sargebeli da danaxarji Seufasebelia. aRniSnuli faqtori ar unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizSi. SesaZloa, calke iqnes gamoTvlili, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania es ori faqtori imisaTvis, rom gadawyvetileba Secvalos. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs erTob uaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZlia Semdegi tipuri Secdomebis arsebobis gamo:
`jaWvuri reaqcia~ _ imisaTvis, rom saproeqto winadadeba CaiTvalos ufro mimzidvelad, iTvaliswineben meorad sargebelsac ki, magram meorad xarjs ugulebelyofen.
`SromiTi Zala~ _ xelfasi ganixileba, rogorc proeqtis sargebeli da ara rogorc proeqtis danaxarji.
`gaormageba~ _ sargebeli SecdomiTaa gaormagebuli.
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·
danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizSi ganawilebiTi aspeqtis CarTvis sakiTxic sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. zogierTi analitikosi Tvlis, rom dolari dolaria, miuxedavad imisa, vin miiRebs mas, xolo zogierTi ki upiratesobas proeqtebs SerCeuli jgufebis sasargeblod aniWebs. ganusazRvrel situaciebSi individi upiratesobas naklebad sarisko proeqts aniWebs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). zogadad, ganusazRvreli proeqtis danaxarji da sargebeli konvertirebul unda iqnes gansazRvrul ekvivalentSi.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
`Tqven rom iyoT am qveynis mmarTveli, ras gaakeTebdiT: ikiTxavdiT, aris Tu ara rentabeluri bavSvebisaTvis cecxlgamZle saRamuris warmoeba, Tu ubralod ubrZanebdiT mwarmoebels, aseTi saRamuri daemzadebina? uCivlebdiT Tu ara im mSenebls, romelic gamoacxadebda, rom mas Zalian Zviri ujdeba kedlebis axlos miSeneba?” [Herbert, 1995]. ra iqneba Tqveni pasuxi am SekiTxvebze? 2. niu-jersiSi ukanaknel periodSi brZaneba gamoica, romlis mixedviTac, avtomobilis gamonabolqvis Semmowmebeli sistemebis inspeqciis procedura gamkacrda. amis Sedegad lodinis xangrZlivoba 15 wuTidan 2 saaTamde gaizarda. rogor unda moxdes aRniSnuli faqtoris
348
gaTvaliswineba gamonabolqvis Semmowmebeli programis danaxarjebisa da Semosavlis analizSi? 3. proeqti yovelwliurad 25 dolaris sargebels moitans. Semosavlis miReba SesaZlebeli iqneba momavali wlidan. Semosavlis miReba usasrulobamde gagrZeldeba. ra iqneba sargeblis mimdinare Rirebuleba, Tu saprocento ganakveTi 10%-ia? [miniSneba: usasrulo jami x + X2 + X3 +… udris x/(1 – x), rodesac x 1-ze naklebia]. ganazogadeT Tqveni pasuxi da miuTiTeT: Tu B aris usasrulo wliuri sargebeli, xolo misi saprocento ganakveTi ki - r, maSin misi mimdinare Rirebuleba aris B/r. 4. dRes gaRebuli 1000 dolari momavali wlidan usasrulo periodamde wliur 80 dolar Semosavals mogvitans. ar aris inflacia, sabazro saprocento ganakveTi aris 10% dabegvramde da 5% dabegvris Semdeg. a) ras udris ukugebis Sida ganakveTi? b) proeqtis dasafinanseblad saWiro fuli momxmareblis saxarjo Tanxidan modis. racionaluri iqneba Tu ara proeqtis ganxorcieleba? ratom? davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadebi Segrovilia kerZo firmebis investiciis Semcirebis xarjze. CaiTvleba Tu ara proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad? davuSvaT, momxmarebeli xarjavs Tavisi ukanaskneli dolaridan 60 cents, xolo 40 cents ki zogavs. CaiTvleba Tu ara proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad? ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxi. g) davuSvaT, rom socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi aris 4%. ra aris proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba? d) davuSvaT, momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia 10% wliuri inflacia. rogor Seicvleba am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxebi (a), (b) da (g) SekiTxvebze?
5. bili mgzavrobs metropoliteniT. mgzavrobis tarifi 75 centia. bili mzadaa, SearCios transportirebis sxva saSualeba, Tu gaizrdeba tarifis Rirebuleba. arsebobs erTaderTi alternativa - avtobusi, romelsac 5 wuTiT meti sWirdeba. bili erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 10-jer mgzavrobs. qalaqSi metropolitenis sistemis mniSvnelovani remonti igegmeba, ris Semdegac Semcirdeba mgzavrobis xangrZlivoba, magram mgzavrobis tarifi 40 centiT gaizrdeba. momavali wlidan gaizrdeba tarifi da Semcirdeba mgzavrobis xangrZlivoba. ase gagrZeldeba usasrulod. saprocento ganakveTi 25%-ia. a) ra aris proeqtis sargeblisa da danaxarjis mimdinare Rirebuleba? b) qalaqis mosaxleobidan 55 aTasi saSualo fenas warmoadgens da yvela maTgani hgavs bils, 5000 ki Raribia. Raribi individi an umuSevaria, an samsaxurTan axlos cxovrobs. amdenad, mosaxleobis es jgufi transportis romelime saSualebiT ar sargeblobs. ra sargebels da danaxarjs moutans proeqti mTlianad qalaqs? ras udris proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba? g) qalaqis sakrebulos wevrebi lobireben axal proeqts, romlis Tanaxmadac, saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli ixdis dauyonebliv gadasaxads 1,25 dolaris odenobiT, raTa uzrunvelyos `ufaso~ iuridiuli momsaxureba RaribTaTvis momavali ori wlis ganmavlobaSi. iuridiuli konsultaciis wliuri Rirebuleba RaribTaTvis 62500 aSS
349
dolaria. davuSvaT, aRniSnuli Tanxis miReba wlis SesaZlebeli. ras udris proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba?
bolosaa
d) Tu qalaqis mosaxleobam arCevani unda gaakeTos metropolitenis proeqtsa da iuridiuli momsaxurebis proeqts Soris, Tqveni azriT, romels airCevs igi? *e)
ras udris TiToeuli dolaris `ganawilebiTi Rirebuleba~, romelsac Raribi miiRebs da romelic ori proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebas gaaTanabrebs? saSualo klasis mier miRebuli dolaris Rirebulebis ra nawils utoldeba Raribi adamianis mier miRebuli dolari? pasuxi axseniT.
6. Arthur D. Lille International-ma CexeTis mTavrobis davalebiT Tambaqos mowevis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi moamzada. angariSis Tanaxmad, mowevis wminda sargebeli dadebiTia imis gamo, rom iwvevs naadrev sikvdils da saxelmwifos pensioneris Senaxvaze naklebi fuli exarjeba. SeafaseT aseTi midgoma, gaixseneT sicocxlis fasis sakiTxi. 7. Jurnalisti niu-iorkSi narCenTa utilizaciis xarjsa da sargebelze msjelobda. pirveli, rac man sargeblis kategorias miakuTvna, iyo is, rom utilizaciis mizniT daaxloebiT 1000 samuSao adgili Seiqmna [Johnson, 2001, gv. L23]. ramdenad logikuria aseTi midgoma? 8. kuriesa da gruberis [1996] Tanaxmad, `mediqeidis~ gafarToebis Sedegad 1980-iani wlebSi 5,1%-iT Semcirda bavSvebis sikvdilianoba. TiToeuli gadarCenili sicocxlis mixedviT, gafarToebis danaxarji 1,6 milioni iyo. rogor fiqrobT, CaiTvleboda Tu ara racionalurad `mediqeidis~ gafarToebis proeqti danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gamoyenebiT?
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Bazelon, Coleman, and Kent Smetters. “Discounting Inside the Washington, D.C. Beltway.” Journal of Economic Perspectives (Fall 1999), pp. 213 – 28.
Boardman, Anthony E; david H Greenberg; Aidan R Vining; and David L Weimer. Xosr Benefit Analysis: Concept and Practice. New Yourk: Prentice Hall, 1996.
*
rTulia
350
Viscusi, W Kip, and Joseph E Aldy. “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World.” Working paper No. 9487. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2003.
danarTi
gansazRvruli ekvivalentis Rirebulebis gamoTvla
danarTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor unda gamoviangariSoT ekvivalentis Rirebuleba ganusazRvreli proeqtisaTvis.
gansazRvruli
davuSvaT, rom jounsi dRes E raodenobis fuls Soulobs. igi monawileobas iRebs dasaqmebis treningSi, romlis zemoqmedebac momaval Semosavlebze gansazRvruli ar aris: Sansi imisa, rom jounsis wliuri Semosavlebi ucvleli darCeba, an gaizrdeba y dolariT, 1/2-s udris (1/2 Sansi)13. programis sargebeli aris is Tanxa, romlis gadaxdis survilic eqneba jounss. amrigad, Cveni ZiriTadi amocanaa, es Tanxa gamoviTvaloT. pasuxi aseTi iqneba: y/2 dolari, anu jounsis Semosavlebis mosalodneli zrda14. magram aseTi meTodiT gamoTvlili Tanxa Zalian maRalia. xom ar dagaviwydaT, rom Semosavlis Sedegi saeWvo da ganusazRvrelia da jounsi garkveuli riskis winaSe dgas? ramdenadac jounsisTvis miuRebelia riski, imdenad met Semosavals daTmobs igi, oRond meti usafrTxoeba moipovos. Tu proeqtis sargebeli an danaxarji sariskoa, maSin aucilebelia maTi gansazRvrul ekvivalentad konvertacia, rac gansazRvruli Semosavlis moculobas warmoadgens, romelsac individi imisaTvis gadaixdis, rom Tavi proeqtis ganusazRvreli Sedegisagan daizRvios.
gansazRvruli ekvivalentis cneba mocemulia 11.A grafikze. horizontalur RerZze izomeba jounsis Semosavali, xolo vertikalurze ki _ sargeblis moculoba. OU sxivi jounsis sargeblis funqciaa, romelic sargeblis mTlian Tanxas gviCvenebs, rac Semosavlis TiToeul donesTanaa asocirebuli. algebrulad, sargeblis Tanxa, romelic mocemuli Semosavlis donesTan, anu I-sTanaa asocirebuli, U(I)-s warmoadgens. monakveTis forma erTgvarad WeSmaritebasTan axlos mdgom daSvebas asaxavs, romlis Tanaxmadac,
13
1/2 Sansi simartivisTvisaa mocemuli. ZiriTadi Sedegi Sansebis aseT ganawilebaze damokidebuli ar aris. 14 mosalodneli Semosavali gamoiTvleba TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis gamravlebiT SesaZleblobaze, rasac Semdeg daemateba: (1 / 2 ´ o) + (1 / 2 ´ y ) = y / 2 .
351
Semosavlis zrdis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba sargebeli, magram Semcirebadi ganakveTiT, anu Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba fiqsirdeba.
grafiki 11.A
imisaTvis, rom nebismieri Semosavlis donesTan asocirebuli sargeblianoba vipovoT, horizontaluri RerZidan avideT zemoT, OU-s mimarTulebiT da Semdeg ki vertikalur RerZze gadavideT. Tu proeqti ver uzrunvelyofs Semosavals jounsisaTvis da misi Semosavali kvlavac E iqneba, maSin misi sargeblianoba iqneba U(E), rogorc es asaxulia vertikalur RerZze. Tu proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad jounsis Semosavali y dolariT gaizrdeba, maSin misi mTliani Semosavali iqneba (E + y), xolo misi sargeblianoba ki - U(E + y).
proeqtis orive Sedegis miRebas Tanabari (1/2) Sansi aqvs, amdenad, jounsis saSualo an mosalodneli Semosavali iqneba E + y/2, romelic naxevar gzaze mdebareobs E-sa da (E + y)-s Soris da gamoxatulia Ī-Ti. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa ara mosalodneli Semosavali, aramed mosalodneli
352
sargeblianoba15. mosalodneli sargeblianoba ori Sedegis sargeblianobis saSualo sididea: 1/2U(E) + 1/2U(E + y). geometriulad, mosalodneli sargeblianoba zustad naxevar gzazea U(E)-sa daU(E+y)-s Soris da Ū-Tia gamoxatuli.
axla ukve SegviZlia gavigoT, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia jounsisTvis samsaxurebrivi treningi (anu ra Tanxas gadaixdis jounsi monawileobisaTvis). Cven unda vipovoT Semosavlis moculoba, romelic miesadageba Ū sargeblianobis dones. aRniSnuli moculoba horizontalur RerZze C-is saxiTaa gamoxatuli, romelic, Tavisi definiciis Tanaxmad, gansazRvrul ekvivalents warmoadgens. aucilebelia, SevniSnoT, rom C naklebia Ī-ze _ dasaqmebis treningis programis gansazRvruli ekvivalenti mosalodnel Semosavalze naklebia. aseTi maxasiaTebeli Cven mier adre gamoTqmul hipoTezas Seesabameba. jounss surs, gadaixados (Ī –C) riskis premia. ganusazRvreli proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis racionaluri Sefaseba proeqtis mosalodneli Rirebulebis riskis premiis TanxiT Semcirebas moiTxovs, romelic mTlianad individis sargeblianobis funqciis formazea damokidebuli.
cxadia, mosalodneli Rirebulebis gamoTvla bevrad ufro martivia, vidre gansazRvruli ekvivalentisa. sabednierod, xSir SemTxvevebSi sruliad sakmarisia mosalodneli Rirebulebis gamoTvla. davuSvaT, rom sabombardiro aRWurvilobis Sesaqmnelad axali proeqti muSavdeba. imdenad, ramdenadac ar arsebobs sruliad naTeli teqnologia, analitikosebs ver daudgeniaT zusti saboloo xarji. ojaxisTvis danaxarji iqneba 15 dolari (1/2 Sansi) an 25 dolari (Sansis 1/2). proeqts esaWiroeba Zalian didi Tanxa, Tumca ase ganawilebuli Tanxa sakmaod umniSvneloa ojaxisaTvis. 11.A grafikis Tanaxmad, orive Sedegi sakmaod axlosaa erTmaneTTan OU mrudze. OU mrudze ganlagebuli wertilebi TandaTan uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, mosalodneli Rirebuleba da gansazRvruli ekvivalenti TiTqmis identuri xdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). individi Tanxis aseTi mcire porciis SemTxvevaSi riskis premias ar moiTxovs.
farTomasStabiani riskiani proeqtis ganusazRvreli sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba misi mosalodneli Rirebulebis safuZvelze xdeba. Tu riski sakmaod maRalia individis SemosavalTan SedarebiT, maSin aucilebeli xdeba gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamoTvla.
15
Tu iciT Teoria ganuzRvrelobis Sesaxeb, albaT, icnobT daSvebas: individs aqvs `fon niuman-morgenSternis sargeblianobis funqcia~.
353
Tavi 12
gadasaxadebi da Semosavlis ganawileba
ibrZole da imoqmede, rogorc gsurs, daawese gadasaxadebi _ sasurvel mogebas movaWre mainc miiRebs.
jon loki
amerikaSi
sagadasaxado
sistemis
Sesaxeb
politikuri
debatebis
dros
ismeba sakiTxi _ samarTlianad nawildeba Tu ara sagadasaxado tvirTi. am normatiul pozitiur
sakiTxze SekiTxvas
ganawilebaze? ganawilebis
imis
keTilgonivruli
daskvnis
gavceT:
moqmedebs
gasagebad,
struqturas,
rogor Tu
rogor
martivi
adamianisaTvis
gvekiTxa,
gadasaxadis
saxiT.
martivia,
meTodi
Tu
saWiroa,
pasuxi
gadasaxadebi
Semosavlis
gadasaxadebi
Semosavlis
cvlis
iqneboda,
TiToeuli
misaRebad
gamokiTxva
ramdens
magram xSirad
Cagvetarebina
ixdis
da
yovelwliurad
_ araswori.
magaliTi
gviCvenebs, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis Sefaseba gacilebiT rTulia. davuSvaT,
erTi
boTli
Rvinis
fasi
10
dolaria.
mTavrobis
mier
dawesebulia gadasaxadi _ boTlze 1 dolari, romelic Semdegnairad unda Segrovdes: rogorc ki Rvinis SeZena xdeba, gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli (romelic daxlTan dgas) gamyidvels dolars gamoarTmevs, sanam igi fuls salaros aparatSi Cadebdes. Cveulebrivi damkvirvebeli daaskvnis, rom Rvinis gadasaxads gamyidveli ixdis. davuSvaT, gadasaxadis dawesebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg, gadasaxadis arsebobis gamo, erTi boTli Rvinis fasi 11 dolaramde gaizarda. cxadia, mflobeli erTi
boTlis
gayidviT
imave
Tanxas
iRebs,
rasac
gadasaxadis
354
dawesebamde iRebda. gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo misi materialuri mdgomareoba ar uaresdeba. momxmarebeli, romelic gazrdil fass ixdis, mTel gadasaxads faravs. axla ki warmovidginoT, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg fasi 10,30 dolaramde gaizarda. am SemTxvevaSi mflobels TiToeul gayidul boTlze mxolod 9,30 dolari darCeba; misi materialuri mdgomareoba TiToeul gayidul boTlze 70 centiT uaresdeba. momxmareblis mdgomareobac uaresdeba – mas Rvinis
erT
mwarmoebeli
boTlSi da
30
centiT
momxmarebeli
metis
uwevs1.
gadaxda
sagadasaxado tvirTs
aseT
inawileben.
SemTxvevaSi jer
kidev
arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac ki erTi boTli Rvinis fasi 10 dolari darCes. am dros momxmareblis mdgomareoba ar uaresdeba, samagierod, gamyidvels uwevs mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTis zidva.
sagadasaxado tvirTis samarTlebrivi ganawileba gulisxmobs
gadasaxadze
iuriudiulad pasuxismgebeli piris identificirebas. wina paragrafSi aRweril samive SemTxvevaSi kanoniT ibegreba gamyidveli, magram daakvirdiT, vis amZimebs realurad sagadasaxado tvirTi? fasebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg icvleba. gadasaxadze
iuridiulad
pasuxismgebeli
piris
identifikacia
gadasaxadis
realuri gadamxdelis Sesaxeb arafers gveubneba.
sagadasaxado tvirTis ekonomikuri ganawileba im cvlilebaze miuTiTebs, romelic individis pirad realur SemosavalSi gadasaxadis gadaxdis gamo moxda.
am
TavSi
sagadasaxado
yuradRebas
tvirTis
imaze
gavamaxvilebT,
samarTlebrivi
ganawileba
Tu
rogor
gansxvavdeba
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
ekonomikuri ganawilebisagan da ra aris sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana.
sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana: ZiriTadi SeniSvnebi
Tu gaxdiT imis Sesaxeb diskusiis monawile, rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi Semosavlis ganawilebaze, gaxsovdeT qvemoT aRwerili dakvirvebani. 1
faqtobrivad, momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis fasis cvlileba mTeli ambis mxolod erTi patara nawilia. gadasaxadis daweseba da, Sedegad, fasis cvlileba arCevans yovelTvis amaxinjebs.
355
mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT, gadasaxadebis simZime aitanon
"New York Times"-is redaqtorma sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis Sesaxeb kvleva
gaakritika.
kvleva
amtkicebda,
rom
`federaluri,
saxelmwifo
da
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fuls individebisagan iRebs, miuxedavad imisa, fuls adamianebi ixdian Tu kompaniebi~ (norisi, 1999). es mosazreba, Cveulebriv, mcdar warmodgenas
asaxavs
imis
Taobaze,
rom
bizness
damoukideblad
SeuZlia
gadasaxadis gadaxda. aSS-is samarTlebrivi sistema zogierT dawesebulebas (magaliTad,
korporacias)
ise
ganixilavs,
TiTqos
is
adamiani
iyos.
es
moxerxebuli gamonagoni zogjer gaurkvevlobas iwvevs. ekonomistebi miiCneven, rom mxolod adamians _ aqcioners, momuSaves, miwis mesakuTres, momxmarebels _ ZaluZs sagadasaxado tvirTis tareba; magram korporacias amis unari ara aqvs. gadasaxadebis moxdes
maTi
kriteriumad
gadaxda
mxolod
klasifikacia xSirad
adamians
ganawilebis
warmoebaSi
SeuZlia, magram rogor unda struqturis
maTi roli
gasaanalizeblad?
gamoiyeneba (anu
ra sawarmoo
saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo process) (sawarmoo saSualebebi xSirad warmoebis faqtoris saxeliT moixsenieba). rogor cvlis sagadasaxado sistema Semosavlis
ganawilebas
kapitalistebs,
mSromelebsa
da
miwis
mesakuTreTa
Soris? es Semosavlis funqcionaluri ganawilebis saxeliTaa cnobili. am analiziT SezRudva odnav moZvelebuli midgoma iqneboda. XVIII saukunis inglisSi sakuTrebis momuSaveebs
mflobelebs albaT erTi dRec ar umuSaviaT, xolo
arasodes
miscemiaT
qonebis
flobis
SesaZlebloba.
dRes
SeerTebul StatebSi individi, romelic Semosavals SromiT moipovebs, flobs danazogis angariSs an/da Cveulebriv aqcias (xSirad aseT aqtivebs individis pensia moicavs). analogiurad, zogierTi adamiani kapitalis uzarmazar nawils flobs, magram mainc sruli ganakveTiT muSaobs. amdenad, ufro racionaluri iqneboda, Segveswavla, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi adamianTa Soris mTliani
Semosavlis
ganawilebaze,
rasac
Semosavlis
ganawilebis
masStabi
ewodeba. informacia adamianTa mier kapitalidan, miwidan, Sromidan miRebuli Semosavlis
proporciis
Sesaxeb,
agreTve
cvlilebani
funqcionalur
ganawilebaSi SesaZloa interpretirebuli iqnes, rogorc ganawilebis masStabSi cvlileba. yvelaze
magaliTad,
metad
gadasaxadi,
daazaralebs
romelic
individs,
amcirebs
romelic
kapitalze
Semosavlis
ukugebas,
ganawilebis
356
mwvervalze imyofeba, radgan mdidar adamians Semosavlis SedarebiT maRali wili kapitalis flobidan aqvs2. klasifikaciis sxva sqemebi saintereso specifikur problemaTa WrilSi iqneba. rodesac sigaretze federaluri gadasaxadi izrdeba, yvelaze didi yuradRebis centrSi regionebis mixedviT gadasaxadebis ganawilebis sakiTxi dgeba (araproporciulad dazaraldeba Tu ara Tambaqos mwarmoebeli Statis mosaxleoba?). amasTanave, rodesac urbanul zonebSi miwis dabegvris sistemaSi cvlileba
xdeba,
analitikosebi
gadasaxadebis
rasis
mixedviT
ganawilebis
sakiTxs akvirdebian. analogiuri magaliTebi sakmaod xSiria (sqesis, asakisa da a.S. TvalsazrisiT).
gaazrebuli unda iqnes rogorc Semosavlis wyaro, ise misi gamoyenebis mimarTulebani
Cvens
mier
aRweril
Rvinis
SemTxvevaSi
vaskvniT,
rom
gadasaxadis
ganawilebiTi efeqti individis mier Semosavlis gamoyenebis mimarTulebebze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli.
Rvinis
fasi izrdeba. amdenad, im adamianis
mdgomareoba, romelic bevr Rvinos yidulobs, uaresdeba. Tu gadasaxadis gamo Rvinoze moTxovna Semcirdeba, maSin Rvinis sawarmoo faqtorebs Semosavlis dakargvis
safrTxe
Seeqmneba.
amdenad,
gadasaxadi
Semosavlis
wyaroze
zemoqmedebiT cvlis Semosavlis ganawilebis struqturas. davuSvaT, Raribi individi Semosavlis did proporcias Rvinoze xarjavs, venaxebi ki mdidarTa sakuTrebaSia.
Semosavlis
gamoyenebis
mxriv,
igi
Raribidan
mdidarze
gadanawildeba, wyaros mxriv ki _ mdidridan Raribze. gadasaxadis zogadi ganawileba
swored
imazea
damokidebuli,
Tu
ra
zegavlena
xorcieldeba
Semosavlis wyarosa da misi moxmarebis mimarTulebebze. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania prezidentis
imisaTvis,
goris
rom
winadadebis
gavigoT
debatebis
irgvliv
arsi,
warmoiqmna.
romlebic
winadadeba
vice-
Waobiani
floridis Statis gasufTavebas Seexeboda. Statis ekologiuri mdgomareoba Saqris warmoebis narCenebis Cadinebis Sedegad uaresdeba. gori moiTxovda, Saqris produqti gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadiT dabegriliyo, amonagebi Tanxa ki Statis
2
gasufTavebas
Tumca zogierTi kapitalidan modis.
moxmareboda.
am
dabalSemosavliani
azris
oponireba
pensioneris
ara
Semosavlis
mxolod
didi
im
nawilic
357
momxmareblebma daiwyes, romlebic Saqarze gazrdili fasis gamo Relavdnen, aramed floridelma momuSaveebmac, romlebic mixvdnen, rom Saqarze moTxovnis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebis masStabi daecemoda _ gadasaxadi mxolod Seamcirebda maT Semosavals. realurad,
rodesac
ekonomistebi
saqonelze
dawesebul
gadasaxads
ganixilaven, Semosavlis wyaros yovelTvis gverds uvlian, xolo sawarmoo saSualebaze
dawesebuli
gamoyenebis
mimarTulebebis
mosaxerxebelia
maSin,
gadasaxadis
gaanalizebis
ignorirebas
rodesac
dros
axdenen.
Semosavlis
_
Semosavlis
aseTi
gamoyenebis
procedura
mimarTulebebze
saqonelze gadasaxadi yvelaze sistematurad, sawarmoo faqtoris gadasaxadi ki _ Semosavlis wyaroze zemoqmedebs. daSveba analizs amartivebs, Tumca misi siswore yovelTvis unda Semowmdes (ix. Fullerton and Rogers [1997]).
gadasaxadis ganawileba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba fasebi
gadasaxadebis
ganawilebisTanave
dgeba
sakiTxi,
Tu
rogor
cvlis
gadasaxadi fass. cxadia, fasis gansazRvris sxvadasxva modeli gansxvavebul pasuxs gagvcems SekiTxvaze: vin atarebs realurad sagadasaxado tvirTs? am TavSi SexvdebiT sxvadasxva modelebs, aqve Sedarebuli iqneba Sedegebi. erT-erTi gadasaxadis yovelTvis
mniSvnelovani ganawileba
dros
ganmavlobaSi,
fasis
moiTxovs.
vidre
sakiTxia
mcire
analizisaTvis
cvlilebazea
reaqcia drois
ufro
gamoyenebuli
damokidebuli. mZlavria
ganmavlobaSi.
cvlileba
xangrZlivi amdenad,
dro. ki
periodis
gadasaxadebis
grZelvadiani da moklevadiani ganawileba gansxvavebuli iqneba. amitom saWiroa drois
im
monakveTis
gansazRvra,
romelic
mocemul
politikur
SekiTxvas
Seesabameba.
358
gadasaxadis ganawileba damokidebulia sagadasaxado Semosavlis gankargvaze
biujetis dabalansebis mizniT gadasaxadebis ganawileba maT dawesebas da am
gadasaxadebis
amonagebi
TanxiT
saxelmwifo
xarjebis
dafinansebas
gulisxmobs. zogadad, gadasaxadis ganawilebiTi efeqti damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor xarjavs mTavroba fuls. Sidsis kvlevaze gaweuli danaxarjis ganawilebiTi efeqti gansxvavdeba im danaxarjis analogiuri maCveneblisgan, romelic skolis bavSvebisaTvis cxeli sadilis momzadebaze gaiweva. zogierTi kvleva amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado amonagebis zustad im odenobas xarjavs, rasac momxmarebeli am Tanxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi daxarjavda. es ki imis
ekvivalenturia,
rom
saxelmwifom
amonagebi
erTjeradad
daubrunos
momxmarebels da misi xarjvis ufleba misces. sagadasaxado Semosavali xSirad gansakuTrebuli danaxarjisaTvis arc ki aris gamiznuli. am dros saWiroa ganvazogadoT SekiTxva _ mTavroba
fuls.
gadasaxadis enacvleba,
garda
amisa,
ganawilebis xolo
diferenciuli
unda
struqtura,
saxelmwifo
ganawilebis
gavaanalizoT, rodesac
biujeti
saxeliTaa
erTi
ucvleli cnobili.
Tu
rogor xarjavs rogor
gadasaxadi
rCeba.
es
icvleba meores
gadasaxadis
diferenciuli
ganawileba
gadasaxadebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs asaxavs. amdenad, aucilebeli xdeba aTvlis wertilis moZieba. hopoTeturi `sxva gadasaxadi~ Sedarebis safuZvelia. es
erTjeradi
gadasaxadia
_
gadasaxadi,
romlis
gadaxdis
valdebuleba
individs akisria, miuxedavad misi ekonomikuri qmedebebisa (magaliTad, 10%-iani saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
damokidebulia
individis
ar
aris
erTjeradi
Semosavlis
gadasaxadi,
masStabze;
magram
radgan
igi
suladobrivi
gadasaxadi, 500 dolari, romelic Semosavlisagan damoukideblad arsebobs, erTjeradia). gadasaxadis
absoluturi
ganawileba
gadasaxadis
efeqts
ganixilavs,
rodesac sxva gadasaxadSi an saxelmwifos xarjebSi cvlileba ar SeiniSneba. gadasaxadebis modelebi
absoluturi
interesdeba.
ganawilebiT
modelSi
yvelaze
stabiluri
miznis
metad
makroekonomikuri
misaRwevad
gadasaxadis
doneebi icvleba. gadasaxadis progresiuloba sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT fasdeba
359
davuSvaT, mkvlevarma konkretul gadasaxadSi yvela individis realuri wili gamoiTvala, rac danaxarjis ekonomikuri ganawilebaa. aseTi mcdelobis praqtikuli
Sedegi
gadasaxadis
proporciul,
progresiul
an
regresiul
gadasaxadad klasifikacia gaxlavT. gansazRvreba proporciuli gulisxmobs `sworxazovans~;
es
aris
mdgomareoba,
rodesac
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
gansazRvrebani
bundovania.
proporcia, Semosavlis donis miuxedavad, mudmivia3. progresiuli samwuxarod,
da
isini
gaurkvevloba
regresiuli
imdenad
Seaqvs.
(Semosavalze
orazrovania,
maTi
gadaxdili
gadasaxadis
ganmarteba
gadasaxadis
rom
xSirad
saSualo
wili)
sajaro
sagadasaxado
konteqstSia
debatebSi ganakveTis
SesaZlebeli.
Tu
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, maSin gadasaxadi progresiulia, xolo Tu mcirdeba _ regresiuli.
cxrili 12.1 sagadasaxado valdebulebani hipoTeturi sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi
sagadasaxado
saSualo
zRvruli
valdebuleba
sagadasaxado
sagadasaxado
(dolari)
ganakveTi
ganakveTi
2,000
$ - 200
-0,10
0,2
3,000
0
0
0,2
5,000
400
0,08
0,2
10,000
1400
0,14
0,2
30,000
5400
0,18
0,2
Semosavali (dolari)
gaurkvevlobis zRvruli
mizezi
sagadasaxado
sagadasaxado mimarTebiT
ganakveTi
isaa,
rom
ganakveTis gadaxdil
cvlilebaa.
am
zogierTi
adamiani
konteqstSi
gadasaxadebSi
distinqciis
progresiulobas
ganixilavs.
zRvruli
Semosavlis
cvlilebasTan
sailustraciod
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis struqturis martivi magaliTi ganvixiloT. TiToeuli individi sakuTar dolars
gadasaxads da
gamoiTvlis
SemTxvevaSi individi 3
Semdegnairad
gamoiTvlis:
darCenili
monacemis
20%-is
Tanxis
Semosavals 20%-s
gamoaklebs
(uaryofiTi
3000
sxvaobis
tol subsidias iRebs). 12.1 cxrili
Tumca Semosavlis gansazRvreba ar aris `sworxazovani~. ix. me-15 Tavi.
360
sxvadasxva Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi gadaxdili gadasaxadis odenobas, saSualo sagadasaxado
ganakveTsa
SemosavalTan
erTad
ganakveTi
da
zRvrul
izrdeba
ki mudmivia
sagadasaxado
saSualo
ganakveTi,
da 0,2-s udris, radgan
ganakveTs
zRvruli
gviCvenebs.
sagadasaxado
TiToeul damatebiT
naSovn
dolarze individi, Semosavlis sididis miuxedavad, damatebiT 20 cents ixdis. SeiZleba
adamianebi
sagadasaxado
sistemis
progresiulobis
Sesaxeb
ver
SeTanxmdnen. yovel maTgans SesaZloa marTebuli definicia hqondes. amdenad, Zalian mniSvnelovania, naTlad ganvsazRvroT progresiuli da regresiuli gadasaxadis arsi. am momentidan CavTvaloT, rom isini saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis konteqstSia gansazRvruli. imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad progresiulia sagadasaxado sistema, ufro rTulia,
vidre
Tavad
progresiulobisa.
arsebobs, romelTagan ors
gavaanalizebT4.
bevri
racionaluri
alternativa
pirvelis Tanaxmad, rac ufro metad
izrdeba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, miT ufro progresiulia sistema. ekonomikuri
sagadasaxado
algebrulad, davuSvaT, valdebuleba
rom
(iuridiuli
T0
T1
da
aris
valdebulebisagan
gansxvavebiT) Sesabamisad I 0 da I 1 doneze ( I 1 aRemateba I 0 -s). progresiulobis sazomi v1 aris:
v1 =
T1 T0 I I0
(12.1)
I1 - I 0
mas Semdeg, rac gamoiTvleba
T1 -sa da T0 -s odenoba da Caismeba 12.1
gantolebaSi, is sagadasaxado sistema, romelsac ufro maRali v1 Rirebuleba eqneba, ufro progresiulad CaiTvleba. meore
alternativis
mixedviT:
erTi
sagadasaxado
sistema
ufro
progresiulia, vidre meore, Tu misi sagadasaxado amonagebis elastiuroba mogebis romelic
mimarT gaiyofa
(anu
sagadasaxado
Semosavlis
SemosavlebSi
procentul
procentuli
cvlilebaze)
ufro
cvlileba, maRalia.
v2
Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:L
4
ixileT Formby, Smith, and Sykes [1986].
361
v2 =
(T1 - T0 ) ( I 1 - I 0 ) ¸ T0 I0
ganvixiloT
(12.2)
aseTi
winadadeba:
TiToeuli
individis
sagadasaxado
valdebuleba im gadasaxadis Tanxis 20%-iT gaizrdeba, romelsac
individi
ixdis. amis Sedegad individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba winandelTan, T0 -sTan, SedarebiT 1,2 ´ T0 -mde gaizrdeba. Tu winandeli valdebuleba iyo T1 , maSin igi
1,2 ´ T1 -mde gaizrdeba. kongresis A wevrma ganacxada, rom am gziT sagadasaxado sistema ufro progresiuli gaxdeba. B wevrma Tqva, rom am meTods araviTari efeqti
ar
eqneba
progresiulobis
TvalsazrisiT.
vin
aris
marTali?
es
progresiulobis sazomzea damokidebuli. Tu 12.1 gantolebaSi 1,2 ´ T0 -sa da
1,2 ´ T1 -s Sesabamisad T0 -iTa da T1 -iT SevanacvlebT, v1 20 %-iT gaizrdeba. amdenad, am meTodis Sedegad gaizrdeba progresiuloba. Tu aseve SevcvliT
v 2 ucvleli darCeba (mricxveli da mniSvneli
maCveneblebs 12.2 gantolebaSi, mravldeba 1,2-ze,
ris
Sedegadac efeqts
ver
viRebT).
Cven ki imis Cveneba
gvindoda, rom progresiulobis
Tundac yvelaze keTilgonivrulma sazomma
SesaZloa
mogvces5.
gansxvavebuli
pasuxi
kvlav
vimeorebT,
rom
diskusiis
gasamarTavad naTeli definiciebi aucilebelia.
nawilobrivi wonasworobis modeli
davubrundeT gadasaxadebi gadasaxadebis
am
Tavis
Semosavlis Sedegad
yvelaze
arsebiT
ganawilebaze.
fasebis
sakiTxs:
gaixseneT,
cvlilebaa.
amitom
rogor
rom
zemoqmedebs
problemis
metad
arsi
mniSvnelovania,
vicodeT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba fasi. qvemoT ganvixilavT fasis gansazRvris nawilobrivi wonasworobis models. es aris modeli, romelic mxolod im
5
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom v1 da v 2 zogadad damokidebulia Semosavlis doneze. zogjer
erT sagadasaxado sistemasac ki ara progresiulobis Sesaxeb msjelobas.
aqvs
mudmivi
v1 da
v 2 , rac
arTulebs
362
bazars ukavSirdeba, romelzedac gadasaxadia
dawesebuli, da sxva bazrebis
arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs. aseTi analizi mniSvnelovania, rodesac bazari dasabegri saqonlisaTvis SedarebiT pataraa. Cvens analizSi wamyvani iqneba srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis modeli.
saqonlis erTeulze dawesebuli gadasaxadi
pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi (gayiduli saqonlis erTeulze
gadasaxdeli
fiqsirebuli
gadasaxadi).
magaliTad,
federaluri
mTavroba awesebs gadasaxads Sampanurze _ 3,40 dolars galonze da gadasaxads sigaretze _ 39 cents kolofze. davuSvaT, rom Sampanuris fasi da odenoba konkurenciulad,
anu
( SC )
miwodebisa
da
moTxovnis
( DC )
SefardebiT,
ganisazRvreba (grafiki 12.1). gadasaxadis dawesebamde moTxovnili fiqsirebuli odenoba da fasi Sesabamisad aris Q0 da P0 . axla davuSvaT, rom galonze dawesda gadasaxadi $u, xolo gadasaxadze iuridiulad pasuxs agebs myidveli (anu myidveli samarTlebrivad gadasaxadis gadamxdelia).
gadasaxadis
zegavlenis
analizisas
mniSvnelovania
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi mimwodeblis mier miRebuli fasisgan gansxvavdeba. adre erTi sabazro fasis gansazRvrisaTvis SegveZlo
moTxovna-miwodeba
modificirebaa
saWiro,
gagveanalizebina.
raTa igi
or
axla
gansxvavebul fass
aseTi –
analizis
myidvelisa da
gamyidvelis fasebs, movargoT.
12.1 grafiki
363
ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi moTxovnis monakveTze. a avirCioT SemTxveviT wertilad. wertili miuTiTebs imaze, rom maqsimaluri fasi, romelsac momxmarebeli
Qa galonSi gadaixdis, aris
Pa . erTeulze
gadasaxadis, u-s, dawesebis Semdeg Qa galonSi momxmarebelTa umetesoba kvlav
Pa -s gadaixdis. amdenad, ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom gadasaxadi Sampanuris mimarT momxmareblis damokidebulebaze moqmedebs. Tumca rodesac momxmarebeli galonSi Pa Tanxas gadaixdis, mwarmoebeli aRar miiRebs mTlian Tanxas. amis nacvlad, momxmareblis mier miRebuli Tanxa iqneba: ( Pa - u) (Tanxa, romelic
12.1 grafikze b wertiliTaa moniSnuli).
erTeulze gadasaxadis
dawesebis Semdeg moTxovnis mrudze a wertili mwarmoeblis mier miRebul wertils aRar emTxveva. moTxovnis mrudze arsebuli b wertili mwarmoeblis aRqmadobis wertilia – mwarmoebeli kargad xvdeba imas, rom
Qa
galonis
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mis mier galonis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Tanxa
( Pa - u) iqneba. mwarmoeblisTvis umniSvneloa, Tu ramdens ixdis momxmarebeli galonSi;
mimwodeblisTvis
aqtualuria
is
Tanxa,
romelsac
is
gayidul
galonSi miiRebs.
364
a wertili SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli. Tu moTxovnis mrudze sxva romelime wertils avirCevdiT, garwmunebT, movlenebi iseve ganviTardeboda. magaliTad, gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg,
Qc produqtis gayidvis Sedegad mwarmoebeli
iRebs fass, romelic n wertils (romelic m wertilidan u manZilis gamoklebis Sedegad vipoveT) emTxveva. Tu am process nebismier wertilSi moTxovnis mrudis paralelurad gavimeorebT, miviRebT moTxovnis axal mruds, romelic Zvel mrudTan SedarebiT u dolariT qvemoTaa. 12.2 grafikSi aseTi gziT miRebuli moTxovnis mrudi DC¢ -iTaa aRniSnuli. DC¢ monakveTi gviCvenebs, Tu ra Tanxas iRebs mwarmoebeli TiToeul gayidul erTeulSi.
12.2 grafiki
Sampanuris boTlebis
ra odenoba CaiTvleba optimalurad gadasaxadis
dawesebis Semdeg? wonasworoba iq miiRweva, sadac miwodebis mrudi moTxovnis mruds
gadakveTs.
es
ki
12.2
grafikze
Q1
wertilia.
Cven
vxedavT,
rom
gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad gayiduli saqonlis raodenoba Q0 -dan Q1 -mde Semcirda. ra iqneba wonasworobis fasi? rogorc aRvniSneT, axal wonasworobaSi ori fasi
figurirebs:
mwarmoeblis
mier miRebuli
fasi da momxmareblis
mier
gadaxdili fasi. mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi efeqtiani moTxovnisa da
365
miwodebis
mrudebis
gadakveTis
adgils
( Pn )
emTxveva. momxmareblis
mier
gadaxdili fasi aris Pn plus u, gadasaxadi erTeulze. am fasis geometriulad asaxvisaTvis
Pn -s maRla, vertikalurad unda gadavinacvloT im manZiliT,
romelic u-s toli iqneba. Tumca, konstruqciis Tanaxmad, DC -sa da D¢C -s Soris arsebuli manZili u-s udris. amdenad, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasis gansazRvris mizniT ubralod D¢C -sa da -s S C gadakveTis wertilidan zemoT, Tavdapirveli moTxovnis mrudamde, DC -mde, gadavinacvlebT. ase gansazRvruli fasi aris Pg . igi moicavs gadasaxads; mas xSirad gadasaxadis Semcvel fassac uwodeben. meore mxriv, Pn aris fasi, romelic Tavisufalia gadasaxadisagan. gadasaxadi momxmareblis mdgomareobas auaresebs, radgan Pg , axali fasi, ufro maRalia, gadasaxadis
vidre Tavdapirveli fasi ( P0 ). Tumca momxmareblis fasi
sruli
mwarmoebelic
odenobiT
gadasaxadis
nawils
Semcirebul odenobas iRebs. gadasaxadis dawesebis
dawesebamde Sedegad
ar
ixdis,
_
( Pg
-
P0 ) naklebia u-ze.
radgan gayidul
galonSi Tanxis
mwarmoebeli axla mxolod Pn -s iRebs, Tumca
P0 -s
rogorc
izrdeba
iRebda.
amdenad,
mwarmoeblis,
ise
aSkaraa,
rom
momxmareblis
gadasaxadis materialuri
mdgomareoba gauaresda6. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom momxmarebeli da mwarmoebeli `inawileben~ gadasaxads: momxmareblis fasis zrda ( Pg - P0 ) da mimwodeblis fasis Semcireba ( P0 - Pn ) $u-s gasagebs xdis.
12.3 grafiki
Warbi zomebis TvalsazrisiT, momxmareblis mdgomareoba mkfg arealiT, xolo mwarmoeblis mdgomareoba _ mghn arealiT uaresdeba. Warbi danakargis mTliani odenoba sagadasaxado amonagebs fhg samkuTxediT aRemateba; es aris gadasaxadis Warbi sagadasaxado tvirTi, rogorc es me-13 TavSia axsnili. momxmareblisa d mwarmoeblis Warbi zomebis gasaanalizeblad ix. me-3 Tavis danarTi. 6
366
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, Segrovebuli gadasaxadebi Sesyidul fiqsirebul odenobaze,
Q1
geometriulad,
-ze,
da
fiqsirebul
gadasaxadze,
u-zea
damokidebuli.
Q1 aris kfhn marTkuTxedis sigane, xolo u _ misi simaRle.
amdenad, sagadasaxado Semosavali am marTkuTxedis farTobia. analizi ori mniSvnelovani SedegiT xasiaTdeba:
fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis efeqti ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin ibegreba: momxmarebeli Tu mwarmoebeli. davuSvaT, rom u gadasaxadiT Sampanuris mwarmoebeli daibegra da ara momxmarebeli. warmovidginoT, rom fasi Pi 12.3 grafikSi
Tavdapirveli
miwodebis
mrudze
mdebareobs.
miwodebis
mrudis
Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom mwarmoebelma Q1 erTeuli awarmoos, erTeulSi Pi fasi mainc unda miiRos. erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg mwarmoebels kvlav surs, Pi fasi miiRos. amisaTvis ki momxmarebelma erTeulze Pi + u -s toli fasi unda gadaixados, romelic geometriulad j wertilSia naCvenebi. axla naTelia, aris Tu ara argumenti saimedo. miwodebis mrudis sapovnelad
S c erTeuli
gadasaxadis TanxiT zemoT unda avitanoT. miwodebis axali mrudi
Sc¢ -iTaa
367
aRniSnuli. gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgomi wonasworoba Q1¢ wertilSia, sadac
S c¢ da Dc mrudebi gadaikveTeba. gadakveTis fasi, Pg¢ , momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasia. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ra aris mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi fasi, Pg¢ -s unda gamovakloT u, rac
Pn¢ -s gvaZlevs. Tu 12.2 grafiks SevxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom Q1¢ = Q1 , Pg¢ = Pg da Pn¢ = Pn . amdenad, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis efeqti araa damokidebuli imaze, bazris romeli mxare daibegreba am gadasaxadiT. ukve ambobs
aRvniSneT,
rom
gadasaxadebis
gadasaxadebis
ekonomikuri
samarTlebrivi
ganawilebis
Sesaxeb.
ganawileba
arafers
metaforuladac
ki
warmoudgenelia, gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli idges momxmareblis gverdiT da Sampanuris erTi galonis SeZenisTanave arTmevdes mas u dolars, an idges gamyidvelis gverdiT da u dolars gamyidvelis mier produqtis gayidvisTanave agrovebdes. 12.2 da 12.3 grafikebi cxadyofs, rom am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania momxmareblis mier gadaxdil fassa da mwarmoeblis mier miRebul fass Soris sxvaoba, romelic romelic
gadasaxadis SemoRebisTanave warmoiqmneba, da ara is, bazris
mxare dazaraldeba amiT.
momxmareblis mier gadaxdil fassa da
mimwodeblis mier miRebul fass Soris gadasaxadis gamo warmoqmnil sxvaobas sagadasaxado areali ewodeba.
fiqsirebuli
gadasaxadis
ganawileba
damokidebulia
moTxovnisa
da
miwodebis elastiurobaze. 12.2 grafikSi gadasaxadis mTeli simZime gadadis momxmarebelze _ mis mier gadasaxdeli fasi ufro meti odenobiT izrdeba, vidre
mwarmoeblisaTvis
misaRebi
fasi
mcirdeba.
Sedegi
moTxovnisa
da
miwodebis mrudebis formis mixedviT mkacrad gansazRvrulia. rogorc wesi, rac ufro elastiuria moTxovna, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, miT naklebia momxmareblis sagadasaxado tvirTi. Tanabar
pirobebSi,
analogiurad,
miT
naklebi
rac
ufro elastiuria miwodeba,
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
aqvs
sxva
mwarmoebels.
elastiuroba ekonomikuri agentis mier gadasaxadis acilebis unaris uxeSi Sefasebis saSualebaa. rac ufro elastiuria mrudi, fasebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi miT martivia momxmareblisaTvis sxva produqtis arCeva. amdenad, mimwodebels ufro
didi
sagadasaxado tvirTis
zidva
mouwevs.
arsebobs
sawinaaRmdego
SemTxvevac, rodesac momxmarebeli fasis miuxedavad produqtis imave odenobas iZens.
aseT
dros
mTeli
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
momxmarebelze
gadadis.
analogiuri mosazrebani miwodebis mxaresTan dakavSirebiTac arsebobs.
368
12.4 grafiki
12.4 da 12.5 grafikebi eqstremalur SemTxvevebs aRwers. 12.4 grafikze X saqoneli srulad araelastiuri miwodebiT xasiaTdeba. erTeuli gadasaxadis dawesebisTanave
moTxovnis
efeqtiani
mrudi
D ¢X
iqneba.
rogorc
adre,
mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi ( Pn ) aris S X -sa da D ¢X -s gadakveTis wertilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
Pn
P0 -ze zustad u dolariT naklebia. amdenad,
mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi zustad gadasaxadis odenobiT mcirdeba. amave dros, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi srulad
araelastiuri
mwarmoebels
awveba.
miwodebis
12.5
grafiki
Pg ( = Pn + u )
SemTxvevaSi
P0
wertilSi rCeba.
gadasaxadis
sawinaaRmdego
SemTxvevas
mTeli
simZime
gviCvenebs.
Z
produqtis miwodeba srulad elastiuria. erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg moTxovnis
D Z¢
mruds miviRebT.
Z1 axal wonasworobaSi produqtis
moTxovnili odenobaa, xolo mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi, Pn , kvlav P0 wertilSi
rCeba.
moxmareblis
mier
gadaxdili
fasi,
Pg , aris
P0 +u. am
SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis mTeli simZime momxmarebelze gadadis7.
7
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom vidre sawarmoo saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji mudmivia, konkurentuli bazrisaTvis, rogorc 12.5 grafikze, grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria. amdenad, am pirobebSi sagadasaxado tvirTi momxmareblebma xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi unda ataron.
369
debatebi SeerTebul
Tambaqoze
StatebSi
dawesebuli
seriozuli
gadasaxadis
politikuri
Sesaxeb.
debatebi
bolo
periodSi
gaimarTa.
debatebi
Tambaqos dabegvras Seexeboda. 2000 wels Tambaqos nawarmis TiTo kolofze dawesebuli 24-centiani federaluri gadasaxadi 34 centamde gaizarda, dRes ki ukve 39 cents utoldeba. kanonmdebelTa gansazRvrul nawils am ganakveTze SeCereba ar surs da misi 1 dolaramde gazrda aqvs ganzraxuli. gadasaxadis gazrdis ideis damcvelTa erT nawils mwevelTa koeficientis Semcireba surs, meore
nawils
ki
_
Tambaqos
mwarmoebelTa
dasja.
mwevelTa
ricxovnobis
Semcirebis mosurneni fiqroben, rom gadasaxadi sigaretze momxmareblis mier gadasaxdel fass gazrdis, xolo Tambaqos mwarmoebelTa dasjis mosurneni imedovneben, rom mwarmoebelTa mier miRebuli Tanxis
odenoba Semcirdeba.
romeli efeqti iqneba ufro Zlieri? Cvens mier ganxiluli modeli gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesaxeb zustad gveubneba, Tu ra unda vipovoT _ sigaretis bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiuroba.
advaluri gadasaxadi
axla ganvixiloT advaluri gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura. es aris gadasaxadi,
romlis
ganakveTi
Rirebulebis
proporciulia.
tenesis
Stati
SeZenil sasursaTo saqonelze 6% gadasaxads awesebs. faqtobrivad, yvela saxis saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi gadasaxadi restornis saWmelsa da tansacmelze advaluri gadasaxadebia.
370
12.6 grafiki
advaluri gadasaxadis analizi fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis msgavsad unda warimarTos. ZiriTadi strategia imis Sefasebaa, Tu rogor icvleba arsebuli moTxovnis
mrudi
wonasworoba.
gadasaxadis
nacvlad
imisa,
dawesebis rom
Semdeg
TiToeuli
da
sad
miiRweva
erTeulisaTvis
axali
analogiuri
absoluturi odenobiT mrudi qvemoT daweuliyo, advaluri gadasaxadi mas imave proporciiT amcirebs. amaSi gasarkvevad 12.6 grafikze sursaTze moTxovna ( D f ) da
miwodeba
(
Sf
)
ganvixiloT.
gadasaxadebis
wonasworobis fasi da odenoba aris Sesabamisad
ararsebobis
pirobebSi
P0 da Q0 . davuSvaT, rom
sursaTis bruto-fasi 25%-iT ibegreba8. gavaanalizoT D f -ze mdebare m wertili. gadasaxadis
dawesebis
Semdeg
momxmarebeli
kvlav
mzadaa,
Qm
funti
8
advaluri gadasaxadis gamoTvla mraval mniSvnelovan faqtorTanaa dakavSirebuli. gadasaxadi neto-fasidan gamoiTvleba Tu bruto-fasidan? Cvens magaliTSi gadasaxadi aris bruto-fasis 25%, rac neto-fasis 33%-ia. Tu momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi 1 dolars udris, gadasaxadi 25 cents unda gautoldes, mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi ki 75 centi unda iyos. 25 centi 75 centis 33%-ia – es gaxlavT gadasaxadis procentuli Sefardeba neto-fasTan.
371
sursaTisaTvis Pm maqsimaluri Tanxa gadaixados. mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi Tanxa im vertikaluri manZilis 75%-ia, romelic m wertilsa da horizontalur RerZs
Soris
arsebobs
da
n wertiliTaa
aRniSnuli.
amdenad,
n wertili
moTxovnis mrudze mdebareobs da mas mwarmoebeli iRebs. r wertilSi arsebuli fasi massa da horizontalur RerZs Soris arsebuli manZilis erTi meoTxediT Camodis
qvemoT,
wertilisaTvis
s
wertilamde.
gavimeorebT,
Tu
aRniSnul
arsebuli
Df
proceduras
moTxovnis
mrudi
12.7
-s
yvela
grafikze
ganisazRvreba, rogorc D ¢f . am momentidan analizi iseve grZeldeba, rogorc fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi: wonasworoba iq miiRweva, sadac S f
gadakveTs
D ¢f -s, odenoba iqneba Q1 , sursaTis mwarmoebelTa mier miRebuli fasi _ Pn , xolo momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi _
Pg . gadasaxadis ganawilebis
struqtura moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobiT ganisazRvreba.
12.7 grafiki
aseTi analizi uamrav situaciaSia misaRebi. davuSvaT, rom 12.7 grafikze xelaxali aRniSvnebi gakeTda. axla ki sasursaTo bazris nacvlad, saarendo
372
binebis
bazari
warmovidginoT.
uZravi
qonebis
gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
struqtura ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin ixdis qonebis gadasaxads: mesakuTre
Tu
damqiravebeli.
es
ewinaaRmdegeba
miRebul
mosazrebas
imis
Taobaze, rom gadasaxads ZiriTadad miwis mepatrone ixdis.
gadasaxadi warmoebis faqtorebze
Cven
ganvixileT
saqonelze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadi.
axla
warmoebis
faqtorebze dawesebuli gadasaxadebi gavaanalizoT.
xelfasze amonagebi rogorc
gadasaxadi.
socialuri es
me-9
gaaanalizeT
usafrTxoebis
TavSia
miTiTebuli,
xelfasze
sistemis
gadasaxadi,
dasafinanseblad
momuSavis
Semosavlis
romlis
gamoiyeneba.
7,65%-is
toli
gadasaxadi damqiravebelma, imave ganakveTis gadasaxadi ki _ Tavad momuSavem (jamSi 15,3%) unda gadaixados9. gadasaxadis ase gayofas sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. Sedegad, Cvens kanonmdeblebs swamT, rom xelfasze gadasaxadi rogorc
damqiravebelma,
ise
daqiravebulma
unda
gadaixados.
Tumca
samarTlebrivi distinqcia muSasa da ufross Soris am mxriv umniSvneloa. rogorc ukve iTqva, xelfasze gadasaxadis efeqti daqiravebulis mier miRebul Tanxasa da damqiraveblis mier gadaxdil Tanxas Soris arsebul sxvaobazea damokidebuli.
9
mas Semdeg, rac Semosavali gadaaWarbebs gansazRvrul dones, xelfasze gadasaxadis ganakveTi Semcirdeba. ix. me-9 Tavi.
373
mosazreba ilustrirebulia 12.8 grafikze, sadac moTxovna, xolo davuSvaT, rom udrida.
SL
SL
SromiTi
DL
SromiT resursze
_ SromiTi resursis miwodebaa. ilustrirebis mizniT
aris srulad araelastiuri. dabegvramde xelfasi resursis
Rirebulebaze
gadasaxadi
mimdinare
w0 -s
moTxovnis
mruds DL¢ -mde gadaswevs. rogorc yovelTvis, DL¢ -sa da DL -s Soris manZili aris sxvaoba gadaxdil da mimwodeblis mier miRebul Tanxas Soris. gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg momuSaveTa mier miRebuli xelfasi wn -mde mcirdeba. meore mxriv, damqiraveblis mier gadaxdili xelfasi, w g , kvlav w0 wertilSi rCeba. miuxedavad
imisa,
daregulirebuli,
rom
cxadi
gadasaxadis xdeba,
rom
ganawileba
momuSavis
mier
samarTlebrivadaa miRebuli
xelfasi
gadasaxadis toli TanxiT mcirdeba. mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi mas akisria. cxadia, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu CavTvlidiT, rom miwodeba elastiuria. ZiriTadi principi isaa, rom gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesaxeb verafers gavigebT, Tu Sesabamisi faqtorebis elastiurobis donis Taobaze informacia ar gveqneba. arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi samuSao saaTebis mTliani miwodebis elastiuroba daaxloebiT nulis tolia (Heckman, 1993). axlo momavalSi ase gagrZeldeba: xelfasze gadasaxadis didi
374
nawili SromiT Zalas daawveba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kongresi araerTxel Seecada, tvirTi Tanabrad gaeyo.
kapitalis
dabegvra
globalur
ekonomikaSi.
kapitalze
gadasaxadis
analizis strategia xelfasze gadasaxadis analizis analogiuria: daxazeT moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebi, gadasaxadis ganakveTis mixedviT gansazRvruli TanxiT gadaaadgileT an moabruneT Sesabamisi mrudi da Semdeg naxeT, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg miRweuli axali wonasworoba Zvelisagan.
iseTi
ekonomikis
farglebSi,
romlisTvisac
vaWroba
ucxoa,
moTxovnis mrudi qvemoT Camova (firma nakleb kapitals moiTxovs, rodesac fasebi izrdeba), xolo kapitalis miwodebis mrudi zemoT ava (individebi met kapitals awvdian (anu mets zogaven), rodesac danazogis ukugeba izrdeba)10. aseT SemTxvevaSi kapitalis mflobels gadasaxadis garkveuli nawili akisria, romlis
zusti
odenoba
miwodebisa
da
moTxovnis
elastiurobazea
damokidebuli. davuSvaT, rom saqme axla ukve Ria ekonomikasTan gvaqvs, roca kapitali qveynidan qveyanaSi Tavisuflad gadadis. faqtobrivad, kapitalis erTaderTi globaluri bazari arsebobs. Tu kapitalis mimwodebeli ver miiRebs ukugebis mimdinare saerTaSoriso ganakveTs erT qveyanaSi, igi kapitals sxva qveyanaSi gaitans. moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebis TvalsazrisiT, kapitalis miwodeba erT qveyanaSi srulad elastiuria _ misi moqalaqeebi uflebamosilni arian, imdeni kapitali
Seisyidon,
ramdenic
surT,
ukugebis
mimdinare
saerTaSoriso
ganakveTiT, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi – ufro dabali ganakveTiT. kapitalze gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
ilustrirebuli,
Sedegebi
gadasaxadis
STambeWdavia.
SemoRebamde
rogorc
momxmareblis
12.5
grafikzea
mier
kapitalze
gadaxdili Tanxa zustad gadasaxadis odenobiT gaizarda, Tumca kapitalis mimwodebels aranairi sagadasaxado tvirTi ar akisria. sqema martivia: kapitali sazRvargareT dakisrebis
gadainacvlebs,
safrTxe
Tu
emuqreba;
am
qveyanaSi
amdenad,
mas
gadasaxadis
sagadasaxado dawesebamde
tvirTis arsebuli
amonagebis ganakveTi izrdeba. integrirebul msoflio ekonomikaSi kapitali qveynidan qveyanaSi arcTu ise advilad gadaedineba. ufro metic, SeerTebuli Statebis kapitalis bazari didia; amitom saeWvoa, rom aq miwodebis mrudi srulad horizontaluri iyos. miuxedavad 10
amisa,
politikosi,
romelic
globalizacias
gverds
uvlis,
Tumca danazogi ukugebis ganakveTiT ar unda gaizardos. ix. me-16 Tavi.
375
Seecdeba,
kapitalis
TvalsazrisiT
mflobeli
mobiluria.
sagadasaxado tvirTi
dabegros.
amdenad,
sxvebze
misi
gadadis.
kapitali
saerTaSoriso
mflobelisTvis
rac Seexeba
dakisrebuli
kapitalze gadasaxadis
progresiulobis sakiTxs, garwmunebT, rom es iluziaa.
saqonlis dabegvra konkurenciis ararsebobisas
konkurentuli
bazari
Cvens
analizSi
did
rols
asrulebs.
axla
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba Sedegebi alternatiuli sabazro struqturis farglebSi.
monopolia. erTaderTi
konkurenciis
gamyidvelis
sawinaaRmdego
arsebobas
formaa
gulisxmobs.
monopolia.
12.9
monopolia
grafikze
ixilavT
monopolists, romelic X produqts awarmoebs. saqonlis dabegvramde moTxovnis mrudi
DX
iyo,
produqciis
xolo
warmoebaze
Sesabamisi gaweuli
zRvruli
zRvruli
saSualo mTliani danaxarjis mrudi ki _
amonagebis
danaxarjis
mrudi mrudi
_ aris
MRX .
X
MC X ,
ATC X . rogorc yovelTvis, axlac
sargeblis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia, warmoebam im wertils miaRwios, sadac zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba, anu romlis drosac fasi aris
X 0 warmoebas,
P0 . erTeulze miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeli
saSualo amonagebsa da saSualo mTlian danaxarjs Soris sxvaobaa, anu ab manZili. gayiduli fiqsirebuli odenoba aris db. amdenad, mTliani mogeba udris ab gamravlebuli db-ze, rac ikavebs abdc marTkuTxedis farTobs. davuSvaT, rom X produqtis erTeuli u gadasaxadiT daibegra. mimdinare moTxovnis mrudi, romelic mwarmoeblisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani, qveviT u-s toli vertikaluri manZiliT Camoinacvlebs11. 12.10 grafikze moTxovnis mrudi D ¢X -iTaa aRniSnuli. amave dros, zRvruli sargeblis mrudi, romelic mniSvnelovania firmisaTvis, TiToeul
qveviT
gayidul
u-s
toli
erTeulze
manZiliT firmis
Camoinacvlebs, zrdad
amonagebs
radgan
gadasaxadi
amcirebs.
axali
mimdinare zRvruli amonagebis mrudi MR ¢X -iTaa moniSnuli. alternatiulad, SegveZlo zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi maRla agvewia u manZiliT. saboloo Sedegi erTnairia. 11
376
12.9 grafiki 12.10 grafiki
377
378
X 1 wertilSi ( MR ¢X -sa da MC X -s gadakveTa) dafiqsirebuli warmoeba firmis sargeblis maqsimalurad gazrdazea orientirebuli.
warmoebis
X1
donis SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom monopolisti D ¢X -iT gazrdil fass miiRebs ( D ¢X moTxovnis mrudia, romelic mniSvnelovania monopolistisaTvis), xolo Tavad
Pn
fasi
wertilSi iqneba.
momxmareblis
mier gadaxdili fasi
u + Pn -iTaa
gansazRvruli. diagramaze misi adgili Pg wertilSia. dabegvrisSemdgomi mogeba erTeulze monopolistis mier miRebul fassa da saSualo mTlian danaxarjs Soris sxvaoba, anu fg manZilia. gayiduli fiqsirebuli odenoba aris if. amdenad, monopoliis ekonomikuri mogeba gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg fghi farTobiT izomeba. ra aris gadasaxadis efeqti? saqonlis moTxovnili odenoba iklebs ( X 1 <
X 2 ) ; momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi izrdeba ( Pg > P0 ); monopolistis mier miRebuli fasic mcirdeba ( Pn < P0 ). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monopolistis sargebeli 12.10 grafikze gadasaxadebis farTobis (jghi) dabla mdebareobs, xolo 12.9
grafikze
monopolisti
ufro
mcirea,
bazarze
vidre
didi
abdc
farTobi.
ZalauflebiT
miuxedavad
sargeblobs,
misi
imisa,
rom
materialuri
mdgomareoba uaresdeba gayiduli produqciis erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad. sajaro debatebi xSirad miuTiTebs imaze, rom sabazro Zalauflebis mqone firmas SeuZlia, mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi momxmarebels gadasces. Cveni analizi
ki
uCvenebs, rom yvelaze xarbi
da gaumaZRari
monopolistic
ki
iZulebulia, sakuTar Tavze aiRos sagadasaxado tvirTis nawili. rogorc adre, axlac
momxmareblis
tvirTis
zusti
sidide
moTxovnis
elastiurobazea
damokidebuli. kargi
iqneba,
advaluri
gadasaxadis
Cveneuli
analizi
monopolistis
SemTxvevas movargoT ( D X da MR X , nacvlad qveviT gadaadgilebisa, moabruneT). es iqneba mkiTxvelis savarjiSo.
oligopolia. or radikalur winaaRmdegobas _ srulyofil konkurenciasa da monopolias _ Soris oligopolias aRmovaCenT. oligopolia aris bazari `ramdenime~ gamyidveliT. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs Teoria, romelic kargad aRwerda, Tu rogor xdeba oligopoliis pirobebSi gadasaxadebis ganawileba. mizezi
martivia:
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
ganawileba,
upirveles
yovlisa,
damokidebulia imaze, rogor icvleba Sesabamisi fasebi gadasaxadebis SemoRebis
379
Semdeg. Tumca
oligopoliuri
fasis
gansazRvris
zogadad
aRiarebuli
da
misaRebi Teoria ar arsebobs. cxadia, mainc SegviZlia, bevr sakiTxze gamovitanoT daskvna. amisaTvis aucilebelia warmovidginoT is problemebi, romelTa winaSec oligopoliuri bazris monawile firmebi dganan. firmebis TvalsazrisiT, idealuri garemo swored maSin iqmneba, rodesac firmebi warmoebuli saqonlis raodenobaze farulad SeTanxmdebian, ris Sedegadac mTeli seqtoris mogeba maqsimalurad izrdeba. warmoebis aseTi done kartelis gadawyvetilebis saxeliTaa cnobili (karteli mwarmoebelTagan Semdgari jgufia, romelic Semosavlis maqsimizaciis mizniT koordinirebulad muSaobs. navTobis saerTaSoriso yvelaze
cnobili
magaliTia).
kartelis
gadawyvetileba
karteli OPEC-i TiToeul
firmas
aiZulebs, sabazro fasis gazrdis mizniT warmoeba Seamciros. firmebis winaSe arsebuli problema ki isaa, rom kartelis gadawyvetilebis miRweva Zalian rTulia.
ratom?
imitom,
rom
firmis
warmoebis
masStabis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebisTanave TiToeul firmas uCndeba `TaRliTobis~ survili – mas surs, isargeblos maRali fasiT da dadgenil kvotaze meti produqti awarmoos
(gaixseneT
da
ifiqreT
OPEC-ze;
imaze,
Tu
rogor
cdilobs
is,
aiZulos Tavisi wevrebi, rom Tavi Seikavon `Warbi~ produqtis warmoebisagan). Sedegad, oligopoliur bazarze saqonlis odenoba yovelTvis metia kartelis gadawyvetilebis mdgomareoba
Sesabamisad
gaumjobesdeba,
dawesebul Tu
raime
warmoebis meqanizmi
kvotaze. gamoiZebneba,
firmebis romlis
saSualebiTac firma warmoebis masStabs Seamcirebs. ra
moxdeba
aseTi
saqonlis
dabegvris
SemTxvevaSi?
iseve,
rogorc
konkurenciisa da monopoliis SemTxvevaSi, firmebi Tavisi saqonlis moculobas amcireben. Tumca, yvela sxva sabazro struqturisagan gansxvavebiT, es arcTu ise
cudia
oligopoliuri
firmebisaTvis.
mTliani
mogebis
(gadasaxadebis
gadaxdamde) nebismieri mocemuli odenobis SemTxvevaSi firmebis mdgomareoba uaresdeba, radgan maT gadasaxadebis gadaxda uwevT. firma amcirebs warmoebas da amiT kartelis gadawyvetilebas ufro uaxlovdeba. amdenad, misi mTliani mogeba izrdeba. Teoriulad SesaZlebelia, mTliani mogeba ise gaizardos, rom, mogebidan mdgomareoba
gadasaxadebis mainc
gamoqviTvis
gaumjobesdes
miuxedavad,
(Delipalla
and
Keen,
firmis 1992).
materialuri
Tumca
ar
aris
gamoricxuli, rom firmebis mdgomareoba gauaresdes. gansazRvruli daskvnis gasakeTeblad aucilebelia informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad amcirebs firma Tavis warmoebas.
380
oligopoliis ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi TandaTan naTeli xdeba. amdenad, albaT gadasaxadis efeqtis Sefasebis modelebi SemuSavdeba. ekonomistTa didi nawili ki stabilurad eyrdnoba im prognozs, romelsac konkurentuli modeli gvTavazobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeulma ekonomistma kargad icis, rom igi mxolod miaxloebiTia. mogebis gadasaxadi
Cven ganvixileT gadasaxadebi, romlebic gayidvebs ukavSirdeboda. firma SesaZloa
ekonomikuri
warmoebaSi
mogebis
gamoyenebuli
mixedviT
faqtorebis
daibegros.
alternatiuli
ekonomikuri
Rirebulebis
mogeba ukugebaa,
romelsac firmis mflobeli iRebs (ekonomikuri mogeba Cveulebrivze maRali an Warbi
mogebis
firmebis
saxeliTaa
SemTxvevaSi
cnobili).
mogebis
mogebis
gadasaxadis
maqsimizaciaze
ganawileba
orientirebuli
SeuZlebelia
–
misi
tvirTi mxolod firmis mflobels awevs. warmoidgineT momavalSi
misi
srulyofili wonasworoba.
konkurenciis
firmis
monawile
warmoeba
zRvruli
firma
da
axlo
danaxarjisa
da
zRvruli Semosavlis gadakveTis wertiliT ganisazRvreba. ekonomikur mogebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi arc zRvrul danaxarjs da arc zRvrul sargebels ar cvlis.
amdenad,
warmoebis
firmas
masStabi ar
ar
surs
icvleba,
sawarmoo arc
gadawyvetilebis
momxmareblis
mier
Secvla.
raki
gadaxdili fasis
odenoba ar Seicvleba (rac momxmareblis mdgomareobas gauaresebisagan icavs). gadasaxadis
gadaxdas
firma
sakuTar
Tavze
iRebs.
analogiuri
Sedegis
misaRebad SesaZloa sxva gzac gamoviyenoT: Tu ekonomikur mogebaze gadasaxadis ganakveTi aris t p , firmis mizania, gazardos gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgomi mogeba, (1 - t p ) Õ , sadac Õ aris ekonomikuri mogeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde. ubralod ariTmetikac ki cxadyofs imas, rom Õ -s maqsimizaciis strategia im strategiis
identuria,
romelic
zrdis
(1 - t p ) Õ -s.
amdenad,
warmoeba
da
momxmareblis fasi igive rCeba. mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi firmas awevs. Soreuli
momavlisaTvis
gansazRvruli
konkurenciuli
wonasworobis
SemTxvevaSi ekonomikur mogebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi ar figurirebs, Tavad ekonomikuri
mogebis
ararsebobis
gamo
–
igi
konkurenciam
gandevna.
monopolists SesaZloa ekonomikuri mogeba yvelaze Soreul momavalSic ki hqondes. wina abzacSi mocemuli mizezebiT gadasaxads monopoliis mflobeli
381
ixdis.
Tu
firma
zrdis
mogebas,
sanam
misi
mogeba
daibegreba,
maSin
sagadasaxado tvirTis gadanawileba SeuZlebeli iqneba12. ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadi ar cvlis ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis formas
da
momxibvleli
administraciis
zogierTma
politikuri wevrma
alternativaa.
1993
saavadmyofoebis
wels
mogebis
klintonis gadasaxadiT
dabegvra moiTxova. Tumca mogebis gadasaxads sajaro finansebis specialistebi mxars ar uWeren, radgan ekonomikuri mogebis operaciuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb Teoriuli
mosazrebis
Camoyalibeba
rTulia.
ekonomikuri
mogeba
xSirad
ukugebis ganakveTis analizis Sedegad gamoiTvleba, romelsac firma kapitalis bazridan iRebs. igi ukugebis romelime `fundamentur~ ganakveTs unda Seedaros, romelic mTavrobis mieraa dawesebuli. cxadia, am SemTxvevevaSi mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi
kapitalis
Sefasebaa.
romeli
Rirebuleba
unda
gamoviyenoT:
Tavdapirveli Tu Secvlis Rirebuleba? iqneb, ukugebis ganakveTi maRali ara Warbi Semosavlis gamoa, aramed imitom, rom sawarmo Zalian riskiania da unda moxdes investorebis kompensacia riskis gamo? aseTi mosazrebebis Semdeg Cans, rom sirTuleebi arsebobs administraciasa da SesrulebaSi13.
sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawileba da kapitalizacia
ramdenime wlis win kaliforniis saporto qalaq port-huenimSi sanapiroze arsebuli qoneba daibegra. gadasaxadi nawilobriv damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu okeanesTan ramdenad axlos mdebareobda qoneba. masTan axlos ganTavsebuli qonebis mesakuTreebi damatebiT wliurad 192 dolariT daibegrnen. sanapiroze arsebuli qonebis mflobelebi am gadawyvetilebas xmamaRla SeewinaaRmdegen. aRniSnuli epizodi imaze Cagvafiqrebs, Tu ra xdeba miwis dabegvris Semdeg. miwis gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom misi miwodeba fiqsirebulia, xolo Tavad miwa xangrZlivi gamoyenebisTvisaa gamiznuli. davuSvaT, wliuri saarendo gadasaxadis ganakveTi wels aris $ R0 . cnobilia, rom saarendo gadasaxadi momaval wels iqneba $ R1 , ori wlis Semdeg _ $ R2 da a.S. ramdens gadaixdis individi miwisaTvis? miwis konkurentuli bazris SemTxvevaSi misi 12
meore mxriv, Tu firmas sxva mizani amoZravebs, mas SeuZlia gazardos fasi mogebis gadasaxadis sapasuxod. mogebis maqsimizaciis erT-erTi alternativa amonagebis maqsimizaciaa. firma Seecdeba, maqsimalurad gaafarToos gayidvebis masStabi im pirobiT, Tu am gziT isini ukugebis `racionalur~ wils iReben. 13 ix. Gillis and McLure [1979].
382
fasi rentis mimdinare diskontirebul Rirebulebas gautoldeba. amdenad, Tu saprocento ganakveTi aris r, maSin miwis miwis fasi ( Pr ) udris:
PR = $ R0 +
$ R1 $ R2 $ RT + + ... + 2 (1 + r ) (1 + r ) (1 + r )T
(12.3)
sadac T aris bolo weli (SesaZlo usasruloba), rodesac miwas Semosavali moaqvs.
$u0 gadasaxadiT unda daibegros,
acxadeben, rom miwa mimdinare wels momaval wels _
$u1 gadasaxadiT, ori wlis Semdeg _ $u 2 -iT da a.S. 12.4
grafikidan ukve viciT, rom raki miwis miwodeba fiqsirebulia, mflobelis mier miRebuli
saarendo
Semosavali
gadasaxadis
sruli
odenobiT
ecema.
amdenad, miwis mesakuTris ukugeba Tavdapirvelad Semcirdeba $( R0 - u 0 ) iT, momaval wels _
$( R1 - u1 ) , 2 wlis Semdeg _ $( R2 - u 2 )
da a.S. miwis
perspeqtiuli myidveli aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebs, rom miwis yidviT is iZens rogorc
momaval
SesaZleblobas.
sagadasaxado
amdenad,
valdebulebas,
gadasaxadis
dawesebis
ise
ukugebis
Semdeg
miwis
momaval yvelaze
mondomebuli myidveli miwaSi gadaixdis ( PR¢ ):
PR¢ = $( R0 - u 0 ) +
$( R1 - u1 ) S ( R2 - u 2 ) $( RT - uT ) + + ... + 2 1+ r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
(12.4)
12.4 da 12.3 gantolebaTa Sedarebisas vnaxavT, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad miwis Rirebuleba Semcirda:
u0 +
u1 u2 uT + + ... + 2 1 + r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
383
amdenad,
gadasaxadis
dawesebis
Sedegad
miwis
Rirebuleba
momavalSi
gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebis mimdinare RirebulebiT Semcirda. procesi, romlis drosac gadasaxadebis nakadi aqtivis fasSi erTveba, kapitalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. kapitalizaciis gamo piri, romelsac mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi awevs, miwis gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi miwis samudamo mepatrone xdeba. momavali miwis mflobeli sagadasaxado organoebSi Ceks gamowers, Tumca gadasaxadebi namdvilad ar aris `tvirTi~, ramdenadac igi SeZenis dros gadaxdili miwis RirebulebiTaa
dabalansebuli.
kapitalizacia
gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
Sefasebas arTulebs, rodesac es gadasaxadi xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelzea daricxuli, romlis miwodebac fiqsirebulia. miwis amJamindel mesakuTreTa identificireba am miznisaTvis ar kmara _ saWiroa vicodeT, Tu vin iyo miwis mesakuTre gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi. sulac ar aris gasakviri,
port-
huenimis mosaxleoba ase ganrisxebuli rom iyo14!
zogadi wonasworobis modelebi
nawilobrivi wonasworobis mimzidveloba mis simartiveSia _ SedarebiT mcire
droSi
mxolod
erTi
bazriT
sargebloba
xdeba.
Tumca
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, sxva bazris ignonirebis Sedegad, SesaZloa gadasaxadis efeqtis arasruli suraTi miviRoT. davuSvaT, rom sigaretze gadasaxadis ganakveTi gaizarda.
sigaretze
moTxovnis
Semcirebis
proporciulad
Semcirdeba
Tambaqoze moTxovna. fermeri, romelsac Tambaqo Tavis fermaSi mohyavda, sxva kulturis zrdasTan
(magaliTad, erTad
bambis)
mcirdeba
misi
warmoebaze fasi,
rac
gadaerTveba. zians
bambis
miayenebs
im
miwodebis individebs,
romlebic ukve didi xania awarmoeben bambas. amdenad, gamodis, rom bambis mwarmoebeli
iZulebuli
iqneba,
sigaretze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadis
tvirTi
gainawilos.
14
rodesac miwis dabegvramde Sesabamisi prognozi keTdeba, arsebobs varaudi, rom tvirTis garkveuli nawili miwis prognozTa gavrcelebis momentSi dafiqsirebul mesakuTres mainc daawveba. Tu es asea, maSin imis identificireba, Tu vin iyo miwis mesakuTre miwis dabagvris momentSi, SesaZloa aRarc iyos sakmarisi.
384
Tu ibegreba seqtori, romelic
mTeli ekonomikis fonze `vrcelia~, maSin
gansazRvrul bazarze dakvirveba aRar iqneba sakmarisi. zogadi wonasworobis analizi
im
gzebs
ganixilavs,
romelTa
saSualebiTac
sxvadasxva
bazrebi
urTierTqmedeben. nawilobrivi
wonasworobis
meore
problema
ki
isaa,
rom
dabegrili
produqtis `mwarmoeblis~ srulyofili identificireba ar xdeba. ifiqreT kvlav sigaretis
gadasaxadze
da
gaixseneT
zogierTi
politikosis
survili,
es
gadasaxadi Tambaqos mwarmoebelTa dasasjelad gamoiyenos. gaixseneT isic, rom mxolod adamians ZaluZs, gadaixados gadasaxadi. Tambaqos mwarmoeblebs ki Zalian xSirad miekuTvnebian aqcionerebi, romlebic afinanseben aRWurvilobas, fermerebi, romlebic floben miwas da am miwaze mohyavT Tambaqo, qarxnis muSebi da a.S. sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawileba am jgufebs Soris xSirad Zalian mniSvnelovania.
zogadi
wonasworobis
analizi
ki
aRniSnuli
sakiTxis
Seswavlis karg saSualebas iZleva. sanam zogadi wonasworobis analizs daviwyebdeT, kidev erTxel gaixseneT nawilobrivi wonasworobis naklovanebani: fasebis Sesabamisi koreqciis gamo, gadasaxadis samarTlebrivi ganawileba arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu realurad vis awevs sagadasaxado tvirTi.
sagadasaxado wonasworoba
zogadi
wonasworobis
sakiTxis
ganxilva
aTasobiT
dasaxelebis
pirobebSi
Tavdapirvelad
aRvricxoT
maTi
sasargeblo
Sedegis
produqti
SesaZloa da
urTierTqmedeba? miReba
sagadasaxado sawarmoo
tvirTis
ganawilebis
SemaSfoTeblad
mogveCvenos.
saSualeba
sabednierod,
SesaZlebelia
iyideba.
rogor
zogadi
wonasworobis
iseTi
modelebisagan,
mxolod
romlebic mxolod ori produqtisa da ori sawarmoo saSualebisagan Sedgeba. modeli ar iTvaliswinebs danazogis arsebobas. aviRoT ori produqti: sursaTi (F) da samrewvelo saqoneli (M), agreTve ori faqtori:
kapitali (K)
da SromiTi
resursi
(L).
aseTi modelisaTvis
arsebobs SesaZlo Rirebulebis cxra gadasaxadi:
385
sursaTis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli kapitalis
tKF
=
tKM
=
tLF
=
tLM
=
tF
=
sursaTis momxmarebis gadasaxadi
tM
=
fabrikatebis momxmarebis gadasaxadi
tK
=
orive seqtorSi kapitalis gadasaxadi
tL
=
orive seqtorSi SromiTi resursis gadasaxadi
t
=
ZiriTadi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
pirveli
oTxi
gadasaxadi fabrikatebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli kapitalis gadasaxadi sursaTis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli SromiTi resursis gadasaxadi fabrikatebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli SromiTi resursis gadasaxadi
gadasaxadi,
romlebic
faqtorebzea
dawesebuli,
misi
nawilobrivi gamoyenebis gamo faqtoris nawilobrivi gadasaxadis saxeliTaa cnobili. aRniSnuli gadasaxadebis gansazRvruli kombinaciebi sxvaTa analogiuria. erT-erTi
wonasworoba
TqvenTvis
ukve
cnobilia
momxmareblis
Sesaxeb
Teoriidan15. sursaTsa (tF) da fabrikatze (tM) dawesebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis (t) ekvivalenturia16. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela produqtze
dawesebuli,
proporciuli
gadasaxadi
momxmareblis
sabiujeto
SezRudvaze iseve zemoqmedebs, rogorc proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. orive maTgani Sida paralelur ganawilebas warmoqmnis. ganvixiloT
kapitalisa
(tK)
da
SromiTi
resursis
(tL)
proporciuli
gadasaxadi. mogexsenebaT, am modelis mixedviT, Semosavali mxolod kapitalidan an SromiTi resursidan miiReba. amitom martivi ariTmetika saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom orive faqtoris dabegvra erTi da imave ganakveTiT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis (t) ekvivalenturi iqneba. SesaZloa, arcTu ise kargad Cans is, rom sasursaTo seqtorSi kapitalsa da SromiT resursze mocemuli ganakveTiT (tKF = tLF) dawesebuli nawilobrivi gadasaxadebi
sursaTze
analogiuri
ganakveTis
gadasaxadis
ekvivalenturia.
kapitali da SromiTi resursi aris sursaTis erTaderTi sawarmoo saSualeba;
15
momxmareblis Sesaxeb Teoria ix. wignis danarTSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom roca Semosavali mTlianad moxmarebulia, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi moxmarebis danaxarjebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. 16
386
maTi gansazRvruli proporciiT gaZvireba imave proporciiT Tavad sursaTis gaZvirebas gulisxmobs.
cxrili 12.2 sagadasaxado wonasworoba
tKf
tLF
da
da
tLM da
ekvivalenturi
da
tK-si
da
da
tKM aris
tF
aris ekvivalenturi
tM
aris ekvivalenturi
aris
aris
ekvivalenturi
ekvivalenturi
t-si
aris ekvivalenturi
tL-isa
wyaro: Charles E. McLure, Jr., "The Theory of Tax Incidence with Imperfect Factor Mobility", Finanzarchiv 30 (1971), gv. 29.
amrigad, ori gadasaxadi, romelic fass Tanabrad cvlis, ekvivalenturi efeqtiT
xasiaTdeba.
logikurad
wonasworobiTi
SesaZlebelia,
12.2
urTierTobebi,
cxrilSia
romelTa
ganzogadebuli.
aRmoCena
Rirebulebis
gadasaxadis mocemuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba svetebsa da rigebSia naCvenebi. samive gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqturis dasadgenad svetebsa da rigebSi
mxolod
SesaZloa
ori
mimatebis
maTganis an
detaluri
gamoklebis
analizi
martivi
iqneba
proceduriT
saWiro.
mesame
ganisazRvros.
magaliTad, Tu mesame rigidan viciT, rogor nawildeba gadasaxadi kapitalsa da SromiT
resursze, es niSnavs, rom viciT,
rogor nawildeba saSemosavalo
gadasaxadi. qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu rogor nawildeba oTxi tipis gadasaxadi: sursaTze gadasaxadi
(tF),
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
(t),
SromiTi
resursis
ZiriTadi
gadasaxadi (tL) da warmoebis dros kapitalis nawilobrivi gadasaxadi (t KM). Tu gvecodineba am oTxi gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura, maSin danarCeni xuTis analogiuri
maCveneblis
gansazRvrac
12.2
cxrilis
gamoyenebiT
iqneba
SesaZlebeli.
387
harbergeris modeli
harbergeri
iyo
pirveli,
vinc
sagadasaxado
efeqtis
mimarT
zogadi
wonasworobis modeli gamoiyena. misi modelis principuli daSvebebi aseTia: 1. teqnologia. firma, romelic nebismier seqtorSi muSaobs,
saqonlis
sawarmoeblad kapitalsa da SromiT resurss iyenebs. TiToeul seqtorSi orive sawarmoo saSualebis (mudmivi
ukugeba
seqtorebis
erTdrouli gaormageba warmoebis
warmoebis
mixedviT
masStabze).
gansxvavebulia.
gaormagebas iwvevs
Tumca
sawarmoo
teqnologiebi
zogadad,
sawarmoo
teqnologiebi
gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu ramdenad advilad SeiZleba SromiTi resursis kapitaliT Canacvleba
(Senacvlebis
elastiuroba),
agreTve,
ramdenad
gansxvavebulia
kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis Tanafardoba. magaliTad, kapitali-SromiTi resursis Sefardebis koeficienti sursaTis warmoebis dros orjer aRemateba safeiqro mrewvelobis analogiur maCvenebels (Congressional Budget Office, 1997d, gv. 42).
seqtori,
sadac
kapitali-SromiTi
resursis
Sefardebis
koeficienti
SedarebiT maRalia, xasiaTdeba, rogorc kapitaltevadi, sxva danarCeni ki _ rogorc Sromatevadi. 2.
faqtorTa
mimwodebeli
mimwodeblis
zrdis
mobilurobiT
ukugebas. ufro
xasiaTdeba
survilisamebr,
qceva.
_
Tavisuflad
orive
kapitalisa
da
metic, kapitali maTgans
gadanacvleba
SromiTi
resursis
da SromiTi
resursi
seqtorTa
SeuZlia.
Soris
Sedegad
mesakuTris
ki,
kapitalis
wminda zRvruli ukugeba, iseve, rogorc SromiTi resursis wminda zRvruli ukugeba Tanabari unda iyos seqtorebis mixedviT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Zalian martivia kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis ise ganawileba, rom wminda mTliani amonagebi gaizardos17. 3.
sabazro
struqtura.
firmebi
konkurentulni
arian.
isini
mudmivad
mogebis maqsimizacias cdiloben. fasebi (xelfasebis CaTvliT) absoluturad moqnilia.
amdenad,
faqtorebi
gamoyenebulia.
TiToeuli
sawarmoo
faqtorisaTvis gadaxdili ukugeba utoldeba zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas _ firmis saqonlis Rirebulebas, romelic sawarmoo saSualebis ukanaskneli erTeuliTaa warmoebuli.
17
wignis danarTi ganmartavs, Tu ratom iwvevs moqmedebis maqsimizacia faqtorebis iseT ganawilebas, rodesac zRvruli ukugebani Tanabrdeba.
388
4.
faqtorTa
mTliani
mowodeba.
ekonomikaSi
kapitalisa
da
SromiTi
resursis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, orive faqtors seqtorTa Soris gadaadgileba Tavisufalad SeuZlia. 5. momxmareblis preferenciebi. yvela momxmareblis preferencia identuria. amdenad, gadasaxads ar SeuZlia ganawilebiTi efeqti moaxdinos Semosavlis gamoyenebis
mimarTulebebze
zemoqmedebiT.
es
daSveba
saSualebas
gvaZlevs,
koncentracia movaxdinoT im zemoqmedebaze, romelsac gadasaxadi Semosavlis wyaroze axdens. 6.
gadasaxadebis
diferencirebuli gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
ganawilebaa.
meoriT
ukve
Canacvleba.
sqema.
analizis
ganvixileT,
amdenad,
safuZveli
Tu
rogor
gadasaxadis
gadasaxadis xdeba
gadaxdamde
da
erTi misi
gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlis daaxloebiT Tanabari odenobebi arsebobs. amrigad, ar aris aucilebeli, gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor cvlis agregirebul SemosavalSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba moTxovnas da faqtoris fass. cxadia, es daSvebebi garkveulwilad gvzRudavs, Tumca analizs metad amartivebs. odnav mogvianebiT am TavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba zogierTi daSvebis gauqmeba. axla ki harbergeris modeli sxvadasxva tipis gadasaxadebis gasaanalizeblad gamoviyenoT.
sxvadasxva tipis gadasaxadebis analizi
gadasaxadi saqonelze (tF). sursaTis dabegvrisTanave misi fasi izrdeba (Tumca ara aucileblad gadasaxadis odenobiT). swored amitom momxmarebeli sursaTs samrewvelo saqonliT anacvlebs. Sedegad, naklebi sursaTi da meti samrewvelo saqoneli iwarmoeba. sursaTis warmoebis
dacemasTan erTad, am
seqtorSi gamoyenebuli kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis garkveuli nawili iZulebulia, samrewvelo saqonlis warmoebis seqtorSi gadainacvlos. am or seqtorSi kapitali-SromiTi resursis Sefardebis koeficienti gansxvavebulia. kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis SedarebiTi fasi, raki samrewvelo saqonlis warmoebaSi
gadadis,
unda
Seicvalos,
raTa
sasursaTo
produqciidan
gamoTavisuflebuli faqtorebis samrewvelo saqonlis warmoebis mier aTviseba moxdes. davuSvaT,
rom sasursaTo seqtori kapitaltevadia (aSS-is soflis
meurneoba marTlac ufro met manqana-danadgars _ traqtors, kombainsa da a.S. _ iyenebs, vidre warmoebis sxva tipebi). amdenad, warmoebaSi gamoTavisuflebuli
389
sawarmoo manqana-danadgarebis didi nawilis aTviseba iqneba saWiro. erTaderTi SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom am kapitalma sawarmoo seqtorSi daimkvidros adgili, kapitalis fasis Semcirebaa (warmoebis seqtorSi ukve eqspluatirebuli kapitalis CaTvliT). miiRweva axali wonasworoba, sadac yvela tipis kapitalis mdgomareoba uaresdeba (da ara mxolod sasursaTo warmoebis kapitalisa). ufro zogadad, gadasaxadi saqonelze, romelic romelime seqtorSia warmoebuli, am seqtorSi intensiurad gamoyenebuli warmoebis
saSualebis
SedarebiT
fass
amcirebs. garda
aseTi
raodenobrivi
daskvnebisa,
damatebiTi
informaciac
gvesaWiroeba. rac ufro elastiuria moTxovna sursaTze, miT ufro dramatuli iqneba sursaTis moxmarebidan samrewvelo saqonlis moxmarebaze gadasvla. es ki sabolood kapitalis ukugebas mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs. rac ufro didia sasursaTo da samrewvelo seqtorebSi dasaqmebuli faqtorebis Sefardeba, miT metad
Semcirdeba
Rirebuleba,
romelsac
(kapitali-SromiTi mixedviT, SedarebiT).
sasursaTo
arc
samrewvelo
resursis
erTi
warmoebidan
rac
seqtorSi
Tanasworobis
faqtoris
sabolood,
gamoTavisuflebuli adgilis
SemTxvevaSi,
mdgomareoba
ufro
surs
rTulia
ar
kapitalis damkvidreba
orive
seqtoris
gauaresdeboda
meoresTan
SromiTi
resursis
Canacvleba
kapitaliT samrewvelo seqtorSi, miT ufro Semcirdeba kapitalis ukugebis ganakveTi. amdenad, biujetis Semosavlis mxares Tu gadavxedavT, SevniSnavT, rom sursaTis dabegvris Sedegad yvelaze metad individi zaraldeba, romelic Semosavlis did nawils kapitalidan iRebs. radgan yvela individi identuria (mexuTe daSveba), moxmarebis mimarTulebebis analizSi saintereso araferia. Tumca Tu am daSvebas gavauqmebT, maSin davinaxavT, rom individi, romelic sursaTis
mniSvnelovan
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
nawils ataros.
moixmarda, amdenad,
iZulebulia,
sursaTze
sakmaod
gadasaxadis
mZime efeqti
damokidebulia imaze, Tu visTvis iyo igi Semosavlis wyaro da visTvis _ moxmarebis ZiriTadi saqoneli. magaliTad, kapitalisti, romelic bevr sursaTs moixmars, ormagad zaraldeba. meore mxriv, muSis mdgomareoba, romelic didi odenobis sursaTs moixmars, umjobesdeba Semosavlis wyaros TvalsazrisiT, magram saqonlis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT uaresdeba.
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
(t).
gadasaxadi analogiuri ganakveTis
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
saSemosavlo
mqone kapitalisa da SromiTi
resursis
390
gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. vinaidan faqtorTa miwodeba fiqsirebulia (meoTxe daSveba),
aRniSnuli
gadasaxadis
gadanawileba
SeuZlebelia.
igi
individis
Tavdapirvel Semosavalze wesdeba. Sedegi nawilobrivi wonasworobis modelis analogiuri
SemTxvevis
Sedegs
waagavs:
faqtorebi
gadasaxadisagan
ver
`daiZvrenen Tavs~ (ar miiReben monawileobas warmoebaSi). amitom isini mTel sagadasaxado tvirTs atareben.
SromiTi resursis ZiriTadi gadasaxadi (tL). SromiTi resursis ZiriTadi gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi SromiTi resursis nebismier gamoyenebaze, rogorc sasursaTo, ise samrewvelo seqtorSi. Sedegad ki SromiTi resursis erTi seqtoridan meore seqtorSi gadanacvlebis stimuli ar arsebobs. fiqsirebuli faqtoris miwodebis Sesaxeb daSveba imaze miuTiTebs, rom SromiTma resurma mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi unda ataros.
faqtoris
nawilobrivi
gadasaxadi
(tKM).
rodesac
mxolod
samrewvelo
seqtorSi gamoyenebuli kapitali ibegreba, ori Tavdapirveli efeqti ikveTeba: 1. warmoebis efeqti. fasi samrewvelo saqonelze izrdeba, ris Sedegadac moTxovna mcirdeba. 2. faqtoris Senacvlebis efeqti. kapitali sawarmoo sferoSi Zvirdeba, amdenad, mwarmoebeli nakleb kapitals da met SromiT resurss iyenebs.
12.11 grafiki
391
12.11 grafikis blok-sqema aRniSnuli ori efeqtis Sedegebs gviCvenebs. warmoebis efeqti marcxena mxaresaa mocemuli. saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, warmoebis
efeqti
warmoebis
Semcirebis
Sedegad
warmoiqmneba.
warmoebis
Rirebulebis gazrdisa da moTxovnis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis warmoebidan gaTavisufleba xdeba; isini iZulebulni arian, adgili sasursaTo warmoebaSi daimkvidron. Tu warmoeba Sromatevadia, maSin sasursaTo
warmoebis
mier
SromiTi
resursebis
(SedarebiT)
didi
nawilis
moxmareba gaxdeba saWiro, kapitalis fasi ki gaizrdeba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu warmoeba kapitaltevadia, kapitalis fasi aucileblad daecema. amdenad, sawarmoo
efeqti
kapitalisa
da
SromiTi
resursis
saboloo
efeqtis
TvalsazrisiT sakmaod orazrovania. aseTi
orazrovneba
faqtoris
Senacvlebis
efeqtis
SemTxvevaSi
warmodgenili ar aris, rogorc amas 12.11 grafikis marjvena nawilSi naxavT. vidre kapitalsa da SromiT resurss Soris Senacvleba iqneba SesaZlebeli, kapitalis fasis zrdis Sedegad mwarmoebeli nakleb kapitals da met SromiT resurss gamoiyenebs, rasac kapitalze moTxovnisa da fasis dacema moyveba.
392
Tu orive efeqts erTad gavaanalizebT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom kapitaltevadi warmoebis SemTxvevaSi orive saxis efeqti erTi da imave mimarTulebiT Tanabari warmatebiT xorcieldeba, xolo kapitalis fasi Sromatevadia,
maSin
saboloo
Sedegi
ecema. magram Tu warmoeba
Teoriulad
orazrovania.
kapitalis
dabegvram SesaZloa SromiTi resursis mdgomareoba gaauaresos! ufro zogadad, vidre
gamoyenebis
TvalsazrisiT
faqtorebi
Senacvlebadia,
erTi
seqtoris
mocemuli faqtoris gadasaxadi orive seqtoris orive faqtoris ukugebaze sabolood
zemoqmedebs.
aseTi
daskvnis
miReba
nawilobrivi
wonasworobis
modelis analizis Sedegad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. zogadi
wonasworobis
modelis
mixedviT
sagadasaxado
ganawilebis
struqturis gaanalizebis dros ZiriTadi yuradReba korporaciis saSemosavlo gadasaxadisken
iyo
mimarTuli.
es
miuTiTebs,
rom
ori
seqtori arsebobs:
`korporaciuli~ da `arakorporaciuli~. korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi aris Rirebulebis gadasaxadi kapitalze, romelsac mxolod korporacia iyenebs. Teoriuli
orazrovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelic
nawilobrivi
faqtoris
gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb kapitalis moTxovnaze arsebobs, cxadi xdeba, rom empiriuli kvleva misi efeqtis dasadgenad saWiroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegad sxvadasxva daskvnebia miRebuli, yvelaze tipuri aRmoCena isaa, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis didi nawili kapitalis mflobels akisria (US Department of the Treasury, 1992, gv. 146).
zogierTi kvalifikacia
zogadi wonasworobis modelis Sesaxeb sxva tipis daSvebis gamoyenebis Sedegad gadasaxadis ganawilebis aseT mimarTulebebs viRebT:
individTa gemovneba. mexuTe daSvebis Tanaxmad, yvela momxmarebels ori produqtis
mimarT
analogiuri
gadasaxadi
Semosavlis
preferencia
ganawilebis
aqvs.
struqturas
winaaRmdeg cvlis.
SemTxvevaSi,
agreTve
icvleba
agregirebuli xarjvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba da, amdenad, Sesabamisi fasebi da Semosavali.
ganvixiloT,
magaliTad,
korporaciul
seqtorSi
kapitalze
gadasaxadi. rogorc zemoTaa miTiTebuli, analizi cxadyofs, rom gadasaxadis tvirTi kapitalis mflobels akisria. kapitali maRalSemosavliani individebis Semosavlis
mniSvnelovani
wyaroa.
amdenad,
gadasaxadi
progresiuli
iqneba.
393
Tumca, rogorc amas fulertoni da rojersi [1997] SeniSnavdnen, gadasaxadis Sedegad im produqciis
fasi gaizrdeba, romelic kapitaltevad seqtorSia
(soflis meurneoba, navTobis damuSaveba) warmoebuli. aRniSnul produqcias (sursaTi da benzini) didi odenobiT yvelaze dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi iZenen. amdenad, rodesac im gansxvavebas vaanalizebT, romelic maRalSemosavliani da dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT arsebobs, gadasaxadi naklebad progresiuli Cans.
uZravi faqtorebi. meore daSvebis Tanaxmad, resursebs seqtorebs Soris gadanacvleba
Tavisuflad
SeuZliaT,
radgan ukugebis
SesaZlo
maqsimalur
ganakveTs eZieben. Tumca, instituciuri Tu teqnologiuri mizezebiT, zogierTi faqtori SesaZloa uZravi iyos. magaliTad, sacxovreblad gamoyenebuli miwis warmoebisaTvis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra iqneba ukugebis ganakveTi.
srulyofili
mobilurobis
Sesaxeb
daSvebis
gauqmebis
Sedegad
gadasaxadebis efeqtis Taobaze sruliad sxva Sedegs miviRebT. magaliTad, vaCveneT,
rom
faqtorebis
mobilurobis
SemTxvevaSi
nawilobrivi faqtoris
gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura orazrovania da ramdenime konfliqturi efeqtis
Sedegzea
damokidebuli.
faqtoris
aramobilurobis
SemTxvevaSi
ganawilebis Sedegi mkafioa. dabegril faqtors mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi akisria, savaraudod, imis gamo, rom faqtors gadasaxadisagan `Tavis daZvrena~ sxva seqtorSi migrirebis SesaZleblobis arqonis gamo ar SeuZlia. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom dabegrili uZravi faqtoris ukugeba gadasaxadis toli TanxiT iklebs. daubegrav seqtorSi kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis fasi ucvlelia; aseve ar icvleba saqonlis fasi dabegril seqtorSi.
cvalebadi faqtorebis miwodeba. meoTxe daSvebis Tanaxmad, orive faqtoris mTliani
miwodeba
fiqsirebulia.
xangrZlivi
perspeqtiviT,
kapitalisa
da
SromiTi resursis miwodeba mainc cvalebadia. miwodebis zrdis SesaZleblobas Tu
davuSvebT,
statikuri
modelis
Sesaxeb
miRebuli
daskvnebi
mTlianad
Seicvleba. ganvixiloT ZiriTadi faqtoris gadasaxadi, romliTac kapitali ibegreba.
fiqsirebuli
ZiriTadi
kapitalis
SemTxvevaSi
gadasaxadi
mis
mflobels akisria. xangrZlivi momavlis WrilSi Tu SevxedavT, SesaZloa isic davinaxoT,
Tu
rogor
mcirdeba
gadasaxadis
gamo
kapitalis
miwodeba18.
ekonomikaSi kapitalisa da Sromis Tanafardobis koeficienti daiklebs da 18
Tumca ar aris aucilebeli, Semcirdes kapitalis miwodeba. ix. me-16 Tavi.
394
SromiT resursze ukugeba Semcirdeba (xelfasi Semcirdeba, radgan SromiT resurss
naklebi
kapitali
eqneba
da
misi
mwarmoebluroba
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi daecema). amdenad, kapitalze ZiriTadi gadasaxadis daweseba SromiTi resursis mdgomareobas auaresebs. xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT danaxul `Soreul momavlamde~ Zalian didi droa. amdenad, axlo momavalSi mosalodneli sakiTxebi aqtualuria. Tumca, meore mxriv,
keTilgonivruli
politika
dabegvris
Soreul
Sedegebsac
unda
iTvaliswinebdes.
kvleva gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesaxeb
sagadasaxado
efeqtis
Teoria
imis
Sefasebis
safuZvelia,
Tu
ra
zemoqmedebas axdens aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema Semosavlis ganawilebaze. 12.3 cxrili gviCvenebs geilisa da poteris [2002] kvlevis ukanasknel aRmoCenebs. kvleva
fokusirebulia
korporaciul
federalur
gadasaxadze,
uZravi
Semosavalze, qonebisa
da
saxelfaso
gadasaxadze,
produqciis
gadasaxadze.
saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi udablesi kvintilis
(15
aTas dolaramde
Semosavali) ojaxTa 8,4%-is mier da pirveli jgufis (zeda 1 procenti) ojaxebis 31,3%-is
mier
gadaxdili
gadasaxadebisagan
Sedgeba.
zeda
1
procenti
federaluri gadasaxadebis daaxloebiT 25%-s ixdis, rac imas niSnavs, rom federaluri sagadasaxado sistema progresiulia. axla ukve cxadia, rom Semosavlis ganawileba daSvebazea damokidebuli. kvleva cxadyofs, rom piradi saSemosavlo da saxelfaso gadasaxadebis gayofa ar
xdeba,
saqonlis
gadasaxads
romliTac
dabegril
saqonels
ki
ixdis
moixmars.
momxmarebeli aRniSnuli
im
proporciiT,
daSveba
problemas
amartivebs. gadasaxadis ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoria miuTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi sakmaod sadavoa, gansakuTrebiT _ grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. analizi izRudeba imiT, rom igi individis wliur Semosavals efuZneba. mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavali albaT ufro adekvaturi iqneboda
da
mniSvnelovani
mniSvnelovnad nawili
cxadyofs,
Secvlida rom
Sedegebs.
individis
empiriuli
gadawyvetileba
kvlevis moxmarebis
Sesaxeb mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul Semosavals ukavSirdeba da ara romelime wlis Semosavlis odenobas. is faqti, rom piris Semosavali
395
romelime wels droebiT
maRali an dabalia, individis mier moxmarebuli
produqciis masStabze ar zemoqmedebs. davuSvaT, X saqonlis moxmareba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis
proporciulia.
warmovidginoT,
rom
X-is
miwodebis
mrudi
horizontaluria. amdenad, momxmarebels X-ze dawesebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi akisria.
gamodis,
rom
X-ze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadi
mTeli
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis proporciuli unda iyos. romelime wlis ganmavlobaSi individis
Semosavali SeiZleba
mis
permanentul
Semosavalze
odnav maRali an dabali iyos. droebiTi maRali Semosavlis mqone adamiani X saqonelze nakleb Tanxas daxarjavs _ Semosavlis droebiTobis gamo igi misi moxmarebis koeficients ar zrdis. analogiurad, droebiTi dabali Semosavlis mqone individi Semosavlis sakmaod did proporcias X saqonels moaxmars. amrigad,
wliuri
Semosavlis
safuZvelze
X
saqonlis
sabiujeto
wili
Semosavlis mimarT ecema. amdenad, X-ze dawesebuli gadasaxadi regresiulia. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ramdenime mkvlevarma aRmoaCina, rom gadasaxadis ganawilebis Sedegebi metad mgrZnobiarea imis mixedviT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavali gamoiyeneba Tu wliuri Semosavali. metkafma [1993] aSS-is saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadi gamoikvlia da dadgina, rom gayidvebis
gadasaxadi
yvelaze dabali
Semosavlis
mqone decilis
wliuri
Semosavlis 1,90 %-ia da yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone decilis wliuri Semosavlis
1,07
ganmavlobaSi
%.
cxadia,
miRebuli
gadasaxadi
Semosavlis
regresiulia. safuZvelze
mTeli
sicocxlis
gadasaxadis
buneba
absoluturad sawinaaRmdego iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi maCveneblebi 1,03% da 1,74% iqneba. amrigad, vaskvniT, rom is kvlevebi, romlebic wliur Semosavals efuZneba,
sakmaod
damajerebelia,
Tumca
maT
Sedegad
miRebul
Sedegebs
sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.
daskvnebi
es Tavi sakmaod ucodveli SekiTxviT daviwyeT: vin atarebs sagadasaxado tvirTs? Cven vnaxeT, rom gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesafaseblad fasis cvlileba mniSvnelovani damokidebuli,
faqtoria.
Tumca
rogoricaa:
Tavad
sabazro
fasis
cvlileba
struqtura,
iseT
miwodebisa
faqtorebzea
da
moTxovnis
396
elastiuroba, sawarmoo saSualebaTa mobiluroba, da a.S. am etapze Cndeba SekiTxva: ra viciT realurad? Tu gadasaxads izolirebulad ganvixilavT, SegviZlia vupasuxoT: `sakmaod bevri
ram~.
nawilobrivi
wonasworobis
analizi
bazris
struqturisa
da
moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebis Sesaxeb informacias moiTxovs. wminda monopoliis SemTxvevis garda, konkurentuli bazris principi karg amosaval wertilad iTvleba.
miwodebisa
da
moTxovnis
mrudi
SesaZloa
empiriuli
meTodebis
gamoyenebis Sedegad Sefasdes, rogorc es me-2 TavSia ganxiluli. zogadi analizi
wonasworobis
uZravi
modelis
SemTxvevaSi
faqtoris gadasaxadis
mimarT
gadasaxadis
sworxazovania.
ganawilebis sagadasaxado
tvirTi mTlianad dabegril faqtors akisria. Tu bevri bazari monawileobs, gadasaxadis
efeqti
moTxovnisa
da
miwodebis
mrudebis
reaqciaze
iqneba
damokidebuli. pasuxi, cxadia, ar aris naTeli. samwuxarod, rogorc Cans, bevri mniSvnelovani gadasaxadi, maT Soris, korporaciis gadasaxadi, bolo kategoriaSi Sedis. ratom? albaT imitom, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis struqturis gansazRvra Zalian rTulia (ra politikuri Sansi
aqvs
gadasaxads, ziani miayenos sazogadoebis
romelime
mniSvnelovani jgufis keTildReobas?). kompleqsuri gadasaxadi faqtobrivad ufro martivia politikosisaTvis, radgan ar aris cnobili, Tu vin ixdis am gadasaxads. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, am TavSi ganxiluli modelebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis informaciaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom gaverkvioT Tundac yvelaze rTuli sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebaSi. aseTi informacia ki jer xelmisawvdomi ar aris. informaciuli vakuumi iqmneba. rogorc amas wminda ieronime ityoda: `uaresia, rodesac sakuTari ucodinrobis Sesaxeb araferi ici~.
daskvna
·
gadasaxadis valdebulebis realur
samarTlebrivi gansazRvraa.
simZimeze
ganawileba ekonomikuri
miuTiTebs.
gadasaxadze ganawileba
samarTlebrivi
ki
iuridiuli gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
Sesaxeb
397
informacia sagadasaxado tvirTis ekonomikur ganawilebaze arasodes arafers gveubneba. ·
gadasaxadis ekonomikuri ganawilebis struqtura gadasaxadis Sedegad Secvlili fasis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba da individis Semosavlis wyaroze da misi moxmarebis mimarTulebebzea damokidebuli.
·
ganxiluli
politikis
safuZvelze,
kargi
iqneboda,
dabalansebuli
biujeti, diferenciuli an srulyofili ganawileba gagveanalizebina. ·
nawilobrivi wonasworobis ekonomikur modelebSi sagadasaxado efeqti moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobazea damokidebuli. SesaZlebelia amave
midgomis
ganawileba arsebobs
gamoyeneba
imisaTvis,
monopolistur erTi
bazarze.
safuZveli,
rom
SeviswavloT
oligopoliis
romlis
gadasaxadis
SemTxvevaSi
gamoyenebac
ar
gadasaxadis
gasaanalizeblad iqneba SesaZlebeli. ·
kapitalizaciis wyalobiT momavali gadasaxadebis tvirTi amJamindel mesakuTres daawveba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu araelastiuri miwodebisa da xangrZlivi
gamoyenebis
saqonelzea
saubaria
(magaliTad,
miwis
SemTxvevaSi). ·
zogadi wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis ganawilebis kvlevisas xSirad vawydebiT orseqtorian da orfaqtorian models. aq SesaZloa cxra
saxis
gadasaxadi
arsebobdes.
aRniSnul
gadasaxadTa
gansazRvruli kombinaciebi sxvebis ekvivalenturia. ·
zogadi wonasworobis modelSi, erTi faqtoris gadasaxadi, miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erT seqtorSi gamoiyeneba, yvela seqtorSi arsebuli yvela faqtoris ukugebaze axdens zegavlenas.
·
gadasaxadis efeqtis gamosakvlevad Catarebuli analizi miuTiTebs, rom federaluri
sagadasaxado sistema
progresiulia.
Tumca
aRniSnuli
kvlevebi bevr SesaZlo problemur daSvebas gvitovebs.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. federaluri mTavroba navTobisa da gazis mrewvelobis subsidirebas axorcielebs. mrewvelobis warmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom `arsebobs bevri saeWvo subsidia, romelic mrewvelobaSi arc ki Semodis. magaliTad, mTavroba fuls uxdis
dabalSemosavlian
ojaxebs
imisaTvis,
rom
gaTbobis
gadasaxadi
398
gadaixadon~
(Cavaney,
Sesafaseblad,
Tu
1998).
gamoiyeneT
rogor
nawildeba
moTxovna-miwodebis subsidia
modeli
navTobisa
da
imis gazis
momxmareblebze. gamoiyeneT Tqveni analitikuri SesaZleblobani da SeafaseT mosazreba
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
dabalSemosavliani
ojaxebisaTvis
gadaxdili
subsidiis Sedegad ar sargeblobs mrewveloba [SeniSvna: modelis Sesaqmnelad gaiTvaliswineT, rom subsidia uaryofiTi gadasaxadia]. 2.
golsbis
[1998]
Sefasebis
Tanaxmad,
internetiT
ganxorcielebuli
Sesyidvebi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi qselSi myidvelTa odenoba da qselSi xarjvis moculoba Zalian
Semcirdeba.
ra
Sedegs
moitans
internetis
gayidvebze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadi? 3. X saqonlisaTvis saSualo danaxarji warmoebis yvela doneze zRvrul danaxarjs udris. davuSvaT, rom X saqonlis bazari konkurentulia, masze moTxovnis
mrudi
wrfivia.
gaaanalizeT
Sedegebi
u
dolari
gadasaxadis
dawesebis SemTxvevaSi. rogor Seicvleba Sedegi, Tu X produqciis bazari monopolisturi iqneba? ganixileT gansxvavebani. 4. gamoiyeneT zogadi wonasworobis modeli imis gansaxilvelad, Tu rogor SeiZleba daibegros sigareti. 5.
davuSvaT,
rom
hipoTetur
QcD = 2000 - 200 Pc , sadac QcD
qveyanaSi
sigaretze
moTxovna
aris
moTxovnili kolofebis odenobaa, xolo
Pc _
kolofze arsebuli gadasaxadi. sigaretis mowodeba aris: QCS = PC ´ 200 . a)
gamoiTvaleT
sigaretis
odenoba
da
fasi,
Tu
sigaretis
bazari
konkurentuli iqneba; b) mowevis donis Sesamcireblad mTavroba sigaretis erT yuTze 2 dolar gadasaxads
awesebs.
gamoTvaleT
sigaretis
odenoba
dabegvris
Semdeg,
momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi da mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi. ra odenobis amonagebs miiRebs saxelmwifo gadasaxadidan? 6. davuSvaT, rom romelime saqonelze moTxovnis mrudi aris Q D = a - bP , sadac Q D moTxovnili odenobaa, P _ fasi, xolo a da b mudmivia. saqonlis miwodebis mrudi aris: Q S = c + dP , sadac Q S miwodebuli saqonlis odenobaa, c da d ki mudmivia. ipoveT wonasworobis fasi da warmoeba, rogorc mudmivi a, b, c da d maCveneblebis funqcia.
399
davuSvaT, rom saqoneli u dolaris odenobis gadasaxadiT ibegreba. uCveneT, rom axali wonasworoba igive iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin ixdis gadasaxads – mwarmoebeli Tu myidveli. 7.
2003
wels
senatis
`demokratebma~
daayenes
sakiTxi
sagadasaxado
reformis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, yvela momuSavis gadasaxadi 300 dolariT Semcirdeboda. simartivisaTvis warmovidginoT, rom ojaxis mxolod erTi wevri Soulobs
Semosavals.
amdenad,
ojaxis
biujeti
300
dolariT
daizogeba.
gamoiyeneT 12.1 da 12.2 gantolebani da ganixileT, ramdenad imoqmedebs es winadadeba sagadasaxado sistemis progresiulobaze. 8. davuSvaT, mocemul qveyanaSi sagadasaxado Semosavali, T, damokidebulia Semosavalze, I-ze. formulis Tanaxmad,
T = -4000 + 0,2 I .
Tu ojaxs aqvs Semosavali 50 aTasi dolaris odenobiT, misi sagadasaxado tvirTia -4000 + 0,2 X 50000, an 6 aTasi dolari. aris Tu ara es progresiuli sagadasaxado struqtura? [miniSneba:
warmoebis
sxvadasxva doneze
saSualo
sagadasaxado ganakveTi gamoiTvaleT]. 9. ukanaskneli problemidan ganazogadeT sagadasaxado struqtura:
T = a + tI
sadac a da t ricxvebia (wina problemis SemTxvevaSi a = -4000 da t = 0,2.). dawereT formula saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTze, rogorc Semosavlis donis funqciaze.
uCveneT,
negatiuri,
da
rom
sagadasaxado
regresiulia,
Tu
a
sistema
progresiulia,
a
Tu
aris
pozitiuri
[miniSneba:
sigaretze
gadasaxadi
gaizarda
aris
saSualo
sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris T/I]. 10.
2002
dawesebuli
wels 8
centi
niu-iorkSi 1,50
dolaramde
gaizarda).
erTi
Tvis
(kolofze
Semdeg
meriis
warmomadgenelma SeniSna, rom `naklebi sigareti iyideba, qalaqs ki ufro meti
400
fuli rCeba~ (Cooper, 2002, gv. B7). davuSvaT, rom niu-iorkSi sigaretis miwodeba srulad elastiuria. a)
Tu
warmomadgenlis
naTqvami
WeSmaritia,
ras
ityviT
niu-iorkSi
sigaretis moTxovnis elastiurobis Sesaxeb? b) gaixseneT, rom komentari erTi Tvis Semdeg gakeTda. drois gasvlasTan erTad ra mouva moTxovnis mrudis elastiurobas? ra zegavlenas moaxdens es sagadasaxado Semosavlebze niu-iorkSi? 11. 2003 wels honkongSi Tviurad 51 dolariT daibegra is damqiravebeli, romelic adgilobriv kompaniaSi sxva qveynis warmomadgenels daasaqmebda. bevri daqiravebuli
muSaki
iyo
filipinebidan.
am
qveynis
prezidentma
aroiom
gadasaxads `usamarTlo~ uwoda. gadasaxadebiT daibegra damqiravebeli. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, marTali iyo Tu ara prezidenti? daxazeT modeli, romelic Seesabameba mis Sexedulebas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Fullerton, Don, and Dianc Lim Rogers. "Neglected Effects of the Uses Side: Even a Uniform Tax Would Change Relative Goods Prices". American Economic Review 87 (1997 wlis maisi), gv. 120125. Fullerton, Don, and Gilbert Mecalf. "Tax Incidence". Working Paper No. 8829, National Bureau of Economic research, 2002 wlis marti. Gale, Willian G, and Samara R Potter. "An Economic Evaluation of the Economic Growth and Tax relief Reconciliation Act of 2001". National Tax Journal i55 (2002 wlis marti), gv. 113-186.
401
Tavi 13
gadasaxadebi da efeqtianoba
mflangveloba yovelTvis maRizianebs. ret batleri, `qarwaRebulni~
gadasaxadebis gadaxda adamianis valdebulebaa. gadasaxadi fulis is nawilia, romelsac individi gadasaxadebis Semgrovebels uxdis. Tumca es ar aris mTeli istoria. warmovidginoT moqalaqe, saxelad breier dazi, romelic kviris ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebriv, aT nayins miirTmevs. dazi erT nayins 1 dolarad yidulobs. uecrad saxelmwifo gadawyvets, dabegros dazis moxmareba 25%-iT da dazis mier TiToeul nayinSi gadasaxdeli fasi 1,25 dolari xdeba 10 . dazi, cxadia, fasis uecar zrdaze reagirebs da nayinis moxmarebas nulamde amcirebs, nayinisaTvis gankuTvnil 10 dolars dazi sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad iyenebs. dazi, saerTod, aRar yidulobs nayins P_ amdenad, nayinis gadasaxadiT misaRebi Semosavali nulis tolia. nuTu dazs arc ki Sexebia gadasaxadi? cxadia, Seexo: dazis mdgomareoba gauaresda, gadasaxadis dawesebam igi aiZula, naklebad sasurveli saqoneli da momsaxureba SeeZina. gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg dazis mier SeZenili produqti naklebad sasurvelia misTvis. mas adrec SeeZlo, saerTod ar eyida nayini, magram dazs uyvars nayini da amitomac yovelkvireulad 10 cals yidulobda da erCivna, masze daexarja fuli. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom nayinze dawesebuli gadasaxadis Semosavali nulia, man mainc gaauaresa dazis mdgomareoba.
es magaliTi odnav gadaWarbebulia. saerTod, cnobilia, rom gadasaxadi raodenobrivad produqtis moxmarebas amcirebs, Tumca misi moxmareba nulamde ar dahyavs. miuxedavad amisa, igi kargad asaxavs gadasaxadis dawesebiT gamowveul Sedegs: gadasaxadi amaxinjebs ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, igi qmnis zedmet tvirTs _ mcirdeba individis keTildReoba. zedmeti tvirTi xSirad keTildReobis danaklisis an `dedveiTis~ danakargis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. winamdebare TavSi Cven ganvixilavT zedmet tvirTTan dakavSirebul 10
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-12 TavSi, momxmareblis gazrdili fasi srulad ar asaxavs gadasaxadis mTlian Tanxas. es daSveba, romelic marTebulia mxolod maSin, Tu miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria, ubralod, simartivisTvisaa gakeTebuli.
402
Teorias, misi Sefasebis berkets da ganvmartavT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania faqtobrivi sagadasaxado sistemis Sefaseba.
grafiki 13.1
ra aris zedmeti tvirTi?
rutis fiqsirebuli Semosavali I dolaria. ruti mas mxolod ori saxis produqtis _ simindisa da qeris _ SeZenaze xarjavs. funti qeri Rirs Pb fasi, xolo funti simindi ki _ Pc. ar moqmedebs gadasaxadebi, ar arsebobs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: garegani faqtorebi, monopolisturi garemo da a.S. _ amdenad, produqtis fasi mis socialur zRvrul danaxarjs asaxavs. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom socialuri zRvruli danaxarji produqtze mudmivia. 13.1 grafikze rutis mier qeris moxmareba gamosaxulia horizontalur RerZze, xolo simindisa ki _ vertikalur RerZze. misi sabiujeto SezRudva aris AD monakveTi, romlis daxrilobaa -Pb/Pc da horizontaluri monakveTi I/Pb11 . ruts surs sargeblianobis gazrda, amdenad, igi i indiferentulobis mrudze E1 wertils arCevs, sadac igi Bi funt qers da Ci funt siminds moixmars. 11
sabiujeto SezRudva konstruqciis, misi daxrilobisa da monakveTis interpretacia mocemulia danarTSi wignis bolos.
403
saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebiT qeris fasi tb ganakveTiT daibegra. rutis mier gadasaxdeli fasi udris (1 + tb)Pb (dabegvramde arsebuli fasi ar icvleba, radgan Cven davuSviT, rom zRvruli socialuri danaxarji ucvlelia). gadasaxadis daweseba rutis sabiujeto SezRudvas cvlis: misi daxriloba axla aris - [(1 + t b ) Pb / Pc] , xolo horizontaluri monakveTi - I /[(1 + t b ) Pb ] . es kargadaa warmodgenili 13.1 grafikSi AF monakveTis saxiT (simindis fasi kvlav Pc-ia, xolo monakveTebi AF da AD ki kvlavac vertikaluria).
grafiki 13.2
qeris moxmarebis nebismier doneze AD da AF monakveTebs Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili simindSi gamoxatul rutis gadasaxads gviCvenebs. warmoidgineT qeris raodenoba Ba horizontalur RerZze. gadasaxadis dawesebamde ruts SeeZlo Ba funti qerisa da Ca funti simindis SeZena. gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg suraTi Seicvala: Tu ruti moixmars Ba funt qers, mas SeeZleba maqsimum Cb funti simindis moxmareba. Ca-sa da Cb-s Soris arsebuli sxvaoba (manZili) saxelmwifos mier Segrovili gadasaxadis moculobas gviCvenebs, romelic kvlav simindis funtebSia gamosaxuli. gadasaxadis dolarSi konvertacia simindis erTi funtis fasze CaCb-s gamravlebiTaa
404
SesaZlebeli. simartivisaTvis Cven siminds avsaxavT iseT erTeulebSi, rogoricaa Pc = 1. aseT SemTxvevaSi CaCb manZili asaxavs gadasaxads simindis an dolaris saxiT.
Cven jer araferi gviTqvams rutis arCevanis Sesaxeb misi axali sabiujeto SezRudvis (AF) pirobebSi. 13.2 grafiki gviCvenebs, rom ruti upiratesobas aniWebda moxmarebas E2 wertilSi ii indiferentulobis mrudze. ruti moixmarda B2 qers, C2 siminds, xolo misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba ki iyo AD-sa da AF-s Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili GE2. cxadia, rutis keTildReoba E2 wertilSi E1 wertilTan SedarebiT gauaresda. Tumca nebismieri gadasaxadi aiZulebda rutis, indiferentulobis ufro dabal mrudze gadaenacvla 12 . sainteresoa, iwvevs Tu ara qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi sargeblianobis Semcirebas ufro didi ganakveTiT, vidre es GE2-is Semosavlis gasazrdeladaa saWiro. arsebobs ki sxva alternatiuli meTodi, romelic GE2-is Semosavals gazrdis da, Tanac, rutis sargebels minimalurad Seamcirebs? Tu arsebobs aseTi meTodi, maSin qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi namdvilad zedmetad tvirTad CaiTvleba.
grafiki 13.3
12
aq ugulebelyofilia is sargebeli, romlis uzrunvelyofac gadasaxadebiT dafinansebuli danaxarjis gawevis gziT.
SesaZlebelia
405
sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad, upriani iqneba, Tu daviTvliT rutis danakargis ekvivalents dolarSi (rutim i indiferentulobis mrudidan ii indiferentulobis mrudze Camoinacvla). gamoTvlis erT-erTi meTodi ekvivalenturi variaciaa, romelic Semosavlis im moculobas gviCvenebs, rac unda dagveklo rutisaTvis (qerze gadasaxadis dawesebamde) imisaTvis, rom misi Semosavali iseTive ganakveTiT Semcirebuliyo (anu rutis gadmoenacvla i indiferentulobis mrudidan ii indiferentulobis mrudze), ra ganakveTiTac igi qerze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg Semcirda. gadasaxadiT gamowveul zarals ekvivalenturi variacia gamoxatavs im TanxiT, ra TanxiTac unda Segvemcirebina Semosavali, romelic sargeblianobis iseTive ganakveTiT Semcirebas gamoiwvevda, rogorc amas dawesebuli gadasaxadi iwvevs.
imisaTvis, rom ekvivalenturi variacia grafikulad avsaxoT, unda gavixsenoT, rom individisaTvis Semosavlis dakleba misi sabiujeto mrudis Sida mimarTulebiT paralelur moZraobas iwvevs. amdenad, ekvivalenturi variaciis gamosaTvlelad saWiroa Semdegi: AD mivmarToT Sida mimarTulebisaken, vidre igi ii indiferentulobis mruds exeba. sidide, romlis mixedviTac Cven AD-s mivmarTavT Sida mimarTulebiT, warmoadgens ekvivalentur variacias. 13.3 grafikSi sabiujeto mrudi HI aris AD-s paraleluri da ii indiferentulobis mruds exeba. amdenad, AD-sa da HI-s Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili ME3 ekvivalentur variacias warmoadgens. rutisTvis sulerTia, dakargavs ME3 dolars Tu qerze dawesebul gadasaxads gadaixdis.
ME3 eqvivalenturi variacia GE2 qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebs aRemateba. ratom xdeba ase? daakvirdiT, rom ME3, ubralod, GN-s udris – orive AD-sa da HI paralelur xazebs Soris manZils asaxavs, ME3 ki GE2-s E2N manZiliT aRemateba. es Zalian seriozuli da mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa! gamodis, rom qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi rutis Semosavals iseTi TanxiT amcirebs, romelic, faqtobrivad, am gadasaxadiT dagrovil amonagebs aRemateba. individis saSemosavlo danakargs (romelic ekvivalenturi variaciis mixedviT gamoiTvleba) Tu dagrovili gadasaxadis Tanxas gamovaklebT, miviRebT zedmet tvirTs, romelic 13.3 grafikSi E2N manZiliTaa gamoxatuli.
qmnis Tu ara nebismieri gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs? erTjeradi gadasaxadi gansazRvrul Tanxas warmoadgens, romelic gadaxdil unda iqnes, miuxedavad gadasaxadis gadamxdelis saqmianobisa. Tu saxelmwifo rutis 100 dolaris odenobis erTjerad gadasaxads daakisrebs, ruti iZulebuli iqneba, an gadaixados es Tanxa, an qveynidan wavides, an ki mokvdes. qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi ar aris erTjeradi gadasaxadi. igi damokidebulia rutis mier qeris moxmarebis xarisxze.
406
ganvixiloT erTjeradi gadasaxadi, romelic rutis mdgomareobas iseve auaresebs, rogorc qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi. dasawyisisaTvis avagoT sabiujeto grafiki. igi ori maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva: 1) igi AD-s paraleluria (erTjeradi gadasaxadi ubralod gamoiqviTeba rutis fulidan, igi ar cvlis qerisa da simindis fass; ori sabiujeto mrudi, romelic gamoxatavs fasis erTsa da imave ganakveTs, paraleluri unda iyos). 2) rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rutis sargeblianoba iseTive donezea, rogorc qerze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg. swored amitom sabiujeto mrudi ii indiferentulobis mruds unda exebodes.
13.3 grafikSi HI sabiujeto mrudi ii indiferentulobis mruds E3 wertilSi exeba. igi orive kriteriums akmayofilebs. aseTi sabiujeto mrudis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ruti B3 funt qers da C3 funt siminds moixmarda. erTjeradi gadasaxadis Semosavali aris E3-sa da gadasaxadis dawesebamde sabiujeto SezRudvas Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili ME3. rogorc ukve giCveneT, ME3 i indiferentulobis mrudidan ii indiferentulobis mrudze gadaadgilebis ekvivalentur variacias warmoadgens. amitom gasakviric araferia: erTjeradi gadasaxadi sabiujeto mrudis paralelelur gadaadgilebas warmoadgens. erTjeradi gadasaxadis Semosavali udris mis ekvivalentur variacias. amdenad, erTjeradi gadasaxadi ar qmnis zedmet tvirTs. amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTjerad gadasaxads ruti indiferentulobis zustad imave mrudze gadahyavs, sadac qerze dawesebul gadasaxads, mas saxelmwifosaTvis ufro maRali sagadasaxado Semosavali moaqvs. Tu Cven SevadarebT erTjerad gadasaxadsa da qerze dawesebul gadasaxads, romelsac Tanabari sagadasaxado Semosavali moaqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, aRmovaCenT, rom erTjeradi gadasaxadiT dabegvris SemTxvevaSi ruti indiferentulobis ufro maRal mrudze gadainacvlebs.
Cveni skeptikosi mkiTxveli daeWvdeba da SeniSnavs, rom es Sedegi 13.3 grafikze daxazuli indiferentuli mrudebis ubralo artefeqtia (cru gamosaxuleba). magram es ase ar aris. viRacam SeiZleba scados imis damtkiceba, rom gadasaxadi, romelic cvlis fasebs, qmnis zedmet tvirTs 13 , vidre indiferentulobis mrudi inarCunebs Cveulebriv formas. gadasaxadi, romelic cvlis fass, araefeqtiania, radgan igi individis Semosavals amcirebs, xolo Semosavlis danakargi ki am gadasaxadiT miRebul amonagebs yovelTvis aRemateba.
kiTxva-pasuxi
13
rogoric ukve aRvniSneT, aq igulisxmeba, Tavisufalia. informaciisaTvis ix. Hines [1999].
rom
ekonomika
sxva
faqtorebisagan
407
wina TavSi mocemuli informacia zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb ramdenime mniSvnelovan kiTxvas badebs.
Tu erTjeradi gadasaxadi aseTi efeqtiania, ratom ar aris igi farTod gamoyenebuli? daviwyoT iqidan, rom erTjeradi dabegvra, ramdenime mizezis gamo mimzidvel strategiul berkets ar warmoadgens. davuSvaT, rom mTavrobam gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba aris 2000 aSS dolari. es iqneba erTjeradi gadasaxadi. adamianTa umetesoba mas Seafasebs, rogorc arasamarTlian gadasaxads _ 2000 dolari danakargi ufro did tvirTad daawveba Rarib ojaxs, vidre mdidars. 1990 wels britaneTis premier-ministrma, margaret tetCerma, danerga gadasaxadi, romelic garkveulwilad waagavda erTjerad gadasaxads. qonebaze gadasaxadi, romelic adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis biujetSi Sedioda, Canacvlebul iqna sulobrivi gadasaxadiT; TiToeul adgilobriv iurisdiqciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxa erT sulze Semosavlis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. gadasaxadi, marTlac, warmoadgenda erTjerads, imitom rom individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar icvleboda Semosavlis an qonebis moculobis mixedviT; igi icvleboda mxolod imis mixedviT, Tu sad airCevda individi cxovrebas. xalxma aseTi gadasaxadi arasamarTlianad CaTvala. swored xalxis guliswyroma gaxda qalbatoni tetCerisaTvis Tanamdebobis dakargvis mizezi 1990 wels. 1991 wels misma memkvidrem, jon meijorma, arsebuli kursi Secvala.
ufro obieqturi da samarTliani Sedegis misaRebad iqneb upriani iyos sxvadasxva Semosavlis adamianebis sxvadasxva ganakveTiT dabegvra? mdidari SesaZloa, daibegros wliuri 20000 aSS dolariT, misi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miuxedavad, xolo Raribi ki _ 500 aSS dolariT. problema isaa, rom individi, romelic erTiandeba samuSao ZalaSi, male mixvdeba, rom misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebuli iqneba mis Semosavalze da swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT miiRos gadawyvetileba dasaqmebisa da danazogis Sesaxeb. individis mier naSovni fuli garkveulwilad Tavad am individis kontrols eqvemdebareba. amdenad, Semosavlis mixedviT dawesebuli gadasaxadi erTjerad gadasaxads namdvilad ar warmoadgens.
dabolos: imisaTvis, rom erTjeradi gadasaxadebis samarTliani sistema CamovayaliboT, aucilebelia, gadasaxadi davafuZnoT `SesaZleblobis~ raime ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze, romelic individis Semosavlis miRebis potencials afasebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis miRebis maRali da dabali potencialis mqone individi sxvadasxvanairad daibegreboda. dabegvris safuZveli potencialia, amitom individis sagadasaxado tvirTi adamianis qmedebebze ar iqneba damokidebuli. arsebobs ki SesaZleblobis Sefasebis aseTi berketi? asec rom iyos, mas, albaT, verasodes gaakontrolebda sagadasaxado organo. amrigad, individualuri erTjeradi gadasaxadi efeqtianobis standarts warmoadgens. igi Tanamedrove ekonomikis ZiriTadi strategiuli alternativa ar aris.
408
arsebobs Tu ara raime magaliTi keTildReobis ekonomikidan, romelic dagvexmareba, gavigoT, Tu ratom warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi? gaixseneT mesame Tavi da pareto-efeqtiani resursebis ganawilebis aucilebeli piroba: simindis qeriT Canacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi (MRSbc) warmoebaSi qeris simindad transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs (MRTbc) unda udrides. qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadis pirobebSi momxmarebeli qeris (1 + tb ) Pb fass ixdis. amdenad:
MRS bc =
(1 + t b ) Pb PC
(13.1)
(13.1) gantoleba 13.3 grafikSi arsebuli algebrul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.
wonasworobis
E2
wertilis
mwarmoebeli iRebs gadawyvetilebas mxolod mas Semdeg, transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs daawesebs, romelic mwarmoeblis miRebuli
fasebis
proporciulia.
ruti
ixdis
(1 + tb ) Pb fass
funt
rac mier qerSi,
mwarmoebeli iRebs mxolod Pb Tanxas, sxvaoba ki gadasaxadis SemgrovebelTan miemarTeba. amdenad, mwarmoebeli, romelsac surs Semosavlis gazrda, fass Semdegi gantolebis mixedviT daawesebs:
MRTbc =
Pb Pc
(13.2)
cxadia, vidre tb ar gautoldeba nuls, MRSbc gadaaWarbebs MRTbc-s, rac resursebis efeqtiani ganawilebisaTvis aucilebel pirobas arRvevs.
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac MRSbc aRemateba MRTbc-s, simindis moxmarebis qeris moxmarebiT Canacvlebis zRvruli sargeblianoba sawarmoo danaxarjebSi ganxorcielebul aucilebel cvlilebas aRemateba. amdenad, aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad sargeblianoba gaizrdeba. qerze gadasaxadis arsebobis pirobebSi amis finansuri stimuli ar arsebobs. zedmeti tvirTi sargeblianobis danakargis Sefasebis saSualebas warmoadgens. danakargis warmoqmnis mizezi ki is aris, rom qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi qmnis sxvaobas momxmareblis mier gadaxdil da mwarmoeblis mier miRebul Tanxebs Soris. amis sapirispirod, erTjeradi gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili da mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli Tanxa absoluturad Tanabaria. maT Soris ar arsebobs sxvaoba. amdenad, pareto-efeqtianobis yvela aucilebeli piroba dakmayofilebulia.
409
warmoqmnis Tu ara zedmet tvirTs saSemosavlo gadasaxadi? diax, warmoqmnis. saWiroa cotaodeni fiqri. 13.3 grafiki erTjeradi gadasaxadis dawesebas gamoxatavs, rogorc AD-dan HI-sken qvemoT mimarTul paralelur gadaadgilebas. aseTive gadaadgileba moxdeboda im gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegadac, romelic rutis Semosavals garkveul Tanxas aklebs. rogorc erTjeradi gadasaxadi, aseve Semosavlis Semcireba sabiujeto SezRudvis monakveTebs Tavdapirvel wertils miuaxloebs, Tumca ucvlelad tovebs mis daxrilobas. SesaZloa, am momentSi erTjeradi gadasaxadiT dabegvra da saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvra ekvivalenturia. faqtobrivad, fiqsirebuli Semosavlis pirobebSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi erTjeradi gadasaxadi iqneboda. magram individis Semosavali yovelTvis mis arCevanzea damokidebuli. amitom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi ar iqneba.
davuSvaT, rom ruti sami saxis saqonels moixmars: qers, simindsa da Tavisufal dros (l). ruti Tmobs Tavisufal dros (anu muSaobs) imisaTvis, rom miiRos Semosavali, romelsac gamoiyenebs simindisa da qeris SesaZenad. sawarmoo seqtorSi rutis Tavisufali dro warmoadgens produqtis warmoebis saSualebas. ganakveTi, romliTac misi Tavisufali dro qerad transformirdeba, aris MRTlb, xolo simindad ki _ MRTlc. sargeblianobis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli individi fasebis proporciis safuZvelze ori produqtis Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTs awesebs. zustad aseve MRS-i Tavisufal drosa da mocemul saqonels Soris ganisazRvreba xelfasisa (Tavisufali drois fass) da saqonlis fasis proporciis safuZvelze.
davubrundeT keTildReobis ekonomikas. sami saqonlis resursebis pareto-efeqtiani ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa:
SemTxvevaSi
MRSlb = MRTlb MRSlc = MRTlc MRSbc = MRTbc
proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, romelic qersa da simindze dawesebuli gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia, mesame tolobas ucvlelad tovebs, imitom rom mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi kvlavac qerisa da simindis SedarebiTi fasis winaSe dganan. gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad orive fasi erTi da imave proporciiT gaizarda, amitom maTi Sefardeba ar Secvlila. miuxedavad amisa, pirvel or SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado sxvaoba mainc warmoiqmneba: davuSvaT, damqiravebeli rutis w daubegrav xelfass uxdis, saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ki aris t. rutis gadawyvetilebani damokidebulia dabegrili xelfasis moculobaze (1 - t)w. amrigad, rutis SemTxvevaSi MRSlb = (1 –
410
t)w/Pb. meore mxriv, mwarmoeblis gadawyvetilebani im saxelfaso ganakveTze, romelsac igi ixdis, anu daubegrav w xelfaszea damokidebuli. amdenad, mwarmoeblis SemTxvevaSi MRSlb = w/Pb. Sedegad,
MRSlb ¹ MRTlc . analogiurad,
MRSlc ¹ MRTlc . erTjeradi gadasaxadi ki sruliad ucvlels tovebs samive tolobas. amrigad, saSemosavlo Cveulebriv ar aris ekvivalenturi.
da
erTjeradi
gadasaxadebiT
dabegvra
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi or tolobas arRvevs, xolo qersa da simindze sxvadasxva ganakveTiT dawesebuli fasi ki _ samive tolobas, TavisTavad es faqti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT, Tu romeli sistemaa ufro efeqtiani. erT-erTi tolobis darRvevis Sedegad mcirdeba efeqtianoba. am dros keTildReobis Semcirebis Sefaseba sxvaobaTa martivi daTvlis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. aseT viTarebaSi ufro upriani iqneba TiToeul sagadasaxado reJimTan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba da SemdgomSi maTi Sedareba. Cven ar vuSvebT imas, rom saSemosavlo dabegvra ufro efeqtiania, vidre sasaqonlo gadasaxadebis sxvadasxva ganakveTebiani sistema (diferencialuri sasaqonlo dabegvra). SesaZloa, es daSveba gamarTlebulic ki iyos, magram es empiriuli sakiTxia da misi gansazRvra mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia.
davuSvaT, rom saqonlis dabegvris Semdgom masze moTxovna ar icvleba. mianiSnebs Tu ara aseTi tendencia zedmeti tvirTis ararsebobaze? zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmna araswor gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegia. davuSvaT, saqonlis dabegvris Semdgom masze moTxovna ar Secvlila. Cndeba azri, rom dabegvras ar gamouwvevia zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmna. aseTi daSveba gamosaxulia 13.4 grafikze. naomi, Cveni axali gmiri, xasiaTdeba rutis msgavsi SemosavliT; igi ixdis iseTive fasebsa da gadasaxadebs, rogorsac ruti. amdenad, misi Tavdapirveli sabiujeto SezRudva aris AD, xolo qeris dabegvris Semdeg ki _ AF. Tumca, rutisagan gansxvavebiT, naomi qeris moxmarebas qeris dabegvris Semdegac ki ar cvlis: anu B1 = B2-s. qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebia E1E2. aris Tu ara es zedmeti tvirTi? qeris gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi variacia aris RE3, rac E1E2 qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebs E2S moculobiT aRemateba. amdenad, imis miuxedavad, rom naomis mier qeris moxmareba ar Secvlila qeris dabegvris Semdegac ki, dabegvris Sedegad E2S zedmeti tvirTi mainc warmoiqmna.
aseTi paradoqsis TavidaTavi ki is aris, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom naomi ar cvlis qeris moxmarebas, samagierod, igi simindis moxmarebas (C1-dan C2-mde) cvlis. rodesac qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi qeris Sesabamis fass cvlis, maSin Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTic da produqtebis asortimentis Semadgenlobac icvleba.
411
arsebobs kidev ufro mkacri da detaluri ganmarteba: saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ori saxis reaqcia, romelic SesaZloa, qeris dabegvras mohyves. E1-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba arakompensirebuli reaqciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba moxmareba dabegvris Sedegad da Semosavlis Semcirebisa da gadasaxadis gamo Secvlili fasebis efeqts aerTianebs. warmovidginoT, rogor xdeba E1-dan E2-mde gadaadgilebis dekompozicia, E1-dan E3-mde da E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba. E1-dan E3-mde gadaadgileba erTjeradi gadasaxadis efeqtze miuTiTebs. aRniSnuli cvlileba, romelic Semosavlis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, mxolod da mxolod Semosavals amcirebs. fasebi ucvleli rCeba. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba fasebis cvlilebaze miuTiTebs. naomis eZleva sakmarisi Semosavali imisaTvis, rom darCes ii indiferentulobis mrudze im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dabegvris gamo qeris fasi gaizarda. naomis eZleva damatebiTi Semosavali, anu xdeba qeris gazrdili fasis kompensireba, amitom E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba kompensirebuli reaqciis saxelwodebas atarebs, zogjer ki Canacvlebis efeqtis saxelwodebiTac ki moixsenieba14.
grafiki 13.4
kompensirebuli reaqcia zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros mniSvnelovani faqtoria. ratom aris ase? zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros aucilebelia ii indiferentulobis mrudze E2 da E3 wertilebSi Segrovili gadasaxadebis 14
ixileT wignis danarTi, sadac ganxilulia Semosavali, kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudebi.
Canacvlebis
efeqti
da
412
Sedareba. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba ii indiferentulobis mrudis gaswvriv namdvilad kompensirebuli moTxovnaa. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgilebis dros Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTze zemoqmedeba xdeba. rogorc ukve giCveneT, aRniSnuli cvlilebis Sedegad pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobebi irRveva.
Cveulebrivi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnili saqonlis raodenobaSi fasebis Secvlis dros arakompensirebul cvlilebas asaxavs. kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba moTxovnili saqonlis moculoba fasis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi da, amavdroulad, xdeba Semosavlis kompensacia ise, rom individis mier moxmarebuli saqonlis asortimenti indiferentulobis imave mrudze rCeba. amrigad, zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia gadaadgilebaze, romelic xdeba kompensirebuli da ara Cveulebrivi moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv.
aseTi msjeloba SesaZloa, pedanturadac ki mogeCvenoT, magram garwmunebT, rom isini uaRresad mniSvnelovania. politikuri ganxilvebi, Cveulebriv, Seexeba xolme iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: axdens Tu ara zemoqmedebas romelime gadasaxadi individis yofaqcevaze. Tu ganxilvebis Sedegad dadasturdeba, rom gadasaxadi ar zemoqmedebs individis qmedebebze, maSin CaiTvleba, rom efeqtianobis seriozuli problema ar arsebobs. ase magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tu saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ar imoqmedebs samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze, gamova, rom gadasaxads uaryofiTi Sedegi ara aqvs. cxadia, yvelam kargad icis, rom aseTi mosazreba wminda wylis uazrobaa. mniSvnelovani zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnis albaToba maSinac ki arsebobs, rodesac dabegrili saqonlis arakompensirebuli reaqcia nulis tolia.
zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba moTxovnis mrudebis saSualebiT
zedmeti tvirTis koncefcia SesaZloa, interpretirebul iqnes (kompensirebuli) moTxovnis mrudebis gamoyenebis gziTac ki. aseTi interpretacia TiTqmis mTlianadaa damokidebuli iseT cnebaze, rogoricaa samomxmareblo danazogi _ sxvaoba im or Tanxas Soris, romlis gadaxdis survilic aqvs individs da romlis gadaxdac faqtobrivad uwevs. wignis danarTSi naCvenebia, rom samomxmareblo danazogi im arealiT fasdeba, romelic sabazro fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis mrudsa da horizontalur xazs Soris arsebobs. davuSvaT, rom 13.5 grafikze kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudi qerze aris swori xazi Db. simartivisaTvis amjeradac vigulisxmoT, rom qeris socialuri zRvruli danaxarji mudmivia (Pb); miwodebis mrudi aris Sb
413
horizontaluri xazi 15. wonasworobis pirobebSi q1 funti qeris moxmareba xdeba. samomxmareblo danazogi, anu fassa da moTxovnis mruds Soris arsebuli sivrce, aris aih.
davuSvaT, rom qeri daibegra tb sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. axali fasi, (1 + tb ) Pb , asocirebulia
S¢b
miwodebis
mrudTan.
moTxovnisa
gadaikveTeba: aRmoCndeba, rom xdeba q2 funti wonasworoba Semdegi niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba:
da miwodebis qeris
mrudebi
moxmareba.
axali
·
samomxmareblo danazogi emTxveva agf areals moTxovnisa da Sb¢ -s Soris.
·
qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadis amonagebi gfdh marTkuTxedia, imitom rom sagadasaxado Semosavali Sesyiduli erTeulis raodenobisa (hd) da TiToeul erTeulze gadaxdili gadasaxadis namravls: (1 + tb ) Pb - Pb = gh udris. hd da gh warmoadgens gfdh marTkuTxedis fuZesa da simaRles da, amdenad, maTi namravlic swored es areali iqneba. dabegvrisSemdgomi samomxmareblo siWarbisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadis (hafd areali) jami fid arealiT naklebia Tavdapirvel samomxmareblo siWarbeze (ahi). faqtobrivad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cven sagadasaxado Semosavals qeris momxmareblebs erTjeradad davubrunebT, maTi mdgomareoba mainc gauaresdeba fid samkuTxediT. swored es samkuTxedi warmoadgens gadasaxadis zedmet tvirTs.
·
aseTi meTodis saSualebiT tvirTis fuladi Rirebuleba. fid raodenobis Secvla gadasaxadis naxevars Seadgens. martivi algebris
sakmaod advilad ganisazRvreba zedmeti samkuTxedis farTobi misi fuZisa (qeris gamo) da simaRlis (gadasaxadi funtze) Tanaxmad, namravli udris:
1 hPb q1t b2 2
sadac
h
(berZnuli
`eta~)
(13.3),
qerze
Rirebulebas7
elastiurobis absolutur danarT `A~-Si am Tavis bolos).
moTxovnis warmoadgens
kompensirebuli (damtkiceba
fasis ixileT
15
aseTi analizis ganzogadeba adviladaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac miwodebis mrudebi zemoTaa aRmarTuli, ixileT sqolios (7) CanarTi. 7 formula gamoiyeneba mxolod usasrulod mcire gadasaxadebis SemTxvevaSi, Tanac ise, rom ar arsebobdes sxva saxis zemoqmedeba da faqtori. rodesac miwodebis mrudis daxriloba zemoTaa aRmarTuli da ara horizontalurad, zedmeti tvirTis samkuTxedi moicavs rogorc mwarmoeblis, aseve samomxmareblo danazogs. zedmeti tvirTis gamosaangariSebeli formula damokidebulia rogorc miwodebis, aseve moTxovnis elastiurobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi zedmeti tvirTi udris:
414
grafiki 13.5
h -s maRali (absoluturi) Rirebuleba mianiSnebs imaze, rom moTxovnis kompensirebuli moculoba friad labiluria fasebis cvlilebis mimarT. amdenad, h -s arseboba formulaSi TavisTavad miuTiTebs imaze, rom rac ufro amaxinjebs
gadasaxadi
(kompensirebul)
samomxmareblo
gadawyvetilebas,
miT
ufro mZimea zedmeti tvirTi. Px ´ q1 aris qeris Tavdapirveli danaxarji. misi CarTva formulaSi miuTiTebs, rom rac ufro maRalia dabegrili saqonlis Tavdapirveli danaxarji, miT ufro mZimea zedmeti tvirTi.
dabolos, tb2 -s arseboba formulaSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdis SemTxvevaSi ganakveTis kvadratis zrdasTan erTad zedmeti tvirTic izrdeba. gadasaxadis tetradis gaormagebiT viRebT zedmet tvirTs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratis proporciulad izrdeba. amdenad, zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi Semosavlis erT dolarze aRemateba saSualo zedmet tvirTs, anu Semosavlis kidev erT dolarze zrdadi zemdeti tvirTi aRemateba mTliani zedmeti tvirTisa da mTliani Semosavlis Sefardebas. es migneba erTob seriozuli faqtoria
1
Pb q 2 t , sadac e aris miwodebis elastiuroba, igi uaxlovdeba usasrulobas, 21 1 b + h e
romelic 13.5 grafikSi mocemul horizontalur RerZs Seesabameba.
415
danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis dros. davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlis TiToeul dolarze saSualo zedmeti tvirTi aris 12 centi, xolo zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado Semosavlis damatebiT dolarze aris 27 centi [Jorgenson and Yun, 2001, gv. 302]. TiToeuli dolaris socialuri danaxarji saxelmwifo proeqtisaTvis aris dolari plus zrdadi zedmeti tvirTi (27 centi). amdenad, saxelmwifo proeqtma, Tu surs, rom keTildReoba aamaRlos, maRal zRvrul sargebels (magaliTad, aracxadi danaxarjis TiToeul dolarze 1,27 dolarze met sargebels) unda uzrunvelyofdes.
TviTmfrinavis bileTis dabegvra. ganvixiloT (13.3) formula raime realuri magaliTis safuZvelze. TviTmfrinavis bileTi federaluri mTavrobis mier 10%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. ras udris am gadasaxadis zedmeti tvirTi? gantolebis Tanaxmad, Cven zustad unda vicodeT moTxovnis fasi. oumis, uotersisa da iongis [1992] mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, racionaluri Sefaseba aris daaxloebiT 1,0. amis garda, Cven unda gamoviangariSoT bileTis fasisa da gayiduli bileTebis namravli (Semosavali TviTmfrinavis bileTebidan), rac daaxloebiT 94 miliard dolars udris wliurad [aSS aRweris biuro, 2002, gv. 661]. axla ki mTeli es informacia (13.3) gantolebaSi CavsvaT. TviTmfrinavis bileTis gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, romelic wliurad 1 ´ 94 ´ ( 0,10) 2 miliard, anu 470 milion dolars
2
udris.
arsebuli faqtorebi
analizis dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi, gadasaxadis garda, sxva faqtorebi ar arsebobs. realurad axali gadasaxadis SemoRebis dros ukve iseTi faqtorebi arsebobs, rogoricaa: monopolia, garegani efeqti da arsebuli gadasaxadebi. am faqtorebis wyalobiT, zedmeti tvirTis analizi ufro rTuldeba.
davuSvaT, rom momxmareblisaTvis jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebadi produqciaa. saxelmwifoSi romis dabegvra daiwyo da warmoiqmna zedmeti tvirTis `samkuTxedi~ (13.5 grafikis msgavsad). saxelmwifo jinis dabegvrasac apirebs. ras gautoldeba is zedmeti tvirTi, romelsac jinze dawesebuli gadasaxadi warmoqmnis? jinis bazarze jinze dawesebuli gadasaxadi warmoqmnis sxvaobas im Tanxebs Soris, romelsac momxmarebeli ixdis da romelsac mwarmoebeli iRebs. rogorc wesi, zedmeti tvirTic warmoiqmneba. Tumca es ar aris mTeli istoria. saqme imaSi aris, rom jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebad produqciad iTvleba. jinis samomxmareblo fasi gadasaxadis Sedegad gaizarda, ramac gazarda moTxovna romze. gaizarda romis moTxovnis koeficienti. axla ki romis dabegvrac daiwyo saxelmwifom. amdenad, ganxorcielda `Zalian mcire~ moculobis romis moxmareba. romis moxmareba jinze dawesebuli gadasaxadis
416
wyalobiT gaizarda, Tumca axla romze dawesebulma gadasaxadma misi moxmareba isev ukan efeqtian doneze daabruna. amdenad, romis bazarze sakmaod efeqtiani movlena ganviTarda, rac jinis bazarze warmoqmnili zemdeti tvirTis kompensaciis saSualebas warmoadgens. Teoriulad jinze dawesebul gadasaxads, faqtobrivad, mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Semcireba SeeZlo (am Tavis `b~ danarTSi ixileT am fenomenis grafikuli demonstrireba).
SeuZlebelia, izolirebulad ganvixiloT gadasaxadis an subsidiis zemoqmedeba efeqtianobaze. arsebobs sxva bazaric Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebiT da saqoneli am bazrebze mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebulia (an Seanacvlebs erTmaneTs, an Seavsebs). amdenad, efeqtianobaze zemoqmedebis ganxilva yvela bazris WrilSi unda moxdes. imisaTvis, rom gamoviTvaloT gadasaxadebis an subsidiebis mTliani zegavlena efeqtianobaze, araswori iqneba, cal-calke SevafasoT zedmeti tvirTis moculoba TiToeul bazarze da Semdeg ubralod SevkriboT es monacemebi. efeqtianobis agregirebuli danakargi `misi nawilebis jams~ ar udris.
Sedegi gasaocaria. gamodis, rom aucilebelia TiToeuli bazris Sefaseba imisaTvis, rom gansazRvrul iqnes romelime gadasaxadis an subsidiis zegavlena efeqtianobaze. xSir SemTxvevebSi Sesaswavli bazrisa da sxva bazrebis urTierTkavSiri imdenad mcirea, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba jvaredini efeqtebis ugulebelyofa8. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi midgoma Zalian mosaxerxebelia, misi racionaluroba yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda gadamowmdes.
garemos dacvis ekonomika gvTavazobs alternativas, romlis mixedviTac, Zalian mniSvnelovania ukve arsebuli faqtorebis buRaltruli aRricxva. gaixseneT mexuTe Tavi: garegani efeqtis arsebobis pirobebSi gadasaxadi zrdis efeqtianobas. pigus gadasaxadi aiZulebs dambinZurebels, gaiTvaliswinos sxvebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani da warmoebis masStabi Seamciros. gaixseneT isic, rom aSS-is saSemosavlo gadasaxadis sistema uaRresad araefeqtiania. Sromis miwodebisa da sxva gadawyvetilebebis damaxinjebis gziT saSemosavlo gadasaxadi umZimes zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. am ori daSvebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis Sedegad gaCnda aseTi SemoTavazeba: xom ar iqneba ufro upriani, Tu ekologiuri gadasaxadidan miRebul Semosavals saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sesamcireblad gamoviyenebT? aseTi winadadeba ormagi dividendis hipotezis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, radgan efeqtianoba izrdeba rogorc dambinZureblis, aseve saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT datvirTul bazarze.
logika, cxadia, am winadadebaSic arsebobs. gaixseneT, rom gadasaxadi dabinZurebaze im saqonlis fass zrdis, romelic warmoebulia damabinZurebeli teqnologiis gamoyenebis Sedegad. saqonlis fasis zrda individis realuri
8
gamonaklisis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad ix. Fullerton and Rogers [1997].
417
saxelfaso ganakveTis Semcirebas gulisxmobs _ individs xelfasiT axla ukve bevrad naklebi produqtisa da momsaxurebis SeZena SeuZlia. ase rom, ekologiuri gadasaxadi, garkveulwilad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadia. Sromis bazari ukve damaxinjebulia saSemosavalo gadasaxadiT. amdenad, ekologiuri gadasaxadi mxolod gaarTulebs mdgomareobas. efeqtiani ekologiuri gadasaxadi SesaZloa, aseT viTarebaSi ufro dabali iyos, vidre saSemosavlo gadasaxadis araarsebobis pirobebSi. Cven sulac ar vambobT imas, rom pigus gadasaxadis arseboba negatiuri movlenaa. Cven mxolod imis Tqma gvinda, rom misi Sedegi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra masStabiT zemoqmedebs arsebuli gadasaxadebi Sromis bazarze.
subsidiis zedmeti tvirTi
sasaqonlo subsidia bevri qveynis fiskaluri sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia. realurad subsidia negatiuri gadasaxadia da, gadasaxadis msgavsad, igi zedmet tvirTTanaa asocirebuli. subsidiis zedmeti tvirTis gamosaTvlelad warmovidginoT subsidia, romelic kerZo binaTmSeneblobaze gaicema, romelsac federaluri mTavroba individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadidis gansazRvruli anaricxebidan uzrunvelyofs (detaluri informaciisaTvis kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb ix. me-16 Tavi).
grafiki 13.6
418
davuSvaT, rom kerZo binaTmSeneblobis moTxovna 13.6 grafikSi Dh swori xaziTaa gamoxatuli. miwodeba horizontaluria Ph fasad, rac binaTmSeneblobis momsaxurebis gawevis zRvrul socialur danaxarjs gansazRvravs. Tavdapirvelad wonasworobiT dafiqsirebuli raodenoba h1-ia. saxelmwifom gadawyvita, binaTmSeneblebs gadasces subsidia s procentad. binaTmSeneblobis momsaxurebis axali fasi iqneba (1 - s) Ph , xolo Sesabamisi miwodebis mrudi ki -
S h¢.
subsidia
zrdis
binaTmSeneblobiT
sargeblobas
h2
wertilamde.
Tu
binaTmSeneblobaze subsidiis gacemis mizani masze moxmarebis gazrda iyo, maSin Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom subsidiam Seasrula dakisrebuli amocana. magram ramdenad racionaluria aseTi midgoma im SemTxvevaSi, Tu subsidiis mizani socialuri keTildReobis amaRleba iyo?
subsidiis gacemamde samomxmareblo danazogi emTxveoda mno areals. subsidirebis Semdeg samomxmareblo siWarbis areali mqu gaxda, anu nouq arealiT gaizarda. magram ra fasad gaizarda samomxmareblo danazogi? subsidiis programis Rirebuleba udris momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofili da moxmarebuli erTeulebis raodenobas (qu) erTeulze gamoyofili subsidiis (nq) mixedviT an marTkuTxed nvuq-s. amdenad, subsidiis Rirebuleba, faqtobrivad, sargebels aRemateba _ warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi, romelic nvuq arealsa da nouq areals Soris arsebul sxvaobas, anu gamoyofil ovu areals udris.
419
poterbas [1992] mier Catarebuli kvleva miuTiTebs, rom piri, romelic SeiZens 200000 aSS dolaris Rirebulebis saxls, wliuri 1200 dolaris zedmeti tvirTiT ibegreba.
rogor SeiZleba, binaTmSeneblobis subsidireba araefeqtianad Sefasdes? gaixseneT, rom am momsaxurebaze moTxovnis mrudis nebismieri wertili gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia individisaTvis moxmarebis es konkretuli done. hi-s marjvniv misi Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre Ph zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis wertilSi (miuxedavad imisa, rom individi namdvilad iRebs sargebels binaTmSeneblobis ufro meti produqtis moxmarebiT). subsidia ubiZgebs individs, moixmaros binaTmSeneblobis iseTi momsaxureba, romelic TviTRirebulebaze naklebi TanxiTaa Sefasebuli, anu subsidias araefeqtianobamde mivyavarT9.
analizis Sedegad seriozul politikur Sedegamde mivdivarT. xSirad ismis aseTi winadadeba: davexmaroT individTa jgufs, ganvaxorcieloT im saqonlis subsidireba, romelsac es jgufi yvelaze intensiurad moixmars. Cven ukve davamtkiceT am daSvebis iracionaluroba. SesaZlebelia, adamianis keTildReoba avamaRloT, Tu subsidiaze ufro nakleb Tanxas maT pirdapiri grantis saxiT gadavcemT. 13.6 grafikSi Cans, rom individisaTvis sulerTia, ganxorcieldeba binaTmSeneblobis subsidirebis programa (romlis Rirebuleba nvuq iqneba), Tu gamoyofil iqneba pirdapiri granti (nou). arada, subsidireba saxelmwifos gacilebiT ufro Zviri ujdeba10. swored am mizezis gamo bevri ekonomisti sasaqonlo subsidiebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas pirdapir saSemosavlo transfers aniWebs.
Semosavlis dabegvris Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi
zedmeti tvirTis Teoria iseve aqtualuria warmoebis faqtorebisaTvis, rogorc saqonlisaTvis. daakvirdiT 13.7 grafiks: iakobis samuSao saaTebi mocemulia horizontalur RerZze, misi saaTobrivi anazRaureba ki _ vertikalurze. iakobis kompensirebuli Sromis miwodebis mrudi, romelic iakobisaTvis misaReb umcires xelfass gviCvenebs, SL-iTaa gamoxatuli. iakobis Tavdapirveli xelfasi aris w da igi L1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. iseve rogorc samomxmareblo siWarbe fiqsirdeba arealSi, romelic ganTavsebulia 9
subsidirebis Semdeg moxmarebis dros Canacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi damokidebulia
(1 - s) Ph -ze, xolo warmoebis dros transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi ki Ph-ze. amdenad, transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi ar udris Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTs da, Sesabamisad, resursebis ganawilebac ver iqneba efeqtiani. 10 es Sedegi Zalian waagavs Sedegs, romelic miviReT maSin, rodesac naturaluri subsidiis Sesaxeb vsaubrobdiT (meSvide Tavi). aRniSnul TavSi SegiZliaT gadaxedoT im motivebs, ris gamoc sasaqonlo subsidia politikurad yvelaze popularul berketad rCeba. 420
moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris, SromiTi Zalis siWarbe mocemulia arealSi, romelic miwodebis mrudsa da sabazro saxelfaso ganakveTs Soris mdebareobs. Tu xelfasia w, maSin siWarbe mocemulia adf arealSi.
saxelmwifo awesebs saSemosavlo gadasaxads t ganakveTiT. xelfasi dabegvris Semdeg udris (1 –t)w; mocemuli miwodebis mrudi aris SL, xolo gaweuli Sroma udris L2 saaTs. danazogi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom agh arealze modis, xolo saxelmwifos mierLSegrovili amonagebi ki fihg areals emTxeva. warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi _ dawesebuli gadasaxadi SromiT gadawyvetilebas cvlis. zedmeti tvirTi udris sxvaobas iakobis saSemosavlo danakargsa (fdhg) da gadasaxadis moculobas (hid) Soris: (= fdhg – fihg). (13.3) gantolebis analogiurad, hid areali daaxloebiT udris:
1 ewL1t 2 2
(13.4),
sadac e aris samuSao saaTebis kompensirebuli elastiuroba.
grafiki 13.7
421
amerikeli mamakacis e -s racionaluri koeficienti daaxloebiT 0.2-ia. davuSvaT, rom xelfasis dabegvramde iakobi wliurad 2000 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, misi saaTobrivi anazRaureba ki 20 dolaria. mTavroba iRebs gadawyvetilebas Semosavlis 40%-iT dabegvris Sesaxeb. Tu am monacemebs (13.4) gantolebaSi CavsvamT, vnaxavT, rom am gadasaxadis mier warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi wliurad daaxloebiT 640 dolars udris. imisaTvis, rom es cifri perspeqtivaSi ganvixiloT, unda SevniSnoT, rom igi sagadasaxado Semosavlis daaxloebiT 4%-s udris. amrigad, saSualod gadasaxadis saxiT Segrovili TiToeuli dolari 4 centis odenobiT zedmet tvirTs qmnis.
cxadia, iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa saxelfaso da sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da maTi elastiuroba, mosaxleobis TiToeuli wevris mixedviT meryeobs. amdenad, sxvadasxva individs gansxvavebuli moculobis zemdeti tvirTi ekisreba. ufro metic, SromiTi Zalis dabegvris Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia im sagadasaxado ganakveTebze, romliTac warmoebis saSualebebi ibegreba. iorgensonisa da iunis gamoTvlebiT [2001], SromiTi Zalis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris Sedegad aSS-Si warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi Semosavlis daaxloebiT 27%-s udris. me-16 TavSi naxavT, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani ganusazRvreloba fundamenturi elastiurobebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, maT Sefasebas skrupulozuri sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.
422
grafiki 13.8
Sromis diferencialuri dabegvra
Cven axlaxan ganvixileT magaliTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb da kargad davinaxeT, rom SromiTi Zalis Semosavali, individis samuSao adgilis miuxedavad, Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tumca zogjer Sroma adgilis mixedviT ibegreba. ase magaliTad, korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo SromiTi Zala, romelic dasaqmebulia korporaciul seqtorSi, gacilebiT ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre arakorporaciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli SormiTi Zala. garda amisa, xdeba SromiTi Zalis diferencialuri dabegvra imis mixedviT, Tu sad muSaobs igi: saxlSi Tu sabazro seqtorSi. Tu individi Sida saqmeebiTaa dakavebuli, maSin mas SeuZlia, Rirebuli momsaxureba awarmoos da, Tanac, yovelgvari dabegvris gareSe11. meore mxriv, Tu igive individi SromiTi bazris monawile xdeba da daqiravebul Sromas Seudgeba, misi momsaxureba saSemosavlo da saxelfaso gadasaxadebiT daibegreba. is faqti, rom SromiTi Zala ibegreba erT seqtorSi, xolo meoreSi ki sruliad Tavisufalia yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan, individis arCevans amaxinjebs.
11
saojaxo seqtorSi samuSaos Rirebuleba kargadaa aRwerili bibliuri avtoris mier. im dros saxlis Sida saqmeebiT mxolod qali iyo dakavebuli. 31-e TavSi igi qalis uTvalav saqmes ganixilavs, romelic `kargad uvlis Tavis saxl-kars”. misi ZiriTadi daskvna aris is, rom `qalis saqme lalze ufro Rirebulia”. samwuxarod, araferia viciT lalis fasis Sesaxeb im bibliur epoqaSi.
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efeqtianobis danaxarjis gamosaTvlelad daakvirdiT 13.8 grafiks. OO ¢ horizontaluri manZili gviCvenebs sazogadoebaSi xelmisawvdomi SromiTi Zalis mTlian moculobas. SromiTi Zala, romelic saSinao saqmiTaa dakavebuli, O –s marjvena manZiliT, xolo SromiTi Zala, romelic qmnis momsaxurebas Sromis bazarze, O¢ -s marcxena manZiliT izomeba. amdenad, O O¢ -s gaswvriv arsebuli nebismieri wertili miuTiTebs SromiTi Zalis ganawilebaze saSinao da sabazro seqtorebis mixedviT.
axla ki ganvmartoT saojaxo seqtorSi namuSevari saaTebis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba (value of marginal product - VMP), rogorc TiToeuli saaTis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli damatebiTi produqtis fuladi Rirebuleba. 13.8 grafikis VMPhome monakveTi saojaxo seqtorSi namuSevari saaTebis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gviCvenebs. misi daxriloba qveviTkenaa mimarTuli, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom rac ufro meti saaTia gatarebuli saxlSi, miT mcirdeba am saaTebis zrdadi Rirebuleba. es aris imis manifestireba, Tu rogor mcirdeba zRvruli ukugeba. VMPmkt monakveTi sabazro seqtorSi namuSevari saaTebis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gviCvenebs. gaxsovdeT, rom horizontaluri RerZis marcxniv gadaadgileba sabazro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli individebis ricxvis zrdaze miuTiTebs. Cven vfiqrobT, rom orive monakveTi Sesabamis seqtorSi dasaqmebuli SromiTi Zalis moculobis mixedviT unda Semcirdes. Tumca sruliad ar aris mosalodneli, rom orive monakveTi erTi da imave daxrilobiT xasiaTdebodes, amdenad, isini arcaa daxazuli erTmaneTis mimarT sarkiseburad.
rogor ganisazRvreba Sromis ganawileba or seqtors Soris? individi anawilebs Tavis dros ise, rom imuSaos rogorc saxlSi, aseve bazarze da, Tanac, maqsimalurad gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi. Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba orive seqtorSi Tanabaria. ase rom ar yofiliyo, individs eqneboda Sromis gadanawilebis saSualeba orive seqtorSi Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT12. 13.8 grafikSi wonasworoba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac saojaxo seqtorSi OH* saaTi, xolo sabazro seqtorSi muSaobaze ki O’H* saaTi ixarjeba. Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba orive seqtorSi w1 dolaria. konkurentuli faswarmoqmnis wyalobiT, sabazro seqtorSi miRebuli xelfasi zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas udris.
davuSvaT, rom sabazro seqtorSi gaweul Sromaze miRebul Semosavalze t gadasaxadi wesdeba, magram saojaxo seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavali kvlavac daubegravi rCeba. sabazro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli SromiTi Zalis moculobis miuxedavad, gadasaxadi VMP-sa da asocirebul saxelfaso ganakveTs Soris sxvaobas qmnis. ase magaliTad, Tu zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba aris 10 dolari, xolo sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki 25%-ia, maSin xelfasi 7,50 dolars gautoldeba. ufro zogadad rom iTqvas, sabazro seqtorSi xelfasze 12
imisaTvis, rom darwmundeT am daSvebis WeSmaritebaSi, ix. danarTi wignis bolos.
424
dawesebuli t ganakveTis gadasaxadi saxelfaso ganakveTs VMPmkt-dan (1 –t) VMPmktmde amcirebs. geometriulad es gulisxmobs, rom TiToeuli wertili t procentiT Camodis dabla VMPmkt wertilidan (grafiki 13.9). cxadia, Tavdapirveli ganawileba ukve aRar qmnis wonasworobas _ H* wertilSi saojaxo seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavali sabazro seqtorSi muSaobis Sedegad miRebul Semosavals aRemateba. H* wertilSi VMPhome ufro maRalia, vidre (1 –t) VMPmkt. amis Sedegad individi naklebs muSaobs bazarze da met dros xarjavs saojaxo saqmeebze, rac meurneobas H* wertilidan marjvena mimarTulebiT gadaanacvlebs. wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, rodesac sabazro seqtorSi Sromis zRvruli produqtis dabegvrisSemdgomi Rirebuleba saojaxo seqtorSi gaweuli Sromis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gautoldeba. 13.9 grafikze Cans, rom wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, rodesac individi saojaxo seqtorSi OHt drois, xolo sabazro seqtorSi ki O’Ht drois ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.
axali wonasworobis pirobebSi dabegvrisSemdgomi VMP-ebi orive seqtorSi (1 – t)w2-s utoldeba. Tumca sabazro seqtorSi daubegravi VMP, w2 ufro metia, vidre VMP saojaxo seqtorSi, (1 – t)w2. aRniSnuli ki imas gulisxmobs, rom Tu sabazro seqtorSi daixarjeba ufro meti SromiTi resursi, maSin aq miRweuli zrda (w2) saojaxo seqtoris danakargs (1 - t)w2 gadaaWarbebs. magram realurad amgvari gadanawilebis stimuli ar arsebobs: individs ainteresebs is xelfasi, romelic mas rCeba dabegvris Semdeg, xolo es maCvenebeli ki saojaxo seqtorSi dagrovil Semosavals udris. gadasaxadis wyalobiT aseTi situacia iqmneba: adgili aqvs `Zalian didi moculobis~ Sromas saojaxo seqtorSi da `arasakmariss” _ sabazro seqtorSi. gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad xdeba resursebis araefeqtiani gadanawileba _ gadasaxadi aqrobs imis stimuls, rom SromiTi resursebi mimarTul iqnes yvelaze maRalmwarmoeblur seqtorSi. amis Sedegad mcirdeba realuri Semosavali, rac, faqtobrivad, gadasaxadis zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens. grafiki 13.9
425
zedmeti tvirTis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia 13.9 grafikis ufro skrupulozuri analizi. gadasaxadis gamo SromiTi Zalis nawili sabazro seqtors tovebs, ris gamoc produqciis Rirebulebas abcd arealiT amcirebs, romelic VMP mkt-s qvemoT, H*-sa HHt-s Soris mdebareobs13. meore mxriv, SromiTi Zala saojaxo seqtorSi Sedis, amdenad, produqciis Rirebuleba aecd arealiT izrdeba, romelic VMPhome mrudis qvemoT, H* wertilsa da Ht wertils Sorisaa ganTavsebuli. amdenad, sazogadoeba ukan daiwevs abcd areals – aecd arealiT, anu abe samkuTxediT, rac gadasaxadis zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens. samkuTxedis fuZe sagadasaxado sxvaobas udris, w2 – [(1 – t)w2], anu tw2-s. misi simaRle gviCvenebs saojaxo seqtorSi daxarjuli drois moculobas, anu H*Ht manZils, romelsac Cven DH -ad aRvniSnavT. zedmeti tvirTis formula ki ase gamoiyureba:
1 (DH )tw 2 2
rac ufro didia cvlileba SromiT gadanawilebaSi sagadasaxado sxvaoba (tw2) da miT metia zedmeti tvirTi.
DH , miT metia
sawarmoo saSualebaTa nebismier doneze VMP-sa da horizontalur RerZs Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili sawarmoo saSualebaTa am doneze zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gviCvenebs. am manZilebis SekrebiT viRebT mTliani produqtis Rirebulebas. amdenad, VMP-s qvemoT arsebuli areali gviCvenebs mTliani produqtis Rirebulebas. 13
426
saerTod, Tu xdeba saSualebis diferencirebuli dabegvra misi sxvadasxva gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegad viTardeba faqtorebis araswori ganawileba seqtorebs Soris, rac iwvevs zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnas.
aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani efeqtiani dabegvra?
yovelwliurad ibeWdeba statiebi mTavrobis xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb. Tumca veravin miagnebs `zedmeti tvirTis biujets~, romelic saxelmwifo fiskaluri politikis zegavlenas asaxavs. araferia saocari amaSi. zedmeti tvirTi ar aris aRricxuli arc erTi kompaniis sabuRaltro monacemebSi. es aris faqizi cneba, romlis banaluri gamoTvla SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Semosavlis Semcireba, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad gamowveuli qmedebis cvlilebasTanaa asocirebuli, dafarulia, igi, marTlac, arsebobs da misi moculoba, zogierTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, erTob didia. Cven ramdenjerme ganvacxadeT, rom mxolod efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebani ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT politika. mTavarma mosamarTlem, uoren burgerma, ase ganacxada: `sargebeli da efeqtianoba demokratiuli mTavrobis upirvelesi mizani ar aris”. mainc samwuxaroa, rom politikosebi xSirad ugulebelyofen efeqtianobis sakiTxs.
is faqti, rom gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom gadasaxadi Tavisi arsiT cudia. zogierT adamians swams, rom gadasaxadi gamoyenebuli iqneba sazogadoebis sasargeblod (gazrdili efeqtianobis an samarTlianobis formiT). magram amarTlebs ki es mizani saSualebas? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad socialuri danaxarjis gamoTvlis dros upriani iqneboda, zedmeti tvirTi gagveTvaliswinebina. ufro metic, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT, zedmeti tvirTi erTob sasargebloa alternatiul sagadasaxado sistemaTa Sesadareblad. zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba ekonomikis winaSe arsebuli mniSvnelovani amocanaa.
daskvna
· ·
gadasaxadi qmnis zedmet tvirTs _ sagadasaxado Semosavlis miRma danaxarjs. zedmeti tvirTi iqmneba qcevis cvlilebis Sedegad, rac TavisTavad gadasaxadis dawesebiTaa gamowveuli. misi gamokvleva SesaZlebelia
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· · ·
·
indiferentulobis mrudebis an kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudebis gamoyenebiT. erTjeradi gadasaxadi ar iwvevs qcevis cvlilebas, magram arcTu ise momxibvlel politikur berkets warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, igi mniSvnelovan standarts warmoadgens, romlis mixedviTac sxva gadasaxadebis Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba xdeba. zedmeti tvirTi maSinac ki SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rodesac individis qcevaze zemoqmedeba ar xdeba, imitom rom igi warmoadgens kompensirebul reaqcias gadasaxadze, romelic zedmet tvirTs qmnis. erTi gadasaxadis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi zedmeti tvirTi moTxovnis kompensirebuli elastiurobisa da gadasaxadis ganakveTis kvadratis proporciulia. zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros uSveben, rom ar arsebobs sxva zemoqmedeba. sxva zemoqmedebis arsebobis dros axali gadasaxadis zrdadi zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia im zegavlenaze, romelsac gadasaxadi sxva bazrebze axdens. subsidiac warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs. igi waaxalisebs individs, SeiZinos saqoneli imaze ufro dabal fasad, vidre misi warmoebis zRvruli socialuri Rirebulebaa.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. romeli gadasaxadi warmoqmnis ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs? a) miwis gadasaxadi; b) 24%-iani gadasaxadi mobiluri telefoniT sargeblobaze (es aris kaliforniis, niu-iorkisa da floridas federaluri da saxelmwifo sagadasaxado ganakveTis miaxloebiTi Tanxa); g) `maRalteqnologiuri~ kompaniebis investiciebis subsidia; d) ekonomikuri portfelis gadasaxadi; e) kompiuterul programaze 10%-iani gadasaxadi; v) `eqselis~ programaze 10%-iani gadasaxadi.
2. 2001 wels miRebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, umaRlesi Semosavlis mqone (wliurad milion dolarze meti Semosavali) individis xelfasis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 39,9%-dan 34,0%-mde Semcirdeba. (13.4) gantolebis gamoyenebis gziT gamoTvaleT is moaxloebiTi proporcia, ra proporciiTac aRniSnuli cvlilebis Sedegad am Semosavlis mqone individTa zedmeti tvirTi Semcirdeba. 3. `(13.3) gantolebis mixedviT, gadasaxadi erTze naklebia. misi kvadratis gamoTvlis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi mcirdeba. amdenad, Tu formulaSi iqneba t2i t-s nacvlad, maSin gadasaxadi naklebad mniSvnelovani iqneba”, Tqven ras fiqrobT? 4. zogierTi qveyana mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia gadasaxadebze, romlebic cvlis ekonomikur qmedebebs, zogierTi qveyana _ ufro naklebad. uaxlesi ekonometrikuli kvlevebiT dadasturda, rom es ukanasknelni ufro
428
swrafad viTardebian, vidre pirvelni [Kneller, Bleaney, and Gemmell, 1999]. 13.9 grafikis Sesaxeb diskusiis gamoyenebiT axseniT es fenomeni. 5. did britaneTSi TiToeuli ojaxi, romelsac aqvs televizori, ixdis savaldebulo gadasaxads, romlis wliuri moculoba daaxloebiT 160 dolaris ekvivalenturia. rogor fiqrobT, warmoqmnis Tu ara aseTi gadasaxadi mniSvnelovan zedmet tvirTs? 6. federaluri subsidiebis wyalobiT, `simindis fasi (erTi buSeli Rirs 2,25 dolari) 50 centiT naklebia mis TviTRirebulebaze” [Pollan, 2002, gv. 50]. gamoiyeneT 13.6 grafiki am situaciis asaxsnelad da miuTiTeT, ras udris subsidiis zedmeti tvirTi. 7. aSS-is sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi korporaciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kapitali ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre arakomerciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kapitali. aqtualuri xdeba sakiTxi kapitalis diferencialuri dabegvris Sedegad warmoqnili zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom arsebobs ori seqtori: korporaciuli da arakorporaciuli. korporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba, VMPc, miviReT ase: VMPc = 100 – Kc, sadac Kc aris korporaciul seqtorSi CarTuli kapitalis moculoba. arakorporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba, Kn, warmodgenilia: VMPn = 80 – 2Kn, sadac Kn aris korporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis moculoba. sul aris kapitalis 50 erTeuli.
a. gadasaxadis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ra moculobis kapitali iqneba korporaciul seqtorSi da ra moculobis _ arakorporaciul seqtorSi? (miniSneba: 13.9 grafikis mixedviT daxazeT diagrama, rac dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebis organizebaSi). b. davuSvaT, rom 6 sagadasaxado erTeuliT ibegreba korporaciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kapitali. gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi, ra moculobis kapitali darCeba TiToeul seqtorSi? ra aris gadasaxadis zedmeti tvirTi? 8. warmoidgineT pirobiTi miwodebisa da moTxovnis modeli, sadac miwodebis mrudi maRla miemarTeba, xolo moTxovnisa ki _ dabla. grafikulad uCveneT zedmeti tvirTi gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg. (miniSneba: momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis danazogi SeadareT sagadasaxado Semosavlebs).
gamoyenebuli literatura
Auerbach, Alan, and James R Jines. “Taxation and Economic Efficiency”. Working Paper No. 8181, National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2001
429
Feldstein, Martin. “Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax.” Working Paper No. 5055, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, March 1995
Jorgenson, Dale W, and Kun-Young Yun. Investment, Volume 3, Lifting the Burden. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press: 2001.
danarTi
`A~
zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis formula
danarTSi naxavT, rogor SeiZleba interpretirebul iqnes 13.5 grafikis fdi samkuTxedi kompensirebuli moTxovnis elastiurobis WrilSi. samkuTxedis farTobi, A, formuliT ase ganisazrvreba:
A = 1 ´ fuZeze ´ simaRleze = 1 ´ ( di) ´ ( fd ) 2 2
(13A.1)
fd aris sxvaoba mTlian da neto fass Soris ( DPb ).
fd = DPb = (1 + t b ) ´ Pb - Pb = t b ´ Pb
di warmoadgens D q-s elastiurobis Sedegad:
cvlilebas
(13A.2)
ricxvovnobaSi,
di = Dq
rac
gamowveulia
fasis
(13A.3)
fasis elastiurobis gamosaTvleli formula:
430
h=
DqPb DPb q
ise rom:
Dq = h (
q ) DPb Pb
(13A.4)
(13A.2) gantolebaSi naCvenebia, rom DPb = t b ´ Pb , amdenad, (13A.4) gantolebidan gamodis, rom:
Dq = h ´
q ´ (t b Pb ) = h ´ q ´ t b Pb
(13A.5)
gaixseneT, rom di = Dq . gaaerTianeT (13A.5) da (13 A.2) gantolebebi (13 A.2) gantolebaSi. miviRebT:
A = 1 (di )( fd ) 2 1 = (hqt b ) ´ (t b Pb ) 2 = 1 ´h ´ Pb ´ q ´ (t b ) 2 2 rogorc teqstSia mocemuli.
danarTi
`B~ mravaljeradi gadasaxadi da `meore saukeTesos~ Teoria 431
es danarTi dagexmarebaT zedmeti tvirTis gaangariSebaSi, rodesac gadasaxadis dawesebis dros sxva faqtorebis zegavlena ukve arsebobs.
13.B grafikis Tanaxmad, ori saqoneli arsebobs: jini da romi. maTze moTxovna Sesabamisad Dg-iT da Dr-iT aRiniSneba. dabegvramde maTi fasi iyo Pg da Pr. fasi asaxavs zRvrul socialur danaxarjs da mudmivia. romi ibegreba tr sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. misi fasia (1 + tr)Pr. iqmneba zedmeti tvirTi romis bazarze (samkuTxedi abc). davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifom gadawyvita, dabegros jini tg ganakveTiT. iqmneba sxvaoba jinis momxmareblis mier gadaxdil Tanxasa da mis mwarmoeblis mier miRebul Tanxas Soris. paralelurad iqmneba zedmeti tvirTi (efd). Tumca es ar aris mTeli istoria. Tu jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebadi produqciaa, jinis samomxmareblo fasis zrda (rac gamowveulia jinis gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad) romze moTxovnis mruds marjvniv, vTqvaT, D r¢ wertilSi gadaswevs. amis Sedegad izrdeba romis moxmareba r2-dan r3-mde (manZili cg). r2-sa da r3-s Soris SeZenil romis TiToeul boTlze individi ixdis garkveul Rirebulebas: [(1 +tr) Pr], rac cb manZiliT aRemateba socialur danaxarjs (Pr). amdenad, fiqsirdeba sazogadoebrivi mogeba: cb romis boTlis mixedviT gamravlebuli cg boTlze, anu areali cbhg.
grafiki 13.B
daskvna: romze ukve moqmedebda gadasaxadi. amdenad, jinis dabegvram jinis bazarze zedmeti tvirTi (efd) warmoqmna da, amavdroulad, Seamcira zedmeti tvirTi cbhg arealiT romis bazarze. Tu cbhg sakmarisad didia, maSin gamodis,
432
rom gadasaxadma, faqtobrivad, Seamcira mTliani zedmeti tvirTi. es aris `meore saukeTesos” Teoriis magaliTi: arsebuli zegavlenisa da Carevebis fonze qmedeba, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi gazrdida efeqtianobas, amcirebs mas da piriqiT.
gadasaxadTa nakrebis Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi, Cveulebriv, damokidebulia sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mTel asortimentze sxvadasxva saqonlis Senacvlebadobisa da urTierTSevsebadobis doneze. davuSvaT, rom n saqoneli ibegreba; Pi aris fasi gadasaxadis dawesebamde i saqonlisaTvis; ti aris Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, xolo Sij ki _ kompensirebuli reaqcia saqonlis moTxovnaze i saqonlis fasis cvlilebis Semdeg. mTliani zedmeti tvirTi, romelic warmoiqmneba am momentSi, udris:
-1
n
n
2 åå i =1 j =1
t i Pi t i Pj S ij
magaliTad, ori saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, romelic es-esaa ganvixileT, saqoneli g-Ti da j-Tia gamoxatuli, mTliani zedmeti tvirTi aris:
sadac
- 1 (t r2 Pr2 S rr + 2t r Pr t g Pg S rg + t g2 Pg2 S gg ) . 2
433
Tavi 14
efeqtiani da samarTliani dabegvra
eris daZabuneba ori saxis dabegvriTaa SesaZlebeli: Tu gadasaxadi aRemateba eris SesaZleblobas da ZiriTadi sikeTis araproporciulia, an Tu usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli. pietro veri
amerikis saxelmwifo Semosavlebis sistemaze seriozuli Tavdasxma xorcieldeba. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom igi araefeqtiani, arasamarTliani da gaumarTleblad rTulia. Tumca reformis Sesaxeb maTi winadadebebi kritikis qarcecxlSi exveva xolme. ra arCevani gavakeToT? winamdebare TavSi Cven CamovayalibebT msoflio sagadasaxado sistemebis Sefasebis kriteriums, ganvixilavT efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis aspeqtebs, romlebic zustadaa morgebuli keTildReobis ekonomikas. amis Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT iseT kriteriums, romelic, marTalia, ase zustad ar Seesabameba keTildReobis ekonomikas, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc Zalian mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa.
saqonlis optimaluri dabegvra
floridaSi mobiluri satelefono momsaxureba 17,8%-iT, sxva saqoneli ki (sursaTis garda, romelic gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan) 6%-iT ibegreba. unda daibegros Tu ara mobiluri satelefono momsaxureba sxva momsaxurebaze ufro maRali tarifiT? es uaRresad zogadi da Zalian mniSvnelovani SekiTxvis erTi banaluri magaliTia. ra ganakveTiT unda daibegros sxvadasxva saqoneli da momsaxureba? saqonlis optimaluri dabegvris Teoriis mizani am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad saWiro saTanado niadagis momzadebaa.
cxadia, SeuZlebelia davafiqsiroT yvelaze `racionaluri~ gadasaxadi, Tu ar viciT, ra mizani amoZravebs saxelmwifos. Tavdapirvelad CavTvaloT, rom misi erTaderTi mizani saxelmwifo danaxarjebis dafinansebaa ise, rom
434
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili zedmeti tvirTi da, Tanac, ar iqnes gamoyenebuli erTjeradi gadasaxadebi. odnav mogvianebiT ukve SegveZleba, gaviTvaliswinoT ganawilebiTi da efeqtianobis aspeqtebic.
dasawyisisaTvis warmovidginoT Cveni axali gmiri _ stela. igi Cveulebrivi moqalaqea da, Tavisufali drois garda (l), ori saxis saqonels _ Xsa da Y-s _ moixmars. X saqonlis fasi aris Px, Y-isa - Py da saxelfaso ganakveTi (Tavisufali drois fasi) ki _ w. drois maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba, romlis ganmavlobaSi stelas SeuZlia muSaoba, aris mis mier muSaobaze daxarjuli dro, romelic T -Tia aRniSnuli (warmoidgineT, rom T gamoxatavs im dros, romelic stelas Zilis garda rCeba). gamodis, rom samuSao saaTebi udris
(T - l ) , rac gulisxmobs imas, rom Tavisufali drois garda darCenil dros stela
mTlianad
muSaobas
uTmobs.
Semosavali
saxelfaso
ganakveTisa
da
samuSao saaTebis namravls warmoadgens: w(T - l ) . stela mTel Tavis Semosavals X da Y produqtis SeZenaze xarjavs (igi ar akeTebs danazogs); amdenad, misi sabiujeto SezRudvaa:
w(T - l ) = Px X + PyY
(14.1)
gantolebis marcxena mxares mocemulia mTliani Semosavlebi, marjvena mxares ki _ Semosavlis daxarjvis mimarTulebebi.
xolo
(14.1) gantoleba SesaZloa, Sedgenil iqnes Semdegnairad:
wT = PX X + Py Y + wl
(14.2)
(14.2) gantolebis marcxena mxare gviCvenebs muSaobaze daxarjuli drois Rirebulebas. igi Semosavlis im moculobas gviCvenebs, romlis miRebac stelas SeeZlo, Zilis drosac rom emuSava.
davuSvaT, rom SesaZlebelia X-is, Y-isa da l-is dabegvra Tanabari ganakveTis Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT (t). gadasaxadi gazrdis X-is, [(1+t)Px], Y-isa [(1+t)Py} da l-is fasebs [(1+t)w]. amdenad, stelas sabiujeto SezRudva gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba:
435
wT = (1 + t ) Px X + (1 + t ) PyY + (1 + t ) wl
(14.3)
Tu (14.3) gantolebas gavyofT (1+t)-ze, miviRebT:
1 wT = Px X + PyY + wl 1+ t
(14.4)
(14.3) da (14.4) gantolebaTa Sedarebis Sedegad dadginda, rom yvela saqonelze arsebuli gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT, Tanabari ganakveTiT (t) dabegvris SemTxvevaSi, muSaobaze daxarjuli drois Rirebulebis
wT -dan [1 /(1 + t )] ´ wT -mde Semcirebis ekvivalenturia. ase magaliTad, X-ze, Y-sa da l-ze
dawesebuli
25%-iani
gadasaxadi
aris
muSaobaze
daxarjuli
drois
Rirebulebis 20%-iani Semcirebis ekvivalenturi. w da T fiqsirebulia. amdenad, fiqsirebulia maTi ( wT ) namravlic. xelfasis ganakveTis miuxedavad, individs ar SeuZlia muSaobaze daxarjuli drois Rirebulebis Secvla. amdenad, muSaobaze daxarjuli drois proporciuli gadasaxadi SesaZloa, erTjerad gadasaxadad CaiTvalos. me-13 Tavidan Cven gvaxsovs, rom erTjeradi gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs ar warmoqmnis. amrigad, Cven vaskvniT, rom yvela saqonelze arsebuli gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT, erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia da, amdenad, zedmet tvriTs ar warmoqmnis.
yvelaferi SesaniSnavad gamoiyureba. Tumca arsebobs erTi problema _ Tavisufali drois dabegvra SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod X da Y saqonlis dabegvra. amdenad, garkveuli moculobis zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmna gardauvalia. saqonlis optimaluri dabegvris mizani X da Y produqciaze iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SerCevaa, romelic minimalur zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. iqneb problemis mogvarebis saukeTeso gza X da Y produqciis Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvra iyos? aseTi dabegvra e.w. neitraluri dabegvris saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tumca Cven male vnaxavT, rom zogadad neitraluri dabegvra araefeqtiania.
grafiki 14.1
436
ramsis kanoni
ra gadasaxadiT davbegroT X da Y produqcia ise, rom minimaluri zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmnas? mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebaa aucilebeli: TiToeuli produqciidan miRebuli Semosavlis ukanaskneli dolaris zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi Tanabari unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevaSi mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Semcireba SesaZlebelia iseT produqciaze sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdiT, romelic mcire zRvruli zedmeti tvirTiT xasiaTdeba da, piriqiT.
zRvruli analizis tipuri magaliTis Sedegebis ganWvretis mizniT davuSvaT, rom Cveni gmirisaTvis X da Y produqti sruliad `daukavSirebelia~ _ es produqtebi arc urTierTSenacvlebadia da arc Semavsebeli. amdenad, nebismieri saqonlis fasis cvlileba zemoqmedebas axdens mxolod am produqtis da ara meore produqtis moTxovnaze. 14.1 grafiki gviCvenebs stelas kompensirebul moTxovnas X produqtze (Dx). davuSvaT, rom mas X produqtis sasurveli moculobis SeZena maSin SeuZlia, rodesac igi P0 Rirs _ swored amitom X produqtis miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria.
davuSvaT, rom X produqti ux gadasaxadiT ibegreba, rac produqtis moTxovnas X0-dan X1-mde amcirebs ( DX grafikSi). rogorc ukve damtkicda wina TavSi, gadasaxadis zedmeti tvirTi samkuTxedi abc-is farTobs moicavs.
437
davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadi 1-iT izrdeba. amdenad, gadasaxadi (u x + 1) -is toli xdeba. mTliani fasia P0 + (u x + 1) ; moTxovnis moculoba DX -dan X2-mde mcirdeba, xolo asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi ki ikavebs fec samkuTxeds. zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi aris sxvaoba ori samkuTxedis farTobs Soris, anu fbae trapeciis farTobi. trapeciis farTobi udris simaRlis ( DX ) naxevris namravls fuZeebis jamze [u x + (u x + 1)]. amdenad, zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 Dx[u x + (u x + 1)] .
2
algebris
saSualebiT1
SegviZlia
gamosaxulebis
gamartiveba
_
Cven
davadgenT, rom zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi daaxloebiT DX -ia:
DX = zRvrul zedmet tvirTs
(14.5)
gaixseneT, rom zedmeti tvirTis minimumamde dasayvanad aucilebelia informacia miRebuli Semosavlis (amonagebis) ukanaskneli dolaris zRvruli zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb. Cven ukve viciT zRvruli zedmeti tvirTis zusti moculoba, romelic gadasaxadebis zrdis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. Tavdapirvelad saWiroa asocirebuli Semosavlis zrdis gamoTvla, Semdeg ki _ zRvruli zedmeti tvirTis gayofa SemosavlebSi arsebul cvlilebaze. ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ganayofi gamoxatavs zedmet tvirTs Segrovili Semosavlis yoveli zrdadi dolaris mixedviT.
axla ki gamoviTvaloT cvlileba sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi, romelic sagadasaxado ganakveTis ux-dan (ux + 1)-mde zrdis Sedegad ganxorcielda. gaixseneT, rom, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTia ux, sagadasaxado Semosavali aris uxX1 (erTeulze dawesebuli gadasaxadis namravli gayiduli erTeulis raodenobaze). 14.1 grafikidan Cans, rom es aris marTkuTxedi gfei. ori marTkuTxedis Sedarebis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom gadasaxadis zrdis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos mogeba Seadgens gfih farTobs, xolo wageba ki _ ibae farTobs. amdenad, cvlileba SemosavlebSi aris gfih-ibae. algebris gamoyenebiT mivalT daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli cvlileba aris X2 –(X1 –X2)ux. cotaodeni
1
trapeciis farTobi aris
1 Dx( 2u x + 1) an Dxu x + ( 1 )Dx , rac daaxloebiT Dxu x -s 2 2
udris, radgan meore nawili, romelic Seesabameba fib samkuTxeds, SedarebiT mcirea da SesaZloa, ugulebelyofil iqnes. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
1
Dx
da
ux
DX
radgan orive zomavs Dx-is daxrilobas (absolutur RirebulebaSi). amdenad, rac zRvrul zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens.
Tanabaria,
Dxu x = DX , 438
maTematikuri gamoTvlebis2 Sedegad Cven davinaxavT, SemosavalSi cvlilebis miaxloebiTi mniSnvnelobaa:
rom
sagadasaxado
X 1 - DX = zRvrul sagadasaxado Semosavals
(14.6)
zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado Semosavlis TiToeul damatebiT dolarze warmoadgens (14.6) gantolebis ganayofs (14.5) gantolebaze, anu:
DX X 1 - DX
zustad imave midgomis gamoyenebis Sedegad mivdivarT aseT daskvnamde: Tu Y produqti Uy gadasaxadiT daibegreba, maSin Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze zRvruli zemdeti tvirTi iqneba:
DY Y1 - DY
rogorc viciT, mTliani zedmeti tvirTis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa: Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi yvela saqonlis SemTxvevaSi Tanabari unda iyos. amdenad, viRebT aseT gantolebas:
DX DY = X 1 - DX Y1 - DY
gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom:
2
yuradReba
gamosaxulebis
miaqcieT,
rom
zRvruli
ekvivalenturia:
sagadasaxado
Semosavlis
gamosaxuleba
X 2 (u x + 1) - X 1u s = X 2 + u x ( X 2 - X 1 ) .
14.1
am
grafikis
Tanaxmad, X 2 = X 1 - Dx . Senacvlebis Sedegad viRebT: X 1 - Dx - u x Dx. magram Dx = DX (ix. sqolios pirveli CanarTi), rac gvaZlevs: SesaZlebelia misi X 1 - DX Semosavlis gamosaxulebaa.
X 1 - DX (1 + u x )
Ux
. im pirobiT, rom
ux
u x >1,
miaxloeba, rac teqstis mixedviT, zRvruli sagadasaxado
439
DX DY = X1 Y1
(14.7)
(14.7) gantolebis interpretaciis mizniT, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom cvladis cvlileba, romelic gayofilia mis mTlian Rirebulebaze, cvladis procentul cvlilebas warmoadgens. amdenad, (14.7) gantoleba miuTiTebs Semdegs: mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad sagadasaxado ganakveTebi ise unda dawesdes, rom moTxovna yvela saqonelze erTnairad Semcirdes. aseTi daskvna ramsis kanonis (frank ramsis [1927] sapativsacemod, misi aRmoCenis aRsaniSnavad) saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. wesi gamoiyeneba X, Y da l-is mimarT maSinac ki, rodesac isini urTierTSenacvlebadi an Semavsebeli saqonelia.
magram ratom unda iwvevdes efeqtiani dabegvra proporciul cvlilebebs moTxovnis moculobaSi da ara fasebSi? imitom, rom zedmeti tvirTi moculobis deformirebis Sedegia. amitom mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad aucilebelia, moTxovnil moculobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi Tanabrad proporciuli iyos.
ramsis kanonis xelaxali interpretacia. Zalian kargi iqneboda, ramsis wessa da moTxovnis elastiurobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri gagveanalizebina. davuSvaT, h x davuSvaT,
tx
X saqonelze moTxovnis kompensirebuli aris sagadasaxado ganakveTi
X
elastiurobaa. aseve
saqonelze, romelic amjerad
Rirebulebaze gadasaxadis saxiTaa gamoxatuli da ara erTeulze dawesebuli gadasaxadis saxiT3. axla ki, Rirebulebis gadasaxadis definiciis Tanaxmad, tx aris fasis procentuli cvlileba, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebiTaa gamowveuli. amdenad, t xh x aris fasis 1%-iT zrdis SemTxvevaSi fasis procentuli cvlilebis namravli moTxovnis moculobis cvlilebaze. es aris X produqtis moTxovnis Semcirebis procentuli maCvenebeli, rodesac Semcireba gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo moxda. analogiurad Tu ganvmartavT T y -sa da h Y -s, gamodis, rom
t yh y aris Y produqtis proporciuli Semcireba. ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad, zedmeti tvirTis Semcirebis mizniT saWiroa, dacul iqnes Semdegi gantolebis piroba:
t xh x = t yh y
(14.8)
3
konkurentul garemoSi erTeulze dawesebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi SesaZloa, saTanadod SerCeuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT iqnes gamoxatuli da, piriqiT. ase magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom saqoneli erTeulis gadasaxadiT (5 centi) ibegreba da momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi 50 centia. amis Sedegad warmoqnili zedmeti tvirTi zustad iseTivea, rogoric is tvirTi, romelic Rirebulebis gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg (gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg fasis 10 %) warmoiqmneba.
440
axla ki gantolebis orive mxare gavyoT t xh x -ze, raTa miviRoT Semdegi gamosaxuleba:
tx hy = ty hx
(14.9)
(14.9) gantoleba inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili: sagadasaxado ganakveTebi elastiurobis ukuproporciuli iqneba, vidre produqtebi urTierTdaukavSirebelia (arc Secvlis da arc Seavsebs erTmaneTs). rac ufro maRalia h x -Tan SedarebiT h y , miT ufro dabali iqneba t x -Tan
SedarebiT
ty
4.
efeqtianoba
ar
moiTxovs
imas,
rom
yvela ganakveTi
erTgvarovani iyos.
inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis qveteqsti aseTia: efeqtiani gadasaxadi gadawyvetilebebze minimalur zegavlenas axdens. zegavlenis albaToba miT ufro metia, rac ufro elastiuria moTxovna saqonelze. amdenad, efeqtiani dabegvris aucilebeli winapirobaa gadasaxadebis SedarebiT maRali ganakveTebis daweseba iseT saqonelze, romelic araelastiuri moTxovniT xasiaTdeba.
korlet-haagis kanoni. korletma da haagma [1953] ramsis kanonis Zalian saintereso gagrZeleba SemogvTavazes: ori produqtis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani dabegvra iseTi produqtis maRali ganakveTiT dabegvras moiTxovs, romelic 4
ufro
detalurad
saCveneblad
aucilebelia
aseTi
kalkulacia.
gaixseneT
(13.3)
2 2 gantolebidan, rom X da Y saqonelze zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 h x Px Xt y da 1 h x Px Xt y . 2 2 2 2 aseT SemTxvevaSi mTliani zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 h x Px Xt y + 1 h y PyYt y . Cven am ori 2 2
gamosaxulebis Sekreba SegviZlia imis safuZvelze, rom X da Y daukavSirebeli saqonelia. axla davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado Semosavali aris R. aseT SemTxvevaSi tx da ty unda unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg gantolebas: Px Xt x + Py YTy = R. Cveni problema txisa da ty-is arCevanis gakeTebaa imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes
1 h x Px Xt y2 + 1 h y PyYt y2 , 2 2
Semdegi gantolebis safuZvelze R - Px Xt x - PyYt y = 0. SeadgineT lagranJis gamosaxuleba
L = 1 hPx Xt x2 + 1 h y Py Yt y2 + l[ R - Px Xt s - Py Yt y ] , 2 2
sadac
l
lagranJis
mamravlia.
langranJis mamravlis meTodi mocemulia maTematikis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi. ¶ L / ¶ t x -is aRebiT miviRebT h x t x = l -s, xolo ¶L / ¶t y ki gvaZlevs h y t y = l -s. amdenad,
h x t x = h y t y -s, ris Sedegadac viRebT (14.9) gantolebas. 441
Tavisufal drosTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sedegis gansaWvretad gaixseneT Semdegi: Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba Tavisufali drois dabegvra, maSin `upirvelesi da saukeTeso~ Sedegi iqneba is, rom Semosavali yovelgvari zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnis gareSe dagrovdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado organo ver begravs Tavisufal dros, mas SeuZlia, dabegros iseTi produqti, romelic asocirebulia Tavisufal drosTan, rac arapirdapiri zegavlenis ganxorcielebis gziT amcirebs moTxovnas Tavisufal droze. Tu moxdeba kompiuteruli TamaSebis dabegvra Zalian maRali ganakveTiT, xalxi mas mcire raodenobiT SeiZens da, amdenad, mcire drosac gaatarebs uqmad. realurad, Tavisufal drosTan asocirebuli (saqoneli, romelic `avsebs~ Tavisufal dros) saqonlis dabegvra maRali ganakveTiT arapirdapir moqmedebs Tavisufali drois Semcirebaze da, amdenad, srulyofil efeqtian Sedegs uaxlovdeba, romlis miRwevac mxolod Tavisufali drois dabegvris gziT iqneboda SesaZlebeli.
samarTlianobis principebi
mkiTxveli, albaT, daeWvdeba imaSi, rom efeqtiani gadasaxadebis Teoria SesaZloa, arasasurveli politikuri garTulebebiT xasiaTdebodes. ase magaliTad, inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis Tanaxmad, araelastiuri moTxovnis mqone saqoneli ufro maRali ganakveTiT unda daibegros. samarTliani ki aris aseTi midgoma? gvWirdeba ki iseTi sagadasaxado sistema, romelic Semosavals insulinis maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris gziT iRebs?
cxadia, ara. efeqtianoba sagadasaxado sistemis mxolod erT-erTi kriteriumia. Zalian mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado sistemis samarTlianobis kriteriumic. kerZod, farTod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom sagadasaxado sistema vertikaluri samarTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes: sistema sagadasaxado tvirTs gadaxdis sxvadasxva unaris mqone adamianTa Soris samarTlianad unda anawildebdes. ramsis kanoni Seicvala ise, rom masSi gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo gadasaxadTa ganawilebis Sedegebi. davuSvaT, rom Raribi Semosavlis ufro did nawils xarjavs X produqtis SeZenaze, vidre mdidari (piriqiT xdeba Y produqtis SemTxvevaSi). aseve davuSvaT, rom X puria, xolo Y ki _ xizilala. davuSvaT, socialuri keTildReobis funqcia metad afasebs Raribis sargeblianobas, vidre mdidrisas. X produqti ufro araelastiuri moTxovniT xasiaTdeba, vidre Y produqti. amis miuxedavad, optimalurad dabegvris mizniT ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba Y saqoneli, vidre X saqoneli [Stern, 1987]. Y-is maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi SedarebiT mZime zedmet tvirTs qmnis. miuxedavad amisa, am gziT SesaZlebelia RaribisaTvis Semosavlis ganawileba. sazogadoeba mzad iqneba, Semosavlis samarTliani ganawilebis fasad gauZlos zedmet tvirTs.
442
ramsis kanonidan optimaluri gadaxra or principzea damokidebuli. pirveli: ramdenad faseulia sazogadoebisaTvis samarTlianoba? Tu sazogadoebisaTvis Rirebulia mxolod efeqtianoba da fiqrobs, rom mdidrisa da Raribis fuli Tanabaria, maSin sazogadoebas SeuZlia, yovelgvari gadaxris gareSe mkacrad aRasrulos ramsis wesi. meore: ramdenad gansxvavebulia mdidrisa da Raribis mier moxmarebis struqtura? Tu mdidari da Raribi erTsa da imave produqts (da, Tanac, Tanabari proporciiT) moixmaren, maSin saqonlis dabegvra sxvadasxva ganakveTiT Semosavlis ganawilebaze zegavlenas ver moaxdens. Tundac sazogadoebas gaaCndes mizani, gaanawilos Semosavali, misi miRweva diferencialuri sasaqonlo dabegvris gziT SeuZlebeli iqneba.
daskvna
erTjeradi gadasaxadis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aranairi zedmeti tvirTi ar warmoiSoba. optimaluri dabegvra mxolod ganawilebiT aspeqtebze zrunavs. Tumca erTjeradi gadasaxadebi ar arsebobs. amdenad, Cveni amocanaa, gavzardoT sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ise, rom umciresi zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmnas. zogadad, zedmeti tvirTis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli piroba aseTia: gadasaxadi unda dawesdes ise, rom yvela saqonlis (kompensirebuli) moTxovna Tanabari proporciiT Semcirdes. daukavSirebeli produqtebis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado ganakveTi moTxovnis elastiurobis ukuproporciulad unda iyos dawesebuli. Tumca, Tu sazogadoebas ganawilebiTi miznebi amoZravebs, efeqtiani dabegvris principebidan gadaxra racionalurad CaiTvleba.
ojaxis dabegvra
saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonis mixedviT, saSemosavlo dabegvris ZiriTadi erTeuli ojaxia5. col-qmari Semosavlebis jamis mixedviT ibegreba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romelimes ufro meti Semosavali aqvs, orive Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. efeqtiania Tu ara aseTi dabegvra? mcirdeba Tu ara ojaxis zedmeti tvirTi TiToeuli meuRlis Semosavlis Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvriT?
warmovidginoT ojaxi, romlis sargeblianoba sami `saqonlis~ moculobazea damokidebuli: mTliani moxmareba, qmris samuSao saaTebi da colis samuSao saaTebi. ojaxis sargeblianoba moxmarebis koeficientis zrdis proporciulad izrdeba da TiToeuli meuRlis samuSao saaTebis momatebasTan erTad mcirdeba. meuRleTa samuSao saaTebis raodenoba damokidebulia saxelfaso ganakveTsa da sxva cvladebze. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zegavlenas axdens samuSo gadawyvetilebebze da qmnis zedmet tvirTs (ix. me-13 Tavi, 13.7 5
boskinisa da SeSinskis mixedviT [1983]
443
grafiki). rogor unda dawesdes dayvanili ojaxis zedmeti tvirTi?
gadasaxadebi
ise,
rom
minimumade
iqnes
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom qmrisa da colis samuSao saaTebi `daukavSirebeli saqonelia~ _ qmris saxelfaso ganakveTis zrda mxolod umniSvnelo zemoqmedebas axdens colis samuSao gadawyvetilebebze da, piriqiT. inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis Tanaxmad, maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba is saqoneli, romelic araelastiuri miwodebiT xasiaTdeba. efeqtianobis asamaRleblad maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba iseTi Sroma, romlis miwodebac SedarebiT araelastiuria. ekonometrikuli SeswavliT dadginda, rom qmris Sromis miwodeba ufro naklebad elastiuria, vidre colis. efeqtianoba moqmedi sagadasaxado kanonis modificirebis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba: qmris xelfasi ufro maRali gadasaxadiT daibegreba, vidre colis6.
kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT imas, rom efeqtianoba gadasaxadis mxolod erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. zogierTi mkvlevari imasac ki fiqrobs, rom samarTliani iqneboda, Semcirebuliyo colis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi. Semdegi Tavi mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor begravs wyvils aSS-is kanonmdebloba.
momxmareblis optimaluri gadasaxadi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela saqoneli uSualod kerZo seqtors ukavSirdeba. saxelmwifos problema iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTis dawesebaa, romelic momxmareblis fass gansazRvravs. zogjer saxelmwifo Tavadaa saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo momxmareblis gadasaxads irCevs _ fass, romelsac pirovneba saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli saqonlis an gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis ixdis. rogorc yovelTvis, axlac SevecdebiT momxmareblis gadasaxadis `saukeTeso~ SesaZlo varianti ganvsazRvroT. SegaxsenebT, rom optimaluri gadasaxadisa da momxmareblis gadasaxadis problemebi mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebulia. orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo momxmareblis mier gadaxdil saboloo fass adgens. optimaluri gadasaxadis dawesebisas es arapirdapir xorcieldeba (sagadasaxado ganakveTebis arCevis gziT), xolo momxmareblis gadasaxadis dawesebisas ki _ pirdapir.
6
gansxvaveba mdgomareobs ara qmarsa da cols, aramed pirvel Semomtansa da meore Semomtans Soris. efeqtianobis asamaRleblad ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba qalis xelfasi, Tu misi Sroma miwodebis dabali elastiurobiT xasiaTdeba.
444
rodis unda awarmoos saxelmwifom saqoneli (mis kerZo seqtorSi SeZenis nacvlad)? me-4 Tavidan Cven gvaxsovs, rom saxelwifo warmoeba maSinaa racionaluri, rodesac saqonlis an momsaxurebis gamoyeneba uwyvetad Semcirebad saSualo danaxarjTanaa dakavSirebuli _ rac ufro maRalia warmoebis done, miT ufro dabalia produqtis erTeulis fasi. am viTarebaSi momsaxurebis bazari arc iqneba konkurentuli. erT firmas SeuZlia masStabis ekonomiis upiratesobis gamoyeneba da sul mcire erTi regionis produqtiT sruli uzrunvelyofa. aseTi fenomeni bunebrivi monopoliis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili (xidebi, eleqtroenergia, sakabelo televizia). zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseT saqonels awarmoebs kerZo seqtori da aregulirebs saxelmwifo seqtori (eleqtroenergia), an uSualod am ukanasknelis mier (xidebi) iwarmoeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni uSualo Seswavlis sagani saxelwifo warmoebaa, Cven kerZo seqtoris regulirebis aspeqtebsac SevexebiT.
grafiki 14.2
14.2 grafikis Tanaxmad, bunebrivi monopoliis warmoeba (Z) mocemulia horizontalur RerZze, xolo Rirebuleba ki _ vertikalurze. saSualo danaxarjis mrudi ACZ-iTaa aRniSnuli. igi warmoebis tempis zrdis paralelurad mudmivad mcirdeba. mcirdeba saSualo danaxarjic. zRvruli danaxarji saSualo danaxarjze naklebi unda iyos. zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi (MCz), romelic Z-is TiToeuli erTeulis warmoebis zrdad Rirebulebas gviCvenebs, ACz-is qveviT mdebareobs. Z-is moTxovnis mrudi Dz-iTaa warmodgenili. zRvruli Semosavalis mrudi aris MRz. igi Z-is warmoebis donesTan dakavSirebul zrdad Semosavals gviCvenebs.
445
ratom warmoadgens klebadi saSualo danaxarji saxelmwifo warmoebis an kerZo seqtoris regulirebadi warmoebis winapirobas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT warmovidginoT, Tu ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Z produqciis warmoeba araregulirebadi monopolistis mier moxdeba. Semosavlis gazrdaze orientirebuli monopolisti produqts im wertilamde awarmoebs, sadac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba (warmoebis Zm done 14.3 grafikSi). Pm, asocirebuli fasi, Dz moTxovnis mrudze zemoTaa mocemuli. monopolistis mogeba udris saqonlis gayiduli erTeulis raodenobis namravls erTeulis mogebaze. geometriulad ki monopolistis mogeba Riad Seferili marTkuTxediTaa warmodgenili.
aris ki Zm warmoeba efeqtiani? keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoriis Tanaxmad, efeqtianobis asamaRleblad aseTi pirobaa dasakmayofilebeli: fasi zRvrul danaxarjs unda udrides _ saqonlis Rirebuleba sazogadoebisaTvis mis warmoebaze gaweuli socialuri zrdadi danaxarjis toli unda iyos. Zm warmoebis pirobebSi fasi zRvrul danaxarjs aRemateba _ amdenad, Zm warmoeba araefeqtiania. Tanac, sazogadoeba arasodes Seegueba monopolistis mogebas. swored amitom saxelmwifos mier Z warmoebis dawyeba sruliad racionaluri da gamarTlebulia.
grafiki 14.3
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi sawarmoo politika aseTia: saxelmwifo awarmoebs produqts im wertilamde, sadac fasi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjs. 14.3 grafikSi produqti, romlis P = MC-s, Z*-iTaa aRniSnuli, xolo produqtis fasi
446
ki _ P*-iT. problema is aris, rom Z*-iT warmoebis doneze fasi saSualo danaxarjze dabalia. P* imdenad dabalia, rom warmoebis xarjis dafarvac ki ar SeuZlia; amdenad, warmoeba danakargiT xasiaTdeba. mTliani danakargi udris saqonlis gayiduli erTeulis raodenobis (Z*) namravls erTeulis danakargze, romelic moTxovnis mrudsa da Z*-ze mdebare AC wertils Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZiliT izomeba. geometriulad danakargi muqad Seferili samkuTxedia (14.3 grafiki).
rogor unda gadawyvitos saxelmwifom es dilema? arsebobs am problemis gadawyvetis ramdenime meTodi.
faswarmoqmna saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT. fasisa da saSualo danaxarjis tolobis SemTxvevaSi warmoeba arc momgebiania da arc wamgebiani _ sawarmo ubralod agrZelebs funqcionirebas da deficitis problemis winaSe aRar dgeba. geometriulad aseTi mdgomareoba moTxovnisa da saSualo danaxarjis mrudis gadakveTiT (grafiki 14.3) aisaxeba, sadac adgili aqvs Za warmoebas, xolo fasi ki Pa aris. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Za ufro naklebia, vidre Z*. faswarmoqmnas saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT warmoebis gafarToebmade mivyavarT, Tumca es yvelaferi jer kidev Sorsa aris efeqtianobisagan.
faswarmoqmna zRvruli danaxarjis mixedviT erTjeradi gadasaxadis gamoyenebiT. aseTi meTodis Tanaxmad, ibegreba P=MC. deficiti erTjeradi gadasaxadis dawesebis gziT warmoiqmneba. P=MC dabegvris gziT uzrunvelyofilia Z produqtis bazris efeqtianoba. deficitis dafinanseba erTjeradi gadasaxadis saSualebiT araefeqtianobis gamomwvev movlenebs agvaridebs. meTods axlavs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa:
I. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTjeradi gadasaxadi, zogadad, miuRebelia. deficitis dafinanseba gadasaxadebis (saSemosavlo an sasaqonlo) deformirebis gziT moxdeba. CvenTvis ki ufro mniSvnelovania, aviciloT gadasaxadis deformacia, vidre Z produqtisaTvis efeqtiani bazari SevqmnaT.
II. saxelmwifos mier gaweuli momsaxurebis momxmarebeli ixdis gadasaxads (e. w. sargeblis miRebis principi). zogadi dabegvris gziT deficitis warmoqmna aSkara usamarTlobaa. Tu maSveli adidebuli wylidan me gamomiyvans, ratom unda gadaixadoT amis safasuri Tqven?
gadawyvetilebis miReba ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad. Cven aqamde ganvixilavdiT izolirebul saxelwifo sawarmos. axla davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo ramdenime sawarmos uZRveba. rogorc jgufi, sawarmoebi ver
447
dakargaven Semosavals, Tumca individualurad TiToeul maTgans SesaZloa, danakargi hqondes. davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo dafinansebulia sawarmoTa klientebis mier. ramdenad unda aRematebodes momxmareblis gadasaxadi momsaxurebis zRvrul danaxarjs?
gecnobaT Tu ara es SekiTxva? albaT, gecnobaT. igi arsebiTad igivea, rac optimaluri gadasaxadis problema. faqtobrivad, zRvrul danaxarjsa da momxmareblis gadasaxads Soris arsebuli sxvaoba aris is `gadasaxadi~, romelsac saxelmwifo awesebs saqonelze. optimaluri gadasaxadis problemis analogiurad, saxelmwifos Semosavlis gansazRvruli raodenoba esaWiroeba _ imdeni mainc, rom sawarmoTa jgufma funqcionireba SeZlos. ramsis kanoni aseT pasuxs gvTavazobs: momxmareblis gadasaxadi ise unda dawesdes, rom TiToeul saqonelze moTxovna proporciulad Semcirdes. aseTi gziT ekonomikuri Teoriis erT mSvenier niSan-Tvisebamde mivdivarT: erTi problemis mosagvareblad gamoyenebuli meTodi SesaZloa, sruliad gansxvavebuli problemis gadasawyvetadac gamoviyenoT.
daskvna
romel meTods irCevs aSS imisaTvis, rom Semcirebad danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli problema moagvaros? xSirad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli an saxelmwifos mier regulirebadi kerZo kompaniebi saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT faswarmoqmnis principiT sargebloben. miuxedavad imisa, rom faswarmoqmna saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT araefeqtiania, mainc gamarTlebul kompromiss warmoadgens. principi martivia da sargeblis miRebas emyareba. Tumca, zogierTi ekonomistis azriT, ufro misaRebi da saimedoa faswarmoqmna ramsis kanonis gamoyenebiT.
Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvra
aqamde vgulisxmobdiT, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, dabegros yvela saqoneli da sawarmoo saSualeba. axla ki davubrundeT SekiTxvas: rogor CamovayaliboT iseTi sistema, romelSic individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba misi Semosavlis mixedviT ganisazRvreba? ramdenad progresiuli unda iyos gadasadi? es yvelaze sakamaTo sakiTxia saxelmwifo finansebis sferoSi. XIX saukunis ekonomisti, jon makaloxi, romelic progresiuli gadasaxadis danergvis mowinaaRmdege iyo, amtkicebda, rom proporciuli dabegvris principis gauqmebisTanave `Cven aRmovCndebiT gaSlil zRvaSi kompasisa da saWis gareSe. Cven ar gveqneba Secdomis daSvebis ufleba~. Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris Teoriis mizani mimarTulebis Zieba, anu gadasaxadis progresiulobis `marTebuli~ masStabis dadgenis sistematuri meTodis uzrunvelyofaa.
448
ejvorTis modeli
XIX saukunis bolos ejvorTma [1957/1897] Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris sakiTxi Semdegi martivi magaliTis safuZvelze ganixila.
1.
Semosavlis misaRebad individTa sargeblis maqsimaluri gazrdaa aucilebeli. algebrulad Tu Ui – i individis sargeblianoba, xolo w _ ki socialuri keTildReobaa, maSin sagadasaxado sistemam maqsimumamde unda gazardos Semdegi maCvenebeli:
W = U 1 + U 2 + ... + U n
(14.10),
sadac n sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenobaa.
2. individebi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT xasiaTdebian, rac mxolod maT Semosavalzea damokidebuli. sargeblianobis funqcia Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobis klebas gviCvenebs. Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad individis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, magram Semcirebuli ganakveTiT. 3. xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis mTliani moculoba fiqsirebulia. ejvorTis mier Catarebuli analizi (me-7 Tavi `Semosavlis gadanawileba – konceptualuri sakiTxebi~) Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis modelis analogiuria. modeli miuTiTebs imaze, rom socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia TiToeuli individis Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianoba Tanabari iyos. sargeblianobis funqciebis identurobis SemTxevaSi zRvruli sargeblianoba Tanabaria, Tu Semosavlebi tolia. sagadasaxado politikis Sedegebi naTelia _ unda dawesdes iseTi gadasaxadi, romelic gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlis maqsimalurad Tanabar ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs. kerZod, Semosavali, pirvel rigSi, mdidars unda gamoeqviTos. aseT SemTxvevaSi zRvruli sargeblianobis danakargi ufro naklebia. Tu saxelmwifos dasWirdeba meti amonagebi sruli samarTlianobis miRwevis Semdeg, maSin damatebiTi sagadasaxado tvirTis Tanabarad ganawileba iqneba aucilebeli.
ejvorTis modeli radikalurad progresiul sagadasaxado struqturas iTvaliswinebs _ Semosavali akldeba yvelaze mdidar fenas, sanam miRweuli ar iqneba sruli samarTlianoba. am modelis Tanaxmad, maRali Semosavlis mqone individze dawesebuli zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 100%-s udris. rogorc me-7 TavSi aRvniSneT, nebismieri daSveba aseTi ganxilvis dros kiTxvis niSnis
449
qveS dgas. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi ikvleven, Tu daSvebaTa modificirebis Sedegad rogor icvleba ejvorTis Sedegi.
Tanamedrove mecnierebani
ejvorTis analizis yvelaze seriozuli problema missave daSvebaSi mdgomareobs. igi ambobs, rom sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi Semosavali fiqsirebulia. konfiskatoruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi warmoebuli saqonlis moculobaze ver axdens zemoqmedebas, realurad individis sargeblianoba aramxolod mis Semosavalze, aramed Tavisufali drois moculobazecaa damokidebuli. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi samuSao gadawyvetilebaze axdens zemoqmedebas da zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis (me-13 Tavi). swored amitom utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis funqciis mqone sazogadoeba gardauvali dilemis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, sazogadoebas surs, ise gaanawilos sagadasaxado tvirTi, rom gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlebi gaaTanabros. am procesSi sazogadoeba amcirebs xelmisawvdom realur Semosavals. Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris sistema unda iTvaliswinebdes im danaxarjs (zemdeti tvirTis SemTxvevaSi), romelic samarTlianobis miRwevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ejvorTis modelis mixedviT, samarTlianobis miRwevis danaxarji nulis tolia, rac ukve ganmartavs srulyofilad egalitarianuli warmoebis normebs.
rogor icleba ejvorTis analizis Sedegi, rodesac mxedvelobaSi SromiTi stimulebi miiReba? Sternma [1987] Caatara kvleva, romelic ejvorTis kvlevas waagavs. gansxvaveba imaSi aris, rom Sterni individis Semosavalsa da Tavisufal dros Soris arCevanis arsebobis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs. analizis gasamartiveblad Sternma dauSva, rom individisagan amoRebuli:
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi = - a + t ´ Semosavalze
(14.11),
sadac a da t dadebiTi ricxvebia. davuSvaT, a udris 1000, xolo t ki _ 0,25 dolars. im individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romlis Semosavalic 20000 dolaria, gautoldeba 2000 dolars (=-$3000 + 0,25 X $20000). im individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romlis Semosavali 6000 dolaria, iqneba minus 1500 dolari (=-$3000 + 0,25 X $6000). aseTi piri 1500 dolaris odenobiT saxelmwifo grants miiRebs.
450
grafiki 14.4
SexedeT 14.4 grafiks. aq (14.11) gantoleba grafikuladaa gamosaxuli: Semosavali horizontalur RerZze, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ki vertikalur RerZze izomeba. rodesac Semosavali nulis tolia, maSin sagadasaxado tvirTi uaryofiTia _ piri a dolaris odenobis erTjerad saxelmwifo grants iRebs, Semdeg ki Semosavlis TiToeul dolarze saxelmwifos t dolar gadasaxads uxdis. amdenad, t zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTia, damatebiTi dolaris proporcia, romelic gadasaxadis saxiT unda iqnes gadaxdili. geometriulad (14.11) gantoleba swori xaziTaa gamoxatuli. igi wrfivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. garda amisa, mas xSirad Tanabar saSemosavlo gadasaxadsac uwodeben. wrfivi gadasaxadis grafikisaTvis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi mudmivia. miuxedavad amisa, grafiki progresiulia: rac ufro maRalia individis Semosavali, miT maRalia gadasaxadis saxiT gadaxdili Semosavlis proporcia (ix. me-12 Tavi). axla ganvixiloT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens grafikis progresiulobaze a -sa da t -s konkretuli sidideebi. t -s maRali sidide ufro progresirebad sagadasaxado sistemasTan asocirdeba. t -s maRali sidide zrdis progresiulobas da, amasTanave, ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris problemis gadaWris erTaderTi gza a -sa da t -s `saukeTeso~ kombinaciis mignebaa. a da t is sidideebia, romlebic socialur keTildReobas amaRlebs [gantoleba (14.10)], rodesac mTavari piroba Semosavlis (amonagebis) gansazRvruli moculobis Segrovebaa.
Sternma [1987] daadgina, rom Semosavlisa da Tavisufali drois yvelaze mokrZalebuli proporciisa da Semosavlis 20%-iani dabegvris SemTxvevaSi, t -s sidide socialur keTildReobas daaxloebiT 19%-iT zrdis7. procentuli 7
Semosavlisa da Tavisufali drois proporciis elastiuroba 0,6-ia. Sternis modelis Tanaxmad, igi Seesabameba SromiTi miwodebis mcire elastiurobas neto xelfasTan mimarTebaSi (daaxloebiT 0,1).
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maCvenebeli bevrad ufro mcirea, vidre ejvorTis magaliTSi gamoyenebuli 100%. yvelaze mokrZalebuli stimulic ki optimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sternis mier gamoTvlili ganakveTi im realur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTTan SedarebiT, romelic dasavleTis qveynebSi moqmedebs, mcirea. ase magaliTad, aSS-is piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi 2003 wels 38,6% iyo; Tumca iyo dro, rodesac es maCvenebeli 90%-s udrida.
Sternma gviCvena, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro elastiuria Sromis miwodeba, t -s optimaluri sidide miT ufro dabalia. ganawilebis xarji ki zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens. rac ufro elastiuria Sromis miwodeba, Sromis dabegvris Sedegad miT meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba (ix. 13.4 gantoleba). Sromis miwodebis maRali elastiuroba gulisxmobs imas, rom ufro maRali iqneba gadanawilebis danaxarji (anu ufro meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba), rac TavisTavad arasasurveli faqtoria.
Sternma gamoikvlia, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens Sedegebze alternatiuli socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi. man Raribi da mdidari individis sargeblianobas gansxvavebuli socialuri mniSvneloba mianiWa. (14.10) gantolebaSi warmodgenilia egalitarianuli preferenciebi: Raribi individis sargebeli ufro maRali socialuri mniSvnelobisaa, vidre mdidari adamianis sargebeli. Zalian sasargebloa maqsiminis kriteriumi, romlis Tanaxmadac, socialuri keTildReobis funqciis mixedviT, mxolod minimaluri sargeblis mqone adamians eniWeba mniSvneloba (ix. me-7 Tavi). Sternma gamoTvala, rom maqsiminis kriteriumi daaxloebiT 80%-ian zRvrul ganakveTs iTvaliswinebs. arc iqneba gasakviri, Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi im sazogadoebis mier, romelic gansakuTrebuli egalitarianistuli miznebiT gamoirCeva. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki ganakveTi 100%-ze dabalia.
Sternis analizSi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema mxolod erTi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba. gruberma da saezma [2000] ufro zogadi modelis mixedviT Caatares kvleva, romelic oTx zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs iTvaliswinebda. maTi kvlevis yvelaze saintereso aRmoCena is aris, rom maRali Semosavlis mqone individi ufro dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre dabali Semosavlis mqone. maRali Semosavlis mqone individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba am individs meti Sromisaken ubiZgebs. gazrdili sagadasaxado Semosavali ki SeiZleba mcire Semosavlis mqone individTa sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamsubuqeblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi Seesabameba Semosavals, saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi SemosavalTan erTad izrdeba, amdenad, optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema progresiulia.
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aseTi Sedegi optimaluri sagadasaxado sistemis irgvliv gaurkvevlobas qmnis. arsebobs bevri subieqturi Sexeduleba utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis Sesaxeb, romlis maqsimizaciazecaa orientirebuli optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema. rogorc me-16 TavSi naxavT, arsebobs mniSvnelovani ganusazRvreloba qcevis im elastiurobaTa mimarT, romlebic ase mniSvnelovania efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis urTierTdamokidebulebis Seswavlis dros. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva daSvebis mixedviT, optimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis cxadi kalkulacia gansakuTrebiT informaciulia. literatura optimaluri dabegvris sferoSi sistematurad unda asaxavdes alternatiuli eTikuri da qceviTi daSvebebis Sedegebs, rac sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb msjelobas gaamartivebs.
politika da droiTi winaaRmdegobis problema
optimaluri dabegvra warmoadgens wminda wylis normatiul Teorias. igi arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iqneba msoflio sagadasaxado sistema, ar ganmartavs imas, Tu rogor xdeba aseTi sagadasaxado sistemis formireba. Teoria umniSvnelo yuradRebas uTmobs im institucionalur da politikur reJims, romelSic sagadasaxado politikis formireba xdeba. hoklombi [2002] amtkicebda, rom msoflio politikuri institutebis realurad arsebobis dros optimalur sagadasaxado logikaze dafuZnebuli politikuri rekomendacia realurad amcirebs keTildReobas.
davuSvaT, rom gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi sami saxis saqoneli _ X, Y da Tavisufali dro figurirebs. Sromis miwodeba mTlianad fiqsirebulia _ amdenad, Semosavali fiqsirebulia. X saqoneli ibegreba, xolo Y saqonlis dabegvra ki kanonmdeblobiTaa akrZaluli. sazriani studenti, romelic optimaluri dabegvris Teorias swavlobs, aseT komentars gaakeTebs: `fiqsirdeba araefeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemis arseboba. SromiTi miwodeba mTlianad fiqsirebulia. amdenad, zedmeti tvirTi ar warmoiqmneba, Tu Tqven X da Y saqonels Tanabari sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegravT (saSemosavlo gadasaxadi). Cemi rekomendacia aseTi iqneba: SeamcireT X saqonlis gadasaxadi da Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegreT Y saqoneli. gadasaxadebi ise daaweseT, rom winandeli sagadasaxado amonagebi miiRoT ~.
davuSvaT, Y saqoneli, marTlac, daibegra. ar dagaviwydeT, rom politikosi X saqonlis gadasaxads arasodes Seamcirebs. piriqiT, igi ecdeba, isargeblos saqonlis dabegvris axali SesaZleblobiT da amonagebi maqsimalurad gazardos. rogorc me-6 TavSia miTiTebuli, saxelmwifo seqtoris Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi cxadyofs, rom qveynis saTaveSi myofi piri
453
uflebamosilia, Seagrovos da, moqalaqeTa nebis miuxedavad, gazardos sagadasaxado amonagebi. amdenad, Y saqonlis dabegvris akrZalviT moqalaqeebi araefeqtianad didi sajaro seqtorisagan Tavs icaven. Tu moqalaqes ara aqvs ndoba saxelmwifos mimarT, is, rac araefeqtiani Cans optimaluri dabegvris gadasaxedidan, SesaZloa, efeqtiani Candes ufro masStaburi warmonaqmnis poziciidan8. saxelmwifo, romelSic zedmeti tvirTis generireba xdeba, ufro nela izrdeba, vidre is qveynebi, romlebic efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemiT xasiaTdeba [Becker and Mulligan, 1998]. Tumca am sakiTxis kvleva jer kidev sawyis etapzea.
ramdenime sityviT SevexebiT internetiT ganxorcielebul Sesyidvebs. internetiT ganxorcielebuli transaqciis dabegvris ideis momxreni Tvlian, rom saqonlis SeZena maRaziaSi da misi SeZena internetiT absoluturad analogiuria. pirveli ibegreba, xolo meore ki _ ara, rac TavisTavad Sesyidvis am or formas Soris myidvelis arCevanze axdens zemoqmedebas da zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. oponentebi amtkiceben, rom internetiT ganxorcielebuli Sesyidvebis dabegvra isedac araefeqtianad did saxelmwifo seqtors gazrdis.
aseTi logikiT optimaluri politikis droiTi winaaRmdegobis problemas vuaxlovdebiT. ganvixiloT kolumbiis mTavrobis mier 2002 wels wamoyenebuli winadadeba: individi da kompania, romlis aqtivi 60000 dolars aRemateboda, kapitalis Rirebulebis 1,2%-iani gadasaxadiT daibegra. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod erTxel iyo savaldebulo. misi kidev erTxel dakisreba momavalSi ar iyo mosalodneli. kapitalisti, cxadia, friad ukmayofilo iqneboda gadasaxadis gadaxdiT, magram Tavad gadasaxadi kapitalistis momaval danazogze ar imoqmedebda. realurad aseTi gadasaxadi erTjeradia da, amdenad, sruliad efeqtianic.
Tumca aq ikveTeba problema. kolumbiis mTavrobas gadasaxadis `erTjeradobis~ Sesaxeb dadebuli pirobis darRvevis survili aucileblad gauCndeba. kolumbiis mTavroba igive triuks momaval welsac gaimeorebs, ris Sedegad met amonagebs Seagrovebs da, Tanac, yovelgvari zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnis gareSe. magram kapitalists SesaZloa, gauCndes eWvi, rom saxelmwifo mas aseTi gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebulebas kidev erTxel daakisrebs. eWvma ki SeiZleba, Secvalos kapitalistis gadawyvetileba danazogis gakeTebis Sesaxeb _ kapitalistma icis, rom rac met danazogs gaakeTebs mimdinare weliwadSi, miT meti gadasaxadiT daibegreba momaval wels. mosalodneli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebs kapitalistis qcevaze, anu araefeqtiania.
8
holkombi [1998] gvTavazobs Sedarebas optimalur sagadasaxado midgomas Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs politikis SemuSavebas.
Teoriasa da im
454
Tu saxelmwifo mosaxleobas saimedo garantias ar miscems, rom aseT gadasaxads aRar daawesebs, maSin igi verasodes gaatarebs efeqtian sagadasaxado politikas. droiTi winaaRmdegobis problemis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saxelmwifom zustad unda gansazRvros samomavlo politika. am mizniT SesaZloa, garkveuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi dawesdes, romelTa safuZvelze mTavroba iZulebuli iqneba, daicvas piroba. vidre mTavrobas erTjeradi gadasaxadis kidev erTxel dakisrebis survili eqneba, kapitalists ar moasvenebs eWvi mosalodneli dabegvris Sesaxeb da efeqtiani politikis gatarebis mcdeloba sruliad uSedego iqneba. amdenad, aucilebelia, politikuri sistemis saimedoobis xarisxi SevafasoT da mxolod amis Semdeg movamzadoT rekomendaciebi optimaluri sagadasaxado Teoriis danergvis Sesaxeb.
gadasaxadis sxva kriteriumebi
rogorc naxeT, optimaluri dabegvra damokidebulia `efeqtianobasa~ da `samarTlianobas~ Soris miRweul kompromisze. Tumca am koncefciaTa safuZvelzec ki optimaluri dabegvris sistemis formireba SeuZlebelia. Teoriulad, samarTliania gadasaxadi, romelic sagadasaxado tvirTis socialurad sasurvel ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs, xolo efeqtiania is gadasaxadi, romelic mcire sagadasaxado tvirTs warmoqmnis. sajaro diskusiaTa mixedviT, samarTliania gadasaxadi, romelic identurad gadaxdisunarian individebs Tanabrad begravs, xolo efeqtiania is gadasaxadi, romelic amcirebs an dabal doneze inarCunebs administraciul danaxarjebs. axla ki ganvixiloT samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis alternatiuli cnebebi.
horizontaluri samarTlianoba
amerikelma iumoristma, uil rojersma, erTxel aRniSna: `xalxs ubralod gadasaxadi sWirdeba da ara dabali gadasaxadi. maTTvis mTavaria, icodnen, rom TiToeuli individi misi simdidris proporciulad ibegreba~. sagadasaxado sistemis Sefasebis aseTi kriteriumi ekonomistebis mier horizontalur wonasworobad iwodeba. Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi myofi individebi analogiurad ibegrebian. imisaTvis, rom horizontaluri samarTlianobis idea qmediTi gaxdes, aucilebelia, `Tanabari mdgomareobis~ cneba ganisazRvros. rojersis azriT, simdidre aris gadaxdisunarianobis indeqsi. `Tanaswori mdgomareobis~ gansazRvris dros gamoyenebul unda iqnes iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa Semosavali da danaxarjebi.
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samwuxarod, yvela miTiTebuli faqtori adamianTa gadawyvetilebis Sedegs da ara Tanaswori mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sasargeblo kriteriums warmoadgens. warmovidginoT ori adamiani, romelTa saaTobrivi anazRaureba 10 dolaria. batoni A wliurad 1500 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, xolo qalbatoni B ki _ 2200 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. A-s wliuri Semosavali 15000 aSS dolaria, xolo B-si ki _ 22000 dolari. Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT, A da B `Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi~ ar imyofebian. ufro globalur konteqstSi, A da B absoluturad Tanasworni arian, radgan maTi Semosavlis Sovnis unari identuria _ B-s ubralod meti muSaoba uwevs, individi gaweuli Sromis moculobas garkveulwilad akontrolebs, amdenad, sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone ori individi SesaZloa, Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi iyos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas danaxarjebis an simdidris mimarT, romelic Tanaswori mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba.
am argumentebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad Semdeg daskvnamde mivdivarT: xom ar iqneba upriani, Tanaswori mdgomareoba saxelfaso ganakveTis safuZvelze SevafasoT? Tumca aseTi meTodi garkveuli naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. adamianuri resursebis kapitalSi Cadebuli investiciebi (ganaTleba, treningi, jandacva) saxelfaso ganakveTze moqmedebs. Tu A kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg iRebs igive xelfass, rasac B, oRond umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomiT, maSin gana samarTliani iqneba maTi dabegvra Tanabari ganakveTiT? 2. saxelfaso ganakveTis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia mTliani Semosavali samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze gavyoT. am ukanasknelis daTvla ki arcTu ise martivia (rogor davTvaloT Sesvenebaze daxarjuli dro?). marTlac, mocemuli Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi daqiravebulma unda imuSaos meti, oficialurad hqondes dabali saxelfaso ganakveTi da, Sesabamisad, dabali gadasaxadebi gadaixados. damqiravebeli sagadasaxado danazogis formirebis procesSi daqiravebulTan unda TanamSromlobdes.
garda Semosavlis an saxelfaso ganakveTis meTodebisa, arsebobs Tanaswori mdgomareobis Sefasebis alternatiuli meTodebi. feldSteini [1976A] Tvlis, rom sargeblianoba Tanaswori mdgomareobis Sefasebis safuZvels warmoadgens. amrigad, horizontaluri samarTlianobis ganmarteba aseTia: (a) Tu ori individi gadasaxadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da Tanabari sargeblianobiT xasiTdeba, maSin isini dabegvris Semdegac analogiurad Tanabar mdgomareobaSi unda darCnen. (b) gadasaxadi ar cvlis sargeblianobis qronologias _ Tu dabegvramde A-s materialuri mdgomareoba B-s materialur mdgomareobas sjobda, dabegvris Semdegac aseve unda darCes. feldSteinis definiciis interpretaciisaTvis davuSvaT, rom yvela individi erTi da imave preferenciiT, anu sargeblianobis identuri funqciiT xasiaTdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi individebi, romlebic erTsa da imave saqonels moixmaren (Tavisufali drois CaTvliT), erTsa da imave gadasaxads ixdian, anu yvela individi erTnairi sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. sxva SemTxvevaSi, identuri sargeblianobis mqone individTa dabegvris Semdgomi sargeblianoba Seicvleba.
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axla ki davuSvaT, rom adamianebi gansxvavebuli gemovnebiT xasiaTdebian. warmovidginoT, rom adamianTa ori jgufi - gurmanebi da moxetialeebi arsebobs. sursaTs (romelsac yidulobs Semosavlis wyalobiT) da Tavisufal dros orive jgufi moixmars. gurmanebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania sursaTi, xolo moxetialeTaTvis ki _ Tavisufali dro. dabegvramde gurmanebi da moxetialeebi sargeblianobis identuri doniT xasiaTdebian. proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi gurmanTa mdgomareoba ufro uaresdeba, vidre moxetialeTa, radgan pirvel jgufs SedarebiT meti Semosavali sWirdeba kvebiTi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. amdenad, horizontaluri samarTlianobis tradiciuli principebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi absoluturad samarTlianad ganawildes. Tumca misi ganawileba ar CaiTvleba samarTlianad, sargeblianobis principebidan gamomdinare. marTlac, sanam gansxvavebulia individTa damokidebuleba Tavisufali drois mimarT, nebismieri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicias arRvevs.
cxadia, individTa sargeblianobis Sefasebis praqtikuli sirTule sargeblianobis gadasaxadis arsebobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, miuxedavad amisa, horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicia gansazRvruli provokaciuli politikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. kidev erTxel warmovidginoT, rom yvela individi identuri preferenciiT xasiaTdeba. cxadi gaxdeba, rom nebismieri arsebuli sagadasaxado struqtura ar arRvevs horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicias, Tu individs SeuZlia, Tavisuflad imoqmedos da gaswios danaxarjebi.
warmoidgineT, rom erT samsaxurSi anazRaurebis didi nawili iseT komfortze modis, romelic ar ibegreba _ sasiamovno ofisi, sacurao auzi da a.S. sxva samsaxurSi anazRaureba eqskluziurad fuliT xdeba da saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT mTlianad ibegreba. tradiciuli definiciis Tanaxmad, irRveva horizontaluri samarTlianoba, radgan piri, romelic dasaqmebulia `komfortul~ samsaxurSi, nakleb sagadasaxado tvirTs atarebs. ra moxdeba, Tu erTad iarsebebs orive alternativa da individs eqneba arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba? iqneba Tu ara neto xelfasi (komfortis CaTvliT) Tanabari orive samsaxurSi? ratom? davuSvaT, rom neto xelfasi `komfortul~ samsaxurSi ufro maRalia. aseT SemTxvevaSi aq dasaqmebas bevri adamiani Seecdeba, magram daqiravebulTa gazrdili raodenoba maT saxelfaso ganakveTs Seamcirebs. procesi gagrZeldeba, sanam neto ukugeba ar gaTanabrdeba. amrigad, sxvadasxva samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli individebi gansxvavebul gadasaxads ixdian. miuxedavad amisa, horizontaluri arasamarTlianoba ar fiqsirdeba imdenad, ramdenadac daubegravi xelfasi icvleba.
arsebobs mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom gansazRvruli sagadasaxado upiratesobani, romlebic mxolod mdidrebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi, warmoadgens horizontaluri arasamarTlianobis wyaros. sargeblianobis funqciis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, aseTi daSveba aramarTebulia. Tu aRniSnuli
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upiratesobebiT sargebloba yvelanairi Semosavlis mqone individs SeeZleba da yvela maTgans erTnairi gemovneba eqneba, maSin upiratesoba gadasaxadis progresiulobas, marTlac, Seamcirebs, magram horizontalur samarTlianobaze zegavlenas ver moaxdens.
Cven gasaocar daskvnamde mivdivarT: saerTo gemovnebis farglebSi arsebuli sagadasaxado stuqtura horizontalur arasamarTlianobas arasodes gamoiwvevs. horizontaluri arasamarTlianobis mizezi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebia. individi gadawyvetilebas moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad iRebs. magaliTad, adamiani saxls yidulobs imis gamo, rom kanoniT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxli preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi aseT adamianTa keTildReoba mcirdeba da horizontaluri samarTlianoba irRveva. erTi kongresmenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `usamarTlobaa, kanoni Seucvalo im adamianebs, vinc keTilsindisieri gadawyvetileba miiRo~9. aseT dakvirvebaTa Sedegad sruliad axal mniSvnelobas iZens aforizmad qceuli fraza: `erTaderTi kargi gadasaxadi Zveli gadasaxadia~.
is faqti, rom gadasaxadis cvlileba iwvevs horizontalur arasamarTlianobas, sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom misi ganxorcieleba dauSvebelia. sagadasaxado cvlileba aumjobesebs efeqtianobas da/an vertikalur samarTlianobas. SesaZloa, dRis wesrigSi axal sagadasaxado sistemaze gardamavali periodis gamartivebis sakiTxi dadges. ase magaliTad, SesaZloa, gamocxaddes, rom mocemuli sagadasaxado reforma ZalaSi ar Seva misi miRebidan ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. individi, romlis qmedeba Zvel sagadasaxado struqturazea damyarebuli, miiRebs SesaZleblobas, am periodis ganmavlobaSi axal sagadasaxado sistemas moergos. yvelaze rTuli ki sagadasaxado reJimis Secvlis racionaluri meTodis mignebaa (gardamavali samarTlianoba) da arcTu ise Sedegiania. horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definiciis yvelaze konservatoruli Sedegic ki ar unda iyos gasaocari, radgan ganmarteba calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom dabegvramdeli mdgomareoba gansakuTrebuli xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba (sxva SemTxvevaSi, ratom varT dainteresebuli sargeblianobis qronologiaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT?). Tumca aravin icis, ratom vicavT ase mtkiced arsebul mdgomareobas. sargeblianobis ufro zogadi maxasiaTebeli dabegvris Sedegebis mimarT misi damokidebulebaa. amis sapirispirod arsebobs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom horizontaluri samarTlianobis arsi im wesebis SezRudvaa, romelTa mixedviT SeirCeva gadasaxadebi (da ara maTi zegavlenis Sefasebis kriteriumis uzrunvelyofa). amdenad, horizontaluri samarTlianoba gamoricxavs SemTxveviT gadasaxadebs an iseT gadasaxadebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia araracionalur maxasiaTeblebze. ase magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia, mTavrobam dabegros erTjeradi gadasaxadiT wiTuri an Sokoladis namcxvris moyvaruli adamiani. horizontaluri samarTlianobis kanoni aseTi gadasaxadebis arsebobas 9
`mosalodneli cvlilebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi~, The New Your Times, 1986 wlis 26 maisi, gv. 31.
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gamoricxavs, Tundac isini sasurveli efeqtianobiTa da ganawilebiTi SedegebiT xasiaTdebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi aSS-is konstituciis debulebebi, romlebic akanonebs gansazRvrul gadasaxadebs, horizontalur samarTlianobas uzrunvelyofs (ix. pirveli Tavi).
sakmaod problematuria im maxasiaTeblebis identificireba, romelTa safuZvelze unda dawesdes gadasaxadebi. adamianTa didi nawilis azriT, religia da rasa sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansasazRvrad ararelevanturi maxasiaTeblebia. meore mxriv, ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Taobaze, unda gansazRvravdes Tu ara individis socialuri statusi mis sagadasaxado tvirTs (ix. me-15 Tavi). relevantur faqtorTa identificirebis SemTxvevaSic ki gadauwyveteli darCeba sakiTxi dabegvris moculobis Sesaxeb. unda iqnes Tu ara gaTvaliswinebuli fizikuri nakli sagadasaxado valdebulebis formirebis procesSi? magram ramdenad susti unda iyos Tqveni mxedveloba, usinaTlos preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT rom daibegroT? ra TanxiT unda Semcirdes sagadasaxado valdebuleba?
gamodis, rom horizontaluri samarTlianoba sakmaod abstraqtuli, Tumca momxibvleli koncefciaa. samarTlianoba da mxolod samarTlianoba sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebis mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs da iTamaSebs.
sagadasaxado sistemis danaxarjebi
Cven mier ganxilul magaliTebSi ise Cans, TiTqos gadasaxadebis Segroveba danaxarjebs ar moiTxovdes, rac sruli nonsensia. sagadasaxado samsaxurs esaWiroeba resursi Tavisi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. sagadasaxado samsaxuri xelfass uxdis buxhalters, iurists da sagadasaxado ukugebisa da CanawerTa aRricxvianobas afinansebs.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebis xarji aSS-Si sakmaod dabalia, ase magaliTad, Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri yovel 100 dolar Semosavalze mxolod 39 cents xarjavs. miuxedavad amisa, piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebisa da Sesabamisobis dadgenis xarji mainc maRalia. arsebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze slemrodma [1996] aseTi Sefaseba gaakeTa: 1995 wels aSS-is saojaxo meurneobebma 2.8 miliardi saaTi dauTmes federaluri gadasaxadis SemuSavebas. Tu saaTis Rirebuleba 15 dolariT ganisazRvreba, maSin xarjis SemuSavebaze daxarjuli drois Rirebuleba 42 miliardi dolari iqneba. amis Semdeg slemrodma gadasaxadis Sesabamisobis dadgenis monetaruli xarji gamoiTvala (gadasaxadi profesionalis konsultaciisaTvis, gadasaxadis momzadebis instruqciebi da a.S.) da daadgina, rom xarji 8 miliardi aSS
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dolari iyo, mTliani resursis Rirebuleba ki _ 50 miliardi aSS dolari, rac federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado amonagebis daaxloebiT 8%-ia. 2000 wels gadasaxadebis SegrovebasTan dakavSirebuli xarji daaxloebiT 115 miliardi iyo.
sagadasaxado da subsidirebis sistemis SerCevisas mxedvelobaSi miRebul unda iqnes administraciuli da Sesabamisobis dadgenis xarjebi. is sistemac ki, romelic samarTlianad da efeqtianad gamoiyureba (zedmeti tvirTis TvalsazrisiT), arcTu ise idealuria, radgan igi metismetad garTulebuli da Zviria (administrirebis TvalsazrisiT). warmoidgineT, rom SesaZlebelia, daibegros saojaxo seqtorSi warmoebuli produqti _ saxlis dasufTaveba, bavSvze zrunva da a.S. rogorc me-13 TavSi iyo miTiTebuli, Tavad is faqti, rom sabazro seqtori ibegreba, saojaxo seqtori ki _ ara, or seqtors Soris Sromis ganawilebis deformacias iwvevs. ufro metic, diferencialuri dabegvra SerCeuli samuSao adgilis mixedviT horizontalur samarTlianobas arRvevs. saojaxo seqtorSi warmoebuli produqtis dabegvra uzarmazar administraciul xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amdenad, misi danergvis idea ganuxorcielebelia.
samwuxarod, administraciul problemebs xSirad arajerovani yuradReba eqceva. klasikuri magaliTi axal Zvirfaseulobaze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadi iyo (1990). gadasaxadiT ibegreboda Zvirfaseulobis Rirebulebis is nawili, romelic 10000 aSS dolars aRemateboda. gadasaxadiT mxolod samkauli ibegreboda. rogorc erTma komentatorma aRniSna, es gadasaxadi Ramis koSmars waagavda: `Zvirfaseulobis dakargva an SekeTeba ar ibegreba; dasabegr Rirebulebas samkauli mniSvnelovani modificirebis Semdeg iRebs. amdenad, Tqven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daibegrebiT, Tu bebiis danatovari gulsabnevidan qvas axal CarCoSi gadaitanT; Tumca Tqven aravin dagbegravT, Tu beWedSi 30000 dolaris Rirebulebis dakarguli briliantis nacvlad axals da identurs CasvamT. es SekeTebad iTvleba” [Schmedel, 1991, gv. A1]. Sida Semosavlebis sistemis mier Zvirfaseulobaze gadasaxadebis Segrovebis xarji ufro meti iyo, vidre Tavad Segrovili gadasaxadi! amdenad, Zvirfaseulobaze gadasaxadi 1993 wlidan sabolood gaauqmes.
cxadia, ar arsebobs sagadasaxado sistema, romlis administrirebac aranair xarjebTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli; am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria, zemdeti tvirTisa da administraciuli danaxarjis saukeTeso kompromiss mivagnoT. gayidvebis dabegvris sistemis administrireba, sadac TiToeul saqonels Tavisi ganakveTi aqvs, SesaZloa, Zalian Zviri aRmoCndes, arada, es aris ramsis kanonis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis diferencirebis Sedegad zedmeti tvirTis Semsubuqeba zrdad administraciul danaxarjebTan unda iqnes Sedarebuli.
gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba
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axla ki ganvixiloT gadasaxadebis administrirebis yvelaze seriozuli problema _ gadasaxadebis dafarva. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde dayvanis kanonieri da gadasaxadis gadaxdis ukanono mcdeloba. gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde dayvanis kanonier mcdelobas jon meinard keinsi axasiaTebda, rogorc `inteleqtualuri gamoZiebis erTaderT formas, romelsac Tan axlavs anazRaureba~. aseT pirobebSi individi cvlis Tavis qmedebebs ise, rom Seamciros sagadasaxado valdebuleba. amaSi ukanono araferia:
`sasamarTloebi imeoreben, rom araferia cudi imaSi, rom individi maqsimalurad ecados gadasaxadebis minimumamde dayvanas. yvela iqceva ase _ mdidaric da Raribic; yvelas aqvs amisi ufleba, radgan aravis akisria saxelmwifo valdebuleba, gadaixados kanoniT gansazRvrul gadasaxadze meti... moralis saxeliT metis moTxovna ki farisevlobaa da meti araferi. [mosamarTleTa saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo, Commissioner v. Newman, 1947].
amis sapirispirod, gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba kanoniT dakisrebuli gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Tavidan acilebas gulixmobs. Tu soko ibegreba da Tqven ki ganacxads gayiduli sokos mcire raodenobaze gaakeTebT, maSin es iqneba gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde dayvanis kanonieri mcdeloba; magram Tu Tqven saerTod arafers ganacxadebT sokos gayidvis Sesaxeb, maSin es ukve iqneba gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba. gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba axali problema ar aris. saukuneebis win platoni ambobda: `yvela adamiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba; keTilsindisieri adamiani gadaixdis ufro met gadasaxads, vidre igive Semosavlis mqone arakeTilsindisieri adamiani~. ukanasknel periodSi gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdelobis problema seriozuli yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. saerTaSoriso rezonansi pova CogburTis varkvlavis, Stefi grafis, SemTxvevam. ramdenime wlis win germaniis sagadasaxado samsaxurma Stefi grafi 50 milioni dolaris odenobis gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanano mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula (12 wlis ganmavlobaSi); 1989 wlidan 1992 wlamde mas sagadasaxado deklaraciac ki ar Seuvsia.
rTulia gadasaxadis dafarvis masStabis dadgena. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris SefasebiT, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli nebayoflobiTi sagadasaxado valdebulebis mxolod 80%-s ixdis, rac TavisTavad mianiSnebs imaze, rom gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba seriozuli problemaa.
adamianebis mier sagadasaxado TaRliToba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:
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·
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sabuxhaltro Canawerebis ori wigni, romelTagan erT-erTi asaxavs realur bizness, xolo meore ki sagadasaxado samsaxurebs waredgineba. zogierTi gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdeli or sakaso aparatsac ki xmarobs. naRdi fuliT miRebuli Semosavlis dafarva. cxadia, sruliad legalurad iTvleba damatebiT samsaxurSi muSaoba. Tumca aseT samsaxurSi miRebuli Semosavali xSirad naRdi fuliT (da ara CekiT) gaicema. amdenad, ar arsebobs legaluri aRricxvis dokumenti. sagadasaxado samsaxurs Semosavlebis Sesaxeb angariSgeba ar waredgineba. barteri. `me SevakeTeb Tqvens manqanas, Tu Tqven puris xuT naWers SemiwvavT”. davuSvaT, Tqven naturiT gixdian (da ara naRdi fuliT) _ aRniSnuli tranzaqcia mainc ibegreba. Tumca aseTi Semosavlis Sesaxeb angariSgebas aravin akeTebs. naRdi fuliT ganxorcielebuli tranzaqcia. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sargeblobisaTvis gadaxda xorcieldeba naRdi fuliTa da Cekebis saSualebiT, rac tranzaqciebis Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier mikvlevas Zalian arTulebs.
erT dros gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba im milionerebis saxels ukavSirdeboda, romlebic kapitals Sveicariis bankebSi malavdnen. gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdelis dRevandeli imiji, albaT, kargad gamoixateba xelosnis saxiT, romlis Semosavali `araoficialuri~ samsaxuridan modis da ar cxaddeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis acilebis mizniT, an im mSoblis saxiT, romelic cdilobs, damalos gadasaxadi, romelsac ar ixdis bavSvis ZiZisaTvis gadaxdil xelfasze. individi, romelic wliurad 1300 dolarze met xelfass uxdis ZiZas, momvlels da saojaxo meurneobaSi dasaqmebul sxva pirs, valdebulia, maTTvis gadaixados saxelmwifo sapensio gadasaxadi. Tumca aseT gadasaxads 0,25%-ze naklebi saojaxo meurneoba ixdis [Herman, 2001, gv. A1]. is SegrZneba, `rom yvela ase iqceva~, dominirebs mTel sazogadoebaze.
pirvel rigSi, gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono pozitiuri Teoria ganvixiloT, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifos daregulirebis normatiul SekiTxvas vupasuxoT.
mcdelobis mier misi
gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdelobis pozitiuri analizi. davuSvaT, rom alis erTaderTi zrunvis sagani mosalodneli Semosavlis maqsimumamde gazrdaa. mas aqvs gansazRvruli Semosavali da R Tanxas sagadasaxado samsaxurebs umalavs. davuSvaT, rom Aalis zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris 0,3; dasabegri Semosavlis TiToeuli dolaris dafarvis Sedegad misi sagadasaxado deklaracia 30 centiT klebulobs. es aris misi zRvruli sargebeli, romelsac igi sagadasaxado organoebisagan erTi dolaris dafarvis gziT iRebs. ali t zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, amdenad, mis mier TiToeuli dolaris dafarviT miRebuli zRvruli sargebeli aris t.
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sagadasaxado samsaxurma araferi icis alis namdvili Semosavlis Sesaxeb. igi zogjer SemTxveviTobis principiT axorcielebs gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa audits. amdenad, arsebobs albaToba, r , rom alis odesme Seamowmeben. aSS-Si federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado amonagebis mxolod 0,49%-s amowmeben. Tu alis tyuilSi daiWeren, maSin igi gadaixdis jarimas, romelic R-is zrdadi ganakveTiT izrdeba. alis yoveldRiuri an yovelwamieri Semowmeba xarjebTan dakavSirebuli rom ar yofiliyo, maSin gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdelobis Sansi arc iarsebebda. is faqti, rom aseTi monitoringis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, problemis fundamentur wyaros warmoadgens.
davuSvaT,
rom
alisaTvis
r -is Rirebuleba da jarimis moculoba
kargadaa cnobili. igi gadawyvetilebas gadasaxadebis dafarvis zRvruli danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sedarebis safuZvelze miiRebs. 14.5 grafikze Tqven naxavT, rom dafaruli Semosavali horizontalur, xolo fuli ki – vertikalur RerZze izomeba. zRvruli sargebeli yovel dafarul dolarze (MB) aris t, anu is Tanxa, romelic gadasaxadebis formiT unda gadaxdiliyo. mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarji (MC) aris Tanxa, romelic TiToeuli dolaris dafarvis gamo dakisrebuli jarimisa (zRvruli jarima) da dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaTobis namravls warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, Tu meaTase dolaris dafarvis gamo moxdeba 1,50 dolaris odenobis damatebiTi jarimis dakisreba, xolo dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaToba ki samidan erTia, maSin mosalodneli zRvruli jarima aris 50 centi. dafarvis `optimaluri~ momenti swored im wertilze modis, sadac ori monakveTi gadakveTs erTmaneTs (anu R* wertili). R* namdvilad optimaluria, radgan warmoadgens zogad politikas, romelic alis Semosavals maqsimumamde zrdis. ganusazRvrelobiT aRsavse msoflioSi ki `mosalodneli sididis~ TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso politikis gansazRvra seriozuli saqmea. cxadia, SesaZloa, CaiTvalos, rom optimaluri iqneba, Tu saerTod ar moxdeba gadasaxadebis dafarva. 14.6 grafikis mixedviT, individis mier gadasaxadebis dafarviT gamowveuli zRvruli danaxarji aRemateba R-is yvela dadebiTi sididis zRvrul sargebels, amdenad, optimaluroba nulis tolia.
grafiki 14.5 da 14.6
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modelis Tanaxmad, izrdeba Semosavlis dafarvis masStabi, rodesac zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi izrdeba. es ki imiTaa gamowveuli, rom t-s maRali sidide zrdis gadasaxadebis dafarvis ukanono mcdelobis zRvrul sargebels da maRla gadaaadgilebs zRvruli sargeblis monakveTs ise, rom zRvrul danaxarjTan gadakveTis wertili R-is ufro maRal sidides daemTxveva. aseTi daSveba ramdenime zogadi magaliTiTaa damowmebuli. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, rusi politikosis, aleqsandre lebedis, komentari arsebul situaciaze: `ruseTis sagadasaxado politika TiToeul adamians, TiToeul mwarmoebelsa da biznesmens kriminalad aqcevs. naSovni rublidan (anu 100
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kapikidan) Tqven 92 kapiki gadasaxadis formiT unda gadaixadoT”10. garda amisa, feinSteinis ekonometrikuli kvlevac [1991] miuTiTebs imaze, rom Semosavlis dafarvis masStabi izrdeba zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrdasTan erTad. dafarvis masStabi mcirdeba, rodesac dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaToba da zRvruli jarimis ganakveTi izrdeba. es orive meTodi dafarvis zRvrul danaxarjs amcirebs.
miuxedavad am meTodebis gamoyenebis sasargeblo Sedegebisa, unda iTqvas, rom igi ramdenime potenciurad mniSvnelovan aspeqts ugulebelyofs.
dafarvis moraluri dauSvebloba. gadasaxadis ukanono dafarvis mcdeloba zogierT individs danaSaulis grZnobas aRuZravs. aRniSnuli fenomenis modelirebis SesaZlo gza moraluri dauSveblobisa da zRvruli danaxarjebis erTad warmodgenaa. zogierTi patiosani adamianisaTvis warmoudgenelia gadasaxadis dafarva, Tundac dafarvis zRvruli jarima nulis toli iyos.
riskis mimarT uaryofiTi ganwyoba. 14.5 da 14.6 grafiki miuTiTebs, rom individTa erTaderTi sazrunavi mosalodneli Semosavalia da riski, rogorc aseTi, maT sruliad ar anaRvlebT. Tumca ar dagaviwydeT, rom individebi, rogorc wesi, uaryofiTad arian xolme ganwyobilni riskis mimarT, amdenad, SesaZloa, maT ar isurvon safrTxeSi Tavis Cagdeba (me-11 Tavis danarTi ganixilavs ganusazRvrelobis dros gakeTebuli arCevanis fenomens).
samuSao gadawyvetilebebi. am modelis Tanaxmad, unda miviRoT gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra masStabis Semosavali unda iqnes angariSgebadi. fiqsirebulia samuSaos tipi da daubegravi Semosavlis moculoba. realurad sagadasaxado sistema samuSao saaTebsa da samuSao arCevanze axdens zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad, maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi ubiZgebs individs, SearCios samsaxuri, dafaros Semosavali da arakanonieri gziT aicilos Tavidan maTi gadaxda. aseTi fenomeni e.w. Crdilovani ekonomikis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi gulisxmobs iseT sameurneo saqmianobas, romelic legaluria, Tumca misi dafarva sagadasaxado organoebisagan adviladaa SesaZlebeli (saxlis saremonto saqmianoba), agreTve iseT saqmianobas, romelic Tavisi arsiT kriminaluria (prostitucia, narkotikebiT vaWroba). Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabis gazomva sakmaod rTulia. fridmanis, jonsonis, kaufmanisa da lobatonis SefasebaTa [2000] Tanaxmad, aSS-is Crdilovani ekonomika mTliani Sida produqtis 14%-s udris. britaneTSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 7%-ia, xolo ruseTSi ki _ 42%. Crdilovani ekonomikis kvleva Catarda fortinis, limesa da freCetis mier [1994] im randomuli Semowmebis safuZvelze, romelic kanadis qalaq kvebekSi moxda. maT
10
Wall Street Journal, 1996 wlis 20 noemberi.
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aRmoaCines, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrda amaRlebs Crdilovan ekonomikaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. es aRmoCena Seesabameba Jurnalistur angariSs im situaciis Sesaxeb, romelic niu-iorkSi sigaratis dabegvris Semdeg warmoiSva. sigaretis erTi yuTis fasi dabegvris Semdeg daaxloebiT 7,50 dolars gautolda. gadasaxadis gazrdis Semdeg daiwyes dabali gadasaxadiT dabegrili sigaretis Semotana sxva Statebidan, gamyidvelebi ki ara mxolod Savi bazris veterani gamyidvelebi iyvnen, aramed `Semosavlis miRebis mosurne moyvarulebi” [Fairclough, 2002, gv. B1].
auditis albaTobis cvlileba. auditis albaToba dafaruli Tanxis moculobisa da gancxadebuli Semosavlis odenobisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. Tumca aSS-Si auditis albaToba damokidebulia gancxadebuli Semosavlis miRebis adgilsa da moculobaze, rac arTulebs models, magram mis arsebiT aspeqtebs ar cvlis.
cxadia, Semosavlebis dafarva ufro rTuli fenomenia, vidre amas 14.5 da 14.6 grafiki miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, modeli gvTavazobs logikur CarCos imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT im faqtorebze, romlebic gadasaxadebis dafarvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gadasaxadebis dafarvis Sesaxeb empiriuli kvlevis Catareba rTulia. aravin icis, ra ufro efeqtiania: maRali jarima Tu xSiri auditi? ekonometrikuli kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom rac ufro maRalia xSiri auditis Catarebis SesaZlebloba, miT ufro izrdeba gancxadebuli Semosavlis moculoba, magram mainc iTvleba, rom zemoqmedebis masStabi mcirea [Blumenthal, Christian, and Slemrod, 1998].
gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis ukanono mcdelobis normatiuli analizi. Crdilovani ekonomikis Sesaxeb arsebuli diskusiebis mixedviT, igi cudi movlenaa da aucilebelia misi moculobis Semcireba. SesaZloa, es daSveba marTebulia, Tumca aucilebelia misi detaluri gaazreba.
ramdenad vzrunavT Cven gadasaxadebis urCi gadamxdelebis keTildReobaze? keTildReobis ekonomikis Jargonis mixedviT, miekuTvneba Tu ara Crdilovani ekonomikis subieqtebis sargeblianoba socialuri keTildReobis funqcias? davuSvaT, rom asea. maSin, garkveuli pirobebis mixedviT, Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba socialur keTildReobas amaRlebs. ase magaliTad, Tu Crdilovani ekonomikaSi Sromis miwodeba ufro elastiuria, vidre `Cveulebriv~ ekonomikaSi, maSin optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis mixedviT, pirveli SedarebiT dabali ganakveTiT unda daibegros. axla Cven ubralod gamoviyeneT inversiuli elastiurobis kanoni, anu (14.9) gantoleba. alternatiulad davuSvaT, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis monawileebi ufro Raribebi arian, vidre Cveulebrivi ekonomikis subieqtebi. realurad bevri damkvirvebeli darwmunebulia, rom Crdilovani ekonomika amerikuli urbanuli
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centrebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawilia [Templin, 1995]. im masStabiT, ra masStabiTac sazogadoebas amoZravebs egalitaruli Semosavlis gadanawilebis mizani, Crdilovani ekonomikis xelSeuxebloba SesaZloa, sasurvelic ki iyos.
axla ki davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdelis sargeblianoba socialuri keTildReobis funqcias aranairad ar miekuTvneba. saxelmwifos mizani ki dabali administraciuli danaxarjis pirobebSi Semosavlebis dafarvis masStabis maqsimaluri Semcirebaa. 14.5 grafiki gviCvenebs wrfiv mimarTulebas, romelic am miznis miRwevaSi dagvexmareba. Semosavlebis dafarvis mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarji jarimis ganakveTisa da dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaTobis namravls warmoadgens. gamovlenis albaToba damokidebulia gadasaxadebis administrirebisaTvis gamoyofili resursebis moculobaze. Tu Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs ufro didi biujeti eqneba, maSin mas SeeZleba bevri urCi gadamxdelis aRmoCena. Tumca sagadasaxado organos mcire biujeti aqvs da dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaTobac Sesabamisad mcirea. miuxedavad amisa, dafarvis zRvruli danaxarji SesaZloa, mainc TavisTavad maRali iyos, Tu jarima sakmarisad maRalia. Tu mxolod erT urC gadamxdels gamoaaSkaraveben wlis ganmavlobaSi da mas saqveynod sikvdiliT dasjian, maSin gadasaxadis dafarvis mosalodneli Rirebuleba namdvilad SeaSinebs bevr adamians. faqtobrivad, aseTi mkacri zoma arasodes yofila gamoyenebuli aSS-Si. jarimebis arsebuli sistemis mizani samarTliani sasjelis dawesebaa. utilitaruli seqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoeba aramxolod saboloo Sedegze (gadasaxadis gadaxdis ukanono acilebis SemTxvevebis aRmofxvra), aramed im saSualebebzec zrunavs, romelTa gamoyenebiTac mizani miiRweva.
mimoxilva
sagadasaxado sistemis tradiciuli analizi naTels hfens gadasaxadis dawesebis ramdenime `princips”: gadasaxadebi unda xasiaTdebodes horizontaluri da vertikaluri samarTlianobiT, iyos `neitraluri~ ekonomikur stimulebTan mimarTebaSi, martivi administraciuli TvalsazrisiT da a.S. sajaro finansebis ekonomistebma aRniSnuli principebi keTildReobis ekonomikis specialur instruqciebSi gaaerTianes. literatura optimaluri dabegvris Sesaxeb socialuri keTidlReobis funqciis gamoyenebis gziT saqonelze gadasaxadis dawesebis kriteriums gviCvenebs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis optimalurma analizma Seaswora wina periodSi daSvebuli Secdomebi. ase magaliTad, identuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis daweseba SesaZloa, ar iyos efeqtiani. ufro metic, optimaluri sagadasaxado Teoria naTels hfens efeqtianobasa da samarTlianobas Soris
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arsebul kompromiss. detalurad definicia, rogorc qveproduqti.
ganxilulia
`samarTlianobis~
sxvadasxva
Cveni analizis Sedegi ar aris sagadasaxado sistemis dagegmva da daproeqteba. otpimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria sxvadasxva problemiT (ix. mesame Tavi) xasiaTdeba, romelTa irgvliv arsebobs ramdenime ueWveli komentari: (1) optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria politikur da socialur institutebs ugulebelyofs. `optimaluri~ gadasaxadi advilad gauqmdeba, Tu amas moindomebs politikosi, an Tu Zalian Zviri iqneba misi administrireba. (2) optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria miuTiTebs, rom horizontaluri samarTlianobis koncefciis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba rTulia. miuxedavad amisa, `TanabarTa Tanabari dabegvris” idea erTob momxibvlel eTikur sloganad rCeba. horizontaluri samarTlianobis integrireba optimaluri gadasaxadis TeoriaSi rTulia, imis gamo, rom es ukanakneli fokusirebulia ufro Sedegze, vidre Tavad procesze.
amdenad, optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria iyenebs keTildReobis ekonomikis berketebs imisaTvis, rom analitikurad moamZlavros tradiciuli msjelobani gadasaxadis dizainis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, igi ekonomikis utilitaruli keTildReobis midgomasTanaa integrirebuli. amasTanave, igi warmoadgens kritikis sagans, romelic eTikuri sistemis adeqvaturobas ganixilavs.
daskvna
· · · · ·
efeqtiani sasaqonlo gadasaxadis Teoria gviCvenebs, rogor gavzardoT amonagebis mocemuli moculoba da, Tanac, minimumamde daviyvanoT zedmeti tvirTi. ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad, zedmeti tvirTis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT aucilebelia, dawesdes iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, rom Tanabrad Semcirdes moTxovna TiToeul saqonelze. `daukavSirebeli~ saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad, Sesabamisi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi kompensirebuli moTxovnis elastiurobasTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSi unda iyos. saxelmwifos mier gaweuli momsaxurebis momxmareblis optimaluri gadasaxadis SerCeva iseve xdeba, rogorc optimaluri gadasaxadis SerCeva. Semosavlis dabegvra ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlis miRebis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens. ejvorTis kvlevis Tanaxmad optimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, dabegrili Semosavlebi toli unda iyos. Tumca Tavisufali droisa da Semosavlis kompromisis deformirebis gamo warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi, am dros ki zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 100%-ze bevrad ufro naklebi unda iyos.
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sagadasaxado sistemis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iseTi standartebiT, romlebic ar aris ganxiluli optimaluri gadasaxadis TeoriaSi. horizontaluri samarTlianoba, administrirebis xarji, gadasaxadis gadaxdis ukanono acilebis mcdelobani da politikuri SezRudvebi zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado sistemis formaze. horizontaluri samarTlianobis tradiciuli definiciebi efuZneba Semosavals, rogorc `Tanaswori mdgomareobis~ ganmsazRvrel faqtors. Tumca pirobiTad Sefasebuli Semosavali am TvalsazrisiT arc gamodgeba. sargeblianobis definicia ufro zusti da akuratulia, magram radikalurad gansxvavebuli politikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba da erTob tendenciuria. horizontaluri samarTlianobis sxva definiciebi gadasaxadebis SerCevis wesebzea fokusirebuli. sagadasaxado sistemis marTvis xarjebi ZiriTad Teoriul analizSi ugulebelyofilia. Tumca administrirebisa da Sesabamisobis dadgenis xarji zegavlenas axdens gadasaxadis safuZvlis, sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da ukanonod aridebuli gadasaxadis moculobaze.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
goldsbisa da petrinis SefasebaTa [2001] Tanaxmad, kabeluri televiziis moTxovnis elastiuroba 0,51-ia, xolo satelevizio satelituri antenisa ki _ 7,40. davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifos surs, gazardos amonagebis moculoba sakabelo da satelituri momsaxurebis dabegvriT. Tu sazogadoebis mizania, maqsimalurad efeqtianad gazardos Semosavali, ra iqneba sakabelo gadasaxadisa da satelituri gadasaxadis proporcia? CamoayalibeT Tqveni azri gamoTvlebis safuZvelze. 2. 2002 wels aSS-is federalurma mTavrobam 3%-iani gadasaxadi daawesa avtomanqanis Rirebulebis im nawilze, romelic aRemateba 40000 dolars. ase magaliTad, 50000 dolaris Rirebulebis manqanaze sagadasaxado valdebuleba iqneboda: 0,03 X (50000 – 40000), anu 300 dolari. ganixileT, ramdenad efeqtiani, Tanaswori da advilad administrirebadia `maRali komfortulobis manqanaze” dawesebuli gadasaxadi. 3. `petre didma dabegra wveri. igi amtkicebda, rom wveri sruliad usargeblo atributia. gadasaxadi wveris sigrZis proporciuli iyo, agreTve progresiuli _ wveris matareblis socialuri mdgomareobis mimarT~ [Groves, 1946, gv. 51]. ganixileT petres mier wverze dakisrebuli gadasaxadi rogorc optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis, agreTve horizontaluri samarTlianobis poziciidan. 4. ukanasknel periodSi Cineli fermerebi protests acxadeben mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo. `mTavroba begravs gansakuTrebul saqonelsac ki, magaliTad, kakals da iqac ki, sadac misi moyvana saerTod ar xdeba~ [Eckholm, 1999, gv. A10]. SeafaseT kakalze dawesebuli gadasaxadi rogorc optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis, agreTve horizontaluri samarTlianobis poziciidan. 5. fiSmanisa da veis [2001] Tanaxmad, Cineli importiorebi maRal tarifs sxvasxva saxis araprognozirebadi saqcieliT pasuxoben. ase magaliTad, maT mier maRaltarifiani saqonlis importirebis SemTxvevaSi isini amboben, rom es sxva saqonelia, romelic ufro dabali tarifiT xasiaTdeba. mkvlevarebis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 1%-iani zrda sagadasaxado
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ganakveTebSi iwvevs gadasaxadisagan Tavis aridebis faqtebis 3%-ian zrdas. SecvaleT 14.5 grafiki da warmoadgineT es fenomeni. 6. davuSvaT, rom Sarlinis zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi 36%-ia. Tu igi dafaravs Semosavals, maSin arsebobs 2% imis albaToba, rom mas daiWeren. gamoiyeneT 14.5 grafiki da gamoTvleT minimaluri jarima, romelic aiZulebs Sarlins, aRar damalos Semosavlebi. 7. uZravi qonebis magnatma, donald trumfma, wamoayena winadadeba, erTjeradi 14,25%-iani gadasaxadiT daebegraT TiToeuli amerikelis neto qoneba, romlic 10 milion aSS dolars aRemateboda. iqneboda Tu ara es Semosavlis gasazrdelad efeqtiani saSualeba? pasuxis dros gamoiyeneT `optimaluri politikis droiTi winaaRmdegobis” koncefcia. 8. aris Tu ara Semdegi sentenciebi WeSmariti, araswori Tu ganusazRvreli. pasuxi ganmarteT. a) yvela saqonlis proporciuli gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT, aris erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi. b) efeqtianoba maqsimumamde izrdeba, rodesac yvela saqoneli Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. g) bunebrivi monopoliis SemTxvevaSi saSualo xarjis mixedviT faswarmoqmna sawarmos funqcionirebis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, magram Sedegi araefeqtiania. d) tomis samsaxuri uzrunvelyofs fitnes-klubiT ufaso sargeblobis saSualebas. jeris samsaxuri ki _ ara. horizontaluri samarTlianobis Tanaxmad, tomis Semosavali unda daibegros aseT `komfortul~ komponentTan erTad.
gamoyenebuli literatura
Holcombe, Randall G. “The Ramsey Rule reconsidered.” Public Finance Review 30 (November 2002), pp. 562-78 Slemrod, Joel, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. “Tax Avoidance, Evaision, and Administration”, In Handbook of Public Economics, Volume 3, ed. Alan A. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein. New Yourk: Elsevier Science B.V., 2002, pp. 1425-70. Stern, Nicholas. “The Theory of Optimal Commodity and Income Taxation: An Introduction.” In The Theory of Taxation for Developing Countries, ed. David Newbery and Nicholas Stern. New Yourk: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp. 22-59.
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nawili 4 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo Semosavlebis sistema
Semdegi xuTi Tavi aSS-is fiskaluri sistemis Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaroebs aRwers da aanalizebs. Tavad saswavlo masala cudicaa da kargic. cudi imitom, rom aravin icis, ramdeni xani iqneba kidev aqtualuri. 1986, 1990, 1993, 1997 da 2001 wlebSi amerikis sagadasaxado sistema arsebiTad Seicvala; miuxedavad amisa, dRis wesrigSia uaxloes momavalSi ufro meti mniSvnelovani cvlilebis gatareba da `reformis~ ganxorcieleba. kargi ki is aris, rom mkiTxveli, romelic saxelmwifo finansebis kuTxiT dainaxavs arsebul gadasaxadebs, nebismier axal gadasaxads Tavisuflad gaaanalizebs. ufro metic, Cven arsebuli gadasaxadebis mosalodnel arsebiT Sesworebebsac ganvixilavT.
TiToeuli gadasaxadis individualurad ganxilva maTi aRwerisa da ganmartebis erTaderTi praqtikuli gzaa. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri sxvadasxva gadasaxadi figurirebs. ase magaliTad, dividendis sagadasaxado ganakveTi rogorc individualur, aseve korporaciul saSemosavlo gadasaxadzea damokidebuli. amdenad, mxolod erTi gadasaxadis gaanalizeba SecdomaSi Segviyvans da dagvixatavs sagadasaxado tvirTis mTliani masStabis cru suraTs.
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Tavi 15
piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
amerikelebo, kvlav dadga saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdis dro: SeagroveT qviTrebi, SeavseT saSemosavlo deklaracia, gaTaleT es fanqari da iCxvliteT aortaSi. deiv bari
ramdenime wlis win aSS-is kongresis mudmivmoqmedi sabiujeto komisiis Tavmjdomarem, bil arCerma, aseTi ram ganacxada: `minda, gavanadguro da Sors movisrolo moqmedi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi ise, rom CvenTan aRarasodes dabrundes~. piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, romelic arCersa da milion sxva amerikels ase aRelvebda, amerikuli federaluri Semosavlis sistemis e.w. `muSaTa saxls~ warmoadgens. sagadasaxado samsaxurs daaxloebiT 130 milioni sagadasaxado deklaracia gaegzavna, romelTa safuZvelze 858 miliardi aSS dolaris moculobis Semosavali dagrovda, rac federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 46%-ia1. am TavSi ganvixilavT problemebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba piradi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis formirebas, aSS-is sistemis efeqtianobas, Tanasworobasa da piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mimarT arsebuli zogadi antipaTiis gamomwvev mizezebs.
1913 wels ZalaSi Sevida saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi. am drois Semdeg igi ramdenjerme gadaisinja. Cven SevafasebT da avxsniT im cvlilebebs, romlebic ukanasknel periodSi kodeqsma ganicada.
ZiriTadi struqtura
yoveli wlis Sefasebis mizniT 1
15 aprilamde wina wlis sagadasaxado amerikelebi sagadasaxado samsaxurs
valdebulebis sagadasaxado
kongresis sabiujeto ofisi [2003]
472
deklaracias warudgenen. sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoTvla 15.1 grafikSi warmodgenili safexurebis mixedviT xdeba. pirveli safexuri koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavlis (adjusted gross income - AGI) gamoTvlaa. es aris dasabegri wyaroebidan miRebuli mTliani Semosavali, romelsac am Semosavlis miRebisas gaweuli xarji akldeba. dasabegri wyaroebi (Tumca ar aris SezRuduli) xelfass, dividends, saprocento ganakveTs, biznesisa da fermerul Semosavlebs, qiras, roialTis, prizebs, qonebis realizaciidanN miRebul amonagebsac ki moicavs.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ar xdeba AGI-s yvela saxeobis dabegvra. meore safexuri AGI-s dasabegr Semosavlad konvertirebaa – es aris Semosavlis is moculoba, romelic gadasaxadiT unda daibegros. igi gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli nawilisa da gamoqviTvebis AGI-dan gamoklebis Semdeg gamoiTvleba. gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da gamoqviTvebi detaluradaa ganxiluli odnav qvemoT.
grafiki 15.1
saboloo safexuri gadasaxdeli gadasaxadis moculobis gamoTvlaa. satarifo bade dasabegri Semosavlis yvela doneze sagadasaxado valdebulebas gviCvenebs. gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa sxvadasxva kategoria sxvadasxva satarifo
473
badiT xasiaTdeba. ase magaliTad, qmari da coli, romelic erTobliv sagadasaxado deklaracias avsebs (`erToblivi deklaracia~), dauojaxebeli adamianis tarifisagan gansxvavebuli tarifiT ibegreba.
wlis ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa didi nawilis xelfasidan gadasaxadebis gamoqviTva xdeba. is Tanxa, romelsac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 15 aprils ixdis, sagadasaxado valdebulebasa da akumulirebul gamoqviTul gadaxdebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas warmoadgens. Tu gamoqviTulia saWiroze meti Tanxa, maSin zedmeti Tanxa gadamxdels aucileblad ubrundeba.
TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia. magram mTeli es procesi problemebiTaa savse. axla yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebi ganvixiloT. Tu Tqven kanonmdeblobis mtanjveli detalebiT dainteresebuli brZandebiT, sagadasaxado kanonis saukeTeso saZiebeli eleqtronuli versia Semdeg misamarTze ixileT: www.fourmilab.ch/ustax/ustax.html.
ra aris Semosavali?
`Semosavlis~ cnebis ganmarteba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis asamoqmedeblad aucilebelia. winamdebare Tavis dawyeba yvelaze upriani iqneboda Semosavlis ganmartebiT, romelsac sagadasaxado kodeqsi gvaZlevs. Tumca, samwuxarod, kodeqsi aranair definicias ar gvTavazobs. konstituciuri damateba, romelic gadasaxadis arsebobas akanonebs, ambobs: `kongresi uflebamosilia, daawesos da Seagrovos gadasaxadebi Semosavalze, romelic miRebulia nebismieri wyarodan~. sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs Semosavlis CamonaTvals _ xelfasi, qira, dividendi da a.S. iseTi fraza, rogoricaa: `romelic miRebulia nebismieri wyarodan~, sulac ar uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo standarts imis gadasawyvetad, gansazRvruli faqtorebis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebelia Tu ara.
sajaro finansebis ekonomistebs Tavisi tradiciuli standarti aqvT _ es e.w. heig-saimonsis (H-S) definicia aris: `Semosavali periodis ganmavlobaSi individis samomxmareblo SesaZleblobis zrdis fulad Rirebulebas warmoadgens~2, rac udris periodis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivi moxmarebis moculobisa da simdidris wminda nazardis jams. simdidris wminda nazardi _ danazogi _ aucileblad aRricxul unda iqnes SemosavalSi, radgan igi gviCvenebs, Tu potenciuri moxmareba ramdenad izrdeba.
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saxeli mieniWa robert m. heigisa da henri s. saimonsis pativsacemad. isini XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenili ekonomistebi iyvnen.
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H-S kriteriumis gamoyenebis dros aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT moxmarebis potenciuri zrdis yvela wyaro, imis miuxedavad, xorcieldeba Tu ara faqtobrivi moxmareba da ra formiT xorcieldeba igi. H-S kriteriumis Tanaxmad, individis potenciuri moxmarebis Semcireba mTlian Semosavals unda gamoakldes. garda amisa, mTlian Semosavals unda gamoakldes iseTi danaxarji, romelic Semosavlis Sovnis procesSi gaiweva. Tu julietis mTliani Semosavali sigaris maRaziidan 100000 aSS dolaria, magram SemosavalTan dakavSirebuli danaxarji (qira da sigaraze gaweuli xarji) ki _ 95000 aSS dolari, maSin julietis potenciuri moxmareba mxolod 5000 aSS dolariT izrdeba.
H-S Semosavlis Semadgeneli nawilebi
H-S definicia moicavs Semosavlis iseT formebs, rogoricaa: xelfasi, biznesidan Semosavlebi, qira, roialti, dividendi da saprocento ganakveTi. garda amisa, H-S SemosavalSi Sedis iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:
damqiraveblis sapensio Senatani da dazRveva. sapensio Senatani, Tundac igi arapirdapir iyos gadaxdili recipientisaTvis, potenciuri moxmarebis gazrdaze miuTiTebs. daqiravebulisaTvis naturiT (da ara naRdi fuliT) gadaxdili kompensaciac (magaliTad, misTvis sadazRvevo paketis uzrunvelyofa) SemosavalSi iricxeba.
satransfero gadaxdebi, saxelmwifo sapensio daxmareba, umuSevarTa daxmareba da saxelmwifo daxmareba. saxelmwifodan an damqiraveblidan miRebuli nebismieri Semosuloba Semosavals warmoadgens.
kapitalis Semosavali (mogeba). aqtivis Rirebulebis zrda kapitalis Semosavlis (mogebis) saxelwodebiT, xolo misi Rirebulebis Semcireba ki kapitalis danakargis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. warmovidginoT Cveni axali gmiri, brutusi, romelic `maikrosoftis~ aqciaTa wils flobs, romlis Rirebulebac wlis ganmavlobaSi 10000 dolaridan 12500 dolaramde gaizarda. gamodis, rom brutusis kapitalis Semosavali 2500 dolaria. aRniSnuli Tanxa miuTiTebs brutusis potenciuri moxmarebis zrdaze da, amdenad, Semosavals miekuTvneba3. Tu brutusi wlis bolos maikrosoftis aqcias gayidis, maSin brutusis kapitalis Semosavali realizdeba; sxva SemTxvevaSi es
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SemosavalSi aRiricxeba kapitalis Semosavlis realuri Rirebuleba. SemosavalSi ar miiReba inflaciis Sedegad warmoqnili mogeba. aRniSnuli sakiTxi odnav mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli.
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ararealizebuli Semosavali iqneba. H-S-is poziciidan, sruliad umniSvneloa, moxdeba Tu ara kapitalis Semosavlis realizacia. TavisTavad igi miuTiTebs potenciuri moxmarebis zrdaze da, amdenad, warmoadgens Semosavals. SesaZloa, brutusma ar gayidos maikrosoftis aqcia. am gziT igi kapitalis Semosavlis reinvestirebas ganaxorcielebs kompaniaSi. H-S kriteriumis mixedviT, arsebiTi Semosavali moxmarebis forma ar aris. amdenad, is faqti, rom brutusi kapitalis Semosavlis reinvestirebas axorcielebs, sruliad umniSvneloa. kapitalis Semosavali mTlian Semosavals emateba, xolo kapitalis danakargi ki akldeba. Tu kaska flobs disneis aqcias, romlis Rirebulebac wlis ganmavlobaSi 4200 dolariT iklebs, maSin es 4200 dolari Semosavlis sxva wyaros unda gamoakldes.
naturiT miRebuli Semosavali. zogierTi adamiani Semosavlis nawils naturiT, anu saqonlis an momsaxurebis formiT (da ara naRdi fuliT) iRebs. ase magaliTad, garda xelfasisa, `jeneral eleqtrikis~ yofili aRmasrulebeli direqtori, jak uelSi, uzrunvelyofilia adgiliT “New York Knicks”-Si, “US Open”Si, agreTve apartamentiT manhetenze, satelituri televiziiT oTxive saxlSi da sxva servisiT. ganvixiloT naklebad egzotikuri Semosavalic: fermeri Semosavals iRebs sursaTis formiT, kompania TanamSromels subsidirebul sadils an kompaniis fitnes-klubiT sargeblobas sTavazobs. naturiT miRebuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani formaa saxlis mepatroneebis qiris wliuri Rirebuleba. saxlis mepatrone sargeblobs saxlis flobiT miRebuli momsaxurebiT, romlis wminda fuladi Rirebuleba, anu droebiTi (pirobiTad daricxuli) saijaro qira, aris is Tanxa, romelsac mepatrone gadaixdida saxlis uqonlobisa da daqiravebis SemTxvevaSi (saremonto xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg).
yvela am SemTxvevaSi, H-S kriteriumis poziciidan, ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba miRebuli sargeblis formas (fuladi an sasaqonlo (momsaxurebis) forma). orive maTgani Semosavalia.
zogierTi praqtikuli da konceptualuri problema
haig-saimonsis kriteriumiT sargebloba sagadasaxado sistemis formirebis procesSi garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
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cxadia, potenciuri moxmarebis zrdas uzrunvelyofs Semosavali, saidanac ukve gamoqviTulia biznesis xarjebi. Tumca rTulia, ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan moxmarebis danaxarji da Semosavlis miRebis procesSi gaweuli xarji. davuSvaT, rom kalpurniam iyida samuSao magida, romelic, amave dros, mSvenieri avejia. iTvleba Tu ara magidis SeZenis xarji biznesis xarjad? aviRoT Tundac samTaviani sadili. danaxarjis ra
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nawili iTvleba moxmarebad da ra nawili _ biznesis xarjad? (moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 50% miekuTvneba moxmarebas, biznes-sadilis 50% iqviTeba).
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Zalian rTuli iqneba kapitalis Semosavlisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi ararealizebulia. aqtiur bazrebze gayiduli aqtivebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia am problemis gadawyveta. Tundac brutusma maikrosoftis aqcia ar gayidos, misi Rirebulebis dadgena Zalian advilia gazeTis finansuri seqciidan. Tumca im xelovnebis nimuSis kapitalis Semosavlis gamoTvla, romlis Rirebulebamac moimata rTulia. xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlis pirobiTad gamoTvlili Semosavlis dadgenac rTuli procesia. ase magaliTad, sakmaod rTuli iqneba sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis sabazro qiris ganakveTis dadgena. analogiurad, rTulia manqanebis, kompaqt-disk pleerebisa da katerebis pirobiTad gamoTvlili saijaro qiris dadgena. sakmaod rTulia naturiT momsaxurebis gamoTvla. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magaliTi saojaxo seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavlis dadgenaa. iseTi saojaxo momsaxureba, rogoricaa: saxlis dasufTaveba, saWmlis momzadeba, bavSvze zrunva da a.S., calsaxad Rirebulia. Tundac arsebobdes bazari, sadac moxdeboda amgvari momsaxurebiT vaWroba, Zneli iqneboda misi Rirebulebisa da sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisobis dadgena.
H-S kriteriumis Sefaseba
H-S kriteriumiT sargebloba uamrav siZnelesTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca calsaxa da gamokveTilia mTavari idea: Semosavlis ganmartebis ararseboba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebas amartivebs. cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi gardauvali iqneba TavisTavadi gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis Semosulobani unda iqnes CarTuli SemosavalSi. miuxedavad amisa, heigsaimonsis kriteriumi im idealur berketadaa miCneuli, romelsac bevri politikosi iyenebs: `Semosavlis~ definicia maqsimalurad farTo unda iyos da individis mier yvela wyarodan miRebuli Semosavali Tanabari ganakveTiT unda daibegros.
ratomaa H-S kriteriumi aseTi mimzidveli? albaT, ori mizezis gamo:
samarTlianoba. gaixseneT horizontaluri Tanasworobis tradiciuli definicia (ix, me-14 Tavi) _ Tanabari Semosavlis mqone individebi Tanabar gadasaxadebs unda ixdidnen, risTvisac Semosavlis yvela wyaro unda daibegros. sxva SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis Sovnis identuri unaris mqone or adamians sxvadasxva sagadasaxado valdebuleba daekisreba.
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arsebobs aseTi mosazrebac: sanam gansxvavebulia individTa Semosavlis Sovnis unari, manamde H-S kriteriumis gamoyeneba arasamarTlian Sedegebs mogvitans. davuSvaT, rom popai Zalian Wkviania, bluto ki _ ara. Wkviani xalxis Sroma ufro sasiamovnoa. SesaZloa, blutos da popais identuri Semosavali aqvT, magram popais sargeblianoba gacilebiT maRalia. samarTliani iqneba Tu ara maTi Tanabrad dabegvra?
efeqtianoba. H-S kriteriumis momxreebi Tvlian, rom kriteriumi neitralurobas uzrunvelyofs _ igi erTnairad udgeba Semosavlis yvela formas da ekonomikuri saqmianobis mimarTulebas ar arRvevs. ase magaliTad, imis gamo, rom sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis pirobiTad daricxuli qiris gamoTvla rTulia, izrdeba investiciis moculoba binaTmSeneblobis sferoSi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi).
haig-saimonsis kriteriumidan gadaxra araefeqtianobas namdvilad qmnis. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom maqsimalurad efeqtiania yvela saxis Semosavlis (wyaros miuxedavad) Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvra. ganvixiloT yamiri miwis ijaridan miRebuli Semosavali. aseTi miwis miwodeba srulyofilad araelastiuria da, amdenad, misi maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris Sedegad zedmeti tvirTi ar warmoiqmneba4. efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema ufro maRali ganakveTiT dabegravda aseTi miwidan miRebul Semosavals, vidre sxva wyaroebidan miRebuls, anu ar gamoiyenebda Tanabar sagadasaxado ganakveTebs, rogorc amas H-S kriteriumi moiTxovs. ufro zogadad, optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis mixedviT (ix. me-14 Tavi), sanam erTjeradi gadasaxadebi ar moqmedebs, manam efeqtianobis amaRleba SesaZlebelia SedarebiT araelastiuri miwodebis mqone saqonlis maRali ganakveTebiT dabegvris gziT. `neitraluroba~, Semosavlis yvela saxeobaze dakisrebuli Tanabari sagadasaxado ganakveTebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado tvirTs ar amcirebs.
ra daskvnamde mivdivarT? makluri [2002] miuTiTebs, rom optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria gadasaxadebis formirebis procesSi panacea ar aris, radgan `igi zogadad Sesrulebis administraciul sirTulesa da im faqts, rom gadasaxadis praqtikaSi dasanergad auracxeli informaciis arsebobaa aucilebeli, ugulebelyofs~. araracionaluri iqneboda, uari gveTqva heigsaimonsis kriteriumis gamoyenebaze. Tumca arc es kriteriumi iTvleba panacead yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. cxadia, misaRebi iqneba nebismieri gamarTlebuli gadaxra am kriteriumidan. mTavaria, rom Tavidanve ar CavTvaloT es meTodi arasamarTlianad an araefeqtianad.
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es faqti didi xnis ganmavlobaSia aRiarebuli. ix. George [1914]
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daubegravi fuladi Semosavali
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Semosavlis zogierTi wyaro, romelic heig-saimonsis kriteriumis Tanaxmad ibegreba, praqtikuli mosazrebiT, ar unda daibegros. garda amisa, arsebobs Semosavlis ramdenime forma, romlis dabegvra SedarebiT martivia administraciuli TvalsazrisiT; miuxedavad amisa, aseTi Semosavali koreqtirebul mTlian Semosavals akldeba.
saprocento ganakveTi Statisa da municipalitetis obligaciaze
Statis an municipalitetis obligaciaze individis mier miRebuli saprocento Semosavali federaluri gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba. H-S kriteriumis poziciidan, aseTi gamonaklisi gamarTlebuli ar aris _ procentis saxiT miRebuli Semosavali iseve zrdis potenciur moxmarebas, rogorc Semosavlis nebismieri sxva forma. Tumca saprocento Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba imis gamo moxda, rom arakonstituciurad CaiTvala mTavrobis erTi rgolis mier meore rgolis fasiani qaRaldebis dabegvra. Tumca bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom amgvari dabegvra dasaSvebi iqneboda.
samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, obligaciebis Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba Stats da municipalitets Semosavlebis gazrdaSi exmareba. Tu investori ar iqneba iZulebuli, gadaixados federaluri gadasaxadi Statebisa da municipalitetis obligaciebis Semosavalze, maSin igi Tanaxma iqneba, miiRos ufro dabali Semosavali (romelic aRar daibegreba). davuSvaT, cezari ibegreba 30%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT damatebiT Semosavalze, xolo dasabegri fasiani qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTi ki 15%-ia. sanam Statebisa da municipalitetis fasiani qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTi 10,5%-s aRemateba, cezari dasabegr fasian qaRaldebTan SedarebiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) maT mianiWebs upiratesobas5. ufro zogadad, Tu t aris individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, xolo r ki dasabegri fasiani qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTiა, maSin cezaris survili iqneba, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli fasiani qaRaldi Seisyidos, sanam maTi ukugeba (1 – t)r-s aRemateba. amdenad, Statsa da municipalitets SeuZlia, Tanxa bazarze arsebul ganakveTze ufro dabali ganakveTiT isesxos. faqtobrivad, xazina uars ambobs garkveul Tanxaze, romliTac SemdgomSi Statebisa da municipalitetebis dafinanseba xdeba.
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ori saxis fasiani qaRaldi xasiaTdeba Tanabari riskiT. moTxovna im aqtivebze, romlebic gansxvavebuli risk-faqtoriT xasiaTdeba, Semdeg TavSia ganxiluli.
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samwuxarod, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligacia Statebisa da municipalitetebisaTvis gaweul ZviradRirebul daxmarebas warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom kargad gaverkveT am naTqvamSi, unda warmovidginoT, rom arsebobs ori gadamxdeli: cezari, romlis damatebiTi Semosavali 30%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba da brutusi, romelic 15%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tu dasabegri obligaciebis ukugebis sabazro ganakveTi aris 15%, maSin cezaris wminda ukugeba (anu ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg) iqneba 10,5%, xolo brutusisa ki _ 12,75%. imisaTvis, rom wavaxalisoT rogorc cezari, aseve brutusi, raTa maT Seisyidon raime sxva, garda dasabegri obligaciisa, ukugebis wminda ganakveTi sul mcire 12,75% mainc unda iyos. davuSvaT, rom romelime qalaqis municipaliteti gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciis gamoSvebas iwyebs, romlis ukugeba 12,75%-s odnav aRemateba. cezaric da brutusic SeiZenen am obligacias. Tumca sagadasaxado valdebuleba cezaris mimarT irRveva _ mas surda, SeeZina 10,5%-ian ganakveTze odnav maRali ganakveTis mqone obligacia; am dros mas gauCnda Sansi, SeiZinos 12,75%-iani obligacia.
rogor ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo Semosavlebis Sedegobrivi efeqti? davuSvaT, rom qalaqis municipaliteti brutusisgan iRebs sesxs (100 dolars), romlis saprocento ganakveTi 12,75%-ia (sabazro ganakveTi ki 15%-ia). amis Sedegad qalaqis municipaliteti 2,25 dolars dazogavs. meore mxriv, aSS-is xazina kargavs 2,25 dolaris (=0,15 X $15) moculobis saSemosavlo gadasaxads. faqtobrivad, xazina 2,25 dolariT qalaqis municipalitetis subsidirebas axorcielebs. dRes Tu municipaliteti cezarisagan 100 dolars isesxebs, zustad igive danazogs gaakeTebs, magram xazina dakargavs met sagadasaxado Semosavals _ 4,50 dolars (=0,30 X $15). amdenad, sagadasaxado valdebulebis darRveva (daaxloebiT 2,25 dolariT) qalaqis municipalitetisaTvis mogeba ar aris.
amrigad, im investorebisaTvis, romlebic gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebul da dasabegr fasian qaRaldebs Soris arCevans akeTeben, gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciebis Sedegobrivi efeqti nulis tolia. yvela sxva individisaTvis Statebisa da adgilobrivi msesxeblisaTvis gacemuli subsidia yovelTvis ufro naklebia, vidre saSemosavlo danakargi federaluri mTavrobisaTvis.
ratom vsargeblobT gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciebiT? ufro upriani xom ar iqneba, federaluri mTavroba Statebsa da adgilobriv municipalitetebs pirdapiri grantiT daexmaros? ZiriTadi mizezi politikuria. Statebisa da adgilobrivi municipalitetebisaTvis gacemuli pirdapiri subsidia federaluri biujetis ubralo kategoriad gadaiqceva da aucileblad politikur klimats daeqvemdebareba. marTlac asea: Tu subsidia gaxdeba cxadi (da ara gadasaxadSi dafaruli), amomrCevelTa umetesoba CaTvlis, rom ar Rirs aseTi subsidiis ganxorcieleba. amdenad, Statebisa da municipalitetebis
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oficiozi dRemde intensiurad da warmatebiT am gamonaklisis SenarCunebis sakiTxs lobirebs.
zogierTi dividendi
2003 wels miRebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, dividendidan miRebuli Semosavali Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTisagan gansxvavebuli ganakveTiT ibegreba. igi minimaluri ganakveTiT (15%) ibegreba. aseTi Semosavlis nawilobrivi gaTavisuflebis argumentacia ki aseTia: dividends ixdis korporacia, romelic calke sagadasaxado SemosavliT ibegreba. amdenad, amgvari gamonaklisis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi dividendi orjer: erTxel individualur doneze da erTxel korporaciul doneze daibegreba. dividendis dabali ganakveTiT dabegvra ormagi dabegvris sistemis gaumjobesebis mcdelobaa. dividendis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi me-17 TavSia ganxiluli.
kapitalis Semosavlebi
Cven male vnaxavT, rom kanoniT gansazRvruli zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi Cveulebriv Semosavalze (magaliTad, xelfasze da saprocento Semosavalze) 38,6%-s udris. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 2004 wels kapitalis Semosavlis ganakveTi iyo 15% im pirobiT, rom aqtivi ramdenime wliT unda yofiliyo SenarCunebuli6. kapitalis Semosavali im aqtivebze, romlebic erT welze naklebi vadiTaa SenarCunebuli, ibegreba iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi Semosavali. kapitalis danakargi _ aqtivis Rirebulebis Semcireba _ SesaZloa, kompensirebul iqnes kapitalis mogebiT. davuSvaT, antonis Semosavali A aqtivze 6000 aSS dolaria, magram, garda amisa, antons aqvs danakargi B aqtivze 2000 dolaris odenobiT. gamodis, rom antonis kapitalis Semosavali 4000 dolaria. ufro metic, Tu kapitalis danakargi kapitalis Semosavals aRemateba (3000 dolaramde), maSin sxvaoba Cveulebrivi Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba. davuSvaT, B aqtivis danakargi 8200 dolaria. maSin antoni Tavis sagadasaxado valdebulebas nulamde Seamcirebs da misi danakargi 2200 dolars gautoldeba. mas SeuZlia, Tavisi Cveulebrivi dasabegri Semosavali am TanxiT Seamciros.
mxolod realizebuli Semosavlis dabegvra. sanam kapitalis Semosavlis faqtobrivi realizacia ar moxdeba (anu ar gaiyideba aqtivi), manamde igi ar daibegreba. faqtobrivad, kapitalis Semosavalze dawesebuli gadasaxadi Semosavlis realizaciis momentamde gadavadebulia. gadasaxadis gadavadeba SesaZloa, arcTu ise mniSvnelovani Candes, magram misi Sedegebi sakmaod 6
yvelaze mcire gadasaxadebiT dabegrili individis sagadasaxado ganakveTi kapitalis mogebaze 5%-ia.
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mravalmxrivia7. davuSvaT, rom kasiusma SeiZina 100000 dolaris Rirebulebis aqtivi, romlis Rirebulebac yovelwliurad 12%-iT izrdeba. pirveli wlis bolos misi Rirebuleba iqneba $100000 X (1 + 0,12) = $112000, meore wlis bolos _ $112000 X (1 + 0,12) = $100,000 X (1 +0,12)2 = $125440, oci wlis Semdeg _ $100000 X (1 +0,12)20 = $964629. Tu aqtivi gaiyideba 20 wlis Semdeg, kasiusis mier realizebuli kapitalis mogeba iqneba $864629 (=$964629 - $100000). davuSvaT, rom realizebuli kapitalis mogeba 15%-iani ganakveTiT ibegreba. aseT SemTxvevaSi kasiusis sagadasaxado valdebuleba aris $129694 (=$864629 X 0,15). misi wminda mogeba (romelic gamoxatulia dolarSi) iqneba $ 734935 (= $864629 - $129694).
axla davuSvaT, rom 15%-iani gadasaxadi kapitalis mogebaze kapitalis mogebaze anaricxis formiTaa dawesebuli, anu mogeba daibegreba imis miuxedavad, realizdeba Tu ara. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirveli wlis bolos kasiusis kapitalis mogeba iqneba $110200 [ =$100000 X (1 + 0,102)]. (gaxsovdeT, rom $12000 mogebidan $1800 gadasaxadis SemgrovebelTan midis, mas ki mxolod 10,2% mogeba rCeba). davuSvaT, xdeba $10200-is (Tanxa gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg) aqtivSi reinvestireba. ori wlis bolos kasiusis mogeba iqneba $110200 X (1 +0,102) = $100000 X (1,102)2 = $121440. analogiurad, 20 wlis bolos mas eqneba $100000 X (1,102)20 = $697641. kasiusis wminda mogeba iqneba $597641 (=$697641 - $100000). vadarebT ra am Tanxas wina magaliTis mixedviT miRebul TanxasTan ($734935), vxedavT, rom warmoqmnili sxvaoba sakmaod mniSvnelovania. gadavadebis saSualebiT daubegravi investicia geometriulad izrdeboda. faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo investors uprocento sesxs sTavazobs da saTanado gadasaxadebs axdevinebs.
axla naTelia, Tu ratom aris popularuli sagadasaxado samsaxurebis buxhaltrebs Soris aseTi slogani: `gadavadebuli gadasaxadi dazogili gadasaxadia~. `gadasaxadisagan Tavis daRwevis~ bevri rTuli meqanizmi sxva araferia, Tu ara gadasaxadis gadaxdis gadavadebisaTvis aucilebeli berketi.
amrigad, ibegreba mxolod realizebuli kapitalis mogeba. amdenad, gadasaxadis gadamxdelma, romelic aqtivis gayidvas apirebs, unda icodes, rom aseTi qmedebiT misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba warmoiqmneba. albaT, arc erT maTgans ar endomeba Tavisi portfelis Secvla. aRniSnuli fenomeni Caketvis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, imitom rom sagadasaxado sistema cdilobs, investoris mimdinare portfeli SeinarCunos8. amis Sedegad kapitalis araswor ganawilebamde mivdivarT – kapitali aRar miedineba iqiT, saiTac meti ukugeba aqvs. arsebobs ramdenime ekonometrikuli kvleva kapitalis realizebuli mogebis sagadasaxado reJimis Sesaxeb, romelTa umetesoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom
7
gadasaxadis daricxvis meTodis gansasazRvrad ix. me-11 Tavi - `mimdinare Rirebuleba~. gadasaxadis gadavadeba kapitalis mogebaze arsebul faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTs amcirebs. Tumca es garkveul kompensacias warmoadgens im TvalsazrisiT, rom Caketvis efeqti investors aiZulebs, portfelis realokaciisagan ekonomikuri viTarebis Secvlis drosac ki Tavi Seikavos. ix. Kovenock and Rothschild [1983]. 8
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kapitalis mogebaze arsebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba grZelvadiani kapitalis mogebis realizacias mniSvnelovnad gazrdida [ix. Burman, 1999].
sicocxlis bolomde ararealizirebuli mogeba. kapitalze mogeba sikvdilis Semdeg ar ibegreba. davuSvaT, rom oqtaviusi 1000 dolaris Rirebulebis aqtivs yidulobs. igi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi am aqtivs ar yidis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg ki aqtivis Rirebuleba 1200 dolaria. aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 200 dolaris toli kapitalis mogeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT oqtaviusis sikvdilis Semdeg ar ibegreba. ufro metic, rodesac oqtavius umcrosi (oqtaviusis memkvidre) aqtivis gayidvas iwyebs, igi kapitalis mogebas iTvlis ise, TiTqos aqtivis SeZenis fasi iyos 1200 (da ara 1000 dolari). faqtobrivad, aqtivis kapitalis mogeba mflobelis gardacvalebis Semdeg saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT arasodes ibegreba. aRniSnuli fenomeni sikvdilis angelozis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
kapitalis mogebis Sefasebis wesi. haig-saimonsis kriteriumis Tanaxmad, kapitalis mogebis dabegvra sworad ar mimdinareobs. am kriteriumis mixedviT, unda daibegros rogorc realizebuli, aseve ararealizebuli mogeba. amis sapirispirod, moqmedi sagadasaxado sistema realizebul mogebas begravs, ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba ki dabegvris gareSe iricxeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aqtivs mflobeli ar yidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, mogeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldeba. aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema ufro martivia, vidre dabegvra H-S kriteriumiT; Tumca aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema bevrad ufro mkacria, vidre sxva qveynebisa. niderlandebsa da germaniaSi fasian qaRaldebze kapitalis mogeba, zogadad, mTlianad gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan.
literatura optimaluri gadasaxadis Sesaxeb preferenciuli dabegvris sxva argumentacias, garda haig-saimonis kriteriumisa, ar uzrunvelyofs9. Tumca arsebobs ramdenime logikuri axsna. ase magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom kapitalis mogeba Cveulebrivi Semosavali ki ar aris, aramed moulodneli warmatebaa, romelic, samarTlianobis principebidan gamomdinare, aranairad ar unda qmnides sagadasaxado valdebulebas. investireba TavisTavad moxmarebisagan Tavis Sekavebas gulisxmobs. amdenad, samarTliani iqneba, aseTi mcdeloba wavaxalisoT. analogiuri warmatebiT SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom preferenciuli reJimiT unda daibegros SromiTi Semosavali, imitom rom igi usiamovno rutinas ukavSirdeba. kapitalis mogebis misaRebad ki sakmarisia, odnav movdundeT da davelodoT, rodis gagviRimebs fortuna. cxadia, SeuZlebelia, davamtkicoT, rom romelime Semosavlis miReba met Tavganwirvasa da kontribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli da, amdenad, preferenciuli reJimiT unda daibegros. 9
Tumca gansazRvrul pirobebSi optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria miuTiTebs imaze, rom kapitaluri Semosavlis arc erTi forma ar unda daibegros. ixileT me-19 Tavi, `piradi moxmarebis gadasaxadi”.
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kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli reJimiT dabegvris kidev erTi argumentacia is aris, rom aseTi reJimi kapitalis akumulirebasa da riskis sakuTar Tavze aRebas waaxalisebs: `kapitalis investiciis mogebis dabegvra sxva saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTis msgavsi ganakveTiT kapitalis riskis qveS dayenebis survils amcirebs da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikur ganviTarebas abrkolebs” [Prizer, 1997, gv. A 26]. Semdeg TavSi Cven ganvixilavT gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebas danazogisa da riskis stimulebze. axla ki ubralod xazs gavusvamT im faqts, rom kapitalis mogebis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba bevr individs imisaken ubiZgebs, rom mewarme gaxdes [Gompers and Lerner, 1999]. Tumca aravin icis, ramdenad zemoqmedebs kapitalis mogebis specialuri reJimiT dabegvra danazogisa da riskis nebayoflobiT gazrdaze.
kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli reJimiT dabegvra, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, inflaciis tendencias abalansebs. rogorc mogvianebiTYvnaxavT, moqmedi sagadasaxado wesebis pirobebSi, inflacia kapitalis Semosavalze gansakuTrebiT mZime tvirTs qmnis. Tumca kapitalis mogebis dabegvra sxvadasxva ganakveTiT problemis gadaWris saukeTeso gzas ar warmoadgens.
amrigad, imisaTvis, rom kapitalis mogebis dabegvris mTliani suraTi warmovidginoT, aucilebelia, kidev erTxel gaviazroT, rom aseTi Semosavali, rogorc wesi, akumulirebulia korporaciebis mier, romlebic calke korporaciuli gadasaxadiT ibegreba. kapitalis Semosavlis mTliani sagadasaxado ganakveTi damokidebulia pirad da korporaciul sagadasaxado ganakveTebze. aRniSnul sakiTxs detalurad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT.
damqiraveblis anaricxi sapensio fondSi
damqiraveblis anaricxi sapensio fondSi ar ibegreba. ar ibegreba arc sapensio Senatanebze daricxuli procenti. ibegreba mxolod pensionerisaTvis gacemuli pensia. analogiurad, damqiraveblis anaricxi samedicino sadazRvevo fondSi Semosavlad ar iTvleba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, heig-saimonsis kriteriumis Tanaxmad, pensia da dazRveva Semosavlad unda CaiTvalos. analogiurad, sapensio fondis procenti daricxvisTanave unda daibegros. Tumca Semosavlis am formis gaTvaliswineba sagadasaxado valdebulebis formirebis dros, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ganuxorcielebelia. 1993 wels klintonis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxurma ganacxada, rom klintonis administracia apirebda janmrTelobis dazRvevis dabegvras. gancxadebas politikuri furori mohyva da ideis ganxorcielebaze uari maleve ganacxades.
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danazogis zogierTi tipi
individs SeuZlia, gaakeTos sxvadasxva formis danazogi, romelsac an sapensio asakSi gamoiyenebs, an raime sxva miznis Sesasruleblad. am nawilSi Cven SevecdebiT, danazogis ZiriTadi saxeobebi CamovTavaloT.
individualuri sapensio angariSi (Individual Retirement Account – IRA). individs (romlis pensiasac samsaxuri ar uzrunvelyofs) SeuZlia, yovelwliurad kvalificirebul angariSze ganaTavsos 3000 dolari (Tanxa 2005 wels 4000 dolaramde unda gaizardos). kvalificirebuli angariSi danazogis Cveulebriv angariSebs gulisxmobs: danazogis angariSs, fuladi bazris fondebs da sxva. aseTi saxiT deponirebuli Tanxa koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba. garda amisa, martoxela individs (romlis pensia samsaxuris mier uzrunvelyofilia) SeuZlia, mTlianad gamoqviTos IRA-ze Setanili Tanxa, Tu misi AGI 40000 aSS dolarze naklebia (wyvilis AGI 60000 aSS dolarze naklebi unda iyos)10. daricxuli saprocento ganakveTi damqiraveblis sapensio fondis analogiurad ar ibegreba. gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod pensiis gacemis dros xdeba. jarima wesdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fuli adrea gamotanili (garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac fulis gamoyeneba xdeba gansazRvruli mizniT, magaliTad, ganaTlebis xarjebis dasafarad). 2000 wels IRA-s anaricxi 7,5 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda.
pirobiTi IRA-s msgavsad, rotis IRA (yofili senatoris uiliam rotis sapativsacemod) wliurad 3000 aSS dolaris anaricxis ganxorcielebas iTvaliswinebs. anaricxi gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba. pirobiTi IRA-sagan gansxvavebiT, Tanxa arc angariSze yofnis da arc gamotanis dros ar ibegreba. anaricxis zeda zRvari individisaTvis aris 95000 dolari, xolo wyvilisaTvis ki _ 150000 dolari.
moqmedebs e.w. 401 (k) gegma (aseTi saxeli gegmas daerqva Sida Semosavlebis kodeqsis im nawilis mixedviT, romelic mis moqmedebas akanonebs), romlis farglebSic yovelwliurad daqiravebuli inaxavs xelfasis garkveul nawils, romelsac ar ericxeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. aseTi anaricxis limiti 2004 wels 13000 aSS dolari iyo11.
10
mocemulia 2003 wlis monacemebi. zeda zRvari TandaTan gaizrdeba 50 aTas aSS dolaramde individisaTvis da 80 aTas aSS dolaramde - wyvilisaTvis. 11 2006 wlisaTvis mosalodnelia am monacemis 15000 dolaramde gazrda.
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TviTdasaqmebulTa sapensio uzrunvelyofis gegma xelmisawvdomia mxolod TviTdasaqmebulTaTvis. maT SeuZliaT, gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisuflon biznesis wminda Semosavlis 20% (maqsimaluri anaricxi 40000 aSS dolari). monawileebs aqvT sargeblis daubegravi daricxvis SesaZlebloba. 2000 wels am gegmebze modioda 11,8 miliardi dolari.
ojaxs aqvs ufleba, ganaTlebis danazogis angariSze ganaTavsos 2000 dolari (TiToeul bavSvze wliurad). es Tanxa ar daibegreba, misi maqsimaluri zeda zRvari IRA-s zeda zRvris analogiuria. fulis gamotana SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod bavSvisaTvis kvalificiuri ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.
ratomaa zogierTi saxis danazogi gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadisagan? imitom, rom zogadad moxdes danazogis waxaliseba. Tumca ar aris cnobili, ra zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba agregirebul danaxarjze. individi ubralod Tavisi portfelis garSemo trialebs, amcirebs aqtivs da mas sapensio angariSisaken mimarTavs. aRniSnuli sakiTxi sakmaod bevris momcvelia, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaTa umetesoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom IRA namdvilad waaxalisebs axal danazogs [Hubbard and Skinner, 1996]. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sapensio danazogis dabegvra prefereciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT H-S kriteriumidan kidev erT gadaxras warmoadgens. Tanac, es sakmaod mniSvnelovani gadaxraa: saojaxo meurneobaTa finansuri aqtivebis daaxloebiT 36% deponirebulia iseT angariSebze, romlebic gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebulia12.
danazogis preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT dabegvris bevri momxre SeSinebulia gegmebis, uflebamosilebaTa kriteriumis, anaricxis limitisa da sxva faqtorebis sirTuliT. 2003 wels buSis administraciam wamoayena winadadeba, yvela arsebuli gegma ori axali gegmiT Seecvala. pirveli danazogis angariSis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romelic aerTianebs rotis IRA-s, romlis anaricxis limiti wliurad 7500 aSS dolariT unda gansazRvruliyo. danazogis angariSze Setanili Tanxis gamotana nebismier momentSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli yovelgvari jarimis gareSe, Tanac, ar iarsebebda Semosavlis aranairi limiti. meore programis saxelwodeba iyo daqiravebulis sapensio danazogis angariSi. programa pirobiTi IRA-s msgavsi iyo, wliurad 7500 dolaris limitiT, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod sapensio danazogis gasakeTeblad. buSis gegmis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom gegma Tavisi simartivis gamo danazogis moculobas gazrdida; kritikosebi ki asabuTebdnen, rom igi mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdida danazogs da mxolod SedarebiT mdidar adamians waadgeboda. am winadadebis bedi jer kidev ucnobia.
12
piradi komunikaciebi erik m. engensa da uiliam geilTan.
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saCuqari da memkvidreoba
miuxedavad imisa, rom saCuqari da memkvidreoba zrdis potenciuri moxmarebis moculobas, isini gaTavisuflebulia federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan. maTi dabegvra sxva gadasaxadebiT xdeba (ix. me-19 Tavi).
Semosavlis nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da gamoqviTva
SexedeT 15.1 grafiks. Cven ukve davasruleT saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gamoTvlis pirveli safexuris Seswavla, romelic koreqtirebul mTlian Semosavals gansazRvravda. mas Semdeg, rac AGI-s gansazRvra moxdeba, mas unda gamoakldes garkveuli Tanxa. swored am gamoklebaTa Sedegad Cven gamoviTvliT dasabegr Semosavals. koreqtirebul mTlian Semosavals akldeba gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa da gamoqviTvebi. axla ki SevecdebiT, ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa
saojaxo Semosavlis nawili gadasaxadisagan wevrebis raodenobis mixedviT Tavisufldeba. 2005 wels daubegravi Tanxa 3050 dolars udrida (koreqtirebuli iyo inflaciis mixedviT). 2003 wels col-qmari sami arasrulwovani SviliT moiTxovda xuTmag daubegrav Tanxas da AGI-s 15250 dolari akldeboda. Tu individis AGI garkveul doneze maRla imyofeba, maSin Tanxis gasazRvruli nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegia SeCerdeba. erToblivi ukugebis SemTxvevaSi, gaTavisuflebuli Tanxis moculoba 2%-iT mcirdeba TiToeul 2500 dolarze AGI-s 209250 dolarze zemoT13. davuSvaT, xuTi wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxis koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavali 250000 dolaria. $250000-s vaklebT $209250-s, Sedegs vyofT $2500-ze da viRebT 17-s (uaxloesi naturaluri cifri). amdenad, ojaxis danakargi am privilegiis xelyofis gamo 34%-ia (=17 X 2%). $15250-is 34% aris $5184, ojaxi dasabegri Semosavlis gansazRvris dros mxolod $10065-s gamoaklebs. Tanxis gaTavisuflebis privilegiis SeCereba 2006 wlidan nel-nela unda gauqmdes. diax, moxdeba privilegiis SeCerebis gauqmeba.
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martoxelaTaTvis Tanxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba aRar xdeba mas Semdeg, rac maTi AGI miaRwevs 139500 dolars, risi dadgenac xdeba yovelwliurad da inflaciis mixedviT koreqtirdeba.
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ratom aTavisufleben gadasaxadisagan Tanxis garkveul nawils? zogierTi amtkicebs, rom am gziT bavSvebis aRzrdis dros gadaxdisunarianobis gazrda xdeba. bavSvebis aRzrda dakavSirebulia aradiskreciul xarjebTan da, amdenad, dasabegri Semosavlis koreqtireba aucilebeli iqneba. Tumca mSobelTa umetesobis azriT, Tu Tanxis gaTavisufleba bavSvebis aRzrdis gamartivebis mizniT xdeba, maSin 3050 dolari Zalian cotaa. ufro metic, gaugebaria, bavSvebis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarji ratom iTvleba aradiskreciulad. kontraceptivebis farTo asortimentis pirobebSi, gadawyvetileba Svilis yolis Sesaxeb racionaluri da kargad gaazrebuli arCevanis Sedegia. Tu erT ojaxs surs, fuli evropis garSemo turneze daxarjos, xolo meores ki fuli ojaxis Sesanaxad sWirdeba, ratom unda daibegros es ukanaskneli preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT14? meore mxriv zogierTi adamianisaTvis religia Sobadobis efeqtiani sakontrolo meTodebis gamoyenebas krZalavs da, amdenad, maTTvis bavSvi ukve aRar aris mxolod arCevani.
Tanxis garkveuli nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTs qmnis. rac ufro maRalia gaTavisuflebuli Tanxis moculoba, miT metia koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavali nebismieri gadasaxadis daricxvamde. davuSvaT, rom oTxwevriani ojaxis mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali aris $12200 an naklebi. Tu ojaxis Semosavlidan 12200 dolari gaTavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan da igi mTlian koreqtirebul Semosavals gamoakldeba, maSin ojaxis dasabegri Semosavali nuls gautoldeba da, amdenad, ojaxs sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar warmoeqmneba. ufro metic, rac ufro maRalia gaTavisuflebis masStabi, miT ufro maRalia progresiuloba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis TvalsazrisiT. efeqti xSirad meordeba xolme, rodesac gaTavisuflebis privilegia maRali Semosavlis mqone ojaxebisaTvis ar moqmedebs.
gamoqviTva
garda daubegravi Tanxisa, AGI-s daqviTuli Tanxa akldeba. gamoqviTva ori saxisaa: detalizebuli gamoqviTva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi xdeba. gadasaxadis gadamxdelma sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi unda CamoTvalos TiToeuli detali da daasabuTos, rom namdvilad iqna gaweuli danaxarji. detalizebuli gamoqviTvis nacvlad SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes standartuli gamoqviTva, romelic warmoadgens fiqsirebul Tanxas da dasabuTebas ar moiTxovs. gadasaxadis gadamxdels SeuZlia, SearCios gamoqviTvis is forma, romelic mis sagadasaxado valdebulebas maqsimalurad amcirebs.
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Tu adgili aqvs dadebiT gare zemoqmedebas bavSvebis aRzrdis procesSi, maSin ufro adeqvaturi iqneba subsidia (ix. me-5 Tavi).
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gamoqviTva da fasebi. sanam kategoriebad davyofT detalizebul danaxarjebs, ganvixiloT proporcia danaxarjebis gamoqviTvasa da mis fass Soris. davuSvaT, Z produqciis warmoebaze gaweuli xarji eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas da Z-is erTeulis fasi 10 dolaria. aseve davuSvaT, rom kleopatras zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia, maSin mis mier Z produqciis erTeulis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi erTeulis fasi 7 dolari iqneba. ratom? imitom, rom Z-is warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarji eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. amdenad, kleopatras mier erTeulis SeZena mis dasabegr Semosavals 10 dolariT amcirebs. 30%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi kleopatra Z produqciis erTeulSi gadaixdis 7 dolars (10 dolars minus 3 dolari).
ufro zogadad rom vimsjeloT, Tu Z-is fasi Pz-ia, xolo individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki – t, maSin Z-is warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjis gamoqviTva Z-is realur fass Pz-idan (1 – t)Pz-mde amcirebs. analizis Sedegad or mniSvnelovan daskvnamde mivdivarT:
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radgan gamoqviTvis Sedegad saqonlis fasi icvleba, saqonelze moTxovnis moculobac Seicvleba; rac ufro maRalia t-s individualuri Rirebuleba, miT ufro maRalia misTvis gamoqviTuli dolaris Rirebuleba da saqonlis realuri fasi dabalia15.
detalizebuli gamoqviTva. axla ki ganvixiloT detalizebuli gamoqviTvis ZiriTadi saxeebi. cxadia, nusxa ar aris srulyofili. detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT saxelmZRvanelo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb.
aunazRaurebeli samedicino danaxarjebi, romlebic AGI-s 7,5%-s aRemateba. maRali samedicino danaxarjebi aradiskretulia da, amdenad, individis gadaxdisunarianobas ver amaRlebs. rTulia, ganvsazRvroT masStabi, ra masStabiTac individi jandacvaze gaweul danaxarjs akontrolebs. piri, romelsac gulis Seteva daemarTeba, didi arCevanis winaSe ar dgas. meore mxriv, individs SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba eqimTan vizitis raodenobisa da gegmiuri operaciis gakeTebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, individs Tavisuflad SeuZlia, formaluri samedicino momsaxureba prevenciuli jandacviTi RonisZiebebiT (jansaRi dieta, varjiSi da a.S.) Caanacvlos.
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SeniSneT, rom dakvirveba exeba iseT danaxarjs, romlis gaTvaliswineba sagadasaxado valdebulebis formirebis procesSi ar xdeba (da ara mxolod gamoqviTvebs). ase magaliTad, municipaluri obligaciebidan procentis gamoqviTvis masStabi zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTTan erTad izrdeba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis SemTxvevaSic asevea.
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nebismier pirs SeuZlia, daezRvios da am gziT aicilos didi danaxarjebi (ix. me-10 Tavi). zogierTi sadazRvevo gegmis Tanaxmad, samedicino danaxarjis pirveli nawili mTlianad dazRveulis mier gadaixdeba. Tavad sadazRvevo kompania danaxarjis garkveul nawils ixdis. danaxarjis danarCeni nawilis gadaxdaze pasuxismgebelia sadazRvevo kompania. faqtobrivad, samedicino danaxarjebis gamoqviTviT sagadasaxado sistema socialuri jandacvis dazRvevis garkveul formas uzrunvelyofs. am `politikis~ pirobebi Semdegia: individis mier gadasaxdeli Tanxa aris AGI-s 7,5%, amis Semdeg xazina ixdis wils, romelic zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis tolia. socialuri jandacvis dazRvevis sakiTxebi ganxilulia me-10 TavSi.
Statisa da municipalitetis saSemosavlo da qonebis gadasaxadi. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba. 2000 wels aseTma danaricxebma 290 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. gayidvebidan Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba.
gamoqviTvis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom Statisa da municipalitetis gadasaxadebi gadaxdisunarianobis aradiskretul Semcirebas iwvevs. arsebobs alternatiuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli ubralod momxmareblis gadasaxads warmoadgens. individi ixdis Statebisa da adgilobriv gadasaxads iseTi momsaxurebisaTvis, rogoricaa: saxelmwifo saskolo sistema, policia da a.S. zogierTi individi cdilobs, iseT iurisdiqciaSi icxovros, romelic uzrunvelyofs mTel rig momsaxurebas da gadaixados SedarebiT maRali gadasaxadi; sxvani irCeven dabali donis momsaxurebas da cxovroben iseT iurisdiqciaSi, sadac dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi moqmedebs. aRweriloba sakmaod akuratulia, amdenad, Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis gamoqviTvis gansakuTrebuli mizezi ar arsebobs.
meore mxriv, Tu Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadi ar aris momxmareblis gadasaxadi, maSin SesaZloa, CaiTvalos, rom aseTi gadasaxadi gadaxdisunarianobas amcirebs16. samwuxarod, Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra, Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadis ra nawili SeiZleba CaiTvalos saxelmwifo momsaxurebis momxmareblis gadasaxadad.
gamoqviTva Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis TviTdafinansebis saSualebas warmoadgens. im individisaTvis, romelic axorcielebs federaluri gadasaxadis ukugebis detalizacias, gamoqviTva Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis faqtobriv Rirebulebas amcirebs, ramac SesaZloa, gadasaxadebis gazrdis mimarTulebiT Statebisa da municipalitetis doneze politikuri mxardaWera gazardos. ratom ar gamoiyeneba subsidirebis pirdapiri gza? iseve, 16
Tumca ara aucileblad! Tu gadasaxadi kapitalizirebulia sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi, maSin amJamindel mflobels SesaZloa, saerTod ar daekisros tvirTi. ix. me-12 Tavi.
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rogorc Statebisa da adgilobrivi obligaciebis saprocento Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac moqmedebs politikuri neba. sagadasaxado kodeqsSi dafaruli subsidiis SenarCuneba ufro martivia, vidre cxadi subsidiis uzrunvelyofa.
gansazRvruli saprocento danaxarji. zogierTi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, xolo zogierTi _ ara:
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saprocento
danaxarji
saprocento ganakveTi, romelic gadaixdeba samomxmareblo sesxze (sakredito baraTis momsaxurebis gadasaxadi da sesxi avtomobilis garantiiT), gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba; individi, romelic ixdis procents kvalificirebuli ganaTlebis sesxze, uflebamosilia, aseTi saprocento danaxarjebidan gamoqviTos 2500 dolari17. aRniSnuli gamoqviTva xelmisawvdomia im adamianebisTvisac ki, romlebic ar axorcieleben detalizacias. im saprocento danaxarjis gamoqviTva, romelic ukavSirdeba finansuri aqtivis SesaZenad aRebul sesxs, aqtivebidan miRebul Semosavals ar unda aRematebodes. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni sainvesticio Semosavali udrida $100000-s, xolo masTan dakavSirebuli saprocento danaxarji ki _ $25000. sagadasaxado ukugebis Tanxidan SesaZlebelia mxolod $10000-is gamoqviTva. SeuZlebelia darCenili $15000-is gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufldes Semosavlis sxva wyaroebi. ipoTekuri sesxis procenti sruliad gansxvavebuli reJimiT ibegreba. sacxovrebeli saxlis SesaZenad gamotanili ipoTekuri sesxis saprocento danaxarji (nebadarTulia kreditis gamotana ori saxlisaTvis) eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas (rodesac saxlis SesaZenad da gasaremonteblad gamotanili sesxi ar aRemateba 1 milion dolars). sakuTari kapitalis ipoTekiT aRebuli sesxis procenti agreTve eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas _ es aris sesxi, romlis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba saxlia da romliTac SesaZloa nebismieri SenaZenis gakeTeba (garda fasiani qaRaldebisa, romlebic uzrunvelyofs daubegrav Semosavals). ase magaliTad, individi uflebamosilia, aiRos ipoTekuri sesxi da am TanxiT SeiZinos manqana. faqtobrivad, kanonis Tanaxmad, saxlis mflobels SeuZlia, samomxmareblo sesxis procentis gadaxda Tavidan aicilos (amis saSualeba ar aqvT im individebs, romlebic qiriT cxovroben). xSirad samomxmareblo sesxis nacvlad ipoTekur sesxs iReben, raTa isargeblon gamoqviTvis upiratesobiT [Maki, 2001]. imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes procentis gamoqviTva, sakuTari kapitalis ipoTekiT aRebuli sesxi ar unda aRematebodes 100000 dolars.
ramdenad racionaluria aseTi wesebi heig-saimonsis kriteriumis poziciidan? biznesis investiciis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, saprocento ganakveTi unda eqvemdebarebodes gamoqviTvas. sesxi aseT SemTxvevaSi biznesis warmoebis saSualebaa, amdenad, ar unda daibegros saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. ufro winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba arsebobs samomxmareblo procentTan dakavSirebiT. garkveuli mosazrebiT, sruliad adeqvaturia samomxmareblo procentis gamoqviTva, radgan procenti individis potenciur moxmarebas 17
gamoqviTva aRar xdeba, rogorc ki AGI gautoldeba $100000 wyvilisaTvis.
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amcirebs. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, samomxmareblo sesxis momsaxureba Zviri unda iyos, imitom rom nebismieri SenaZenis mokle vadaSi gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. saerTod, rTulia mouZebno gamarTleba im sistemas, romelic SesaZlebels xdis sesxis procentis gamoqviTvas saxlis mflobelis statusis safuZvelze.
sagadasaxado arbitraJi. saprocento ganakveTis gamoqviTva, agreTve kapitalis mogebis zogierTi saxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba sazriani investorebisaTvis xelsayrel klimats qmnis. davuSvaT, rom cezari, romelic 30%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, iRebs 15%-ian sesxs bankidan. cezaris saprocento danaxarji eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, amdenad, procentis saxiT gadaxdil TiToeul dolarze sagadasaxado valdebuleba 30 centiT iklebs. cezaris faqtobrivi sesxis procenti mxolod 10,5-ia. davuSvaT, rom Statebisa da municipalitetebis daubegravi obligaciebis ukugebis mimdinare ganakveTi aris 11%. cezars SeuZlia, bankidan sesxi aiRos 10,5%-iani ganakveTiT da es fuli asesxos Statebsa da municipalitetebs 11%-iani ganakveTiT. rogorc Cans, sagadasaxado sistema `fulis gasakeTebeli manqanaa”, romelsac SeuZlia ganusazRvreli moculobis Semosavlis akumulireba. aseTi upiratesobis gamoyenebis procesi sagadasaxado arbitraJis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
Cven mier moyvanil magaliTSi sagadasaxado arbitraJis mosalodneli ukugebis moculoba gadaWarbebulia, radgan realur samyaroSi SeuZlebelia didi Tanxis sesxeba. ufro metic, aucileblad iarsebebs konkurencia sagadasaxado arbitraJis monawileTa Soris da aseTi saqmianobis ukugeba Semcirdeba. ase magaliTad, rac ufro meti arbitraJis monawile SeiZens municipalur obligacias, miT ufro daiklebs obligaciis ukugebis ganakveTi. Tu yvela daibegreba 30%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, municipaluri obligaciebis ukugeba daecema, vidre dasabegri obligaciebis ganakveTis 70%-s ar gautoldeba. am TvalsazrisiT, municipalitetis obligaciebis flobis Sedegad wminda upiratesoba ar warmoiqmneba. miuxedavad amisa, mainc SeiZleba moinaxos mogebis miRebis gza. sagadasaxado samsaxurebma es ukve didi xnis win gaiazres da akrZales sesxis Tanxidan procentis gamoqviTva, Tu sesxi gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciebis SesaZenad iqneboda gamoyenebuli. Tumca rTulia am kanonis darRvevis faqtebis aRmoCena. fulis gamoyeneba uamravi mizniTaa SesaZlebeli. rogor unda damtkicdes, rom mocemuli sesxi gamoyenebul iqna municipaluri obligaciis `SesaZenad~ da ara sxva mizniT? SevecdebiT martivad agixsnaT zogierTi mniSvnelovani zogadi `gakveTili~:
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saprocento danaxarjis gamoqviTva da kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli dabegvra fulis keTebis SesaZleblobas qmnis. swored amitom ramdenime qveyanaSi (magaliTad kanadaSi) sesxis saprocento ganakveTis gamoqviTva akrZalulia.
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maRali Semosavlis mqone individi gansakuTrebiT sargeblobs amgvari SesaZleblobiT. isini SedarebiT maRali ganakveTiT ibegrebian da sesxi maTTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia. sagadasaxado samsaxurebs SeuZliaT, akrZalon sxvadasxva sagadasaxado saarbitraJo sqemebi, Tumca rTulia Tavad am wesebis ganxorcieleba. ufro metic, Wkviani iuristi da buxhalteri axal saarbitraJo SesaZleblobas yovelTvis elis. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri yovelTvis dgas aseTi faqtebis gamovlenis sadarajoze. am procesis ganmavlobaSi bevri araefeqtiani investiciis ganTavseba xdeba da gadasaxadis raodenobis Semcirebasa da gadasaxadis administrirebaze Zalian didi raodenobis resursi ixarjeba.
saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebi. individis Senatani religiur, saqvelmoqmedo, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da literaturul organizaciebSi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. saCuqari eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, magram piradi momsaxureba _ ara. xSir SemTxvevaSi mTliani gamoqviTvadi saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavlis 50%-s ar unda aRematebodes. 2000 wels individebis saqvelmoqmedo Senatani 134 miliard dolars udrida.
saqvelmoqmedo Senatani amcirebs dasabegri Tanxis moculobas da, amdenad, gamoqviTul unda iqnes dasabegri Semosavlidan. Tumca Senatani nebayoflobiTia, amdenad, argumenti aradamajerebelia. Tu adamiani ar aris qvelmoqmedebis Sedegad iseve kmayofili, rogorc Tavisi moxmarebiT, maS ratom ganaxorcielebs qvelmoqmedebas? saerTod, mTavroba, gamoqviTavs ra Sesabamis Tanxas, individebs qvelmoqmedebisaken waaxalisebs. gamoqviTvis Sedegad individis qvelmoqmedebaSi Cadebuli dolaris Rirebulebis `fasi~ 1 dolaridan $(1-t)-mde icvleba, sadac t gadasaxadis gadamxdelis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTia. gamoqviTvis efeqtianoba, individs ubiZgos saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobisaken, damokidebulia saqvelmoqmedo Senatanis moTxovnis fasis elastiurobaze. Tu fasis elastiuroba nulis tolia, maSin saqvelmoqmedo Senatanze zemoqmedebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. gamoqviTva im individis bonusia, vinc TavisTavad ganaxorcielebda saqvelmoqmedo Senatans. Tu fasis elastiuroba nulze dabalia, maSin gamoqviTva aucileblad waaxalisebs qvelmoqmedebas.
bevr ekonometrikul kvlevaSi Sefasebulia saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciis elastiuroba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, regresiis dros damokidebuli cvladi aris saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis Tanxa, xolo ganmartebiTi cvladebi ki Semdegia: (1) saqvelmoqmedo Senatanis `fasi~ (erTs gamoklebuli zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi); (2) Semosavali da (3) individTa piradi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maT mier saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis Sesaxeb (asaki da socialuri mdgomareoba) miRebul gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas. ukanaskneli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis fasis elastiuroba erTze naklebia; igi daaxloebiT 0,5-s udris [Greene and
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McClelland, 2001]. aseT SemTxvevaSi es cifri miuTiTebs imaze, rom gamoqviTva saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciaze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens. davuSvaT, rom individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia. saqvelmoqmedo donaciis gamoqviTvis Sedegad fasi 1 dolaridan 70 centamde mcirdeba (anu fiqsirdeba 30%-iani Semcireba). elastiurobis koeficienti 0,5-ia. am viTarebaSi saqvelmoqmedo SenatanTa moculoba 15%-iT izrdeba. SeniSneT, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti erTze naklebia, kontribuciis zrdis masStabi ufro naklebia, vidre xazinis danakargi.
gamoqviTvis roli saqvelmoqmedo qmedebaTa waxalisebis konteqstSi gaurkvevelia. garda amisa, bevri ganusazRvreli aspeqti arsebobs. unda ganaxorcielos Tu ara saxelmwifom kerZo saqvelmoqmedo kontribucia? oponentebi amtkiceben, rom eklesiebisa da sinagogebisaTvis gaweuli qvelmoqmedebis gamoqviTvis gziT irRveva saxelmwifosa da eklesiis damoukideblobis principi. meore mxriv, am azris momxreni Tvlian, rom, gamoqviTvis ararsebobis pirobebSi, kerZo organizaciebi iZulebulni iqnebian, Sewyviton funqcionireba. arsebuli decentralizirebuli sistema stimuls aZlevs mravalferovan qmedebebs da pluralisturi sazogadoebis mizans emsaxureba.
gamoqviTva da sirTule. gamoqviTvis dros aucilebelia relevanturi danaxarji ganisazRvros. aseTi wesebis SemuSaveba sakmaod rTulia gamoqviTvis iseTi adeqvaturi obieqtisaTvis, rogoricaa samedicino xarji. davuSvaT, rom Zalian msuqani qali iklebs 100 funts, ris Sedegadac, mas `Camoekideba kani muclis garSemo da xelebze”. igi ikeTebs operacias da gamoqviTavs danaxarjs. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri ar gascems nebarTvas gamoqviTvaze, radgan Tvlis, rom operacia iyo kosmetikuri. sagadasaxado sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT, Camokidebuli kani daavadebis Sedegi iyo [Herman, 2002, gv. A1]. ra saxis qvelmoqmedebis gamoqviTvaa SesaZlebeli? studenturi organizaciebisaTvis gaweuli qvelmoqmedeba ar gamoiqviTeba. universitetis saqvelmoqmedo daxmareba ki gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba. davuSvaT, universitets mieca kontribucia qalTa studenturi organizaciis Sexvedrebis oTaxis asaSeneblad. ra sagadasaxado reJimiT daibegreba es kontribucia? (moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, igi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas).
is faqti, rom detalizebuli gamoqviTva ufro arTulebs saqmes, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom igi TavisTavad uaryofiTi movlenaa. kompleqsuroba is faqtoria, romelsac gamoqviTvis xarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebis procesSi jerovani yuradReba unda mieqces.
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gamoqviTva Tu krediti? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rac ufro maRalia individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, miT metia gamoqviTuli Tanxis fuladi Rirebuleba. amis sapirispirod, sagadasaxado krediti sagadasaxado valdebulebis (da ara dasabegri Semosavlis) Semcirebas warmoadgens. amdenad, misi Rirebuleba individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTisagan damoukidebelia. 100 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado krediti individis sagadasaxado valdebulebas 100 dolariT amcirebs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenia individis sagadasaxado ganakveTi: 15 Tu 30%. sagadasaxado kreditis gamokleba individis sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoangariSebis ukanaskneli safexuria (ix. grafiki 15.1).
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, dakanonebulia bevri sagadasaxado krediti. ojaxi TiToeul Svilze iRebs 600 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado kredits, romelsac xSirad sabavSvo sagadasaxado kreditsac uwodeben18. kreditis aReba SesaZlebelia kolejis safasuris gadasaxdeladac. ase magaliTad, kolejSi pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlis safasuris pirveli 1000 dolari ifareba mTlianad, xolo meore 1000 dolari ki - naxevrad. zogierT pirobebSi ar gaicema sabavSvo sagadasaxado krediti an kolejis krediti, iseve rogorc bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis krediti. fuladi Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania miRebuli Semosavlis krediti, romelic me-8 TavSia ganxiluli.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom gamoqviTvac da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebac konvertirebul unda iqnes kreditSi. ase magaliTad, ipoTekur sesxze procentis saxiT gadasaxdeli Tanxis gamoqviTvis kreditad konvertacia SesaZlebelia, Tu kreditis moculoba gautoldeba gadaxdili procentis Rirebulebis garkveul nawils. 20%-iani saprocento kreditis pirobebSi individs SeeZleba, sagadasaxado valdebulebas gamoaklos Tanxa, romelic saprocento gadaxdebis erTi mexuTedis toli iqneba. kreditis momxreebi Tvlian, rom igi ufro samarTliania, vidre gamoqviTva. sagadasaxado gamoqviTvis pirobebSi Raribi individi (dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT) nakleb sargebels iRebs, vidre mdidari (maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT), Tundac orive identuri saprocento danaxarjiT xasiaTdebodes. kreditis SemTxvevaSi fuladi sargebeli Tanabaria.
gamoqviTvasa da kredits Soris arCevani damokidebulia gamonaklisis mizanze. Tu Semcirebis motivacia is aris, rom mocemuli danaxarji amcirebs gadaxdisunarianobas, maSin racionaluri iqneba gamoqviTva. Tu gadasaxdeli Tanxis Semcirebis mizani gansazRvruli qmedebis waxalisebaa, maSin gaurkvevelia, Tu romeli jobia: krediti Tu gamoqviTva. krediti upiratesi saqonlis faqtobriv fass yvelasaTvis Tanabari procentiT amcirebs; gamoqviTvis dros fasi sxvadasxva adamianTaTvis sxvadasxva ganakveTiT 18
cifri 2003 wels 1000 dolaramde unda gaizardos. krediti nawilobriv brundeba da igi maRali Semosavlis mqone gadasaxadis gadamxdelebze ar gaicema.
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mcirdeba. Tu individebi moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiurobiT xasiaTdebian, maSin iqneb kargic iyos maTTvis sxvadasxva fasis daweseba. magaliTad, sruliad araefeqtiani iqneba, gavceT raime subsidia im individze, romlis moTxovnis elastiuroba upirates saqonelze nulis tolia.
detalizebuli gamoqviTvis gauqmeba. nebadarTuli detalizebuli gamoqviTva im Tanxis 3%-iT mcirdeba, ra TanxiTac AGI aRemateba 139500 aSS dolars. Semcireba mTliani detalizebuli gamoqviTvis 80%-s ar unda aRematebodes19. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, ojaxi, romlis mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali udris 150000 dolars, saprocento danaxarji - 15000 dolars, xolo adgilobrivi gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze ki _ 5000 dolars. likvidaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi ojaxs SeeZleboda 20000 aSS dolaris gamoqviTva. imdenad, ramdenadac AGI 139500 dolars 10500 dolariT aRemateba, misi detalizebuli gamoqviTva unda Semcirdes 315 dolariT (=$10500 X 0,03). amdenad, nebadarTulia mxolod 19685 dolaris gamoqviTva.
standartuli gamoqviTva. detalizebuli gamoqviTvis CamonaTvali individis sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi calkea mocemuli. TiToeuli maTgani moiTxovs dokumentebs (qviTrebis formiT) imis dasasabuTeblad, rom danaxarji namdvilad iqna gaweuli. dokumentaciis Senaxva da aRricxva ki sistemis gazrdil administraciul danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sagadasaxado deklaraciis gamartivebis mizniT 1944 wels dainerga standartuli gamoqviTva. es aris fiqsirebuli Tanxa, romelic gamoiqviTeba yvela gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis. TiToeul ojaxs SeuZlia, gaakeTos arCevani detalizebulsa da standartul gamoqviTvas Soris imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro momgebiania misTvis. 2003 wels, standartuli gamoqviTvis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli iyo wyvilisaTvis 7950 dolaris da martoxela gadamxdelisaTvis20 4750 dolaris gamoqviTva. standartuli gamoqviTva yovelwliurad koreqtirebulia inflaciis mixedviT. sagadasaxado deklaraciis daaxloebiT 67%-Si gamoyenebulia standartuli gamoqviTva.
zegavlena dasabegr bazaze
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis faqtebi da moculoba dasabegr bazaze? 2000 wels AGI daaxloebiT 6,3 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. AGI-dan saTanado Tanxis gamoklebis Semdeg dasabegri Semosavali mxolod 4,5 trilioni aSS dolari iyo, anu AGI-s Tanxa
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80%-iani maqsimumis gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba samedicino danaxarji da procentebi investiciaze. zRvari koreqtirebulia wliurad inflaciis mixedviT. 20 martoxela gadamxdeli, romelic 65 welze metisaa an usinaTloa, uflebamosilia, standartuli gamoqviTvis normis garda, gamoqviTos 900 aSS dolari.
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29%-iT Semcirda. amdenad, gamoqviTva da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba sakmaod mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli potenciur dasabegr bazasTan.
sagadasaxado danaxarjebi
Tu Tanxis romelime nawili ar iqna CarTuli dasabegr bazaSi, warmoiqmneba xazinis danakargi. davuSvaT, rom Z produqciis daubegraobis Sedegad xazina kargavs 1 miliard aSS dolars. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba SeadareT im mdgomareobas, rodesac saxelmwifo mTliani Semosavlidan 1 miliards ubralod gadascems yvelas, vinc SeiZens Z produqcias. orive qmedeba ki Zalian waagavs Z produqciis Sesyidvis subsidirebas. ubralod pirveli maTgani danaxarjebis mxares ganTavsdeba, xolo meore ki _ Semosavlis mxares. pirveli sagadasaxado danaxarjia Semosavali, romelic daikarga imis gamo, rom gansazRvruli produqcia ar iqna CarTuli sagadasaxado bazaSi. sagadasaxado danaxarjis nusxaSi 100-ze meti produqciaa gaerTianebuli. Semosavlis mTliani danakargi, romelic sagadasaxado danaxarjebis gamo warmoiqmna 2004 wlisaTvis, 600 miliard aSS dolars aRemateba [dabegvris gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002, cxrili 1].
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, wliuri sagadasaxado danaxarjis biujeti kongresis sabiujeto ofisis mier unda SemuSavdes. kanonmdeblobis umTavresi mizania, gazardos sazogadoebis Segnebis done da kargad daanaxvos mas is simetria, romelic danaxarjis saxiT garkveuli RonisZiebisaTvis gamoyofil pirdapir subsidiasa da sagadasaxado sistemaSi konspirirebul aracxad subsidias Soris arsebobs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sagadasaxado danaxarjebis biujeti yovelTvis seriozuli kritikis sagans warmoadgenda.
pirveli: warmoiqmneba seriozuli teqnikuri problema gamoTvlebis meTodTan mimarTebaSi. igulisxmeba, rom gamoqviTvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi nebismieri danaxarji CarTuli iqneboda dasabegr TanxaSi. ar dagaviwydeT, rom adamiani Zalian xSirad moqmedebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis cvlilebaTa Sesabamisad; amdenad, es ar aris racionaluri daSveba da sagadasaxado danaxarjis Sefasebac SesaZloa, Zalian Sors idges WeSmariti Sefasebisagan.
meore: sagadasaxado danaxarjis biujeti warmoadgens im produqciis CamonaTvals, romelic gadasaxadisagan ganTavisuflebulia. Tumca imisaTvis rom produqti kvalificirdes rogorc gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli, gansazRvruli kriteriumi unda arsebobdes, romlis mixedviTac moxdeba imis gansazRvra, Tu ra unda gaTavisufldes gadasaxadis gadaxdisagan da ra _ ara. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, ar arsebobs mkacri principebis CamonaTvali, romelic zustad gansazRvravs Semosavlis kuTvnilebas. is, rac erTi adamianisaTvis
497
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan, Sedis meore adamianis dasabegr bazaSi. amdenad, am mimarTulebiT SemTxeviTi gadawyvetilebis miReba gardauvalia.
garda amisa, sagadasaxado danaxarjebis koncefcias filosofiuri dartymebi miadga. sagadasaxado danaxarjebis koncefciis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom koncefcia ideologiur datvirTvas ar atarebs. es aris ubralo mcdeloba im faqtis aRiarebisaTvis, rom sagadasaxado sistema sxvadasxva qmedebaTa subsidirebis ZiriTad meTods warmoadgens. ufro metic, is faqti, rom Sefaseba ar aris zusti, sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom sagadasaxado politikis Sedegebis gansaWvretad Sefaseba ar aris sasargeblo.
ratomaa sagadasaxado danaxarjebi aseTi popularuli? mizezi nawilobriv politikuria: `fiskaluri asketurobis xanaSi kongresi didi skepticizmiTa da kritikiT udgeba axal xarjviT programebs, magram igive iniciativebi bevrad ufro madisaRmZvrelia, Tu sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis samoselSia mimaluli” [Stevenson, 1997, gv. E1].
simartive
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rTuldeboda. franklin ruzvelts sakuTari administraciis sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mTavari nawilis _ Semosavlis Sesaxeb kanonis (1942) _ wakiTxviT arasodes Seuwuxebia Tavi. ruzveltma daadgina, rom `igi SesaZloa sxva enebzec iyos dawerili~ (Samuelson, 1986]. 1986 wlisaTvis 48 gverdze ewera ZiriTadi piradi sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevsebis wesebi (forma 1040). arsebobda Sevsebis 28 SesaZlo gegma. sistemis gaumarTlebeli sirTule adamianTa risxvas iwvevda.
kanonmdeblobis gamartivebis mizniT 1986 wels damtkicda gadasaxadis reformis aqti (Tax reform Act – TRA 86). swored am aqtis safuZvelze iqna SemoRebuli standartuli gamoqviTva, risi wyalobiTac ojaxs aRar uwevda sagadasaxado deklaraciis detalizireba da sxvadasxva tranzaqciebis dokumenturi mtkicebulebebis Senaxva. garda amisa, TRA 86-ma mniSvnelovnad gazarda gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis faqtebis raodenoba. ase gamartivda dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis cxovreba, romelTac sul aRar esaWiroebaT sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevseba, imitom rom sruliad aRar warmoeqmnebaT sagadasaxado valdebuleba (aseT ojaxs mxolod maSin mouwevs SedarebiT martivi deklaraciis Sevseba, rodesac isini gamoqviTuli gadasaxadebis anazRaurebas moiTxoven). meore mxriv, TRA 86 SeimuSavebs procentis gamoqviTvis ufro garTulebul wesebs.
498
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mas Semdeg, rac gamartivda kanonmdebloba (1986), Semcirda mogeba. adreul 1990-ian wlebSi miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba, romelmac gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis gauqmebis wesebi SemoiRo. kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra, rom kapitalis mogeba zogierT kompaniaSi sagadasaxado valdebulebas arRvevs, xolo zogierTSi ki _ ara. 1997 wels `yvelaze mosawyeni~ da `koSmaruli~ debulebebi daakanones. 1997 wlis kanonmdeblobiT dakanonda IRA-s axali formebi, romelTac Tan axlda urTulesi wesebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis hqonda maTi gamoyenebis ufleba. aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis damtkicebis Semdeg kapitalis mogebis angariSgebis procesi ufro garTulda, radgan sxvadasxva saprocento ganakveTiT sxvadasxva periodis deponirebuli aqtivi daibegra. kanonmdeblobam SemoiRo ganaTlebis kreditis bevri forma, TiToeul maTgans kompleqsuri wesebi da uflebamosilebis kriteriumi axlda. axali debulebebis moqmedebis SeCerebis pirobebi sakmaod gaugebari iyo, amdenad, nebismier gadasaxadis gadamxdels uWirda imis gageba, SeeZlo Tu ara raime SeRavaTiT sargebloba da ra masStabiT.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sagadasaxado fasdaklebis SeTanxmebis aqtma (2001) (Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act – EGTRRA) gadasaxadis gadamxdelisaTvis axali sirTuleebi SemoiRo: 2001 wlidan 2010 wlamde gadasaxadebis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba, sabavSvo kreditis gazrda21, IRA-s kontribuciis zrda. EGTRRA iTvaliswinebda `mzis Casvlis~ debulebas, misi moqmedeba unda SeCerebuliyo 2010 wlis 31 dekembers, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis gamo 2011 wlis 1 ianvars sagadasaxado sistema 2000 wlis inkarnacias daubrundeboda! aravis sjera, rom es ase moxdeba, Tumca aravin icis, ras moimoqmedebs kongresi situaciis samarTavad. individi, romelsac surs, ganaxorcielos sagadasaxado dagegmva, ubralod, Tavis intuicias unda daeyrdnos.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2002 wels forma 1040-is instruqciebi 127 gverdze iyo gadaWimuli da Sida Semosavlebis kodeqsi 1300000 sityvaze mets moicavda. daibeWda statia, romlis saxelwodebac iyo `sagadasaxado labirinTi aq iwyeba~, sadac vkiTxulobT: `doqtoris xarisxis mqone adamianebi, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mcodne iuristebi da buxhaltrebi amboben, rom maT ver gaugiaT”, Tu rogor Seavson moqmedi sagadasaxado deklaracia [Johnston 2000, gv. BU1.] eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? pasuxis gasacemad ixileT formebi da instruqciebi Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris veb-gverdze: www.irs.ustreas.gov.
ganakveTebis struqtura 21
zogierTi gadasaxadis gadamxdeli uflebamosilia, aiRos rogorc sabavSvo krediti, aseve miRebuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado krediti, Tumca ori debuleba `bavSvis~ sxvadasxva definicias gvTavazobs.
499
axla ki ganvixiloT 15.1 grafikSi warmodgenili mesame safexuri da gamoviTvaloT gadasaxadi, romliTac unda daibegros mocemuli Semosavali. sagadasaxado ganakveTis gamosaTvlelad dajgufebis sistema gamoiyeneba. dasabegri Semosavali gayofilia segmentebad, kanonmdebloba ki gansazRvravs zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romliTac ibegreba am segmentSi moxvedrili Semosavali. saerTod, arsebobs oTxi ganakveTi: pirveli – daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis, romelic avsebs erTobliv sagadasaxado deklaracias, meore _ daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis, romelic cal-calke avsebs sagadasaxado deklaracias, mesame _ dauojaxebeli pirisaTvis da meoTxe _ pirisaTvis, romelic uZRveba saojaxo meurneobas (mas aqvs saxli da hyavs kmayofaze myofi piri).
1913 wels pirvelad amoqmedda federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. jgufebis mixedviT ganakveTi 1%-dan 7%-mde meryeobda. 1939 wels gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa naxevari 4%-ze naklebi zRvruli ganakveTiT ibegreboda. II msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ganakveTebi. 1945 wels umciresi sagadasaxado ganakveTi 23%-s udrida, xolo umaRlesi ki _ 94%s. omis Semdeg gadasaxadebi Semcirda. 80-iani wlebis Sua periodidan arsebobda 14 jgufi, romelTa zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi 11%-dan 50%-mde meryeobda. 1986 wels miRebulma aqtma sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb ganakveTis struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi gaatara. jgufebis ricxvi oramde Semcirda da maqsimaluri oficialuri ganakveTi 28%-ze dafiqsirda. ganakveTi kvlav gaizarda 1990-ian wlebSi, rasac 2001 wlis sagadasaxado aqti (EGTRRA) SeewinaaRmdega, romelic 2001-2010 wlebSi ganakveTebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas iTvaliswinebda. ase magaliTad, EGTRRA-s dakanonebamde maqsimaluri zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi iyo 39,6%. dRevandeli prognoziT, igi 35%-s unda gautoldes. damoukidebel da erTobliv deklaraciaSi gamosayenebeli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi 15.1 cxrilSia mocemuli (2003 w.).
cxrili 15.1 oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, 2003
damoukidebeli deklaracia
erToblivi deklaracia
dasabegri Semosavali
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi
dasabegri Semosavali
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi
$0 - $6000
10%
$0 - $12000
10%
$6000 - $28400
15
$12000 - $47450
15
$28400 - $68800
27
$47450 - $114650
27
500
$68800 - $143500
30
$114650 - $174700
30
$143500 - $311950
35
$174700 - $311950
35
$311950 da meti
38,6
$311950 da meti
38,6
samwuxarod, oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTebs xSirad ar Seesabameboda. gamoqviTvebisa da kreditebis SeCereba (rac ukve ganvixileT) cxrilSi mocemul zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTebs gazrdis. ganvixiloT individi, romelsac SesaZloa, gauuqmdes detalizebuli gamoqviTvis privilegia. mis mier damatebiTi dolaris Sovnis SemTxvevaSi misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba pirdapir gaizrdeba gadasaxadis im ganakveTiT, romliTac ibegreba misi jgufi. garda amisa, arsebobs arapirdapir efeqti, romelic gamowveulia gamoqviTvis masStabis SemcirebiT, rasac Sedegad dasabegri Semosavlis moculobis zrda mohyveba. amis Sedegad ki viRebT faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romelic oficialur ganakveTs aRemateba. analogiuri mdgomareoba iqmneba gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegiis, IRA-s gamoqviTvis, sabavSvo kreditis, saswavlo sagadasaxado kreditisa da sxva preferenciebis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi (Semdgomi detalebisaTvis ix. me-9 SekiTxva am Tavis bolos). saSemosavlo zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi SesaZloa, negatiuri iyos, radgan miRebuli Semosavlis sagadasaxado krediti (Earned Income Tax Credit - EITC) uzrunvelyofs xelfasis subsidirebas (ix. me-8 Tavi). miRebuli Semosavlis sagadasaxado kreditis SeCerebis procesSi faqtobrivi ganakveTi oficialur ganakveTs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba.
15.2 grafiki gviCvenebs faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs oTxwevriani ojaxisaTvis, romelic sxvadasxva saswavlo kreditebiT sargeblobs. SeadareT igi 15.1 cxrilSi mocemul ganakveTebs da daakvirdiT, Tu ra seriozul gasxvavebas qmnis privilegiebis SeCereba faqtobriv da oficialur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris.
grafiki 15.2
501
faqtobrivi da oficialuri ganakveTebis Sedareba
axla ki mSvenieri droa imisaTvis, rom gavixsenoT, Tu ra gansxvaveba arsebobs oficialur da faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris. am nawilSi Cven ukve ganvixileT kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili oficialuri ganakveTebi. zogadad, oficialuri ganakveTi faqtobrivi ganakveTisagan sami mizezis gamo gansxvavdeba:
·
·
·
sagadasaxado sistema preferenciuli reJimiT begravs Semosavlis gansazRvrul formebs. amdenad, mTliani Semosavali SesaZloa, mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes dasabegr Semosavals. is faqti, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTi izrdeba swrafad dasabegr SemosavalTan erTad, arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor varirebs gadasaxadebi mTliani Semosavlis mixedviT. oficialur da faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris arsebuli kavSiri sustia. rogorc me-12 TavSia miTiTebuli, SesaZlebelia gadasaxadebis ganawileba, amdenad, saSemosavlo gadasaxads aRar gadaixdis is piri, vinc mTavrobas uxdis fuls. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ekonomikuri masStabi ganisazRvreba bazris reaqciiT gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi, rodesac tvirTis WeSmariti mimarTuleba ucnobia. sagadasaxado sistema amcirebs sargeblianobas. Semcirebis koeficienti Segrovil Semosavlebs aRemateba. zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba imis gamo, rom gadasaxadi amaxinjebs da cvlis qcevas (ix. me-13 Tavi). garda amisa, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli sagadasaxado kodeqsTan Sesabamisobis dadgenaze daxarjuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa dro da buxhaltrebisa da iuristebis xelfasi.
502
am TvalsazrisiT, SeniSneT, rom gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciis msgavsi fasiani qaRaldi ar aZlevs saSualebas mdidar individs, srulad aicilos dabegvris tvirTi. davubrundeT cezars, romlis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30% iyo da romelsac SeeZlo iseTi dasabegri aqtivis SeZena, romelic 15%-ian ukugebas uzrunvelyofda. davuSvaT, rom municipaluri obligaciis mimdinare ganakveTi 11%-ia. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi cezari SeiZens municipalur obligacias, radgan maTi 11%-iani ukugeba dasabegri fasiani qaRaldebis wminda ukugebas (10,5%) aRemateba. cezari ar gamowers Ceks saxelmwifosaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, sagadasaxado sistema mis mdgomareobas auaresebs. sistemas rom ar earseba, cezari 15%-ian ukugebas miiRebda. zogadad, preferenciul fasian qaRaldebze ukugebis ganakveTi klebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba (kleba xdeba im TanxiT, romelic gadasaxadis upiratesobas asaxavs). am tendenciis gamo maRali Semosavlis mqone individis kapitalis Semosavali ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre misi sagadasaxado deklaracia uCvenebs. aseTi individi aracxadad ukugebis SedarebiT dabali ganakveTebiT ibegreba.
amdenad, oficialuri ganakveTi cotas Tu gveubneba moqmedi sistemis progresiulobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, sistema, romelsac eqneba dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, magram ufro farTo dasabegri baza, migviyvans iseT sistemamde, romlis masStabic moqmedi sistemis masStabis toli an meti iqneba. amave dros, dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis sistema zedmet tvirTs da gadasaxadis ukanono acilebis faqtebs Seamcirebs. aseTi mosazrebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda ramdenime winadadeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mniSvnelovani restruqturizaciis mimarTulebiT. gegma, romelmac didi yuradReba miipyro, erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili22. erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ori atributiT xasiaTdeba:
· sagadasaxado ganakveTi erTiania yvelasaTvis Semosavlis yvela komponentis mimarT; · dasabegri baza iTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan raime Tanxis gamoqviTvis gareSe. mTliani Semosavlidan xdeba mxolod piradi Semosavlidan gamoqviTva da mkacrad definicirebuli biznesis danaxarjebis gamokleba. davuSvaT, rom unda Segrovdes sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gansazRvruli raodenoba. erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi ZiriTadi kompromisi miiRweva piradi Semosavlidan gamoqviTvasa da zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs Soris. sasurvelia ufro maRali moculobis Tanxis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisagan, raTa yvelaze mcire Semosavlis mqone jgufi uzrunvelyofil 22
meore da sruliad gansxvavebuli reforma erTiani samomxmareblo gadasaxadis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. igi inicirebul iqna iseTi politikosebis mier, rogoricaa prezidentobis yofili kandidati stiv forbesi. detaluri axsna me-19 TavSia mocemuli.
503
iqnes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT da gaizardos progresiuloba (saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTebis TvalsazrisiT). magram didi raodenobis Tanxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba gulisxmobs imas, rom Semosavlis donis SesanarCuneblad gamoyenebuli iqneba ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. daaxloebiT 27%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTi daubegrav minimumTan erTad akumulirebuli Semosavlis moculobis moTxovnebs daakmayofilebs23.
erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom zRvruli ganakveTis Semcirebis Sedegad Semcirdeba rogorc zedmeti tvirTi, aseve gadasaxadis dafarvis mcdeloba. ufro metic, simartivis wyalobiT, Semcirdeba administraciuli danaxarji da amaRldeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sagadasaxado kultura. yovelive es ki miiRweva seriozuli danaxarjis gareSe, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi SesaZloa, progresiuli gaxdes, Tu gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis masStabs sworad SearCevs.
erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis oponentebi Tvlian, rom aseTi gadasaxadis SemoRebiT mdidridan saSualo klasze ufro meti tvirTis gadanawileba moxdeba. Znelia aseT mosazrebaze kamaTi, radgan, rogorc wesi, sakmaod rTulia gadasaxadis masStabis analizi (me-12 Tavi). kritikosebi Tvlian, rom konceptualuri da administraciuli problemebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Semosavlis ganmartebas, advilad ar gaqreba imis gamocxadebiT, rom biznesis danaxarjebi `mkacrad gansazRvrulia~. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, martivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi, albaT, arasodes iarsebebs.
altigi da sxvebi [2001] swavlobdnen erTian saSemosavlo gadasaxads. maT Seiswavles yvelaze eqstremaluri varianti (ar arsebobs gamoqviTvebi an xdeba gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba, ubralod, moqmedebs erTiani ganakveTi mTlian Semosavalze) da aRmoaCines, rom erTiani gadasaxadi mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs efeqtianobas, zrdis warmoebis masStabs grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi (daaxloebiT 5%-iT). reforma mtkivneuli gadasatani iqneba dabalSemosavliani individebisaTvis, romlebic dRes dabalganakveTiani gadasaxadiT ibegrebian.
1980-ian wlebSi erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis idea, marTlac, sargeblobda popularobiT. 1986 wels ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado reforma swored am mimarTulebiT swrafva iyo _ oficialuri maqsimaluri ganakveTi 50%idan 28%-mde Semcirda, gafarTovda gamoqviTvaze uaris Tqmis baza (Statebisa da adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadebis WrilSi), da AGI-Si Sevida realizebuli kapitalis mogeba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maRali ganakveTebi ukanasknel periodSi gaizarda, kapitalis mogeba dResac preferenciuli
23
avtoris gamoTvla. igi ar iTvaliswinebs cvlilebis Sedegad gamowveul reaqcias qmedebebSi.
504
reJimiT warmoebs, SemoRebul iqna axali IRA da sagadasaxado kreditebi. Tumca yvelaferi jer kidev erTian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan Zalian Sorsaa.
gadasaxadebi da inflacia
gamoqviTva piradi Semosavlidan, standartuli gamoqviTva, TiToeuli jgufis minimaluri da maqsimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTi, miRebuli Semosavlis krediti, is zRvari, rodesac xdeba gamoqviTvisa da gaTavisuflebis SeCereba yovelwliurad koreqtirdeba imisaTvis, rom gaaneitralos inflaciis efeqti. am procesis mizani, romelic gadasaxadebis indeqsaciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris faqtobriv sagadasaxado valdebulebaze inflaciis zemoqmedebis avtomaturi ganeitraleba. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT gadasaxadebis indeqsirebis motivacias, agreTve imas, Tu ramdenad adeqvaturad pasuxobs inflaciis mier warmoqmnil problemebs aSS-is indeqsaciis sistema.
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens inflacia gadasaxadebze?
rogorc wesi, ekonomistebi ganasxvaveben `mosalodnel~ da `moulodnel~ inflacias. cxadia, es ukanaskneli amcirebs efeqtianobas, imitom rom igi ar aZlevs adamianebs imis uflebas, Tavisi saqmianoba fasebis donis cvlis mixedviT warmarTon. Tumca, araindeqsirebuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi, calsaxad mosalodnel inflaciasac SeuZlia seriozuli zemoqmedebis moxdena.
zemoqmedebis yvelaze xSiri forma e.w. `jgufebis aRrevis~ fenomeni aris. davuSvaT, rom individis Semosavali da fasis done izrdeba Tanabari ganakveTiT. gamodis, rom adamianis realuri Semosavali (faqtobrivi msyidvelTunarianoba) ar icvleba. araindeqsirebuli sagadasaxado sistema individis nominalur Semosavals (miRebuli fulis moculoba) efuZneba. nominaluri Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad individi daibegreba im jgufis sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, romlis wevrebis ufro maRali zRvruli ganakveTiT ibegrebian. amdenad, dabegrili Semosavlis wili izrdeba imis miuxedavad, rom realuri Semosavali zustad iseTivea, rogoric warsulSi iyo. is individic ki, romelic ar gadaadgildeba ufro maRalSemosavlian jgufSi da ar daibegreba ufro maRali ganakveTiT, xedavs, rom Semosavlis didi nawili ibegreba. inflaciis Sedegad, samarTlebrivi safuZvelis gareSe, avtomaturad izrdeba realuri sagadasaxado tvirTi.
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inflaciis zemoqmedebis meore forma maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da standartuli gamoqviTva nominaluri erTeulebis safuZvelze xdeba. araindeqsirebuli sistemis dros fasebis donis zrda amcirebs realur Rirebulebas. inflacia kvlav zrdis faqtobriv saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTs.
aRmoCnda, rom martivi proporciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSic ki, gadasaxadisagan yovelgvari gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis gareSe, inflacia zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado tvirTze. aseTi sistemis farglebSi, zogadad, inflacia ar axdens zemoqmedebas saxelfaso Semosavlis realur sagadasaxado tvirTze. Tu daqiravebulis saxelfaso Semosavali wlis ganmavlobaSi ormagdeba, aseve ormagdeba gadasaxadic da realuri zemoqmedeba arc fiqsirdeba. Tumca inflacia cvlis realur sagadasaxado tvirTs kapitalis Semosavalze.
davuSvaT, kalpurniam SeiZina 5000 aSS dolaris Rirebulebis aqtivi. sami wlis Semdeg igi aqtivs 10000 dolarad gayidis. davuSvaT, rom am sami wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebis saerTo done gaormagda. gamodis, rom kalpurnias mogeba aqtivis gayidvis Sedegad nulia. kapitalis mogebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebuleba damokidebulia sxvaobaze nominalur gasayid da SesaZen fass Soris. amdenad, warmoiqmneba kalpurnias sagadasaxado valdebuleba kapitalis cru mogebis wyalobiT (5000 dolari). amrigad, kapitalis mogebis inflaciuri komponenti ibegreba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom faqtobrivi sagadasaxado tvirTi damokidebulia inflaciis ganakveTze.
individi, romelic iRebs dasabegr saprocento Semosavals, analogiuri zemoqmedebis qveS aris. davuSvaT, rom nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi (bazarze moqmedi ganakveTi) 16%-ia. aseve davuSvaT, rom mosalodnelia 12%-iani inflacia. fulis 16%-iani nominaluri ganakveTiT gamsesxeblis realuri saprocento ganakveTi mxolod da mxolod 4% iqneba, radgan swored am procentuli maCvenebliT umjobesdeba gamsesxeblis msyidvelTunarianoba. gadasaxadiT ibegreba ara realuri, aramed nominaluri saprocento gadaxdebi. amdenad, gadasaxadis gadaxda moxdeba, Tumca ar gaizrdeba realuri Semosavali.
axla saprocento
ki es algebrulad ganvixiloT. davuSvaT, rom nominaluri ganakveTia i. gamsesxeblis nominaluri ukugeba gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis Semdeg (Tu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi t-s udris) aris (1 - t)i . imisaTvis, rom gamoviangariSoT realuri ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, Cven nominalur ukugebas unda gamovakloT inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTi p . amrigad, realuri ukugeba, r, gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba:
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r = (1 - t )i - p
(15.1)
davuSvaT, rom t =0,25-s, i =16%-s da p =10%-s. miuxedavad imisa, rom nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi aris 16%, realuri ukugeba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg mxolod 2% iqneba.
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTis nebismieri zrda nominalur saprocento ganakveTs imave odenobiT zrdis; Tu inflacia izrdeba oTxi erTeuliT, nominaluri saprocento ganakveTic oTxi erTeuliT gaizrdeba. zogadad, orive faqtoris Tanabari zrdis Sedegad realuri ukugeba igive darCeba. Tumca sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba (15.1) gantoleba. Tu p 10%-idan 14%-mde gaizrdeba, xolo i ki _ 16%-dan 20%-mde da t 0,25-s udris, maSin r Semcirdeba 1%-mde. erTmniSvnelovnad mosalodneli inflaciac ki verasodes iqneba `neitraluri~, rac im faqtis pirdapiri Sedegia, rom ibegreba ara realuri, aramed nominaluri saprocento gadasaxadi.
Cven sakiTxs gamsesxeblis poziciidan vudgebodiT. arada, yvelaferi sawinaaRmdegod xdeba msesxeblisaTvis. sagadasaxado sistemis ararsebobis pirobebSi, msesxeblis mier gadaxdili realuri ganakveTi udris sxvaobas nominalur ganakveTsa da inflaciis mosalodnel ganakveTs Soris. Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli akmayofilebs garkveul kriteriums, maSin, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, dasabegri Semosavlidan xdeba nominaluri saprocento gadasaxadis gamoqviTva. amdenad, debitors SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos is gadasaxadebi, rac ar amcirebs maT realur Semosavals. gamodis, rom inflacia amcirebs msesxeblis sagadasaxado tvirTs.
gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis problemis gadawyvetis gzebi
1960-iani wlebidan daiwyo inflaciis ganakveTebis zrda. xalxma SeigrZno, rom inflacia realuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado tvirTis aralegitimur zrdas iwvevs. pirveli reaqcia saxelmwifos mxridan oficialuri ganakveTebis SemcirebaSi gamoixata. 1969 wlidan 1981 wlamde Zalian bevri sagadasaxado ganakveTi Semcirda, rac inflaciis zemoqmedebis ganeitralebis TvalsazrisiT nawilobriv warmatebuli gamodga.
miuxedavad amisa, bevrs ar moswonda es procesi. TiToeuli sagadasaxado Semcireba mxolod cota xniT aneitralebda inflaciis zemoqmedebas. garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg aucilebeli gaxda ufro meti cvlilebis ganxorcieleba. izrdeboda xalxis cinizmi gadasaxadebis Secvlis garSemo.
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bevrma moqalaqem SeigrZno is, rom gadasaxadis `Semcireba~, romliTac ase amayobdnen kanonmdebelni, araviTar sargebels ar warmoqmnida realuri Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT. lenini ambobda: `burJuaziis ganadgurebis erTaderTi gza maTi gasresaa gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis tvirTis qveS~. miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis gadakveTas aSS-Si ar warmouqmnia radikaluri da seriozuli efeqti, man mainc mniSvnelovnad Secvala arsebuli mdgomareoba.
1981 wels specialuri midgomis araadeqvaturobis gamo aucilebeli gaxda iseTi kanonmdeblobis damtkiceba, romelic sagadasaxado kodeqsis zogierTi nawilis indeqsacias daakanonebda. dRes indeqsirebulia piradi Semosavlidan gamoqviTva, standartuli gamoqviTva, jgufebis masStabi da miRebuli saSemosavlo krediti. am gziT dasrulda e.w. `jgufebis aRrevis~ procesi. ar aris miRebuli zomebi kapitalis Semosavlis indeqsaciis mimarTulebiT, albaT, administraciuli sirTuleebis gamo. ase magaliTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, inflaciis zrda momgebian mdgomareobaSi ayenebs debitors, radgan mis mier gadasaxdeli Tanxis realuri Rirebuleba mcirdeba. mTlianad indeqsirebul sistemaSi aseTi mogeba Sefasebuli da dabegrili iqneboda (amis Sesruleba ki rTulia).
unda SenarCundes Tu ara indeqsaciis praqtika? indeqsaciis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom perioduli specialuri koreqtivebis sistema saukeTesoa, radgan is saSualebas aZlevs kanonmdebels, Seiswavlos da gadasinjos sagadasaxado kodeqsis is aspeqtebi, romlebSic unda Sevides cvlilebebi24. indeqsaciis momxreebi Tvlian, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsis gadasinjvis SesaZleblobis Semcireba SesaZloa, TavisTavad Zalian kargi iyos, radgan yovelTvis sasurvelia stabiluri da prognozirebadi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis arseboba. ufro metic, kanonmdeblobis Secvlis mcire Sansi nakleb sakanonmdeblo areulobas gamoiwvevs. indeqsaciis momxreebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani argumenti aris is, rom indeqsacia realuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis aralegitimur zrdas ewinaaRmdegeba. maTi Rrma rwmeniT, aralegitimuri procesis Sedegad realuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis sistematuri zrda demokratiul RirebulebaTa TvalsazrisiT antieTikuria.
24
Cven am problemas makroekonomikuri poziciidan ganvixilavT. arsebobs sxvadasxva azri indeqsaciis makroekonomikur Sedegebze. oponentebi amtkiceben, rom indeqsacia anadgurebs makroekonomikis politikis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan berkets. ase magaliTad, Tu saWiroa ufro meti fiskaluri SezRudvebi inflaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi, es avtomaturad xorcieldeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdiT. amis sapirispirod, gadasaxadis zrda da/an danaxarjis Semcireba dros moiTxovs. meore mxriv, indeqsaciis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom federaluri Semosavlebis avtomaturi zrda kanonmdebels ubiZgebs imisaken, rom meti daxarjos da, amdenad, SesaZloa, arc hqodes stabilizaciis efeqti. marTlac, isini amtkiceben, rom araindeqsirebuli sistema qmnis stimuls kanonmdebelTaTvis, gaataron inflaciuri politika, imitom rom es politika zrdis saxelmwifo seqtoris resursebis realur moculobas.
508
indeqsaciis momxreebi SeniSnaven, rom indeqsaciis anulirebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze seriozuli dartyma dabalSemosavlian ojaxs miadgeba: inflacia maT sagadasaxado valdebulebaze araproporciulad Zlier zemoqmedebas moaxdens. ase magaliTad, maRalSemosavliani ojaxi, cxadia, xasiaTdeba garkveuli danakargiT, rodesac maTTvis aRar moqmedebs gamoqviTvis sistema. Tu gamoqviTva aRar iqneba indeqsirebuli, maSin maTi gadasaxadi ar moeqceva zegavlenis qveS, magram dabalSemosavliani individebis realuri sagadasaxado valdebuleba gaizrdeba. analogiurad, maRalSemosavliani ojaxi upiratesobas detalizebul gamoqviTvas ufro aniWebs, vidre standartuls, amdenad, indeqsaciis gauqmebis Sedegad ufro metad dabalSemosavliani ojaxi dazaraldeba.
alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Semosavlis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa saprocento Semosavali Statebisa da adgilobriv obligaciebze, preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. 1969 wels xazinis mdivanma gaakeTa gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom 155 adamians, romelTa Semosavali 200000 aSS dolars aRemateboda, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ar hqondaT gadaxdili federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. gancxadebam politikuri `Weqa-quxili~ gamoiwvia. alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi (Alternative Minimum Tax - AMT) SemoRebul iqna 1969 wels da ramdenjerme cvlileba ganicada. gadasaxadis daweseba iyo imis mcdeloba, rom mdidar adamians, romelic ar ixdida gadasaxads, minimaluri gadasaxadi mainc gadaexada.
AMT arsebiTad Crdilovan sagadasaxado sistemas warmoadgens da sagadasaxado baza da ganakveTebic sakuTari wesis safuZvelze dgindeba. gamoTvlis pirveli etapi aris regularuli dasabegri SemosavlisaTvis AMT preferenciis damateba, romelic moicavs (Tumca ar aris SezRuduli) piradi Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebas da standartul da detalizebul gamoqviTvebs. Semdegi safexuri AMT-s gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli nawilis gamoklebaa (dRes igi 49000 dolars udris daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis, xolo 35750 dolars ki _ dauojaxebeli adamianisaTvis). swored amis Semdeg viRebT alternatiul minimalur sagadasaxado Semosavals (Alternative Minimum Tax Income - AMTI). gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa Tanabaria kmayofaze myof adamianTa raodenobis miuxedavad. gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegia uqmdeba maRalSemosavliani individebisaTvis. AMTI ibegreba 26%-iani (pirvel 175000 dolarze) da 28%-iani (Semosavlis darCenili nawili) ganakveTebiT. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom, Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, ar koreqtirdeba inflaciis mixedviT arc gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlis moculoba da arc Semosavlis jgufebi.
509
sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romelic gamoiTvleba SedarebiT erTiani ganakveTiT, sacdeli AMT-is saxelwodebas atarebs. sruli suraTis warmosadgenad kargi iqneba, Tu SevadarebT sacdel AMT-sa da Cveulebriv saSemosavlo gadasaxadis safuZvelze gamoTvlil sagadasaxado valdebulebas. Tu sacdeli AMT ufro maRalia, vidre Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado valdebuleba, maSin sxvaoba warmoadgens gadasaxadis gadamxdelis AMT-s da igi valdebulia, gadaixados AMT Cveulebriv saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan erTad.
rogorc aRvniSneT, AMT-s SemoRebis Tavdapirveli mizani im maRalSemosavliani individebis gamoaSkaraveba iyo, romlebic Tavs aridebdnen gadasaxadis gadaxdas. AMT arasodes moiazreboda, rogorc saerTo gadasaxadi. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 2010 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 35 milioni gadasaxadis gadamxdeli gadaixdis AMT gadasaxads, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis ki AMT-s anulirebis danaxarji ufro maRali iqneba, vidre Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gauqmebis danaxarji [Tempalski, 2002, gv. 342]. ratom xdeba ase? gaixseneT, rom AMT-s gadaxda maSinaa savaldebulo, rodesac AMT-s mixedviT gamoTvlili sagadasaxado valdebuleba Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mixedviT gamoTvlil saSemosavlo valdebulebas aRemateba. amdenad, yvelaferi, rac amcirebs Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mixedviT gamoTvlil sagadasaxado valdebulebas AMT-s sagadasaxado valdebulebasTan SedarebiT, zrdis AMT gadasaxadis gadamxdelis raodenobas. am konteqstSi calsaxaa ori faqti. pirveli: AMT ar aris koreqtirebuli inflaciis mixedviT, xolo Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ki _ aris. amdenad, AMT-s dros mosalodnelia jgufebis aRreva da inflaciis yvelaze mokrZalebuli ganakveTic ki gazrdis mas Cveulebriv sagadasaxado valdebulebasTan SedarebiT. meore: 2001 wels EGTRRA-m Seamcira Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. Tumca aranairi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ar gatarebula AMT-s ganakveTSi. saerTodac, EGTTRA-s kiserze awevs AMT-s gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa gaormagebis codva, romelic 2010 wlisTvisaa mosalodneli.
unda vidardoT Tu ara imis gamo, rom AMT TandaTan xdeba saerTo gadasaxadi? pasuxi aseTia: diax, es unda iyos Cveni zrunvis sagani, radgan es aris cudi sagadasaxado politika yvela SesaZlo TvalsazrisiT. samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, AMT gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegiebi _ piradi Semosavlis gaTavisufleba, standartuli da detalizebuli gamoqviTvebi _ Zalian mniSvnelovania saSualo Semosavlis mqone gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis. AMT-s mniSvnelobis zrda yvelaze negatiurad am jgufis interesebze moqmedebs da ara Zalian mdidarTa interesebze. rac Seexeba efeqtianobas, gaixseneT me-13 Tavidan, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zedmeti tvirTi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratTan erTad varirebs. AMT-s farglebSi minimaluri ganakveTi 26%-ia, igi mniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre bevri ojaxis Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi, romelic SemdgomSi
510
AMT-s msxverpli unda gaxdes. dabolos, AMT rTulia. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, gvekuTvnis Tu ara AMT-s gadaxda, mTeli gamoTvlebi unda CavataroT. is ojaxic ki, romelic sruliad ar aris valdebuli, gadaixados AMT gadasaxadi, avsebs AMT sagadasaxado deklaracias, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis sagadasaxado Sesabamisobis tvirTs.
aSS-is saSemosavlo sistema iseT matarebels miuZRveba, romelic aTwleulis bolos aucileblad moyveba katastrofaSi. bevri damkvirvebeli Rrmada aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom kongresi miiRebs gansazRvrul zomebs katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad, Tumca aravin icis, ra zomebi iqneba miRebuli. arsebobs bevri SesaZlebloba: gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlisa da jgufebis indeqsacia inflaciis mixedviT, gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlis moculobis gazrda, AMT-s anulireba. CamoTvlilTagan kategoriuli moTxovna gauqmebis Sesaxeb yvelaze momxiblavi ideaa. Tu kongress ar surs, rom individma sargebeli miiRos sxvadasxva preferenciidan, albaT, ufro upriani iqneba, Tu gauqmdeba es preferenciebi Cveulebriv saSemosavlo sistemaSi; albaT, sul ar aris saWiro axali sagadasaxado sistemis gamogoneba imisaTvis, rom Tavi davaRwioT am preferenciebs. mokled, AMT warmoadgens kidev erT imis magaliTs, rom saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema namdvilad ar aris srulyofili. yofili senatori, bil bredli, ambobda: `minimaluri gadasaxadi sagadasaxado sistemis naklovanebaze miuTiTebs. igi gviCvenebs ara marto imas, rom sistema sruliad moSlilia, aramed imasac, rom kongress aRar aqvs situaciis gamosworebis Tavi~.
erTeulis SerCeva da qorwinebis gadasaxadi
Cven ukve ganvixileT is problemebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Semosavlis klasificirebas sagadasaxado miznebisaTvis. Semosavlis yvelaze detalizebuli definiciac ki sakmaod mwir informacias gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda daibegros. unda daibegros Tu ara TiToeuli individi calke saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT? individebi, romlebic erT ojaxSi cxovroben, erToblivi Semosavlis mixedviT unda daibegron Tu ara? am sakiTxebis irgvliv sajaro debatebi erTob intensiurad mimdinareobs. axla ganvixiloT zogierTi sakiTxi25.
winasityvaoba
25
Semdgomi detalebisaTvis ix. Carasso and Steuerle [2002].
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gaxsovdeT Semdegi sami ZiriTadi principi:
1.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi ganivTebulia zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. 2. Tanabari Semosavlis ojaxi ixdis Tanabar gadasaxads (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). 3. ori individis sagadasaxado tvirTi ar icvleba maTi qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi; sagadasaxado sistema neitraluria qorwinebis mimarT. meore da mesame principi odnav winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca savsebiT misaRebia farTo sazogadoebisaTvis da sagadasaxado sistemis sasurvel niSanTvisebas warmoadgens. konsensusi pirvel principze gacilebiT sustia; miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, farTo politikuri mxardaWeriT sargeblobs zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi.
am principTa esoden didi momxibvlelobis miuxedavad, maTi ganxorcieleba sakmaod seriozul problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. zogadad, arc erT sagadasaxado sistemas ar ZaluZs, samive principi erTdroulad Seasrulos. yvelaferi martivad aixsneba ariTmetikuli magaliTiT. warmovidginoT aseTi martivi progresiuli gadasaxadi: dabegrili piri ixdis 10%-ian gadasaxads nebismieri raodenobis Semosavalze, romelic ar aRemateba 6000 dolars da 50%ian gadasaxads im Semosavalze, romelic aRemateba 6000 dolars. 15.2 cxrilis pirveli ori sveti gviCvenebs oTxi individis (lusi, riki, fredi da eTeli) Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado valdebulebas. rikis sagadasaxado valdebuleba aris $12000 = [=0,10 X $6000 + 0,50 X $23000]. warmovidginoT aseTi romantikuli suraTi: lusi misTxovda rikis, xolo eTeli ki – fredis. erToblivi angariSgebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba ucvlelia. Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ori ojaxi (30000 dolari) ixdis gadasaxadis gansxvavebul raodenobas (lusi da riki 12200 dolars ixdian, xolo eTeli da fredi ki – 10200 dolars, rogorc amas mesame svetSi vxedavT). davuSvaT, rom kanonmdebloba ojaxs moiazrebs, rogorc dasabegr erTeuls, amdenad, gadasaxadi daekisreba erTobliv Semosavals. aseT SemTxvevaSi orive ojaxi Tanabar gadasaxads ixdis, Tumca qorwinebis Semdeg Seicvala sagadasaxado tvirTi. cxadia, sagadasaxado tvirTis faqtobrivi cvlileba damokidebulia sxvaobaze individze dakisrebul gadasaxadsa da erTobliv gadasaxads Soris. axla davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadi ucvlelia. Tumca Cven mivdivarT mTavar wertilamde: zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi Cven veRar SevasrulebT me-2 da me-3 princips.
cxrili 15.2 sagadasaxado valdebulebebi hipoTetiuri sagadasaxado sistemis mixedviT
512
ojaxis gadasaxadi individualuri angariSgebis SemTxvevaSi
erToblivi Semosavali
erToblivi gadasaxadi
individualuri Semosavali
individualuri gadasaxadi
lusi
$1000
$100 ü ý 12100þ
$12200
$30000
$12600
riki
29000
eTeli
15000
10200
30000
12600
fredi
15000
5100ü ý 5100þ
ra arCevans akeTebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi? droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba arCevani. 1948 wlamde dasabegri erTeuli iyo individi _ cxadia, irRveoda meore principi. 1948 wels dasabegr erTeulad ojaxi aRiares da danerges Semosavlis gayofis fenomeni. Semosavlis gayofis principis Tanaxmad, 50000 dolari Semosavlis mqone ojaxi ibegreba ise, rogorc ori individi, romelTagan TiToeulis Semosavali 25000 dolaria. cxadia, zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi es SesaZloa, ZiriTadi upiratesoba iyos. garkveuli Semosavlis mqone dauojaxebeli piris sagadasaxado valdebuleba Semcirdeba, Tu is daqorwindeba Semosavlis armqone an dabali Semosavlis mqone pirze. marTlac, 1948 wlis kanonis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli gaxda individis sagadasaxado valdebulebis radikaluri Semcireba misi qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi _ es ki mesame principis darRvevaa.
Tanabari Semosavlis dauojaxebeli pirisa da daqorwinebuli wyvilis sagadasaxado valdebulebani imdenad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan, rom kongresma 1969 wels Camoayaliba ganakveTTa axali grafiki dauojaxebelTaTvis. am grafikis Tanaxmad, dauojaxebeli piris sagadasaxado valdebuleba SesaZloa, yofiliyo maqsimum 20%-iT meti Tanabari dasabegri Semosavlis mqone daqorwinebuli wyvilis sagadasaxado valdebulebaze (Zveli reJimis Tanaxmad, dasaSvebi iyo 40%-is odenobis sxvaoba).
dauojaxebel pirsa da daqorwinebul wyvils Soris arsebuli sxvaobis Semcireba CaTvales mesame principis darRvevad da, samwuxarod, sruliad sapirispirod Seatriales: SesaZlebeli gaxda piris sagadasaxado valdebulebebis zrda misi daqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. 1981 wels kongresi Seecada, Seemcirebina `qorwinebis gadasaxadi~ da danerga axali saxis gamoqviTva im wyvilebisaTvis, romelTaganac orive iRebs Semosavals. aseTi ojaxi uflebamosili iyo, esargebla gamoqviTviT (ufro dabali Semosavlis mqone meuRlis saxelfaso Semosavlis 10%, magram ara umetes 3000 dolarisa), aseTi gamoqviTva male gauqmda TRA 86-is mier. igi aRar CaiTvala aucileblad,
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radgan dabalma zRvrulma ganakveTebma `qorwinebis gadasaxadis~ mniSvneloba Seamcira.
miuxedavad aseTi argumentisa, naTelia, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1986 wlis Semdeg. maTTan erTad gaizarda qorwinebis gadasaxadi. 2000 wels orive partiam moiTxova qorwinebis gadasaxadis Semcireba. 2001 wels jorj buSma xeli moawera sagadasaxado kanons, romlis ramdenime debuleba swored am mizniT iyo SemuSavebuli: standartuli gamoqviTvis gafarToeba da 15%-iani jgufis gazrda mxolod daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis. karasosa da Sterles [2002] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, 2001 wlis kanonma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira qorwinebis jarima saojaxo meurneobaTa umetesobisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev arsebobs qorwinebis jarima da, Tanac, maqsimaluri, rodesac orive meuRle Tanabari SemosavliT xasiaTdeba. gansazRvrul pirobebSi, ori individis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali 25000 aSS dolaria, maTi erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba daaxloebiT 1900 dolariT izrdeba. meore mxriv, rodesac fiqsirdeba mniSvnelovani sxvaoba individTa Semosavlebs Soris, sagadasaxado kodeqsi garkveul jildos sTavazobs wyvils daqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu qorwindeba ori adamiani, romelTagan erTis mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali 50000 aSS dolaria, xolo meorisa ki _ nuli, maSin maTi erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba 4269 dolariT iklebs26. aseT SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebloba `sagadasaxado ZRvens~ gvTavazobs.
qorwinebis gadasaxadis analizi
ekonomisti, romelic ganixilavs am sakiTxs, rogorc wesi, or SekiTxvas dasvams: efeqtiania es gadasaxadi? samarTliania es gadasaxadi? sajaro debatebis umetesoba fokusirebulia samarTlianobis aspeqtebze _ visi dabegvraa ufro samarTliani: individis Tu ojaxis? erTni Tvlian, rom ojaxis dabegvra ufro samarTliania, radgan es iZleva araSromiTi Semosavlis (dividendi, saprocento ganakveTi, mogeba) ufro samarTlian dabegvras. individualuri angariSgebis pirobebSi, maRali Semosavlis mqone meuRle Tavis sakuTrebas gadascems meore meuRles da am gziT ojaxis sagadasaxado deklaracias Seamcirebs (e.w. sakuTrebis gadacema saZinebelSi). rTulia, winaswar davadginoT misi masStabi. ojaxSi sakuTrebis ufleba ararelevantur faqtors warmoadgens. Tanac, ganqorwinebis arsebuli ganakveTebis pirobebSi, sakuTrebis gadacema meuRleze mxolod sagadasaxado miznebiT sarisko strategia iqneba. amave dros, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba imisa, rom aseTi transferi masiur xasiaTs miiRebs.
26
es gamoTvlebi (karaso da Sterli [2002]) dafuZnebulia daqorwinebul wyvilsa da ojaxis Tavs ori Svili hyavT.
im
daSvebaze,
rom
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ojaxi racionalur dasabegr erTeulad iTvleba aseTi filosofiuri mosazrebis gamo:
ojaxi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri erTeulia. individis dabegvra araswori iqneba, imitom rom individi xasiaTdeba mWidro finansuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebiT im ZiriTadi socialuri erTeulis wevrebTan, romelsac es individi miekuTvneba, rac ar Seesabameba srulyofil da racionalur sagadasaxado sistemas. [samefo komisiis angariSi, 1966, gv. 122-23].
roforc jon kardinal o’konori ambobda: `qorwineba uzenaesia adamianisa da institutisaTvis” [Allen, 1998, gv. A4].
saojaxo erTeulis arsi arcTu aseTi zebunebrivia adamianisaTvis mainc. bitkeri [1975, gv. 1393] ambobda, rom:
ramdenime
Tu daqorwinebuli wyvili ibegreba erToblivi Semosavlis mixediT, aseve unda daibegros Tu ara is Svili, romelic exmareba moxucebul mSobels, ori da, romelic erT saxlSi cxovrobs, an ganqorwinebuli mSobeli, romelic SvilTan erTad cxovrobs? aucilebeli iqneba Tu ara urTierTobis arseboba, romelic damyarebulia qorwinebis an naTesaobis safuZvelze? gamonaklisis saxiT, ras ityviT dauqorwinebel wyvilze, romelic erTad cxovrobs, homoseqsual partniorebze an komunebze?
samarTlianad miiCneva Tu ara ojaxi dasabegr erTeulad? pasuxi damokidebulia subieqtur gadawyvetilebasa da Tqvens Sexedulebaze ojaxis rolis Sesaxeb. debatebi dResac grZeldeba. ojaxis Semosavalze dafuZnebuli dabegvra seriozuli amocanebis winaSe dgas. ramdenime xnis win federalur sagadasaxado sasamarTloSi iCivla mamakacma, romelmac ganacxada, rom mas mosTxoves erToblivi deklaraciis Sevseba sxva mamakacTan erTad, romelTan erTadac imyofeboda `ekonomikur partniorobaSi~. mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom qorwinebis gamoyeneba kriteriumad sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansazRvris dros `kostituciurad SesaZlebelia~ [Herman, 2000, gv. A1].
rodesac Cven vuaxlovdebiT problemis efeqtianobis aspeqtebs, maSinve Cndeba aseTi kiTxva: zemoqmedebas axdens Tu ara qorwinebis gadasaxadi individis qcevaze? sagadasaxado sistema cvlis `qorwinebis fass~, amdenad, Zalian xSiria anegdotebi gadasaxadebis gamo gadavadebul qorwinebaze, ganqorwinebaze da gacilebaze. statistikuri TvalsazrisiT, rTulia
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kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom qorwinebis gadasaxadi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebze. dikert-konlinis [1999] ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebis ekonometrikuli analizi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs pozitiuri urTierTkavSiri wvyilis qorwinebis jarimasa da maTi ganqorwinebis albaTobas Soris, Tumca zemoqmedebis masStabi Zalian mcirea.
efeqtianobis erT-erTi aspeqti exeba erToblivi angariSgebis zemoqmedebas gadawyvetilebebze SromiTi miwodebis Sesaxeb. me-14 TavSi naTqvami iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom gaTxovil qals ufro elastiuri SromiTi miwodebis mrudi aqvs, vidre mis meuRles. amdenad, efeqtiani iqneba colis dabegvra ufro dabali ganakveTiT. erToblivi angariSgebis SemTxvevaSi orive meuRle Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze Tanabari zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. amdenad, iTvleba, rom erToblivi angariSgeba araefeqtiania.
albaT, SeuZlebelia, warmovidginoT, Tu rogor muSaobs kongresi colebisa da qmrebis gansxvavebul sagadasaxado tarifebze. Tumca es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom SeuZlebelia ufro efeqtianad daibegros ojaxi. SesaZlo reforma iqneba erToblivi angariSgebis gauqmeba da individualuri angariSgebis danergva yvela adamianisaTvis. am gziT ara mxolod efeqtianoba gaizrdeba, aramed warmoiqmneba ufro neitraluri damokidebuleba qorwinebis mimarT, vidre moqmedi sistemis farglebSi arsebobs. bevrma qveyanam, kanadis CaTvliT, ukve danerga es midgoma27.
samwuxarod, individualuri angariSgebis danergviT irRveva meore principi, romelic Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis Tanabari sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT dabegvras iTvaliswinebs. amas ki swored iq mivyavarT, saidanac daviwyeT: ar arsebobs arc erTi sagadasaxado sistema, romelic samive kriteriums daakmayofilebs; amitom sazogadoebam unda gadawyvitos, Tu romelia misTvis ufro Rirebuli da prioritetuli.
saerTaSoriso Semosavlis dabegvra
axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor ibegreba individis Semosavali, romelic sazRvargareTaa naSovni. aseTi Semosavlis dabegvriT dainteresebulia rogorc moqalaqis samSoblo, aseve maspinZeli qveyana. aSS-is kanonmdebloba aRiarebs 27
kanadur sistemaSi ojaxSi Semosavlis pirveli Semomtani uflebamosilia, isargeblos daubrunebadi sagadasaxado kreditiT im meuRlis sasargeblod, romelsac dabali Semosavali aqvs, an saerTod ar aqvs Semosavali.
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princips, romlis Tanaxmad, maspinZeli qveyana mis sazRvrebSi miRebuli Semosavlis dabegvris upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobs. amave dros, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, amerikels, miuxedavad Semosavlis miRebis adgilisa, sagadasaxado valdebuleba samSoblos winaSe ekisreba. aSS begravs ucxoeTSi naSovn Semosavls, Tumca ormagi dabegvris Tavidan asacileblad igi uzrunvelyofs kredits ucxouri qveynis winaSe sagadasaxado davalianebis dasafarad28. davuSvaT, rom ofelias aSS-is sagadasaxado valdebuleba germaniaSi naSovn Semosavalze udris 7000 dolars, man germaniis mTavrobas gadauxada 5500 aSS dolari saSemosavlo gadasaxdi. amis Semdeg ofelias SeuZlia, aiRos krediti 5500 dolaris odenobiT aSS-is sagadasaxado deklaraciaze da Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs gadauxados mxolod 1500 aSS dolari. amdenad, aSS-is moqalaqis mTliani sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebulia globalur Semosavalze.
globaluri sistema Tu teritoriuli sistema? aSS-is sistemis filosofiuri daSveba is aris, rom dabegvris Tanasworoba ganisazRvreba moqalaqeobis safuZvelze. Tu Tqven xarT aSS-is moqalaqe, Tqveni mTliani sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar aris damokidebuli imaze, sad miiReT Semosavali - samSobloSi Tu sazRvargareT. aseTi sistema globaluri sistemis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. amerikisagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis yvela sxva qveyana iyenebs teritoriul sistemas _ moqalaqe sxva qveyanaSi miRebuli Semosavlis gadasaxads uxdis maspinZel qveyanas. romeli sistemaa ukeTesi? rTulia, amovarCioT ukeTesi am sistemebs Soris rogorc Tanasworobis, aseve efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT.
Tanasworoba. joni, didi britaneTis moqalaqe, da semi, aSS-is moqalaqe, muSaoben honkongSi. maT aqvT identuri Semosavali. didi britaneTi sargeblobs teritoriuli sistemiT, amdenad, joni gadasaxads mxolod honkongs uxdis, semma ki gadasaxadi amerikasac unda gadauxados (Tu misi aSS-is sagadasaxado deklaracia ufro maRalia, vidre honkongSi sagadasaxado valdebuleba). gamodis, rom semi ufro met gadasaxads ixdis, vidre joni, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT identuri Semosavali aqvT. globaluri sistema uzrunvelyofs erTi qveynis moqalaqeTa identur dabegvras, Tumca mas sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa dabegvris arsebiTad gansxvavebul reJimamde mivyavarT. SesaZlebelia ki horizontaluri Tanasworobis gansazRvra erovnul an msoflio safuZvlebze? TiToeuli principi Tavisi RirsebiT gamoirCeva, magram, mTlianobaSi, ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado koordinaciis sistema, romelic orive maTgans daakmayofilebda.
efeqtianoba. globaluri sistema zemoqmedebas axdens saerTaSoriso sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebze. davuSvaT, rom amerikuli firma, romelic sazRvargareT muSaobs, valdebulia, gadaixados aSS-is saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 28
krediti ar unda aRematebodes aSS-is gadasaxads ucxour Semosavalze. detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT `dabegvris erToblivi komiteti” [1999].
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amerikeli TanamSromlebisaTvis. holandiur firmas, romelic teritoriuli sistemiT muSaobs, ar akisria analogiuri valdebuleba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi aSS-is kompaniam SesaZloa, aRar gadaixados zedmeti SromisaTvis da, amdenad, aRmoCndes araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi danaxarjis mxriv29. holandiuri firma mniSvnelovnad met kontraqts dadebs, vidre amerikuli firma, Tundac es ukanaskneli teqnologiurad efeqtiani iyos.
meore mxriv, teritoriuli sistema zemoqmedebas axdens meore gadawyvetilebaze _ sad unda imyofebodes adamiani? mocemuli qveynis moqalaqem SesaZloa, ucxoeTSi muSaobis gadawyvetileba miiRos im sagadasaxado valdebulebis mixedviT, romelic mas samSoblos kanonmdeblobiT warmoeqmneba. globaluri reJimis farglebSi, Tqven versad daemalebiT Tqveni qveynis gadasaxadis Semgrovebels, Tu ar gamoicvliT moqalaqeobas. amdenad, TiTqmis ar arsebobs imis stimuli, rom SeicvaloT sacxovrebeli adgili sagadasaxado valdebulebis Semcirebis mizniT.
amdenad, teritoriuli ganisazRvros, danaxarjs.
globaluri sistema ki Tu romeli
sistema zemoqmedebas axdens sawarmoo, xolo _ sacxovrebel gadawyvetilebebze. rTulia, zemoqmedeba qmnis ufro maRali efeqtianobis
Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxad ebi
piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis roli Statebis saSemosavlo sistemaSi swrafad da ganuxrelad izrdeba30. 1960 wels Statis sagadasaxado Semosavlis 12,2%-s piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi Seadgenda; 2000 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli 36%-s gautolda [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 272]. dRes 41 Statsa da kolumbiis olqSi moqmedebs farTo gamoyenebis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi, romlebic xelfassac moicavs. garda amisa, ori Stati begravs saprocento Semosavalsa da dividends, magram ara - xelfass.
29
es gulisxmobs: (a) aSS-is gadasaxadis tvirTi ekisreba ufro damqiravebels, vidre daqiravebuls; (b) amerikul firmas ar SeuZlia sxva qveynis moqalaqeTa daqiraveba. (a) daSveba damokidebulia aSS momuSaveebis miwodebis elastiurobaze ucxoeTSi arsebuli aSS-is firmebisaTvis. miwodebis mrudi Tu ar aris horizontaluri, maSin daqiravebuli gaiziarebs tvirTis nawils. ix. me-12 Tavi. 30 saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisaTvis, Tumca zogierT did qalaqSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi udides rols TamaSobs.
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Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis struqtura federaluri gadasaxadis struqturis msgavsia. dasabegri baza gamoiTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan gaTavisuflebuli nawilisa da daqviTuli nawilis gamoklebis Sedegad, sagadasaxado valdebuleba ki jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zRvruli ganakveTebis Tanaxmad ganisazRvreba. zRvruli ganakveTi mniSvnelovnad dabalia, vidre federalur sistemaSi. 2003 wlisaTvis Statebis mier dawesebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 6%-dan 8%-mde meryeobda (montanaSi maqsimaluri ganakveTi 11% iyo). Statebi gansxvavdebian Semosavlis gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis wesebis mixedviT. zogierTi Statis wesi, faqtobrivad, yvela saxis gamoqviTvas gamoricxavs, xolo zogierTi Statis wesi ki federaluri sistemis analogiur wesebs gvTavazobs.
mniSvnelovania is, rom ar gamogvrCes Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis efeqtiani ganakveTi mTliani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sefasebis dros. kalifornielis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi yvelaze maRalia _ 38,6% federaluri gadasaxadi da 9,3% kaliforniis saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, anu mTlianad 47,9%. Tu individi awarmoebs gamoqviTvis detalizacias da mas Statisa da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs gamoaklebs, efeqti arcTu ise SesamCnevia, magram faqti saxezea: maRali gadasaxadebis mqone StatebSi kumulaciuri zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 50%-s uaxlovdeba.
politika da sagadasaxado reforma
Cven ukve ganvixileT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maxasiaTeblebi. aRmoCnda, rom mTeli rigi niSan-Tviseba, efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT, gaumarTlebelia. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: ratom aris ase rTuli sistemis gaumjobeseba? imitom, rom Zalian xSirad yvelaze damoukidebeli eqspertebic ki ver Tanxmdebian reformis SesaZlo mimarTulebaze. ase magaliTad, Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom miuxedavad arsebuli konsensusisa ekonomistebs Soris imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis Semosavlis sxvadasxva formis diferencialuri dabegvra arasasurvelia, dResac ki mimdinareobs dava am mdgomareobis gamosworebis SesaZlo gzebis Sesaxeb. is, rac erTisaTvis reforma da dadebiTi movlenaa, meorisaTvis SesaZloa, negatiur faqtorad CaiTvalos.
sistemis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT kidev erT sirTules vawydebiT: romelime debulebis Secvlis mcdeloba politikuri Setevis msxverpli xdeba xolme im mxaris mxridan, romelsac ar awyobs amgvari cvlilebis gatareba. ase magaliTad, Statis oficiozi mudmivad lobirebs Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebidan gamoqviTvis SezRudvas. me-6 TavSi ganxilulia zogierTi Teoria, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, rom gansakuTrebuli interesis jgufebis arsebobis pirobebSi, politikur process danaxarjebis struqturamde
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mivyavarT, rac sazogadoebis poziciidan suboptimaluria. igive Teoria xsnis im sirTuleebs, romlebic sagadasaxado sistemis gaumjobesebis mcdelobebs ukavSirdeba. kongresis mudmivmoqmedi sabiujeto komisiis wevri, endriu jakobsi, ambobda: `Tu Tqven gadasaxadebs ukanonod aicilebT, cixeSi waxvalT, xolo Tu gsurT, rom gadasaxadi kanonierad SeamciroT minimumamde, maSin Tqveni pirdapiri gza kongresSi midis da iq naxavT, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia kongress TqvenTvis~ (sagadasaxado politikis saxelmZRvanelo, 1982, gv. 50).
organizebuli lobi ar aris erTaderTi barieri reformis gzaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis SemoRebisTanave individi Tavis qmedebas warmarTavs mis Sesabamisad da, albaT, Zalian bevrs dakargavs misi Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. ase magaliTad, bevri ojaxi yidulobs did saxls, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi ar iyidda, radgan man icis, rom gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba ipoTekuri saprocento ganakveTi da sakuTrebis gadasaxadi. savaraudod, Tu aseTi privilegia gauqmdeba, aucileblad daecema uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba. horizontaluri Tanasworobis zogierTi aspeqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom usamarTlobaa, SecvaloT iseTi wesi, romlis mixedviTac indivdma adre miiRo gadawyvetileba da axla Setrialeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT Zalian Zviri daujdeba (ix. me-14 Tavi).
arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sagadasaxado sistemaSi didi cvlilebis gatareba ufro warmatebulia, vidre garkveuli wesebis nawil-nawil modificireba. gavixsenoT TRA 86-is gamocdileba. misi SemoRebis ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom igi moiTxovda an yvelafers, an arafers _ misaRebi iqneboda sistemis mTliani Secvla, an, saerTod, aranairi cvlileba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Zalian popularuli prezidentisa da erTob Zlieri kongresis liderebis lobirebis miuxedavad, man ukve ramdenjerme ganicada seriozuli kraxi.
istoria cxadyofs, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 1986 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT dabali ganakveTebisa da farTo bazis mqone sagadasaxado sistema ar aris politikurad stabiluri: `visac sjeroda, rom ufro gamZle da stabiluri iqneboda mdgrad principze dafuZnebuli sagadasaxado sistema, TRA 86-dan ver miiRo is Sedegi, rasac eloda~. [Auerbach and Slemrod, 1997, gv. 628].
davubrundebiT Tu ara TRA 86-is principebs? bevri damkvirvebeli darwmunebulia, rom mosalodnelia cvlilebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi: sagadasaxado kodeqss SesaZloa, daematos axali preferenciebi, rac Seamcirebs dasabegr bazas da ufro gaarTulebs sistemas. kongresmenma Carlz reinjelma sarkastulad daaxasiaTa is kritikosebi, `romlebic mxolod da mxolod sagadasaxado kodeqsis fesvebis amoZirkvaze laparakoben, magram yovelwliurad fesvebs ufro met sasuqs umateben~. iciT ratom? imitom, rom stabiluri da martivi sagadasaxado kodeqsi politikosebis interess ar warmoadgens. sagadasaxado sistemis mTavari funqcia aris is, `rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes kanonmdeblebis (an prezidentis) saarCevno kampaniis fondis dafinanseba isedac
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samarcxvinod garTulebuli kodeqsidan naklovanebaTa amoRebis an axali naklovanebis Casmis gziT” [Friedman, 1998]. amrigad, Cven ver gveqneba imis imedi, rom mdgomareoba gamoswordeba.
daskvna
· federaluri piradi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoTvla sam ZiriTad etaps moicavs: mTliani Semosavlis Sefaseba (koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavali), mTliani Semosavlis konvertacia dasabegr Semosavlad da gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebis gamoTvla. · Semosavlis Sefasebis tradiciuli meTodi heig-saimonsis modeli aris: mocemuli periodis Semosavali individis moxmarebis unaris wminda cvlilebas warmoadgens. · heig-saimonsis kriteriumis Sesruleba ramdenime sirTuliT xasiaTdeba: (1) Semosavali unda Sefasdes Semosavlis miRebaze gaweuli danaxarjebisagan damoukideblad; (2) ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba da pirobiTi Semosavali xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlisagan arcTu ise advilad gamoiangariSeba. (3) sakmaod rTulia naturiT miRebuli Semosavlis daTvla. · heig-saimonsis kriteriumis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom igi arc samarTliani da arc efeqtiani Sedegis garantias ar iZleva. · aSS-is saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema gamoricxavs: (1) procents Statebisa da adgilobriv obligaciebze; (2) damqiraveblis anaricxebs sapensio da samedicino fondSi; (3) saCuqars da memkvidreobas. · gaTavisuflebuli nawili fiqsirebulia ojaxis TiToeuli wevris mixedviT. gaTavisuflebuli nawili akldeba koreqtirebul mTlian Semosavals. gaTavisuflebis privilegiis moqmedeba maRali Semosavlis pirobebSi SeCerdeba. · gamoqviTva an standartulia, an detalizebuli. standartuli gamoqviTvis Sedegad dasabegri Tanxa fiqsirebuli TanxiT mcirdeba. · detalizebuli gamoqviTva nebadarTulia gansazRvrul saqonelTan an momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjisaTvis. gamoqviTva SeCerdeba maRali Semosavlis miRebis pirobebSi, detalizebuli gamoqviTva cvlis fass gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom, rac xSirad individis ekonomikur qcevaze axdens zemoqmedebas. · detalizebuli gamoqviTva, aSS-is sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, warmoebs:L (1) aunazRaurebeli samedicino danaxarjis mimarT (AGI-s 7%), (2) Statisa da municipalitetis saSemosavlo da qonebis gadasaxadebis mimarT, (3) gansazRvruli saprocento danaxarjebis mimarT da (4) saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis mimarT. · sagadasaxado danaxarji warmoadgens im Semosavals, romelzec uars amboben preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT dabegvris gamo. · sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansazRvris saboloo safexuri dasabegri Semosavlis sagadasaxado ganakveTebis grafikis gamoyenebaa. faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi oficialur ganakveTs aRemateba. · alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi (AMT) Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom maRalSemosavliani gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, romelic Tavidan icilebs gadasaxadebs, namdvilad ixdides raime federalur saSemosavlo
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gadasaxads mainc. Tumca garkveuli struqturuli naklovanebebis gamo AMT gaxdeba gadasaxadi, romelic daemuqreba saSualo klasis milion amerikels. Semosavlis jgufebi, piradi Semosavlis gaTavisufleba, standartuli gamoqviTva da miRebuli Semosavlis krediti dRes ukve indeqsirebulia inflaciis mixedviT. Tumca kapitalis Semosavlis gadasaxadi jer kidev ar aris indeqsirebuli am mimarTulebiT. ojaxis dabegvris verc erTi sistema ver akmayofilebs erTdroulad iseT principebs, rogoricaa: zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, neitraluroba qorwinebis mimarT da Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis dabegvra Tanabari ganakveTiT. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba izrdeba an mcirdeba qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi wyvilis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. aSS sargeblobs globaluri sistemiT amerikis moqalaqeTa mier sazRvargareT miRebuli Semosavlis mimarT. gadasaxadis mTliani moculoba ar icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu sad aris miRebuli Semosavali: samSobloSi Tu sazRvargareT. saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Statebis Semosavlebis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT. Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi ufro dabali ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba, vidre federaluri sistemis ganakveTebi da farTod varirebs konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu Tqveni kapitalis zarali aRemateba kapitalis mogebas, maSin Tqven SegiZliaT, dasabegri Semosavlidan daqviToT danakargis 3000 dolari. safondo bazris Sesustebis dros, 2002 wels, kongresis ramdenime wevrma wamoayena winadadeba es maCvenebeli (anu 3000 dolari) 5000 dolaramde gazrdiliyo. SeafaseT es winadadeba heigsaimonsis kriteriumis poziciidan. ufro axlosaa Tu Sors igi heigsaimonsis idealisgan, vidre arsebuli mdgomareoba? 2. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu Tqven SeiZenT 5000 dolaris Rirebulebis aqcias da mas qvelmoqmedebaSi CadebT, rodesac misi Rirebuleba 20000 dolaramde aiwevs, maSin Tqveni dasabegri Semosavlidan daiqviTeba 20000 dolari. 2000 wels senatorma jon makeinma Tavisi saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros wamoayena winadadeba, romlis Tanaxmad, zemoT miTiTebul situaciaSi Tqven mxolod 5000 aSS dolaris gamoqviTvis ufleba mogecemodaT. SeafaseT makeinis winadadeba heigsaimonsis kriteriumis poziciidan. winadadebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi rogor Seicvleboda saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciis masStabi (pasuxi daukavSireT kontribuciis sagadasaxado faswarmoqmnis mimarT elastiurobas)? 3. jounsis federaluri piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi 28%-ia. igi flobs navTobis aqcias, romlis Rirebulebac yovelwliurad 10%-iT izrdeba. man aqcia erTi wlis win SeiZina. jounsis saaqcio brokeri cdilobs, navTobis aqcia mas oqros aqciaze gaacvlevinos, romelic zustad imave riskiT xasiaTdeba. jounsi fiqrobs, rom, Tu daitovebs navTobis aqcias, daitovebs mxolod erTi wliT da Semdeg gayidis. Tu jounsi axlave gayidis navTobis aqcias, maSin gayidvis mTel amonagebs (gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg) oqros aqciis SesaZenad gamoiyenebs. ra
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unda iyos oqros aqciis minimaluri ukugebis ganakveTi imisaTvis, rom jounsma navTobis aqcia oqros aqciaze gadacvalos? pasuxi daukavSireT Caketvis efeqtis fenomens. 4. 1997 wels respublikelebis palatam wamoayena winadadeba kapitalis mogebis inflaciis mixedviT indeqsaciis Sesaxeb. Newsweek-is `uolstritis~ redaqtorma aRniSna, rom es arasamarTliani iqneboda Semosavlis mimRebis mimarT: `inflacia zrdis xelfass. magram nuTu iseve daibegreba saxelfaso Ceki, rogorc adre? ara. aranairi indeqsacia inflaciis mixedviT” [Sloan, 1997, gv. 59]. dawereT werili, romelsac gaagzavniT Newsweek-Si da sadac gadmocemuli iqneba Tqveni komentari am winadadebaze. 5. ostinis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia. igi axorcielebs gamoqviTvis detalizirebas. ra uRirs mas 500 dolaris gamoqviTva? ra uRirs mas 500 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado krediti? 6. davuSvaT, rom Cveulebrivi gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 30%-iani zRvruli piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT xasiaTdeba. nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi 13%-ia, xolo inflaciis mosalodenli ganakveTi ki _ 8%. (a) ra aris procentis realuri ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg? (b) davuSvaT, inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTi 3 procentuli muxliT gaizarda da 11%-s gautolda. aseve analogiuri TanxiT gaizarda nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi. rogori iqneba ukugebis realuri ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg? (g) *Tu inflaciis ganakveTi izrdeba, rogorc (b) punqtSia miTiTebuli, ramdenjer unda gaizardos nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi ise, rom gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg SenarCunebul iqnes (a) punqtSi dafiqsirebuli realuri saprocento ganakveTi? SegiZliaT, ganazogadoT Tqveni pasuxi algebruli formulis gamoyenebiT? 7. qorwinebis gadasaxadis dasaregulireblad arsebobs ramdenime alternatiuli winadadeba: 1) dabali Semosavlis mqone meuRlis Semosavlis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba da misi Semosavlis 10%-is gamoqviTva dasabegri Semosavlidan; 2) standartuli gamoqviTvis masStabis gazrda daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis. ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, romeli winadadebaa ufro ukeTesi? ganmarteT pasuxi. 8. 2001 wels buSis administraciam gaakeTa ganacxadi imis Taobaze, rom nebismier pirs (Tundac mas standartuli gamoqviTviT esargebla) SeeZlo, daeqviTa saqvelmoqmedo Senatani. am ideis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom am gziT gaZlierdeboda saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba. kritikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom gamoqviTva ar iyo aucilebeli saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis gasazrdelad, radgan Tavad standartuli gamoqviTvis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis mimarTac. Tqveni azriT, romelia ufro mtkice argumenti? rogor Seicvleboda saqvelmoqmedo Senatanis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba buSis administraciis winadadebis damtkicebis Semdeg? 9. am problemis mizania, ganisazRvros, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens detalizebuli gamoqviTvisa da piradi Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegiis xelyofa faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTebze.
*
rTulia.
523
a. warmoidgineT oTxwevriani ojaxi, romlis koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavali aRar eqvemdebareba aranair gaTavisuflebas da romlis dasabegri Semosavali, jgufuri ganakveTis mixedviT, 30%-iT ibegreba. I. rom ar Sewyvetiliyo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegia, ramdeni iqneboda ojaxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Semosavali? II. davuSvaT, ojaxis Semosavali 2500 dolariT izrdeba. 30%-iani dabegvris SemTxvevaSi ramdenjer gaizrdeba misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba? III. ramdenjer amcirebs ojaxis daubegravi Semosavlis moculobas ojaxis Semosavlis zrda? ramdenjer zrdis igi ojaxis dasabegri Semosavlis moculobas? IV. ramdenjer zrdis gazrdili dasabegri Semosavali sagadasaxado valdebulebas, Tu ojaxis Semosavali 30%-iani ganakveTiT ibegreba? V. gaaerTianeT II da IV kiTxvebis pasuxebi imisaTvis, rom ipovoT faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi (gayaviT cvlileba sagadasaxado valdebulebaSi Semosavlis 2500 dolariT gamowveul cvlilebaze). b. axla ki warmoidgineT meore ojaxi, romlis mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali aRar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. ojaxi sargeblobs detalizebuli gamoqviTviT. davuSvaT, rom ojaxis Semosavali gadasaxadis gadaxdamde 100 dolariT gaizarda. I. Tu ojaxi ibegreba 30%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, rogor Seicvleba sagadasaxado valdebuleba? II. ra moculobis iqneba ojaxis detalizebuli gamoqviTva da dasabegri Semosavlis moculoba? III. ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens ojaxis dasabegri Semosavlis cvlileba ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebaze? IV. ra aris ojaxis faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi? 10. am amocanis amosaxsnelad Tqven kalkulatori dagWirdebaT. semi Soulobs 4000 aSS dolars, romlis dazogvac mas unda sapensio asakisaTvis (pensiaze semi 10 weliwadSi gava). mas SeuZlia fulis dazogva dasabegr angariSze. sems danazogis deponireba rotis IRA-zec SeuZlia. davuSvaT, rom semi iRebs ukugebis 8%-s wliurad, xolo misi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki 25%-ia. sapensio asakis miRwevis dros ra moculobis Tanxa eqneba mas dazogili TiToeuli alternativiT sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi [SeniSneT, rom semi ixdis gadasaxads 4000 dolarze, ase rom, mas ar SeuZlia mTliani Tanxis deponireba dasabegr angariSze an rotis IRA-ze]?
gamoyenebuli literatura:
Burman, Leonard. The Labyrinth of Capital gains Tax Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999.
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Carasso, Adam, and C Eugene Steurle. “How Marriage Penalties Change under the 2001 Tax Bill.” Discussion Paper No. 2, Urban-Brooklings Tax Policy Center, May 2002. Tempalski, Jerry. “The Impact of the 2001 Tax Bill on the Individual AMT.” Proceedings, Ninety-Fourth Annual Conference. National Tax Association, 2002. Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. URL: http://www. taxpolicycenter.org/.
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Tavi 16
piradi Semosavlis dabegvra da individis qceva
Tu sinamdvilesa da modas CamorCiT, andeT Tqveni bedi gemovnebian mkeravs. albert ainStaini
1980-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi maqsimaluri oficialuri zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi 70%-dan 28%-mde Semcirda. 1990-ian wlebSi ganakveTi 39,6%-mde gaizarda. 2001 wlis axalma sagadasaxado kanonma ki 2010 wlamde misi TandaTanobiTi Semcireba (35%-mde) daakanona. dRes seriozuli msjeloba da kamaTi mimdinareobs. erTi mxare amtkicebs, rom ganakveTebis Semcirebis procesi unda SeCerdes; meore mxaris azriT, ganakveTebi jer kidev ar aris sakmarisad Semcirebuli. arsebiTi kiTxva ase JRers: rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadi individis ekonomikur qcevaze? dabali gadasaxadebis momxreebi asabuTeben, rom maRali gadasaxadi ekonomikur aqtivobas amcirebs:
ekonomikuri mecnierebis fundamenturi principis Tanaxmad, individis Semosavali, romelic maRali tarifiT ibegreba, Znelad xdeba misi sakuTreba. moqmedi konfiskaciuli sistema aseT kiTxvas badebs: ratom viSromoT, Tu Cven mier naSovni TiToeuli damatebiTi dolari gvekargeba? ratom SevinaxoT xvalisaTvis, Tu dRes daxarjva ufro iafia? bevri amerikeli undod ikiTxavs: ratom SevwuxdeT? [ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sagadasaxado reformis erovnuli komisia, 1996, gv.1011].
maRali gadasaxadebis momxreebis azriT, aseTi argumentacia gazviadebulia. gadasaxadi amindiviTaa: adamianebi bevrs laparakoben masze, magram zemoqmedebas ver axdenen.
sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi, politikosebis msgavsad, dainteresebulni arian am sakiTxiT. dabegvris Teoria gveubneba, rom sagadasaxado sistemis moqmedebis sfero da misi efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens gadasaxadi individis qcevaze. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi mTel rig qcevebze moqmedebs _ samedicino momsaxurebis SeZenidan saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis moculobamde. Cven gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT
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ganvixilavT oTx mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: dabegvris zemoqmedebas Sromis miwodebaze, danazogze, sacxovrebliT sargeblobasa da gadawyvetilebebze portfelis Sesaxeb.
Sromis miwodeba
2002 wels daaxloebiT 134 milioni amerikeli muSaobda kviraSi 34 dRis ganmavlobaSi da saSualod 6 trilioni aSS dolaris odenobis xelfass iRebda, rac erovnuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 72%-s udrida [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 308, 319, 332]. axla ki ganvixiloT, rogor ganisazRvreba Sromis miwodeba da ra zegavlenas axdens masze gadasaxadi.
Teoriuli aspeqtebi
herkulesi iRebs gadawyvetilebas yovelkvireuli samuSao da Tavisufali saaTebis zusti raodenobis Sesaxeb. merve Tavi am arCevanis grafikul analizs gvTavazobs. gavixsenoT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:
grafiki 16.1
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sabazro da arasabazro seqtorSi (`Tavisufali dro~) muSaobis dro mTlian drod aris wodebuli. 16.1 grafikSi igi ganisazRvreba OT manZiliT horizontalur RerZze. Tavisufali drois garda, mTeli dro sabazro seqtorSi muSaobaze ixarjeba, amdenad, nebismieri wertili horizontalur RerZze rogorc Tavisufali saaTebis raodenobas, aseve samuSao saaTebis raodenobas uCvenebs. sabiujeto SezRudva uCvenebs Tavisufali droisa da xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis kombinacias individis saxelfaso ganakveTis mixedviT. Tu herkulesis saxelfaso saaTobrivi ganakveTi aris $w, maSin misi sabiujeto SezRudva iqneba wrfivi xazi, romlis daxriloba absolutur RirebulebaSi iqneba w. 16.1 grafikSi es warmodgenilia TD xaziT. sabiujeto SezRudvis konkretuli SerCeuli wertili damokidebulia individis gemovnebaze. davuSvaT, rom preferencia Tavisufali drois an Semosavlis mimarT warmodgenilia normaluri, amoburculi ganurCevlobis mrudiT. 16.1 grafikSi warmodgenilia sami aseTi i, ii da iii mrudi. herkulesi maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E1 wertilSi, sadac igi Tavisufal dros uTmobs OF saaTs, muSaobas _ FT saaTs, misi Semosavali ki OG-s tolia.
grafiki 16.2
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axla ki ganvixiloT gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba. davuSvaT, mTavroba daakanonebs Semosavlis dabegvras t ganakveTiT. gadasaxadi Sromis saaTobriv anazRaurebas $w-dan $(1 – t)w-mde amcirebs. herkulesi erTi Tavisufali saaTisaTvis uars ambobs $(1 – t)w xelfasze da ara - $w xelfasze. faqtobrivad, gadasaxadi Tavisufali drois erTi saaTis alternatiul Rirebulebas amcirebs. 16.2 grafikSi herkulesis sabiujeto SezRudva aRar aris TD, aramed - gluvi TH xazi, romlis daxriloba absolutur RirebulebaSi aris (1 – t)w. Tavdapirveli arCevani Semosavalsa da Tavisufal dros Soris, E1, axla ukve aRar moqmedebs. herkulesma unda airCios wertili TH wminda sabiujeto SezRudvis gaswvriv. 16.2 grafikSi es aris E2, sadac herkulesi Tavisufali drois OI saaTs moixmars, IT saaTebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs da misi Semosavali OG’-s udris. gadasaxadi herkulesis Sromis miwodebas FT saaTidan IT saaTamde amcirebs.
nuTu `keTilgonieri~ individi, proporciuli gadasaxadis dawesebis pasuxad, yovelTvis Seamcirebs SromiT miwodebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT poseidonis muSaobisa da Tavisufali drois grafiki. igi herkulesis analogiuri mTliani (dabegvramde) da wminda (dabegvris Semdeg) sabiujeto SezRudviT xasiaTdeba. gadasaxadis dawesebamde igi identuri raodenobis (FT) saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. rogorc 16.3 grafikSia mocemuli, dabegvris Semdeg poseidoni samuSao saaTebis raodenobas FT-dan JT-mde zrdis. es ar aris `arakeTilgonieri~ adamiani. adamiani, Tavisi gemovnebis mixedviT, gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg muSaobs mets, naklebs an imdenives.
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grafiki 16.3
zemoqmedebis Sedegi, marTlac, ganusazRvrelia, risi mizezic ori saxis zemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli konfliqtia. gaixseneT zegavlenis es ori saxe: Canacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqti. gadasaxadi wminda xelfasis moculobas amcirebs, amis Sedegad Tavisufali drois alternatiuli Rirebuleba mcirdeba da samuSao saaTebis Tavisufali droiT Canacvlebis cduneba Cndeba. es aris Canacvlebis efeqti, romelic Sromis miwodebas amcirebs. amave dros, gaixseneT, rom samuSao saaTebis nebismieri raodenobis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadi individis Semosavals amcirebs. Tavisufali dro ki Cveulebrivi saqonelia. amdenad, Semosavlis Semcireba Tavisufali drois moxmarebis masStabis Semcirebasac iwvevs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). magram Tavisufali drois Semcireba muSaobis zrdas gulisxmobs. amdenad, Semosavlis efeqti individs meti Sromisken ubiZgebs. amrigad, aRniSnuli ori efeqti sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT muSaobs. SeuZlebelia, mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze vimsjeloT, Tu romeli maTgani dominirebs. herkulesisaTvis (16.2 grafiki) mniSvnelovania Canacvlebis efeqti, xolo poseidonisaTvis (16.3 grafiki) ki _ Semosavlis efeqti. Semosavlisa da Canacvlebis efeqtis Sesaxeb ufro ganzogadebuli msjelobisaTvis ixileT wignis danarTi.
grafiki 16.4
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progresiuli gadasaxadis analizi Zalian hgavs proporciuli gadasaxadis analizs. davuSvaT, rom herkulesi Semdegi zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT ibegreba: t1-iT Semosavlis pirvel 5000 dolarze, t2-iT _ Semosavlis meore 5000 dolarze da t3-iT _ Semosavalze 10000 dolaris zemoT (SeniSneT msgavseba aSS-is gadasaxadTan, romelic Semosavlis TiToeul jgufs sxvadasxva zRvruli ganakveTebiT begravs). dabegvriswina sabiujeto xazi aris TD, romelic gamoxatulia 16.4 grafikSi. gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg sabiujeto SezRudva aris texili xazi TLMN. sanam moxdeboda 5000 dolari Semosavlis dabegvra, Tavisufali drois erTi saaTis alternatiuli Rirebuleba iyo (1 – t1)w, rac TL segmentis daxrilobis absolutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens. L wertilSi herkulesis Semosavali aris (1 – t1) X $5000. ML segmentze daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebulebaa (1 – t2)w. ML ufro gluvia, vidre TL, radgan t2 ufro metia, vidre t1. M wertilSi dabegvrisSemdgomi Semosavali aris (1 – t1) X $5000 + (1 – t2) X $5000; es aris Semosavali gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg, romelic L wertilSi mdebareobs, plus Semosavlis nazardi damatebiTi 5000 dolaris miRebis Semdeg, romelic ibegreba t2 ganakveTiT. dabolos, MN segmentis daxriloba aris (1 – t3)w, romelic ufro gluvia. upiratesobaTa mixedviT, herkuless SeuZlia, SeCerdes nebismier adgilas TLMN-ze. 16.4 grafikSi igi maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E4 wertilSi, romlis mixedviTac igi PT saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.
empiriuli Sedegebi
531
Cveni Teoriis Tanaxmad, individis gadawyvetileba Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa: (a) cvladebi, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen sabiujeto SezRudvaze, gansakuTrebiT wminda xelfasis1 SemTxvevaSi da (b) cvladebi, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen individis Tavisufali droisa da Semosavlis ganurCevlobis mrudze (asaki, sqesi, socialuri mdgomareoba). ekomonometrikosebi adgenen regresiis gantolebebs, romelSic wliuri samuSao saaTebi aseTi cvladebis funqcias warmoadgens. SefasebaTa umetesoba swored imitomaa gansxvavebuli, rom gansxvavebulia magaliTebi, periodebi, statistikuri teqnika. miuxedavad aseTi sxvadasxvaobisa, aRmoCenil iqna ori mniSvnelovani zogadi tendencia:
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20-dan 60 wlamde mamakacebis wminda saxelfaso cvlilebis zemoqmedeba samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze absolutur RirebulebaSi Zalian mcirea da statistikuradac umniSvneloa. elastiurobis racionaluri koeficienti daaxloebiT 0,05 iqneba. qalTa Sromis miwodebis elastiuroba farTod varirebs. miuxedavad amisa, daqorwinebuli qalebis gadawyvetileba samuSao saaTebis raodenobisa da SromiTi monawileobis Sesaxeb wminda saxelfaso cvlilebis mimarT erTob sensitiuria. elastiurobis koeficienti daaxloebiT 0,4 iqneba [Hyslop, 2001].
ramdenime varaudi
cxadia, ganxiluli Teoriuli da empiriuli Sedegebi ufro sasargebloa, vidre mecnierulad dausabuTebeli varaudi, romelic politikuri debatebis dros xSirad gvesmis. miuxedavad amisa, Cven unda verkveodeT zogierTi maTganis arsSi.
zemoqmedeba moTxovnaze. wina analizebSi ugulebelyofili iyo is zemoqmedeba, romelsac Sromis miwodebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba axdens bazarze arsebul moTxovnaze. davuSvaT, rom daojaxebuli qalebis gadasaxadebi ise Semcirda, rom maTi wminda xelfasi 4%-iT gaizarda. Sromis miwodebis elastiurobis koeficienti 0,4-ia, amitom samuSao saaTebi 4%-iT izrdeba. kompanias samuSao saaTebi arsebuli wminda xelfasiT rom aenazRaurebina, maSin, albaT, yvelaferi kargad damTavrdeboda. magram, rogorc wesi, Sromis miwodebis aseTi zrda iwvevs mTliani (daubegravi) xelfasis Semcirebas, rac wminda (dabegrili) xelfasis zrdas aneitralebs, amdenad, samuSao saaTebis saboloo zrda imaze naklebi iqneba, vidre Tavidan vvaraudobdiT.
1
sabiujeto SezRudvis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani determinanti aris araSromiTi Semosavali: dividendi, saprocento ganakveTi, satransfero gadaxdebi da a.S. araSromiTi Semosavali iwvevs sabiujeto SezRudvis paralelur gadaadgilebas; es aris mudmivi damateba Semosavalze samuSao saaTebis nebismieri raodenobis SemTxvevaSi.
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situacia ufro rTuldeba, rodesac gaviazrebT, rom aseTi cvlileba zemoqmedebas axdens sxva bazrebis moxmarebis struqturaze. ase magaliTad, Tu daojaxebuli qalis samuSao saaTebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, maSin gaizrdeba moTxovna bavSvis gazrdaze. ZiZis momsaxureba gaxdeba Zviri, rac TavisTavad zogierT mSobels mokle periodiT mainc uars aTqmevinebs samsaxurze. cxadia, vikvlevT ra bazrebis Sedegebs, Cven vxvdebiT, rom `zogadi wonasworobis~ miRweva Zalian rTulia. mkvlevarTa umetesoba ki fiqrobs, rom pirveli Sedegi yovelTvis saboloo Sedegis racionalur miaxloebas warmoadgens.
individualuri Tu jgufuri efeqti? am momentamde Cven alternatiuli sagadasaxado reJimebiT dabegvris SemTxvevaSi individis Sromis moculobaze vsaubrobdiT. rTulia am Sedegis gamoyeneba imis winaswar gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor Seicvleba momuSaveTa jgufis samuSao saaTebi mTlianad. sagadasaxado tarifebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi stimuli sxvadasxva adamianisaTvis sxvadasxvanairad icvleba. ase magaliTad, proporciuli gadasaxadidan progresiul gadasaxadze gadasvlis dros dabalSemosavliani momuSave fiqrobs, rom ibegreba dabali zRvruli ganakveTiT, rac sinamdvileSi ase ar aris (SedarebiT dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba maRalSemosavliani individi). ori jgufis Sromis miwodeba SesaZloa, absoluturad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gadaadgildes. swored amitom ZiriTadi Sedegis winaswarmetyveleba Zalian rTulia.
Sromis miwodebis sxva ganzomilebani. wliuri samuSao saaTebis raodenoba Sromis miwodebis mniSvnelovani da saintereso indikatoria. magram individis mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dro ar ganisazRvreba mxolod saaTebis im raodenobiT, romelic samsaxurSia gatarebuli. ganaTlebuli, janmrTeli da kargad motivirebuli momuSave ufro produqtiuli iqneba, vidre misi kolega, romelsac arc erTi Tviseba ar gaaCnia da imdenive saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadi aiZulebs individs, ganaTlebasa da unar-Cvevebis daxvewaSi naklebi kapitali Cados. ekonomikurma Teoriam gamoikvlia gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba adamianuri kapitalis (investicia, romelsac adamiani ganaTavsebs sakuTari mwarmoeblurobis gasazrdelad) akumulirebaze da gasaocar daskvnamde mivida.
heras surs samsaxurebrivi treningis programis gavla. davuSvaT, rom programa momavalSi heras Semosavlebs iseTi TanxiT gazrdis, romlis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris B. programaSi monawileobis Sedegad, hera kargavs drois garkveul nawils, romelsac igi dRes Semosavlis misaRebad iyenebs (drois Rirebuleba aris C. es aris xelfasis Rirebuleba, romelzec heram uari ganacxada). Tu hera keTilgonieria, maSin misi gadawyvetileba daefuZneba me-11 TavSi miTiTebuli investiciis kriteriums da programaSi monawileobas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiwyebs, Tu sargebeli aRemateba danaxarjs:
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B–C>0
(16.1)
axla ki davuSvaT, rom heras Semosavlebi t proporciuli ganakveTiT ibegreba. daibegreba heras maRali xelfasic, romelsac igi treningis damTavrebis Semdeg miiRebs. ra gamodis? amcirebs Tu ara gadasaxadi kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel programaSi monawileobis albaTobas? ara, ar amcirebs, gadasaxadebis dawesebis Semdeg hera ganagrZobs muSaobas. gadasaxadi, marTlac, amcirebs treningis programidan miRebul sargebels B-dan (1 – t)B-mde, magram, amave dros, is programis danaxarjsac amcirebs. gaixseneT, rom treningis programis danaxarji is xelfasia, romelzec heram uari ganacxada, treningSi monawileoba rom mieRo. es xelfasi daibegra, amdenad, hera axla uars ambobs ara C-ze, aramed (1 – t)C-ze. programaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas hera miiRebs imis mixedviT, aRemateba Tu ara wminda sargebeli wminda danaxarjs:
(1 - t ) B - (1 - t )C = (1 - t )( B - C ) > 0
(16.2)
erTi SexedviT Cans, rom (16.2) gantoleba (16.1) gantolebis ekvivalenturia. sargeblisa da danaxarjis nebismieri kombinacia, romelic misaRebi iyo saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebamde, analogiurad misaRebi iqneba sargeblis dawesebis Semdeg. am modelSi proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi Tanabrad amcirebs sargebelsa da danaxarjs da, amdenad, adamianuri kapitalis investiciaze zegavlenas ar axdens.
Cveni magaliTis ZiriTadi daSveba iyo is, rom Sromis miwodeba gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac ucvleli rCeba. davuSvaT, hera zrdis Sromis miwodebas (dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti). aseT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadi adamianuri kapitalis akumulaciis zrdas iwvevs. faqtobrivad, Sromis miwodeba adamianuri kapitalis investiciis gamoyenebis koeficients warmoadgens. Tu dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti da dabegvris Sedegad izrdeba Sromis miwodeba, ufro saintereso da momxiblavi xdeba adamianuri kapitalis investiciebi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) da piriqiT: Tu dominirebs Canacvlebis efeqti ise, rom mcirdeba gaweuli Sroma, maSin mcirdeba adamianuri resursebis akumulaciac.
es martivi magaliTi ugulebelyofs iseT aspeqtebs, rogoricaa:
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adamianuri kapitalis investiciis zusti ukugeba aravisTvisaa cnobili. rogorc am TavSi odnav mogvianebiT naxavT, sarisko ukugeba arTulebs dabegvris analizs. zogierTi adamianuri kapitalis investicia moiTxovs xelfasze (romelzec uari Tqva individma kvalifikaciis amaRlebis gamo) maRal danaxarjs, risi
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cxadi magaliTic aris kolejis gadasaxadi, romelic gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba. adamianur investiciaze sagadasaxado sistemis sxva aspeqtebic axdens zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad, fizikur investiciaze ukugebis gazrdili sagadasaxado ganakveTi (saprocento Semosavali da dividendi) adamianuri kapitalis investicias zrdis. faqtobrivad, fizikuri da adamianuri kapitali investirebis or alternatiul berketad moiazreba: erT maTganze gadasaxadis gazrda ufro mimzidvels xdis meores. (16.2) gantolebaSi mocemuli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, rodesac sagadasaxado sistema aris progresiuli, adamianuri kapitalis investiciis sargebeli da danaxarji sxvadasxva ganakveTebiT ibegreba.
aseTi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba ufro arTulebs models. mivdivarT im daskvnamde, romelic Tavdapirveladac aRvniSneT: Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, Semosavlis dabegvris zemoqmedeba adamianuri kapitalis akumulaciaze araerTmniSvnelovania. samwuxarod, am mimarTulebiT Zalian mcire empiriuli muSaobis Catarebaa SesaZlebeli.
sakompensacio paketi. Sromis miwodebis fundamenturi Teoriis mixedviT, Sromis anazRaurebis erTaderTi forma xelfasia. faqtobrivad, damqiravebeli xSirad sTavazobs daqiravebuls sakompensacio pakets, romelic moicavs aramxolod xelfass, aramed janmrTlobis dacvis momsaxurebas, pensias, sxvadasxva privilegiebs (kompaniis manqanis gamoyenebis ufleba, sportuli inventaris gamoyenebis ufleba da a.S.). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT wina TavSi, kompensaciis arasaxelfaso komponentTa umetesoba ar ibegreba. zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis daubegravi formebis momxibvlelobis xarisxi klebulobs da piriqiT. amdenad, sagadasaxado cvlileba SesaZloa, sakompensacio paketis Semadgenlobaze zemoqmedebdes. arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebuleba am mimarTulebiT. ase magaliTad, gruberisa da letaus [2000] mixedviT, janmrTelobis dazRvevis sagadasaxado subsidiis 10%iani zrdis SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniaTa raodenoba 3%-iT izrdeba.
danaxarjebi. Sromis miwodebisa da dabegvris standartuli analizi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gankargvis sakiTxs xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs. Semosavlebis nawili gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi produqtis SesaZenad, romlis xelmisawvdomobac samuSao gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebs. Tu sagadasaxado Semosavlebi rekreaciuli saSualebebis (erovnuli parkebi) mosawyobad gamoiyeneba, maSin, Cveni azriT, moTxovna Tavisufal droze gaizrdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). meore mxriv, bavSvis movlis saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji momuSave mSoblebis Sromis miwodebas zrdis. idealur SemTxvevaSi Cven unda ganvixiloT Sromis miwodebis Sedegebi mTliani biujetisaTvis da ara mxolod sagadasaxado seqtorisaTvis. praqtikulad, empiriulma mkvlevarebma bevri araferi ician imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo danaxarjebi samuSao gadawyvetilebebze. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor afasebs individi
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sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmarebas. ganvixileT sxvadasxva konteqstSi.
es
problema
Cven
ukve
ramdenjerme
Sromis miwodeba da sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
am momentamde Cven vcdilobdiT, dagvedgina Sromis miwodebis moculoba mocemuli sagadasaxado reJimis pirobebSi. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor varirebs gadasaxadebis amoReba sagadasaxado ganakveTTan erTad.
SexedeT SL Sromis miwodebis mruds 16.5 grafikze. igi nebismieri wminda xelfasis SemTxvevaSi, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, samuSaos optimalur raodenobas gviCvenebs. muSaobis saaTebis raodenoba wminda xelfasis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba _ dominirebs wonasworobis efeqti. daubegravi (mTliani) xelfasi w asocirebulia L0 samuSao saaTTan. cxadia, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTi nulia, maSin ver moxdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Segroveba. axla davuSvaT, rom Semosavalze wesdeba proporciuli t1 gadasaxadi. wminda xelfasi aris (1 – t1)w, xolo miwodebuli Sromis saaTebis raodenoba ki _ L1. amoRebuli gadasaxadi muSaobis erT saaTze dawesebuli gadasaxadisa (ab) da namuSevari saaTebis raodenobis namravls (ac), anu marTkuTxed abdc-s udris. gamodis, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTis t2-mde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavali eakf farTobs daikavebs. eakf aRemateba abdc-s _ maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi met sagadasaxado Semosavals uzrunvelyofs. yovelTvis izrdeba Tu ara saxelmwifo Semosavlebi sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdasTan erTad? ara. ase magaliTad, sagadasaxado ganakveT t3-is pirobebSi haji Semosavali ufro naklebia, vidre Semosavlebi, romelic miiReba ufro dabali t2 ganakveTis pirobebSi. t3 sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegvrisas saaTobrivi gadasaxadi Zalian maRalia, magram erTob mcirdeba samuSao saaTebis raodenoba; amdenad, sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da namuSevari saaTebis namravli Zalian mcirea. marTlac, rogorc ki sagadasaxado ganakveTi miaRwevs 100%-s, yvela adamiani wyvets muSaobas da sagadasaxado Semosavali 0%-mde klebulobs.
grafiki 16.5
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yovelive es kargada aris gamoxatuli 16.6 grafikze, romelic sagadasaxado ganakveTebs gviCvenebs horizontalur RerZze, sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ki _ vertikalurze. Zalian dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis pirobebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi Zalian dabalia. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebi da maqsimums tA ganakveTis pirobebSi aRwevs. tA ganakveTze maRali ganakveTis dawesebis Semdeg sagadasaxado Semosavlebi klebas iwyebs da sabolood nulamde midis. amdenad, nebismieri mTavrobisaTvis absurduli iqneba tA ganakveTze maRali ganakveTis danergva, radgan SesaZlebelia sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ise, rom saxelmwifom ar dakargos Semosavali.
grafiki 16.6
537
SexedeT 16.6 grafiks, romelic arsebuli politikuri uTanxmoebis centrSi imyofeba. ekonomist artur b. laferis [1979] kargad cnobili mosazrebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi tA wertilis marjvniv muSaobs. popularul presaSi sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da sagadasaxado Semosavlis damokidebuleba laferis mrudis saxeliTaa cnobili. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ar amcirebs _ ai, miwodebis ekonomikis axali idea da mniSvnelovani doqtrina, romelic pirvelad reiganis administraciam danerga da romelic dResac vaSingtonis politikuri debatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad iTvleba.
laferis mrudis irgvliv sxvadasxva erTob dabneuli da mosazreba arsebobs, romelTa Soris Cven ramdenimes gamovarCevdiT:
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damabneveli
Cveni martivi modelis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcireba an gazrda ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor akompensirebs samuSao saaTebis cvlileba sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebas. es ki Sromis miwodebis elastiurobis Seswavlis sagani, anu sajaro finansebis ekonomistTa kompetenciis areali aris. amrigad, laferis mrudis forma wminda xelfasis mimarT Sromis elastiurobiT ganisazRvreba.
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miwodebis ekonomikis zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom absurdulia Tavad idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba SesaZloa, iwvevdes sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdas. Tumca 16.6 grafiki gviCvenebs, rom, saerTod, dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs marTla SeuZlia sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrda. marTlac muSaobs Tu ara amerikis ekonomika tA wertilis marjvniv? es aris ufro empiriuli xasiaTis SekiTxva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, is ekonomistebi, romlebic swavloben gadasaxadebsa da Sromis miwodebas, SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom TiToeuli elastiurobis koeficienti sakmaod dabalia. amdenad, Tamamad SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom ekonomika ar funqcionirebs tA wertilis marjvniv. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba, rogorc wesi, Sromis miwodebis gaTavisuflebis gziT TviTdafinansebas ise ver axorcielebs, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ar daeces. Sromis miwodebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba ar aris erTaderTi maCvenebeli imisa, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gazrdili sagadasaxado ganakveTi sagadasaxado Semosavalze. rogorc viciT, ganakveTebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia, xelfasi Semosavlis daubegravi formebiT Caanacvlos. gamodis, rom Sromis fiqsirebuli miwodebis pirobebSic ki sagadasaxado Semosavlebi mcirdeba. garda amisa, individs (gansakuTrebiT ki maRalSemosavlian individs) Tavisuflad SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavali kapitalis Semosavlis daubegravi formebiT (Semosavali municipaluri obligaciidan) Caanacvlos. garda amisa, gadasaxadebis zrdis Semdeg individi meti Semosavlis dafarvas daiwyebs. sagadasaxado ukugebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis damuSavebis Semdeg gruberi da saezi [2002] askvnian, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTi dasabegr Semosavalze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens, gansakuTrebiT maRalSemosavliani individebis SemTxvevaSi. maTi SefasebiT, 40%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis 30%-mde SemcirebiT maRalSemosavliani individis dasabegri Semosavali daaxloebiT 9%-iT izrdeba. meore mxriv, gadasaxadebis Semcireba TviTdafinansebas ver uzrunvelyofs. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom reaqcia sagadasaxado cvlilebaze ufro metia, vidre gruberi da saezi angariSoben, xolo, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, reaqcia naklebia. Tumca, zogadad, Teoria friad mniSvnelovan politikur postulats uzrunvelyofs: Semosavlebis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi yvela jgufisa da Semosavlis yvela formis mimarT Tanabari ar aris. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis Semdeg sagadasaxado Semosavlebi Tundac ar gaizardos, es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom Tavad sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis faqti arasasurvelia. rogorc wina TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema socialuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis farTo asortimentis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo seqtori Zalian gaberilia, albaT, moxaruli iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemcirebiT.
mimoxilva
gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis ekonomikuri Teoria gvTavazobs saWiro cvladebs, Tumca ar gveubneba zust pasuxs. ekonometrikuli kvleva miuTiTebs imaze, rom gadasaxadebi arsebiTad ver axdens zemoqmedebas axalgazrda mamakacebis samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tumca, meore mxriv,
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gadasaxadebi amcirebs daojaxebuli qalis SromiTi monawileobis masStabs da samuSao saaTebis raodenobas. ar aris kargad gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis masStabi Sromis miwodebis sxva ganzomilebebze (saganmanaTleblo da samsaxurebrivi treningi). arc is viciT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado sistema daqiravebulis damokidebulebis, samsaxurebrivi Cvevisa da socialuri normis ganviTarebaze.
politikosTa erTi jgufis azriT, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi individi imdens imuSavebs, rom xazinis sagadasaxado Semosavali ar Semcirdeba. Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom aseTi efeqtis albaToba naklebia. Tumca Tavad is mosazreba, rom gadasaxadebis Semcireba TviTdafinansebis efeqtiT xasiaTdeba, misasalmebelia mas Semdeg, rac gaviazrebT, rom individs dasabegri Semosavlis formebis daubegravi Semosavlis formebiT Canacvleba Tavisuflad SeuZlia.
danazogi
dabegvra zemoqmedebas axdens danazogze. danazogis Sesaxeb arsebul Tanamedrove kvlevaTa umetesoba sasicocxlo ciklis models emyareba, romlis Tanaxmad, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi individis gadawyvetileba moxmarebisa da danazogis Sesaxeb dagegmvis Sedegs warmoadgens, romelic individis sasicocxlo ciklis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikur pirobebs moicavs [Browning and Crossley, 2001]. individis mier yovelwliurad dazogili Tanxis moculoba damokidebulia aramxolod im wlis Semosavalze, aramed momaval wels mosalodnel da wina wels miRebul Semosavalzec. axla danazogze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad sasicocxlo ciklis modeli ganvixiloT.
grafiki 16.7
540
skruji ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs: `axla~ (0 periodi) da `momavalSi~ (1 periodi). skrujis axlandeli Semosavali I0 dolaria da man icis, rom misi Semosavali momavalSi iqneba I1 dolari (`axla~ gulisxmobs muSaobis periods, rodesac SromiTi Semosavali I0 dolaria; `momavali~ ki sapensio periodia, rodesac I1 dolari aris fiqsirebuli sapensio Semosavali). skrujma unda gadawyvitos, ramdeni daxarjos TiToeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. mas Semdeg, rac skruji miiRebs gadawyvetilebas xarjvis moculobis Sesaxeb, igi, amavdroulad, miiRebs gadawyvetilebas danazogisa da sesxis moculobis Sesaxebac. Tu periodis ganmavlobaSi skrujis moxmareba mis Semosavals aRemateba, skrujma unda isesxos, xolo Tu misi moxmareba ufro naklebia, vidre Semosavali, maSin skrujs SeuZlia danazogis gakeTeba.
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb analizis pirveli safexuri skrujis mimdinare da momavali moxmarebis SesaZlo kombinaciis grafikuli gamosaxvaa _ es aris skrujis sabiujeto SezRudva. 16.7 grafikze amJamindeli moxmarebis moculoba, c0, horizontalur zRvarze izomeba, xolo momavali moxmareba, c1 ki _ vertikalur zRvarze. erT-erTi alternativa aseTia: skruji mTel Semosavals xarjavs _ I0 Semosavals axla da I1 Semosavals _ momavalSi. aseTi kavSiri Sualedur wertilad iwodeba da 16.7 grafikSi A wertiliTaa gamoxatuli. am wertilSi skruji arc danazogs akeTebs da arc fuls sesxulobs.
541
skrujis meore alternativa aseTia: dazogos dRevandeli Semosavlidan, imitom rom gazardos moxmareba momavalSi. davuSvaT, skruji am periodSi dazogavs S dolars. Tu igi danazogis investirebas iseT aqtivSi ganaxorcielebs, romelic mas r ukugebis ganakveTs moutans, maSin skrujis momavali moxmareba (1 + r)S-iT gaizrdeba _ ZiriTad S Tanxas plus saprocento Semosavali rS. S-iT amJamindeli moxmarebis moculobis Semcirebis Sedegad skruji momavalSi moxmarebas (1 + r)S-iT zrdis. aseTi SesaZlebloba grafikulad warmoadgenilia S dolaris A Sualeduri wertilidan marcxniv gadaadgilebiT da (1 + r)S dolariT ganTavsebiT mis maRla, rac 16.7 grafikSi D wertils emTxveva.
garda amisa, skrujs SeuZlia, moixmaros I0-ze meti Tanxis moculoba axla, Tu mas momavalSi SeuZlia Tanxis sesxeba. davuSvaT, rom skruji fuls sesxulobs imave r saprocento ganakveTiT, ra ganakveTiTac gaasesxebs. davuSvaT, skruji sesxulobs B dolars, romelsac daamatebs axlandel saxarjo Tanxas. ramdenad unda Seamciros skrujma moxmareba momavalSi? momavalSi xom mas B Tanxis gadaxda uwevs, rasac rB saprocento ganakveTi daemateba. amdenad, skrujs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia amJamindeli moxmarebis B TanxiT gazrda, Tu igi mzadaa, momavali moxmareba B+rB=(1+R)B TanxiT Seaciros. grafikulad am procesis Sedegad B gadaadgildeba Sualeduri wertilidan marjvniv, Semdeg ki (1+ r)B dolari ganTavsdeba mis qvemoT, rac 16.7 grafikSi F wertils emTxveva.
S-isa da B-is sxvadasxva sidideTa analogiuri gamoTvlis SemTxvevaSi Cven momavalSi praqtikulad SesaZlebeli moxmarebis moculobas ganvsazRvravT. am procesSi Cven SevxvdebiT MN sabiujeto mruds, romelic A Sualedur wertilze gadis da misi daxriloba absolutur RirebulebaSi aris 1+ r. rogorc yovelTvis, sabiujeto mrudis daxriloba warmoadgens erTi saqonlis alternatiul Rirebulebas meore saqonlis mimarT. 1+r daxriloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom 1 dolaris amJamindeli moxmarebis Rirebuleba aris momavalSi im moxmarebis 1+r dolari, romelzec uaris Tqma gviwevs2. MN uCvenebs kompromiss moxmarebaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, amdenad, igi intertemporaluri sabiujeto SezRudvis saxeliT sargeblobs.
MN-is gaswvriv arCevanis gansasazRvrad warmovidginoT skrujis preferencia momaval da mimdinare moxmarebas Soris, romlebic warmodgenilia 2
axla ki sabiujeto mrudi warmovadginoT algebrulad. SeniSneT, rom skrujis fundamenturi SezRudva aris is, rom misi moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba udris misi Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebas (ix. me-11 Tavi mimdinare Rirebulebis ganmartebisaTvis). misi moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris c0 + c1 (1 + r ) , xolo misi Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebuleba ki _ I 0 + I1 (1 + r ) . amdenad, c0-sa da c1-s Soris skrujis mier gakeTebuli arCevani unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg gantolebas:
c0 + c1 (1 + r ) = I 0 + I 1 (1 + r ) . mkiTxvels SeuZlia, darwmundes, rom c0-sa da c1-s funqcia aris swori xazi, romlis daxriloba aris (1 + r ) da romelic gadis I0,I1 wertilze. 542
pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis mrudebiT. 16.8 grafikSi skrujis sabiujeto SezRudva aris MN, xolo i, ii da iii ki indiferentulobis mrudebia. individi, zogadad, upiratesobas moxmarebis met masStabebs aniWebs, vidre mcire masStabebs. amdenad, CrdiloaRmosavleTisaken mimarTuli mrudebi sargeblianobis maRal doneze miuTiTebs.
skruji maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E1 wertilSi, sadac misi moxmareba aris
c 0*
axla da
c1* ki _ momavalSi. am informaciis safuZvelze advilia
davadginoT, Tu ra Tanxas dazogavs skruji. mimdinare Semosavali, I0, aRemateba mimdinare moxmarebas, c0* -s, amdenad, danazogi gautoldeba I0 - c0* -s.
Cven imas ki ar vamtkicebT, rom dazogva yovelTvis racionaluria. Tu umaRlesi SesaZlebeli ganurCevlobis mrudi sabiujeto mruds A wertilis qvemoT exeba, maSin gamodis, rom mimdinare moxmareba aRemateba I0-s da skruji iZulebuli gaxdeba, isesxos fuli. ubralod, Cveni analizis pirobaa, rom skruji zogavs fuls; ise ki zustad analogiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba saWiro, Tu skruji msesxeblad iqneba warmodgenili.
grafiki 16.8
543
axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba danazogis moculoba, rodesac procentebidan miRebuli Semosavali proporciuli gadasaxadiT ibegreba3. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba Tu ara msesxeblis saprocento gadaxdebi. 1986 wlis sagadasaxado reformamde saprocento gadaxdebi eqvemdebareboda gamoqviTvas. SeuZlia Tu ara gadasaxadis gadamxdels, gamoqviTos saprocento gadaxdebi? moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi am sakiTxze. pasuxi damokidebulia bevr sxva pirobaze, maT Soris imaze, flobs Tu ara saxls gadasaxadis gadamxdeli (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. wina Tavi). amdenad, upriani iqneba, gavaanalizoT danazogze zemoqmedebis masStabi orive SemTxvevaSi.
SemTxveva I: gamoqviTvadi saprocento gadaxdebi da procentebidan miRebuli dasabegri Semosavali. SexedeT 16.8 grafiks. rogor icvleba grafikze sabiujeto mrudi, rodesac procenti r ganakveTis proporciuli gadasaxadiT ibegreba da msesxeblis mier saprocento gadaxda ki gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba? 16.9 grafikSi mocemulia 16.7 figuridan nasesxebi mTliani sabiujeto SezRudva MN. aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda sabiujeto SezRudvac aucileblad unda gadiodes Sualedur wertilze (I0, I1). procenti SesaZloa, ibegrebodes, an ar ibegrebodes, analogiurad, skrujis yovelTvis SeuZlia, arc isesxos fuli da arc gaasesxos.
grafiki 16.9
3
Cven SegveZlo, ubralod, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganxilva, romelic, procentebidan miRebuli Semosavlis garda, moicavs xelfass, magram es gaarTulebda analizs.
544
dan
gadasaxadi amcirebs damzogvelis mier miRebul saprocento ganakveTs r(1 –t)r-mde. amdenad, dRes moxmarebuli erTi dolaris alternatiuli
Rirebuleba momavalSi mxolod [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolaria. amave dros, procentis TiToeuli gadaxdili dolarisaTvis dasabegri Semosavlidan skrujis 1 dolaris gamoqviTva SeuZlia. dabali gadasaxadebis SemTxvevaSi skrujisaTvis gamoqviTvis Rirebuleba aris $t. amdenad, sesxis efeqtiani ganakveTi aris (1 - t)r . mimdinare moxmarebis Rirebulebis zrda erTi dolariT, momavali moxmarebis konteqstSi, mxolod [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolars udris, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom sabiujeto mrudi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg garkveuli daxrilobiT xasiaTdeba, romlis absoluturi Rirebuleba aris [1 + (1 - t )r ].
sabiujeto mrudi (I0, I1) wertilebze gaivlis da misi daxriloba aris
[1 + (1 - t )r ] , rac 16.9 grafikSi PAQ-Tia gamosaxuli. pozitiuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi igi ufro gluvi iqneba manam, vidre gadasaxadebis mTliani sabiujeto mrudi udris MAN-s.
analizis
dasasruleblad
davxazoT
ganurCevlobis
mrudebi.
optimumi miiRweva Et wertilSi, sadac mimdinare moxmareba aris
axali
t 0
c , xolo
t 1
momavali moxmareba ki _ c . rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, danazogi axlac udris
545
mimdinare moxmarebasa da mimdinare Semosavals Soris arsebul sxvaobas, anu
c 0t I 0 manZils. SeniSneT, rom c 0t I 0 manZili ufro naklebia, vidre c0* I 0 manZili (anu dazogili Tanxa gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde). procentze dawesebuli gadasaxadi danazogis moculobas c 0* c0t manZiliT amcirebs.
grafiki 16.10
aRsaniSnavia, rom danazogis moculoba yovelTvis ar klebulobs. rogorc sapirispiro magaliTi, axla ganvixiliT 16.10 grafiki, sadac mTliani da wminda sabiujeto mrudebi 16.9 grafikSi mocemuli sabiujeto mrudebis identuria. identuria E1 wertilSi miRweuli dabegvramdeli wonasworobac. Tumca adgili
~
aqvs axal Sexebas E wertilTan, romelic E1 wertilidan marcxniv mdebareobs.
c0 , xolo momavali moxmareba ki ~ c1. aseT SemTxvevaSi mimdinare moxmareba aris ~ procentze
dawesebuli
gadasaxadi,
faqtobrivad,
c 0* I 0 -dan
danazogs. amdenad, procentis dabegvris Sedegad danazogi mcirdeba da es individis preferenciebzea damokidebuli.
~ c0* I 0 -mde zrdis an
izrdeba,
an
zemoqmedebis or gansxvavebul formas Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gamo or gansxvavebul Sedegs viRebT. erTi mxriv, procentis dabegvra mimdinare
546
moxmarebis alternatiul Rirebulebas amcirebs, romelic zrdis c0-s da amcirebs danazogis moculobas. es aris Canacvlebis efeqti, romelic aqtualuri xdeba, radgan gadasaxadi c1-s mimarT c0-is fass cvlis. meore mxriv, is faqti, rom procenti daibegra, arTulebs gamsesxeblis mier moxmarebis miznis miRwevas momavalSi. es aris Semosavlis efeqti, romelic aqtualuri xdeba imis gamo, rom gadasaxadi realur Semosavals amcirebs. Tu mimdinare moxmareba aris Cveulebrivi saqoneli, maSin Semosavlis Semcirebis Sedegad Semcirdeba c0-c da, amdenad, gaizrdeba danazogi. rogorc Sromis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, am SemTxvevaSic mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia, davadginoT, Tu romeli efeqti _ Canacvlebis efeqti Tu Semosavlis efeqti dominirebs.
Tu Tqven araadekvaturad geCvenebaT azri imis Sesaxeb, rom procentis gazrdili dabegvris SemTxvevaSi individi, faqtobrivad, aamaRlebs danazogis moculobas, maSin gavaanalizoT `miznobrivi Semgroveblis~ SemTxveva. `miznobrivi Semgroveblis~ mizani momavalSi zustad gansazRvruli masStabis, arc metis da arc naklebis, moxmarebis uzrunvelyofaa. davuSvaT, deda agrovebs fuls imisaTvis, rom momavalSi Svilebs kolejis gadasaxadi gadauxados. Tu sagadasaxado ganakveTi gaizrdeba, maSin dedas isRa darCenia, Tanxis meti moculoba dazogos da piriqiT. amdenad, miznobrivi damzogvelisaTvis danazogi da dabegvrisSemdgomi saprocento ganakveTi mopirdapire mimarTulebiT moZraoben.
SemTxveva II: dauqviTavi saprocento gadaxdebi da procentebidan miRebuli dasabegri Semosavali. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba sabiujeto SezRudva, rodesac procenti t ganakveTiT ibegreba, magram msesxebels ar SeuZlia, gamoqviTos saprocento gadaxdebi dasabegri Semosavlidan. grafiki 16.11 dabegvramdel sabiujeto SezRudvas (MN) 16.7 grafikidan iRebs. rogorc es I SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, dabegvrisSemdgomi sabiujeto SezRudva unda moicavdes Sualedur wertils (I0, I1). axla ki daviwyoT Sualeduri wertilidan da davuSvaT, rom skruji gadawyvets 1 dolaris dazogvas. amgvarad, igi A wertilidan marcxniv 1 dolariT gadaadgildeba. procenti ibegreba, amdenad, mas SeuZlia, rom momaval periodSi moxmareba gazardos [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolariT. A wertilidan marcxniv mimdinare moxmarebis 1 dolariT zrdis alternatiuli Rirebuleba aris momavali moxmarebis [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolari. amrigad, sabiujeto SezRudvis daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba A wertilidan marcxniv aris
[1 + (1 - t )r ] , rac 16.9 grafikSi zustad emTxveva dabegvrisSemdgomi sabiujeto SezRudvis PA segments.
grafiki 16.11
547
axla ki davuSvaT, rom Sualedur wertilTan skrujim gadawyvita, isesxos 1 dolari, anu A wertilidan 1 dolariT marjvniv gadaadgildes. procenti gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba. amdenad, sagadasaxado sistema zemoqmedebas ar axdens sesxis Rirebulebaze. skrujis mier 1 dolari sesxis aRebis Rirebuleba momavali moxmarebis (1 + r ) dolars udris, anu imdenives, ramdensac procentis dabegvramde udrida. amrigad, A wertilis marjvniv mimdinare Rirebulebis 1 dolariT zrdis alternatiuli Rirebuleba
(1 + r ) dolars udris, rac NM
dabegvramdeli sabiujeto SezRudvis AM segments zustad emTxveva.
amrigad, vajamebT ra miRebul Sedegebs, vaskvniT, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu procentiT miRebuli Semosavali ibegreba, magram gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba saprocento gadaxdebi, intertemporaluri sabiujeto SezRudva qmnis gardatexis wertils. Sualeduri wertilis marcxniv daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba udris [1 + (1 - t )r ] -s, marjvniv ki _ (1 + r ) -s. ra zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba danazogze? Tu skruji iqneboda msesxeblis ampluaSi gadasaxadis dawesebamde, maSin sistema ar moaxdenda aranair zegavlenas masze; anu Tu skruji gadasaxadis dawesebamde sargeblianobis maqsimizacias AM segmentis gaswvriv ecdeboda, gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac zustad aseve moiqceoda. meore mxriv, Tu skruji damzogvelis ampluaSi iyo gadasaxadis dawesebamde, maSin unda Seicvalos misi arCevani mimdinare da samomavlo moxmarebas Soris, radgan NA
548
segmentze arsebuli wertilebi aRar iqneba misTvis xelmisawvdomi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 16.9 da 16.10 grafikebis analizis dros SeuZlebelia, apriori viwinaswarmetyveloT, ras izams skruji: dazogavs ufro met Tanxas, Tu - ufro mcire Tanxas. misi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli efeqti dominirebs skrujis SemTxvevaSi: Semosavlis Tu Canacvlebis efeqti.
zogierTi damatebiTi aspeqti. martivi orperiodiani modeli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel seriozul aspeqtebs ugulebelyofs:
·
·
·
·
realuri
Cveulebriv, analizi formulirebuli unda iyos realuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare _ swored ukugebis realuri wminda ganakveTi marTavs individis qmedebebs. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, didi yuradRebiT unda Seswordes ukugebis nominaluri ganakveTi, romelic inflaciis dros bazarze fiqsirdeba. modelis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi aqtivis dazogva da danazogis ukugeba dabegrilia erTi da imave ganakveTiT. realur samyaroSi Zalian bevri aqtivi arsebobs da TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTdeba Tavisi dabegvriswina ganakveTiT. ufro metic, rogorc aRvniSneT wina TavSi, sxvadasxva aqtivis ganakveTebi sxvadasxva ganakveTiT ibegreba. amdenad, erTob martivi midgomaa imaze msjeloba, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens ukugebis ukve dabegrili ganakveTis cvlileba danazogze. modeli fokusirebulia mxolod kerZo seqtorSi dazogvaze. arada, Zalian mniSvnelovani cvladia socialuri danazogi, romelic saxelmwifo da kerZo danazogis jams warmoadgens. Tu saxelmwifo iRebs maRal Semosavals saprocento gadasaxadidan, maSin sazogadoebrivi danazogi gaizrdeba, Tundac Semcirdes kerZo danazogi. sasicocxlo ciklis modelis adekvaturobaSi zogierT mkvlevars eWvi Seaqvs. sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, adamiani SorsmWvretelia; kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom realistur samyaroSi adamiani ufro axlomxedvelia, vidre SorsmWvreteli. sasicocxlo ciklis modelis Tanaxmad, individi Tavisuflad iRebs sesxs da Tavisuflad asesxebs arsebuli saprocento ganakveTis pirobebSi; kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom Zalian bevrs ar SeuZlia, isesxos fuli. cxadia, arc sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis momxreni da arc misi mowinaaRmdegeni marTalni ar arian srulad. mocemul periodSi zogierTi ojaxis qmedeba aixsneba am modelis mier, xolo zogierTi ojaxis qmedeba ki `axlomxedveluri~, anu SezRuduli iqneba. ukanasknel periodSi, aSS-is monacemebis kvlevis dros, kingma [1993] daaskvna, rom momxmarebelTa umetesoba (daaxloebiT 90%) sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTezis Tanaxmad moqmedebs.
sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis garSemo arsebuli seriozuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, zogierTi ekonomisti fiqrobs, rom es hipoTeza yvelaze kargad asaxavs realobas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cveni Teoriuli analizis ZiriTadi Sedegi aseTia: dabegvris zemoqmedebis winaswar ganWvreta danazogze empiriuli muSaobis Catarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
ekonometrikuli kvleva danazogis Sesaxeb
549
dabegvris danazogze zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad ramdenime ekonometrikuli kvleva Catarda. tipur kvlevaSi danazogis moculoba aris marcxena cvladi, xolo ganmartebiTi cvladebi ki _ danazogis ukugebis ganakveTi, wminda Semosavali da sxva cvladebi, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdens danazogze. Tu ukugebis ganakveTis koeficienti pozitiuria, maSin SesaZloa, davaskvnaT, rom gadasaxadebis cvlileba (romelic amcirebs ukugebis ganakveTs) amcirebs danazogs da piriqiT.
rTulia sistemis Camoyalibeba. faqtobrivi sabazro ukugebis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia dakvirvebis qveS myofi sabazro ganakveTidan mosalodneli inflaciis ganakveTis gamokleba. savaraudod, individis molodini damyarebulia warsul gamocdilebasa da momavlis prognozze, Tumca aravin icis, Tu rogora aris igi formirebuli. mosalodneli inflaciis ganakveTis gamosaTvlelad Catarebuli alternatiul meTodebze dafuZnebuli kvlevebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs gvTavazobdnen.
aseTi problemebis gamo ekonomistebma stabilurad ver Seafases gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba danazogze. bernheimis kvleva [1999] miuTiTebs, rom dabegvrisSemdomi ukugebis ganakveTis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba an Zalian mcirea, an TiTqmis ar arsebobs. amrigad, realur samyaroSi Semosavlisa da Canacvlebis efeqti met-naklebad awonasworebs erTmaneTs.
preferenciuli danazogis angariSi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arsebobs specialuri angariSebi, romlebic sagadasaxado reJimis TvalsazrisiT preferenciulia da gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier danazogis deponirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kius angariSebi, 401 (k) gegmebi da sxvadasxva individualuri sapensio angariSebi (IRA) erTmaneTisagan detalebiT gansxvavdeba, maT axasiaTebT saerTo atributi: aseT angariSze xdeba dabegvramdeli saprocento ganakveTis akumulireba, xolo angariSze gansaTavsebeli maqsimaluri wliuri Tanxa ki kanoniTaa dadgenili. unda gaizardos Tu ara Senatanis moduloba? unda mieces Tu ara individs imis saSualeba, rom meti Tanxa ganaTavsos preferenciul angariSze? am sakiTxebs gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT 2003 wels moekidnen, rodesac prezidentma buSma IRA-s gafarToebis Taobaze winadadeba wamoayena, rac gulisxmobda rogorc Tanxis wliuri limitis gazrdas (3000-dan 7000 aSS dolaramde), aseve TiToeuli ojaxisaTvis IRA angariSis gaxsnis uflebamosilebis miniWebas (moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, maRalSemosavlian ojaxs ara aqvs am angariSiT sargeblobis ufleba).
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warmoadgens Tu ara preferenciul angariSze deponirebuli Tanxebi axal Semosavals? Tu individi fuls ubralod inaxavs am anagariSze, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi sxva formiT Seinaxavda? sxvadasxva mkvlevari radikalurad gansxvavebul daskvnamde midis. ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom rTulia imis dadgena, Tu ra iwvevs danazogis mravalferovnebas: adamianTa gemovneba Tu preferenciuli danazogis angariSis arseboba? davuSvaT, rom zogierTi adamiani zrdis rogorc preferenciul angariSze deponirebuli danazogis moculobas, aseve sxva aqtivis moculobas, erTi mkvlevari daaskvnis: `es miuTiTebs imaze, rom preferenciuli angariSi warmoadgens axal danazogs, imitom rom preferenciuli aqtivi gaizarda ise, rom ar Semcirebula sxva danazogi”. meore mkvlevari ki upasuxebs: `sulac ara! ubralod am xalxs Zalian unda dazogos Tanxa da gazardos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivebis raodenoba~. hubardma da skinerma [1996] mimoixiles IRA-s Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura da mividnen im daskvnamde, rom axal danazogze IRA-ze deponirebuli TiToeuli dolaridan 26 centi modis.
mTeli am diskusiis manZilze moiazreboda, rom preferenciuli danazogis angariSebis administraciuli detalebi ararelevanturia. ganvixiloT ori SesaZlo scenari. 1. Tqveni ufrosi Semodis da geubnebaT, rom igi gagixsniT 401 (k) angariSs (gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom 401 (k) gegma warmoadgens preferenciuli danazogis angariSs, romelic waagavs tradiciul IRA-s). imisaTvis, rom TqvenTvis ufrosma gaxsnas 401 (k) angariSi, Tqven unda SeavsoT ganacxadis forma, romliTac sTxovT ufross, gagixsnaT angariSi. 2. Tqveni ufrosi Semodis TqvenTan da geubnebaT, rom gagixsniT 401 (k) angariSs. Tu Tqven ar gsurT am angariSis gaxsna, maSin Tqven unda SeavsoT ganacxadis forma, romliTac sTxovT ufross, ar gaxsnas 401 (k) angariSi TqvenTvis. pirobiTi ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT, orive SemTxvevaSi Sedegi absoluturad identuri unda iyos _ Tqven ubalod daafiqsirebT, gindaT Tu ara am angariSiT sargebloba da miiRebT Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas. alternativa `dumilis mixedviT” ki sruliad sxva Sedegs gviCvenebs. Coim da sxvebma [2001] Caatares kvleva, romlis Tanaxmadac, arCevanis gakeTebis procesSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs alternativaTa wardgenis formas. kompaniaSi, romelSic daqiravebulebs sTxoves, gamxdariyvnen 401 (k) programis monawileebi, 12 Tvis Semdeg monawileTa procentuli raodenoba 42 iyo. meore kompaniaSi ki, romelic daqiravebuls avtomaturad uxsnida 401 (k) angariSs (garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu daqiravebuli uars ar ganacxadebda am SeTavazebaze), 401 (k) programaSi monawileobis procentuli maCvenebeli 12 Tvis Semdeg 85,3 iyo. amdenad, `dumilis mixedviT~ SeTavazebul alternativas seriozuli zemoqmedeba SeuZlia gadawyvetilebebze danazogis akumulirebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, aucilebelia am faqtoris gaTvaliswineba dazogvis stimulis formirebis procesSi. ufro metic, imisaTvis, rom kargad SevigrZnoT, Tu rogor miiReba gadawyvetileba danazogis Sesaxeb, aucilebelia, gavcdeT pirobiTi ekonomikuri modelebis CarCos da gaviTvaliswinoT is fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, romlebic xSirad ignorirebulia ekonomistTa mier. dRes am sakiTxze seriozuli kvlevebi mimdinareobs (ix. Choi et al.).
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gadasaxadebi da kapitalis nakleboba
kapitalis Semosavlis dabegvra mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxia. danazogis Semcirebis gziT sagadasaxado sistemas kapitalis naklebobamde mivyavarT _ kapitalis nakleboba aris arasakmarisi kapitali saxelmwifo `saWiroebaTa~ dasakmayofileblad.
ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom aravin icis, amcirebs Tu ara dabegvra danazogis moculobas. davuSvaT, rom danazogi, marTlac, mcirdeba gadasaxadebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, sanam kapitalis bazari konkurentulia, danazogis kleba sainvesticio fondebis moTxovnasa da maT miwodebas Soris deficits ar warmoSobs. piriqiT, saprocento ganakveTi ise iqneba koreqtirebuli, rom wonasworobaSi movides miwodeba da moTxovna. cxadia, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi axali wonasworobis Semadgeneli nawili investiciis ufro dabali ganakveTi iqneba, rac, savaraudod, mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Semcirebamde migviyvans.
Tumca arasamarTliani iqneba mxolod am sakiTxebis safuZvelze msjeloba. nebismieri faqtoris dabegvra wonasworobas Seamcirebs. ufro mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, qmnis Tu ara kapitalis Semosavlis dabegvra ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs, vidre sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis sxva gza. me-19 TavSi gaecnobiT saubrebs imis Sesaxeb, gaizrdeba Tu ara ekonomikuri efeqtianoba kapitalis gadasaxadis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi. sanam am saubrebs gavecnobiT, kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT imas, rom investiciis maRali ganakveTi ar aris nanatri mizani. utilitaruli gadmosaxedidan, kapitalis akumulireba individis keTildReobis gazrdis saSualebas warmoadgens da ara saboloo mizans.
dabolos, argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom danazogis stimuli zrdis ZiriTad kapitals, efuZneba im daSvebas, rom investicia damokidebulia danazogis sakuTar ganakveTze: mTliani erovnuli danazogi nawildeba erovnul investiciaSi. aseTi ram im ekonomikaSi ufro xdeba, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan axlosaa. Ria ekonomikaSi SesaZlebelia Sida danazogis ucxoeTSi investireba. danazogis stimulirebis mizniT formirebulma sagadasaxado politikam SesaZloa, Sida investiciis zrda ver uzrunvelyos. investicia Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebze da ufro da ufro mimzidvel sainvesticio SesaZleblobas eZiebs. swored amitom sagadasaxado politikis unari, waaxalisos investicia danazogis gazrdis gziT, erTob SezRudulia.
ekonometrikul kvlevaTa umetesoba asabuTebs, rom maRali Sida danazogis mqone qveynebSi arsebobs maRali Sida investicia da piriqiT. cxadia, SesaZloa am monacemis sxvanairi interpretacia, Tumca am momentSi igi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
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danazogi ver gadaadgildeba qveynidan qveyanaSi ise Tavisuflad, rogorc Seefereba srulyofilad integrirebul msoflio kapitalis bazars (Obstfeld and Rogoff [1996, me-3 Tavi]). vidre danazogi da Sida investicia urTierTdakavSirebulia, sagadasaxado politika, romelic danaxarjze axdens zemoqmedebas, imoqmedebs investiciazec. zemoqmedebis masStabi ki ufro mcirea, vidre mTlianad Caketil ekonomikas Seefereba.
gadawyvetilebani sacxovreblis Sesaxeb
rodesac vsaubrobT kapitalis naklebobaze, Cven, rogorc wesi, vzrunavT kapitalis im moculobaze, romelic saWiroa produqciis sawarmoeblad. kapitalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani forma sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebia. sagadasaxado kodeqss mTliani danazogis investiciis sxvadasxva tipis mixedviT ganawilebis mimarTulebebze mcire zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra preferenciiT aRWuravs sagadasaxado kodeqsi binaTmSeneblobaSi Cadebul investicias.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis ilustrireba sacxovreblis investirebaze upriani iqneba magaliTis saSualebiT. makbeti flobs saxls da surs misi gaqiraveba. ra iqneba misi wminda Semosavali? makbeti iRebs qiras, Tumca, amave dros, iZulebulia, gaswios operaciuli xarji remontis Casatareblad. davuSvaT, R aris sxvaoba saijaro Semosavalsa da gaweul operaciul xarjebs Soris. makbets gamoaqvs ipoTekuri krediti saxlis SesaZenad, xolo sesxis wliuri saprocento ganakveTi aris MI. aRniSnuli saprocento gadasaxadi warmoadgens sawarmoo danaxarjs da, amdenad, unda gamoiqviTos R-idan, ris Sedegadac gamoviangariSebT wminda Semosavals. saxlis Rirebuleba wlis ganmavlobaSi DV odenobiT izrdeba. Rirebulebis zrda kapitalis mogebaa, romelic Semosavlis nawilad iTvleba (Tu saxlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba, maSin DV uaryofiTi iqneba, anu warmoiqmneba kapitalis danakargi, romelic Semosavals amcirebs). aRniSnuli faqtorebis Sejamebis Semdeg mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom makbetis, rogorc saxlis mepatronis, wminda mogeba (Rnet) aris:
R net = R - MI - D V . im sagadasaxado sistemaSi, romelic pirobiT heig-saimonsis principzea agebuli, Rnet makbetis dasabegr Semosavals daemateba.
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axla warmovidginoT sxvanairi suraTi: gaqiravebis nacvlad makbeti da misi coli Tavad gadavlen am saxlSi sacxovreblad. saxlSi cxovrebis Sedegad isini iReben sargebels, romelic tolia saxlis sabazro saijaro Rirebulebisa; xarjebs ki Zveleburad gasweven: ixdian operaciul xarjs, procents ipoTekur sesxze. makbetebi iReben kapitalis mogebas. Tumca isini iReben pirobiTad daricxul wminda saijaro Semosavals, romelic Rnet-s udris. imis miuxedavad, cxovroben Tu ara makbetebi saxlSi, isini iReben Rnet-is tol wminda sargebels; erTaderTi gansxvaveba is aris, rom saxlis gaqiravebis SemTxvevaSi isini cxadad da naRdi fuliT iReben qiras, xolo saxlSi cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi ki isini qiras aracxadad sakuTar Tavs uxdian. Tumca, cxadia, saijaro Semosavali Tu ara, is mainc Semosavalia da, heig-saimonsis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mixedviT, unda ibegrebodes kidec. Tumca aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, is aracxadi saijaro Semosavali, romelsac individi iRebs sakuTar saxlSi cxovrebis Sedegad, dasabegr bazaSi ar unda iqnes CarTuli; Tanac, ojaxTa umetesoba gaTavisuflebulia kapitalis mogebis gadasaxadisagan4. gamoricxavs ra pirobiTad daricxul saijaro Semosavals dasabegri bazidan, sagadasaxado sistema, faqtobrivad, axorcielebs sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovreblis subsidirebas.
gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom saxlis mflobeli, romelic axorcielebs gamoqviTvebis detalizebas, uflebamosilia, dasabegri Semosavlidan ipoTekur sesxze gadasaxdeli procentebi da sakuTrebaze gadasaxadi gamoqviTos. gamoqviTvebis gamo 2004 wlis fiskaluri wlis Semosavlebi daaxloebiT 93 miliardi aSS dolariT Semcirda [gadasaxadebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002 weli, gv. 22]. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom saprocento da sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTva saxlis sakuTrebis subsidirebis arsebiT wyaros ar warmoadgens. Tu dasabegr bazaSi moxdeba pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis gaTvaliswineba, maSin ipoTekuri sesxis procentebi da sakuTrebis gadasaxadi miiRebs legitimuri gamoqviTvis saxes, radgan CaiTvleba saijaro Semosavlis misaRebad gaweul xarjad.
gamoricxavs ra pirobiTad daricxul wminda saijaro Semosavals dasabegri bazidan, sagadasaxado kodeqsi, faqtobrivad, amcirebs saxlis sargeblobis danaxarjs da zrdis moTxovnas uZravi qonebis SeZenaze. moTxovnis zrdis zusti masStabi damokidebulia sacxovreblis moTxovnis fasis elastiurobaze. poterba [1992] asabuTebs, rom fasis elastiuroba udris daaxloebiT 1,0-s da adgens, rom preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimis gauqmebis Sedegad 23%-iT Semcirdeba sacxovreblis moxmarebis koeficienti (50 aTasi dolari Semosavlis mqone ojaxis SemTxvevaSi).
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kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs 250 aTasi dolaris gamonakliss kapitalis mogebaze ZiriTadi sacxovreblis yidvis SemTxvevaSi (500 aTasi aSS dolars erToblivi ukugebis SemTxvevaSi).
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aracxadi subsidiis zemoqmedeba adamianTa mier Sesyiduli sacxovreblis masStabiT ar Semoifargleba. igi zegavlenas imazec axdens, Tu ramdeni adamiani flobs binas da ramdeni qiraobs mas. II msoflio omis Semdeg aSS-is saojaxo meurneobaTa 48% cxovrobda sakuTar saxlSi; es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 65%-ia. am periodis ganmavlobaSi bevri gadasaxadis gadamxdeli gadaadgilda maRalSemosavlian jgufSi, ramac sacxovreblis flobis aracxadi subsidiis momxibvleloba gazarda. cxadia, icvleboda sxva faqtorebic, romlebic sacxovreblis sakuTrebis struqturaze garkeul zemoqmedebas axdendnen; mniSvnelovnad gaizarda Semosavlebi. Tumca ekonometrikul kvlevaTa umetesoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom sagadasaxado aspeqtebma sakuTrebis masStabis gazrdaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes [Green and Vandell, 1999].
winadadebani cvlilebaTa gansaxorcieleblad
mexuTe TavSi (`dadebiTi garegani efeqti”) Cven visaubreT im subsidiis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze, romelic gaicema sakuTrebaSi arsebul sacxovrebelze. garegani efeqtis poziciidan, subsidia ar aris racionaluri. marTalia, saxlis mepatrone metad zrunavs qonebaze, baRze da a.S., magram es ar kmara imisaTvis, rom dasabuTdes subsidiis adekvaturoba [Glaeser and Shapiro, 2002]. SemdgomSi subsidiis Rirebuleba SemosavalTan erTad izrdeba. sagadasaxado danaxarjebis 62%, romelic asocirebulia ipoTekuri sesxis procentebis gamoqviTvasTan, midis im saojaxo meurneobebSi, romelTa Semosavali 100 aTas dolars aRemateba [gadasaxadebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002, gv. 34]. amdenad, SeuZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom subsidia Semosavals samarTlianad anawilebs. am faqtebis fonze warmodgenil iqna Zalian bevri winadadeba sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovreblis sagadasaxado reJimis reformirebis mizniT. albaT, yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba dasabegr SemosavalSi pirobiTad daricxuli wminda saijaro Semosavlis CarTva iqneba. aseTi zoma administraciul problemebs Seqmnis: sagadasaxado samsaxurs mouwevs TiToeuli saxlis potenciuri sabazro saijaro Rirebulebis gansazRvra. miuxedavad amisa, pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavali evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi ibegreba (Sveciasa da holandiaSi) [Ault, 1997].
ufro metic, pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis dabegvra politikurad ganuxorcielebelia. saxlis mflobelisaTvis saxli finansuri resursebis uwyveti wyaroa da ara rentabeluri meqanizmi. Zalian Zneli iqneba, davarwmunoT saxlis mflobeli, romelic eleqtoratis naxevarze mets warmoadgens, imaSi, rom pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis dabegvra pozitiuri movlenaa.
zogierTi winadadeba reformis Sesaxeb maRali Semosavlis mqone pirebis ipoTekuri sesxis procentisa da sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis Semcirebas gvTavazobs. SesaZlebelia, ubralod gauqmdes aseTi gamoqviTvebi. 1984 wels aSS-
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is xazinam wamoayena winadadeba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis gauqmebaze. winadadeba mkacrad gaakritikes, male miiviwyes da arc erT seriozul politikoss CurCuliTac ki ar dascdenia sityva ipoTekuri sesxis procentis gamoqviTvis gauqmebis Taobaze. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, saxlis sayidlad gamotanili sesxis momsaxurebis saprocento danaxarji im nusxaSi Sedis, romelic saojaxo meurneobis SemTxvevaSi gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadisa da ipoTekuri sesxis procentis gamoqviTvis gauqmeba SesaZlebelia gamosaqviTi Tanxis maqsimaluri zeda zRvaris dawesebis gziT. gauqmebis meore meTodi iqneba gamoqviTvaTa konvertacia kreditad: sacxovreblis mesakuTres eqneba ufleba, sagadasaxado valdebulebidan saprocento da sakuTrebaze gadasaxadis Tanabari proporcia gamoqviTos. amis sapirispirod, saojaxo meurneobisaTvis miT ufro Rirebulia gamoqviTva, rac ufro maRalia misi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. ojaxi, romelsac aqvs krediti _ davuSvaT, 25% ipoTekuri sesxidan sakuTrebaze gadasaxadidan _ da Tan maRali zRvruli ganakveTebiT ibegreba, ver isargeblebs privilegiiT sxva Tanabar pirobebSi.
am winadadebaTa Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia _ Cven araferi viciT maTi miznebisa da sxva xelmisawvdomi politikuri berketebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, Tu mizani Semosavlis ufro samarTliani ganawilebaa, ratom SeviwuxoT Tavi gamoqviTvis konvertaciiT kreditad? ufro racionaluri iqneba, davnergoT adekvaturi ganakveTebi.
amrigad, sacxovrebeli binis sagadasaxado reJimis Sesaxeb arsebuli debatebi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis sruli dabegvra iqneba yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetileba. gaixseneT optimaluri dabegvris Teoriidan (me-14 Tavi), rom erTjeradi gadasaxadis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, is sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, romlebic maqsimalurad zrdis efeqtianobas, yvela saqonelze arsebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobaTa funqcias warmoadgens. efeqtianoba yvela saxis Semosavlis Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvras mxolod yvelaze gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi moiTxovs. meore mxriv, warmoudgenelia, rom pirobiTad daricxul saijaro Semosavalze efeqtiani sagadasaxado ganakveTi iyos nuli. adekvaturi da racionaluri ganakveTis dadgena erTob mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli Sedegi iqneba momavali kvlevebisaTvis.
portfelis Semadgenloba
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gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens aramxolod individTa mier akumulirebuli keTildReobis mTlian moculobaze, agreTve im aqtivebzec, romlebSic Cadebulia es keTildReoba. dabali gadasaxadebi (gansakuTrebiT kapitalis mogebaze) waaxalisebs investicias sarisko aqtivebSi. rogorc Wall Street Journal-i iuwyeboda: `maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi amcirebs riskis sakuTar Tavze aRebis stimuls~ (2001 wlis 19 aprili, gv. A18). winadadeba racionaluria. ratom CavdoT fuli sarisko investiciaSi, Tu mogebas mainc gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli Caijibavs? magram gverwmuneT, problema bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT moCans.
gadasaxadebsa da portfelis Semadgenlobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb arsebul Tanamedrove Teoriul kvlevaTa umetesoba tobinis [1958] analizebs efuZneba. tobinis modelis Tanaxmad, individi aqtivSi investiciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas ori faqtoris mixedviT iRebs: 1. aqtivis mosalodneli ukugeba; 2. ramdenad sariskoa ukugebis miReba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi investori upiratesobas im aqtivebs aniWebs, romlebic maRal ukugebas moitanen. amave dros, investorebi Tavs arideben risks; sxva Tanabar pirobebSi investori upiratesobas usafrTxo aqtivs aniWebs.
davuSvaT, saqme gvaqvs or aqtivTan, romelTagan erT-erTi sruliad usafrTxoa, Tumca misi ukugeba nulis tolia (warmoidgineT, rom vcxovrobT iseT samyaroSi, sadac ar arsebobs inflacia). meore ki obligaciaa, romelic saSualod moitans ukugebis dadebiT ganakveTs, oRond igi sariskoa _ SeiZleba obligaciis fasi Semcirdes da investorma dakargos fuli.
investori mTliani portfelis ukugebasa da risks ori aqtivis sxvadasxva kombinaciebis Seqmnis gziT abalansebs. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi investori itovebs mxolod usafrTxo aqtivs _ ar aris ukugeba, magram arc riskia. meore SemTxvevaSi investori mxolod sarisko aqtivs itovebs _ mosalodnelia ukugeba da masTan erTad riskis xarisxic izrdeba. Tumca tipuri investori gaakeTebs sarisko da usafrTxo aqtivebis kombinacias ise, rom maqsimalurad moargos riskisa da ukugebis adekvatur normebs.
axla ki warmovidginoT, rom kapitaluri aqtivis ukugeba proporciuli gadasaxadiT daibegra. davuSvaT, gadasaxadi iZleva danakargis sruli CaTvlis saSualebas _ individs SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavlidan srulad gamoqviTos danakargi (raRac masStabiT es aRwers aSS-Si arsebul faqtobriv praqtikas. ix. me-15 Tavi). usafrTxo aqtivis ukugebis ganakveTi nulia, amdenad, gadasaxadebi ver axdens zemoqmedebas misi ukugebis ganakveTze _ ukugeba kvlavac nulia. sarisko aqtivs ki mosalodneli pozitiuri ukugeba axasiaTebs, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad mcirdeba, gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis momxibvlelobas usafrTxo aqtivTan SedarebiT.
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gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis ukugebas, magram, amavdroulad, igi amcirebs Tavad riskis xarisxsac. ratom? gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg saxelmwifo investoris pasiuri partniori xdeba. Tu investori gaimarjvebs (pozitiuri ukugebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT), saxelmwifo gainawilebs mis mogebas. SegaxsenebT, rom moqmedebs danakargis sruli CaTvlis sistema; amdenad, Tu investori danakargs ganicdis, saxelmwifo iziarebs mis danakargs. davuSvaT, individis danakargi investiciaze 100 dolaria. Tu sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%ia, maSin dasabegri Semosavlidan 100 dolaris gamoklebis gziT Semcirdeba investoris sagadasaxado valdebuleba 30 dolariT. Tu sainvesticio danakargi 100 dolari iyo, investori kargavs daaxloebiT 70 dolars. mokled, gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad mcirdeba ukugeba da mcirdeba riski. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadi riskian aqtivs nakleb mimzidvels xdis ukugebis Semcirebis gziT, igi, amavdroulad, mas metad mimzidvels xdis riskis Semcirebis gziT. Tu meore efeqti dominirebs, maSin dabegvris Semdeg sarisko aqtivi ufro momzidveli xdeba.
zogierTi adamiani srulyofilad usafrTxo aqtivis arsebobasac ki uSvebs. es ar aris realisturi daSveba. samyaroSi, sadac aravin aris darwmunebuli imaSi, Tu rogori iqneba inflaciis ganakveTi, sarisko iqneba ukugebis saxiT miRebuli fulic ki. gadasaxadi amcirebs rogorc risks, aseve ukugebas. amitom gadasaxadis zegavlena portfelis arCevanze mravalmniSvnelovania.
mravali mniSvnelobidan erTi mniSvnelobis SerCeva ekonometrikis winaSe arsebuli rTuli problemaa. yvelaze rTuli saimedo informaciis mopovebaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel aqtivs floben adamianebi. individma SesaZloa, zustad verc ganacxados Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, ubralod imitom, rom ar flobs informacias. garda amisa, individma SesaZloa, Segnebulad damalos informacia aqtivis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, raTa es informacia sagadasaxado organomde ar mivides. saimedo monacemebis gamoyenebis gziT poterbam da samvikma Caatares kvleva [1999], sadac miTiTebulia, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (sayovelTao sikeTis CaTvliT) adamianebi, romlebic maRali Semosavlis jgufSi imyofebian, ufro xSirad floben Cveulebriv aqciebs, rac sakmaod sariskoa. am aRmoCenas mivyavarT im ideamde, rom dabegvra zrdis risks. magram es sakiTxi jer Zalian Sorsaa dazustebisagan.
SeniSvna politikisa da elastiurobis Sesaxeb
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miuxedavad didZali Catarebuli kvlevisa, Semosavlis dabegvris zemoqmedeba individis mniSvnelovan qmedebebze jer kidev ar aris zustad dadgenili. sxvadasxva `eqsperti~ gansxvavebul rCevas da rekomendacias sTavazobs politikoss. aseT situaciaSi politikosi aucileblad gamoiyenebs im rekomendacias, romelic yvelaze kargad Seesabameba mis miznebs. albaT, Znelia am Temaze xmamaRla laparaki, magram mainc aRvniSnavT, rom liberals swams, rom individis qmedeba sagadasaxado sistemis mimarT sensitiuri ar aris, konservatorebi ki swored sawinaaRmdegoSi arian darwmunebulni. liberalebi upiratesobas dabal elastiurobas aniWeben, radgan dabali elastiuroba warmoSobs did fuls saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis da sulac ar dardoben imaze, rom `swored im qaTams klaven, romelic oqros kvercxs debs~. amis sapirispirod, konservatorebi maRal elastiurobas aniWeben upiratesobas, radgan am gziT xdeba Segrovili gadasaxadis moculobis limitireba, vidre ekonomikas efeqtianobis seriozuli danaxarji daawveba. amdenad, rodesac Jurnalistebi, politikosebi da ekonomistebi akeTeben seriozul gancxadebebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadi stimulze, Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu vinme maT dafarul gegmasac ganWvrets.
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aSS-is piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens mTel rig ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze, Sromis miwodebis, dazogvis, sacxovreblisa da portfelis SerCevis CaTvliT. gadasaxadis zegavlenis analizi individis qmedebebze yvelaze sakamaTo sakiTxia sajaro finansebSi. Sromis miwodebis ekonometrikuli kvlevebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom axalgazrda mamakacebis Sroma odnav reagirebs sagadasaxado cvlilebebze, xolo daojaxebuli qalebis Sroma ki wminda saxelfaso ganakveTis cvlilebis mimarT erTob sensitiuria. saSemosavlo gadasaxadma SesaZloa, gazardos, Seamciros an ucvleli datovos adamianuri kapitalis investiciis moculoba. Sedegi nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadi samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zemoqmedeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebze damokidebulia Sromis miwodebis sensitiurobaze sagadasaxado ganakveTebis cvlilebebis mimarT, agreTve imaze, Tu ramdenad Canacvlebadia dasabegri da daubegravi Semosavali. gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba danazogze fasdeba sasicocxlo ciklis modelis gamoyenebis gziT, romelic miuTiTebs, rom adamianTa wliuri moxmarebisa da danazogis moculoba damokidebulia maT Semosavalze ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. procentidan miRebuli Semosavlis dabegvra amcirebs mimdinare moxmarebis alternatiul Rirebulebas da masTan erTad dazogvis stimulsac. aseTi gadasaxadi amcirebs Semosavals mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba moxmareba, anu zrdis danazogis moculobas. wminda zemoqmedeba danazogze empiriuli sakiTxi aris.
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dazogvis Sesaxeb arsebuli ekonomikuri kvlevebi awydeba seriozul konceptualur da praqtikul siZneleebs, amitom ar arsebobs mtkice konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi danazogze. pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovreblis SemTxvevaSi, pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba, rac im individTa raodenobas, romelic upiratesobas sakuTar saxls aniWebs, agreTve sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlebis procentul maCvenebels zrdis. dabegvris zemoqmedebis Teoriuli Sefaseba mravalmniSvnelovania. gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis mosalodnel ukugebas, magram, amave dros, amcirebs misi riskis xarisxs. konfliqturi tendenciebis wminda efeqti jer kidev ar aris Sefasebuli.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
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`gpirdebiT, rom Sevamcireb saSemosavlo gadasaxadebs. me ar Sevamcireb xarjviT nawils, radgan dabali ganakveTebi imdenad waaxalisebs ekonomikur aqtivobas, rom gaizrdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebi”. visgan ufro saimedoa aseTi piroba? momavali prezidentobis Tu Statis mmarTvelis kandidatisagan? davuSvaT, rom individi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Sedegad miRebul danakliss moiazrebs rogorc kompensacias im sargeblidan, romelsac individi miiRebs Semosavlis wyalobiT SeZenili saxelmwifo momsaxurebiT. ra zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba individis Sromis miwodebaze? (miniSneba: namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba ganixileT Canacvlebisa da Semosavlis efeqtis SemTxvevaSi). moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dacva ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi dabegvris dros. gamoiyeneT ganurCevlobis mrudis analizi da gamosaxeT, ra moxdeba, Tu sargebeli dasabegr SemosavalSi CaerTveba? rogor Secvlis es janmrTelobis dacvis sargeblis moculobas? (miniSneba: individi moixmars or saqonels: `janmrTelobis sargebels~ da `sxva saqonels~). 2001 wels miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba, romelic maqsimalur zRvrul saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTs 39,5%-dan 35%-mde amcirebs. ra zegavlenas moaxdens es kanoni Sromis miwodebaze, danazogsa da sagadasaxado Semosavlebze? 2003 wels demokratebma wamoayenes Semdegi winadadeba: TiToeul momuSaves erTjeradad aunazRaurdeba gadasaxadi (300 dolari TiToeul zrdasrul adamianze da 200 dolari pirvel or Svilze). programis mizani samomxmareblo xarjvis stimulireba iyo. samomxmareblo qmedebebis sasicocxlo ciklis modelis mixedviT, rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara es winadadeba warmatebuli? Tu am modelis Tanaxmad, Tqven CaTvliT, rom programa racionaluria da aSS-is mTavrobas surs, waaxalisos moxmareba, ras urCevT mas? Wall Street Journal_Si (2001 wlis 19 aprili) dabeWdili statia asabuTebda, rom `maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi amcirebs individis stimuls, ganaxorcielos adamianuri kapitalis investicia da gaiaros damatebiTi treningebi, miiRos damatebiTi ganaTleba~. ra pirobebSia es
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sentencia marTali? pasuxis gacemisas gaiTvaliswineT adamianuri kapitalis investiciis danaxarjis buneba. 7. 2001 wels miRebul iqna sagadasaxado kanoni, romelmac gazarda IRA-ze Senatanis moculoba 2000-dan 5000 dolaramde (2008 wlisaTvis) ra zegavlenas moaxdens aseTi kanoni pirad danazogze? 8. bartletis [2002] Tanaxmad, `ekonomikuri Teoria calsaxad miuTiTebs imis Sesaxeb, rom (kapitalis) danakargis sruli gamoqviTva erTob mniSvnelovania riskis aRebis TvalsazrisiT”. axseniT, Tu ris safuZvelze gakeTda amgvari gancxadeba. aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, kapitalis danakargi nawilobriv eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. rogor moqmedebs es riskis aRebis stimulze? 9. ekonomikaSi Sromis miwodebis S mrudi ase ganisazRvreba:
S = -100 + 200wn ,
sadac wn aris wminda saxelfaso ganakveTi. davuSvaT, (gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde) saSemosavlo ganakveTi aris 10.
rom
mTliani
a) dawereT formula, sadac sagadasaxado Semosavlebi iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTebis funqcia; gamosaxeT funqcia diagramiT, sadac sagadasaxado ganakveTi iqneba mocemuli horizontalur, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavali ki _ vertikalur RerZze (miniSneba: gaixseneT, rom wn = (1 - t )10 , sadac t aris sagadasaxado ganakveTi, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ki warmoadgens namuSevari saaTebis, mTliani xelfasisa da sagadasaxado ganakveTis namravls). davuSvaT, mTavroba awesebs 70%-ian sagadasaxado ganakveTs. ra iqneba Tqveni rCeva? b) ganixileT es problema garkveuli kalkulaciebis fonze: ra sagadasaxado ganakveTis pirobebSi aRwevs sagadasaxado Semosavlebi maqsimums?
gamoyenebuli literatura Choi, James J; David Laibson; Brigitte C Madrian, and Andrew Metrick. “Defined Contribution Pensions: Plan Rules, Participant Decisions, and the Path of Least Resistance.” Working Paper No. 8655. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2001. Engen, Eric, and Jonathan Skinner. “Taxation and Economic Growth”. National Tax Journal 49 (December, 1996), pp. 617 – 42. Gruber, Jonathan, and Emmanuel Saez. “The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications.” Journal of Public Economics 84 (April 2002), pp.1-33. Hendershott, Patric M, and Michael White. “The Rise and Fall of Housing’s Favoured Investment Status.” Journal of Housing Research 11, no.2, 2000, pp. 257-75.
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korporaciuli gadasaxadi
SesaZloa, sakuTari Tavic ki gavkicxo amisaTvis, magram mainc unda vikiTxo: rodis gveyofa imdeni gambedaoba, vaRiaroT, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadi yvelaze dausabuTebelia mTels Cvens sagadasaxado sistemaSi? ronald u. reigani
2002 wels arasafinanso korporaciebis Semosavali daaxloebiT 5,5 trilion aSS dolars udrida (mTliani Sida produqtis 55%)1. korporacia biznesis organizaciuli formaa, romelSic sakuTreba, Cveulebriv, transferabeluri saaqcio sertifikatiT aris warmodgenili. aqcioneri xasiaTdeba SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobiT _ aqcioneris valdebuleba korporaciis kreditorebis winaSe mis mier investirebuli Tanxis odenobiTaa SezRuduli.
korporacia damoukidebeli iuridiuli piria; igi xSirad xelovnur damoukidebel pirad iwodeba. korporacia uflebamosilia, dados xelSekruleba, flobdes qonebas, aiRos sesxi, Seitanos sasamarTloSi sarCeli da gasamarTldes. sxva piris msgavsad, korporacia valdebulia, gadaixados gadasaxadi miRebul Semosavalze. korporaciis saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavali federaluri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 8%-s Seadgenda [kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2003, gv. 150]. winamdebare TavSi Cven ganvixilavT korporaciis saSemosavlo federaluri gadasaxadis struqturas da gavaanalizebT mis zemoqmedebas resursebis ganawilebaze.
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prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv.292, 294.
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ratom ibegreba korporacia?
daviwyoT epigrafSi mocemuli citatiT, romelic ronald reigans ekuTvnis. nuTu racionaluria korporaciis dabegvra specialuri sagadasaxado reJimiT? samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, korporacia adamiania. magram ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, es azri ar aris marTebuli. rogorc me-12 TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod realur adamians SeuZlia gadasaxadis gadaxda. Tu marTlac asea, maSin ratom unda daibegros korporaciis saqmianoba specialuri gadasaxadiT? ratom ar ibegreba korporaciis mflobelTa Semosavali individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT?
korporaciuli gadasaxadis arseboba ki asea dasabuTebuli:
1. Cven mier axlaxans gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, korporacia _ gansakuTrebiT, gamorCeulad didi zomis korporacia _ calke erTeuls warmoadgens. did korporacias hyavs aTasobiT aqcioneri; msxvili korporaciis menejerebs an saerTod ar akontroleben aqcionerebi/mflobelebi, an Zalian iolad akontroleben. bevri ekonomisti iziarebs azrs, rom msxvil korporaciebSi sakuTreba da kontroli sruliad damoukidebeli cnebebia (maSin, saerTod, rogor funqcionirebs korporacia)? Tumca es sruliad ar niSnavs imas, rom korporacia unda daibegros, rogorc calke erTeuli.
2. korporaciis dabegvra nawilobriv ganpirobebulia im gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT, romelsac korporacia sazogadoebisagan iRebs (maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovania aqcionerTa SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba). korporaciis gadasaxadi SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc momxmareblis gadasaxadi am privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis. Tumca aravin icis, udris Tu ara gadaxdili Tanxa miRebuli privilegiis Rirebulebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi ratom CavTvaloT, rom kanoni, romelic individebs kapitalis agregirebis efeqtiani meTodis gamoyenebis uflebiT aRWuravs, aris privilegia, romlis gamoyenebisTvisac unda gadavixadoT fuli? analogiuri kanonebi arasodes ganixileba am WrilSi.
3. korporaciuli gadasaxadi piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mTlianobas icavs. davuSvaT, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi karlis Semosavlis wili korporaciaSi aris 10000 dolari. Semosavlis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es 10000 dolari mainc Semosavalia, miuxedavad imisa, inarCunebs am fuls korporacia Tu uxdis karls. Tu korporacia karls gadauxdis 10000 dolars, fuli individualuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT daibegreba. korporaciuli gadasaxadis ararsebobis pirobebSi es 10000 dolari ar warmoqmnis aranair sagadasaxado valdebulebas, Tu igi korporaciaSi rCeba. amdenad, karls SeuZlia
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sagadasaxado valdebulebis Semcireba Semosavlis korporaciaSi akumulirebis gziT. cxadia, es Tanxa daibegreba, rodesac igi korporaciis mier karls gadaexdeba, magram manamde karls SeuZlia, 10000 dolars daaricxos daubegravi saprocento Semosavali. gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom gadavadebuli gadasaxadi dazogili gadasaxadia.
cxadia, Tu ar daibegreba korporaciis Semosavali, individualuri gadasaxadis Tavidan aridebis realuri SesaZlebloba Seiqmneba. korporaciis Semosavlis dabegvra sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am Tavis bolos dabegvris im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac ekonomistebi yvelaze qmediTad da warmatebulad miiCneven.
struqtura
korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis struqtura graduirebulia. umciresi ganakveTi 15%-ia, xolo umaRlesi ki - 35% (gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasabegri Semosavali udris an aRemateba 10 milion dolars)2. korporaciuli Semosavlis didi nawili 35%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, amitom ufro martivi da, Tanac, sruliad gamarTlebuli iqneba, sistema erTiani 35%-iani ganakveTiT warmovadginoT. ganakveTi istoriul monacemebTan SedarebiT dabalia. igi udrida 46%-s, sanam miiRebdnen kanons sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb (1986), romelmac ganakveTi 34%-mde Seamcira. gadasaxadma 1993 wels erTi procentuli punqtiT moimata.
iseve, rogorc individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, Tavad oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi realuri tvirTis Sesaxeb bevrs arafers gveubneba. Cven zustad unda vicodeT, Tu ra gamoiqviTeba korporaciuli dasabegri Semosavlidan. axla ki droa, ganvixiloT is wesebi, romelTa mixedviTac ganimarteba dasabegri korporaciuli Semosavali3.
daqiravebulTa anazRaurebis gamoqviTva
rogorc vnaxeT me-15 TavSi, individualuri Semosavlis ganmartebis fundamenturi principi aris is, rom Semosavali fasdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, 2
zogierT SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-s aRemateba. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am wesebis umetesoba axasiaTebs arakorporaciul biznessac. garda amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi am sferoSi moqmedebs korporaciuli alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadebi. 3
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rac mis misaRebad gaweuli xarjebi gamoakldeba. analogiurad fasdeba korporaciuli Semosavali. sawarmoo danaxarjis erTi saxe Sromaa da, amdenad, daqiravebulis anazRaureba (xelfasi da sxva sargebeli) dasabegri Semosavlidan unda gamoiqviTos.
procentis (magram ara dividendis) gamoqviTva
korporaciis mier valis aRebis SemTxvevaSi kreditorisaTvis gadaxdili procenti gamoiqviTeba dasabegri Semosavlidan, rac sawarmoo xarjebis gamoqviTvis principiT sabuTdeba. rodesac firma afinansebs Tavis saqmianobas aqciaTa gamoSvebis gziT, aqcionerisaTvis gadaxdili dividendi gamoqviTvas korporaciuli Semosavlidan ar eqvemdebareba. am asimetriis Sedegebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
cveTis gamoqviTva
davuSvaT, rom mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi XYZ korporacia yidulobs or saqonels: (1) sakancelario saqonels, romelic korporaciam mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gamoiyenos; (2) saburR danadgars, romelmac 10 weli mainc unda gaZlos. rogor unda aRiricxos es ori saqoneli, rom XYZ dasabegri Semosavali ganisazRvros? sakancelario saqoneli pirdapir aRiricxeba. misi moxmareba unda moxdes SeZenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, amdenad, misi mTliani Rirebuleba mocemuli wlis korporaciuli Semosavlidan unda gamoiqviTos (sagadasaxado kanoni namdvilad gvaZlevs aseTi gamoqviTvis uflebas). saburRi xelsawyos aRricxva ufro rTulia, radgan xelsawyo xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelia. misi SeZenis tranzaqcia aqtivTa gacvlis saxes iRebs _ firma ixdis naRd fuls da, samagierod, iRebs saburR danadgars. aqtivis SeZena, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens ekonomikur danaxarjs. Tumca saburRi xelsawyo moxmarebis procesSi eqvemdebareba amortizacias, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba misi Rirebuleba; Rirebulebis Semcireba, romelsac ekonomikuri cveTis saxelwodebiT moixsenieben, firmis mier gaweul ekonomikur danaxarjs warmoadgens.
gamodis, rom saburRi danadgaris gamoyenebis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi mTlian Semosavals akldeba danadgaris ekonomikuri cveTa pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi; analogiurad, danadgariT sargeblobis meore wlis ganmavlobaSi am wlis mTlian Semosavals akldeba danadgaris ekonomikuri cveTa meore wlis ganmavlobaSi da ase Semdeg, sanam firma sargeblobs danadgariT.
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am principis Camoyalibeba martivia; samagierod, rTulia misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba. faqtobrivad, sagadasaxado samsaxurma ar icis mocemuli aqtivis ekonomikuri cveTis zusti masStabi mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi; mas arc danadgaris sasargeblo saeqspluatacio vadis zust xagrZlivobaze aqvs warmodgena. sagadasaxado kanoni TviTon gansazRvravs im proporcias, romliTac aqtivis SeZenis Rirebulebis yovelwliuri cveTa xdeba. kanoni adgens imas, Tu ramdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi unda moxdes cveTis gaTvaliswineba (aqtivis dabegvris vada). aseTi procedura verasodes asaxavs aqtivis realur ekonomikur cveTas. Cven am sakiTxebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
cveTis gamoqviTvis normis gaangariSeba. 1000 dolaris Rirebulebis saburRi danadgaris dabegvris vada 10 weliwadia, firma ki uflebamosilia, yovelwliurad cveTis saxiT daqviTos danadgaris Rirebulebis 1/10. ramdenad samarTliani iqneba aseTi midgoma XYZ korporaciis SemTxvevaSi?
pirveli wlis bolos XYZ korporacias SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos danadgaris SeZenis Rirebulebis 1/10, anu 100 dolari. Tu korporaciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-ia, maSin 100 dolaris Tanxis gamoqviTvis Sedegad korporacias darCeba 35 dolari. gaiTvaliswineT, rom XYZ korporacia am privilegiiT danadgaris SeZenidan erTi wlis Semdeg sargeblobs. 35 dolaris mimdinare Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba misi gayofiT (1 + r)-ze, sadac r aris Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba firmisaTvis (gadaxedeT me-11 Tavs, sadac ganxilulia mimdinare Rirebuleba).
meore wlis bolos XYZ korporacias dolari dasabegri Semosavlidan da kvlav ramdenadac es danazogi ori wlis Semdeg Rirebulebaa $35/(1 + r)2. analogiurad, cveTis daiqviTeba mesame wels, aris $35/(1 + r)3, meoTxe mTliani gamoqviTvis mimdinare Rirebulebaa:
kvlav SeuZlia, gamoqviTos 100 dazogos 35 dolari. imdenad, unda gakeTdes, misi mimdinare mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic wels _ $35/(1 + r)4 da a.S. cveTis
$35 $35 $35 $35 + + + ... + 2 3 1 + r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) (1 + r )10
ase magaliTad, Tu r = 10%-s, maSin am gamosaxulebis pasuxi iqneba 215,10 dolari. faqtobrivad, cveTis gamoqviTva amcirebs saburRi danadgaris fass gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg 1000 dolaridan 784,90 dolaramde (= $1000 $215,10). faqtobrivi fasi ufro mcirea, vidre SeZenis fasi, radgan SenaZens momavalSi sagadasaxado danazogisaken mivyavarT.
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davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, firmas SeuZlia, aRiaros mocemuli aqtivis cveTa T wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo aqtivis yovelwliurad (weli n-adaa gamoxatuli) Camosaweri proporcia ki is aris D(n). vajamebT ra D(n)-s, viRebT aqtivis fass. gamodis, rom sagadasaxado kanoni gvaZlevs uflebas, CamovweroT aqtivis mTliani Rirebuleba (Cvens wina magaliTSi T iyo 10, xolo D(n) ki _ 1/10 yovelwliurad. cveTis zogierTi sxva sqemis Tanaxmad, D(n) varirebs wlebis mixedviT). ganvixiloT 1 dolaris Rirebulebis sainvesticio aqtivis SeZenis faqti. pirveli wlis bolos cveTis Tanxa iqneba D(1) dolari, romlis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis aris q ´ D(1) , sadac
q korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTia (aqtivis Rirebuleba aris 1 dolari, amdenad, D(1) dolari iqneba wiladi). analogiurad, meore wlis bolos daricxuli cveTis Tanxis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis iqneba q ´ D(2) . mTliani sagadasaxado danazogis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic dagrovilia 1 dolaris Rirebulebis SeZenili nivTis cveTis gamoqviTvis (cveTis gamoqviTvis norma aRvniSnoT y -Ti) gziT, udris:
y =
q ´ D (1) q ´ D ( 2) q ´ D (T ) + + ... + 2 1+ r (1 + r ) (1 + r ) T
(17.1)
imdenad, ramdenadac 1 dolaris danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado danazogis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris ( y ), gamodis, rom, Tu aqtivis SeZenis fasi aris $q, cveTis gamoqviTvis arseboba amcirebs faqtobriv fass (1 -y )q -mde. ase magaliTad, Tu y = 0,25-s, maSin aqtivze daxarjul TiToeul dolarze izogeba 25 centi. amdenad, Tu danadgari Rirs 1000 dolari (q = 1000), maSin misi faqtobrivi fasi SeZenis fasis 75%-ia, anu 750 dolari.
(17.1) gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom cveTis Sedegad dazogili gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli T-sa da D(n) funqciis sidideze. zogadad, sagadasaxado sargebeli ufro maRalia: (1) rac ufro moklea danadgaris Camoweris vada, miT naklebia T; (2) rac ufro didia danadgaris Rirebulebis Camosaweri proporcia misi saeqspluatacio vadis dasawyisidan, miT maRalia D(n) funqciis sidide da mcirea N ricxvi. sqema, romelic firmas aZlevs aqtivis ufro Cqara Camoweris uflebas, vidre es realuri ekonomikuri cveTis dros xdeba, daCqarebuli cveTis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. yvelaze seriozuli privilegia iqneba is, rom firmas mieces aqtivis mTliani Rirebulebis Camoweris ufleba dasabegri Rirebulebidan aqtivis SeZenis momentSive. aRniSnuli danaxarjis sruli Camoweris saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli cveTadi aqtivis mimarT moqmedebs rvidan erT-erTi SesaZlo dasabegri vada (anu T-s sidide). dasabegri vada 3-dan 39 wlamde varirebs. ase magaliTad, doRis cxenis dasabegri vada
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aris sami weli, kompiuterebis da sxva saofise aRWurvilobis dasabegri vada - 5 weli, xolo ararezidentuli struqturebis ki _31 1 2 weli. rogorc wesi, dasabegri vada yovelTvis ufro moklea xolme, vidre faqtobrivi sasargeblo eqspluataciis periodi, risi potenciuri Sedegic korporaciul sainvesticio qmedebaze mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli.
aramaterialuri aqtivebi. Cven mier ganxiluli magaliTi moicavda materialur aqtivs (danadgars). analogiuri sakiTxebia aqtualuri aramaterialuri aqtivebis SemTxvevaSic. davuSvaT, firma xarjavs fuls sareklamo kampaniaze, romelmac gayidvebis moculoba ramdenime weliwadSi unda gazardos. reklama SesaZloa, im aqtivad iqnes miCneuli, romelic raRac periodSi gazrdis Semosavlebs (iseve, rogorc danadgari). aseT SemTxvevaSi firmas reklamis, rogorc `aqtivis~, cveTis yovelwliurad gamoqviTva unda SeeZlos. Zalian rTulia aseTi aqtivebis cveTis swori tarifis dadgena.
axla ki ganvixiloT beisbolis franCaizingis Sesyidvis magaliTi. davuSvaT, kompania yidulobs beisbolis gunds, romlis nawili moTamaSeebis kontraqtebia. sagadasaxado wesebis mixedviT, SeZenis is Rirebuleba, romelic uSualod asocirebulia moTamaSeTa kontraqtebTan, cveTad aqtivs warmoadgens da SesaZloa misi cveTis daricxva (wrfivi meTodiT) xuTwliani periodis ganmavlobaSi. meore mxriv, franCaizingis Rirebulebis sxva komponentebi, magaliTad, satelevizio kontraqti, ar eqvemdebareba cveTas. albaT, klubis mflobelebsa da Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs (sagadasaxado samsaxurs) Soris didi dava mimdinareobs moTamaSeTa komponentis wilze _ mflobels surs, rom moTamaSeTa kontraqtze modiodes SeZenis Rirebulebis didi nawili, xolo Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurisTvis ki, piriqiT, misi mcire proporcia ufro xelsayrelia. garda amisa, Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris azriT, sxva aramaterialuri aqtivis cveTa 15 wlis (da ara 5 wlis) ganmavlobaSi iricxeba; amdenad, samsaxurs surs, beisbolis gundic identuri reJimiT daibegros. amrigad, cveTis administrireba seriozul sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad amisa, cveTis daricxva gardauvali proceduraa.
gauqmebuli sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti
1986 wlamde sagadasaxado kanoni iTvaliswinebda sainvesticio sagadasaxado kredits (Investment Tax Credit - ITC), romelic saSualebas aZlevda firmas, sagadasaxado valdebulebidan aqtivis SeZenis fasis nawili aqtivis SeZenis momentSive gamoeqviTa. Tu saburRi danadgaris Rirebulebaa 1000 dolari, xolo XYZ firmas eqneboda 10%-iani sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditiT sargeblobis ufleba, maSin saburRi danadgaris SeZenis SemTxvevaSi XYZ firmis sagadasaxado valdebuleba 100 dolariT Semcirdeboda. saburRi danadgaris faqtobrivi fasi (cveTis normis daricxvamde) 900 dolari iqneboda. ufro zogadad, Tu sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti iyo k, xolo SeZenis
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fasi ki - q, maSin aqtivis faqtobrivi fasi iqneboda (1 – k)q. cveTis daricxvisagan gansxvavebiT, sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis ar iyo damokidebuli korporaciul saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTze. es imitom xdeboda, rom krediti akldeboda sagadasaxado valdebulebas da ara dasabegr Semosavals. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi manqanadanadgarebis krediti 6%-dan 10%-mde meryeobda (damokidebuli iyo dabegvris vadaze).
1986 wlis sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb kanonma gaauqma sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti. amdenad, k dRes nuls udris. miuxedavad amisa, krediti kvlavac popularuli Temaa politikosebs Soris. klintonis administraciam wamoayena winadadeba ITC-is xelaxali danergvis Sesaxeb, magram kongresma uari ganacxada am winadadebaze. mosalodnelia, rom am winadadebis Sesaxeb kidev isaubreben sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb gamarTuli debatebis dros.
dividendisa da Senaxuli mogebis dabegvra
aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT uSualod korporaciis mier gadasaxdel gadasaxadebs. Tumca mTavari sakiTxi korporaciis gadasaxadi ki ar aris, aramed mTliani sagadasaxado ganakveTia, romliTac korporaciul seqtorSi dagrovili Semosavali ibegreba. mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadebi.
korporaciis mogeba an inaxeba firmis mier, an gadaexdeba aqcioners dividendis formiT. gadaxdili dividendi ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas korporaciuli Semosavlidan da, amdenad, korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba. aqcioneris mier miRebuli dividendi ganixileboda iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi Semosavali da ibegreboda zRvruli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. gamodioda, rom aseTi Semosavali orjer ibegreboda _ pirvelad korporaciis doneze da meored maSin, rodesac nawildeboda aqcionerebze. ormagi dabegvris gauqmebis mizniT 2003 wels miiRes kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, individis mier miRebuli aseTi Semosavali maqsimum 15%-iT daibegreba.
ra gadasaxadebiT ibegreba firmis mier Senaxuli mogeba? davuSvaT, XYZ firma mogebis erT dolars zogavs. saaqcio bazari zustad da akuratulad afasebs firmebs. firmas axla erTi dolariT meti aqvs, amdenad, misi aqciebis Rirebuleba 1 dolariT izrdeba. magram, rogorc vnaxeT me-15 TavSi, aqciebis Rirebulebis zrdis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali _ kapitalis mogeba _ preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. tipuri XYZ aqcioneris mier miRebuli mogeba ar ibegreba mogebis realizaciamde da realizaciis Semdegac ganakveTi erTob dabalia. amdenad, sagadasaxado sistema ufro xelsayrel
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pirobebs qmnis mogebis realizaciisaTvis.
Sesanaxad,
vidre
misi
dividendis
formiT
korporaciuli kapitalis faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom kapitalis Semosavlis oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi korporaciul seqtorSi aris 35%. cxadia, gasaocari iqneboda, Tu oficialuri ganakveTi faqtobriv ganakveTs daemTxveoda. korporaciis faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTis gamoTvlisas viTvaliswinebT iseT faqtorTa zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa: saprocento gadasaxadis gamoqviTva, cveTis normebi da inflacia. ufro metic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dividendis saxiT gacemuli korporaciuli Semosavali da realizebuli kapitalis mogeba ibegreba individualuri gadasaxadiT. aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg iurgensonma da iunma [2001, gv. 275] Seafases faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi korporaciis kapitalis Semosavalze da daadgines, rom igi 46%-s udrida. sagadasaxado ganakveTi arakorporaciul seqtorSi mxolod 37%-ia4.
cxadia, es gamoTvlebi dakavSirebulia bevr daSvebasTan, romlebic asocirdeba diskontirebis ganakveTTan [r (17.1) gantolebaSi], inflaciis mosalodnel ganakveTTan, realur ekonomikur cveTasTan da a.S. ufro metic, Cven male vnaxavT Semdeg TavSi, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis faqtobrivi tvirTi nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa dafinansebuli investiciebi _ sesxiT, aqciebis gamoSvebiT Tu Sida fondebis gamoyenebis gziT. is mkvlevari, romelic sxva daSvebebiT sargeblobs, faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTis sruliad sxva Sefasebamde miva. Tumca ar aris mosalodneli, rom alternatiuli meTodebis daangariSebuli faqtobrivi ganakveTi ufro srulyofili iqneba.
gadasaxadis ganawileba da zemdeti tvirTi
sagadasaxado wesebis ganxilva da faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gamoTvla mxolod pirveli nabijia korporaciuli gadasaxadis analizis gzaze. CvenTvis jer kidev ucnobia, Tu vin atarebs sabolood gadasaxadis tvirTs; Cven unda ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad arasworad nawildeba sagadasaxado tvirTi. korporaciuli gadasaxadis ekonomikuri Sedegebi saxelmwifo finansebis erTerTi winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia, risi mTavari mizezic aris is, rom ar arsebobs
4
es cifrebi exeba iseT Semosavals, romelic miRebulia grZelvadiani aqtivebidan.
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SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxisaa es gadasaxadi. Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT ramdenime mosazreba.
gadasaxadi korporaciul kapitalze
Cven ukve visaubreT korporaciuli gadasaxadis struqturis Sesaxeb, sadac aRvniSneT, rom firmas ekrZaleba aqcioneris mier miwodebuli kapitalis alternatiuli Rirebulebis dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTva. amrigad, kapitalis alternatiuli Rirebuleba CarTulia dasabegr bazaSi, amdenad, racionaluri iqneba, Tu korporaciul gadasaxads ganvixilavdiT, rogorc gadasaxads kapitalze, romelic gamoyenebulia korporaciul seqtorSi. me-12 TavSi mocemuli klasifikaciis sqemis Tanaxmad, korporaciuli gadasaxadi nawilobriv faqtoruli gadasaxadia. es azri dResac dominirebs am mecnierebaSi.
im modelis Tanaxmad, romelic iTvaliswinebs yvela bazars (`zogadi wonasworoba~), korporaciul kapitalze dawesebul gadasaxads mivyavarT kapitalis migraciamde korporaciuli seqtoridan manam, sanam mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT ar gaTanabrdeba ukugebis wminda ganakveTebi. gulsbis [2002] Tanaxmad, korporaciis gadasaxadi korporaciis ekonomikur aqtivobas amcirebs: im StatebSi, sadac SedarebiT maRali korporaciuli gadasaxadi moqmedebs, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi SedarebiT mcirea korporaciaTa raodenoba. kapitali gadaadgildeba arakorporaciul seqtorSi, sadac kapitalis ukugebis ganakveTi ise izRudeba, rom sabolood kapitalis yvela mflobelisaTvis (da aramxolod korporaciuli seqtoris warmomadgenlisaTvis) ziani moaqvs. kapitalis gadanawileba or seqtors Soris uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sromis ukugebaze. kapitalsa da Sromaze dakisrebuli gadasaxadis saboloo tvirTis simZime damokidebulia TiToeul seqtorSi gamoyenebul sawarmoo teqnologiaze, agreTve imaze, Tu ra struqturiT xasiaTdeba momxmareblis moTxovna korporaciul da arakorporaciul saqonelze. fuci, krugeri da poterba, sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi, TavianT kvlevaSi [1997, gv. 12] miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis tvirTi nawildeba kapitalsa da Sromaze, `Tumca arsebobs mniSnvelovani uTanxmoeba ganawilebis zust masStabebze~.
me-13 TavSi ukve ganvixileT, Tu rogor xdeba nawilobriv faqtoruli zedmeti tvirTis gaangariSeba. ganapirobebs ra Cveulebrivze ufro mcire moculobis kapitalis dagrovebas korporaciul seqtorSi, korporaciis gadasaxadi gadaitans kapitals yvelaze produqtiuli seqtoridan da qmnis zemdet tvirTs. iorgensonisa da iunis Sefasebis mixedviT [2001, gv. 302], korporaciis gadasaxadis mier warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi Zalian maRalia. masze Segrovili Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 24% modis.
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gadasaxadi ekonomikur mogebaze
alternatiuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, korporaciis gadasaxadi ekonomikur mogebaze gadasaxads warmoadgens. mosazrebis safuZveli aris is, rom dasabegri baza mTliani korporaciuli Semosavlebidan sawarmoo xarjebis gamoklebis gziT ganisazRvreba. sxvaoba qmnis `mogebas~. rogorc ukve avxseniT me-12 TavSi, gadasaxadis ganawileba ekonomikur mogebaze sworxazovnad mimdinareobs. vidre firma maqsimumamde zrdis mogebas, mogebis gadasaxadi firmis saqmianobis koreqtirebas ar moiTxovs _ fassa da warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba ucvlelia. amdenad, SeuZlebelia gadasaxadis gaziareba; gadasaxadi akisria im pirs, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi mflobelad iTvleba. ufro metic, swored imis gamo, rom gadasaxadi ar axdens zemoqmedebas qcevebze, gadasaxadi ar iwvevs resursebis araswor ganawilebas. amdenad, warmoqnili zemdeti tvirTi nuls udris.
cxadia, arasworia korporaciis gadasaxadis ise warmodgena, TiTqos igi ekonomikur mogebaze dawesebuli martivi gadasaxadi iyos. wminda mogebis dasabegri baza aris mTliani Semosavlebisa da yvela sawarmoo saSualebis Rirebulebis (mesakuTreTa mier miwodebuli sawarmoo saSualebebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis CaTvliT) sxvaoba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, akrZalulia aqcionerTa mier uzrunvelyofili kapitalis gamoqviTva. amitom dasabegri baza, ekonomikuri mogebis garda, bevr sxva elementsac moicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac korporaciis gadasaxadi ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. stiglicma [1973] gviCvena, rom gansazRvrul pirobebSi korporaciis gadasaxadi ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxads udris; es xdeba maSin, rodesac korporacias kreditorebisaTvis gadaxdili procentebis gamoqviTva SeuZlia.
axla ki kargad gaverkveT stiglicis koncefciaSi. warmovidginoT firma, romelic apirebs 1 dolaris Rirebulebis manqanis SeZenas. manqanis mier warmoebuli produqciis daubegravi (mTliani) Rirebuleba zustadaa gansazRvruli da G dolars udris. am manqanis sayidlad firma sesxulobs fuls _ igi sesxulobs 1 dolars da valdebulia, gadaixados sesxis procenti r dolaris odenobiT. gadasaxadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi firma yidulobs manqanas, Tu wminda ukugeba (mTlian Semosavals minus cveTa, minus gadaxdili procenti) aris dadebiTi. algebrulad, firma manqanas yidulobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
G-r >0
(17.2)
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axla ki davuSvaT, rom dawesda korporaciuli gadasaxadi Semdegi pirobebiT: (1) wminda Semosavali ibegreba q ganakveTiT; (2) wminda Semosavali gamoiTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan saprocento danaxarjebis gamoklebis Semdeg. ra zemoqmedebas axdens aseTi gadasaxadi firmis gadawyvetilebaze proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb? cxadia, firmam unda miiRos gadawyvetileba imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad momgebiani iqneba proeqti gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg. meore pirobidan gamomdinare, firmis dasabegri Semosavali aris G - r , pirveli pirobidan gamomdinare, proeqti warmoqmnis sagadasaxado valdebulebas
q (G - r ) ; amdenad, proeqtis momgebianoba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba (1 -q )(G - r ) . firma miiRebs gadawyvetilebas proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wminda (gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg) mogeba dadebiTi sididea, anu, Tu:
(1 - q )(G - r ) > 0
(17.3)
gaiTvaliswineT, rom nebismieri proeqti, romelic akmayofilebs (17.3) formulas, aucileblad daakmayofilebs (17.2) formulasac [(17.3) formulis
(1 - q ) -ze gayofiT viRebT (17.2) formulas]. amdenad, gadasaxadis dakisrebis Semdeg firmis gadawyvetileba investirebis Sesaxeb ucvlelia _ rasac gaakeTebda gadasaxadis dawesebamde, imas gaakeTebs misi dawesebis Semdegac. firmis mflobelebi zustad iseve iqcevian, rogorc iqceodnen gadasaxadis dawesebamde; isini, ubralod, Tavisi mogebis nawils kargaven (investicias saxelmwifos sasargeblod ganaTavseben). am TvalsazrisiT, gadasaxadi ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadi, korporaciuli gadasaxadi firmis mflobels akisria da igi zedmet tvirTs ar warmoqmnis.
Tumca aq kidev bevri saeWvo sakiTxi arsebobs. gaixseneT, rom firma damatebiT proeqtebs sesxis saSualebiT afinansebda. sesxebis Tavidan asacileblad firmas fulis mogroveba aqciebis gayidvis an Senaxuli Semosavlebis gamoyenebis gziT SeuZlia. es ZiriTadad maSin xdeba xolme, rodesac firma SezRudulia kapitalis bazarze da saWiro raodenobis fuls ver sesxulobs. Tu firma ar aris darwmunebuli proeqtis warmatebaSi, maSin igi SesaZloa, iZulebuli gaxdes, isesxos fuli da am gziT daafinansos proeqti. proeqtis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, rac ufro maRali iqneba firmis vali, gakotrebis miT meti albaToba Seiqmneba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi).
amrigad, stiglicis ZiriTadi daskvna is ki ar iyo, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadi saerTod ar warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs, aramed is, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis zegavlena korporaciuli finansebis struqturazea damokidebuli.
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korporaciuli gadasaxadis zegavlena qmedebebze
korporaciuli gadasaxadi korporaciul gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT sam mniSvnelovan formas: (1) gansaxorcielebeli fizikuri investiciis (manqana-danadgarebi da sxva aqtivebi) mTliani moculoba; (2) SesaZeni fizikuri aqtivebis saxeebi; da (3) am investiciaTa dafinansebis gzebi. am sami gadawyvetilebis cal-calke ganxilva SesaZloa, Zalian xelovnurad gamoiyurebodes (firma maT erTdroulad iRebs), magaram ase Cven saCvenebeli miznebisaTvis viqceviT.
mTliani fizikuri investicia
firmis wminda investicia mocemul periodSi amave periodis ganmavlobaSi fizikuri aqtivebis zrda aris. stimuls aZlevs Tu ara investiciaze arsebul moTxovnas iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa daCqarebuli cveTa da sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti? es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvaa. magaliTad, rodesac kongresSi respublikelebi win swevdnen sakiTxs cveTis daricxvis normebis gafarToebis Sesaxeb (2002), isini asabuTebdnen, rom am gziT investiciis stabilurobis xarisxi gaizrdeboda. maTi oponentebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom cveTis daricxvis normebis gafarToeba ar moitanda mniSvnelovan Sedegs. romeli mxare iyo marTali?
nawilobriv Tqvens mosazrebazea damokidebuli pasuxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iRebs korporacia gadawyvetilebas investirebis Taobaze. am mimarTulebiT wardgenilia bevri modeli. Tumca aravin icis, romelia ukeTesi5. Cven ganvixilavT sam sainvesticio models, romlebic jerovani yuradRebiT sargeblobdnen.
`swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modeli. davuSvaT, rom kapitalisa da produqtis proporcia fiqsirebulia. ase magaliTad: produqciis TiToeuli erTeulis sawarmoeblad saWiroa kapitalis sami erTeuli. gamodis, rom produqciis TiToeuli erTeuliT gazrdisaTvis firmam ZiriTadi kapitali sami erTeuliT unda gazardos (anu ganaxorcielos investireba). amrigad, investiciis moculobis mTavari determinanti warmoebuli produqtis moculobis cvlilebaa.
5
sxvadasxva modeli ganxiluli aqvs Cirinkos [2002].
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es Teoria, romelsac xSirad `swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modeli ewodeba, miuTiTebs imaze, rom cveTis norma da ITC-i ararelevanturia, rodesac igi iwyebs zemoqmedebas fizikur investiciaze. mxolod produqtis raodenobas SeuZlia zemoqmedebis moxdena investiciaze, radgan teqnologia kapitalisa da produqtis gamoyenebis proporcias gvkarnaxobs. sagadasaxado sargebeli kapitalze aiafebs kapitals, Tumca `swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modelisaTvis amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan kapitalze arsebuli moTxovna ar aris damokidebuli mis fasze.
neoklasikuri modeli. davuSvaT, rom kapitalisa da produqtis proporcia teqnologiurad fiqsirebuli ar aris. firmas aqvs ufleba, sxvadasxva alternatiul teqnologias Soris arCevani gaakeTos. Tumca rogor unda SearCios? iurgensonis [1963] neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi cvladi aris kapitalis moxmarebis xarji _ es aris firmis danaxarji, romelic gamowveulia aqtivis flobis Sedegad. Cven odnav mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom kapitalis moxmarebis xarji moicavs im aqtivebis alternatiul Rirebulebas, romelTa sargeblobaze firmam uari ganacxada da iseT pirdapir xarjebs, rogoricaa cveTa da gadasaxadebi. kapitalis moxmarebis xarji miuTiTebs proeqtis ukugebis im ganakveTze, romelic unda moitanos proeqtma imisaTvis, rom rentabelurad CaiTvalos. ase magaliTad, Tu proeqtis kapitalis moxmarebis xarji 15%-ia, am proeqts firma ganaxorcielebs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi ukugebis ganakveTi aRemateba 15%-s. rac ufro maRalia kapitalis moxmarebis xarji, miT ufro dabalia rentabelur proeqtTa ricxvi da kapitalis aqciaTa sasurveli raodenoba. neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, kapitalis xarjis zrdis SemTxvevaSi firma gamoiyenebs naklebad kapitaltevad teqnologias da piriqiT. sagadasaxado politika kapitalis xarjs amcirebs; amdenad, igi zrdis kapitalis moculobas firmis survilisamebr da, sabolood, zrdis investicias.
kvlav upasuxod rCeba ori ZiriTadi SekiTxva: (1) rogor zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze? (2) ramdenad sensitiuria investicia kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis cvlilebis mimarT? ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi.
kapitalis moxmarebis xarji. gavicnoT Cveni axali gmiri, leona, romelic mewarmea da SeuZlia, gaasesxos fuli; mis mier miRebuli ukugebis wminda ganakveTi 10%-ia. leona erTaderTi aqcioneria korporaciaSi, romelic flobs sastumroebis qsels. mas Zalian advilad SeuZlia kapitalis bazrebze fulis gasesxebis gziT10%-iani Semosavlis miReba; amdenad, sastumroebis saqmeSi is mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaerTveba, Tu am biznesis ukugeba 10%-ze meti iqneba. leonam gadawyvita mtversasrutis SeZena. mtversasruts yovelwliurad 2%-iani cveTa daericxeba. sul erTi wamiT rom daviviwyoT gadasaxadebis arseboba, gamova, rom kapitalis moxmarebis xarji mtversasrutis SemTxvevaSi iqneba 12%,
575
radgan igi leonas moutans 12%-ian ukugebas. gaiTvaliswineT, rom leona isedac iRebs 10%-ian Semosavals da sakmaod martivadac: fulis gasesxebis gziT. algebrulad, Tu r aris ukugebis wminda ganakveTi, xolo d ki - cveTis ganakveTi, maSin kapitalis moxmarebis xarji aris ( r + d ). Tu mtversasruti leonas ver moutans wminda Semosavals, romelic udris ( r + d )-s, anu 12%-s, maSin leona ar SeiZens am mtevrsasruts.
axla ki davuSvaT, rom korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 15%-s udris. korporaciis Semosavali leonas dividendis formiT gadaexdeba. Tu korporaciis Semosavali 1 dolaria, xolo korporaciuli gadasaxadi ki - 0,35 dolari (= 0,35 X $1), maSin leonas rCeba 0,65 dolari. leona dividendis saxiT iRebs 0,65 dolars, Semdeg ixdis 15%-ian individualur gadasaxads, rac qmnis 0,098 dolaris sagadasaxado valdebulebas (= 0,15 X $0,65), ris Semdegac leonas mxolod 0,552 dolari rCeba. algebrulad, Tu q warmoadgens korporaciul sagadasaxado ganakveTs da t ki aris individualuri saprocento ganakveTi dividendiT miRebul Semosavalze, maSin korporaciis Semosavlis, anu 1 dolaris, wminda ukugeba iqneba (1 -q ) ´ (1 - t ) .
ra zemoqmedebas axdens es gadasaxadebi kapitalis xarjze? Cven unda gamoviTvaloT daubegravi ukugeba, romlis SemTxvevaSic korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadebis dafarvis Semdgom leona miiRebs Tavis Zvel 12%s. warmovidginoT, rom moxmarebis xarji aris C. aseT SemTxvevaSi
(1 - 0,35) ´ (1 - 0,15) ´ C = 12% -s , anu C = 21,7%-s. amdenad, leona ar iyidis mtversasruts, Tu misi daubegravi ukugeba ar iqneba 21,7% an meti. Cveni algebruli gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT kapitalis moxmarebis xarji aris C, romelic akmayofilebs formulas:
C=
(1 - q ) ´ (1 - t ) ´ C = (r + d )
(r + d ) (1 - q ) ´ (1 - t )
formulas
an
Semdegi saxis
(17.4)
aqamde Cven vuCvenebdiT, Tu rogor zrdis korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadi kapitalis moxmarebis xarjs. Tumca sagadasaxado kodeqsi gvTavazobs iseT fenomens, rogoricaa daCqarebuli cveTa, romelic amcirebs kapitalis danaxarjs. (17.1) formulaSi Cven y ganvmarteT, rogorc cveTis normebis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic 1 dolaris investiciidan Semodis. davuSvaT, rom mtversasrutis y aris 0,25. faqtobrivad, cveTis daricxva erTi meoTxediT amcirebs mtversasrutis SeZenis Rirebulebas; amdenad, igi erT meoTxediT amcirebs daubegrav ukugebas, romelic firmam unda miiRos imisaTvis, rom darCes gansazRvruli wminda ukugeba. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, 21,7%-is Semosavlis nacvlad mtversasrutis SeZenis Sedegad firmis
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Semosavali 16,3% unda iyos [ = 21,7 ´ (1 - 0,25)]. algebrulad, cveTis daricxva kapitalis xarjs (1 - y )-iT amcirebs. analogiurad, sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti, romelic k ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba, SeZenis Rirebulebas (1 dolari) amcirebs (1 – k) dolaramde. cveTis daricxvisa da sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis arsebobis pirobebSi kapitalis xarji (1 -y - k ) faqtoriT mcirdeba6. amdenad, C (17.4) formulidan unda gavamravloT (1 -y - k ) -ze, raTa igi movargoT daCqarebul cveTas da sainvesticio sagadasaxado kredits:
C=
(r + d ) ´ (1 - y - k ) (1 - q ) ´ (1 - t )
(17.5)
(17.5) formula gviCvenebs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistema firmis mier kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze. korporaciuli Semosavlis dabegvris gziT gadasaxadi aZvirebs kapitalur investicias (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). cveTis daricxva da sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti amcirebs moxmarebis xarjs. nebismieri cvlileba, romelic korporaciul sagadasaxado sistemaSi xdeba, q ,y da k-s kombinaciaze axdens zemoqmedebas da kapitalis moxmarebis xarjs cvlis.
moxmarebis xarjis zemoqmedeba investiciaze. Cven ukve gvaqvs informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado sistema kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze. Semdegi nabiji ukve imis dazustebaa, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens moxmarebis xarjis cvlileba investiciaze. Tu racionaluria daCqarebis modeli, maSin investiciaze yvelaze radikaluri cvlilebac ki ver imoqmedebs. meore mxriv, Tu investicia kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze reagirebs, maSin cveTis norma da sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti investiciaze zemoqmedebis mZlavr berketad gamodgeba.
ekonometrikis poziciidan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia am sakiTxis gadawyveta, risi mTavari mizezic is aris, rom sainvesticio procesSi wamyvani roli molodins akisria. davuSvaT, firma fiqrobs, rom sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti momaval wels gaizrdeba. am molodinis safuZvelze firma miiRebs wlevandel gadawyvetilebebs. kerZod, igi momaval wlamde gadadebs ramdenime sainvesticio proeqts, radgan mas momaval wels gazrdili kreditiT sargeblobis survili eqneba. ufro zogadad, dRevandeli investicia damokidebulia imaze, kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis samomavlo moculobis Sesaxeb Tu ra molodini arsebobs. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-16 TavSi (danazogze saubris dros), ar arsebobs molodinis formirebis realurad adekvaturi modeli. Catarda sxvadasxva kvleva, romlebic gansxvavebul daSvebas 6
aq igulisxmeba, rom cveTis normebis gamosaTvleli baza ar mcirdeba, maSin rodesac firma iRebs sainvesticio sagadasaxado kredits.
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efuZneboda. maTi Sejamebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom investiciis elastiuroba moxmarebis xarjis mimarT daaxloebiT 0,4-ia [Chirinko, 2002], rac, faqtobrivad, amarTlebs neoklasikur models _ investicia marTlac reagirebs sagadasaxado sistemis cvlilebebze.
aqac imaleba erTi mniSvnelovani daSveba: warmoebis saSualebebis fasze ar axdens zemoqmedebas kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis cvlileba, romelic gadasaxadebis dawesebiT aris gamowveuli. Tu, magaliTad, firma Seudgeba warmoebis meti saSualebis SeZenas sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis SemoRebis pasuxad, amiT ar gaizrdeba warmoebis saSualebaTa fasi. ufro teqnikuri terminebiT rom gamovxatoT, warmoebis saSualebaTa miwodebis mrudi srulyofilad horizontaluria. Tumca gulsbim [1986B] aRmoaCina, rom sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis SemoRebis Sedegad izrdeba im momuSaveTa xelfasi, romlebic warmoebis saSualebebs qmnian. amdenad, investiciis zrda, romelic ganpirobebulia kreditiT, warmoebis saSualebaTa dabegvramdeli fasis zrdis Sedegad SezRudulia.
dabolos, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom SeerTebuli Statebi Ria ekonomikiT xasiaTdeba. Tu sagadasaxado kodeqsi daainteresebs ucxoels, ganaxorcielos aSS-Si investicia, maSin investiciis dafinanseba am gziTac SeiZleba. sagadasaxado politikis Sedegi investiciaze sagadasaxado politikasa da danazogs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis meore mxarea, romelic Cven me-16 TavSi ganvixileT. qveynidan ucxoeTSi gadis Sida danazogi, rac danazogis manipulirebis gziT ufro arTulebs Sida investiciis stimulirebas. ucxouri kapitalis mozidva kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis pirdapiri manipulirebis gziT ufro martivia.
naRdi fulis modeli. Tu Tqven saqmian adamians hkiTxavT, Tu ris safuZvelze iRebs igi gadawyvetilebas investirebis Sesaxeb, is aucileblad gipasuxebT: naRdi fulis safuZvelze. naRdi fuli warmoadgens sxvaobas Semosavalsa da sawarmoo danaxarjebs Soris. rac ufro meti fuli arsebobs xelze, miT maRalia investirebis SesaZlebloba. amis sapirispirod, naRdi fuli ararelevanturi faqtoria neoklasikuri modelis mixedviT, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sida fondebi da nasesxebi fuli Tanabari alternatiuli RirebulebiT xasiaTdeba (ukugebis mimdinare ganakveTi). firmas SeuZlia, survilisamebr isesxos fuli moqmedi saprocento ganakveTiT. am pirobebSi, Tu kompiuteris Cipis warmoebis ukugeba mis alternatiul Rirebulebas aRemateba, firma mainc awarmoebs am Cips, miuxedavad imisa, amisaTvis gamoiyenebs nasesxeb fuls Tu Sida resurss.
neoklasikuri magaliTis kritikuli daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Sida fondebisa da nasesxebi Tanxis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis Tanabria. bevri ekonomisti darwmunebulia, rom es negatiuri daSvebaa. davuSvaT, firmis
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menejers aqvs ukeTesi informacia kompiuteris Cipis perspeqtivis Sesaxeb, vidre mis potenciur kreditors. nebismierma kreditorma SesaZloa CaTvalos, rom proeqtis Sedegi ganusazRvreli da saeWvoa da sesxi maRali saprocento ganakveTiT datvirTos, anda SesaZloa, sulac uari ganacxados fulis gasesxebaze. gamodis, rom Sida fondebis Rirebuleba ufro dabalia, vidre gare fondebisa. amdenad, investiciis moculoba damokidebulia Sida fondebis, anu naRdi fulis nakadze.
marTlac arsebobs statistikuri kavSiri naRdi fulis nakadsa da investicias Soris [Hubbard, 1998]. Tumca am aRmoCenis interpretacia arc-Tu ise naTelia _ ratom axorcielebs firma investirebas: imitom, rom misi fuladi nakadi maRalia, Tu imitom, rom warmatebuli firma xasiaTdeba rogorc maRali fuladi nakadiT, aseve maRali moculobis investiciebiT? nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tu naRdi fulis Teoria marTebulia, maSin igi gadasaxadebisa da investiciebis damokidebulebaze garkveul zemoqmedebas moaxdens. ase magaliTad, neoklasikuri modelis mixedviT, korporaciaze dakisrebuli erTjeradi gadasaxadi investiciaze ar moqmedebs. amis sapirispirod, naRdi fulis modelis mixedviT, aseT viTarebaSi investicia mcirdeba. dRes naRdi fulis modeli kvlevis aqtualur sagnad aris qceuli.
aqtivTa tipebi
cxrili 17.1 faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi aqtivTa tipis mixedviT
sagadasaxado sistemis reformis (1986) aqtamde
moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT
manqana-danadgarebi
17,4%
37,1%
Senoba-nagebobani
32,3%
40,5%
wyaro: Jorgenson and Yun [2001. gv. 140]
sagadasaxado sistema zemoqmedebas axdens rogorc firmis mier SeZenil aqtivebze, aseve investiciis mTlian moculobaze. ase magaliTad, sistema waaxalisebs im aqtivTa SeZenas, romlebic cveTis maRali normebiT xasiaTdeba.
iurgensonma da iunma [2001] gamoiTvales faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi sxvadasxva aqtivze sagadasaxado sistemis reformis
579
(1986) aqtamde da moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT. maT mier miRweuli zogierTi Sedegi Cans 17.1 cxrilSi. cxrili gviCvenebs, rom rogorc sagadasaxado sistemis reformis (1986) aqtamde, aseve mis Semdeg Senoba-nageboba ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreboda, vidre manqana-danadgarebi. Tumca am aqtis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda gansxvaveba aqtivis am ori saxis sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris. dRes sistema ufro neitraluria, amitom zedmeti tvirTi, romelic warmoiqmneba gadasaxadebis zegavlenis Sedegad sainvesticio struqturaze, axla ufro mcirea, vidre adreul periodSi.
korporaciuli finansebi
fizikur investiciebTan dakavSirebuli `realuri~ gadawyvetilebebis garda, firmis mflobelma unda gadawyvitos, Tu rogor daafinansos firmis operaciebi, agreTve gaanawilos, Tu Seinaxos mogeba. axla ki ganvixiloT gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba am finansur gadawyvetilebebze.
ratom ixdis firma dividends? korporaciis mier miRebuli qoneba an nawildeba aqcionerebs Soris dividendis saxiT, an inaxeba kompaniis mier. Tu Cven davuSvebT, rom (1) yvela investiciis Sedegi zustad da winaswaraa cnobili da (2) ar arsebobs gadasaxadebi, maSin firmis mflobelisaTvis dividendis formiT gacemuli Semosavlis 1 dolarisa da Senaxuli Semosavlis 1 dolaris Rirebuleba Tanabari iqneba. im pirobiT, rom saaqcio bazari akuratulad asaxavs firmis Rirebulebas, Senaxuli mogebis erTi dolari firmis aqciaTa Rirebulebas 1 dolariT zrdis. 1 dolari kapitalis mogeba zustad igive Semosavalia, rac 1 dolaris Rirebulebis dividendi. am daSvebis Tanaxmad, aqcionerisaTvis sulerTia, ganawildeba Tu ara mogeba.
realur samyaroSi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs seriozuli ganusazRvrelobani axlavs, korporaciuli Semosavali ki eqvemdebareba dabegvras. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dividendebis gacemisas aqcioners warmoeqmneba sagadasaxado valdebuleba; Senaxuli mogeba ki aranair sagadasaxado valdebulebas ar warmoqmnis. Senaxvis gziT aqcioneri iRebs kapitalis mogebas, Tumca ar ixdis aranair gadasaxads mogebis realizaciamde.
aRniSnuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, rogorc Cans, dividendebis gacemis gziT fuls gadasaxadis Semgrovebels vaZlevT. amdenad, albaT, yvela firmas eqneba mogebis Senaxvis survili. magram ase ar xdeba: Cveulebriv, wlis ganmavlobaSi dabegrili korporaciuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 79% dividendis saxiT gadaixdeba [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 381]. es fenomeni seriozuli Tavsatexia korporaciuli finansebis studentebisaTvis.
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aRniSnuli fenomenis erT-erTi SesaZlo axsna-ganmarteba aris is, rom dividendebis gacema firmis finansuri siZlieris mauwyebelia. Tu investori Tvlis, rom firma, romelic mas regularulad uxdis dividends, `soliduria~, maSin dividendis gadaxda firmis aqciebis Rirebulebas zrdis. analogiurad, firma, romelic dividendebs amcirebs, moazrebuli iqneba, rogorc finansuri problemebis mqone firma. amdenad, firmas SesaZloa, hqondes didi survili imisa, rom gasces dividendi farTo masStabiT potenciuri aqcionerebis misazidad. miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom am gziT miRebuli Semosavali Sewiruli Tanxis Rirebulebas aRemateba.
arsebobs am fenomenis kidev erTi ganmarteba: yvela investors ara aqvs erTi da igive zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. kerZod, daubegravi dawesebulebebi (sapensio fondebi da universitetebi) ibegrebian nulovani saprocento ganakveTiT. piri, romelic naklebi sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, ufro metad Seafasebs dividends, swored amitom bevri firma dividendebis gacemaze `specializdeba~, raTa aseTi investorebi miizidos. aseTi tendencia klienturis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili: firma Tavis finansur politikas sxvadasxva klienturas argebs. klienturis efeqtis Semswavleli ekonometrikuli kvleva zusti informaciis ararsebobis gamo ferxdeba (vin flobs aqciebs da romel firmaSi?). Tumca arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom ormxrivi fondebi, romlis aqcionerebi ibegrebian, xasiaTdeba dabali dividendis mqone aqciebiT; rac Seexeba daubegrav dawesebulebas, igi dabal da maRaldividendian aqcias Soris aranair upiratesobas ar gamoxatavs [Graham, 2001].
gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba sadividendo politikaze. sagadasaxado sistemis arsebobis gamo firma dividendebis gadaxdis TvalsazrisiT tendenciuri xdeba (Tumca sagadasaxado sistemis arseboba firmas dividendis gadaxdis survils ar ukargavs). ibadeba aseTi kiTxva: rogor Seicvleba korporaciuli finansuri politika, Tu Seicvleba gacemuli dividendisa da Senaxuli mogebis dabegvris politika? davuSvaT, rom firmas surs rogorc dividendis gacema, aseve mogebis Senaxva. Senaxuli mogebis sasurveli raodenoba misi alternatiuli RirebulebiT ganisazRvreba, romelic aqcionerebisaTvis gadaxdili da ukve dabegrili dividendis RirebulebiT gamoixateba. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli mogebis 1 dolaris alternatiuli Rirebuleba gacemuli dividendis 1 dolaris alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba. meore mxriv, Tu aqcioneri ibegreba 15%-iani zRvruli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dividendze, firmis mier erTi dolaris Senaxvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba gacemuli dividendis 85 cents udris7. faqtobrivad, mimdinare sagadasaxado sistema Senaxuli mogebis alternatiul Rirebulebas amcirebs.
7
ufro detaluri gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba sagadasaxado valdebuleba faqtobriv kapitalur mogebaze, romelic akumulirebulia mogebis Senaxvis Sedegad, rac aq ugulebelyofilia, sailustracio miznebidan gamomdinare.
581
zogierTi ekonomikuri kvleva cxadyofs, rom Senaxuli mogebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis Semcirebis paralelurad mcirdeba dividendebic [ix. aSS xazinis departamenti, 1992, gv. 117]. rogor Cans, sagadasaxado sistema korporaciaTa mier Senaxuli mogebis moculobas zrdis. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, es sasurveli tendenciaa, radgan Senaxuli mogebis gazrdili moculoba investiciisaTvis ufro met fuls uzrunvelyofs. saerTodac, Senaxuli mogeba warmoadgens danazogs. SesaZloa, aqcioneri iTvaliswinebdes kidec korporaciul danazogs piradi finansuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. Tu firmis mflobelma icis, rom korporacia mis saxelze erT dolars zogavs, maSin Tavad mflobeli sakuTar danazogs zustad am TanxiT Seamcirebs. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTliani danazogis Semadgenloba icvleba, ucvlelia misi mTliani moculoba. rogorc Cans, marTlac arsebobs imis ekonometrikuli mtkicebuleba, rom piradi da korporaciuli danazogi erTmaneTs akompensirebs [Poterba, 1991]. analizi kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom saxifaToa, korporacia ganvixiloT calke erTeulis saxiT, aqcionerebisagan damoukideblad.
sesxi Tu aqcioneruli dafinanseba? korporaciam unda miiRos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gazardos fuladi resursi. firmas ZiriTadad ori alternativa aqvs: mas SeuZlia, isesxos fuli (aiRos vali). amis Semdeg firma valdebuli iqneba, gadaixados sesxis procenti; procentis an ZiriTadi Tanxis gadauxdelobas SesaZloa, seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegi mohyves. garda valis aRebisa, firmas aqvs kidev erTi gza: gamouSvas aqciebi da dividendi gadauxados aqcioners.
gaixseneT, rom aSS-Si moqmedi sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi korporacia uflebamosilia, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos saprocento gadasaxadi, magram ar aris uflebamosili, gamoqviTos dividendi. swored amitom sagadasaxado kanoni mikerZoebuls xdis sesxis finansirebas. marTlac, Zalian sainteresoa, Tu ratom ar sargeblobs firma sesxis dafinansebiT. pasuxi nawilobriv ukavSirdeba ganusazRvrelobas. yovelTvis arsebobs cudi Sedegis an gakotrebis albaToba. rac ufro mets isesxebs firma, miT maRali iqneba misi sesxis gadasaxadi, amdenad, miT meti iqneba gakotrebis albaToba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). sesxis dafinansebam gakotrebamde miiyvana iseTi msxvili korporaciebi, rogoricaa: K-Mart, Enron da WorldCom. zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado sistema, waaxalisebs ra sesxis gamoyenebas, arasasurvel zegavlenas axdens _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi mas firma gakotrebamde mihyavs (rac sxva SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeboda).
amdenad, sakmaod rTulia sagadasaxado sistemis zemoqmedebis xarisxis Sefaseba im arCevanze, romelsac firma sasesxo da aqcionerul dafinansebas Soris akeTebs. erT-erT ekonometrikul kvlevaSi gordoni da li [2001] ambobdnen, rom, Tu gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas moaxdens sasesxo da aqcionerul urTierTdamokidebulebaze, maSin korporacia, romelic dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, naklebad isargeblebs sesxiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) imis
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gamo, rom korporaciis dasabegri Semosavlidan procentis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis upiratesoba aRar aris imdenad mimzidveli, rodesac Tavad sagadasaxado ganakveTi dabalia. gordonisa da lis analizi Seesabameba aSS-Si firmebis realur mdgomareobas. maT aRmoaCines, rom korporaciuli ganakveTis 10%-iT Semcireba iwvevs firmis im aqtivebis procentul Semcirebas (4%), romelic dafinansebulia sesxiT.
axdens Tu ara sagadasaxado sistema korporaciuli saaRricxvo skandalebis provocirebas? aSS-s ukanasknel periodSi korporaciuli skandalebis talRa daatyda Tavs. firmaTa umetesoba (da, albaT, ufro Enron-i) sargeblobda SecdomaSi Semyvani da TaRliTuri praqtikiT, raTa gaebera angariSgebuli Semosavali da am gziT gaezarda aqciaTa Rirebuleba. skandalma dRis wesrigSi korporaciuli mmarTvelobisa da saaRricxvo procedurebis reformirebis aucilebloba daayena da piradad agebina pasuxi aRmasrulebel direqtorebs SecdomaSi Semyvani finansuri angariSgebis wardgenis gamo. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom problemis TavidaTavi aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema iyo da korporaciis qmedebaTa seriozuli gaumjobeseba adekvaturi reformis gatarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.
ratom vadanaSaulebT sagadasaxado sistemas? sigeli [2002] aRniSnavda, rom XIX saukuneSi, anu manam, sanam mTavroba fasiani qaRaldebis industriaSi maregulireblis funqcias aiRebda, korporaciul menejments SeeZlo sakuTari firmis Sesaxeb nebismieri saxis informaciis gacema _ menejments aravin gansjida imis gamo, rom informacias SeeZlo, vinme SecdomaSi Seeyvana. magram, korporaciuli finansuri angariSgebis standartis ararsebobis pirobebSi, rogor unda erwmuna sazogadoebas korporaciis mier gancxadebuli Semosavlebis saimedooba? sigeli am SekiTxvas ase upasuxebda: `adrindel periodSi firmis rentabelurobisa da misi Semosavlebis WeSmaritebis damamtkicebeli sabuTi firmis mier gadaxdili dividendi iyo”. swored es iyo dividendis, rogorc `warmatebis maniSneblis~ Teoria, romelzec Cven ukve visaubreT. SedarebiT advilia gancxadebuli SemosavliT manipulireba, dividendi ki xelSesaxebi naRdi fulia da, amdenad, SeuZlebelia mis Sesaxeb tyuili informaciis gavrceleba. dividendebis gadaxdis faruli SezRudvis gziT sagadasaxado sistemam ufro aqtualuri gaxada firmis rentabelobis maniSnebeli iseTi meTodebi, romlebiTac manipulireba bevrad martivia. aravin icis, ramdenad sarwmunoa es argumenti, Tumca igi aris imis damamtkicebeli sabuTi, rom gadasaxads SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi mohyves.
saxelmwifo korporaciuli gadasaxadebi
583
TiTqmis yvela Stati awesebs sakuTar korporaciul saSemosavlo gadasaxads, xolo korporaciul sagadasaxado Semosavlebze ki modis Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTliani Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 2,3% [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 377]. Statebis individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis analogiurad, Statebis korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ganakveTebis struqturisa da dasabegri Semosavlis dadgenis wesebis mixedviT.
yvela is sirTule, romelic warmoiqmneba federaluri korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganawilebisa da zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad, saxelmwifo sistemis aRqmis nebismier mcdelobas Trgunavs. ganakveTTa variacia Statebis mixedviT erT metad mtkivneul SekiTxvas badebs: Tu mocemuli Stati awesebs korporaciul gadasaxads, tvirTis ra nawili gadadis sxva Statis moqalaqeebze? rogor nawildeba darCenili tvirTi Statis rezident moqalaqeebze?
gaixseneT Teoria gadasaxadis tvirTis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (Tavi me-12). gaixseneT ZiriTadi daSveba: aramobilur faqtorze modis sagadasaxado tvirTis ufro didi wili, vidre mobilur faqtorebze sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu kapitalis gadaadgileba ufro martivi iqneba sxva StatSi, vidre SromiTi Zalisa, maSin saxemlwfo korporaciis gadasaxadis ZiriTadi tvirTi SromiT Zalaze gadava. amdenad, varirebadi korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis sistemis analizi moiTxovs imas, rom ukve arsebul faqtorTa im nusxas, romelTa Seswavla aucilebelia federaluri korporaciuli gadasaxadis ganxilvis procesSi, davamatoT StatTaSorisi mobilurobis faqtori. aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva jer kidev dawyebiT stadiazea.
multinacionaluri kompaniebis dabegvra
amerikuli firmebi deben did investiciebs sazRvargareT. 2001 wels aqtivTa Rirebuleba, romelic investirebuli iyo sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, 6 trilion dolars udrida. ucxouri Semosavlis sagadasaxado damuSaveba ki erTob mniSnvelovan sakiTxad iqca.
aSS-is multinacionaluri kompaniebi globalur dasabegr Semosavalze, sazRvargareTis qveynebSi naSovni Semosavlis CaTvliT, standartuli ganakveTiT ibegreba. ucxouri gadasaxadebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia krediti. krediti ar unda aRematebodes im Tanxas, romlis sesxeba SesaZlebelia aSS-is sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. ase magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom aSS-is korporacia Soulobs 100 dolars sxva qveyanaSi 15%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT.
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korporacia am qveyanas 15 dolars uxdis. ucxouri sagadasaxado kreditis ararsebobis pirobebSi korporaciis valdebuleba aSS-is xazinis mimarT 35 dolari iqneboda (radgan aSS-is korporaciuli gadasaxadi 35%-s udris). miuxedavad amisa, firmas SeuZlia, aiRos 15 dolari krediti 35 dolari valdebulebis pirobebSi da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mxolod 20 dolari gadauxados.
1999 wels, sanam SemoRebul iqneboda sagadasaxado krediti, korporaciaTa sagadasaxado valdebuleba 242 miliardi dolari iyo. sxva qveyanaSi miRebul Semosavalze sagadasaxado kreditis dawesebis gziT es cifri 49 miliard dolaramde Semcirda [Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri, 2002 weli, gv. 233].
arsebobs mTeli rigi garemoebani, romlebic korporaciuli Semosavlis dabegvras arTulebs.
ucxoeTSi
miRebuli
Svilobili kompania. Semosavlis dabegvra gadavaddeba, Tu igi miRebulia Svilobili kompaniis saqmianobis Sedegad (Svilobili kompania aris aSS-is korporaciis kuTvnili kompania, romelic sazRvargareT muSaobs da, amdenad, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, damoukidebel korporacias warmoadgens). Svilobili kompaniis mier miRebuli mogeba ibegreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogeba dividendis saxiT ubrundeba saTao kompanias (repatriacia). amdenad, Svilobili kompaniis arsebobisas, sargebeli SesaZloa, dazogil iqnes aSS-is sagadasaxado sistemisagan Sors. rTulia imis Tqma, Tu ra moculobis sagadasaxado Semosavali ikargeba gadavadebis gamo. mocemuli sakredito sistemis pirobebSi pasuxi damokidebulia sxva qveyanaSi moqmed sagadasaxado ganakveTebze. sazRvargareTis yvela sxva qveyanas ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi rom hqonoda, vidre amerikas, maSin es qveyana ver miiRebda raime damatebiT sagadasaxado Semosavals. ucxo qveyana awesebs ufro mcire korporaciul saSemosavlo gadasaxads, vidre amerika, rac ufro mimzidvels xdis mas aSS-is firmebisaTvis (e.w. `sagadasaxado samoTxe, sagadasaxado navsayudeli”8).
Semosavlis ganTavseba. Zalian xSirad rTulia xolme imis garkveva, Tu mTliani Semosavlis ra nawils ganaTavsebs multinacionaluri kompania mocemul qveyanaSi. saSinao da sagareo operaciebs Soris Semosavlis ganTavsebis moqmedi procedura gaSlili xelis manZilis sistemis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. saSinao da sagareo tranzaqcia or damoukidebel mxares Soris xorcieldeba (`gaSlili xelis manZilze~). TiToeuli mxaris dasabegri mogeba ase gamoiTvleba: TiToeuli mxaris sakuTar gayidvebs minus sakuTari xarji. 8
ramdenime qveyanas, magaliTad, bahamis kunZulebs, aqvs iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic saSualebas aZlevs aSS-is firmebs, borotad gamoiyenon sagadasaxado sistema. arsebobs ramdenime debuleba, romelic aferxebs `sagadasaxado samoTxeSi~ gadasaxadis danazogis moculobas, magram am debulebebs mniSvnelovani Zala ar aqvs.
585
problema is aris, rom xSirad gaugebaria, Tu rogor moxdes xarjis ganTavseba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, rac gadasaxadebis minimumamde dayvanis SesaZleblobas qmnis. magaliTisaTvis, warmovidginoT romelime multinacionaluri firma, romelic genebis SeerTebis procesis patents flobs. erT-erT Svilobil kompanias eniWeba patenti, danarCeni Svilobili kompaniebi ki mas uxdian gadasaxads patentiT sargeblobisaTvis (roialtis). kompanias aucileblad eqneba imisi survili, rom patenti mianiWos Svilobil kompanias, romelic mdebareobs dabali gadasaxadebis mqone qveyanaSi. am meTodis wyalobiT, sxva Svilobili kompaniebisagan miRebuli roialti SedarebiT dabali ganakveTiT daibegreba. paralelurad, saTao ofiss surs, patentiT isargeblos iseTma kompaniam, romelic maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mqone qveyanaSia ganTavsebuli _ am SemTxvevaSi maRali gadasaxadi gulisxmobs imas, rom roialtis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli gamoqviTvis Rirebuleba maqsimumamdea gazrdili. marTlac, Tu garigeba warmoadgens kompaniisaTvis damaxasiaTebel process, maSin am procesiT sargeblobisaTvis sapatento gadasaxadi maqsimalurad maRali iqneba, anu moxdeba tranzaqciis sagadasaxado sargeblis maqsimizacia. Tu qveynis gareT sapatento uflebaTa aqtiuri bazari ar arsebobs, maSin sagadasaxado samsaxuris warmomadgenlebs eqnebaT mcire monacemebi imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara roialtis gadasaxadi Warbi.
aRniSnuli faqtori fasis transferis problemis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi miuTiTebs im fasze, romliTac erTi kompania meorisaTvis resursebis gadacemis dros sargeblobs. xarjebis ganawileba sxvadasxva Svilobil kompanias Soris SemTxveviTobis principze xdeba, amitom multinacionaluri korporaciebi da sagadasaxado samsaxurebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian imaze, kompaniis mier fasis transferi saTanado donezea Tu ara Sesrulebuli. es sakiTxi TandaTan imkvidrebs seriozuli problemis saxels sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi. marTlac, bevri multinacionaluri kompania wuxs imis gamo, rom Zalian rTuli da Zviria, moergo fasis transferis standarts. erTob saintereso faqti moxda ramdenime wlis win, finansuri firma `siti-grupis~ mier sagadasaxado deklaraciis wardgenis dros. deklaraciaSi Sedioda Svilobili kompaniebi, romlebic 100-ze met qveyanaSi iyo ganTavsebuli; es gamoTvlebi aRemateboda 30000 gverds da masSi 200-ze meti amerikeli da ucxoeli sagadasaxado saqmis specialistis Sroma iyo Cadebuli [Herman, 1999].
Sefaseba
imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT, Tu rogor begravs multinacionalur kompaniebs aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliwinoT, Tu rogor aris formulirebuli politikis mizani. politikis erT-erTi SesaZlo mizani msoflios masStabiT Semosavlis gazrdaa, meore mizani ki - saxelmwifo Semosavlis gazrda. erTi sistema, romelic optimaluria erTi miznis Sesasruleblad, SesaZloa, optimaluri iyos meore sistemisaTvisac.
586
Semosavlis maqsimizacia mTeli msoflios masStabiT. msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi pirobis dakmayofileba: TiToeul qveyanaSi investirebuli ukanaskneli dolaris ukugebis daubegravi ganakveTi (ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi) Tanabari unda iyos9. aRniSnul pirobaSi kargad gasarkvevad warmovidginoT situacia, rodesac zRvruli ganakveTebi ar aris Tanabari. aseT pirobebSi msoflio Semosavlis gazrda erTob martivia: aviRebT kapitals im qveynidan, sadac misi zRvruli ukugeba dabalia da gadavitanT im qveyanaSi, sadac misi zRvruli Rirebuleba maRalia10. algebrulad, Tu rUS aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis zRvruli ukugebis ganakveTi, xolo r f ki - ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi mocemul ucxour qveyanaSi, maSin msoflio efeqtianoba Semdegi gantolebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs:
r f = rUS
(17.6)
romeli sagadasaxado sistema ubiZgebs sargeblis maqsimizaciaze orientirebul firmas, ganaTavsos Tavisi kapitali ise, rom Sedegi (17.6) gantolebas Seesabamebodes? ar dagaviwydeT is faqti, rom investori gadawyvetilebas dabegrili ukugebis moculobis safuZvelze iRebs. investorebi ganaTavseben kapitals sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ise, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi dabegrili zRvruli ukugebis ganakveTi gaTanabrdes. Tu tUS aris aSS-Si moqmedi sagadasaxado ganakveTi, xolo
t f ki _ sxva qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado
ganakveTi, maSin firma Tavis kapitals ganaTavsebs ise, rom dakmayofildes Semdegi gantoleba:
(1 - t f )r f = (1 - tUS ) rUS
(17.7)
amdenad, (17.7) formula gveubneba, rom efeqtianoba miiRweva mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu t f tolia t US -is. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom kapitali efeqtianad ganTavsdes (globaluri poziciidan gamomdinare), maSin igi unda daibegros Tanabari ganakveTebiT imis miuxedavad, sad moxdeba misi ganTavseba.
Tu amerikis SeerTebul Statebs surs, gazardos msoflio Semosavali, maSin man unda SeimuSaos iseTi sistema, romelic aSS-is firmebis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis maTi adgilmdebareobisagan damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs. 9
rogorc yovelTvis, axlac ukugebis ganakveTebze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba riski. 10 am principis detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT danarTi am wignis bolos.
587
mTliani krediti ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadebis winaaRmdeg erTgvari xerxi iqneba. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aSS-is sistema uzrunvelyofs iseT sagadasaxado kredits, romlis moculoba ar aRemateba im Tanxas, ra TanxiTac amerikuli sagadasaxado sistemis mier ucxoeTSi miRebuli Semosavali daibegreboda.
ratom aris krediti SezRuduli? modelis Tanaxmad, Cven vigulisxmeT, rom ucxo qveynebis mTavrobaTa qmedebani absoluturad damoukidebelia aSS-is mTavrobis qmedebebisagan. warmovidginoT, amerika acxadebs, rom igi gaatarebs politikas, romelic amerikul multinacionalur kompaniebs ucxo qveynebSi moqmed gadasaxadTa asanazRaureblad sruli kreditiT uzrunvelyofs. amis Semdeg ucxo qveynis mTavroba gazrdis sakuTar sagadasaxado ganakveTs aSS-is korporaciebisaTvis yovelgvari zRvris gareSe. am gzis gamoyenebiT amerikuli firma ar gamova ucxo qveynidan, radgan sagadasaxado valdebuleba Sida tranzaqciaze mcirdeba erTi dolariT ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadis erT dolariT gazrdis Sedegad11. rogorc Cans, Semosavali amerikidan ucxo qveyanaSi gava. es rom ar moxdes, aucilebelia kreditis moculobis SezRudva.
saxelmwifo (erovnuli) Semosavlis maqsimizacia. Cven dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, rom mniSvnelovania, ucxoeTidan miRebuli Semosavlis mimarT gansazRvrul iqnes sagadasaxado politikis mizani. arsebobs mosazreba, rom sagadasaxado politikis upirvelesi mizani unda iyos ara msoflio Semosavlis, aramed erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizacia. axla ki yuradRebiT ganvixiloT erovnuli Semosavlis arsi. erovnuli Semosavali aris daubegravi Sida Semosavlisa da dabegrili sagareo (ucxo qveynebSi miRebuli) Semosavlis jami (dabegrili sagareo Semosavali gulisxmobs imas, rom gadaxdilia ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadebi, radgan aSS-is firmebis mier aSS-is mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadi, romelic ar aris xelmisawvdomi Tavad firmebisaTvis, aSS-is Semosavlis nawils warmoadgens). amdenad, saSinao Semosavali aRiricxeba daubegravad. ucxo qveynis mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadi aSS-is moqalaqeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris; swored amitom ucxo qveynebSi miRebuli Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRiricxeba.
erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizacia (17.6) formulisagan gansxvavebuli pirobebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs. gansxvaveba ki is aris, rom ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi aSS-is poziciidan unda iqnes Sefasebuli. ucxo qveyanaSi
11
Tanxa, romlis amoRebis saSualeba aqvs ucxo qveynis mTavrobas am meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad, dayvanilia firmis sagadasaxado valdebulebis moculobamde, romelic warmoiqmneba aSS-Si Sida operaciebis warmoebis dros. davuSvaT, firmis sagadasaxado valdebuleba aSS-Si warmoebuli operaciebisaTvis udros 1000 dolars. Tu ucxo qveynis mTavroba 1000 dolaris moculobis gadasaxads daawesebs, sruli kreditis pirobebSi aSS-s winaSe arsebuli firmis sagadasaxado valdebuleba nuli iqneba. Tu ucxo qveynis mTavroba gadasaxads 1001 dolaramde gazrdis, maSin firmis Sida sagadasaxado valdebuleba metad aRar Semcirdeba (imitom rom ar arsebobs uaryofiTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi korporaciebisaTvis).
588
miRebuli ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi aris (1 - t f ) r f - ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadi amerikisaTvis xarjia, amdenad, ukugebis ganakveTis gamoTvlis dros gamoiricxeba. zRvruli ukugeba aSS-Si investiciaze daubegravi ganakveTis safuZvelze
ganisazRvreba
(
rUS
).
amdenad,
erovnuli
Semosavlis
maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebeli piroba ase gamoiyureba:
(1 - t f ) r f = rUS
(17.8)
(17.6) formulasTan Sedarebis dros Cans, rom msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciis reJimis pirobebSi investiciis ganTavseba sazRvargareT xdeba manam, sanam r f = rUS ; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sagadasaxado sistemis mizani erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa, sazRvargareT qveynebSi investiciis ganTavseba xdeba manam, sanam r f = rUS /(1 - t f ) . gantolebis sityvieri formulireba ki aseTia: Tu mizani erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa, maSin ucxoeTis investiciebze ukugebis daubegravi zRvruli ganakveTi ufro maRalia, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mizani msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa [sanam t f naklebia erTze, manam rUS < rUS /(1 - t f ) ]. Tumca ar dagaviwydeT sakmaod keTilgonivruli daSveba imis Sesaxeb, rom investiciis zRvruli ukugeba investiciis moculobis paralelurad mcirdeba, ukugebis maRali daubegravi ganakveTi naklebi moculobis investiciis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, erovnuli poziciidan, msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciis Sedegi ucxo qveynebSi ganTavsebuli `Warbi~ investicia iqneba.
romeli sagadasaxado sistema ubiZgebs amerikul firmas, ganaTavsos Tavisi kapitali ise, rom Sedegi Seesabamebodes (17.8) gantolebas? davuSvaT, rom aSS-is sistemis sapirispirod, multinacionaluri firma uflebamosilia, ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado gadasaxadi aSS-is dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos (ase magaliTad, firma, romlis Sida Semosavali 1000 dolaria da valdebulia, gadaixados ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadi 200 dolaris odenobiT, aSS-Si dasabegr Semosavals gansazRvravs 800 dolariT). Tu ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, maSin firmis mogeba sazRvargareT ( r f ) mis aSS-Si dasabegr Semosavals r f (1 - t f ) -iT zrdis. amdenad, aSS-is
gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis
Semdeg
ucxouri
investiciis
ukugeba
aris
r f (1 - t f )(1 - tUS ) . amave dros, aSS-Si investiciis ukugeba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgom rus (1 - tUS ) iqneba. investori aTanabrebs ra samSobloSi da sazRvargareT miRebul dabegril zRvrul ukugebas, yalibdeba aseTi gantoleba:
r f (1 - t f )(1 - tUS ) = rUS (1 - tUS )
(17.9)
589
cxadia, (17.8) da (17.9) formulebi ekvivalenturia [ubralod, gayaviT (17.9) gantolebis orive mxare (1 - tUS ) -ze].
(17.8) gantoleba erovnuli Semosavlis
maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens; igi mianiSnebs imaze, rom ucxouri gadasaxadis gamoqviTva migviyvans investiciaTa iseT struqturamde, romelic maqsimumamde zrdis aSS-is Semosavals.
am logikis mixedviT, xom ar iqneboda upriani, ucxoeTis sagadasaxado krediti Cagvenacvlebina gamoqviTviT? aq erTi seriozuli problema iCens Tavs: kapitalis eqsportiori qveyana daawesebs iseT sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romelic maqsimumamde zrdis mis Semosavals, xolo kapitalis importiori ucxo qveyana ki ucvlelad inarCunebs sagadasaxado ganakveTebs. davuSvaT, rom kapitalis eqsportiori qveyana iTvaliswinebs im SesaZleblobas, rom cvlileba mis sagadasaxado ganakveTSi maspinZeli qveynis sagadasaxado ganakveTebSi cvlilebas gamoiwvevs. ase magaliTad, amerikam SesaZloa, irwmunos, rom, Tu igi Seamcirebs sazRvargareT investirebuli kapitalis sagadasaxado ganakveTs, maspinZeli qveyanac analogiurad imoqmedebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi aSS-saTvis yvelaze upriani iqneba, preferenciuli reJimiT dabegros sazRvargareT miRebuli Semosavali. cxadia, maspinZel qveyanas SeuZlia, gazardos sagadasaxado ganakveTi maSin, rodesac aSS amcirebs maT. saqme is aris, rom, rodesac urTierTdamokidebuli qmedeba daSvebulia, erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli sagadasaxado sistema ar Sedgeba mxolod martivi gamoqviTvebisagan (aq igulisxmeba sazRvargareT moqmedi gadasaxadebis gamoqviTva). sazRvargareT miRebuli Semosavlis faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi SesaZloa, iyos ufro maRali an dabali im ganakveTTan SedarebiT, romelic gamoqviTvasTanaa asocirebuli. iseve, rogorc mkacr saSinao konteqstSi, optimaluri sagadasaxado Teoria gviCvenebs, rom martivi wesebi sagadasaxado sistemis mier yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas.
dabolos, unda aRiniSnos erTi dadebiTi daSveba, romlis Tanaxmadac, firma ukugebis dabegrili ganakveTis moculobas iTvaliswinebs, rodesac surs gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel qveyanaSi ganaTavsos investicia. desaim, folim da hainsma [2002] gansazRvres ucxouri pirdapiri investiciis moculoba evropis qveynebSi da aRmoaCines, rom 10%-iT maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi asocirdeba 7,7%-iT dabal investiciasTan sazRvargareT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). aRniSnuli mtkicebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, rom, TavisTavad, keTilgonivrulia is faqti, rom firma amosaval wertilad ukugebis ukve dabegril ganakveTs miiCnevs.
korporaciuli gadasaxadis reforma 590
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom korporaciuli Semosavlis daubegraobis SemTxvevaSi individi Semosavlis korporaciaSi akumulirebis gziT aucileblad airidebda pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxads. amas ki, rogorc Cans, seriozul problemebamde mivyavarT. aSS-s surda, daemkvidrebina iseTi sistema, romelic korporaciul Semosavals orjer begravs: pirvelad korporaciul doneze, sadac oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-ia, xolo meored ki _ individualur doneze, sadac dividendis ganawileba ibegreba iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi Semosavali (minimaluri oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi 2003 wels 38,6% iyo).
wardgenil iqna uamravi winadadeba individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis erT sistemaSi integrirebis mizniT. axla ganvixiloT ori maTgani: sruli integracia da sadividendo SeRavaTebi.
sruli integracia
yvelaze radikaluri midgoma aris sapartnioro meTodi, anu sruli integracia. am midgomis Tanaxmad, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi korporaciis mier miRebuli mTeli Semosavali, miuxedavad imisa, ganawilebulia Tu ara, miekuTvneba aqcioners ise, TiTqos korporacia warmoadgendes partniorobas. amis Semdeg TiToeuli aqcioneri valdebulia, gadaixados piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi mTliani Semosavlis mis kuTvnil wilze. ase magaliTad, Tu karli flobs `taim uornersis~ aqciaTa 2%-s, maSin misi wliuri sagadasaxado valdebuleba moicavs `taim uornersis~ dasabegri Semosavlebis 2%-s. korporaciis gadasaxadi, rogorc calke erTeuli, gauqmebulia.
aSS-Si mimdinareobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad sapartnioro meTodis danergva, rac ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba:
misaRebia
korporaciis buneba. sruli integraciis ideis momxreni Tvlian, rom korporacia warmoadgens im arxs, romlis saSualebiTac aqcionerebze nawildeba Semosavali. amdenad, ufro keTilgonivruli iqneba, daibegros ara is dawesebuleba, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba Semosavlis ganawileba, aramed is individi, romelic iRebs am Semosavals. ideis mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom msxvil Tanamedrove korporaciebSi sasaciloa, aqcioneri warmovidginoT, rogorc partniori; maTi azriT, korporacia namdvilad warmoadgens damoukidebel erTeuls.
591
administraciuli ganxorcielebadoba. sruli integraciis oponentebi aqcents im administraciul sirTuleebze akeTeben, romlebic meTodis danergvis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. rogor daericxeba korporaciuli Semosavali im individs, romelic aqcias erT welze naklebi periodis ganmavlobaSi flobs? eqneba Tu ara aqcioners imis ufleba, rom gamoqviTos firmis operaciuli danakargi sakuTari piradi dasabegri Semosavlidan? sruli integraciis momxreebi Tvlian, rom aucilebelia miRebul iqnes ramdenime kategoriuli gadawyvetileba imisaTvis, rom rTuli sagadasaxado sistemis administrireba moxdes. maTi azriT, es administraciuli problemebi ar aris sagadasaxado kodeqsis sxva debulebebiT warmoqmnil problemebze ufro rTuli; arada, am ukanasknelTa ganeitraleba sakmaod warmatebulad mimdinareobs.
zemoqmedeba efeqtianobaze. integraciis ideis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom moqmedi korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistema mZime zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, romelic sruli integraciis pirobebSi aRmoifxvreba an Semcirdeba. ekonomika miiRebs sargebels efeqtianobis amaRlebis wyalobiT (efeqtianoba ki oTxnairad SeiZleba gaizardos):
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resursebis araswori ganawileba korporaciul da arakorporaciul seqtorebs Soris aRmoifxvreba; integracia amcirebs kapitalis ukugebis sagadasaxado ganakveTs; amdenad, danazogis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba Semcirdeba; integracia Semosavlis `zedmetad~ Senaxvis survils aRmofxvris, riTic moqmedi sistema xasiaTdeba. firma, romelic Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wils Seinaxavs, ar iqneba mimzidveli investorisaTvis da igi ar daafinansebs axal proeqtebs. unda arsebobdes disciplina, romelic gareSe pirs daarwmunebs, rom Rirs investiciis ganTavseba proeqtSi; aseTi disciplinis gareSe firmis muSaoba araefeqtiani iqneba. magaliTad, zogierTi damkvirvebeli Rrmad aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom ar iarsebebda maikrosoftis arakeTilgonivruli Sesvla sakabelo televiziaSi, mas rom auracxeli naRdi fuli ar hqonoda (daaxloebiT 40 miliardi dolari) xelze! [`ekonomisti~, 2003]; integraciis wyalobiT, moispoba is tendenciuroba, rac sesxis dafinansebis kuTxiT arsebobs, radgan ar iarsebebs damoukidebeli korporaciuli sagadasaxado baza, saidanac moxdeba procentis gadasaxadis gamoqviTva. gazrdili riski da faqtobrivi gakotreba sazogadoebis keTildReobas amcirebs yovelgvari sargeblis uzrunvelyofis gareSe.
sakmaod rTulia, vimsjeloT efeqtianobis zrdis masStabebze; Tumca, zogierTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, masStabi Zalian didi iqneba. iurgensonma da iunma [2001] aRmoaCines, rom efeqtianobis zrdis masStabi, sruli integraciis wyalobiT, 250 miliard dolarze meti iqneba.
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sruli integraciis oponentebi xazs usvamen im faqts, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi ganusazRvrelobis gamo efeqtianoba SesaZloa, saerTod ar gaizardos. ase magaliTad, stiglicis azriT, gadasaxadi unda dawesdes wminda sargebelze; Tu aseTi midgoma marTebulia, maSin gadasaxadi korporaciul da arakorporaciul seqtorebze zegavlenas ar axdens. analogiurad, ar arsebobs myari mtkicebuleba imisa, rom korporacia saSinao fondebis investirebas ufro nakleb efeqtianad axorcielebs, vidre sagareo fondebisas.
zemoqmedeba danazogze. zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sruli integracia Seamcirebs faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTs kapitalze da gazrdis danazogis moculobas. rogorc Cven vnaxeT me-16 TavSi, es ar aris logikuri daskvna. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, danazogis masStabi izrdeba, mcirdeba an ucvleli rCeba, rodesac mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTi kapitalis Semosavalze. ekonometrikuli kvlevebi jer kidev ver uzrunvelyofs gansazRvrul pasuxs am sakiTxze.
zemoqmedeba Semosavlis ganawilebaze. Tu sruli integraciis SemTxvevaSi namdvilad gaizrdeba efeqtianoba, maSin misi danergviT gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdeli isargeblebs. sxvadasxva jgufSi myofi adamiani sxvadasxvanairi zemoqmedebis qveS aRmoCndeba. ase magaliTad, SedarebiT maRali individualuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegrili aqcioneri nakleb sargebels miiRebda, vidre dabali individualuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegrili aqcioneri. amave dros, integraciis wyalobiT, met mogebas miiRebda is individi, romelic Semosavlis did nawils kapitalidan iRebs. yvela am efeqtis gaerTianebis gziT fulertonma da rojersma [1993] aRmoaCines integraciis sargeblis ganawilebis U-seburi struqtura _ Semosavlis ganawilebis zeda da qveda rgolSi myofi adamianebi ufro met sargebels iReben, vidre Sua rgolSi myofi adamianebi. Sedegis interpretacia garkveuli sifrTxiliT unda moxdes. aRniSnuli faqtori damokidebulia iseT parametrze, rogoricaa danazogis elastiuroba sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT. aseTi faqtorebis masStabis Sesaxeb seriozuli ganusazRvreloba arsebobs.
mimoxilva. cxadia, erTob didi ganusazRvreloba axlavs sruli integraciis modelis danergvas. es ki ubralod asaxavs Cvens arasrulyofil codnas korporaciuli dabegvris moqmedi sistemis Sesaxeb. arsebobs erTmniSvnelovani SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom partniorobis meTodis danergva namdvilad pozitiuri nabiji iqneba. Tumca arsebuli da calsaxad arasrulyofili mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, bevri ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom, Tu moxdeba individualuri da korporaciuli gadasaxadebis integracia, ganmtkicdeba rogorc efeqtianoba, aseve, samarTlianoba.
sadividendo SeRavaTebi
593
arsebobs naklebad eqstremaluri midgoma, romlis TavidaTavi mdgomareobs im daSvebaSi, rom arsebul problemaTa didi nawili imis gamoa, rom dividendi ibegreba orjer: erTxel - korporaciis doneze da meored individis doneze. sadividendo SeRavaTis idea ormagi dabegvris gauqmeba da korporaciuli dabegvris sistemis SenarCunebaa damoukidebeli sistemis formiT. arsebobs ori ZiriTadi midgoma: 1. korporacia uflebamosili iqneba, daqviTos aqcionerebisaTvis gadaxdili dividendi iseve, rogorc qviTavs obligaciis mflobelebisaTvis gadaxdil procents. am midgomis upiratesoba is aris, rom igi aRmofxvris sesxis asimetriul dabegvras da gazrdis aqciaTa odenobas. garda amisa, dividendi aRar daibegreba individualuri zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, rac gamarTlebuli iqneba Semosavlis heigsaimonsiseuli ganmartebis poziciidan. rogorc Cans, korporaciuli dividendis gamoqviTva administrirebis TvalsazrisiT ufro mouxerxebelia [aSS xazinis departamenti, 1992].
alternatiuli midgoma ki aseTia: ubralod, aRar daibegros dividendi individualur doneze. am midgomis Tanaxmad, dividendi mxolod erTxel daibegreba, magram ara individualuri ganakveTiT, aramed _ korporaciuli ganakveTiT. efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT, es winadadeba naklebad srulyofilia, vidre korporaciuli dividendis gamoqviTvis winadadeba _ TiTqos ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili sesxisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxi. Tumca am winadadebis danergvis Sedegad namdvilad gaizrdeba efeqtianoba da misi administrireba SedarebiT martivi iqneba. 2003 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba ixreba dividendis gamoqviTvisaken, romlis Tanaxmadac, 15%-mde Semcirdeba individualuri sagadasaxado maqsimaluri ganakveTi dividendze.
daskvna
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korporacia ibegreba calke federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. am gadasaxadze modis mTeli federaluri Semosavlis 8%. 35% sagadasaxado ganakveTis daricxvamde firma uflebamosilia, TanamSomelTaTvis gadaxdili xelfasi, saprocento gadaxdebi da cveTis normebi gamoqviTos. am faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba is xarji, romelic gaweulia Semosavlis miRebis mizniT. dividendi da wilobrivi fondis formirebis xarji ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. dividendi ibegreba preferenciuli reJimiT individualur doneze. sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti gamoiqviTeba firmis sagadasaxado deklaraciidan, rodesac xdeba konkretuli fizikuri kapitaluri aqtivebis SeZena. 1986 wels miRebulma kanonma (aqtma) sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb, gaauqma sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti, Tumca es sakiTxi politikuri debatebis dros zogjer aqtualuri xdeba xolme. korporaciuli gadasaxadi ganixileba, rogorc ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadi an nawilobrivi faqtoruli gadasaxadi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
594
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gadasaxadiT ibegrebian firmis mflobelebi; meore SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawileba damokidebulia kapitalis mobilurobaze seqtorebs Soris, warmoebis saSualebaTa mdgradobaze, momxmareblis moTxovnis struqturaze da kapitalis akumulirebis ukugebis ganakveTis mimarT sensitiurobis xarisxze. korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis fizikur investiciaze zegavlenis masStabi damokidebulia imaze, (1) Tu ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado sistema kapitalis moxmarebis danaxarjze da (2) ramdenad sensitiuria investicia moxmarebis xarjis mimarT. damaCqareblis modelis Tanaxmad, investicia damokidebulia mxolod produqtze, amdenad, momxmareblis xarji ararelevanturi faqtoria. neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, kapitalze moTxovna damokidebulia moxmarebis xarjze, naRdi fulis modelis Tanaxmad ki Sida fondebi TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols investiciis gansazRvris dros. neoklasikuri investiciis modelis mixedviT, kapitalis moxmarebis xarji (C) aris:
C=
(r + d ) ´ (1 - y - k ) , (1 - q ) ´ (1 - t )
sadac r aris wminda saprocento ganakveTi, d - ekonomikuri cveTis ganakveTi, q - korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, k – sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti, y - cveTis normis mimdinare Rirebuleba dolarSi. · · · · ·
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momxmareblis xarjis investiciaze zegavlenis Sefasebis Sedegi erTob gansxvavebulia. Tumca ukanaskneli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs reagirebis garkveuli unari. dividendebis ormagi dabegvris gamo sakmaod rTulia misi gadaxda firmebis mier. dividendi warmoadgens miniSnebas firmis finansuri potencialis Sesaxeb; igi SesaZloa, moergos garkveul klienturas. procentis gamoqviTva sesxis aRebisaTvis seriozul stimuls warmoadgens. sesxis gazrda ki mniSvnelovnad zrdis gakotrebis xarjebs. Statebis umetesobaSi moqmedebs korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi. gadasaxadis eqsportirebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis StatTaSorisi mobiluroba am gadasaxadebis analizis process arTulebs. aSS-is multinacionaluri kompania uflebamosilia, aiRos sagadasaxado krediti ucxo qveynis mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadebis gamo. situacia rTuldeba gadasaxadis gadavadebis gamo, rac Svilobil kompaniebs, agreTve, faswarmoqmnis gziT gadasaxadebis minimumamde Semcirebis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba. korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebis erT-erTi SesaZlo gza aris korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadebis sruli integracia. aqciaTa mflobelebi daibegrebian korporaciuli Semosavlis sakuTar wilze ise, TiTqos isini partniorebi iyvnen. korporaciuli gadasaxadi, rogorc calke erTeuli aRar iarsebebs. integraciis meore midgoma iTvaliswinebs sadividendo SeRavaTebs: dividendi daibegreba mxolod erTxel, igi daeqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas an korporaciul, an individualur doneze.
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sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
2. a. b. g.
`mcire korporacia ufro dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT unda ibegrebodes, vidre msxvili korporacia iseve, rogorc dabali Semosavlis mqone individi ibegreba ufro dabali saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, vidre maRali Semosavlis mqone piri”. ra aris aq moazrebuli? daupirispireT es mosazreba pirobiTi ekonomikis postulatebs. aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, cveTis normebi aqtivis SeZenis Tavdapirvel xarjs efuZneba. droTa ganmavlobaSi inflaciis zegavlena aqtivis fasze mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. rogor zemoqmedebas axdens inflacia cveTis normis realur Rirebulebaze? pasuxi gaeciT (17.1) gantolebis mixedviT. inflaciis zrdis SemTxvevaSi rogor zemoqmedebas axdens igi kapitalis momxmareblis danaxarjze? pasuxi gaeciT (17.5) gantolebis mixedviT. moifiqreT iseTi politika, romelic gaaneitralebs `b” punqtSi miTiTebul inflaciis efeqts.
ramdenime wlis win RJR Nabisco-m gaswia 2 milioni dolaris danaxarji safuTis dizainis - safuTis fizikuri konstruqciisa da misi grafikuli dizainis Sesaqmnelad. Nabisco-s surda, gamoeqviTa mTeli 2 milioni aSS dolari im wels, rodesac gaswia man aRniSnuli xarji; Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurma moiTxova, es 2 milioni dabegriliyo, rogorc kapitaluri danaxarji da misi cveTa daricxuliyo gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi. sagadasaxado sasamarTlom Nabisco-s mxari dauWira. a. ganmarteT, ratom surda Nabisco-s 2 milioni dabegriliyo, rogorc mimdinare danaxarji da ara rogorc kapitaluri danaxarji. b. eTanxmebiT Tu ara sagadasaxado sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas? 3.
4. 2000 wels germaniaSi sagadasaxado sistemis seriozuli reforma gatarda. axali kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, korporacia gadasaxadis saxiT ixdis Senaxuli mogebis 25%-s da aqcionerebisaTvis ganawilebuli dividendis 30%-s. piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi dividendi ibegreba Cveulebrivi Semosavlis 50%-is odenobis sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. marTebuli iqneba Tu ara aseTi kanonmdebloba Semosavlis heigsaimonsiseuli ganmartebis poziciidan? 5. “Wall Street Journal”-is saredaqcio gverdze aseTi statia daiwera korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebis Sesaxeb: `pirvel rigSi, gamoqviTeT dividendi dasabegri Semosavlidan korporaciebisaTvis, Semdeg ki dividendi gaaTavisufleT gadasaxadisagan investorebisaTvis. am gziT aramxolod amovZirkvavT ormag dabegvras, aramed SevqmniT stimuls aqciebisa da dividendebis sasargeblod”. (2002 wlis 6 agvisto; gv. A20). rogor fiqrobT, marTla daaregulirebs Tu ara aseTi reforma korporaciul sesxsa da aqciebis Tanafardobas. 6. korporacia, individis msgavsad, alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadiT ibegreba (ix. me-15 Tavi). 2001 wels warmomadgenelTa palatam miiRo ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanoni, romelic auqmebda korporaciul alternatiul minimalur gadasaxads, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom korporacias adre gadaxdili alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi daubrundeboda. kanonproeqtis mizani investiciis stimulireba iyo. gamoiyeneT investiciis neoklasikuri Teoria da SeafaseT, waaxalisebda Tu ara ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanoni investicias (miniSneba: ra
596
zemoqmedeba eqneboda gadasaxadebis gauqmebas kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze?) 7. sanam aSS-is xazinis mdivani, pol o’nili, mTavrobis wevri gaxdeboda, igi iyo alkoas mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori (alkoa iyo aluminis wamyvani mwarmoebeli). igi ambobda: `rogorc biznesmens, me arasodes mimiRia sainvesticio gadawyvetileba sagadasaxado kodeqsis safuZvelze~. Tqven ra reaqcia geqnebodaT am naTqvamze, alkoas aqcioneri rom yofiliyaviT? 8. 2001 wels, korporaciuli saaRricxvo skandalebis bumis periodSi, aRmoCnda, rom Enron-ma fuladi resursis gasazrdelad gamoiyena specialuri finansuri instrumenti, romelic SemuSavebul iqna sainvesticio sabanko firmis (Goldman Sachs&Company) mier. finansuri instrumentis saxelwodeba iyo privilegirebuli aqcia yovelTviuri SemosavliT (Monthly Income Preferred Shares - MIPS). igi `ise iyo SemuSavebuli, rom mas, survilisamebr, uwodebdiT an sesxs, an aqcias. sagadasaxado samsaxurisaTvis igi sesxi iyo... aqcionerisa da sareitingo samsaxurisaTvis ki _ aqcia” [makkinoni da hiti, 2002]. ratom aris aseTi instrumentiT sargebloba esoden mimzidveli korporaciisaTvis (an korporaciis iseTi menejmentisaTvis, romelic arcTu ise ganswavlulia eTikur sakiTxebSi)? 9. ABC korporacias surs axali kompiuteruli sistemis SeZena, romelic moitans 30% daubegrav mogebas. sistemas daericxeba cveTa, wliurad 1%. wminda saprocento ganakveTi aris 8%, korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi - 35%, xolo ABC-is tipuri aqcioneri ibegreba 30%-iani korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. davuSvaT, rom ar moqmedebs cveTis normebi an sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti. iyidis kompania axal kompiuterul sistemas? axseniT pasuxi (miniSneba: gamoiyeneT 17.4 gantoleba).
gamoyenebuli literatura
Chirinko, Robert S. “Corporate Taxation, Capital Formation, and the Substitution Elasticity between Labor and Capital.” National Tax Journal 55 (June 2002), pp. 339-55. Goolsbee, Austan. “The Impact and Efficiency of the Corporate Income Tax: Evidence from State Organizational Form Data.” Working Paper No. 9141. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2002. US Department of the Treasury. Integration of the Individual and Corporate Tax Systems. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1992.
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Tavi 18
deficitis dafinanseba
gaufrTxildiT da pativi eciT sazogadoebis ndobas _ igi Zlierebisa da usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. jorj vaSingtoni
Cven ukve gavecaniT federaluri mTavrobis mier dawesebul ZiriTad gadasaxadebs. axla ki ganvixiloT misi Semosavlis meore mniSvnelovani wyaro vali. ukve didi xania, rac aqtiurad msjeloben sesxiT dafinansebis sakiTxze. masze saubroben politikuri kampaniebis dros; mis Sesaxeb bevri iwereba. rogorc Cans, rTulia am sakiTxis ugulebelyofa. axla ki ganvixiloT sesxis moculobis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, vis awevs sesxi mZime tvirTad da ra pirobebSia mosaxerxebeli sesxi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis dasafinanseblad.
ramdenad didia vali?
Tavdapirvelad upriani iqneba, kargad CavukvirdeT ramdenime definicias. deficiti aris periodis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis siWarbe Semosavlebze; Tu Semosavali aRemateba danaxarjs, warmoiqmneba proficiti. TiTqos yvelaferi martivadaa, sanam gavixsenebT pirvel Tavs, romelSic naTqvamia, rom biujeti ar moicavs federaluri mTavrobis yovel qmedebas. moqmedi wesebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis Semosavlebi da xarjebi arasabiujetoa. samarTlebrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo valis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia yvela Semosavlisa da xarjis gaTvaliswineba. amdenad, mTliani deficitis an proficitis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia, sabiujeto deficits (an proficits) (romelic dakavSirebulia mxolod biujetiT gaTvaliswinebul saqmianobasTan) mivumatoT arasabiujeto deficiti (an proficiti) (romelic dakavSirebulia biujetiT gauTvaliswinebel, anu arasabiujeto saqmianobasTan).
598
cxrili 18.1 gviCvenebs mTlian federalur deficits (anu deficits, romelic moicavs arasabiujeto Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs) 1970-2005 wlebSi. cifrebis perspeqtivaSi Sesafaseblad mocemulia maTi proporcia mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. biujeti proficituri iyo 1998 wlidan 2001 wlamde, magram umetesi drois ganmavlobaSi igi mainc deficitiT xasiaTdeboda.
axla ki kargi iqneba, Tu gaviazrebT, Tu ra gansxvavebaa deficitsa da vals Soris. mimdinare periodis vali warmoadgens warsulSi arsebuli TiToeuli sabiujeto deficitis jams, anu vali aris warsulSi gaweuli xarjis kumulaciuri siWarbe Semosavlebze. gamodis, rom deficitur weliwads vali izrdeba, xolo proficitul weliwads ki klebulobs. ekonomistebis enaze, vali `cvladi kapitalia~ (romelic droSi izomeba), xolo proficiti da deficiti ki `cvladi nakadebia~ (romelic periodis mixedviT izomeba). oficialuri saxelmwifo statistikis Tanaxmad, 2002 wlis bolos federaluri vali daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. es cifri daujereblad maRalia. rogorc iumoristi rasel beikeri [1985] aRniSnavda: `sinaTlis weliwadis msgavsad, trilioni imdenad rTuli cifria aRsaqmelad, rom igi daainteresebs mxolod maTematikisadmi avadmyofuri interesis mqone pirebs. swored amitom adamianTa umetesi nawili aSkarad uinteresod ekideba im naTqvams, rom male erovnuli vali gaxdeba 2 trilioni, 20 trilioni an 200 trilioni aSS dolari. ra mniSvneloba aqvs cifrs? gaugebroba gaugebrobaa~.
cxrili 18.1 federaluri saxelmwifo deficiti, 1970 – 2005 w.w.
fiskaluri weliwadi
mTliani deficiti (-) an proficiti (miliard aSS dolarSi)
mTliani deficitis (-) an proficitis procentuli Sefardeba mSp-sTan
1970
-2,8
0,3
1980
-73,8
-2,9
1985
-212,3
-5,4
1990
-221,4
-4,0
2000
236,4
2,4
2002
-157,8
-1,5
2005*
-7,0
-0,6
*prognozi wyaro: kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, ekonomikuri da sabiujeto perspeqtivebi: 2004 – 2013 fiskaluri wlebi, 2003 wlis ianvari, gv. xvi. 148
599
cxrili 18.2 federaluri saxelmwifo vali sazogadoebis winaSe, 1970 – 2005 w.w.
fiskaluri weliwadi
saxelmwifo vali (miliard aSS dolarSi)
saxelmwifo valis procentuli Sefardeba mSp-sTan
1970
283
29,4
1980
709
27,8
1985
1499
38,4
1990
2410
44,6
2000
3410
35,1
2002
3540
34,3
2005*
4013
33,6
*prognozi wyaro: kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, ekonomikuri da sabiujeto perspeqtivebi: 2004 – 2013 fiskaluri wlebi, 2003 wlis ianvari, gv. xvi. 149.
beikeris gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, kargi iqneba, Tu vals perspeqtivaSi mainc SevafasebT kvlav misi mSp-sTan Sedarebis gziT. 2002 wlis federaluri vali (3,5 trilioni aSS dolari) imave wlis mSp-s 34%-s Seadgenda _ yoveli dolaridan 34 centi am valis dafarvas unda moxmareboda. cxrili 18.2 gviCvenebs analogiur proporcias sxva wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
kerZo msesxeblis analogiurad, saxelmwifo kreditors uxdis sesxiT sargeblobis procents. 2002 wels procentma 171 miliardi aSS dolari, anu mTliani federaluri danaxarjis 8,5% Seadgina [kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2003, gv. 152].
deficitis, proficitisa da valis moculobis interpretacia
600
sakmaod rTulia, gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT cifrebis politikuri mniSvneloba, rodesac 18.1 da 18.2 cxrilebs vukvirdebiT. Tanamdebobis pirebi da Jurnalistebi saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareobis Sefasebis procesSi maT didi yuradRebiT ekidebian. ase magaliTad, 2003 wels sakmaod mkacri debatebi gaimarTa mosalodneli deficitis SesaZlo Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tumca ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT arcTu mTlad Sinaarsiania cifrebi, romelmac gamoiwvia debatebi deficitisa da proficitis Sesaxeb. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ratom iTvleba es cifrebi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT uazrod.
saxelmwifos vali federaluri sarezervo sistemis mimarT. axorcielebs ra monetarul operaciebs, federaluri sarezervo sistema SeiZens aSS-is saxelmwifos fasian qaRaldebs1. 2002 wels misi wili 604 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 372]. samarTlebrivad federaluri sarezervo sistema damoukidebeli samsaxuria, amdenad, misgan aRebuli vali aRiricxeba, rogorc sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli davalianeba; arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan aRebuli sesxi ufro relevanturad gamoiyureba zogierTi miznebisaTvis.
Statebisa da municipalitetebis vali. miuxedavad imisa, rom vali federaluri mTavrobis WrilSi ganixileba, mas xSirad iRebs Stati da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba. 1999 wels Statebisa da municipalitetebis gadauxdeli vali 1,37 trilion aSS dolars utoldeboda [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002 weli, gv. 269]. am wlis federaluri cifri 3,6 trilioni aSS dolari iyo; ori cifris jami relevanturia, Tu Cven gvsurs SevafasoT mTavrobis zemoqmedebis masStabi sakredito bazrebze.
inflaciis efeqti. deficitis standartuli gamoTvlisas gadasaxadi moiazreba, rogorc saxelmwifo Semosavlebis erTaderTi wyaro. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria, fasTa done ki icvleba, valis realur RirebulebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba SesaZloa, Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. davuSvaT, rom wlis dasawyisSi Tqven sesxulobT 1000 dolars kreditorisagan. Tanxa ar eqvemdebareba dabrunebas wlis bolomde. davuSvaT, rom wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebi 10%-iT gaizarda. fuli, romelsac Tqven kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT naklebi Rirebulebisaa, vidre is fuli, romelic Tqven kreditorisagan isesxeT. faqtobrivad, inflaciis Sedegad Tqveni valis realuri Rirebuleba 100 dolariT (1000 dolaris 10%) Semcirda. gamodis,
1
federaluri saxelmwifos zogierTi samsaxuri gascems sesxs xazinaze, magram, federaluri sarezervo sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, mis mier gasesxebuli fuli ar aris aRricxuli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul davalianebaSi.
601
rom Tqveni Semosavali 100 dolariT gaizarda inflaciis Sedegad, xolo Tqveni kreditoris realuri Semosavali ki 100 dolariT Semcirda2.
axla ki iseTive logikiT mivudgeT 2002 wlis federaluri deficitis analizs. 2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawisSi federaluri mTavrobis daufaravi vali daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars gautolda. 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis done daaxloebiT 1,4% iyo. amdenad, inflaciis Sedegad 49 miliardiT Semcirda federaluri valis realuri Rirebuleba (=3,5 trilioni dolari X 0,014). faqtobrivad, es Tanxa iseTive Semosavalia saxelmwifosaTvis, rogorc nebismieri pirobiTi gadasaxadi. Tu Cven gaviTvaliswinebT `inflaciis gadasaxads~, 158 miliardi moculobis pirobiTad gamoTvlili deficiti 109 miliard dolaramde Semcirdeba. saxelmwifo saaRricxvo wesebis Tanaxmad, amgvari mogebis dokumenturi aRricxva valis inflaciuri eroziis gamo ikrZaleba, rac realuri deficitis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebis tendencias aZlevs stimuls.
kapitaluri danaxarjis Tu mimdinare danaxarjis aRricxva? federaluri mTavroba Tavs mouyris yvela im danaxarjs, romelTa CarTva aucilebelia biujetSi. ar aris saWiro, erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gansxvavdebodes mimdinare danaxarji da kapitaluri danaxarji. mimdinare danaxarji moicavs wlis ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebis SesaZenad gaweul yvela danaxarjs, vaSingtonis monumentis saremonto xarjebidan dawyebuli, sazRvao flotis xelfasiT damTavrebuli. kapitaluri danaxarji ki xangrZlivi gamoyenebis saqonlis SeZenaze gaweul xarjebs gulisxmobs (damba, radaris sadguri, aviamzidi). federalur doneze dafinansebuli fizikuri kapitalis rezervi 2,1 trilioni aSS dolaria, saidanac 643 miliardi aSS dolari saxelmwifo Tavdacvasa da danarCen sferoebzea gamoyofili [administraciul-sabiujeto marTva, 2003 weli, gv. 153].
federaluri sabiujeto praqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is biznesis, Statebisa da municipalitetebis sabiujeto praqtika aseTia: warmoebul iqnes cal-calke biujetebi mimdinare da kapitaluri danaxarjebisaTvis. calke kapitaluri biujetis warmoebis Sedegad viRebT ufro zust suraTs organizaciis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ratom? grZelvadiani saqonlis SeZena arasodes iTvleba `danakargad~. es aris erTi aqtivis (fulis) gacvla meore aqtivze (xangrZlivi gamoyenebis saqonelze). amdenad, aqtivis SeZena ar iwvevs organizaciis deficitis warmoqmnas. gamoyenebis Sedegad aqtivi ganicdis cveTas da swored misi cveTa warmoadgens danakargs. amdenad, standartuli buxhaltruli aRricxvis procedurebis Tanaxmad, mimdinare biujetSi aisaxeba grZelvadiani aqtivis wliuri cveTa da ara aqtivis SeZenis mTliani fasi.
2
Tu msesxebeli da kreditori moelian inflacias, mosalodnelia sesxis procentis gazrda. aRniSnuli sakiTxi kargadaa ganxiluli me-15 TavSi.
602
federaluri mTavrobis mier biujetSi kapitaluri danaxarjebis dagegmvis sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs didi winaaRmdegoba. ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom mis gareSe saxelmwifo erTob ucnaur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. politikosebma SesaZloa, moawyon `Ria fasdakleba~ _ saxelmwifo aqtivebi miyidon kerZo seqtors da, Tanac, ganacxadon, rom am gziT Semcirdeba deficiti. 2002 wlis buSis administraciis mier SemuSavebuli deficitis Semcirebis gegma nawilobriv araTavdacviTi federaluri Senoba-nagebobebis gayidvas iTvaliswinebda. axla ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-4 TavSi, Cven gvaqvs Zalian kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom aseTi aqtivi gadavceT kerZo pirebs, Tumca am garigebas araferi aqvs saerTo realuri sabiujeto deficitis SemcirebasTan. igi ubralod gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs mTavroba, romelic erT aqtivs cvlis meoreze. moqmedi saaRricxvo sistemis Tanaxmad, aseT gayidvaTa amonagebi ganixileba, rogorc sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ekvivalenti da, amdenad, moiazreba, rogorc deficitis Sevsebis saSualeba.
kapitaluri danaxarjis dagegmvis momxreTa saboloo argumenti ki is aris, rom igi xalxs Seaxsenebs, rom sesxis aReba ar aris yovelTvis cudi. keTilgonieri ojaxi aiRebs sesxs iseTi grZelvadiani aqtivis SesaZenad, rogorciaa saxli an manqana; analogiurad, keTilgonieri mTavroba iRebs sesxs grZelvadiani aqtivebis SesaZenad.
kapitaluri danaxarjebis dagegmvis ideis mowinaaRmdegeni aRniSnaven, rom mTavroba ver asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan mimdinare da kapitalur danaxarjs. aris Tu ara saganmanaTleblo da samsaxurebrivi treningi mimdinare xarji? Tu igi adamianur kapitalSi ganTavsebuli investiciaa, romelmac nayofi momavalSi unda moimkas? aris Tu ara raketa kapitaluri danaxarji (radgan igi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Zlebs)? Tu mimdinare danaxarji (radgan misi xelaxla gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia)? aseTi mravalmniSvnelovani faqtorebi iwvevs negatiur politikur Sedegebs: axali xarjviTi programis TiToeuli oponenti imis mtkicebas daiwyebs, rom es aris investicia da, amdenad, miekuTvneba kapitaldabandebaTa biujets. faqtobrivad, iseTi satransfero programebis momxreebi, rogoricaa samrewvelo taloni, amtkiceben, rom es aris `investicia~, radgan dRes Raribi individis racionis gazrda mas produqtiuls gaxdis momavalSi. kritikosebi miuTiTeben, rom satransfero programebis invesiticiad klasificireba kapitalur da mimdinare danaxarjs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas azrs ukargavs.
davuSvaT, ojaxi flobs 15 milioni dolaris Rirebulebis materialur aqtivs (iaxtebs, saxlebs, rembrantis Sedevrs). misi davalianeba adgilobrivi bankis winaSe (sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis sakomisioebi) 25000 aSS dolars udris. ojaxs ar gaaCnia raime sxva aqtivi an valdebuleba. sisulele iqneba, davaskvnaT, rom ojaxis materialuri mdgomareoba 25000 dolari valiTaa gamoxatuli. zogadi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia TiToeuli aqtivisa da valdebulebis gaazreba da gaTvaliswineba.
603
federalur mTavrobas, masiur finansur valdebulebasTan erTad (rogorc es miTiTebulia 18.2 cxrilSi), auracxeli materialuri aqtivic aqvs (sacxovrebeli da arasacxovrebeli Senobebi, manqana-danadgarebi, oqro da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis ufleba). miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi debatebi mTlianad mTavrobis finansur valdebulebebzea fokusirebuli da ara mis materialur aqtivebze. aramaterialuri aqtivebis ugulebelyofam ki SesaZloa, saxelmwifos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mcdari warmodgena Segviqmnas.
aracxadi valdebulebani. obligacia aris momavalSi gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis piroba. am Tanxis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris obligaciis wili valis mTlian moculobaSi. magram obligacia ar aris erTaderTi meTodi, romelsac federaluri mTavroba mimarTavs imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebis winaSe momavalSi gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis piroba dados. aRniSnuli SesaZloa, kanonmdeblobis saSualebiTac moxdes. yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofaa, romelic momaval pensionerebs sapensio daxmarebas hpirdeba, romelsac mTavroba momavalSi misaRebi sagadasaxado Semosavlebidan gadaixdis. rTulia zusti Rirebulebis gansazRvra, magram saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis daufaravi momavali valdebuleba daaxloebiT 9 trilions udris. `mediqeari~ analogiurad akisrebs saxelmwifos samomavlo valdebulebebs; maTi mimdinare Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 6 trilion aSS dolars uaxlovdeba. garda amisa, federaluri kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs sapensio daxmarebas sajaro da samxedro moxeleebisaTvis. federaluri sapensio valdebuleba 1,75 trilions utoldeba [administraciulsabiujeto samsaxuri, 2003, gv. 24].
cxadia, sakanonmdeblo piroba da oficialuri vali ar aris erTi da igive: gansxvavebulia maTi samarTlebrivi statusi; valis cxadi formebi warmoadgens kanonier valdebulebas, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofisa da `mediqearis~ daxmareba ki sakanonmdeblo cvlilebaTa gatarebis safuZvelze SesaZloa, Semcirdes. miuxedavad amisa, am programaTa politikuri mxardaWera imdenad Zlieria, rom mTavroba arc ki Seecdeba maT arsebiT Secvlas. amis safuZvelze bevri ekonomisti Rrmad aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom saxelmwifo valma dapirebuli saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis, `mediqearisa~ da sxva kuTvnili daxmarebebis programaTa mimdinare Rirebulebac unda moicvas.
reziume
ramdenad didia saxelmwifo vali? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli aqtivi da valdebulebaa gaTvaliswinebuli gamoTvlebis dros da rogor aris isini Sefasebuli. iseve, rogorc sxva analogiur situaciebSi, `marTebuli~ pasuxi swored im miznebzea damokidebuli, romlebic Cven
604
gvamoZravebs. ase magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizani im valdebulebaTa gansazRvraa, romlebic unda dafaron momavalma gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma, maSin gamoTvlis dros racionaluri iqneba iseTi aracxadi valdebulebis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa. Tu Cveni mizani fiskaluri politikis zegavlenis Sefasebaa sakredito bazrebze (romlebic odnav mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli), maSin ufro sasargeblo iqneba pirobiTi deficitis, an proficitis gaTvaliswineba (oficialuri valdebulebebis CaTvliT). saerTod, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT valis, deficitisa da gadametebuli cifrebis interpretacias.
valis tvirTi
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom saxelmwifo valis Semcireba WeSmaritad dadebiTi saqme iqneba. Tumca Cven ratom vidardoT erovnuli valis Sesaxeb? ratom unda viyoT dainteresebulni misi gazrdiT an SemcirebiT? pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze erTob rTulia da sesxis dafinansebis xarjebis Sesaxeb sruli informaciis flobas moiTxovs. garda amisa, aucilebelia im pirebis identificireba, visac akisria valis tvirTi.
dasawyisSive unda aRvniSnoT, rom momaval Taobas mouwevs valis gadaxda an misi refinansireba (refinansireba gulisxmobs axali sesxis aRebas arsebuli davalianebis dafarvis mizniT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba transferi momavali gadasaxadis gadamxdelisgan obligaciis mflobelze _ valis refinansirebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucilebeli iqneba procentis gadaxda obligaciis axali mflobelebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, valis mTeli tvirTi momaval Taobas ekisreba. Tumca gadasaxadebis efeqtis Teoria (ix. me-12 Tavi) garkveul eWvqveS ayenebs aseT logikas. mxolod is faqti, rom samarTlebrivi tvirTi ekisreba momaval Taobas, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom maTve ekisrebaT realuri tvirTi. rogorc gadasaxadebis ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, movlenaTa dinamiurobis Sedegad, tvirTis ekonomikuri ganawileba sruliadac aRar hgavs xolme tvirTis samarTlebriv ganawilebas. iseve, rogorc ganawilebis sxva SemTxvevebSi, pasuxi ekonomikur qmedebebTan asocirebul daSvebebzea damokidebuli.
lerneris mosazreba
warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba fuls sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebisagan sesxulobs _ valdebuleba Sida valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. lerneris [1948] Tanaxmad, Sida vali ar warmoqmnis tvirTs momavali TaobebisaTvis. momavali Taobis warmomadgenlebs ubralod erTmaneTis mimarT eqnebaT
605
davalianeba. valis gadaxdis dros ganxorcieldeba Semosavlis transferi mosaxleobis erTi jgufidan (romelic ar flobs obligaciebs) meore jgufSi (romelic obligaciebis mflobelia). miuxedavad amisa, ar uaresdeba momavali Taobis, rogorc mTliani sazogadoebrivi fenis, materialuri mdgomareoba _ misi moxmarebis done zustad igive iqneba, rac unda yofiliyo. rogorc me-18 saukunis mwerali, meloni, ityoda: `marjvena xels aqvs marcxena xelis vali~ [1985].
mdgomareoba radikalurad icvleba, rodesac qveyana mimdinare danaxarjebis dasafinanseblad meore qveynisagan iRebs sesxs. aseTi vali sagareo valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili (aSS-Si federaluri valis 39% ucxoeli investorebisganaa nasesxebi [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 380). davuSvaT, rom sxva qveynidan nasesxebi vali mimdinare moxmarebis dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi momaval Taobas erTmniSvnelovnad ekisreba tvirTi _ misi moxmarebis done valisa da daricxuli procentis (romelic gadaexdeba ucxoel kreditors) TanxiT klebulobs3. meore mxriv, Tu sesxi kapitalis dasabandeblad gamoiyeneba, maSin Sedegi proeqtis rentabelobaze sruladaa damokidebuli. Tu investiciis zRvruli ukugeba ucxoeTSi nasesxebi fuladi saxsrebis zRvrul Rirebulebas aRemateba, sesxisa da kapitaluri danaxarjebis kombinacia, faqtobrivad, aumjobesebs momavali Taobis materialur mdgomareobas. Tu proeqtis ukugeba zRvrul Rirebulebaze naklebia, maSin momavali Taobis finansuri mdgomareoba uaresdeba.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom Sida vali ar warmoqmnida tvirTs momavali TaobebisaTvis, popularuli iyo ekonomistebs Soris 1940-1950 wlebSi. dRes ekonomistebs ukve sjeraT, rom saqme bevrad ufro rTuladaa.
Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modeli
cxrili 18.3 Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modeli
2004-2004 wlebi
(1) Semosavali
3
axalgazrda
saSualo asakis
xandazmuli
$ 12000
$ 12000
$12000
sesxis refinansirebis dros gadasaxdelia mxolod procenti.
606
(2) saxelmwifo vali
-6000
-6000
4000
4000
4000
(3) saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili moxmareba
2024 weli
(4) saxelmwifo zrdis gadasaxads valis dafarvis mizniT (5) saxelmwifo faravs vals
axalgazrda
saSualo asakis
xandazmuli
$ -4000
$-4000
$-4000
+6000
+6000
lerneris modelis Tanaxmad, `TaobaSi” Sedis yvela cocxali adamiani mocemuli periodisaTvis. Taobis ufro racionaluri ganmarteba ki aseTia: Taoba warmoadgens im adamianTa nakrebs, romelic daaxloebiT erT periodSia dabadebuli. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mocemul periodSi cxovrobs ramdenime Taoba _ aseTi fenomeni Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modelis saxeliTaa cnobili. Tanmxvedr TaobaTa martivi modelis analizis Sedegad kargad Cans, Tu rogor mimdinareobs valis tvirTis TaobaTa Soris ganawileba.
warmovidginoT, rom mosaxleoba Tanabari raodenobis axalgazrda, saSualo asakisa da xandazmuli Taobisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Taoba wina Taobaze 20 wliT ufrosia; yvela Taobis TiToeuli wevris fiqsirebuli Semosavali 12000 aSS dolaria 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi. ar arsebobs piradi danazogi _ TiToeuli adamiani moixmars mTel Tavis Semosavals. TiTqos aseTi situacia samudamod gagrZeldeba. 2004-dan 2024 wlamde sami Taobis warmomadgenelTa Semosavlebi 18.3 cxrilis pirvel rigSia mocemuli.
axla ki warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba gadawyvets, isesxos 12000 aSS dolari sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis dafinansebis mizniT. sesxi dabrunebul unda iqnas 2024 wels. mxolod axalgazrda da saSualo Taobis
607
warmomadgenlebs surT, asesxon fuli saxelmwifos _ xandazmul Taobas ara aqvs amis survili, radgan misi warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom 20 wlis Semdeg aRar iqnebian cocxlebi da sesxad gacemul fuls ver daibruneben. davuSvaT, rom sesxis naxevars axalgazrda Taoba, xolo meore naxevars ki saSualo asakis Taoba gascems. amdenad, TiToeuli individis moxmareba 2004-dan 2024 wlamde 6000 aSS dolariT mcirdeba. aRniSnuli tendencia kargad aris mocemuli 18.3 cxrilis meore rigSi. sesxis wyalobiT, saxelmwifo yvelasaTvis Tanabar moxmarebas uzrunvelyofs _ TiToeuli individi iRebs 4000 aSS dolars (imave cxrilis mesame rigi).
dro gadis. mova 2024 welic. 2004 wlis xandazmulTa Taoba scenas tovebs. yofili saSualo asakis Taoba axla ukve xandazmulia, axalgazrdebi saSualo asakamde mividnen da gaCnda sruliad axali Taobac. saxelmwifos sWirdeba 12000 aSS dolari valis gadasaxdelad, amitom igi TiToeul Taobas 4000 dolaris gadasaxadiT begravs (me-4 rigi). miRebuli sagadasaxado Semosavlebis wyalobiT, saxelmwifo ubrunebs vals kreditorebs _ axla ukve xandazmuli da saSualo asakis Taobis warmomadgenlebs (me-5 rigi) (simartivisaTvis Cven CavTvaleT, rom saprocento ganakveTi nulis tolia, amdenad, saxelmwifom mxolod ZiriTadi Tanxa unda daabrunos. dadebiTi saprocento ganakveTis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi ar Seicvleboda arsebiTi Sedegi, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom ar aris saWiro momavali moxmarebis diskontireba imisaTvis, rom mimdinare Rirebuleba davadginoT).
18.3 cxrilis safuZvelze viRebT aseT Sedegebs:
1.
sesxisa da misi Tanmxlebi sagadasaxado politikis wyalobiT, im Taobis moxmarebis done, romelic xandazmulad iTvleboda 2004 wlidan 2024 wlamde, izrdeba 4000 aSS dolariT. 2. im TaobaTa moxmarebis done, romlebic 2004-2024 wlebSi axalgazrda da saSualo asakis Taobad iTvleboda, arc izrdeba da arc mcirdeba. 3. 2024 wels dafiqsirebuli axalgazrda Taobis moxmarebis done 4000 dolariT klebulobs (rac ase ar iqneboda valisa da misi Tanxlebi fiskaluri politikis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi). faqtobrivad, 4000 dolari 2024 wlis axalgazrda Taobidan 2004 wlis xandazmulTa Taobas gadaeca. 2024 wels valis dafarva gulisxmobs transfers im TaobisaTvis, romelic am momentSi cocxali iqneba. axalgazrda Taoba yvelaze metad zaraldeba, radgan mas uwevs iseTi valis dafarva, romliTac arasodes usargeblia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sida da sagareo vals Soris arsebuli distinqcia, rac ase mniSvnelovani iyo lerneris modelis mixedviT, sruliad ararelevanturia am SemTxvevaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli vali Sidaa, igi mainc qmnis tvirTs axalgazrda TaobisaTvis.
608
18.3 cxrili gvaZlevs saxelmwifo fiskaluri politikis tvirTis (da sargeblis) Sedarebis saSualebas TaobaTa Soris. es aris erTgvari bunebrivi meTodi, romlis saxelwodebaa TaobaTaSorisi aRricxva, romelic ramdenime safexurisagan Sedgeba: 1. viRebT TiToeuli Taobidan erT warmomadgenels da viTvliT saxelmwifos winaSe arsebuli misi sagadasaxado valdebulebis mimdinare Rirebulebas. 2. viTvliT saxelmwifos mier individisaTvis uzrunvelyofili nebismieri daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebulebas (saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa, `mediqeari~ da a.S.). gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba Taobis am warmomadgenlis mier gadaxdili `wminda gadasaxadia~. sxvadasxva TaobaTa wminda gadasaxadebis Sedarebis gziT viqmniT warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor anawilebs saxelmwifo Semosavals TaobaTa Soris.
am meTodiT Catarebuli gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom dRevandeli Taoba momaval TaobaTa xarjze iRebs sargebels. gokheili, peiji da steroki [1999, gv. 497] amtkicebdnen, rom mimdinare politikuri kursis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi 1980 wels dabadebuli individis mier gadasaxdeli wminda gadasaxadi misi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis 31% iqneba, 1995 wels dabadebulTaTvis _ 29%, xolo momavali TaobebisaTvis ki _ 49.2%. cxadia, aseTi gamoTvlebi efuZneba iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa samomavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi, saprocento ganakveTi da a.S. garda amisa, gamoTvlebis dros ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom SesaZlebelia, dRevandelma Taobam izrunos rogorc memkvidreebze, aseve sakuTar Tavze (ix. qvemoT). gamodis, rom TaobaTaSorisi aRricxvis modeli Cvens yuradRebas mimarTavs saxelmwifo fiskaluri politikis ara wliur Sedegebze, aramed Sedegebze, romlebic aqtualuri iqneba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. pirobiTi deificitis cifrebis msgavsad, wminda gadasaxadis gamoTvlis dros kidev bevri sxva faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli.
neoklasikuri modeli
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli TaobaTaSorisi modelebi ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom saxelmwifo sasesxo politikam SesaZloa, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze; Secvlili gadawyvetileba ki moqmedebs imaze, Tu vis daekisreba valis tvirTi. piriqiT, miCneuli iyo, rom valis dafarvis mizniT dawesebuli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas ar axdenda arc samuSao gadawyvetilebebze da arc danazogze. Tu gadasaxadi cvlis aseT gadawyvetilebebs, maSin ekonomikas realuri xarji ekisreba.
ufro metic, Cven ugulebelvyaviT sesxis dafinansebis potenciurad mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba kapitalis formirebaze. sesxis neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier proeqtis inicirebis SemTxvevaSi (imis miuxedavad, Tu riTia dafinansebuli igi _ gadasaxadebiT Tu sesxiT) kerZo
609
seqtoridan fuladi saxsrebi sazogadoebrivi seqtorisaken gadainacvlebs. rodesac gamoyenebulia sagadasaxado dafinanseba, saxelmwifo seqtorSi gadatanili Tanxa akldeba moxmarebas. meore mxriv, rodesac saxelmwifo iRebs vals, igi ebmeba konkurenciaSi individebTan da firmebTan, romelTac agreTve esaWiroebaT fuli sakuTari sainvesticio proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad. aseT SemTxvevaSi vali yvelaze did zegavlenas kerZo investiciaze axorcielebs. sesxis dafinansebis Sedegad momavali Taoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mcire moculobis ZiriTadi kapitalis amara rCeba. amdenad, momavali Taoba naklebad produqtiuli iqneba da ufro mcire realuri Semosavali eqneba, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi eqneboda. amdenad, vali, axdens ra zemoqmedebas kapitalis formirebaze, warmoqmnis tvirTs, romelic momaval Taobas ekisreba (aRsaniSnavia, rom erTaderTi ucvleli faqtori saxelmwifo seqtoris ZiriTadi kapitali aris. Tu saxelmwifo seqtori rentabelur investicias kerZo seqtoridan amoRebuli fuladi resursis wyalobiT axorcielebs, mTliani ZiriTadi kapitali izrdeba).
is mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo vali amcirebs kerZo investicias, neoklasikuri analizis dros uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. aRniSnuli fenomeni xSirad gamodevnis (Seviwroebis) hipoTezis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili _ rodesac saxelmwifo seqtori iwyebs investiciisaTvis xelmisawvdomi resursis gamoyenebas, xdeba kerZo investiciis gamodevna. gamodevna ganpirobebulia saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebiT. rodesac saxelmwifo zrdis moTxovnas kreditze, saprocento ganakveTi (anu kreditis fasi) maSinve izrdeba; saprocento ganakveTis zrdis dros ki kerZo investicia ufro ZviradRirebuli da, Sesabamisad, ufro naklebad xelmisawvdomi da gamosayenebelia4.
rogorc Cans, am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba gamodevnis hipoTezis sworxazovani gaSifvra. ubralod, gavaanalizoT istoriuli kavSiri saprocento ganakveTsa da saxelmwifo deficits Soris (rogorc proporcia mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT). or cvlads Soris arsebuli dadebiTi Tanafardoba xazs usvams gamodevnis hipoTezis marTebulobas da piriqiT. deficitis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi saprocento ganakveTebis Sesaxeb mwvave politikuri debatebis obieqtivSi 2003 wels moeqca. buSis administraciis biujetis proeqtis (romelic iTvaliswinebda mniSvnelovan deficits) momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom mosalodneli iyo umciresi zemoqmedeba saprocento ganakveTebze, xolo oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom saprocento ganakveTebi gaizrdeboda.
4
saerTaSoriso doneze mobiluri kapitalis pirobebSi, saprocento ganakveTis zrda, romelic sesxiTaa ganpirobebuli, iwvevs fuladi saxsrebis Semotanas sazRvargareTidan. amis Sedegad izrdeba dolarze moTxovna, misi Rirebuleba da amerikuli eqsportis fasi. amdenad, gamoidevneba ara Sida investicia, aramed wminda eqsporti. aSS-is ekonomikaSi gamoidevneba xolme rogorc Sida investicia, aseve eqsporti.
610
samwuxarod, am winaaRmdegobis daZleva erTob rTulia, radgan saprocento ganakveTze bevri sxva cvladic axdens zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad, ekonomikuri vardnis periodSi mcirdeba investicia da masTan erTad _ saprocento ganakveTic. paralelurad, biznesisaTvis araadekvaturi da araxelsayreli pirobebi Semcirebul sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ganapirobebs, rac, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, zrdis deficits. amrigad, monacemebma SesaZloa, saprocento ganakveTsa da deficits Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba gviCvenon, Tumca es arafers gveubneba raime formis gamodevnis Sesaxeb. rogorc yovelTvis, axlac Cveni problema deficitis damoukidebeli efeqtis gansazRvraa saprocento ganakveTebze. rogorc Cven me-2 TavSi vuCveneT, aseTi saxis problemaTa daregulireba rTulia. ekonometrikis specialistebi am sakiTxs intensiurad swavlobdnen ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi; samwuxarod, aRniSnulma kvlevam ver uzrunvelyo konkretuli Sedegebi5.
erTob bundovani ekonometrikuli mtkicebulebis miuxedavad, gamodevnis zogierTi forma imdenad aSkaraa, rom ekonomistTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom mwvave deficiti ZiriTadi kapitalis moculobas amcirebs6. Tumca aravin icis ZiriTadi kapitalisa da momaval TaobaTa keTildReobis Semcirebis zusti ganakveTis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, rac viciT, aris is, rom warsulSi arsebuli deficitebis Sedegad dRes aSS-is saxelmwifo Semosavali 6%-iT naklebia im Semosavalze, romelic aSS-s unda mieRo sxva SemTxvevaSi [Ball and Mankiw, 1995, gv. 106]. Tu es Sefaseba sworia, maSin gamodis, rom deficits aqvs negatiuri, magram ara damRupveli zegavlena ekonomikaze.
rikardianuli modeli
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli SemTxvevebis dros absoluturad ugulebelyofili iyo individTa saerTaSoriso transferis potenciuri mniSvneloba TaobaTa WrilSi. baro [1974] amtkicebda, rom, saxelmwifos mier sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, `Zveli~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaiazreben imas, rom amiT uaresdeba maTi memkvidreebis finansuri mdgomareoba. Zveli Taoba zrunavs STamomavalTa keTildReobaze; mamas sulac ar surs, rom Svilis moxmarebis done daeces. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia Zvel Taobas? mas SeuZlia, gazardos anderZiT datovebuli qoneba misi Svilis mier momavalSi gadasaxdeli TanxiT. amis Sedegad ki araferi Seicvleba. TiToeuli Taoba zustad imdenives moixmars, ramdensac moixmarda saxelmwifos mier valis aRebamde. 18.3 modelis Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis xandazmuli Taoba dazogavs 4000 dolars da mas 2024 wels axalgazrda Taobas gadascems. am gziT ucvleli iqneba orive Taobis moxmarebis done.
5
ori sxvadasxva Sedegi ixileT geilisa da poteris [2002] da kalomirisisa da hasetis [2002] kvlevebSi. 6 maRali saprocento ganakveTi moizidavs ucxour investicias. amdenad, gamodevnis koeficienti naklebi iqneba. momaval Taobaze dakisrebuli tvirTis moculoba ki TiTqmis ucvlelia, imitom rom mas ucxoelebisaTvis procentis gadaxda mouwevs.
611
faqtobrivad, kerZo individi aneitralebs saxelmwifos sasesxo politikis efeqts Taobebze da sagadasaxado da sesxiT dafinanseba, faqtobrivad, ekvivalenturi xdeba. saxelmwifo fiskaluri politika sruliad umniSvneloa. aseT midgomas ki rikardianuli modeli ewodeba, radgan misi winamorbedi modeli ganxilulia me-19 saukunis britaneli ekonomistis devid rikardos naSromebSi (Tavad rikardo yovelTvis skeptikurad udgeboda im models, romelic axla mis saxels atarebs).
baros provokaciuli hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom sruliad umniSvneloa saxelmwifo fiskaluri politika, seriozuli msjelobis sagans warmoadgens. zogierTisaTvis es idea absoluturad miuRebelia, radgan igi efuZneba daujerebel da ararsebul daSvebebs. daviwyoT imiT, rom sakmaod rTulia informaciis mopoveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moculobis sagadasaxado tvirTs warmoqmnis dRevandeli deficiti; rogorc ukve aRvniSneT am TavSi, bundovania Tavad sesxis moculobac ki! meore kritikuli Sexeduleba ki is aris, rom mosaxleoba arcTu ise SorsmWvretelia, rogorc am modelSia warmodgenili.
meore mxriv, Teoriis marTebuloba mowmdeba ara imiT, Tu ramdenad axlos dgas WeSmaritebasTan Teoriuli daSvebani, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad marTldeba misi prognozi. 1980-ian wlebSi, skeptikosTa mtkicebiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda federaluri deficiti. Tu rikardianuli modeli marTebulia, maSin Sesabamisad unda gazrdiliyo piradi danazogi. piradi danazogi ki Semcirda (wminda erovnul produqtTan SedarebiT). cxadia, es monacemi erTgvarad damafiqrebelia, Tumca ar iZleva raime daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas, radgan danazogis ganakveTze, deficitis garda, Zalian bevri faqtori axdens zemoqmedebas. bevri ekonometrikuli kvleva swavlobda sabiujeto deficitsa da danazogs Soris arsebul damokidebulebas (ix. Smetters [1999]). argumentebi kvlavac bundovania. rikardianul models ki profesional ekonomistTa Soris mimdevrebic hyavs da mowinaaRmdegenic.
mimoxilva
valis tvirTis problema gadasaxadis ganawilebis problemis analogiuria, oRond TaobaTaSoris WrilSi. rogorc sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi, axlac erTob rTulia valis tvirTis zusti gansazRvra. pirvel rigSi, ar aris naTeli, Tu rogor unda moxdes tvirTis identificireba. valis tvirTi fasdeba: (1) erTi Taobis (daaxloebiT Tanabari asakis adamianTa) moxmarebis potencialis mixedviT an (2) im adamianTa moxmarebis mixedviT, romlebic cocxlebi arian mocemul momentSi. adekvaturi ganmartebis arsebobis pirobebSic ki tvirTis arseboba damokidebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze: Sidaa vali Tu sagareo? ra zemoqmedebas axdens sesxis politika sxvadasxva ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaze?
612
ra saxis proeqtebia dafinansebuli sesxiT? am faqtorTa Seswavlis mizniT ramdenime empiriuli kvleva Catarda kidec. Tumca jerjerobiT raime konsensusi ar arsebobs.
gadasaxadi Tu vali?
2003 wels, erayTan omis dawyebis dros, prezidentma buSma ganacxada, rom omis dafinansebas 75 miliardi aSS dolari dasWirdeboda. maSinve gaimarTa cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda dafinansebuliyo omi _ gadasaxadebis gazrdis Tu valis damatebis gziT? arCevanis gakeTeba valsa da gadasaxads Soris aris sajaro finansebis winaSe arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani SekiTxva. Cven ukve vimsjeleT valis tvirTis Sesaxeb; amdenad, axla yvelaze kargi droa imisaTvis, rom ganvixiloT ramdenime midgoma, romelic garkveulwilad naTels mohfens am SekiTxvas.
sargeblis miRebis principi
es aris damoukidebeli normatiuli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, konkretuli saxelmwifo xarjviTi programis beneficiari valdebulia, gadaixados safasuri miRebuli sargeblisaTvis. programa qmnis sargebels momavali TaobisaTvis. amdenad, upriani iqneboda sesxis dafinansebis gziT momaval Taobaze gagvenawilebina valis tvirTi. adekvaturi magaliTi aris sesxis aReba swavlis safasuris gadasaxdelad, rac zrdis studentis momaval Semosavlebs.
TaobaTaSorisi Tanasworoba
davuSvaT, rom teqnologiuri progresis wyalobiT, Cveni SviliSvilebi Cvenze mdidrebi iqnebian. Tuki Taobis SigniT Semosavali nawildeba mdidridan Raribze, ratom ar nawildeba Semosavali mdidari Taobidan Rarib Taobaze? cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodnelia Cveni STamomavlebis CvenTan SedarebiT gaRaribeba (davuSvaT, araganaxlebadi resursebis amowurvis Sedegad), maSin Semosavali zustad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT unda ganawildes.
613
efeqtianoba
efeqtianobis poziciidan, aucilebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli warmoqmnis ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs _ vali Tu gadasaxadi. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia, gaviazroT is faqti, rom saxelmwifos danaxarjis nebismieri zrda sabolood gazrdili gadasaxadebis xarjze unda dafinansdes. gadasaxadebiT dafinansebasa da sesxiT dafinansebas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba, ubralod, droiTi upiratesobis dadgenis sakiTxia. gadasaxadebiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi danaxarjis gawevis momentSi msxvili Tanxis erTjeradi gadaxda warmoebs. sesxiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebs mcire Tanxebis mravaljeradi gadaxda (sesxis procentebis gadaxda). ase rom, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mimdinare Rirebuleba orive SemTxvevaSi Tanabari unda iyos.
Tu orive meTodis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mimdinare Rirebuleba Tanabaria, aqvs ki raime azri romelime maTganisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas, Tundac efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare? simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom valiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba SromiTi Semosavlebis dabegvra. rogorc me-13 TavSia [(13.4) formula] miTiTebuli, aseTi gadasaxadi cvlis gadawyvetilebebs Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb, rac iwvevs Semdegi zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnas:
1 ewLt 2 , 2
sadac
e
samuSao
saaTebis
kompensirebuli
elastiurobaa
xelfasTan
mimarTebaSi, w aris daubegravi xelfasi, L _ namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba, t ki _ Rirebulebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratiT izrdeba _ rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTi ormagdeba, zedmeti tvirTis moculoba oTxmagdeba. dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTTan, anu t1-Tan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi aris c 1 , xolo maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTTan, anu
t2-Tan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi ki iqneba
c 2 . efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, upriani iqneba t1 ganakveTiT orjer dabegvra, vidre erTxel - t2 ganakveTiT. sesxiT dafinanseba dakavSirebulia SedarebiT mcire moculobis Tanxebis mravaljerad gadaxdasTan. amdenad, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, sesxiT dafinanseba ufro gamarTlebulia, vidre gadasaxadebiT dafinanseba.
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argumenti garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. samwuxarod, igi ugulebelyofs erT mniSvnelovan faqtors _ valis zrda, amcirebs ra ZiriTadi kapitalis moculobas, kidev ufro met zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis7. amdenad, SromiTi miwodebis poziciidan, SesaZloa, ufro efeqtiani sesxiT dafinanseba iyos, magram igi naklebad efeqtiani iqneba kapitalis ganTavsebis poziciidan. apriori bundovania, Tu romeli efeqtia ufro mniSvnelovani; amdenad, Cven ar Segvwevs imis unari, CavwvdeT, Tu romelia ufro efeqtiani _ sesxiT dafinanseba Tu gadasaxadebiT dafinanseba.
amdenad, `gamodevnis~ hipoTeza, romelic mniSvnelovan sagans warmoadgenda valis TaobaTaSorisi tvirTis Sesaxeb gamarTul msjelobaTa dros, mniSvnelovania efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiTac. rikardianuli modelis Tanaxmad, gamodevnas adgili ara aqvs. amdenad, gadasaxadi axdens zemoqmedebas mxolod Sromis miwodebis arCevanze, swored amitom sesxiT dafinanseba, efeqtianobis poziciidan, erTmniSvnelovnad ukeTesia. Tumca, rodesac adgili aqvs kerZo investiciis gamodevnas, maSin gadasaxadiT dafinanseba ufro mimzidveli xdeba. sanam ar miviRebT raime konkretul daskvnas gamodevnis Sesaxeb, Cven ver vimsjelebT sesxiT dafinansebisa da gadasaxadiT dafinansebis Rirsebaze, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare.
makroekonomikuri mosazrebani
7
ufro zustad, kidev ufro meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba, rodesac ZiriTadi kapitali optimalur doneze dabla imyofeba (davuSvaT, kapitalur Semosavalze gadasaxadis arsebobis gamo) [ix. Feldstein, 1985, gv. 234].
615
aqamde Cven vuSvebdiT, rom yvela resursi mTlianad gamoyenebulia. aseTi daSveba adekvaturia ekonomikis grZelvadiani tendenciebis dasaxasiaTeblad. ra arCevani gavakeToT gadasaxadisa da deficitis dafinansebas Soris moklevadian perspeqtivaSi, rodesac arsebobs umuSevrobis SesaZlebloba? keinziseuli standartuli makroekonomikuri modelis mixedviT, arCevani damokidebulia umuSevrobis doneze. rodesac umuSevrobis done Zalian dabalia, damatebiT saxelmwifo danaxarjebs inflaciamde mivyavarT, amdenad, aucilebeli iqneba kerZo seqtoridan xarjvis Zalauflebis amoqaCva, anu gadasaxadebis gazrda. xolo, rodesac umuSevroba maRalia, moTxovnis stimulirebis mizniT deficitis warmoqmna aucilebelia. am midgomas zogjer funqcionaluri finansebi ewodeba, rac erToblivi moTxovnis adekvatur doneze SesanarCuneblad gadasaxadebisa da deficitis gamoyenebas gulixsmobs. am dros aRar dagvWirdeba calke zrunva biujetis dabalansebaze.
1970-ian wlebSi keinziseuli konsensusi kargavs aqtualobas. masTan erTad ingreva universaluri warmodgenebi funqcionaluri finansebis Sesaxeb. makroekonomikuri Teoriis zogierTi faqtori ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas, Tumca am faqtorebis ganxilvamde xazi unda gaesvas Semdeg sakiTxebs:
· ·
Tu marTebulia baros TaobaTaSorisi altruistuli modeli, maSin adamianebs SeuZliaT saxelmwifo sasesxo politikis Sedegebis ganeitraleba. mTavrobas ekonomikis dastabilureba ar SeuZlia8. keinziseuli modelis mixedviTac ki arsebobs didi ganusazRvreloba imis irgvliv, Tu ra periodi sWirdeba fiskalur politikur cvlilebas imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos cvlileba dasaqmebis doneze. Tumca umuSevrobis warmatebuli politika adekvatur droiT grafiks moiTxovs. grafikis gareSe SesaZloa, ekonomikis stimulireba maSinac ki gagrZeldes, rodesac es ukve aRar aris saWiro, rac Sedegad inflacias mogvitans.
moraluri da politikuri aspeqtebi
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, arCevanis gakeTeba gadasaxadiT dafinansebasa da sesxiT dafinansebas Soris moraluri sakiTxia. mwvave deficiti `ar aris ubralod an upirvelesad ekonomikuri sakiTxi, igi moralur naklovanebasa da sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis simaxinjeebze miuTiTebs” [Will, 1985A]. moralurobis winapiroba TavdaWerilobaa; deficiti ki TavdaWerilobis Zalian dabal doneze mianiSnebs; amdenad, deficiti amoraluria. aracxadi daSveba imis Sesaxeb, rom sesxi amoraluria, am sakiTxis irgvliv mimdinare politikuri debatebis dros xSirad ganixileba.
8
ufro zustad, mosalodneli politikuri cvlileba ver moaxdens zemoqmedebas. Tumca moulodnel cvlilebas SesaZloa, hqondes zemoqmedeba _ ganmartebis Tanaxmad, individs ar SeuZlia, qcevis stili Secvalos.
616
rogorc ukve ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, eTikuri sakiTxebi saxelmwifo politikis formirebis procesSi friad aqtualuria; amdenad, is argumenti, rom deficiti amoraluria, seriozul mopyrobas imsaxurebs. es normatiuli mosazreba mTlianad eqvemdebareba daumtkicebel pozitiur hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, rom valis tvirTi gadaecema momaval Taobebs. ufro metic, gaugebaria, Tu ratom aris es konkretuli normatiuli mosazreba ufro dominanturi, vidre sargeblis miRebis principi, romelic sesxis aRebas moralur uflebad miiCnevs.
albaT, deficitis sawinaaRmego ufro mZlavr araekonomikur argumentad politikuri argumenti gamodgeba. rogorc me-6 TavSi aRvniSneT, politikuri procesi naklebi RirebulebiT afasebs saxelmwifo danaxarjs da zedmeti RirebulebiT – saxelmwifo sargebels. dabalansebuli biujetis disciplinis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sargeblisa da danaxarjis ufro zusti Rirebulebis dadgena; am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba saxelmwifo seqtoris Warbi zrdis SeCereba.
bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia imaSi, rom saxelmwifo Zalian bevrs xarjavs. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, deficitma SesaZloa, Seasrulos saxelmwifo danaxarjebis efeqtiani muxruWis roli. nobelis premiis laureatis milton fridmanis [2003, gv. A10] pirobiTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo xarjebis done fiqsirebulia imis miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara deficiti. aseT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis zrdis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba deficitis Sevseba. Tumca fridmani ambobs, rom ufro racionaluri iqneba, warmovidginoT iseTi modeli, sadac saxelmwifo danaxarji ar iqneba fiqsirebuli _ iRebs ra saxelmwifo met sagadasaxado Semosavals, xarjavs kidec mas. `winaswar gansazRvrulia ara xarjva, aramed politikurad dasaSvebi deficiti. gadasaxadebi unda gaizardos imisaTvis, rom davamarcxoT arsebuli deficiti da politikurad dasaSveb deficits mivaRwioT ~. saxelmwifos xarjviTi nawilis damuxruWebis ukeTesi strategia gadasaxadebis Semcirebaa. `am dros warmoiqmneba iseTi deficiti, romelic aiZulebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa da sakanonmdeblo organoebs, Tavi Seikavon didi xarjis gawevisagan~. rogorc me-6 TavSi xazgasmiT aRiniSna, Zalian rTulia saxelmwifo xarjvis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis marTlzomierebis Sefaseba. fridmanis mosazrebac erTgvari hipoTezaa, romelic mudmivad gvaxsenebs, Tu politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis dros raoden mniSvnelovania politikuri garemos gaTvaliswineba.
mimoxilva
saxelmwifo vali friad amaRelvebeli da rTuli sakiTxia. ZiriTadi Sedegi, rac miviReT am TavSi mocemuli analizis Sedegad:
ai,
is
617
· ·
mocemuli periodis deficiti damokidebulia sabuxhaltro aRricxvis meTodze. es faqti xazs usvams deficitTan, proficitTan da sesxTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri cifris TviTmyofadobas. proficitis da deficitis Sedegebis Sefaseba erTob rTuli, Tumca potenciurad friad mniSvnelovania. Tundac Cven zustad vicodeT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas hqonda adgili, sesxis politikis Sedegi mainc damokidebuli iqneba iseT eTikur mosazrebebze, romlebic exeba Semosavlis TaobaTaSoris ganawilebas.
amrigad, arcTu ise mniSvnelovani iqneba, SevafasoT saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomikuri saqmianoba calke, oficialuri deficitis an proficitis moculobis safuZvelze. deficiti ar aris aucileblad cudi, xolo proficiti ki _ aucileblad kargi. ufro mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, aris Tu ara optimalur doneze saxelmwifo momsaxureba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu viTvaliswinebT im resursebis Rirebulebas, romlebic saWiroa am momsaxurebis gasawevad. saxelmwifo xarjvisa da dafinansebis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTi mimdinareobs, rac demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis ase mniSvnelovania. deficitis Sedegebisa da dafinansebis sxva formebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia sazogadoebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, liberalebisa da konservatorebis tendencia, Seafason saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareoba mxolod deficitis safuZvelze, sruliad uSedegoa da diskusiaTa procesSi gaurkvevlobas qmnis.
daskvna
·
·
vali saxelmwifos dafinansebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. Tu periodis ganmavlobaSi danaxarji aRemateba Semosavlebs, warmoiqmneba deficiti; xolo Tu Semosavlebi aRemateba danaxarjebs, warmoiqmneba proficiti; vali mocemul periodSi warmoadgens warsulSi arsebuli deficitisa da proficitis algebrul jams. federaluri saxelmwifo deficitis, proficitisa da valis Sesaxeb arsebul oficialur monacemebs sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT Semdegi mizezebis gamo: Statebi da municipalitetebic valdebulebebiT xasiaTdebian.
soliduri
daufaravi
inflacia amcirebs sesxis realur Rirebulebas; deficiti an proficiti arasodes afiqsirebs am faqts.
oficialuri
federaluri mTavroba ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan kapitalur da mimdinare danaxarjebs. Tumca federaluri mTavrobisaTvis kapitaluri biujetis formirebis mcdeloba SesaZloa, sruli kraxiT
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dasruldes rogorc konceptualuri, aseve politikuri problemebis gamo. aucilebelia, mxedvelobaSi miRebul iqnes rogorc saxelmwifos materialuri aqtivi, aseve mTavrobis aracxadi valdebulebani (magaliTad, gadaxdis piroba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis an `mediqearis~ sistemis mxridan). ·
·
·
·
gaurkvevelia, ekisreba Tu ara momaval Taobas sesxis mTeli tvirTi. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sida vali ar warmoqmnis tvirTs momavali TaobisaTvis, radgan es aris ubralo TaobaTaSorisi transferi. Tumca Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modelis mixedviT, sesxiT dafinansebis gziT SesaZloa, momaval Taobas realuri tvirTi davakisroT. valis tvirTi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamodevnis vali kerZo investicias. Tu marTla gamodevnis, maSin momaval Taobebs eqneba ufro mcire ZiriTadi kapitali da, amdenad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, dabali realuri Semosavali. rikaridianuli modelis Tanaxmad, TaobaTa Soris ganxorcielebuli nebayoflobiTi transferi sesxis politikis zegavlenas aneitralebs ise, rom kerZo investiciis gamodevna saerTod aRar xdeba. saxelmwifo danaxarjis gadasaxadiT dafinansebasa da sesxiT dafinansebas Soris arCevanis gakeTebis dros aucilebelia ramdenime faqtoris gaTvaliswineba. sargeblis miRebis principis Tanaxmad, Tu proeqti sargebels moutans momaval Taobebs, maSin misi ganxorcieleba sesxiT dafinansebis gziT sruliad racionaluria. garda amisa, Tu mosalodnelia, rom momavali Taoba ufro mdidari iqneba, vidre dRevandeli, maSin, Tanasworobis principebidan gamomdinare, adekvaturi iqneba, Tu maTze moxdeba tvirTis garkveuli doziT ganawileba. efeqtianobis poziciidan, aucilebelia SevadaroT zedmeti tvirTi, romelic warmoiqmneba gadasaxadebiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSic da sesxiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSic. Tu ar xdeba kerZo investiciis gamodevna, maSin sesxi nakleb zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, radgan mcire Tanxebis mravaljerad gadaxdas moiTxovs. amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba mcire tvirTi, vidre erTjeradi da didi gadasaxadis gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca Tu adgili eqneba kerZo investiciis gamodevnas, maSin SesaZloa, yvelaferi piriqiT moxdes.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
ra zegavlenas moaxdens qvemoT CamoTvlili movlenebi saxelmwifo valze misi amJamindeli Sefasebis safuZvelze? a. mTavroba iRebs sesxs xsovnis dRis aRlumis dasafinanseblad. b. Tavisuflebis qandakeba gayidulia kerZo mewarmeebis jgufze. g. mtkicdeba kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT isargeblebs 5 wlamde asakis yvela bavSvi.
619
d. mTavroba 100 dolariT begravs lins am wels da aZlevs momaval wels 105 dolaris gadaxdis pirobas. e. mTavroba linisagan sesxulobs 100 dolars, xolo momaval wels ki ubrunebs 100 dolars 5%-ian ganakveTTan erTad.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven awarmoebT mTavrobis aRricxvas. rogor aRricxavdiT TiToeul movlenas?
buRaltrul
2. 1970-iani wlebis frangi sajaro moxele, montioni, ambobda: `didi britaneTi oms gadasaxadebiT ki ara, sesxis saSualebiT afinansebs. Cven ki omis dros gvCvevia xolme gadasaxadebis gazrda” [Saegent and Velde, 1995]. montioni fiqrobda, rom britanuli politika saukeTeso iyo. eTanxmebiT Tu ara mis mosazrebas? ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni pasuxi rikardianul models? 3. Sikis Tanaxmad [2002, gv. 46], `1990-iani wlebis bolos warmoqmnilma proficitma saTave daudo aranormalur xarjvas. man daarRvia diskreciuli xarjvis zeda zRvari, romelic dadgenili iyo 1990 wlis kanoniT biujetis Sesaxeb da sasacilo gaxada aRniSnuli kanonis moTxovna, romelic gazrdili xarjvis kompensirebas danaxarjebis sxva muxlebis Semcirebis an Semosavlebis zrdis gziT iTvaliswinebda”. ganixileT am movlenis damokidebuleba milton fridmanis mosazrebasTan da gaaanalizeT deficitsa da saxelmwifo xarjvas Soris arsebuli urTierToba. 4. davuSvaT, rom Sromis miwodebis kompensirebuli elastiuroba xelfasTan mimarTebaSi aris nulis toli. efeqtianobis poziciidan, ra iqneba sesxiT dafinansebasa da gadasaxadiT dafinansebas Soris gakeTebuli optimaluri arCevanis Sedegi? 5. 2000 wels ohaios senatorma jorj voinoviCma aRniSna: `jansaRi azri gveubneba, rom Cveni upirvelesi movaleoba unda iyos biujetis proficitis gamoyeneba saxelmwifo valis dasafarad”. Tqveni komentari am sityvebze. 6. 2002 wlis Statebis mdgomareobis amsaxvel angariSSi jorj buSma ganacxada: `imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT iseT naTel saxelmwifo miznebs, rogoricaa: omSi gamarjveba, samSoblos dacva, ekonomikis aRorZineba, Cveni biujeti unda xasiaTdebodes mcire da moklevadiani deficitiT”. ra pirobebSia racionaluri deficitis gamoyeneba omis dasafinanseblad?
gamoyenebuli literatura
Elmendorf, Douglas W, and N Gregory Mankiw. “Government Debt.” In Handbook of macroeconomics, volume 1C, eds. John B.Taylor and Michael Woodford. Amsterdam: North-Hollard, 1999. Kotlikoff, Laurence J. “Generational Policy.” Working Paper No. 8163. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2001.
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Tavi 19
samomxmareblo da qonebis gadasaxadebi
rodesac gadasaxadiT moxmareba ibegreba, TiToeuli individi ixdis imisaTvis, rasac moixmars; sazogadoebriv sikeTes ar Seuracxyofs adamianis fufunebaTa narCeni. Tomas hobesi
federaluri individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis irgvliv seriozuli ukmayofileba arsebobs. zogierT reformators surs, Semosavlis nacvlad sistema sxva safuZvelze gadaiyvanos. reformatorebi msjeloben bevr SesaZlo ideaze. maTgan erT-erTi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dawesebaa, romlis safuZveli iqneba im saqonlis Rirebuleba (raodenoba), romelsac individi iZens faqtobrivi moxmarebisaTvis (im saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis safuZveli potenciuri moxmarebaa). garda amisa, reformatorebi ganixilaven mosazrebas qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb, romlis safuZveli akumulirebuli danazogi iqneba, anu akumulaciuri sxvaoba potenciur da faqtobriv moxmarebas Soris.
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi
dRes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia gadasaxadi sacalo vaWrobaze, romliTac saqonlis farTo asortimenti ibegreba (ix. cxrili 19.1). vaWrobis zogadi gadasaxadi yvelanairi saqonlis SeZenaze Tanabar sagadasaxado ganakveTs awesebs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Statebis gadasaxadebi gayidvebze, romliTac ibegreba saqonlis sakmaod farTo asortimenti, xSirad `zogadis~ iarliys atarebs. es ki terminis araswori gamoyenebaa, radgan is Statebic ki, romlebic begraven saqonlis did raodenobas, vaWrobis gadasaxadisagan, faqtobrivad, yvela momsaxurebas aTavisufleben.
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cxrili 19.1 Statebisa da municipalitetebis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wyaros mixedviT (miliard dolarSi)
Statebis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
municipalitetebis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
vaWrobis zogadi gadasaxadi
$164
$29,7
sawvavi
29,2
0,8
alkoholuri sasmeli
3,9
0,3
Tambaqo
8,2
0,2
komunaluri momsaxureba
8,9
7,3
36,7%
10,0%
wyaro
sakuTari wyarodan miRebuli Semosavlis procenti vaWrobis gadasaxadidan
wyaro: aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri [2002, gv. 270]. monacemebi 1999 wlisaa.
vaWrobis seleqciuri gadasaxadi, romelsac xSirad aqcizs an diferencialur sasaqonlo gadasaxads uwodeben, wesdeba sxvadasxva saqonlis gayidvaze sxvadasxva ganakveTiT (zogierTi ganakveTi SesaZloa, nulis toli iyos)1.
gayidvebze gadasaxadi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: erTeulze gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi yovel SeZenil erTeulze. ase magaliTad, Statebis umetesoba begravs benzins (TiToeuli galoni ibegreba ramdenime centiT. tipuri ganakveTi 16 centia). amis sapirispirod, RirebulebiTi gadasaxadi gamoiTvleba SenaZenis Rirebulebidan procentis saxiT.
1
vaWrobis gadasaxadis erT-erTi forma aris gadasaxadi sxva StatSi ganxorcielebul SenaZenze _ es aris vaWrobis gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdis Statis rezidenti sxva StatSi ganxorcielebul SenaZenze. am gadasaxadis mizania, ar dauSvas individis mier gadasaxadis Tavidan acileba Statis gareT SenaZenis gakeTebis gziT. istoriulad, am gadasaxads arasodes moutania didi moculobis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi. Tumca zogierTi Stati gadasaxadebis amoRebis ufro agresiul politikas axorcielebs; amdenad, sxva StatSi ganxorcielebul SenaZenze dawesebuli gadasaxadi SesaZloa, Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxdes momavalSi.
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federaluri mTavroba saerTod ar awesebs zogad gadasaxads gayidvebze. igi begravs sawvavs, alkoholur sasmels, Tambaqos da saqonlis ramdenime sxva saxeobas. magram am gadasaxadebze modis federaluri Semosavlebis 10%-ze naklebi. rogorc 19.1 cxrili miuTiTebs, vaWrobis gadasaxadi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Statebis mmarTvelobis saSemosavlo sistemaSi. ormocdaxuT Statsa da kolumbiis olqSi moqmedebs vaWrobis ZiriTadi gadasaxadebi, romelTa ganakveTebi meryeobs 2,9%-dan 7,25%-mde. Statebis umravlesobaSi sursaTi da gamowerili wamlebi gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. Statebis naxevarSi municipalitetebi da olqebi aweseben sakuTari vaWrobis zogad gadasaxadebs.
racionalizacia
administraciuli aspeqtebi. vaWrobis gadasaxadis ZiriTadi momxibvleloba mis martiv administrirebaSi mdgomareobs. misi amoReba gamyidvelisagan sacalo vaWrobis doneze warmoebs. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis msgavsad, sagadasaxado organoebs mxolod ramdenime individis qmedebaTa monitoringi evaleba. cxadia, SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom vaWrobis gadasaxadis administrireba garTulebebis gareSe mimdinareobs. administrirebis sirTuleebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom xSirad gaugebaria, warmoqnis Tu ara sagadasaxado valdebulebas konkretuli garigeba. ase magaliTad, kaliforniaSi `nugbari~ ibegreba specialuri gadasaxadiT, xolo `sursaTi” ki gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. da mainc, romelia `nugbari~ da romeli `sursaTi”? kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ricis krekeri da namcxvris SefuTuli Txeli naWrebi ibegreba nugbaris gadasaxadiT, xolo sodis krekeri da TefSze dadebuli namcxvris naWeri ki _ ara. zogierT StatSi xilis wveni ar ibegreba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis formulaSi Sedis bunebrivi xilis gansazRvruli koncentracia. gamodis, rom vaWrobis gadasaxadis dakisrebis dros aucilebelia damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba, iseve rogorc individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metic, am SemTxvevaSic realur safrTxes qmnis gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis problema. ukanasknel periodSi Zalian gaxmaurda gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis erTi ambavi, romelic ”Tyco International”-is yofil Tavmjdomares, denis kozlovskis, ukavSirdeba. igi daadanaSaules qalaq niu-iorkis vaWrobis gadasaxadis (8,25%) Tavis aridebaSi: man am qalaqSi milionobiT dolari Rirebulebis xelovnebis nimuSi SeiZina (kozlovski Tavs ikatunebda, TiTqos Sedevri mis ofisSi Camovida, romelic niu-hempSirSia ganTavsebuli, iq ki ar moqmedebs gayidvebze gadasaxadi). naklebad egzotikur, Tumca ufro mniSvnelovan SemTxvevas kanadaSi vawydebiT: qveyanaSi ramdenime wlis win Semcirda sigaretze arsebuli maRali gadasaxadebi mas Semdeg, rac dadasturda, rom kontrabandis Sedegad Zalian didi moTxovna iqmneboda Zalovan samsaxurebze.
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aseTi saSineli istoriebis miuxedavad, damkvirvebelTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom dReisaTvis warmatebiT xdeba Statis sacalo gayidvebze arsebuli gadasaxadis administrireba da marTva. administraciul problemebs ki odnav mogvianebiT davubrundebiT da ganvixilavT maT urTierTkavSirs saxelmwifos sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadTan.
optimaluri dabegvra. vaanalizebT ra sacalo vaWrobaze arsebul gadasaxadebs optimaluri dabegvris WrilSi, Cndeba friad mniSvnelovani kiTxva: ra rols TamaSobs diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadi, rodesac warmatebiT moqmedebs optimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi? Tu saSemosavlo gadasaxadis struqtura efeqtiani da adekvaturia, maSin socialuri keTildReobis gaumjobeseba diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadebis dawesebis gziT SeuZlebelia2. Tumca, Tu raime mizeziT saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ar aris optimaluri, maSin diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadi keTildReobis dones amaRlebs. ase magaliTad, Tu sazogadoebas amoZravebs egalitarianuli miznebi, socialuri keTildReobis amaRleba SesaZlebelia fufunebis sagnebis SedarebiT maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris gziT.
ris safuZvelze dgindeba diferencialuri sasaqonlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi? pasuxi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saxelmwifos miznebze. Tu misi mizani Semosavlis gansazRvruli moculobis maqsimalurad efeqtianad Segrovebaa, maSin unda dawesdes iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, rom TiToeul saqonelze arsebuli kompensirebuli moTxovna Tanabari proporciiT Semcirdes (ix. me-14 Tavi). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TiToeul saqonelze arsebuli moTxovna damokidebulia mis fasze, maSin sagadasaxado ganakveTi moTxovnis kompensirebuli fasis elastiurobis mimarT ukuproporciuli unda iyos. araelastiuri moTxovnis mqone saqoneli maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT unda daibegros da piriqiT. efeqtianoba ar moiTxovs gayidvebze arsebuli zogadi gadasaxadis arsebobas, romelic Tanabari ganakveTiT dawesdeba TiToeuli saxis saqonelze.
Tu saxelmwifo Tanabrad zrunavs samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobaze, maSin optimaluri Teoria inversiuli elastiurobis kanonidan gansazRvruli gadaxrebis arsebobas moiTxovs. rogorc me-14 TavSi aRvniSneT, Tu araelastiuri fasis mqone produqcia Raribi individis biujetis maRal wils Seadgens, maSin egalitarianuli miznebis mqone mTavroba an Zalian mcire ganakveTiT begravs maT, an saerTod ar begravs. swored amitom bevr StatSi sursaTi vaWrobis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia.
2
ixileT Atkinson and Stiglitz [1980]. davuSvaT, rom TiToeuli individis sargeblianobis funqcia aris mis mier Tavisufali drois moxmarebisa da sxva saqonlis funqcia. manam, sanam Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi or saqonels Soris damoukidebelia Tavisufali drois moculobisagan, diferencialuri sasaqonlo dabegvra, optimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis arsebobis pirobebSi, socialur keTildReobas ver aumjobesebs.
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pirobiTi keTildReobis ekonomikis pirobebSi, vaWrobis gadasaxadis arsebobis kidev erTi argumenti aris garegani efeqtebis arseboba. Tu saqonlis moxmareba iwvevs iseT xarjs, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mis fasSi, maSin, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia am saqonlis moxmarebaze gadasaxadis daweseba (ix. me-6 Tavi). swored am argumentiTaa gamarTlebuli Tambaqoze arsebuli maRali ganakveTebi (Statebis gadasaxads plus federaluri gadasaxadi), romelic sigaretis erT kolofze daaxloebiT 1 dolars udris. mwevelebi abinZureben garemos da amitom sxva individebs xarjebs akisreben; amdenad, Tambaqos gadasaxadma SesaZloa, ekonomikuri efeqtianoba gazardos.
vaWrobis gadasaxadi zogjer Caenacvleba momxmareblis gadasaxads. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ar gvaZlevs mZRolis dabegvris saSualebas TiToeul gavlil milze, arada, Tavad moZraobis procesi qmnis garkveul xarjs: azianebs gzebs, iwvevs gadatvirTvas da a.S. gzebis gamoyenebis masStabi dakavSirebulia sawvavis moxmarebasTan. amdenad, gzis gamoyeneba SesaZloa, arapirdapir daibegros sawvavis gadasaxadiT. cxadia, yvelaferi es Zalian Sorsaa srulyofilebisagan: zogierTi manqana ekonomiuria sawvavis gamoyenebis mxriv, zogierTi ki - ufro metad azianebs gzas. da mainc, miaxloebiTi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro efeqtiania, vidre gadasaxadebis ararseboba.
sxva aspeqtebi. diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadis ramdenime argumenti pirobiTi ekonomikuri mecnierebis CarCoebs scildeba. ase magaliTad, aqciziT ibegreba `mavne Cveva~. iseTi konkretuli saqoneli, rogoricaa Tambaqo da alkoholi, TavisTavad, cudia; swored amitom mis moxmarebas ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifo. aseTi saqoneli `damsaxurebuli produqtis~ sruli antipodia (ix. me-3 Tavi). albaT, gaxsovT, rom damsaxurebuli produqti Tavisi arsiT kargia. orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo sazogadoebis preferenciebze maRla sakuTar preferenciebs ayenebs.
amboben, rom politikosebs uyvarT vaWrobis gadasaxadi _ igi saqonlis saboloo fasSia CarTuli da misi dafarva SedarebiT martivia. Tumca sakmaod rTulia imis dadgena, ufro naklebad reagirebs Tu ara individi vaWrobis gadasaxadis, vidre sxva romelime gadasaxadis mimarT.
efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis aspeqtebi
efeqtianobis poziciidan, kvlav aseT mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas vawydebiT: amcirebs Tu ara vaWrobis gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs? rogorc me-13 TavSi aRvniSneT, saqonlis jgufis dabegvris SemTxvevaSi mTliani zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia ara TiToeuli saqonlis elastiurobaze, aramed imaze, Tu ramdenad avsebs, an Caanacvlebs erTmaneTs saqoneli. am momentSi ar aris
625
zustad cnobili relevantur elastiurobaTa sidideebi. amdenad, SeuZlebelia raime kompetenturi daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad amaRlebs efeqtianobas vaWrobis gadasaxadi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tanabari ganakveTebis daweseba yvela saqonelze ar aris efeqtiani. Tumca informacia, romelic dagvexmareba, davadginoT efeqtiani gadasaxadi, dRes ar arsebobs (da, albaT, arc arasodes iarsebebs). amdenad, erTgvarovani sagadasaxado ganakveTi, albaT, ar iqneba cudi midgoma, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTgvarovnebidan gadaxra politikur safuZvelze (da ara samarTlianobis an efeqtianobis proncipebze) sagadasaxado ganakveTebis diferenciacias gamoiwvevs.
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis ganawilebiTi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebobs pirobiTi mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebi regresiulia. vaSingtonis organizacia - `moqalaqeebi samarTliani gadasaxadebisaTvis~ - amtkicebs, rom `mdidari adamiani gacilebiT ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre saSualo Semosavlis mqone adamiani. ratom? imitom rom maRalSemosavliani individi Tavisi Semosavlis mcire nawils xarjavs~3.
aseTi pirobiTi mosazreba ori problemiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadi ganixileba, rogorc wliuri Semosavlis proporcia. mkacri sakredito bazris SezRudvebis ararsebobis dros ufro mniSvnelovani sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavalia. arsebobs mtkicebulebani, romlebic cxadyofs, rom sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis proporcia, romelic moxmarebaze ixarjeba, daaxloebiT Tanabaria. marTlac, metkalfis [1993] gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom vaWrobis ZiriTadi gadasaxadebi progresiulia, rodesac sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli (da ara wliuri) Semosavlis WrilSi fasdeba. meore da ufro mniSvnelovani problema aris is, rom pirobiTi mosazreba mTlianad ugulebelyofs gadasaxadis efeqtis ganawilebis Teorias. saerTod, miiCneven, rom saqonelze dawesebuli gadasaxadebi mis momxmarebels ekisreba. rogorc me-12 TavSi aRvniSneT, sasaqonlo gadasaxadi sakmaod rTuli meTodiT gadanawildeba. gadanawileba damokidebulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis cvlilebaze gadasaxadis dawesebis procesSi. amdenad, vaWrobis gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi Semosavlis ganawilebaze jer kidev daudgenelia4.
3
moqalaqeebi samarTliani gadasaxadebisaTvis, “The Loophole Lobbyists vs. The People”, vaSingtoni, dauTariRebeli. 4 aSS-Si vaWrobis gadasaxadis ganawilebis analizi ufro garTulebulia imis gamo, rom mocemuli saqonlis ganakveTi varirebs iurisdiqciis mixedviT. amitom erTi iurisdiqciis moqalaqem SesaZloa, SenaZeni meore iurisdiqciis farglebSi ganaxorcielos; swored amitom rTulia gadasaxadis gadamxdelis identificireba. niuiorkSi ibegreba tansacmeli, niu-jersiSi ki _ ara. arc iqneba gasakviri, Tu niuiorkeli, romelic niu-jersisTan axlos cxovrobs, tansacmels swored iq SeiZens. analogiurad, nebismieri masaCuseteli alkoholur sasmels niu-hempSirSi SeiZens, radgan alkoholi iq dabali tarifiT ibegreba.
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diferenciuli vaWrobis gadasaxadebis ganawileba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli saqoneli ibegreba naklebi ganakveTiT, an gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. Raribis mier intensiurad moxmarebadi produqtis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis gziT dabegrili Semosavlis ganawileba ufro samarTliani gaxdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). Tumca Tanasworobis miRweva am gziT rTulia. cxadia, sursaTze gaweuli danaxarji Raribi individis biujetis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. Tumca Zalian bevr maRalSemosavlian ojaxSic sasursaTo danaxarji erTob maRalia. ufro metic, gansazRvruli saqonlis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisagan administraciul sirTuleebs qmnis, imitom rom rTulia xolme imis dadgena, miekuTvneba Tu ara esa Tu is produqti upirates kategorias. amisaTvis kaliforniuli nugbaris magaliTis gaxsenebac kmara.
amrigad, diferenciuli vaWrobis gadasaxadis gamoyeneba egalitarianuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze namdvilad araakuratuli da uxeSi meTodia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu ukve warmatebiT moqmedebs progresiuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema.
saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi?
ukanasknel periodSi kanonmdebelTa erTma jgufma wamoayena winadadeba arsebuli federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb. am ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis umTavresi upiratesoba mis simartivesa da advil administrirebaSi mdgomareobs. gadasaxads agrovebs biznesi saqonlis vaWrobis dros, amdenad, sagadasaxado samsaxurs aRar eqneba Sexeba mosaxleobis ZiriTad jgufTan.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mimdinare saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadebis pirobebSi gadasaxadis administrireba problemas warmoadgens. Tumca am sistemebTan dakavSirebuli ganakveTebi SedarebiT dabalia da 3%-dan 7%-mde meryeobs. imisaTvis, rom miviRoT imdenive Semosavali, ramdensac federaluri individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis, saxelfaso da uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis amoRebis Sedegad viRebT, federaluri sacalo sagadasaxado ganakveTi daaxloebiT 35%-s unda gautoldes [Gale and Holtzblant, 2002, gv. 198]. rTuli iqneba aseTi maRali sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis administrireba, radgan `igi amoiRebs mTel fuls warmoebisa da ganawilebis jaWvis Semadgeneli da administrirebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze rTuli rgolidan _ sacalo vaWrobidan. momxmarebels sulac ar ainteresebs, ixdis Tu ara sacalo movaWre vaWrobis gadasaxads, xolo sacalo movaWres ki sulac ara aqvs imis survili, rom ufro meti gadaixados auditis SiSiT~ [Slemrod and Bakija, 2000, gv.
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213]. gadasaxadis gadaxdis Tavidan aridebis ukanono mcdelobis Teoriidan CvenTvis cnobilia (me-14 Tavi), rom gadasaxadebis damalvis sargebeli mTlianad damokidebulia sagadasaxado ganakveTis masStabze. arsebuli dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis farglebSi arc ki Rirs gadasaxadebis sistematuri dafarva. Tumca kompetenturi Tanamdebobis pirebi Tvlian, rom Zalian rTuli iqneba gadasaxadis administrireba, Tu misi ganakveTi 10%-s gadaaWarbebs. gamodis, rom saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi, rogorc sagadasaxado reformis erT-erTi alternativa, kargavs mTavar mimzidvelobas.
gardamavali periodi
saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadis danergva seriozul gardamaval problemebamde migviyvans. is individi, romelmac qoneba arsebuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi Seagrova, gardamavali periodis ganmavlobaSi mZime dReSi Cavardeba. muSaobis dros man daagrova qoneba da gadado momavali moxmarebisaTvis. individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreboda misi saprocento Semosavali, dividendi da realizebuli kapitaluri mogeba. aseTi individi samarTlianad elis, rom mis mier qonebis moxmareba aRar daibegreba axali gadasaxadebiT (rodesac individi gadawyvets, rom moixmaros es qoneba, magaliTad, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg). saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadis uecari dawesebis SemTxvevaSi am adamians molodini gaucruvdeboda.
aseTi dakvirvebiT saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis ganawilebiTi aspeqtebi sruliad sxva fonze ganTavsda. aseTi gadasaxadis danergva warmoqnis erTjerad gadasaxads qonebaze. qoneba ki araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. amdenad, erTjerad gadasaxads progresiuli zegavlena eqneba Semosavlis ganawilebaze [Gentry and Hubbard, 1997]. Tumca aseTi Sedegi mosalodneli iqneba aramxolod sacalo savaWro gadasaxadis dawesebis, aramed nebismieri farTo gamoyenebis samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi.
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi
SeuZlia ki vinmes, moifiqros vaWrobis iseTi gadasaxadi, romlis administrireba ufro martivia, vidre sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadisa? am SekiTxvaze kompetenturi pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia, dasawyisSive aRvniSnoT, rom saqonlis warmoebis procesi ramdenime safexurisgan Sedgeba. ganvixiloT puris warmoebis martivi magaliTi5. fermers mohyavs xorbali, yidis 5
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis moqmedebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Cnossen [2001].
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mas mewisqvileze, romelic fqvavs xorbals da iRebs fqvils. Semdeg mewisqvile fqvils yidis mcxobelze, romelic fqvilisagan acxobs purs. purs yidulobs sursaTis gamyidveli, romelic Semdeg mas sabolood momxmarebelze yidis. hipoTetiuri ricxviTi magaliTi mocemulia 19.2 cxrilSi.
cxrili 19.2 damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) daricxva
mwarmoebeli
SenaZeni
gayidva
damatebuli Rirebuleba
dRg 20%-iani ganakveTiT
fermeri
$0
$400
$400
$80
mewisqvile
400
700
300
60
mcxobeli
700
950
250
50
sursaTis gamyidveli
950
1000
50
10
sul
$2050
$3050
$1000
$200
1-li sveti uCvenebs mwarmoeblis SenaZens warmoebis TiToeul safexurze; me-2 sveti ki uCvenebs vaWrobis Rirebulebas TiToeul safexurze. ase magaliTad, mewisqvile fermers xorblisaTvis 400 dolars uxdis, xolo gadamuSavebul fqvils ki mcxobelze 700 dolarad yidis. warmoebis TiToeul safexurze daricxuli damatebuli Rirebuleba aris sxvaoba firmis gayidvebsa da warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebul SeZenil materialur saSualebas Soris. mcxobeli fqvilisaTvis 700 dolars ixdis da purs ki 950 dolarad yidis, amdenad, misi damatebuli Rirebuleba 250 dolaria. warmoebis TiToeul doneze daricxuli damatebuli Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba gayidvis Rirebulebidan SeZenis Rirebulebis gamoklebis gziT, rogorc es me-3 svetSia naCvenebi.
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) aris warmoebis TiToeul etapze daricxuli damatebuli Rirebulebis procentuli gadasaxadi. ase magaliTad, Tu dRg-is ganakveTi 20%-ia, maSin sursaTis gamyidveli gadaixdis 10 dolars, rac aris 50 dolaris 20%. me-4 sveti gviCvenebs dRg-s valdebulebis moculobas warmoebis yvela safexurze. dRg-s wyalobiT miRebuli mTliani Semosavali TiToeul safexurze gadaxdili Tanxebis Sekrebis Sedegad miiReba (am SemTxvevaSi 200 dolars udris).
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msgavsi Sedegis miReba SesaZlebeli iqneba 20%-iani sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis dawesebis gziT _ 20%-iT daibegreboda is momxmarebeli, romelic sursaTis gamyidvelisagan iyidda purs. arsebiTad, dRg sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis Segrovebis alternatiul meTods warmoadgens.
administrireba
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arasodes umoqmedia saxelmwifo dRg-s. es gadasaxadi popularulia evropaSi. evropuli gamocdileba ki cxadyofs, rom gansazRvruli administraciuli gadawyvetilebani mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens dRg-s saboloo ekonomikur Sedegebze.
1.
rogor aRiricxeba investiciis aqtivis SeZena firmis mier damatebuli Rirebulebis gamoTvlis procesSi? evropuli gamocdileba miuTiTebs, rom investicia aRiricxeba iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva materialuri saSualeba. gamoTvlebis dros misi mTliani Rirebuleba gayidvis Tanxas akldeba, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom igi grZelvadiania. igi moxmarebis tipis dRg-s saxelwodebiTaa cnobili _ dasabegr TanxaSi ar Sedis investicia da igi mxolod moxmarebas moicavs. 2. aucilebelia gadasaxadebis proceduris Camoyalibeba. evropis qveynebi invoisis meTods iyeneben, romelic kargad aris ilustrirebuli 19.2 cxrilis hipoTetiur magaliTSi. TiToeuli firma valdebulia, gadaixados gadasaxadi mis mier warmoebuli mTliani vaWrobis safuZvelze. Tumca firmas SeuZlia, mimwodeblebis mier ukve gadaxdili gadasaxadebis sagadasaxado valdebulebidan gamoqviTva moiTxovos. ase magaliTad, Tu mcxobeli daibegreba misi Semosavlis, anu 950 aSS dolaris safuZvelze, misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba 190 dolari iqneba (= 0,20 X $950). mas SeuZlia, 140 dolaris gamoqviTva moiTxovos (fermerisa da mewisqvilis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebis jami). amdenad, misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba mxolod 50 dolars gautoldeba. gamoqviTva mxolod mcxobelisa da mewisqvilis mier wardgenili invoisebis safuZvelzea nebadarTuli. sistema waaxalisebs mwarmoebels, sakuTari Tavis kontrolis gziT gadasaxadebis ukanono dafarvis mcdeloba aRmofxvras. Tu fermeri da mewisqvile ukanonod aicileben nebismier gadasaxads, maSin am gadasaxadis gadaxda mcxobels mouwevs, amitom mcxobeli Seecdeba, saqme daiWiros iseT firmebTan, romlebic keTilsindisierad waradgens invoiss. cxadia, invoisis meTodi ar aris panacea gadasaxadebis gadaxdis ukanono mcdelobis Tavidan acilebis SemTxvevaTa minimumamde dasayvanad. ase magaliTad, mwarmoeblebma SesaZloa, SeTanxmebis safuZvelze invoisis falsificireba moaxdinon. miuxedavad amisa, administrireba da gadasaxadebis amoRebis xarisxi invoisis meTodis gamoyenebis gziT ufro ukeTesia, vidre saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis pirobebSi. 3. aucilebelia ganakveTebis struqturis SemuSaveba. Cveni martivi magaliTis mixedviT, yvela saqoneli Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. evropaSi saqoneli diferencialuradaa dabegrili. sursaTi da janmrTelobis dacvis produqti, samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze, dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba. administrirebis gamartivebis mizniT zogierTi qveyana gadasaxadisagan Zalian mcire zomis firmebs
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aTavisuflebs. gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba sabanko da safinanso dawesebulebebi maT mier analogiuri meTodiT uzrunvelyofili momsaxurebis wyalobiT (rTulia damatebuli Rirebulebis gamoTvla). sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebliT sargebloba gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan (ix. me-16 Tavi, sadac miTiTebulia, rom aseTi tipis moxmareba, zogadad, gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan). cxadia, araerTgvarovani dabegvra zrdis administraciul sirTuleebs, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac firma sxvadasxvagvar produqcias awarmoebs (romlis nawili ibegreba da nawili ki _ ara). Tumca, rogorc evropuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, sistema muSaobs. aSS-sTvis is ki ar aris mniSvnelovani, administrirebadia Tu ara dRg, aramed is, Tu ramdenad gamoasworebs aRniSnuli gadasaxadis danergva arsebul mdgomareobas.
dRg amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis?
amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis moazrebuli dRg moxmarebis tipis evropuli dRg-s msgavsia da, amdenad, zogadi vaWrobis gadasaxads warmoadgens. amerikuli dRg-saTvis sruliad marTebulia gadasaxadis efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis aspeqtebi, romlebic Cven ukve ganvixileT am TavSi, amdenad, aRar iqneba saWiro ganmeorebiT am sakiTxebze saubari. arsebiTi problema aqac igivea: kidev ufro meti samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT sxvadasxva saqonlis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisagan zrdis sagadasaxado sistemis, rogorc mTlianis, zedmet tvirTs da, Sesabamisad, administraciul sirTuleebs.
ramdenad sasurvelia saxelmwifo dRg-s daweseba? amaze pasuxis gacema mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SegveZleba, Tu gvecodineba, romel gadasaxad(eb)s Caanacvlebs igi, rogor daixarjeba Semosavlebi da a.S. ase magaliTad, sajaro finansebis ekonomistTa umetesoba darwmunebulia imaSi, rom korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi negatiuria praqtikulad yvela TvalsazrisiT, amdenad, moxaruli iqneba, Tu mas dRg Caanacvlebs sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. Tumca aseTi didi aRtacebiT aravin Sexvdeba individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dRgTi Canacvlebis winadadebas. altigma da sxvebma [2001] gaaanalizes aSS-is arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemis Canacvlebis SesaZlebloba iseTi srulyofili proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadiT, rogoricaa dRg da daadgines, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi igi Semosavlebs daaxloebiT 9%-iT gazrdis. aseTi perspeqtiva, cxadia, arsebiTad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra zemoqmedeba eqneba saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebas danazogze. rogorc me-16 TavSi aRvniSneT, es sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia, amdenad, sifrTxiliT unda movepyraT am cifrs.
garda amisa, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT dRg-is dawesebis politikuri Sedegebi. misi danergvis Semdeg srulyofili dRg-s yoveli procentuli
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maCvenebliT zrda sagadasaxado Semosavlebs saSualod 40 miliardi aSS dolariT gazrdis7. iseT samyaroSi, sadac politikuri institutebi zustad asaxavs moqalaqeTa survilebs, aseTi Sedegi arcTu mniSvnelovani iqneba. Tumca is adamiani, romelic darwmunebulia, rom saxelmwifos interesi sazogadoebis interesisagan gansxvavdeba (ix. me-6 Tavi), albaT, SeSindeba am prognozis gamo. zogierTi imaSia darwmunebuli, rom dRg warmatebiT iqneba gamoyenebuli saxelmwifo seqtoris gasazrdelad:
dRg Segrovdeba biznes sawarmoebis mier, amdenad, igi SeniRbuli iqneba momxmareblis mier gadaxdil mTlian fasSi. igi ar iqneba aRqmuli, rogorc pirdapiri sagadasaxado tvirTi. es ki seriozuli upiratesobaa kanonmdebelTaTvis, xolo gadamxdelTaTvis ki _ mniSvnelovani naklovaneba [Friedman, 1980, gv. 90].
marTlac, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, sadac moqmedebs dRg, droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba misi ganakveTi. ase magaliTad, evrokavSiris wevr-qveynebSi dRg-is ganakveTi Tavdapirvel etapze 13,9%-s udrida; dRes igi 19,4%-s udris, anu zrda daaxloebiT 40%-ia [Cnossen, 2001, gv. 485]. amave dros, am qveynebSi mTliani Sida produqtis is wili, romelic gadasaxads eTmoba, gaizarda. bekeri da miligani [1998] amtkiceben, rom rac ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyenebs qveyana dRg-s, miT ufro didia misi mTavroba. cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom dRg ganapirobebs did samTavrobo seqtors. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia, gavaneitraloT is SiSi, romelic Seqmnilia sxva qveynebis dRg-sTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze.
dabolos, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT dRg-is Sedegi saerTaSoriso doneze. dRg-is momxreebi amtkiceben, rom gadasaxadi aamaRlebs amerikis savaWro pozicias mis konkurentebTan SedarebiT. es mosazreba emyareba imas, rom vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis Tanaxmad, romelic aregulirebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis wesebs, dRg SesaZloa, gamoqviTul iqnes qveynis eqsportidan da daekisros imports. amis sapirispirod, SeuZlebelia individualuri da korporaciuli gadasaxadebis gamoqviTva. gamodis, rom dRg eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ki _ ara. amdenad, zogierTi kompetenturi piri acxadebs, rom aSS-is saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba gaizrdeba, Tu aSS danergavs dRg-s da paralelurad Seamcirebs Semosavlis dabegvris masStabs. yofili kongresmeni, bil arCeri [1996], amtkicebda, rom aseTi sqema mogvcems `samarTliani savaWro upiratesobis gamoyenebis saSualebas globalur sabazro sivrceSi”.
7
prognozi efuZneba kongresis sabiujeto ofisis gamoTvlebs [1997A, gv. 390].
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aRniSnuli gegmis gasaanalizeblad damoukideblad ganvixiloT TiToeuli mxare:¨dRg-s daweseba da Semdeg individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Semcireba. dRg-s daweseba moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobaTa safuZvelze gansazRvruli TanxiT dabegrili saqonlis fasebis zrdas gamoiwvevs. saqonlis gaTavisufleba dRg-sagan sazRvarze aneitralebs fasis zrdas gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo.
axla ki mivubrundeT meore mxares: Semcirdeba Tu ara amerikuli eqsportis fasi korporaciuli da individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad? pasuxi kvlavac damokidebulia gadasaxadebis efeqtze, rac, unda iTqvas, rom gaurkvevelia. ase magaliTad, Tu Sromis bazari konkurenciulia da misi miwodeba ki _ srulyofilad araelastiuri, maSin mwarmoeblis saxelfaso danaxarji iqneba ucvleli individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi. gadasaxadis Semcirebis Sedegad isargeblebs mxolod daqiravebuli (ix. me-12 Tavi). aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, saerTod ar Seicvalos fasebi, anda SesaZloa, fasebi Semcirdes, Tumca ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda, rom fasebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba.
amrigad, ar arsebobs imis mizezi, vifiqroT, rom dRg-s SemoReba mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs aSS-s mdgomareobas. cxadia, es, TavisTavad, ar niSnavs imas, rom dRg cudia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dRg-s aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. Tumca igi ver iqneba panacea aSS-is savaWro problemebis mosagvareblad.
holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadi
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadisa da dRg-s ganmasxvavebeli niSanTviseba aris is, rom am gadasaxadis samarTlebrivi efeqti mxolod biznesze vrceldeba. momxmarebeli ar ixdis cxad gadasaxadebs saxelmwifos sasargeblod (Tumca masze vrceldeba gadasaxadis ekonomikuri efeqtis wili). samomxmareblo gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi interesi dRes individualur samomxmareblo gadasaxadzea koncentrirebuli, romelic avaldebulebs individs, Seavsos sagadasaxado deklaracia da gamoweros Ceki mTavrobisaTvis. sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis an dRg-sagan gansxvavebiT, zemoT aRniSnuli gadasaxadis farglebSi, individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba individis pirad maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli.
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saukeTeso winadadeba holma da rabuSkam (H&R) waradgines 1995 wels. maT aRniSnul winadadebas erTiani gadasaxadi (Hall-Rabushka Flat Tax) uwodes. H&R winadadeba, romlis versia stiv forbes saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis (2000) safuZvels warmoadgenda, mdgomareobda SemdegSi: sistema Sedgeba gadasaxadebis ori koleqtorisagan _ biznesis gadasaxadisa da individualuri samomxmareblo gadasaxadisagan. am ori instrumentis koordinirebuli gamoyeneba miscemda mTavrobas progresiuli gadasaxadis dawesebis saSualebas.
biznesis gadasaxadis gamoTvla samomxmareblo tipis dRg-s gamoTvlis analogiurad unda ganxorcieldes _ gayidvebs akldeba SenaZeni sxva firmebidan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba is aris, rom firma gamoqviTavs daqiravebulis anazRaurebasac. Semdeg ki firma ixdis erTian gadasaxads saboloo Tanxaze.
individualuri gadasaxadis safuZveli aris individis mier gaweuli SromisaTvis miRebuli anazRaureba. kapitalis Semosavali individualur doneze ar ibegreba. saerTod, amisaTvis SesaZlebeli iqneboda gadasaxadis nebismieri grafikis gamoyeneba _ sagadasaxado ganakveTi an erTnairi iqneboda, an zrdadi, xolo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba ki an nebadarTuli iqneboda da an _ ara. holi da rabuSka gvTavazoben erTaderT 19%-ian sagadasaxado ganakveTs (es aris igive ganakveTi, romelic gamoiyeneba biznesis doneze naRdi fulis nakadis dasabegrad). H&R winadadeba uzrunvelyofs sistemis progresiulobas, uSvebs ra gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis arsebobas (25000 aSS dolari oTxi wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis). sxva araviTari gamoqviTva ar iqneba nebadarTuli. es aris erTaderTi SeRavaTi, romlis gakeTebis saSualebasac iZleva dabali ganakveTi.
Tqven, albaT, ukve dagebadaT kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratomaa, saerTod, H&R gadasaxadi samomxmareblo. imisaTvis, rom am SekiTxvas pasuxi gavceT, ramdenime aspeqts unda davukvirdeT: davuSvaT, rom dRg begravs yvela saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Tanabari, vTqvaT, 19%-iani ganakveTiT. rogorc zemoT iqna naCvenebi, aseTi gadasaxadi 19%-iani sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. axla ki warmovidginoT H&R erTiani gadasaxadi, romelic 19%-iani ganakveTiT begravs rogorc individs, aseve firmas da ar uSvebs gamoqviTvis an gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis arsebobas individualur doneze. gaixseneT, rom dRg-s SemTxvevaSi dasabegri bazaa gayidvebis Rirebulebas minus sxva firmebidan SenaZenis Rirebuleba. daricxuli xelfasi ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. gamodis, rom xelfasi 19%iani ganakveTiT ibegreba. H&R gadasaxadis farglebSi saxelfaso anazRaureba eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas firmis doneze, magram ibegreba individualur doneze. gamodis, rom gadasaxadis moculoba zustad iseTivea, rogoric dRg-s SemTxvevaSi; icvleba mxolod gadasaxadis nawilis amoRebis meTodi. individualur doneze ganxorcielebuli daqviTva garkveul progresiulobas
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sZens sistemas. amrigad, H&R gadasaxadi dRg-sa da sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. amdenad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri efeqti srulad Seesabameba H&R gadasaxads.
naRdi fulis gadasaxadi
individualuri samomxmareblo gadasaxadis erT-erTi saxe naRdi fulis gadasaxadia. TiToeuli ojaxi avsebs sagadasaxado deklaracias wliuri samomxmareblo danaxarjis safuZvelze. iseve, rogorc piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs gamoqviTvisa da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobani (magaliTad, sagangebo samedicino xarjebis SemTxvevaSi). TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebulia im sagadasaxado ganakveTze, romliTac moxmarebis koreqtirebuli moculoba ibegreba.
administrirebis TvalsazrisiT, Cndeba friad mniSvnelovani SekiTxva: ris safuZvelze iTvlis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli wliur moxmarebas? albaT, yvelaze racionaluri safuZveli naRdi fulis nakadi iqneba (Semosul naRd fuls minus danazogi). danazogis aRricxvis mizniT Semnaxvel bankebSi, sabrokero firmebsa da sxva saxis finansur dawesebulebebSi ixsneba kvalificirebuli angariSebi, romelzec danazogis deponireba moxdeba. is Tanxa, romelsac kvalificirebul angariSze deponirebulad aRiarebs aseTi dawesebuleba, gaTavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan. danazogis aRricxvis pasuxismgebloba swored am finansur dawesebulebebs daekisreba; amdenad, ar iqneba saWiro arsebulze meti sakancelario samuSaoebis Catareba. kapitalis mogeba da saprocento Semosavali inaxeba am angariSebze; amdenad, maTi dabegvra ar xdeba. zogierT gadasaxadis gadamxdels ukve gaxsnili aqvs aseTi angariSi 401 (k) programisa da individualuri sapensio angariSebis formiT (ix. me-15 Tavi). erTaderTi Sedegi, rasac naRdi fulis gadasaxadi mogvitans, kvalificirebul angariSebze danazogis moculobis zrda iqneba. Tumca zogierTi analitikosi darwmunebulia, rom naRdi fulis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli saaRricxvo moTxovnebi namdvilad gaarTulebs gadasaxadis administrirebas.
piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis efeqtianoba da samarTlianoba
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farTod gavrcelebuli erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tu saSemosavlo gadasaxads Caenacvleba piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi (magaliTad, H&R erTiani gadasaxadi an naRdi fulis gadasaxadi), maSin gaizrdeba efeqtianoba, Tanasworoba da administraciuli simartive. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis momxreni amtkiceben, rom piradi samomxmareblo dabegvra erTob arakoreqtulad mimdinareobs. ganvixiloT es winaaRmdegoba.
efeqtianoba
piradi samomxmareblo dabegvrisa da saSemosavlo dabegvris Sedegi efeqtianobaze mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebisa da danazogis modelis saSualebiT fasdeba (me-16 Tavi). modelis Tanaxmad, individis Sromis miwodeba fiqsirebulia TiToeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. individi SeiZens ori saxis saqonels: mimdinare moxmarebas (c0) da momaval moxmarebas (c1). r aris saprocento ganakveTi; aseT SemTxvevaSi mimdinare moxmarebis erTi dolariT gazrda momavali moxmarebis (1 + r)-iT Semcirebas gulisxmobs. amdenad, (c0) fasi, anu misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba, aris (1 + r).
axla ki davuSvaT, rom julieti 30%-iani saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba. procenti gamoiqviTeba dasabegri Semosavlidan. rogor zemoqmedebas axdens es c0-s fasze8? Tu julieti dazogavs dolars da r ukugebas miiRebs, saxelmwifo dabegravs misi ukugebis 30%-s da juliets darCeba mxolod 0,70 X rze. Tu igi isesxebs dolars, xolo saprocento gadaxda ki eqvemdebareba daqviTvas, sesxis Rirebuleba Semcirdeba 0,70 X r-iT. amrigad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi iwvevs mimdinare moxmarebis fasis Semcirebas (1 + r)-dan (1 + 0,70r)-mde. arsebobs sxvaoba msesxeblis mier gadaxdil da kreditoris mier miRebul Tanxebs Soris. rogorc me-13 TavSi aRvniSneT, sagadasaxado sxvaoba qmnis zedmet tvirTs. amdenad, gamodis, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis.
axla ki ganvixiloT iseTi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi, romelsac moaqvs igive raodenobis Semosavali, rac saSemosavlo gadasaxads. aRsaniSnavia, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi julietisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ukugebis sabazro ganakveTs ar cvlis. saprocento Semosavlis miReba, TavisTavad, ar warmoqmnis sagadasaxado valdebulebas. amdenad, samomxmareblo gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg c0-s fasi kvlav (1 + r)-ia. saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, ar fiqsirdeba sagadasaxado sxvaoba da, Sesabamisad, arc zedmeti tvirTi. amdenad, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, samomxmareblo dabegvra ufro prioritetulia, vidre saSemosavlo dabegvra. 8
rogorc me-15 da me-16 TavSia aRniSnuli, yvela gadasaxadis gadamxdels ar SeuZlia saprocento gadaxdis gamoqviTva. ase rom, am sakiTxs miudeqiT, rogorc savarjiSos da ganixileT, rogorc Seicvleba analizi, rodesac procenti aRar daeqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas.
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aris Tu ara es ZiriTadi Sedegi? iqneb igi raime gansakuTrebuli daSvebiTaa ganpirobebuli? gaixseneT me-13 Tavidan, romelSic analogiuri argumenti iqna gamoyenebuli imis `dasasabuTeblad~, rom yvela saqonlis Tanabari ganakveTebiT dabegvra yovelTvis ufro efeqtiania, vidre saqonlis dabegvra diferencirebuli ganakveTebiT. Cven maSinve gamovavlineT am argumentis baTiloba. Tanabarproporciuli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens Tavisufal drosa da TiToeul dabegril saqonels Soris gakeTebul arCevanze. ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic gviCvenebs, rom yvela saqonlis Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvra efeqtiania. swored analogiuri logika moqmedebs am SemTxvevaSic. wina abzacis argumenti efuZneboda daSvebas imis Sesaxeb, rom Sromis miwodeba fiqsirebulia. mas Semdeg, rac Cven vaRiarebT, rom Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba arCevania, SeuZlebelia, davijeroT, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi yvela SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqtiania, vidre saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ar cvlis julietis arCevans mimdinare da momaval moxmarebas Soris. Tumca aRmoCnda, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens arCevanze Tavisufal drosa da moxmarebas Soris. davuSvaT, rom julietis saxelfaso ganakveTi aris w. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dawesebamde mas SeeZlo, erTi saaTi Tavisufali dro gaecvala 1 dolari moxmarebis Rirebulebaze. Tu moxmareba tc ganakveTiT daibegreba, 1 saaTi Tavisufali drois daTmoba mis moxmarebas w/(1 + tc) dolariT gazrdis. amdenad, gamodis, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi cvlis arCevans Tavisufal drosa da moxmarebas Soris.
amrigad, Sromis miwodeba mTlianad damokidebulia individis arCevanze. rogorc saSemosavlo, aseve samomxmareblo gadasaxadebi cvlis gadawyvetilebebs. orive sistema warmoqnis efeqtianobis xarjs da mxolod empiriul gamokvlevas SeuZlia, gansazRvros, Tu romeli gadasaxadi warmoqnis nakleb tvirTs. Sromis miwodebisa da danazogis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze Catarda ramdenime kvleva, romelmac gaiTvaliswina orive gadasaxadis zegavlenis masStabi SromiT gadawyvetilebaze da daadgina, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro mcire zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, vidre saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (ix. magaliTad, Altig at al., [2001]).
Tanasworoba
progresiuloba. farTod musirebs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom vaWrobis gadasaxadi regresiulia. rac ar unda mniSvnelovani Rirsebebi hqondes am ganacxads, igi seriozul Secdomas uSvebs: am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, miCneulia,
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rom regresiulia yvela gadasaxadi, romlis safuZveli moxmarebaa. es tendencia ki arasworia. piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi, survilisamebr, progresiuli iqneba gaTavisuflebis masStabisa da ganakveTis struqturis adekvaturi koreqtirebis wyalobiT.
gadaxdis unari. cxadia, saSemosavlo baziss Tavisi momxreebi hyavs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom faqtobrivi moxmareba potenciuri moxmarebis mxolod erTi komponentia. es aris moxmarebis unari. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, Zunw milioners ufro mcire sagadasaxado valdebuleba warmoeqmneba, vidre bevrad ufro Rarib individs. samomxmareblo bazisis momxreebi pasuxad miugeben, rom ufro samarTliania individis dabegvra imis safuZvelze, Tu ras `gamoarTmevs~ ekonomikur sistemas (moxmareba), vidre imis safuZvelze, Tu ras `miuZRvnis~ sazogadoebas (Semosavali). tomas hobesi me-17 saukuneSi ambobda:
ratom unda daibegros is adamiani ufro maRali ganakveTiT, romelic bevrs muSaobs, imkis Tavisi Sromis nayofs da moixmars cotas, vidre is adamiani, romelic usaqmurad atarebs cxovrebas, cotas Soulobs da yvelafers xarjavs? saxelmwifo yvela individs Tanabrad unda icavdes [1951/1963, gv. 303].
am TvalsazrisiT, is Zunwi milioneri, romelic cotas moixmars, friad dasafasebeli iqneba: mis mier dazogili resursi moxmardeba kapitalis akumulirebas da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba sazogadoebisaTvis.
iwvevs Tu ara saSemosavlo gadasaxadi saprocento Semosavlis ormag dabegvras? zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi arasamarTliania, radgan igi orjer begvravs kapitalis Semosavals: pirvelad Tavdapirveli Semosavlis Sovnis dros, xolo meored ki - investiciis mier ukugebis uzrunvelyofis dros. Semosavlis dabegvris erT-erTi principi danazogis ukugebis dabegvraa. ramdenad samarTliania aseTi principi? pasuxi, rogorc yovelTvis, axlac subieqtur mosazrebazea damokidebuli.
wliuri Tanasworoba Tu Tanasworoba sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi? SeuZlebelia individis gadaxdis unari ganvsazRvroT misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi. idealur SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado valdebuleba unda ukavSirdebodes mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul Semosavlebs. moxmarebis dabegvris momxreni Tvlian, rom wliuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi qmnis iseT sagadasaxado tvirTs, romelic sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Tanabari Semosavlebis mqone individebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
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axla ki warmovidginoT batoni WriWina da qalbatoni WianWvela. orive maTgani ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. maT dRes identuri fiqsirebuli SromiTi Semosavlebis aqvT (I0), momavalSi ki maTi SromiTi Semosavali nuls gautoldeba (nuli mxolod simartivisTvisaa aRebuli). WriWina adreuli axalgazrdobidanve iwyebs fulis xarjvas, mas sulac ar anaRvlebs, Tu ra bedi eweva sibereSi. rac Seexeba WianWvelas, igi ocnebobs uzrunvel sibereze da mTel Tavis Semosavals sapensio periodisaTvis gadadebs.
WianWvelas mimdinare moxmareba proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi aris c0A , xolo WriWinasi ki _ c0G . daSvebis Tanaxmad, c0G > c0A -ze. WianWvelas momavali Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde aris is saprocento Semosavali,
romelic
mas
danazogze
daericxeba:
r ( I 0 - c0A ) .
analogiurad,
WriWinas momavali Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde aris r ( I 0 - c0G ) .
Tu proporciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris t, maSin dRes WriWinasa da WianWvelas identuri momavalSi
WianWvelas
sagadasaxado
tI 0 sagadasaxado valdebuleba ekisrebaT. valdebuleba
iqneba
tr ( I 0 - c0A ) , xolo
WriWinas sagadasaxado valdebuleba ki _ tr ( I 0 - c 0G ) . Cven gvaxsovs, rom c 0G > c 0A ze, amdenad, WianWvelis sagadasaxado valdebuleba momavalSi ufro maRali iqneba. mxolod imitom, rom WianWvela danazogis gakeTebis ufro maRali kulturiT xasiaTdeba, vidre WriWina, WianWvelas sagadasaxado tvirTi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi (ori periodis ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadebis diskontirebuli jami) ufro maRalia, vidre WriWinas igive maCvenebeli.
amis sapirispirod, proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi, sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi warmoqnili sagadasaxado tvirTi ar aris damokidebuli danazogis kulturaze sxva Tanabar pirobebSi9. amis dasamtkiceblad ki sakmarisia gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sabiujeto SezRudvis formulis dawera. WianWvelas arakapitaluri Semosavali (I0) awmyoSi miiReba, amitom misi mimdinare Rirebuleba aris, ubralod, (I0). axla ki sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba unda gauTanabrdes sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebas. amdenad, WianWvelas moxmarebis struqtura unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg urTierTdamokidebulebas:
9
rodesac zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi damokidebulia moxmarebis doneze, maSin SesaZloa, movlenebi sxvanairad ganviTardes.
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I 0 = c0A +
c1A 1+ r
(19.1)
analogiurad, WriWinas SezRudva ase gamoiyureba:
I 0 = c 0G +
c1G 1+ r
(19.2)
(19.1) da (19.2) formulebi, ubralod, cxadyofs, rom ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis sidide unda utoldebodes ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebuli moxmarebis sidides.
sicocxlis sicocxlis
Tu proporciuli samomxmareblo sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris tc, WianWvelis sagadasaxado valdebuleba pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi iqneba
t c c0A , meore periodSi _ t c c1A , xolo sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli moxmarebis sagadasaxado valdebulebis mimdinare Rirebuleba ki RcA iqneba:
RcA = t c c0A +
t c c1A 1+ r
analogiurad, WriWinas ganmavlobaSi iqneba:
RcG = t c c0G +
(19.3)
sagadasaxado valdebuleba
t c c1G 1+ r
mTeli
sicocxlis
(19.4)
(19.3) da (19.1) formulebis Sedarebis dros Cven vxedavT, rom WianWvelas sagadasaxado valdebuleba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
t c I 0 -is tolia
[ubralod, gaamravleT (19.1) formula tc-ze]. analogiurad, (19.2) da (19.4) formulebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom WriWinas sagadasaxado valdebuleba mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
aris
agreTve
tc I 0
.
amrigad,
proporciuli
samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi identuri Semosavlis mqone ori adamiani yovelTvis ixdis Tanabar gadasaxadebs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze (rodesac `mTeli sicocxle~ interpretirebulia mimdinare Rirebulebis konteqstSi). aseTi pozicia sakmaod mkacrad
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upirispirdeba proporciul saSemosavlo gadasaxads, sadac sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebuli moxmarebis sidide sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi formirebul sagadasaxado tvirTze axdens zemoqmedebas.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom Semosavali ufro meryevia, vidre moxmareba. uCveulod dabali Semosavlis pirobebSic ki adamiani cdilobs, moxmarebis igive donis SenarCunebis mizniT daxarjos danazogi an isesxos fuli. wliuri moxmareba ufro kargad asaxavs mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi arsebul pirobebs, vidre wliuri Semosavali.
samomxmareblo dabegvris mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad svamen aseT SekiTxvas: nuTu marTla ase mniSvnelovania mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebuli sidideebi? isedac arsebobs uzarmazari ekonomikuri da politikuri ganusazRvrelobani. swored amitom arcTu realisturi iqneba mTeli sicocxlis WrilSi mocemuli perspeqtivebi. garda amisa, moxmarebis dabalansebasTan dakavSirebuli argumenti TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom adamians SeeZleba, Tavisuflad gaakeTos danazogi da isesxos mimdinare saprocento ganakveTiT. Tumca adamiani xSirad SezRudulia, Tundac valis aRebis dros. amdenad, gaugebaria, ratom aris mniSvnelovani aseTi argumenti. empiriul kvlevaTa didi nawili cxadyofs, rom sicocxlis ciklis modeli sasargeblo analitikuri instrumentia (Brawning and Crossley [2001]). miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli mosazreba mainc imsaxurebs garkveul yuradRebas.
saSemosavlo dabegvra Tu samomxmareblo dabegvra?
Cven ukve ganvixileT farTo moxmarebis samomxmareblo gadasaxadis oTxi magaliTi: sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi, dRg, holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadi da naRdi fulis gadasaxadi. maTi administrirebis meTodebi da procedurebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, Tumca maTi ekonomikuri efeqti ZiriTadad analogiuria xolme, radgan aRniSnuli oTxi magaliTi moxmarebis dabegvris sxvadasxva gzas warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba samomxmareblo gadasaxadi saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan SedarebiT da gavaanalizoT zogierTi axali problema, romelic orive maTganisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadis upiratesobani. samomxmareblo sistemis momxreni xazs usvamen sistemis ramdenime Rirsebas.
dabegvris
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ar aris aucilebeli kapitalis mogebisa da cveTis Sefaseba. saSemosavlo dabegvris sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli problema damatebiTi qonebis Sefasebaa. ase magaliTad, igi moiTxovs iseTi aqtivebis kapitalis mogebisa da danakargis gamoTvlas, romelic ar gayidula wlis ganmavlobaSi. aRniSnuli procedura imdenad rTulia, rom moqmedi sistemis farglebSi arc aravin cdilobs mis ganxorcielebas. analogiurad, kapitaluri aRWurvilobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi qonebis Rirebuleba aRWurvilobis wliuri cveTis normebis mixedviT mcirdeba. rogorc aRvniSneT me-17 TavSi, Cven Zalian mcire ram viciT faqtobrivi cveTis struqturaze. endriusi [1983, gv. 282] amtkicebs, rom realuri samyaros saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis fataluri naklovaneba mdgomareobs damatebiTi qonebis Sefasebisa da dabegvris uunarobaSi. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis moqmedebis dros ki es problemebi aRar arsebobs, radgan damatebiTi qoneba, rogorc aseTi, ukve aRar Sedis dasabegr bazaSi.
inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime problema. araindeqsirebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi inflacia iwvevs mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romelTagan zogierTi gamowveulia progresiuli sagadasaxado struqturiT. rac Seexeba danarCen cvlilebebs, isini proporciuli gadasaxadebis SemTxvevaSic ki moxdeboda. cvlilebebi imiTaa gamowveuli, rom kapitaluri Semosavlis gamoTvla moiTxovs im wlebis monacemebis gamoyenebas, romelTa dros fasebis sxvadasxva done moqmedebda. ase magaliTad, aqtivis vaWrobis SemTxvevaSi, kapitalis mogebis an danakargis gamoTvlis dros xdeba SeZenis dros dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebis gamokleba vaWrobis dros dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebidan. zogadad, Rirebulebis cvlileba nawilobriv inflaciis bralia, amdenad, individi ibegreba im mogebaze, romelic ar asaxavs realuri Semosavlis zrdas. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, aqtivis indeqsirebuli Semosavlis racionaluri sqemis Camoyalibeba Zalian rTulia. amdenad, msgavsi mcdeloba arc ki dafiqsirebula aSS-Si.
amis sapirispirod, samomxmareblo gadasaxadis pirobebSi, dabegvris bazis gansazRvris dros xdeba mxolod mimdinare wels warmoebuli garigebebis gaTvaliswineba. amdenad, inflaciis Sedegad gamowveuli cvlilebebi aRar warmoadgens problemas.
ar dgas damoukidebeli korporaciuli gadasaxadis arsebobis aucilebloba. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis alternatiuli prototipebi korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis, sul mcire, Teoriulad mainc gauqmebis saSualebas iZleva. gaixseneT me-17 Tavidan, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis arsebobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamarTleba aris individis mier korporaciaSi akumulirebuli Semosavlis dabegvris funqcia. Tu akumulacia, rogorc aseTi, aRar iqneba piradi saSemosavlo dasabegri bazis komponenti, maSin misi arsebobac aRar iqneba gamarTlebuli. korporaciuli gadasaxadis gauqmeba ki, albaT, aamaRlebs efeqtianobas.
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moxmarebis dabegvris momxreni amtkiceben, rom dabegvris am sistemis danergva arc iseTi radikaluri nabiji iqneba, rogorc es Cans erTi SexedviT. ufro metic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli sistema ukve waagavs samomxmareblo sagadasaxado sistemas:
· · · ·
zogierTi gadasaxadis gadamxdelis Semosavali gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan, Tu igi deponirebulia 401 (k-s) an IRA-s angariSebze. finansuri aqtivis ararealizebuli kapitaluri mogeba ar ibegreba; ar ibegreba agreTve sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli kapitaluri mogeba. kapitaluri mogeba ar ibegreba, Tu igi realizebulia mflobelis gardacvalebis Semdeg. daCqarebuli cveTa amcirebs dasabegr bazaSi CarTuli sainvesticio SenaZenis moculobas.
aRniSnuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg didi Secdoma iqneboda, arsebuli mdgomareobisaTvis saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema gvewodebina; es aris saSemosavlo da samomxmareblo dabegvris hibridi.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadis uaryofiTi mxareebi. piradi samomxmareblo dabegvris mowinaaRmdegeni sistemis ramdenime uaryofiT mxares usvamen xazs:
administraciuli problemebi. oponentebi Tvlian, rom sistemis danergva monitoringisa da sabuxhaltro aRricxvis xarjebs gazrdis. ase magaliTad, ganvixiloT biznesis gadasaxadi H&R SeTavazebis mixedviT. dasabegr bazaSi ar Sedis sainvesticio danaxarji. samomxmareblo saqonlis gamijvna sainvesticio danaxarjisgan arcTu ise martivia, gansakuTrebiT, mcire biznesis SemTxvevaSi (ra daniSnuleba aqvs SeZenil magidas? igi saxlis pirobebSi moxmarebisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu investiciad unda CaiTvalos?) cxadia, analogiuri problema saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSic arsebobs, Tumca gadasaxadis minumamde Semcirebis an aralegaluri acilebis stimuli H&R gadasaxadis pirobebSi ufro Zlieria, radgan am SemTxvevaSi firmas sainvesticio erTeulis mTliani Rirebulebis gamoqviTva SeuZlia; saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi ki mxolod gansazRvruli wilis gamoqviTvaa SesaZlebeli (gaixseneT me-17 Tavi, sadac saubari iyo cveTis normebis Sesaxeb).
gardamaval etapTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli sistema Sedgeba samomxmareblo gadasaxadis elementebisagan, sistemis mTliani gadarTva samomxmareblo gadasaxadze gardamaval etapTan dakavSirebul auracxel problemas warmoqmnis. ufrosi Taoba ormagi dabegvris riskis winaSe dadgeba: samuSao wlebis dros, rodesac isini sapensio asakisaTvis danazogs akeTebdnen, maTi kapitaluri Semosavali
643
eqvemdebareboda dabegvras. mas Semdeg, rac es individebi sapensio asaks miaRweven, daibegreba maTi moxmareba. aseTi saxis problema nebismieri seriozuli sagadasaxado reformis dros warmoiqmneba xolme _ individi, romelic Tavis movaleobebs moqmedi sistemis mixedviT asrulebda, sxva sistemaze gadasvlis Sedegad yovelTvis dazaraldeba. samarTlianobis principis dacvis mizniT aucilebeli gaxdeba ufrosi Taobis danakargis kompensireba, romelic gamowveuli iqneba gardamavali periodiT. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis momxreebi gvTavazoben uamrav wess, romelic gardamaval periodTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebaSi dagvexmareba [ix. Sakar and Zodrov, 1993]. magram rac ufro meti specialuri kanoni moqmedebs, miT ufro rTuldeba sistema.
saCuqari da memkvidreoba. (19.1) – (19.4) formulebis ganxilvis dros dadginda, rom martivi sasicocxlo ciklis modelis Tanaxmad, proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadi aris mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi. sasicocxlo ciklis modelisagan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi adamiani mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul Semosavals saCuqarsa da memkvidreobaze xarjavs. rogor unda aisaxos amgvari transferi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi? erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, saCuqari da memkvidreoba ar ibegreba manam, vidre maTi gamoyeneba ar moxdeba recipientis mier. meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki saCuqari da memkvidreoba unda daibegros, rogorc donoris moxmareba. amdenad, saCuqaric da memkvidreobac transferis ganxorcielebis momentSi unda daibegros. am mosazrebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom politikurad sruliad gaumarTlebeli iqneba iseTi sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic qonebis didi nawilis yovelgvari gadasaxadis gareSe akumulirebas dauSvebs, xolo transferis SemTxvevaSi ki ver uzrunvelyofs mis dabegvras. Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT iqneba axsnili, qonebis transferis dabegvra uamrav konceptualur da praqtikul problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
orive sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebi. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis TviT yvelaze enTuziasti momxreebic ki aRiareben im faqts, rom misi danergva qveyanas ar Seiyvans sagadasaxado nirvanaSi. saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze mtkivneuli problema aqtualuri darCeba samomxmareblo sagadasaxado sistemis drosac. Tumca igi ar aris SezRuduli Semdegi problemebiT:
· · ·
Tavad moxmarebis ganmarteba (aris Tu ara jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebi moxmarebis nawili? Tu es xarjebi unda daeqvemdebaros gamoqviTvas?); dabegvris erTeulis SerCeva da ganakveTis adekvaturi da racionaluri struqturis SemuSaveba; sxvadasxva Tanamdebobrivi damatebiTi sargeblis Sefaseba (Tu samsaxuri individs kompaniis sacurao auziT sargeblobis uflebiT uzrunvelyofs, unda daibegros Tu ara es sargebeli? Tu unda daibegros, maSin ris safuZvelze unda Sefasdes?);
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· · ·
periodTa miaxloebis meTodis gansazRvra, Tu grafiki zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT xasiaTdeba; saSinao pirobebSi warmoebuli produqciis dabegvra; brZola gadasaxadebis acilebisa da Crdilovan ekonomikaSi monawileobis winaaRmdeg.
dabolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar iqneba samarTliani, Tu Cven idealur samomxmareblo gadasaxads Cveulebriv faqtobriv saSemosavlo gadasaxads davupirispirebT. istoriulad, gansakuTrebuli interesi yovelTvis ubiZgebda politikoss, preferenciuli reJimiT daebegra Semosavlis konkretuli formebi. samomxmareblo gadasaxadi verasodes aRmofxvris politikur korufcias sagadasaxado saqmeebSi. erTi pesimisti ekonomistis azriT, `samomxmareblo dabegvrisa da saSemosavlo dabegvris Sesaxeb mimdinare kamaTi sruliad unayofoa: Cven arc axla vbegravT mTel Semosavals, xolo Tu samomxmareblo gadasaxads davnergavT, maSin zustad iseTive moculobis moxmarebas gavaTavisuflebT gadasaxadisagan, ra moculobis Semosavalic axlaa gaTavisuflebuli10~. SeuZlebelia, ganvWvritoT, iqneba Tu ara arsebul gadasaxadze ukeTesi realuri samomxmareblo gadasaxadi.
qonebis gadasaxadi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli gadasaxadebiT ibegreba Semosavali, moxmareba da gayidva. ekonomistTa JargoniT, maT mcuravi cvladebi ewodeba da TiToeuli maTgani asocirebulia droiT ganzomilebasTan. ase magaliTad, Semosavali mcuravi cvladia, radgan Tavad cneba mxolod maSinaa raime azris matarebeli, rodesac droiTi intervalis konteqstSia naxsenebi. Tu Tqven ganacxadebT: `Cemi Semosavali 10000 aSS dolaria~, es arafers niSnavs, Tu ar daazustebT, es aris kvireuli, Tviuri Tu wliuri Semosavali. ZiriTadi cvladi ki ar aris asocirebuli droiT ganzomilebasTan. qoneba (simdidre) aris ZiriTadi cvladi. igi asaxavs individis mier akumulirebul aqtivTa Rirebulebas. axla ki ganvixiloT qonebis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi.
ratom ibegreba qoneba?
sanam TiToeuli gadasaxadis konkretul niSan-Tvisebebs ganvixilavdeT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor aris dasabuTebuli qonebis dabegvra, anu misi gamoyeneba dabegvris safuZvlad.
10
Emil Sunley (Makin [1985, gv. 20]).
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qonebis gadasaxadi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebasTan dakavSirebul gansazRvrul Secdomebs gamoasworebs. gaixseneT, rom kapitalis yvelanairi mogeba, miuxedavad imisa, realizebulia Tu ara, Sedis dasabegr bazaSi srulyofili saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi. praqtikulad ki SeuZlebelia xolme ararealizebuli kapitalis mogebis dabegvra. Tu davbegravT qonebas, romlis nawilicaa kapitalis mogeba, SesaZlebeli iqneba am naklovanebis gamosworeba. qoneba warmoadgens gardasuli wlebis kapitalis mogebaTa da danaklisTa jams. Tumca ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom wliuri qonebis gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavali miuaxlovdeba im Semosavlebs, romelTa miReba SesaZlebeli iqneboda ararealizebuli kapitalis mogebis wliuri dabegvris Sedegad.
rac ufro didia adamianis qoneba, miT didia misi gadaxdis unari sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (Semosavlis CaTvliT). swored amitom mdidarma ufro didi gadasaxadebi unda gadaixados. davuSvaT, rom Zunwma oqros didi maragi daagrova, Tumca oqros aranairi Semosavali ar moaqvs. unda daibegros Tu ara Zunwi am maragis safuZvelze? arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, maragis Segrovebis procesSi Zunwi ibegreboda saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT da es sakmarisia; amitom, igi aRar unda daibegros sxva gadasaxadiT. alternatiuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, oqro, Tavisi arsiT, qmnis sargebels da, amdenad, unda daeqvemdebaros dabegvras. gadaxdis unaris argumentis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problema, albaT, is aris, rom TviT yvelaze mdidari adamianic ki Tavisi qonebis mniSvnelovan nawils adamianur kapitalSi debs _ ganaTlebaSi, unarCvevebis amaRlebasa da a.S. Tumca SeuZlebelia, adamianuri kapitalis Sefaseba misi saSualebiT miRebuli Semosavlis Sefasebis gareSe. am logikuri msjelobiT vubrundebiT daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom Semosavali yvelaze racionaluri dasabegri safuZvelia.
qonebis dabegvra amcirebs qonebis koncentracias, rac ase sasurvelia socialurad da politikurad. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom rTulia Semosavlis zusti gansazRvra, saukeTeso Sefaseba cxadyofs, rom aSSSi Semosavlis ganawileba erTob araTanabrad mimdinareobs. qonebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi ki ufro mwiria. arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom qonebis ganawileba erTob araTanasworia. aseT uTanasworobas rTul eTikur sakiTxebamde mivyavarT, romelic Zalian waagavs me-7 TavSi ganxiluli Semosavlis ganawilebis sakiTxebs. arsebobs mosazreba, rom qonebis koncentrirebuli ganawileba demokratiul politikur sistemaSi korufcias iwvevs. skeptikosebis azriT, Tu Zalauflebis koncentracia amosavali wertilia, maSin SeuZlebelia, gavamarTloT 1 milioniT, 10 milioniT an Tundac 50 milioniT gazrdili qonebis dabegvra. rogorc Steini SeniSnavda [1997], `Zalauflebis mosaxveWad amerikaSi didi fulia saWiro~. SemdgomSi Steini aseve aRniSnavda: `opra uinris dRes ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre nebismier multimilioners~. ismeba kiTxva: unda daibegros Tu ara opra specialuri gadasaxadiT imis gamo, rom mas aqvs Zalaufleba?
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qonebis gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi im sargeblisTvis, romelsac qonebis mflobeli mTavrobisagan iRebs. rogorc prezidenti Teodor ruzvelti aRniSnavda, `didi simdidris mqone adamiani gansakuTrebulad valdebulia Statebis winaSe, radgan igi sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT mxolod imis gamo, rom arsebobs mTavroba”. arsebobs azri, rom Tavdacvis xarjebis ZiriTadi mizani Cveni simdidris dacvaa (gareSe mtrebisgan). Tu marTlac asea, iqneb qonebis gadasaxadi Tavdacvis dafinansebis ubralo meTods warmoadgens? garda amisa, saxelmwifo eweva garkveul xarjs im mizniT, rom qonebis mflobeli gansakuTrebuli sargebliT uzrunvelyos. Tu saxelmwifo daagebs da mouvlis gzas, romelic maRaziis win gamodis da misi mflobeli isargeblebs saxelmwifos sargebliT, igi valdebuli iqneba, amisTvis gadaixados. miuxedavad imisa, rom sargeblis dabegvris idea sakmaod mimzidvelia, araferia cnobili, Tu ramdenad aRwevs qonebis gadasaxadi dasaxul mizans. iuristi, romelic ganixilavda saqmes gadasaxadis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT, ritorikul kiTxvas svamda:L`marTalia Tu ara, rom is adamiani, romelic flobs orjer did saxls, orjer met sargebels iRebs policiidan da saxanZro samsaxuridan?~ [Hagman, 1978, gv. 42]. pasuxi aseTia: `albaT ara~. saojaxo meurneobisaTvis municipalitetebis mier gaweuli momsaxureba, sacxovreblis farTobis garda, bevr sxva faqtorzea damokidebuli. ase magaliTad: ganaTlebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia bavSvebis raodenobaze ojaxSi. saxanZro samsaxurisa da policiis momsaxurebis Rirebuleba ki imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra raodenobis avejia saxlSi da ra donezea igi dazRveuli. Tu Cveni mizani sargeblis dabegvraa, maSin ufro keTilgonivruli iqneba saxelmwifo momsaxurebisaTvis gadasaxadis daweseba, vidre qonebis gadasaxadis gamoyeneba.
qonebis gadasaxadi ganxilul iqna rogorc gadaxdis unaris, aseve sargeblis WrilSi. orive SemTxvevaSi argumentebi metad winaaRmdegobrivia.
dReisaTvis amerikaSi moqmedi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qonebis gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze arsebuli gadasaxadia, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania municipalitetebis saqmianobisaTvis. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb ki Semdeg TavSi vimsjeloT, sadac mTavrobis qvesaxelmwifo doneebia aRwerili.
uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi
federaluri mTavroba awesebs qonebis gadasaxads uZrav qonebasa da Cuqebaze. gadasaxadi araregularuli intervaliT wesdeba konkretuli movlenis dros _ uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi qonebis mflobelis (gardacvlili) gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo Cuqebis gadasaxadi ki maSin, rodesac xdeba qonebis Cuqeba cocxal mxareebs Soris (inter vivos). rogorc federaluri, aseve zogierTi Statis mmarTveloba gadasaxadiT begravs saCuqarsa da uZrav qonebas.
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am Semosavlebs mmarTvelobis arc erT doneze ar moaqvs maRali Semosavali. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadze modis federaluri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mxolod 1,4%. federaluri gadasaxadi ar exeba zogierTi moqalaqis cxovrebas. gardacvlilTa mxolod 2%-ma datova iseTi uZravi qoneba, romelic eqvemdebareba dabegvras [McCaffery and Wagner, 2000]. zogierTi kompetenturi piris azriT, unda gafarTovdes uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis roli. Tumca politikuri kursi sruliad sxva mimarTulebas iRebs. 2001 wels gadasaxadis oponentebma, romlebic mas `sikvdilis~ (memkvidreobis) gadasaxads uwodebdnen, miaRwies imas, rom miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba, romlis mixedviTac, am aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nel-nela gauqmdeba es gadasaxadi, 2010 wels ki moxdeba gadasaxadis saboloo anulireba. axla ki ganvixiloT uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod moyvanili argumentebi.
logikuri mizezi
ai, is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic wamoiWreba xolme uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros:
gadasaxadi momsaxurebisaTvis. arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo icavs sakuTrebis uflebebs da zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs sakuTrebis gadacemaze gardacvlilidan memkvidreebze. am momsaxurebis kompensaciisaTvis saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, miiRos garkveuli gadasaxadi. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis mowinaaRmdegeni Tvlian, rom aseTi momsaxurebis miReba adamianis arsebiTi uflebaa da amitom momsaxureba yovelgvari safasuris gareSe unda iqnes gaweuli. rogorc yofili kongresmeni, bil arCeri, ambobda: `TavisTavad sikvdilma ar unda warmoqmnas sagadasaxado valdebuleba~. amdenad, tendenciuria uZravi qonebis transferis dabegvra: Tu mo 10000 dolars evropaSi mogzaurobaze daxarjavs, karli 10000 dolars qaliSvilis ganaTlebaSi gadaixdis, xolo lari ki vaJs 10000 dolars dautovebs, ratom unda daibegros lari specialuri gadasaxadiT?
sakuTrebis dabruneba sazogadoebisaTvis. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis momxreebi Tvlian, rom sabolood nebismieri qoneba sazogadoebis sakuTrebaa. individis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoeba individs mis mier akumulirebuli dagrovili qonebis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs, magram misi gardacvalebis Semdeg qoneba ubrundeba sazogadoebas, romelsac misi sruli gankargvis ufleba aqvs. am poziciidan, individs SeuZlia, gamoiyenos dagrovili qoneba, Tumca mis memkvidres aranairi eTikuri ufleba ara aqvs, moiTxovos es qoneba. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom aseTi mtkicebulebis miRma bevri winaaRmdegobrivi subieqturi Sefaseba imaleba. oponentebi Tvlian, rom Tavidanve mcdaria warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom individi mxolod imitom
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flobs qonebas, rom asiamovnos `sazogadoebas~ da an `sazogadoebas~ SeuZlia raime samarTlebrivi pretenzia hqondes pirad simdidreze.
stimuli. uZrav qonebas, rogorc stimuls, saukeTesod axasiaTebs endriu karnegi: `mama, romelic Svils auracxel simdidres utovebs, klavs Svilis talantsa da energias; datovebuli simdidris gamo Svilis cxovreba usargeblo da naklebad Rirebuli xdeba~. begravs ra saxelmwifo uZrav qonebas, amiT ewinaaRmdegeba amgvar tendenciebs. rogorc Cans, sakmaod axlos dgas karnegis hipoTeza simarTlesTan da memkvidreoba marTlac axdens zemoqmedebas Svilis Sromis miwodebis moculobaze. Seswavlil iqna im individTa qceva, romlebmac didi memkvidreoba miiRes. kvlevis iniciatorebma: holc-eakinma, julfaianma da rozenma [1993] daadgines, rom rac ufro didi iyo memkvidreoba, miT naklebs muSaobda memkvidre misi miRebis Semdeg.
Tumca stimulTan dakavSirebuli problema ufro rTulia, vidre amas karnegi moiazrebda; saWiroa aramxolod recipientis, aramed donoris qcevis Seswavlac. warmovidginoT, rom liri bevrs Sromobs imisaTvis, rom Tavis qaliSvilebs didi qoneba dautovos. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis arsebobam SesaZloa, Seamciros liris muSaobis survili (`ratom vimuSao bevri, Tu Cems qonebas sagadasaxado samsaxuri Caijibavs, xolo Cems Svilebs ki araferi darCeba~?). meore mxriv, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis arsebobis pirobebSi aucilebeli iqneba ufro meti qonebis dagroveba, raTa dabegrili memkvidreoba sasurveli moculobis iyos. amdenad, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadma SesaZloa, ubiZgos lirs, imuSaos ufro meti da SeinarCunos uZravi qonebis wminda Rirebuleba. ubiZgebs Tu ara uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi donors, ufro meti Sroma gaswios, logikurad ganuzRvrelia11. mxolod Teoria verasodes gansazRvravs, Tu romeli tendencia dominirebs.
analogiurad, SeuZlebelia, ganvWvritoT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi donoris danazogze. ufro martivi, albaT, im situaciebis ganxilvaa, romlis drosac donori zogavs an mets, an naklebs.
am konteqstSi uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens aramxolod qonebis im moculobaze, romlis transferi xorcieldeba TaobaTa Soris, aramed Tavad transferis formazec. fizikuri kapitalis memkvidreobis gadasaxadi adamianuri kapitalis formiT qonebis gadacemis stimuls qmnis. ase magaliTad, imis nacvlad, rom lirma TiToeul qaliSvils 80000 dolari aqciebisa da obligaciebis saxiT dautovos, igi am TanxiT qaliSvilebs ganaTlebas daufinansebs. rogorc Cans, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi warmoqmnis Warb investiciebs adamianur kapitalSi.
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ganuzRvreloba warmoiqmneba Senacvlebisa da saSemosavlo efeqts Soris arsebuli cnobili konfliqtis gamo. ix. me-16 Tavi.
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stimulze zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad warmoebuli empiriuli kvlevebi jer kidev sawyis etapzea. erT-erT kvlevaSi slemrodma da kopcukma [2000] gaaanalizes uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis ukugeba 1916-1996 wlebSi imisaTvis, rom SeefasebinaT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens uZravi qonebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi gacxadebul qonebaze. maT aRmoaCines, rom gardacvalebamde 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi dominirebadi sagadasaxado ganakveTis moculobasa da uZravi qonebis raodenobas Soris aris negatiuri damokidebuleba, anu, rogorc Cans, sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdis Sedegad mcirdeba qonebis Segrovebis koeficienti. maT mier warmoebuli miaxloebiTi gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom qonebis dagrovebis mTliani koeficienti gaizrdeba 1,5%-iT, Tu gauqmdeba gadasaxadi. aRmoCena garkveulwilad provokaciulia, Tumca slemrodi da kopcuki xazs usvamen imas, rom mas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. saerTod, rTulia yvelaze racionaluri uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis gamoTvla. ganakveTi dgindeba nawilobriv individis molodinis safuZvelze, Tumca aravin icis, Tu rogor xdeba amgvari molodinis formireba. miuxedavad amisa, Sedegi cxadyofs, rom uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba samuSao stimulze erTob mniSvnelovania da momavali kvlevis erTob saintereso sakiTxs warmoadgens.
damokidebuleba pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis arseboba aucilebelia, radgan arc erTi da arc meore ar Sedis recipientis dasabegr qonebaSi. bunebrivad Cndeba SekiTxva: ratom ar Sedis saCuqari da uZravi qoneba koreqtirebul mTlian SemosavalSi? bolos da bolos, es aris potenciuri moxmarebis damateba da, pirobiTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, warmoadgens recipientis Semosavals. ratomRac yovelTvis aTvalwunebuli iyo mosazreba maTi dasabegri SemosavlisaTvis mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb. uZravi qoneba da saCuqari arafriT ar Sedis imave klasSi, romelSic imyofeba xelfasi da saprocento Semosavali. Tumca am naklovanebas yvelaze warmatebulad isev uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi gamoasworebs. SesaZlo alternativaze Cven odnav mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
Semosavlis ganawileba. qonebis gadasaxadi erTob Rirebuli instrumentia Semosavlis ufro Tanabari ganawilebisaTvis. rogorc uiliam geiTsi-ufrosi (maikrosoftis miliardeli damfuZneblis mama) amtkicebda, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi imisTvisaa saWiro, rom `demokratia samemkvidreo qonebis ganuxreli zrdisagan daicvas [Gates and Collins, 2002]~. ibadeba aseTi normatiuli SekiTxva: unda izrunos Tu ara saxelmwifom Semosavlebis ufro Tanaswor da samarTlian ganawilebaze? magram kargi iqneba, Tu am SekiTxvas gverdze gadavdebT da ganvixilavT pozitiur SekiTxvas, romelic ase JRers: miaRwevs Tu ara uZravi qonebis dabegvris efeqtiani sistema dasaxul mizans? pasuxi ki, albaT, aseTi iqneba: `dasabamidan uZravi qonebis mizani qonebis koncentraciis ganeitraleba iyo~ [Gale and Slemrod, 2000, gv. 931]. arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, romlis gamoc memkvidreobis dabegvra sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg trialdeba da ganapirobebs Semosavlis naklebad Tanaswor da samarTlian ganawilebas.
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Tu uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi amcirebs danazogis moculobas, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba kapitalic, rasac mivyavarT dabal xelfasamde da gansazRvruli pirobebis dros Semosavlis mcire porciamde, romelsac iRebs daqiravebuli12. kapitaluri Semosavali ufro araTanasworadaa ganawilebuli, vidre Sromis Semosavali, amdenad, gadasaxadi zrdis uTanasworobas. Taobis SigniT, rogorc Cans, individi Semosavlis transfers mxolod masze Rarib adamianze axorcielebs. aseTi transferi calsaxad zrdis Tanasworobas. aseTi nebayoflobiTi transferis raodenobis Semcireba gamoiwvevs Semosavlebis ufro araTanaswor ganawilebas. davuSvaT, rom mSoblebs, romelTa Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba saSualoze maRalia, hyavT Svilebi, romelTa Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba saSualoa (aRniSnuli fenomeni saSualo mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili). mdidari mSobeli, romelsac surs, Svilis Semosavlis miRebis SedarebiT dabali unari memkvidreobis saSualebiT aanazRauros, amcirebs Semosavlebis araTanaswor ganawilebas TaobaTa Soris. Sesabamisad, aseTi transferebis Semcireba zrdis TaobaTaSoris uTanasworobas.
arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom politikis obieqtivSi unda moeqces moxmarebis uTanasworoba da ara qonebis uTanasworoba. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi ubiZgebs mdidars, daxarjos maqsimalurad bevri fuli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, rac aferxebs moxmarebis Tanasworobas. amrigad, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, uZravi qonebis dabegvris efeqti Tanasworobaze sakmaod ganusazRvrelia. empiriuli kvleva jerjerobiT ver adgens, zrdis Tu amcirebs Tanasworobas uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi.
debulebebi
Cuqebis gadasaxadi da uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi mTlianad gadajaWvulia erTmaneTSi. davuSvaT, rom uZravi qoneba ibegreba, xolo Cuqeba ki _ ara. Tu lirs surs Tavisi qonebis qaliSvilebisaTvis datoveba da icis, rom igi daibegreba misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, maSin liri, gadasaxadis Tavidan acilebis mizniT sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi - inter vivos - aCuqebs qonebas Tavis qaliSvilebs. analogiuri SesaZleblobani iarsebebs maSinac, Tu imoqmedebs Cuqebis gadasaxadi da ar imoqmedebs uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi. 1976 wlidan amerikam oficialurad gaaerTiana es ori gadasaxadi da gaerTianebuli satransfero gadasaxadi uwoda.
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ix. Stiglitz [1978]. rodesac saxelfaso ganakveTi mcirdeba, izrdeba Sromis moTxovna. amdenad, xelfasisa da Sromis moTxovnili moculobis namravli damokidebulia Sromis moTxovnis elastiurobaze. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli kapitaliTaa ufro martivi Sromis Canacvleba (Sromis Canacvlebis elastiuroba kapitaliT).
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gaerTianebuli satransfero gadasaxadis struqtura Zalian hgavs piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis struqturas. pirvel rigSi, xdeba mTliani qonebis gamoTvla, Semdeg mas akldeba gamoqviTvebi, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli nawili da rCeba dasabegri uZravi qoneba. sagadasaxado valdebuleba ganisazRvreba progresiuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis dawesebiT dasabegr uZrav qonebaze.
dasabegri bazis gamoTvla. mTliani qoneba Sedgeba yvela im qonebisagan, romelsac flobda gardacvlili gardacvalebis momentSi uZravi qonebis, aqciebis, obligaciebisa da sadazRvevo polisebis CaTvliT. igi agreTve moicavs Cuqebas, romelic ganxorcielda gardacvlilis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. dasabegri qonebis gamoTvlis dros mTlian qonebas akldeba dakrZalvis xarjebi, memkvidreobis gaformebis xarjebi (iuristis momsaxureba) da sxva qonebrivi daufaravi vali. saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebi SeuzRudavad eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas.
nebadarTulia Semdegi gamoqviTvebi:
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1,5 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis uZravi qoneba mflobelis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan (2004 wlis monacemebi). am Rirebulebaze naklebi Rirebulebis uZravi qoneba Tavisufldeba federaluri gadasaxadisagan. gaTavisufleba ar aris indeqsirebuli inflaciis mixedviT. meuRlisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba (Cuqebis an memkvidreobiT datovebis gziT) eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. amdenad, im multimilioneris qoneba, romelic 1,5 milions utovebs Svilebs, xolo danarCens ki _ meuRles, ar ibegreba sagadasaxado valdebulebiT. meuRleTaTvis datovebuli memkvidreobis gamoqviTvis gamo col-qmari ar ixdis uZravi qonebis gadasaxads, sanam orive meuRle ar gardaicvleba. TiToeuli individi wliurad Tavisufldeba recipientis mixedviT 11000 dolaris Rirebulebis saCuqris gadasaxadisagan (2003 wlis monacemi), rac indeqsirebulia inflaciis mixedviT. axla ki warmovidginoT samSviliani ojaxi. yovel wels deda da mama TiToeul Svils 11000 dolars Cuqnian. maSasadame, wliurad col-qmari samive Svils 66000 aSS dolars Cuqnis. sainteresoa Tavad is faqti, rom mdidari srulad ar iyenebs sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi qonebis ganawilebis sagadasaxado upiratesobas. ratom? arsebobs istoria erT mdidar kacze, romelmac TiToeul Svils 1 milioni aCuqa, rodesac maT 21 weli SeusruldaT. rodesac mas amgvari saqcielis mizezi hkiTxes, mdidarma upasuxa: mindoda, rac SeiZleba male mimeca maTTvis finansuri Tavisufleba, raTa maT `Tavidan movecilebineo~. rogorc Cans, adamianTa did nawils ar surs, rom Svilebma swrafad `moicilon Tavidan~. swored amitom isini akontroleben qonebas, sadamdec SeuZliaT, Tundac amisaTvis maT meti sagadasaxado valdebuleba daawveT Tavs.
ganakveTis struqtura. dasabegri baza ibegreba zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT. 2004 wels maqsimaluri ganakveTi 48% iyo. efeqtiania
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Tu ara aseTi ganakveTi optimaluri gadasaxadebis Teoriis mixedviT? albaT, rTulia amaze saubari. rogorc yovelTvis, pasuxi axlac damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor icleba qmedebani sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebis Sedegad. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zalian cota ram aris cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadebi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze.
`sikvdilis~ (memkvidreobis) gadasaxadis sikvdili? 2001 wels miRebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, gaTavisuflebis koeficienti TandaTan gaizrdeba da 2009 wels 3,5 milion aSS dolars miaRwevs. am droisaTvis umaRlesi ganakveTi 45%-mde daiwevs. 2010 wels ki mTlianad gauqmdeba uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi. 2001 wlis sagadasaxado kanonis sxva debulebaTa msgavsad, debulebani uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb 2010 wels gauqmdeba, anu Tu ar miiReben amis sapirispiro kanonmdeblobas, 2011 wels uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi daubrundeba sawyis mdgomareobas. Tu Tqveni didi deida gardaicvleba 2010 wlis 31 dekembers, misi uZravi qoneba ar daibegreba aranairi gadasaxadiT, magram Tu igi 2011 wlis 31 ianvars gardaicvleba, maSin misi uZravi qonebis gaTavisuflebuli nawili (675000 dolari) daibegreba 55%-iani zRvruli ganakveTiT. cxadia, mdgomareoba arcTu saxarbieloa, amdenad, kongress mouwevs seriozuli gadawyvetilebis miReba momavali dekadis ganmavlobaSi. albaT, kongresi sabolood gaauqmebs gadasaxads; garda amisa, SesaZloa, gadasaxadi sxva gadasaxadis formaSi mogvevlinos. am droisaTvis aravin icis, imoqmedebs Tu ara uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi momaval aTwleulSi.
gansakuTrebuli problemebi. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT warmoiqmneba bevri sirTule.
saerTo sakuTreba. warmovidginoT, rom coli da qmari saerTo sakuTrebaSi flobs qonebas. rogor unda aRvricxoT uZravi qoneba misi dabegvris miznebisaTvis, rogorc erTi uZravi erTeuli, Tu rogorc ori uZravi erTeuli? me-15 TavSi Cven ukve vimsjeleT adekvaturi dabegvris erTeulis Sesaxeb (ojaxi Tu individi?) (ix. `erTeulis SerCeva”, me-15 Tavi). am msjelobis gameoreba sruliad uazro iqneba. moqmedi federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saerTo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis Rirebulebis naxevari CarTulia im meuRlis mTlian uZrav qonebaSi, romelic pirveli gardaicvleba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu romelma meuRlem Seasrula ufro mniSvnelovani roli am qonebis Segrovebis procesSi13.
biznesis warmoeba. davuSvaT, rom lirs surs, qaliSvilebs memkvidreobiT biznesi gadasces. liris biznesi mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli erTaderTi aqtivia. liris uZrav qonebaSi naRdi fulis ararsebobis gamo qaliSvilebi 13
ufro zustad, es wesi iTvaliswinebs darCenili memkvidris uflebas: mesakuTris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi qoneba avtomaturad gadadis meore mesakuTreze.
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iZulebulni arian, gayidon biznesi da gadaixadon uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi. aseTi movlenis Tavidan asacileblad, kanonis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa, gadasaxadi ganvadebiT 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi iqnes gadaxdili xelsayreli saprocento ganakveTiT. ufro metic, mTliani uZravi qonebis gamoTvlis dros kvalificirebuli saojaxo ferma da biznesi Sefasebulia sabazro Rirebulebaze ufro dabali RirebulebiT. aseTi debulebebi asaxavs subieqtur Sefasebas, romelic socialurad sasurvelia, radgan am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis kontroli biznesze. debulebani asaxavs agreTve mcire biznesis mflobelTa politikur Zalauflebas.
acilebis strategia. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis aracxadi mizani qonebis dabegvraa erTxel mainc TiToeuli Taobis ganmavlobaSi. individs am gadasaxadis acileba sxvadasxva meTodis saSualebiT SeuZlia, romelTagan erTerTi satrasto erTeulis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs: individi an dawesebuleba cnobilia, rogorc rwmunebuli, romelsac aqvs aqtivze samarTlebrivi ufleba da valdebulia, aqtivebi sxva mxaris sasargeblod gamoiyenos. uZravi qonebis satrasto forma SesaZloa, aseTi iyos: mSoblebis sadazRvevo polisebSi Svili moxseniebulia, rogorc beneficiari. sadazRvevo polisidan amonagebi CarTulia mSoblis mTlian uZrav qonebaSi. mSobels SeuZlia, sadazRvevo satrasto erTeulis Seqmna da sadazRvevo polisis trastze mibma. radgan mSobeli aRar flobs poliss, amdenad, igi veRar Seva maT uZrav qonebaSi, xolo maTi Svilebi ki sicocxlis dazRvevis polisisagan srul sargebels miiReben.
gadasaxadis gadaxdis Tavidan acilebis sakmaod martivi da popularuli meTodi memkvidris korporaciis farglebSi aqciaTa wiliT dasaCuqrebas gulisxmobs. davuSvaT, rom miki amuSavebs did bizness da flobs aqciebs. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miki memkvidreebs, mortisa da ferdis, aCuqebs aqciaTa mniSvnelovan nawils (magram naxevarze naklebs). Tu transferi biznesis dawyebis etapze moxda, maSin aqciaTa Rirebuleba mcire iqneba da ar warmoiqmneba sagadasaxado valdebuleba (an warmoiqmneba Zalian mcire doziT). miki flobs firmis aqciaTa umetes wils, amdenad, igi kvlavac kompaniis saTaveSia da efeqtianad akontrolebs gadacemuli aqciebis Rirebulebas. Tu mikis firma warmatebiT ganviTardeba, maSin misi gardacvalebis dros mortisa da ferdis aqciebi SesaZloa, erTob Rirebuli iyos. mikim moaxerxa, seriozuli qoneba gadaeca Tavisi memkvidreebisaTvis da Tan es transferi gadasaxadisagan daefara. ra bedi eweva im aqciebs, romlebsac miki flobs gardacvalebis momentisaTvis? arsebobs bevri sxva rTuli meTodi, romelic daicavs am aqciebs dabegvrisagan.
amrigad, arsebobs Zalian bevri meTodi imisaTvis, rom gakeTdes TaobaTaSorisi transferi ise, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gadasaxadebi da, Tanac, sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi SenarCundes qonebis kontrolis efeqtiani meqanizmebi. aseT meTodTa umetesoba sakmaod rTuli da ZviradRirebulia. rogorc makaferi da vagneri [2000, gv. 804] ambobdnen, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadma `gaamdidra isedac kargad anazRaurebadi sagadasaxado iuristebisa da
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damgegmavebis kustaruli industria, romelic `sikvdilis~ gadasaxadze muSaobs~. faqtobrivad, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod im individs uwevs, romelic adekvatur dagegmvas ver axorcielebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac gadasaxads ar moaqvs Semosavali, igi warmoqmnis zemdet tvirTs da/an administraciul danaxarjebs.
uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis reformireba
imaTTvis, visac surs uZravi da Cuqebis gadasaxadis rolis gafarToeba, yvelaze mosaxerxebeli meTodi iqneba sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi gaTavisuflebuli qonebis moculobis Semcireba. Tumca, Tu vinmes aqvs imis imedi, rom uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs saSemosavlo sistemaSi, maSin unda gadasinjos is meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiT moxdeba satrasto erTeulebisa da sxva instrumentebis (romlebic gamoiyeneba am gadasaxadebis Tavidan asacileblad) dablokva.
zogierTi Teoretikosi gvTavazobs uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis integrirebas pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi. saCuqari da memkvidreoba daibegreba, rogorc recipientis Semosavali. amdenad, heigsaimonsis modelis Tanaxmad, igi CarTul unda iqnes koreqtirebul mTlian SemosavalSi.
Tumca SeiniSneba sakmao winaaRmdegoba saCuqrisa da memkvidreobis Cveulebriv Semosavlad aRiarebis ideis mimarT. donoridan recipientze yuradRebis gadatana kidev erTi meTodia, raTa qonebis damatebis gadasaxadiT daibegros individi, romelic iRebs qonebas an saCuqars. ganakveTi SesaZloa, progresiuli iyos da iTvaliswinebdes gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebas. aseTi gadasaxadis mimzidveloba is aris, rom igi begravs recipientis gadaxdis unars da ara uZrav qonebas. administraciuli sirTuleebi SesaZloa, warmoiqmnas didi moculobis saCuqrisa da uZravi qonebis aRricxvis aucileblobis gamo. magram, Tu odesme miRebul iqneba gadawyvetileba qonebis transferis ufro mkacri dabegvris Sesaxeb, maSin qonebis damatebis gadasaxads seriozuli yuradReba unda mieqces. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gadasaxads seriozuli mowinaaRmdegeni hyavs, romelTa argumentebi filosofiur an ekonomikur safuZvelzea damyarebuli. maTTvis uZravi qonebis saukeTeso reforma ukve dagegmilia da 2010 wels ganxorcieldeba: am dros uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi gauqmdeba.
daskvna 655
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vaWrobis ZiriTadi gadasaxadi da aqcizi Statebisa da municipalitetebis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. vaWrobis gadasaxadis mimzidveloba is aris, rom misi administrireba martivia (arcTu Zalian maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi). vaWrobis zogierTi gadasaxadi garegani efeqtis koreqtirebas axorcielebs an Caanacvlebs samomxmareblo gadasaxads. vaWrobis gadasaxadi, rogorc wesi, regresiulia. gamoTvlebi efuZneba wliur (da ara mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul) Semosavlebs, gadasaxadis tvirTi ki ekisreba myidvels. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) popularulia evropaSi, Tumca igi ar gamoiyeneba aSS-Si. dRg-Ti ibegreba sxvaoba vaWrobis amonagebsa da saqonlis sawarmoo saSualebis SeZenis fass Soris. piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebulia mis pirad maxasiaTeblebze. erT-erTi magaliTi holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadia, romliTac ibegreba sxvaoba firmis Semosavalsa da im danaxarjs Soris, romelic firmam materialuri saSualebis SesaZenad gaswia. gadasaxadis imave ganakveTiT ibegreba xelfasic. gadasaxadis erT-erTi forma naRdi fulis gadasaxadia, romliTac individis wliuri samomxmareblo danaxarji ibegreba. piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis momxreni gvpirdebian, rom am gadasaxadis danergvis gziT isini aRmofxvrian saprocento Semosavlis ormag dabegvras, waaxaliseben Tanasworobas, individs dabegraven mis mier gamoyenebuli ekonomikuri resursebis safuZvelze. garda amisa, gadasaxadis momxreni Tvlian, rom misi wyalobiT miRweul iqneba progresiulobis nebismieri xarisxi da rom, administraciuli TvalsazrisiT, samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro ukeTesia, vidre saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis danergvis mowinaaRmdegeni xazs usvamen gardamavali periodis siZneleebs da amboben, rom Semosavali ukeT asaxavs gadaxdis unars. maTi azriT, samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro mZimea administraciuli TvalsazrisiT da amtkiceben, rom Cuqebisa da uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis ararsebobis pirobebSi isini Sedegad qonebis zedmet koncentracias mogvitanen. qonebis gadasaxadi begravs aqtivebs da ara Semosavals an gayidvebs. qonebis gadasaxadis momxreni Tvlian, rom am gadasaxadis wyalobiT ibegreba ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba (romelic, rogorc wesi, ar ibegreba xolme saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT); gadasaxadi amcirebs qonebis koncentracias da simdidiris mflobelTa mier miRebuli sargeblis kompensacias warmoadgens. arsebobs mosazreba, rom qoneba kargad gviCvenebs individis gadaxdis unars da, amdenad, unda daibegros. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadiT ibegreba qonebis transferi rogorc gardacvlilidan, aseve, or cocxal mxares Soris. igi ar warmoadgens sagadasaxado Semosavlis seriozul wyaros mTavrobis romelime doneze. Zalian cota ram aris cnobili imis Sesaxeb, warmoqnis Tu ara es gadasaxadi raime stimuls an rogor nawildeba igi. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis reformis ori SesaZlo alternativa arsebobs: isini an unda gaerTiandes pirad saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemaSi, anda damatebiTi qonebis gadasaxadis forma SeiZinos (gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli saCuqari da memkvidreoba). uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis mowinaaRmdegeni asabuTeben, rom aucilebelia am gadasaxadis gauqmeba.
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2010 wels dagegmilia misi gauqmeba, Tumca aravin icis, marTla moxdeba ase Tu ara.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
am TavSi erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia nakadebi da maragebi. gamoiyeneT arsebuli distinqcia da daadgineT, ra aris araswori am ganacxadSi: `maikrosoftis sabazro Rirebuleba 500 miliardi dolaria. maikrosofti rom qveyana yofiliyo, igi espaneTis Semdeg iqneboda mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT. espaneTi ki mecxre umsxvilesi qveyanaa msoflios ekonomikaSi”. 2. SeafaseT holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadis misamarTiT gamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniSvna: `erTiani gadasaxadi ar begravs yvela Semosavals erTnairad. igi begravs mxolod xelfass, sainvesticio Semosavals ki sruliad xelSeuxeblad tovebs” [Chait, 1996, gv. A17]. 3. yuradRebiT ganixileT Semdegi citata: `biznesi ixdis mTeli damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads, sanam produqti miva saboloo momxmareblamde. Tu bizness SeuZlia, saqonlis Rirebuleba erTi dolariT gazardos dRgs formiT gadaxdili TiToeuli dolaris kompensaciisaTvis, maSin racionaluri iqneba, davaskvnaT, rom mas isic SeuZlia, saqonlis fasi gazardos masze dakisrebuli saxelfaso da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis kompensaciis mizniT” [Cockburn and Pollin, 1992, gv. a15]. 4. Zalian bevri saintereso SekiTxva daibada 1998 wels, rodesac beisbolis varsklavebma _ mark maguairma da semi sozam - wreze ganarbenis rekordis moxsna daapires. anatyorcni burTi, romliTac moxdeboda am rekordis moxsna, 1 milioni Rirebulebis iqneboda, ras izamda is fani, romelic daiWerda am burTs: a. ukan miawvdida im moTamaSes, romelmac aagdo burTi; b. Caikravda gulSi burTs da gulSi burTCakruli ivlida mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi; g. burTs miscemda saqvelmoqmedo organizacias, es ukanaksneli ki burTs sargeblis miRebis mizniT gayidda; d. gayidda burTs maSinve; e. burTs gayidda erTi wlis Semdeg.
5. 2001 wels kongresis orma wevrma waradgina kanonproeqti samarTliani gadasaxadis Sesaxeb, romelic Caanacvlebda saSemosavlo, uZravi qonebis, saxelfaso da korporaciul gadasaxads erTiani sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadiT, romliTac daibegreboda saqoneli da momsaxureba. am ideis momxris [Vesala, 2001] Tanaxmad, es SeTavazeba Rirebuli iyo imis gamo, rom: a. `Tqveni Semosavali isaa, rasac inaxavT~; b. `gaizrdeba investicia da danazogi~; g. ~ar moxdeba samarTliani gadasaxadis Tavidan acileba~.
657
SeafaseT TiToeuli maTgani.
6. 2003 wlis ianvarSi, Cemma kolegam, profesorma devid bredfordma, New Yourk Time-s ganucxada, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi amcirebs Sromis miwodebas. am ganacxadis Semdeg mis eleqtronul fostaSi aseTi werili mivida: `rodis aqeT iqca samomxmareblo gadasaxadi samuSaos Semaferxebel instrumentad? aseTi zedapiruli msjeloba bodvas waagavs. gamecina mis saTaurze - `ekonomikuri analizi~. vin iyo marTali? profesori Tu misi mowinaaRmdege? pasuxi gaeciT ariTmetikuli an algebruli argumentis gamoyenebis gziT (miniSneba: bredfordi marTalia). 7. mdidari ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. dRes misi Semosavlebi 100ia, xolo momavalSi ki 75,6 iqneba. saprocento ganakveTi 8%-ia. a. Tu misi moxmareba momavalSi iqneba 108, ra iqneba misi maqsimaluri moxmarebis moculoba amJamad? b. davuSvaT, rom mdidris Semosavlebi 25%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. daadgineT, romeli samomxmareblo sagadasaxado ganakveTi moutans mTavrobas imave odenobis sagadasaxado Semosavlebs (mimdinare RirebulebiT). 8. ami da Sirli ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben. maTi Semosavali amJamad 1000-ia, xolo momavalSi ki nuls gautoldeba. saprocento ganakveTi 8%-ia. davuSvaT, rom TiToeuli maTgani saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba. amis pirveli periodis moxmareba aris 200 dolari, xolo Sirlisa ki _ 300 dolari. romlis sagadasaxado tvirTia ufro maRali mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi? proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi rogor Seedreboda erTmaneTs am ori individis sagadasaxado tvirTi, romelic agreTve formirebuli iqneboda mTeli sicocxlis mixedviT?
gamoyenebuli literatura
Gale, William G, and Joel B Slemrod. “Death Watch for the Estate Tax.” Journalo f Economic Perspectives 15 (Winter 2001), pp. 205 – 18. Hall, Robert E, and Alvin Rabushka. The Flat Tax, 2d ed. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institutions Press, 1995. McCaffery, Edward J. “A Voluntary Tax? Revisited”. Narional Tax Association – Proceedings of the Ninety-third Annual Conference, 2001, pp. 268-74 Slemrod, Joel. and Jon Bakija. Taking Ourselves, 2d ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, chap.7.
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nawili 5 mravaldoniani sajaro finansebi Zalian kargia, rodesac sajaro finansebTan dakavSirebuli yoveli gadawyvetileba erTi mTavrobis mier miiReba. amerikaSi dabegvrisa da xarjvis uflebiT saocrad mravali erTeulia aRWurvili. amerika 87000-ze met iurisdiqcias iTvlis, romelSic Sedis 1 federaluri, 50 saStato, 3034 saolqo, 19431 municipaluri, 16506 raionuli, 13522 saskolo saolqo, da 35356 specialuri saraiono mTavroba [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 260]. Statebis, adgilobrivi da federaluri xelisuflebis urTierTqmedeba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs aSS-is sajaro finansebis sferoSi. me-20 TavSi Cven federaluri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fiskalur sakiTxebs ganvixilavT.
659
Tavi 20
federaciuli sistemis sajaro finansebi
texaseli marTavs texass. jorj u. buSi
1996 wels aSS-is daxmarebis sistemaSi bevri mniSvnelovani, radikaluri da winaaRmdegobrivi cvlileba ganxorcielda, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom daxmarebis programebze pasuxismgebloba federaluri xelisuflebidan Statebze gadavida1. Zveli reJimis farglebSi federaluri mTavroba daxmarebis programis recipientebs minimaluri stipendiiT uzrunvelyofda. federalur xarjze iyo dawesebuli samarTlebrivi limiti, magram Stati valdebuli iyo, SesabamisobaSi yofiliyo federalur TanxasTan. axali reJimis farglebSi Statma daxmarebis masStabis dadgenis mxriv ufro meti damoukidebloba SeiZina. TiToeuli Stati iRebs federaluri fuladi resursis fiqsirebul raodenobas Sesabamisobis yovelgvari moTxovnis gareSe.
kanonis miRebis Semdeg daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba sarkastuli debatebi. oponentebi darwmunebulni arian, rom daxmarebis programaze paxuxs erTaderTi organo _ federaluri mTavroba unda agebdes. maTi azriT, Semxvedri grantebis ararsebobis gamo Statebi da adgilobrivi mTavroba naklebs xarjavs daxmarebis programaze, rac nawilobriv imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom maTi sagadasaxado sistema ar aris saTanadod efeqtiani imisaTvis, rom saWiro raodenobis fuladi resursi daagrovos.
kidev erTxel Tavs iCens is SekiTxvebi, romlebic mudmivad arsebobs aSSis saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis Sesaxeb:
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rogor unda ganawildes pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis sxvadasxva dones Soris? aris Tu ara yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba decentralizebuli mTavrobis mier?
reformis sxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. me-8 Tavi.
660
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aris Tu ara adgilobrivi gadasaxadi saukeTeso gza im momsaxurebis asanazRaureblad, romelic uzrunvelyofilia Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis mier? an iqneb upriani iqneba, Tu fuls federaluri mTavroba gaiRebs?
aSS-Si arsebobs mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. saxelmwifos formirebis dRidan Zalauflebis adekvaturi da racionaluri ganawileba mTavrobis sxvadasxva dones Soris mudmivi msjelobis sagania. igive mdgomareobaa CineTSi: unda gadasces Tu ara centralurma mTavrobam Zalaufleba provinciis mTavrobas? analogiur sakiTxs ixilavs evropa: romeli ekonomikuri funqcia unda gadasces evrokavSirs? winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia federaciuli sistemis sajaro finansebis normatiuli da pozitiuri aspeqtebi.
winasityvaoba
federaciuli sistema mTavrobis ramdenime donisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuli sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs da gansazRvrul gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. fiskaluri federalizmi `mTavrobis sxvadasxva donis rols da maTi urTierTdakavSirebis gzas~ gansazRvravs [Oates, 1999, gv. 1120]. erTi federaciuli sistema ufro decentralizebulia, vidre meore, rodesac gadawyvetilebis miRebis Zalaufleba vrceli iurisdiqciebis organoTa xelSia. sistemis centralizebis yvelaze miRebuli sazomi centralizaciis koeficientia, romelic centraluri mTavrobis mier gaweuli mTliani pirdapiri saxelmwifo danaxarjis proporciaa (`pirdapiri~ saxelmwifo danaxarji Sedgeba yvela danaxarjisagan, garda sxva samTavrobo erTeulebisaTvis gakeTebuli transferebisa). centralizaciis koeficienti varirebs qveyanaTa mixedviT. safrangeTSi maCvenebli 81%-ia, kanadaSi _ 43%, xolo SeerTebul StatebSi ki _ 51%2.
cxrili 20.1 aSS-is saxelmwifo danaxarjis ganawileba mTavrobis donis mixedviT (SerCeuli wlebi)
2
federaluri mTavroba
Statebis mTavroba
adgilobrivi
1900
34,1%
8,2%
57,7%
1910
30,1
9,0
60,9
mTavroba
Fisman and Gatti [2002, gv. 340], ix. cxrili 20.1 aSS-is Sesaxeb.
661
1920
39,7
9,8
50,5
1930
32,5
16,3
51,2
1950
59,3
15,2
26,5
1960
57,6
13,8
28,6
1971
48,4
18,6
33,0
1980
54,9
18,1
27,0
1990
56,2
17,9
25,9
1999
61,2
20,9
27,9
wyaro: Werner Pommerehne, “Quantitative Aspects of Federalism: A Study of Six Countries,”, in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, es. W. Oates (Lexington, MA: D.C. Health, 1997), gv. 311, garda 1980 wlis monacemebisa, romelic gamoTvlilia aSS-is aRweris samsaxuris sxvadasxva gamocemebidan (Standard Abstract of the United States).
20.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, rom aSS-Si centralizaciis koeficienti gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda, Tumca ara ganuxrelad. unda aRiniSnos, rom centralizaciis koeficienti ar aris yvelaze saimedo indikatori. ase magaliTad, Stati da adgilobrivi mTavroba gaswevs danaxarjs sajaro biblioTekebSi kompiuterebis SesaZenad, Tumca garkveuli fuladi resursi federaluri mTavrobidanac modis grantis formiT. bavSvTa dacvis aqtis Tanaxmad, TiToeulma biblioTekam unda daamontaJos is kompiuteruli programa, romelic gamoavlens arasabavSvo (igulisxmeba vulgaruli) masalas. biblioTeka, romelic ar Seasrulebs am moTxovnas, ver miiRebs grants. biblioTekebis umetesi nawili namdvilad asrulebs am moTxovnas. ismeba kiTxva: vin aris pasuxismgebeli? Tu adgilobrivi da Statebis mTavrobis xarjviTi nawili SeizRudeba centraluri mTavrobis mier, maSin centralizaciis ganakveTi gadaWarbebiT Seafasebs centralizaciis dones qveyanaSi. faqtobrivad, Statebis da adgilobrivi xarjebis mniSvnelovani moculoba namdvilad centraluri xelisuflebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. federaluri xelisuflebis mandatiT, xelisuflebis qvemdgomi rgoli gansazRvrul momsaxurebas gaswevs, Tumca finansuri mxardaWeris Sesabamisi zrdis gareSe. aseTi daufinansebeli mandati, romelic erTob gansxvavebul sferoebs moicavs (invalidTa uflebebi, saSiSi narCenis utilizacia, avtomobilTa usafrTxoeba), dakavSirebulia Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis xarjTan, romelic wliurad 40 milions utoldeba [Cullen, 1996, gv. 1].
mniSvnelovan qmedebaTa farTo arCevani (ganaTlebisa da sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis CaTvliT) Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis xelSia. meore mxriv, federalur mTavrobas ekisreba sruli pasuxismgebloba Tavdacvisa da
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saxelmwifo sapensio fondis marTvaze. mTavrobis samive done xarjavs fuladi saxsrebis mniSvnelovan wils sazogadoebis keTildReobaze (daxmarebis programebze). racionaluria Tu ara Zalauflebis aseTi gadanawileba aSS fiskaluri sistemis farglebSi? sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, kargi iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gansakuTrebul niSan-Tvisebebs.
sazogadoebis formireba
adgilobrivi iurisdiqciis racionalur fiskalur rolSi garkvevis mizniT, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvixiloT, Tu ratom moxda sazogadoebaTa formireba. am konteqstSi, albaT, yvelaze upriani iqneba, Tu vifiqrebT sazogadoebaze, rogorc klubze _ gansazRvruli sargeblis ganawilebis mizniT adamianTa nebayoflobiT gaerTianebaze. axla ki vnaxoT, Tu ra aris klubis Teoria, rogor ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenoba da rogor iqmneba sazogadoebrivi saqoneli.
warmovidginoT, rom adamianTa jgufi gaerTianda imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos miwis nakveTi sazogadoebrivi parkis gasaSeneblad. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom jgufis yvela wevri identuri gemovnebiT xasiaTdeba. isini Tanabrad isargebleben parkiT da aseve Tanabrad gaiyofen masTan dakavSirebul danaxarjs. `sazogadoebas~ yovelgvari safasuris gareSe SeuZlia, daiTxovos yvela arawevri; amasTan, sazogadoeba muSaobs yovelgvari satranzaqcio danaxarjebis gareSe. viciT ra, rom sazogadoebis wevrebis gemovneba absoluturad identuria, Cven gvWirdeba mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi wevris survilSi garkveva. saWiroa ori gadawyvetilebis miReba: ramdenad didi unda iyos parki da ramdeni wevri Seva sazogadoebaSi?
Tu sazogadoebis mizani moqalaqeTa keTildReobis amaRlebaa, ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs igi? pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT damokidebuleba TiToeuli wevris mTlian danaxarjsa da wevrTa raodenobas Soris gansazRvruli zomis SerCeuli parkis pirobebSi. cxadia, rac ufro didia sazogadoeba, miT ufro meti adamiani gainawilebs parkis danaxarjs da miT naklebi iqneba TiToeuli wevris danaxarji. Tu sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad TiToeul damfuZnebelze xarji ganuxrelad Semcirdeba, maSin ratom ar moviwvioT sazogadoebaSi individTa maqsimaluri raodenoba? problema is aris, rom rac ufro meti wevri SeuerTdeba sazogadoebas, miT ufro gadaitvirTeba parki. zRvruli gadatvirTvis danaxarji zrdadi gadatvirTvis fulad danaxarjs afasebs, romelsac TiToeuli wevri warmoqmnis. davuSvaT, zRvruli gadatvirTvis xarji izrdeba wevrTa raodenobasTan erTad. sazogadoeba wevrTa raodenobas zrdis manam, vidre
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sawevros zRvruli kleba yovel adamianze gadatvirTvis xarjis zRvrul zrdas utoldeba.
axla ki problemis meore mxares SevxedoT: ramdenad didi unda iyos parki, rom sazogadoebis wevrTa mocemuli raodenoba daakmyofilos? didi parki ufro did sargebels uzrunvelyofs, Tumca, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva `didi zomis~ saqoneli, zRvruli sargeblianobis klebas ganicdis. gazrdili parkis fardobis zRvruli xarji TiToeuli wevris mixedviT aris damatebiTi miwis fasi gayofili im wevrebis raodenobaze, romelic xarjs inawilebs. farTobi unda gaizardos im wertilamde, sadamdec TiToeuli wevris zRvruli sargebeli TiToeuli wevris zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba.
axla suraTis orive nawili erTad ganvixiloT da davaxasiaToT optimaluri sazogadoeba an klubi. optimaluri sazogadoeba aris iseTi erTeuli, romlis wevrTa raodenoba da gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxi erTdroulad akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobas: zRvruli xarji da misi Sesabamisi zRvruli sargebeli Tanabaria. miuxedavad imisa, rom klubis aseTi modeli Zalian martivia, igi kargad gviCvenebs sazogadoebis formirebis procesis yvelaze mniSvnelovan procesebs. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogoraa sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenoba damokidebuli im sazogadoebrivi saqonlis tipze, romlis moxmareba surs mosaxleobas; agreTve, igi gviCvenebs im masStabs, ra masStabiTac aRniSnuli saqoneli eqvemdebareba gamodevnas, saqonlis warmoebis xarjs da a. S.
ismeba kiTxva: ramdenad axlos dgas erTmaneTTan klubi da realuri sazogadoeba? xSir SemTxvevaSi es ori erTeuli erTmaneTTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre Cven gvgonia. daaxloebiT 28 milioni amerikeli cxovrobs im adgilebSi, romlebic kerZo sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis mier imarTeba. aseTi `SemosazRvruli sazogadoeba~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas wevrebisa da mcvelebis raodenobis Sesaxeb, agreTve, golfis kortebis gaSenebisa da komunaluri sacurao auzebis mowyobis Sesaxeb da a.S. sazogadoebis klubad gaanalizebis dros upasuxod rCeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani SekiTxva. arada, maTze pasuxis gacema aucilebelia adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis adekvaturi analizisaTvis:
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rogor unda moxdes sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis dafinanseba? raionulma klubma SesaZloa, daawesos sawevro gadasaxadi, magram qalaqSi, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebrivi saqonliT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadebi moqmedebs. klubi (an SemosazRvruli sazogadoeba), ubralod, gauSvebs arawevrebs da amiT aicilebs friraideris problemas. Tumca rogor miaRwios am mizans qalaqma? rodesac mosaxleoba raionis masStabiT gaerTiandeba sxvadasxva klubSi (sazogadoebaSi), aris Tu ara sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mTliani ganawileba Tanaswori da efeqtiani?
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Cven SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT am SekiTxvebs.
tibos modeli
`an giyvardes, an miatove~ _ Tu am rCevas aSS-is federaluri mTavrobis politikis oponentebs miscemen, es igive iqneba, rom maT uTxran: `eSmaksac wauRixar~. magram mxolod Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli, rom adamianma qveyana miatovos mxolod saxelmwifo politikis gamo3. emigracia did materialur da fizikur xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amdenad, ufro realisturi alternativa samSobloSi darCena da politikis Secvla iqneba. meore mxriv, bevri moqalaqe ar aris mijaWvuli Tavis adgilobriv sazogadoebasTan. amdenad, Tu romelime maTgani ukmayofilo iqneba skokiSi (ilinoisi) moqmedi politikis gamo, igi Tavisuflad wava evanstonSi. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT urTierTobas, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebis mobilurobas, sazogadoebis nebayoflobiT formirebasa da sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtian miwodebas Soris.
meoTxe TavSi Cven ukve SevityveT, rom, zogadad, bazari ver uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv saqonels efeqtianad. problemis safuZveli ki is aris, rom bazari ver aiZulebs individs, warmoaCinos WeSmariti preferencia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mimarT. TiToeuli moqalaqe xasiaTdeba friraiderobisadmi midrekilebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobis intervencia gansazRvruli doziT aucilebelia.
tibos statia [1956] miuTiTebs imaze, rom adamianTa unari, gadaadgildnen iurisdiqciebs Soris, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis problemas sabazro WrilSi gadawyvets. jounsi pirad moTxovnas bazarze daikmayofilebs, xolo sazogadoebriv momsaxurebaze moTxovnas ki _ im sazogadoebis saTanado SerCeviT, romelSic mas mouwevs cxovreba. cxadia, jounsi gadaixdis gadasaxads am momsaxurebisaTvis. wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi sazogadoebebSi nawildebian imis safuZvelze, Tu ra aris maTi moTxovna sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis mimarT. TiToeuli individi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis misTvis sasurvel dones iRebs; amdenad, misi materialuri mdgomareoba ver gamoswordeba romelime sxva iurisdiqciaSi sacxovreblad gadasvlis Sedegad. amdenad, myardeba pareto efeqtiani wonasworoba da efeqtianobis misaRwevad ar aris saWiro xelisuflebis Careva.
3
ase magaliTad, 1960-ian wlebSi zogierTma axalgazrda kacma datova qveyana, raTa Tavidan aecilebina vietnamSi samxedro samsaxuri.
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tibos daSvebebi
tibos provokaciuli mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvazi-sabazro procesi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis problemas aneitralebs, uamravi kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. kvlevaTa umetesobis mizani saTanado garemoTa nairsaxeobis dadgena iyo, romelTa farglebSi adamians aqvs unari, gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba da am gziT ganapirobos sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani miwodeba. ai, mTavari piroba amisaTvis4:
xelisuflebis qmedeba ar warmoqmnis garegan efeqts. aRvniSneT, Tanmxvedri zemoqmedeba iwvevs araefeqtianobas.
rogorc
ukve
individebi srulad mobilurni arian. nebismier pirs SeuZlia, sruliad ufasod gadaadgildes im iurisdiqciaSi, romlis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebac saukeTesod akmayofilebs mis gemovnebas. igi ar aris SezRuduli samuSao adgilis mixedviT da arc misi Semosavali icvleba.
individs aqvs srulyofili warmodgena momsaxurebisa da gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb.
TiToeuli
sazogadoebis
arsebobs uamravi sazogadoeba; amdenad, individs ar gauWirdeba im sazogadoebis moZebna da SerCeva, romlis mier uzrunvelyofili sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba yvelaze kargad akmayofilebs mis moTxovnebs.
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis erTeulis fasi mudmivia, amdenad, Tu ormagdeba sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis moculoba, ormagdeba misi mTliani Rirebulebac. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis teqnologia iseTia, rom rezidentTa raodenobis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi ormagdeba gaweuli momsaxurebis moculobac. tibos wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi efeqtianobas zemoT CamoTvlili garemoebebi uzrunvelyofs. am sakiTxSi kargad gasarkvevad warmovidginoT, rom sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis erTeulis danaxarji momsaxurebis gawevis masStabis zrdasTan erTad, klebulobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba masStabis ekonomias, romlisganac sazogadoebam, romelic damoukideblad funqcionirebs, SesaZloa, ver isargeblos.
maSasadame, sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba aucileblad unda iqnes gaweuli saxelmwifos mier. `wminda~ sazogadoebrivi saqoneli (magaliTad, saxelmwifo
4
gaiTvaliswineT, rom tibos statiaSi ar aris aRwerili yvela garemoeba.
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Tavdacva) ar akmayofilebs am daSvebas. sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba (ganaTleba da mocemul maxasiaTeblebs.
Tumca bevri adgilobrivi gasufTaveba) zustad ergeba
sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba dafinansebulia proporciuli sakuTrebis gadasaxadiT. sagadasaxado ganakveTi varirebs iurisdiqciaTa mixedviT5.
sazogadoeba uflebamosilia, miiRos da gaataros gamoricxviTi daraionebis municipaluri wesi. es aris debuleba, romelic krZalavs miwis gansazRvruli formiT gamoyenebas. aRniSnuli garemoeba erTob mniSvnelovania da ai, ratom: gaixseneT, rom tibos wonasworobis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba dasaxlebuli da izolirebulia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mimarT wevrTa moTxovnis safuZvelze. Tu Semosavali pozitiur TanafardobaSia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis moTxovnasTan, sazogadoebis dasaxleba Semosavlis mixedviT namdvilad gamoiRebs Sedegs. maRalSemosavlian sazogadoebebSi sakuTrebis done maRalia, amdenad, sazogadoebas SeuZlia, daafinansos gansazRvruli moculobis saxelmwifo xarjviTi nawili da daibegros SedarebiT dabali sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. dabalSemosavliani ojaxi cdilobs, sacxovreblad mdidar sazogadoebaSi gadavides da SedarebiT momcro sacxovrebeli aiSenos. dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis wyalobiT, dabalSemosavlian ojaxs SedarebiT mcire sagadasaxado valdebuleba ekisreba; miuxedavad amisa, aseTi ojaxi sargeblobs maRali donis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT. rac ufro meti raodenobis dabalSemosavliani ojaxi gadasaxldeba mdidar sazogadeobaSi, miT ufro Semcirdeba TiToeuli ojaxis dasabegri baza. Tumca sagadasaxado ganakveTebi unda gaizardos: gazrdil mosaxleobas meti sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba sWirdeba, romelic sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT unda dafinansdes.
Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs srulyofili mobiluroba. Tu erT dRes mdidari gadawyvets sxva sazogadoebaSi gadasvlas sacxovreblad, mas, cxadia, Raribic Tavisuflad gahyveba, imitom rom adamianTa mobiluroba sruliad SeuzRudavia. swored aRniSnul tendencias abrkolebs gamoricxviTi daraionebis municipaluri wesi da inarCunebs pareto efeqtianobis stabilur wonasworobas.
tibos modeli da realuri samyaro
cxadia, tibos modeli erTob Sorsaa realuri samyaros suraTisagan. adamianebi arasodes arian srulyofilad mobilurni; arc imdeni sazogadoebaa 5
tibo [1956] suladobriv gadasaxadebs ganixilavda. ufro sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, romelic hamiltons [1975] ekuTvnis.
realisturi
daSvebaa
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amqveynad, rom TiToeuli ojaxi misTvis sasurveli momsaxurebiT maqsimalurad daakmayofilos da a.S. ufro metic, modelisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebaTa Soris fiqsirdeba seriozuli gansxvaveba Semosavlis mxriv da, albaT, am sazogadoebebSi sxvadasxva donis sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba gaiweva. ubralod, gadavxedoT nebismier msxvil qalaqs.
miuxedavad amisa, ase swrafad tibos modelisaTvis yuradRebis miuqcevadoba ar iqneba swori. gavixsenoT, rom amerikuli ekonomika, marTlac, mniSvnelovani mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. yovelwliurad amerikelTa 16% sxva adgilas gadadis sacxovreblad [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 29]. ufro metic, didi qalaqi yovelTvis aZlevs saSualebas individs, gaakeTos arCevani sazogadoebis tipTan dakavSirebiT. individs SeuZlia, survilisamebr, dasaxldes qalaqis 20-miliani radiusis farglebSi romelime gareubanSi (maTi raodenoba ki did amerikul qalaqSi ramdenime aseulia). cxadia, gareubanSic ki dasaxlebebi formirebulia Semosavlebis mixedviT, gamoricxviTi daraionebis municipaluri wesi moqmedebs yvelgan da TiToeul dasaxlebul sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebulia gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxi (Tundac Semosavlebi msgavsi iyos).
tibos hipoTezis irgvliv Catarda ramdenime formaluri empiriuli kvleva. erT-erTi maTgani akvirdeba imas, xdeba Tu ara adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisa da gadasaxadebis sidideTa kapitalizacia adgilobrivi sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi. Tu mosaxleoba gadasaxadebisa da sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis adgilobriv paketebze reagirebs, maSin aRniSnul paketTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani asaxul unda iqnes qonebriv RirebulebaSi. ukeTesi momsaxurebis mqone sazogadoeba maRali qonebrivi RirebulebebiT xasiaTdeba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (gadasaxadebis CaTvliT). kapitalizaciis sakiTxebi ganxilulia am TavSi qonebis dabegvris sakiTxebTan erTad. rogorc vnaxavT, kapitalizacia aris farTod gavrcelebuli fenomeni. amrigad, Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom tibos modeli namdvilad kargad asaxavs realur samyaros zogierTi mimarTulebiT mainc.
optimaluri federalizmi
Cveni mizani adgilobriv mTavrobaTa daxasiaTeba iyo; amdenad, kargi iqneba, Tu Cvens Tavdapirvel SekiTxvas davubrundebiT: rogoria ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaTa optimaluri ganawileba federaciuli sistemis mTavrobaTa doneebs Soris? pirvel rigSi, mokled ganvixiloT makroekonomikuri funqciebi. ekonomistebi ukve SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom gadawyvetilebebi xarjvisa da dabegvris Sesaxeb, romelic umuSevrobisa da inflaciis doneze moqmedebs, miRebul unda iqnes centraluri mTavrobis mier. arc erTi Statis da
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adgilobrivi mTavroba ar aris imdenad didi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mTels ekonomikaze. sruli uazroba iqneba, Tu TiToeuli adgilobrivi organo Tavad gansazRvravs miwodebuli fuladi saxsrebis moculobas da damoukidebel monetarul politikas gaatarebs.
sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi msjeloba mimdinareobs iseTi mikroekonomikuri RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic zrdis efeqtianobasa da Tanasworobas. keTildReobis ekonomikis farglebSi SekiTxva, cxadia, ase daismeba: romeli sistema zrdis maqsimumamde socialur keTildReobas _ centralizebuli Tu decentralizebuli? simartivisaTvis CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs mxolod ori donis mTavroba _ `centraluri~ da `adgilobrivi~ (Cven arafers vkargavT zogierTi mTavrobis ugulebelyofis daSvebis gziT).
decentralizebuli sistemis uaryofiTi mxareebi
ganvixiloT raionuli erTeuli, romelic ramdenime mcire sazogadoebisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli sazogadoebis mTavroba iRebs gadawyvetilebebs im mizniT, rom socialuri keTildReobis funqcia maqsimumamde mxolod sazogadoebis wevrebis sargeblis safuZvelze gazardos _ mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba gareSe piri6. rogor gansxvavdeba sazogadoebis mTavrobis mier am gziT miRebuli Sedegebi im Sedegebisgan, romelsac centraluri mTavroba saxelmwifo socialuri keTildReobis funqciis Sedegad miiRebs, romlis drosac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba TiToeuli moqalaqis sargeblianoba? pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT efeqtianobis sakiTxebi da mxolod amis Semdeg mivubrundeT samarTlianobis sakiTxebis ganxilvas.
efeqtianoba. decentralizebuli mTavrobis sistemam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios resursebis araefeqtiani ganawileba ramdenime mizezis gamo.
garegani efeqti. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, romliTac sargeblobs mxolod konkretuli sazogadoebis wevri, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. ase magaliTad, ostinSi (texasi) moqmedi bibiloTeka Zalian mcire efeqts axdens en-arboris (miCigani) mosaxleobaze. Tumca erTi sazogadoebis qmedeba xSirad axdens zemoqmedebas sxva sazogadoebis wevrTa keTildReobaze. Tu erT qalaqSi maRali donis swavlebaa, qalaqidan individis emigraciis Sedegad sargebels miiRebs sxva qalaqi (mas eyoleba ufro kargad ganswavluli samuSao Zala). qalaqebi erTmaneTze uaryofiTadac moqmedebs. viqtoria da britanuli kolumbia WuWyian wyals pirdapir zRvaSi uSveben, narCeni sietlSi (vaSingtoni) Caedineba, romelTa 6
am msjelobis procesSi ignorirebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeba socialuri keTildReobis funqciis gansazRvra da marTlac cdilobs Tu ara mTavroba, maqsimumamde gazardos igi (ix. me-3 da me-6 Tavebi).
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moqalaqeebi namdvilad wuxan am faqtis gamo. mokled, sazogadoeba axdens rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT garegan efeqts meore sazogadoebaze. Tu TiToeuli sazogadoeba mxolod Tavis wevrTa keTildReobaze zrunavs, maSin, rogorc wesi, aseTi garegani efeqti ignorirebulia xolme. amdenad, standartuli argumentis (ix. me-5 Tavi) Tanaxmad, resursebi araefeqtianadaa ganawilebuli.
masStabis ekonomia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis dros. gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis dros, momxmarebelTa raodenobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevris xarji klebulobs. ase magaliTad, rac ufro meti adamiani sargeblobs biblioTekiT, miT ufro dabalia TiToeuli momxmareblis mier gasawevi xarji. Tu TiToeuli sazogadoeba daafuZnebs biblioTekas, maSin momxmareblis danaxarji aucilebelze maRali iqneba. centralur iurisdiqcias yvela piroba aqvs biblioTekis dafuZnebisaTvis; xalxi ki masStabis ekonomiiT isargeblebs.
cxadia, sxvadasxva saqmianoba sxvadasxva saxis masStabis ekonomias eqvemdebareba. biblioTekis momsaxurebis optimaluri masStabi gansxvavdeba saxanZro momsaxurebis masStabisagan, xolo orive maTganis masStabi ki _ saxelmwifo Tavdacvis optimaluri masStabisagan. am dakvirvebis wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba urTierTgadamfari iurisdiqciebis sistemis racionalizeba _ TiToeuli iurisdiqcia uflebamosilia, masStabis ekonomiiis gaTvaliswinebiT awarmoos mxolod is momsaxureba, romelic iurisdiqciis zomas zustad ergeba.
meore mxriv, konsolidacia ar aris sazogadoebebis mier masStabis ekonomiiT sargeblobis erTaderTi gza. niu-jersis ramdenime sazogadoeba erTad marTavs saskolo sistemas da biblioTekebs; am gziT sazogadoebebi sargebloben masStabis ekonomiiT da Tanac inarCuneben damoukideblobas. kaliforniaSi ki zogierTi qalaqi kontraqts debs mTavrobasTan an kerZo kompaniasTan gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi saqonlis da momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. swored aq sustdeba kavSiri iurisdiqciaTa gadawyvetilebebs Soris (xolo gadawyvetilebani ki exeba imas, Tu ra moculobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli unda iqnes moxmarebuli da ra moculobisa ki _ warmoebuli).
araefeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema. efeqtiani dabegvra Semdegi principis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs: is saqoneli, romelic araelastiuri moTxovniT xasiaTdeba, ufro maRali ganakveTiT unda daibegros da piriqiT (ix. me-14 Tavi). davuSvaT, rom kapitalis miwodeba mTeli qveynis masStabiT fiqsirebulia da igi mobiluria qvefederaciul iurisdiqciebs Soris. TiToeuli iurisdiqcia kargad iazrebs imas, rom Tu igi maRali ganakveTiT dabegravs kapitals, maSin kapitali, ubralod, sxvagan gadainacvlebs, amis Sedegad ki gauaresdeba
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iurisdiqciis mdgomareoba. swored amitom keTilgonieri iurisdiqcia Zalian dabali ganakveTebiT begravs kapitals, zogjer ki gamoyofs subsidiasac. amis naTeli magaliTi alabamaa, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 700 milion aSS dolars gamoyofda Seusrulebeli sagadasaxado valdebulebis dasafarad; amiT igi stimuls aZlevda iseT firmebs, rogoricaa: mersedes-benci, honda da hiundai, Tavisi qarxnebi am StatSi ganeTavsebinaT [Brooks, 2002]. tanenuaildi [2002] aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo korporaciuli gadasaxadebis Sefardeba korporaciul mogebasTan 7,6%-dan 3,9%-mde daeca. misi azriT, es nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo Statebis konkurenciiT kapitalis mozidvis saqmeSi. imdenad, ramdenadac kapitalis saxelmwifo miwodeba araelastiuria, kapitalis dabali ganakveTebi xSirad ar aris xolme efeqtiani.
realur samyaroSi, cxadia, mTliani kapitali ar aris fiqsirebuli. araferia cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor reagirebs firmis gadawyvetilebani adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli adgilobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mimarT. Tumca statistika cxadyofs, rom iurisdiqciis farglebSi dasaqmebis zrda biznesis sagadasaxado ganakveTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia [Mark, McGuire, and Papke, 2000]. Tumca ZiriTadi azri mainc ucvleli rCeba: decentralizebul sazogadoebaTa mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi ar aris efeqtiani, saxelmwifo poziciidan gamomdinare. sazogadoeba gadasaxads imis mixedviT SearCevs, Tu romeli maTganis eqsportireba iqneba SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis gareT. ase magaliTad, Tu mocemul sazogadoebaSi qveynis erTaderTi naxSiris sabadoa da es sazogadoeba awesebs masze gadasaxads, maSin, savaraudod, adgilobrivi sagadasaxado tvirTi daawveba naxSiris momxmarebels, romelic ar aris am sazogadoebis wevri7. naxSiris gadasaxadi Zalian momgebiani iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis, Tumca arcTu yovelTvis momgebiani _ saxelmwifosaTvis8.
gadasaxadebis gadacemis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rom sazogadoeba SeiZens Zalian didi raodenobis adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels. efeqtianobis dasakmayofileblad ki saWiroa adgilobrivi saqonlis SeZena im wertilamde, sadac zRvruli socialuri sargebeli zRvrul socialur danaxarjs utoldeba. Tu sazogadoebas SeuZlia, sagadasaxado tvirTis nawili sxva iurisdiqcias daakisros, maSin sazogadoebis aRqmuli zRvruli xarji ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre zRvruli socialuri xarji. rodesac sazogadoeba awesebs iseT zRvrul socialur sargebels, romelic aRqmul zRvrul xarjs utoldeba, maSin Sedegad viRebT adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis araefeqtianad did moculobas.
7
rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis zusti gansazRvra sabazro struqturis, moTxovnis elastiurobisa da xarjebis struqturis Sesaxeb informacias saWiroebs. ix. me-12 Tavi. 8 naxSiris mwarmoebeli Stati, montana, mudmivad cdilobda, Statis sagadasaxado tvirTi qveynis danarCeni nawilisaTvis daekisrebina.
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masStabis ekonomia gadasaxadebis amoRebis dros. individualurma sazogadoebam SesaZloa, ver isargeblos masStabis ekonomiiT gadasaxadebis Segrovebis saqmeSi. TiToeuli sazogadoeba valdebulia, gansazRvruli fuladi resursiT uzrunvelyos sagadasaxado samsaxurebi. danazogis akumulireba SesaZlebelia saerTo sagadasaxado organos funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi. albaT, ufro upriania, gavinawiloT erTi kompiuteris xarji, romelic ramdenime sazogadoebis sagadasaxado deklaraciebs aRricxavs, vidre TiToeulma sazogadoebam Tavisi kompiuteri SeiZinos. cxadia, aseTi ekonomiis miRweva SesaZlebelia iurisdiqciaTa TanamSromlobis Sedegad yovelgvari faqtobrivi konsolidaciis gareSe. zogierT StatSi, magaliTad, qalaqis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadi saxelmwifo Semosavlebis departamentis mier grovdeba.
samarTlianoba. utilitaruli filosofiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis mizniT Semosavlis mdidridan Raribze gadanawileba aucilebelia. warmovidginoT, rom erT konkretul sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs dabalSemosavliani wevrisaTvis sasargeblo sagadasaxado da xarjviTi politika. sazogadoebaTa Soris moZraobis dabrkolebis ararsebobis pirobebSi am sazogadoebaSi moxdeba mTeli qveynis RaribTa migracia. Raribi mosaxleobis zrda gamoiwvevs gadanawilebiTi fiskaluri politikis xarjebis zrdas. amave dros, sazogadoebis ufro maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi miiReben gadawyvetilebas am sazogadoebis datovebis Sesaxeb. ismeva kiTxva: ratom unda gadaixados mdidarma maRali gadasaxadebi RaribTa nacvlad, rodesac mas SeuZlia, ufro preferenciuli fiskaluri struqturis mqone sxva sazogadoebaSi gadavides sacxovreblad? amdenad, sazogadoebis dasabegri bazis moTxovna izrdeba, misi zoma ki TandaTan mcirdeba. rogorc Cans, unda SeCerdes gadanawilebiTi programis moqmedeba.
rogorc vxedavT, rom individi iRebs gadawyvetilebas sacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb imis safuZvelze, Tu romeli iurisdiqcia uzrunvelyofs ufro momgebian gadasaxadebisa da keTildReobis pakets. am mosazrebis WeSmaritebas xazs usvams aseTi movlena: 1990-ian wlebSi kalifornieli kanonmdebelni seriozulad iyvnen Sewuxebulni im sakiTxis gamo, rom maT StatSi Seqmnili ukeTesi pirobebi (maRali keTildReoba) izidavda Zalian didi raodenobis migrants. maT miiRes kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec nebismieri migranti kaliforniaSi cxovrebis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRebda mxolod im sargebels, romelsac misi mSobliuri Stati (anu Stati, saidanac Camovida es migranti) uzrunvelyofda. Tumca 1999 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom es kanoni arakonstituciurad cno.
Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinareobs kidev erTi logikuri daskvna. rogorc feldSteini da vrobeli [1998] aRniSnavdnen, Tu maRalSemosavlian individs aqvs araxelsayreli sagadasaxado pirobebidan Tavis daRwevis da im StatSi gadasvlis ufleba, sadac SedarebiT dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi moqmedebs, maSin maRali gadasaxadebis mqone StatSi damqiravebels daqiravebulTa SenarCunebis mizniT maRali daubegravi xelfasis gadaxda
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mouwevs. wminda efeqti ki iqneba is, rom araviTari cvlilebiT ar dafiqsirdeba Semosavlis ganawileba. fildSteinma da vrobelma isic aRmoaCines, rom sakmarisia, Statma gazardos sagadasaxado ganakveTi, rom maSinve izrdeba daubegravi xelfasi. am aRmoCenis interpretacia odnav frTxilad unda moxdes: aq SesaZloa fiqsirdebodes mizanmimarTuli qmedeba _ Stati, romlis moqalaqeebis xelfasi izrdeba, yovelTvis ufro progresiul sagadasaxado sistemas emxroba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebulia yuradRebiT movekidoT im process, rodesac decentralizebuli iurisdiqcia Semosavlis gadanawilebis funqcias sakuTar Tavze iRebs.
decentralizebuli sistemis upiratesobani
Sedegis morgeba adgilobriv gemovnebaze. zogierT mSobels surs, rom misma Svilma iseT skolaSi iswavlos, romelSic sportuli programebi moqmedebs; mSobelTa meore nawili miiCnevs, rom es ar aris saWiro. adamianTa erT nawils uyvars parkebi; meore nawils _ ara. centralizebuli xelisufleba uzrunvelyofs erTsa da imave sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, miuxedavad adamianTa gansxvavebuli gemovnebisa. rogorc tokvili aRniSnavda, `centralizebul saxelmwifoSi kanonebic ki erTgvarovania, romelic yovelTvis ver ergeba gansxvavebul adaTebsa da raionebs~. cxadia, sruliad araefeqtiania individis uzrunvelyofa imaze meti an cota sazogadoebrivi saqonliT, vidre amis survili aqvs Tavad individs (da, Tanac, Tu arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom zustad movargoT moculoba individis preferencias). decentralizebuli sistemis farglebSi individebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv saqonelze msgavsi gemovnebiT xasiaTdebian, erTad ikribebian, ris Sedegad sazogadoeba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis im saxeobasa da raodenobas uzrunvelyofs, rac mis macxovrebels (gaixseneT, rogor davaxasiaTeT sazogadoeba `klubad~) surs.
adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlos imyofeba xalxTan da, amdenad, mosaxleobis preferenciebis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea, vidre centraluri xelisufleba9. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi did raionSia, sadac yvela individis gemovnebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis xarji Zalian didia. makdonaldsis mTavarma aRmasrulebelma direqtorma erTxel aseTi ram Tqva: `SeuZlebelia 25000 restornis centralizebuli marTva. bevri gadawyvetileba gasaRebis adgilas unda iqnes miRebuli~ [barboza, 1999]. gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi federaciuli sistemac iziarebs am princips.
9
Tumca, Tu zogierTi sazogadoebis wevrTa preferenciebi negatiuria, maSin adgilobrivi xelisuflebis aRniSnuli Rirseba mis sisusted iqceva. ase magaliTad, romelime sazogadoebam SesaZloa, daakanonos monoba. im garemoebaTa gansazRvra, romlis drosac centraluri xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas eqneba upiratesi Zala Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze, sakmaod rTulia politikuri da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT.
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logikuri msjelobiT aseT daskvnamde mivdivarT: rac ufro meti preferencia arsebobs erT arealSi, miT ufro didia decentralizebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi. am mosazrebis dasadastureblad strumfma da oberholcer-gim [2002] Statebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani gamoikvlies. maT ainteresebdaT, Tu romeli mTavroba aregulirebs liqioriT vaWrobas Statebis mixedviT. sxvadasxva mrwamsis individebis Sexeduleba liqioriT vaWrobis akrZalvis Sesaxeb sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. maSasadame, federalizmis Teoria cxadyofs, rom religiuri mravalferovnebis mqone StatebSi unda moxdes alkoholis maregulirebeli politikis decentralizeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). aRmoCnda, rom realurad zustad ase xdeba _ adgilobrivi kontroli izrdeba Statis SigniT preferenciaTa varirebis mixedviT.
federalizmis logikis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos doneze miRebuli ekonomikuri regulacia SesaZloa, yvela sazogadoebaSi qmediTi ar gamodges. ase magaliTad, Cven ukve vuCveneT me-5 TavSi, rom uazrobaa mTeli qveynis masStabiT erTgvarovani garemosdacviTi reglamentebis SemoReba. dabinZurebis Semcirebis zRvruli xarji da sargebeli damokidebulia mosaxleobis simWidroveze, amindze da sxva maxasiaTeblebze. mocemul iurisdiqciaSi Tanamdebobis pirni floben ufro ukeTes informacias am teritoriis specifikuri niSan-Tvisebis Sesaxeb, vidre federaluri mTavroba; amdenad, upriani iqneba, Tu maT eqnebaT garkveuli damoukidebloba maregulirebeli politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Stats SeuZlia aiRos pasuxismgebloba federaluri garemosdacviTi politikis Sesrulebaze, rac Stats regulirebis saboloo Sedegis gansazRvris mniSvnelovan Zalauflebas miscems. Stati, romelic ase moqmedebs, ufro mkacri regulirebiT gamoirCeva, vidre is Stati, sadac aRniSuli qmedeba federaluri xelisuflebis mieraa Sesrulebuli [Sigman, 2003].
mTavrobaTaSorisi konkurenciis zrda. xSirad mTavrobebs ara aqvT imis stimuli, rom gaswion minimaluri xarji warmoebaze (ix. me-6 Tavi). kerZo firmis menejeri, romelic ar aris orientirebuli danaxarjis minumamde Semcirebaze, sabolood tovebs bizness. amis sapirispirod, mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi agrZeleben aseTi meTodiT saqmianobas. Tu moqalaqes sacxovreblad sazogadoebis amorCevis SesaZlebloba eqneba, maSin igi SearCevs im sazogadoebas, romelsac kargi menejeri hyavs. aseTma saSiSroebam SesaZloa, STaagonos mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis pirs, rom man unda uzrunvelyos maqsimalurad efeqtiani warmoeba da iyos ufro metad pasuxismgebeli Tavisi moqalaqeebis mimarT. aucilebelia, aRiniSnos, rom, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi rac ufro decentralizebulia qveynis fiskaluri sistema, miT naklebad korumpirebulia misi mTavroba [Fisman and Gatti, 2002].
adgilobriv doneze uzrunvelyofili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsperimentireba da inovacia. arsebobs bevri upasuxo politikuri SekiTxva.
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arsebobs ki erTi gadawyvetileba, romelic saukeTeso iqneba yvela situaciaSi? iqneb ukeTesi iqneba, Tu TiToeul sazogadoebas mivcemT uflebas, airCios Tavisi gza da Semdeg ki SevadarebT Sedegebs? diversificirebuli mTavrobiTi sistema problemis axleburi mogvarebis SesaZleblobas zrdis. uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem, luis brendisma, erTxel aRniSna: `federaciuli sistemis erT-erTi bedniereba swored is aris, rom romelime gambedav Stats SeuZlia, Tavisi moqalaqeebis nebis safuZvelze gadaiqces im laboratoriad, romelSic Catardeba moraluri, socialuri da ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi da, Tanac, aranairi riski ar miadgeba qveynis darCenil nawils~.
rogorc sakiTxebze:
·
·
·
Cans,
brendisis
laboratoriebi,
marTlac,
muSaoben
Semdeg
saniveili, kalifornia: dainerga Sesrulebaze dafuZnebuli biujetireba, romlis Tanaxmad, biujeti xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva programebis gatarebasTan dakavSirebuli mkafio da zusti miznebiT. ase magaliTad, qalaqis parkis departamenti valdebulia, aanazRauros dakarguli sakuTreba sami samuSao dRis drois 90% -is ganmavlobaSi. sxva qalaqebi akvirdebian, ramdenad gaaumjobesebs Sesrulebas aseTi eqspermenti. filadelfia: sazogadoebriv saskolo sistemaze pasuxismgebelma sabWom 40 warumatebeli skolis kontrolis funqcia 7 gareSe menejers gadasca. es aris `yvelaze didi eqsperimenti amerikuli saskolo raionebis privatizaciis istoriaSi” [Steinberg, 2002, gv. A3]. florida: gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldeba manqana-danadgarebis SeZena im kompaniebis mier, romlebic daiqiraveben da amuSaveben daxmarebis programebis yofil recipientebs.
warsulSi ganxorcielebuli zogierTi eqsperimenti dRes federalur politikad qceula. didi depresiis dros saxelmwifo sapensio fondis damaarseblebma gamoiyenes is gamocdileba, romelic ramdenime StatSi arsebobda, sadac socialuri dazRvevis programebi tardeboda.
Sedegebi
Cveni msjelobidan aSkarad Cans, rom srulad decentralizebuli sistema ver uzrunvelyofs socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizacias. efeqtianobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia Semdegi pirobis dakmayofileba: mTeli qveynisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqoneli (magaliTad, saxelmwifo Tavdacva) uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes saxelmwifo doneze, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli ki adgilobriv doneze unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.
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Tumca ra gavakeToT im sazogadoebriv saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mniSvnelovania ara mTeli qveynisaTvis, aramed ramdenime sazogadoebisaTvis? erT-erTi gza erTi regionaluri mTavrobis qveS maTi gaerTianebaa. Teoriulad, mTavroba izrunebs moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze da, Tanac, daaregulirebs garegan efeqtebs. Tumca didi mTavrobiTi iurisdiqcia adgilobrivi gemovnebis gansxvavebaTa mimarT naklebad sensitiuri iqneba.
garegani efeqtis daregulirebis alternatiuli meTodi pigus gadasaxadebisa da subsidirebis sistemis gamoyenebaa. me-5 Tavi gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos efeqtianobis amaRleba im qmedebaTa dabegvris gziT SeuZlia, romlebic uaryofiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis da im qmedebaTa subsidirebiT, romelic dadebiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis. centralur xelisuflebas SeuZlia amgvari meTodis gamoyeneba adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. ase magaliTad, Tu dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba qmnis iseT sargebels, romelic iurisdiqciis farglebs scdeba, maSin centraluri mTavroba sazogadoebebs ganaTlebis subsidiebiT uzrunvelyofs. adgilobrivi avtonomia SenarCunebulia da, Tanac, koreqtirebulia garegani efeqti. Cven mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli zogierTi federaluri granti garkveulwilad misdevs am models.
Cveni Teoriis mixedviT, sakmaod mkafiodaa gamijnuli pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebaze _ adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli unda uzrunvelyos adgilobrivma mTavrobam, xolo saxelmwifo sazogadoebrivi saqoneli ki _ centralurma xelisuflebam. praqtikulad, mTavrobis sxvadasxva done mniSvnelovnad urTierTqmedebs. ase magaliTad, samarTaldamcavi pirebi saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenelni arian. maT qmedebaTa didi nawili federaluri sisxlis samarTlis Tanaxmad imarTeba, romelic `Zalian gafarTovda imis gamo, rom kongresma brZola gamoucxada iseT danaSauls, rogoricaa manqanis gataceba da eklesiaTa gadawva, agreTve, pirutyvis sadgomi adgilebis gapartaxeba [Derthick, 2000, gv. 27]. aseTi reglamentebis gareSe adgilobriv erTeuls gauWirdeba mdgomareobis daregulireba. amdenad, maTi arseboba mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs keTildReobas. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom federaluri regulirebis sistema qvefederalur saxelisuflebo erTeulebze imdenad garTulebulia, rom SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli donis mTavrobas akisria esa Tu is funqcia. wardgenil iqna aSS-is federaciuli sistemis reformirebis ramdenime winadadeba. winadadebebi optimaluri federalizmis Teoriis safuZvelze momzadda, magram arc erTi maTgani ar iqna damtkicebuli. am winadadebaTa politikuri kraxis mizezi kargadaa axsnili masaCusetis warmomadgenlis, berni frankis, mier: `kongresmenTa 99,9 procents calsaxad surs, rom esa Tu is sakiTxi mTavrobis im donem gadawyvitos, romelic ise gadawyvets am sakiTxs, rogorc Tavad am kongresmens surs” [Clymer, 1997, gv. 6].
676
Tu pasuxismgebloba kargadaa ganawilebuli, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom igive iTqvas Semosavlis ganawilebaze? ekonomistTa didi nawili darwmunebulia, rom Cven mier ukve ganxiluli mobilurobis aspeqtebi adgilobriv mTavrobas abrkoleben, TviTonve miaRwios ganawilebiT miznebs. is individualuri iurisdiqcia, romelic ecdeba, Tavad miaRwios ganawilebiT mizans, finansur krizisSi aRmoCndeba. swored amitom niuiorki mudmivad fiskaluri siZneleebis winaSe dgas xolme. faqtobrivad, Semosavlis SenarCunebis mizniT xarjebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri mTavrobis doneze gaiweva. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa, damatebiTi daxmareba umweoTaTvis, sasursaTo talonebi, krediti miRebul Semosavalze _ TiToeuli maTgani federalur programas warmoadgens. 1996 wlis keTildReobis reformis (ix. me-8 Tavi) Semdeg Statebs daekisraT axali pasuxismgebloba am arealSi, Tumca maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuladi saxsrebi im TanxebTan SedarebiT, romelic federaluri xelisuflebis mier ixarjeba, mcirea.
saxelmwifo ganaTleba federaciul sistemaSi
axla ki gamoviyenoT optimaluri federalizmis Teoria ganaTlebis gasaanalizeblad. ganaTleba Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis biujetebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens10. 1999 wels ganaTlebaze saxelmwifos mier 566 miliardi aSS dolari daixarja, romelSic federaluri xelisuflebis wili iyo 14,6%, Statis xelisuflebis wili _ 22%, xolo danarCeni ki mTavrobis sxva donis danaxarjebze modioda. ganaTlebaze modis Statis pirdapiri danaxarjis 28% da adgilobrivi danaxarjis 38% [aSSis aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 135, 270]. 10-dan 9 amerikeli bavSvi saxelmwifo skolaSi swavlobs.
Seesabameba Tu ara sxvadasxva donis xelisuflebis mier ganaTlebis dafinansebis sistema Cvens Sexedulebas optimaluri federalizmis Taobaze? saqonlis decentralizebuli wesiT uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi argumenti is aris, rom aseTi gziT warmoebuli saqoneli zustad ergeba adgilobriv gemovnebas. yvela mSobels aqvs kompetenturi mosazreba Svilis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb da es mosazreba varirebs sazogadoebaTa mixedviT. amdenad, kargi iqneba, Tu ganaTleba uzrunvelyofil iqneba adgilobriv mTavrobaTa mier. arc is iqneba cudi, rom adgilobrivi mTavroba miiRebs mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs adgilobrivi saskolo segmentis Sesaxeb, dafinanseba ki uzrunvelyofil iqneba centraluri da Statebis xelisuflebis mier. Tumca, politikuri kuTxiT, sakmaod rTuli iqneba kontrolis SenarCuneba iseT skolebze, romlebic sxva donis xelisuflebis mieraa dafinansebuli – musikas ukveTavs is, vinc ixdis. kaliforniaSi, magaliTad, sajaro finansebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba saxelmwifo xelisuflebidan modis. saxelmwifo skolebSi moqmedebs 900010
ufro mniSvnelovani SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, unda Caerios ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, ganxilulia me-4 TavSi.
Tu
ara saxelmwifo
677
gverdiani kodeqsi saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romelSic detaluradaa aRwerili, Tu romeli saxelmZRvanelo unda SeiZinos skolam, rogor iswavlebodes sagnebi da rom skolebis kafeteriam unda uzrunvelyos samzareulos sruli momsaxurebis paketi sxva Tanabar pirobebSi [Kronholz, 2000, gv. A10].
adgilobrivi mTavroba ganaTlebas dabegvridan miRebuli sakuTrebis Semosavlebis gziT afinansebs. sakuTrebis moculoba saskolo raionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia. sakuTrebis dasabegri bazis mravalferovneba ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas saskolo raionebis dafinansebaSi. ase magaliTad, 2001-2002 saswavlo wels umdidresma raionma texasSi TiToeul studentze 12600 aSS dolari daxarja, xolo uRaribesma raionma ki _ 4500 dolari. ganaTlebis xarjviTi nawilis Sesaxeb arsebuli egalitarianuli midgomis Tanaxmad, aseTi gansxvavebis ganeitralebis mizniT kargi iqneboda, Tu dafinanseba uzrunvelyofili iqneboda mTavrobis im donis mier, romelic gadaanawilebda resursebs adgilobriv sazRvrebze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra daemarTeboda adgilobriv avtonomias. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT am TavSi, mTavrobaTaSorisi granti ganaTlebis finansebis mniSvnelovani komponentia.
ganaTlebisaTvis gamoyofili federaluri finansebi ori mimarTulebiT ixarjeba: dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze. ganaTlebis saministro afinansebs iseT saswavlo programebs, romliTac sargebloben gonebrivad SezRuduli (8,5 miliardi aSS dolari 2001 wels) da fizikurad SezRuduli (5,8 miliardi aSS dolari) mosaxleoba [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 135]. es ki zustad Seesabameba im mosazrebas, rom rTulia gadanawilebis politikis ganxorcieleba adgilobriv doneze. umaRles saswavleblebSi federaluri Tanxebi ZiriTadad mecnierul kvlevas xmardeba. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli informacia sazogadoebrivi saqonelia da, Tanac, saqonlis centralizebuli uzrunvelyofa an misi subsidireba friraideris problemas aneitralebs, romelic adgilobriv doneze ase aqtualuria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom federaluri mTavrobis roli ganaTlebis sistemaSi dafinansebiT ar aris SezRuduli. saxelmwifo ganaTlebas farTomasStabiani federaluri kanonmdebloba da reglamentebi marTavs. federaluri kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: maswavlebelTa treningi, biblioTekebi, standartebi SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone studentTaTvis da sqesobrivi aRzrda. Stati, romelic federalur kanonTa Sesabamisad ar moqmedebs, federalur Tanxebs dakargavs. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikuli ganaTlebis dafinansebis sistema optimaluri federalizmis ZiriTad postulatebs Seesabameba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis pasuxismgebloba arc ise mkafiodaa gamijnuli, rogorc amas Teoria gvaswavlis.
federalizmi da urbanuli krizisi
678
amerikis bevri qalaqi dgas seriozuli socialuri da ekonomikuri siZneleebis winaSe. urbanuli problema mravali ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis kleba, fizikurad daberebuli mezobeli arealebi, sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis anazRaurebis uunaroba, saxelmwifo daxmarebaze myofi rezidentebis maRali proporcia da bevri sxva. Teoriebi, romlebic qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli amgvari sirTuleebis warmomqmnel mizezebs ganmartaven, Zalian bevria: ixileT, magaliTad, milsisa da lubuelis [1997] kvleva. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis sistema urbanul krizisze.
warmovidginoT aseTi situacia: dabalSemosavliani ojaxi politikur Zalauflebas moipovebs da mas RaribisaTvis xelsayreli danaxarjebisa da gadasaxadebis dawesebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. davuSvaT, rom maRalSemosavliani individi, romelsac SeuzRudavi gadaadgileba SeuZlia da aseTi politika ar moswons, sacxovreblad gareubanSi gadava. Raribi mas ver gahyveba, SesaZloa imis gamo, rom naklebad mobiluria, an imis gamo, rom gareubanSi moqmedebs gamoricxviTi daraionebis municipaluri wesi. amis Sedegad qalaqSi gaizrdeba Rarib ojaxTa proporcia. amave dros, saSualo da maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis am teritoriidan wasvlis gamo Semcirdeba Semosavlisa da sakuTrebis dasabegri baza.
es aris urbanuli Wknobis erTob martivi modeli, romlis mTavari damnaSave adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis fragmentirebuli sistemaa. Tu mTel qalaqs Tavisi gareubnebianad erTi mTavroba daaregulirebda, maSin fiskaluri gadawyvetilebebi mTeli iurisdiqciisaTvis savaldebulo iqneboda, ris Sedegad maRalSemosavlian ojaxs sulac aRar eqneboda centridan gareubanSi gadabargebis survili. Tumca unificirebuli sistemis ganawilebiTi Sedegis ganWvreta Zalian rTulia. aucilebelia, detalurad da yuradRebiT iqnes ganxiluli nebismieri cvlileba dabegvrisa da danaxarjebis struqturaSi11.
mTeli saqalaqo arealis masStabiT erTgvarovani sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTebis dawesebis Sedegad SesaZloa, kapitaluri danakargi sakuTrebis im mflobelma ganicados, romelic adre saSualoze ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegreboda da piriqiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). ra moxdeba am cvlilebaTa gatarebis Sedegad? ufro samarTlianad ganawildeba Semosavlebi Tu naklebad samarTlianad? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bevr sxva informaciasTan erTad Cven gvesaWiroeba informacia qalaqSi miwis mesakuTreTa Tavdapirveli qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tu unificirebul sistemaze gadasvlis gziT qalaqSi gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba, xolo qalaqSi macxovrebeli miwis mflobelni ki sakmaod mdidrebi arian, maSin, cxadia, Semosavlebis ganawileba ufro arasamarTliani iqneba. xolo Tu qalaqeli miwis mflobelebi 11
msjeloba efuZneba bredfordsa da outs [1974].
679
naklebad mdidarni arian, vidre maTi gareubneli kolegebi, maSin Semosavlebi ufro samarTlianad ganawildeba. samwuxarod, qalaqSi macxovrebel miwis mesakuTreTa Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri informacia arsebobs.
TiToeuli studentis Tanabari saswavlo xarjebiT uzrunvelyofis gziT mTel qalaqSi (gareubnebis CaTvliT) maRalSemosavliani individidan dabalSemosavlian individze Semosavlis realuri gadanawileba moxdeba. moqmedi sistemis farglebSi maRali Semosavlis mqone sazogadoeba cdilobs, daxarjos meti ganaTlebaze, vidre is sazogadoeba, romelsac naklebi Semosavlebi aqvs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeba yvela sazogadoebriv momsaxurebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis gaTanabreba mTeli qalaqis masStabiT (gareubnebis CaTvliT), maSin yvelaze metad dazaraldeba qalaqis centrSi mcxovrebi Raribi rezidenti, radgan mcire qveurbanuli sazogadoebebi xSirad ufro naklebi masStabis momsaxurebas sTavazoben rezidentebs, vidre TviTon qalaqebi. gareubani, magaliTad, SesaZloa, amuSavebdes nebayoflobiT saxanZro samsaxurs, xolo gasufTavebis prerogativas ki kerZo firmebs gadascemdes. Tanabari danaxarjebis dawesebiT yvelaze metad aseTi tipis sazogadoeba isargeblebs sxva Tanabar pirobebSi.
Cveni msjeloba gvaZlevs aseTi hipoTezis gamoTqmis saSualebas: urbanuli problemebi Zalian mcire masStabis negatiur zemoqmedebas axdens gareubnebze. amis sapirispirod, hotvouti da inmani [2002] amtkicebdnen, rom sustad marTvadi qalaqis finansebi xels uwyobs mosaxleobisa da firmis gadasaxlebas mTeli saqalaqo zonidan (gareubnebis CaTvliT), rasac sabolood gareubnebSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebisaken mivyavarT. saerTod, gareubnis macxovrebeli dainteresebuli unda iyos centraluri qalaqis finansuri momZlavrebiT da garkveuli Tanxac gaiRos am mizniT. amisaTvis ki saqalaqo zonaSi (gareubnebis CaTvliT) sajaro finansebis unificirebuli sistemis danergva da amoqmedebaa saWiro.
unificirebuli sistemis ZiriTadi naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi sazogadoebis avtonomias mkacrad zRudavs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari erTob efeqtian Sedegebs iZleva. rogorc Cans, ar aris sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom davadginoT, Tu romeli sistema iqneba ufro prioritetuli. saqalaqo arealis konsolidacias arasodes Sexvedrian aRtacebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. praqtikulad, urbanuli fiskaluri problemebis daregulirebis mTavari meTodi grantebiT daxmarebaa, romelic federaluri da Statebis xelisuflebis mier gaiweva. grantebi emateba sakuTrebis adgilobrivi gadasaxadis amoRebis gziT miRebul Semosavlebs. axla ki ganvixiloT adgilobrivi mTavrobis Semosavlis ori ZiriTadi wyaro: sakuTrebis gadasaxadi da mTavrobaTaSorisi granti.
680
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi
1999 wels aSS-Si sakuTrebis gadasaxadma 240 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina, aqedan daaxloebiT 12 miliardi Segrovebul iqna Statebis mier, xolo 228 miliardi aSS dolari ki _ adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 270]. aSS-Si ar moqmedebs federaluri gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi SesaZloa, arc ise mniSvnelovani iyos saxelmwifo poziciidan, magram igi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs adgilobriv sajaro finansebSi. masze adgilobrivi mTavrobis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 72% modis.
individis qonebis sagadasaxado valdebuleba warmoadgens sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da sakuTrebis SefasebiT Rirebulebas. es saris Rirebuleba, romelsac iurisdiqcia awesebs sakuTrebaze. xSir SemTxvevaSi iurisdiqciaTa mizania, sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisi SefasebiTi Rirebuleba daawesos12. magram Tu sakuTrebis raRac nawili ar gayidula ukanasknel periodSi, maSin sagadasaxado samsaxuris warmomadgenelma namdvilad araferi icis misi sabazro Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi unda gakeTdes Sefaseba, romelic ukanasknel periodSi gayiduli msgavsi maxasiaTeblebis mqone saqonlis sabazro Rirebulebas daefuZneba.
sabazro da SefasebiTi Rirebulebas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba iurisdiqciaSi moqmedi Sefasebis proceduris sizustesa da akuratulobis xarisxzea damokidebuli. SefasebiTi Rirebulebis damokidebuleba sabazro Rirebulebis mimarT Sefasebis koeficientis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tu yvela saxis sakuTrebaze dawesebulia Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTi da Tanabari SefasebiTi koeficienti, maSin maTi faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi Tanabari iqneba. davuSvaT, rom Sefasebis koeficientebi mainc gansxvavebulia sakuTrebis saxeobaTa mixedviT. ofelia da hamleti floben sakuTrebas da TiToeuli maTganis sakuTrebis Rirebuleba 100 aTasi aSS dolaria. ofelias sakuTreba 100 aTas aSS dolaradaa Sefasebuli, xolo hamletisa ki _ 80 aTas aSS dolarad. cxadia, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTiT daibegrebian (davuSvaT, 2%-iT), maSin ofelia daibegreba 2%-iani faqtobrivi ganakveTiT (=$2000/$100000), romelic ufro maRali iqneba, vidre hamletis 1,6%-iani ganakveTi (=$1600/$100000). faqtobrivad, Zalian bevr sazogadoebaSi imdenad cudadaa Sefasebuli sakuTreba, rom is sakuTreba, romelic Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTiT ibegreba, realurad datvirTulia radikalurad gansxvavebuli faqtobrivi ganakveTebiT.
12
zogjer sakuTrebis gansazRvruli forma sistematurad Sefasebulia ufro dabali ganakveTiT, vidre sxva sakuTreba. magaliTad, Statebi gansakuTrebulad afaseben fermis sakuTrebas.
681
cxrili 20.2 sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi zogierT qalaqSi
qalaqi
faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi*
nevarki
3,34%
atlanta
1,87
detroiti
1,81
niu-orleani
1,70
Sarlota
1,13
los-anJelesi
1,07
Cikago
0,93
niu-iorki
0,80
* mocemulia 2000 wlis monacemebi. wyaro: aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, SeerTebuli Statebis statistikis amonaridi: 2002 (vaSingtoni, aSS-is mTavrobiTi beWdviTi organo, 2002), gv. 290.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gansaxilvelad dasawyisSive unda gaviazroT, rom aSS-Si aTasobiT iurisdiqcia qonebis sagadasaxado sistemas met-naklebad damoukideblad uZRveba. arc erTi iurisdiqcia ar iyenebs qonebis srulyofil sazoms, amdenad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba imis mixedviT, Tu sakuTrebis ra saxe eqvemdebareba gamoricxvas dasabegri bazidan da ra ganakveTebi moqmedebs. religiuri dawesebulebebi, agreTve, is dawesebulebebi, romlebic ar arian orientirebulni mogebaze, axorcieleben `nebayoflobiT~ Senatans im gadasaxadebis nacvlad, romelTa gadaxdac sakuTrebis safuZvelze ekisrebaT. zogierTi sazogadoeba axal bizness preferenciuli reJimiT begravs, albaT, imitom, rom ufro meti komerciuli saqmianoba moizidos. ramdenime arealSi ibegreba piradi qoneba da ara sacxovrebeli saxli. rogorc wesi, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebulia manqanebi, Zvirfaseuloba, aqciebi da obligaciebi. Tumca is miwa, romelzec ganTavsebulia sakuTreba, eqvemdebareba dabegvras, magram, rogorc 20.2 cxrili gviCvenebs, faqtobrivi ganakveTebi iurisdiqciebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven kvlav gavagrZelebT saubars sakuTrebis gadasaxadze, rogorc `gansazRvrul~ gadasaxadze, gaxsovdeT, rom es ase ar aris. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi imdenad mravalferovania, rom SeuZlebelia, mTlianobaSi sistemis ekonomikuri efeqti SevafasoT.
682
gadasaxadis ganawileba da efeqtianobis Sedegebi
da mainc, vis ekisreba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis tvirTi? pasuxi am kiTxvaze erTob mravalgvaria. Cven axla sam sxvadasxva mosazrebas ganvixilavT da Semdeg SevecdebiT, isini garkveulwilad davukavSiroT erTmaneTs.
tradiciuli mosazreba: sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, rogorc aqcizi. tradiciuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris aqcizuri gadasaxadi, romliTac miwa da Senoba-nagebobani ibegreba. gadasaxadi nawildeba Sesabamisi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudTa formebis safuZvelze, rogorc es me-12 TavSia ganmartebuli. mrudebis forma miwisa da Senoba-nagebobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia.
grafiki 20.1
683
miwa. miwis farTobi fiqsirebulia, amitom misi miwodebis mrudi srulyofilad vertikaluria da misi mflobeli ixdis mTel gadasaxads. imis gamo, rom miwis farTobi dafiqsirebulia, SeuZlebelia gadasaxadisagan `Tavis daRweva~. es kargad aris ilustrirebuli 20.1 grafikze. Sl aris miwis miwodeba. gadasaxadis dawesebamde moTxovnis mrudi iyo Dl , xolo miwis wonasworobiTi saijaro Rirebuleba ki _
P0l . Rirebulebis gadasaxadis daweseba moTxovnis
mruds Semoatrialebs. moTxovnis mrudi gadasaxadebis dawesebis Semdeg iqneba
Dl¢ . miwis mimwodeblebis (miwis mesakuTreTa) mier miRebuli saijaro qira aris Pnl , romelic zustad im adgilas mdebareobs, sadac miwodebis mrudi D¢l -s gadakveTs. momxmareblis mier gadaxdili saijaro qira Pnl -ze TiToeuli akris gadasaxadis
damatebis
gziT
dgindeba,
Sedegad
ki
viRebT
Pgl -s. rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili saijaro qira ucvlelia (
P0l = Pgl ), xolo miwis mflobelTa mier miRebuli saijaro qira ki zustad gadasaxadis toli TanxiT klebulobs. sagadasaxado tvirTi ekisreba.
amdenad,
miwis
mflobels
mTeli
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-12 TavSi, gansazRvrul pirobebSi miwis RirebulebaSi gadasaxadis kapitalizacia xdeba. potenciuri miwis mesakuTre kargad gaiazrebs im faqts, rom miwis yidvasTan erTad is sakuTar Tavze iRebs did sagadasaxado valdebulebasac. swored amitom mas naklebi fasis gadaxda surs miwis yidvis dros. amdenad, miwis mesakuTre, gadasaxadis dawesebis momentidan, mTel tvirTs atarebs. momavali miwis mesakuTre gamowers Ceks sagadasaxado samsaxurisaTvis, Tumca aseTi gadaxda ar warmoadgens realur tvirTs, radgan igi, ubralod, yidvis dros gadaxdil dabal fass abalansebs. kapitalizaciis Sedegad, miwis gadasaxadis ganawilebis gansazRvra rTuldeba. axlandeli mflobelis vinaobis codna ar aris sakmarisi; aucilebelia, vicodeT, Tu vin iyo miwis mepatrone gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi.
Tu davuSvebT, rom miwis miwodeba ar aris fiqsirebuli, maSin aucilebeli iqneba Cveni bolo analizis modificireba. ase magaliTad, urbanuli miwis miwodeba SesaZloa, urbanul areals gascdes (romelic sasoflo-sameurneo raionTan axlos mdebareobs). analogiurad, miwodeba SesaZloa, gaizardos, Tu narCenebis adekvaturi utilizacia xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi miwis gadasaxads miwis mflobeli da misi momxmarebeli inawilebs, xolo proporcia ki moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobazea damokidebuli. Tumca yvelaze kargad arsebul situacias miwis miwodebis vertikaluri mrudi asaxavs.
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grafiki 20.2
Senoba-nagebobani. imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT Senoba-nagebobebis dabegvris tradiciul mosazrebaSi, kargi iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT kapitalis saxelmwifo bazars. kapitalis gamoyeneba ramdenime mizniTaa SesaZlebeli: Senobanagebobebis asaSeneblad, warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis saSualebad, iseTi saxelmwifo proeqtebisaTvis, rogoricaa damba da a.S. nebismier mocemul droSi kapitals aqvs fasi, romelic mis moxmarebas gansazRvravs. tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, samSeneblo industria, albaT, moipovebs misTvis saWiro kapitals sabazro fasad. amdenad, SenobanagebobaTa miwodebis mrudi srulyofilad horizontaluria.
Senoba-nagebobaTa
bazari
20.2
grafikzea
asaxuli.
damqiraveblis moTxovna iyo D B , xolo miwodebis mrudi - S B B 0
B 0
mimdinare fasis ( P ) pirobebSi. P
dabegvramde
horizontaluri
fasis pirobebSi gacvlili raodenoba iyo
B0 . gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg moTxovnis mrudi, Semotrialda D B¢ , iseve, rogorc miwis moTxovnis mrudi Semotrialda 20.1 grafikSi. magram Sedegi absoluturad gansxvavebulia. Senoba-nagebobaTa mimwodeblebis mier miRebuli fasi, PnB , igivea, rac gadasaxadis dawesebamde iyo ( PnB = P0B ). Senoba-nagebobaTa
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mosurneebi ixdian
PgB fass, romelic mis Tavdapirvel Rirebulebas,
P0B -s,
zustad gadasaxadis TanxiT aRemateba. rogorc vxedavT, sagadasaxado tvirTi mTlianad damqiravebels ekisreba. Cven aseTi Sedegi mxolod imis Semdeg miviReT, rac davuSviT, rom miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria. rogorc Cans, horizontaluri miwodebis mrudi gulismxobs imas, rom kapitali male datovebs binaTmSeneblobis seqtors, Tu misi ukugeba ar iqneba sul mcire P0B . Tu ar daecema mimwodeblis mier miRebuli fasi, maSin damqiravebelma unda itvirTos mTeli gadasaxadi.
tradiciuli Sexedulebis Sedegebi. miwis gadasaxadis nawils ixdis miwis mflobeli (an gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi dafiqsirebuli mflobeli mainc), Senoba-nagebobaze arsebul gadasaxads ki - misi damqiravebeli. amdenad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, miwis SemTxvevaSi, ganisazRvreba miRebuli saijaro Semosavlis gansazRvruli proporciis safuZvelze. Senoba-nagebobaze daricxuli gadasaxadi gamoyenebuli Senobis proporciis safuZvelze gadaixdeba. rogorc Cans, miwis gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba gadasaxadis progresiulobaze damokidebulia imaze, gaizrdeba Tu ara Semosavlis wili miwis flobidan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom wili izrdeba, maSasadame, miwis gadasaxadi progresiulia. analogiurad, Senoba-nagebobaTa gadasaxadis progresiuloba damokidebulia imaze, izrdeba sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli Semosavlis proporcia, Tu mcirdeba. Tu mcirdeba, maSin Senoba-nagebobis gadasaxadi regresiulia da piriqiT.
uamravi kvleva Catarda imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor reagirebs sacxovrebelze gaweuli danaxarjebi Semosavlis cvlilebebze. konsensusis miRweva dagvianda imis gamo, rom ver moxerxda Semosavlis koncefciis dadgena. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, aucilebelia bazisad wliuri Semosavlis gamoyeneba. maT surT, daadginon, rom Semosavlis proporcia, romelic sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis dasafarad gamoiyeneba, Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. gamodis, rom gadasaxadi regresiulia. mkvlevarTa meore nawili miiCnevs, rom mudmivi (permanentuli) Semosavali sacxovreblis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis interpretaciisaTvis ufro adekvaturia. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, is faqti, rom ojaxis Semosavali mocemul weliwads imaze maRali an dabalia, vidre misi permanentuli Semosavali, Zalian mcire doziT axdens zemoqmedebas sacxovreblis moxmarebaze. gadawyvetileba sacxovreblis Sesaxeb ojaxis grZelvadiani perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba da ara wliuri gadaxrebis mixedviT.
mudmivi Semosavlis momxreebma misi Sefasebis adekvaturi meqanizmic unda gamonaxon. mudmivi Semosavlis Sefasebis erT-erTi gza ramdenime wlis wliuri Semosavlebis saSualo sididis dadgenis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli xarji ufro mgrZnobiarea mudmivi Semosavlis, vidre wliuri Semosavlis mimarT. marTlac, friad areuli damadasturebeli sabuTebis miuxedavad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sacxovreblis moxmareba mudmivi
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Semosavlis proporciulia. amdenad, gamodis, rom Senoba-nagebobaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi arc regresiulia da arc progresiuli. samwuxarod, wliur Semosavalze dafuZnebuli analizi, romelic gadasaxadis regresiulobaze miuTiTebs, zogadad, dominirebs xolme gadasaxadis Sesaxeb gamarTul diskusiebSi.
axali Sexeduleba: sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, rogorc kapitalis gadasaxadi. tradiciuli mosazreba standartul nawilobriv wonasworobiT safuZvelzea agebuli. rogorc me-12 TavSi aRiniSna, zogjer nawilobrivi wonasworobiTi analizi erTob sasargebloa; Tumca igi xandaxan iseT Sedegebsac gvaZlevs, romlebsac mniSvnelovan gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT SecdomaSi SevyavarT. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb arsebuli e.w. axali Sexeduleba dafuZnebulia zogad wonasworobaze da sakmaod moulodnel Sedegebsac gvaZlevs.
axali Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi warmoadgens qonebis ZiriTad gadasaxads, romlis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli aqtivebis nawili saSualoze dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba, xolo zogierTi ki _ maRali ganakveTiT. aucilebelia, gaanalizdes rogorc gadasaxadis saSualo done, aseve gadaxrebi saSualo donidan.
zogadi gadasaxadis efeqti. warmovidginoT, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi SesaZloa, ganxilul iqnes, rogorc unificirebuli gadasaxadi yvela saxis kapitalze. gamodis, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis gadasaxadi kapitalze dawesebuli zogadi faqtoruli gadasaxadi iqneba. rogorc me-12 TavSi iyo naCvenebi, rodesac faqtoris miwodeba fiqsirebulia, mas ekisreba zogadi gadasaxadis mTeli tvirTi. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi mTlianad kapitalis mflobels ekisreba. imdenad, ramdenadac kapitalisgan miRebuli Semosavlis proporcia Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, kapitalis gadasaxadi progresiulia. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi progresiulia. am aRmoCenam mTeli tradiciuli Sexeduleba Tavdayira daayena!
aqcizuri gadasaxadis efeqti. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi erTgvarovan (unificirebul) gadasaxads kategoriulad ar warmoadgens. ganakveTebi gansxvavebulia sakuTrebis tipisa da maTi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. amrigad, qonebis gadasaxadi kapitalis aqcizuri gadasaxadis nakrebia. axali mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kapitali maRalgadasaxadiani adgilebidan im adgilebSi gadainacvlebs, sadac dabali gadasaxadia. es procesi Zalian waagavs me-12 TavSi aRweril harbergeris models _ kapitali dabali gadasaxadebis mqone arealSi migrirebs, amdenad, misi ukugebis daubegravi ganakveTi SedarebiT dabalia. amave dros, ukugebis daubegravi ganakveTi maRali gadasaxadebis mqone arealSi kapitalis gaTavisuflebasTan erTad izrdeba. procesi grZeldeba manam, vidre mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT ar gaTanabrdeba. zogadad, kapitalis moZraobasTan erTad warmoebis sxva faqtorTa
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ukugebac icvleba xolme. sxva faqtorebis zegavlena nawilobriv maT mobilurobazea damokidebuli. miwa, romelic absoluturad uZravia, veravis unawilebs gadasaxads (am konteqstSi axali da Zveli mosazrebani erTmaneTs emTxveva). analogiurad, gadasaxadis mTeli tvirTi kapitalis naklebad mobilur formebze gadadis. gadasaxadis saboloo ganawilebis masStabi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris organizebuli warmoeba, ra struqturiT xasiaTdeba momxmareblis moTxovna da ra xarisxisaa sxvadasxva faqtorTa mobiluroba.
grZelvadiani efeqti. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis zogad efeqtze saubris dros Cven aRvniSneT, rom xelmisawvdomi kapitali fiqsirebulia. Tumca, grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, kapitalis miwodeba damokidebuli iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTze. Tu sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Seamcirebs kapitalis miwodebis masStabs, daecema Sromis mwarmoebluroba da realuri xelfasi, xolo Tu gadasaxadi gazrdis kapitalis akumulirebas, maSin sawinaaRmdego moxdeba.
axali Sexeduleba - daskvna. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris kapitalis zogadi gadasaxadi, romlis aqtivTa garkveuli nawili saSualoze maRali, xolo nawili ki saSualoze dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba. gadasaxadis zogadi efeqti kapitalis ukugebis SemcirebaSi gamoixateba, romelic progresiulia Semosavlis ganawilebis zemoqmedebis mimarT. sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani aqcizis efeqts qmnis, zaraldeba is aramobiluri faqtorebi, romlebic maRali gadasaxadebis mqone arealSi ibegreba. koreqtirebis procesi sakmaod rTulia da, Tanac, progresiulobis xarisxze aqcizis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri informacia arsebobs. bevrs verafers vityviT kapitalis moculobis cvlilebiT gamowveuli grZelvadiani efeqtis mniSvnelobaze. Tu aqcizis da grZelvadiani efeqti arcTu Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens zogad efeqtze, maSin gamodis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadis zogadi Sedegi progresiulia.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, rogorc momxmareblis gadasaxadi. msjelobis dros ugulebelyofili iyo is faqti, rom sazogadoeba iyenebs sakuTrebis gadasaxads imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos iseTi sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba, rogoricaa ganaTleba da policia. tibos modelis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis SeZenis Rirebulebaa da TiToeuli individi zustad im moculobis momsaxurebas SeiZens, rasac daimsaxurebs. gamodis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi ar aris gadasaxadi; es TiTqos ufro sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisaTvis momxmareblis gadasaxadia. aseT logikas sam Sedegamde mivyavarT:
·
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis ganawilebis masStabi sruliad uazro terminia, radgan igi ar aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, rac klasikur gadasaxadad moiazreba;
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·
·
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi ar warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs – es aris gadasaxadi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisaTvis, amdenad, igi ar axdens zemoqmedebas sacxovreblis bazarze imaze metad, vidre nebismieri saqonlis fasi. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis gziT federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi im individTa mier, vinc sagadasaxado deklaraciis detalizirebas axorcielebs, faqtobrivad, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis moxmarebis subsidirebas axorcielebs. sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis moTxovnis daxriloba qvmoTkenaa mimarTuli, amdenad, gamoqviTva sxva Tanabar pirobebSi adgilobrivi saxelmwifo seqtoris moculobas zrdis.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakuTrebis gadasaxadsa da miRebul momsaxurebas Soris arsebuli kavSiri ZiriTadad araarsebiTia xolme, amdenad, ar aris saWiro, zedmeti mniSvneloba mivaniWoT imas, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi momxmareblis gadasaxadia. Tumca arc am daSvebis analizis gziT miRebuli Sedegebi unda daviviwyoT. ase magaliTad, Tu mosaxleoba dainteresebulia maT mier miRebuli sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT, sacxovrebelTan asocirebuli maRali sakuTrebis gadasaxadis damTrgunveli efeqti ganeitralebuli da SeCerebuli iqneba im sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT, romelic dafinansebulia am gadasaxadebiT. Tavis klasikur naSromSi ouTsma [1969] Camoayaliba sakuTrebis Rirebulebis ganmsazRvreli ekonometrikuli modeli. misi modelis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebaSi sacxovrebeli saxlis Rirebuleba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, pozitiur TanafardobaSia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis xarisxTan da negatiur damokidebulebaSi _ sagadasaxado ganakveTTan. cxadia, sazogadoebaTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia saxlis fasze moqmedi faqtorebi. aRniSnuli faqtorebi moicavs saxlis fizikur maxasiaTeblebs (oTaxebis raodenoba) da Tavad sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebs (manZili urbanuli centridan). swored am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom davadginoT, Tu ra zemoqmedeba aqvs sakuTrebis gadasaxadsa da adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels sakuTrebis Rirebulebaze. ouTsma amis dasadgenad mravaljeradi regresiis analizi gamoiyena.
ouTsis regresiuli analizis Sedegebis mixedviT, sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrda amcirebs saxlis Rirebulebas, maSin rodesac TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji zrdis imave maCvenebels. aseTi daskvnebis interpretacia seriozul sifrTxilesa da yuradRebas moiTxovs. daviwyoT imiT, rom TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji SesaZloa, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Sesafaseblad adekvaturi saSualeba arc iyos. adgilobrivi mTavroba amaze gacilebiT met sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas gvTavazobs (policia, parkebi, biblioTekebi). ufro metic, ganaTleba erTaderTi adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonelic rom iyos, TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji ganaTlebis xarisxis Sesafasebladac ki ar gamodgeba. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi danaxarjebi maRali iyos, radgan sazogadoebas uwevs sakmaod soliduri Tanxis gadaxda maswavleblebisaTvis, an maTi skolebi ar aris efeqtianad administrirebuli, an moswavleTa swavleba am sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia.
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ouTsis kvlevis Semdeg bevrma mkvlevarma Seiswavla is urTierToba, romelic sakuTrebis Rirebulebas, sakuTrebis gadasaxadebsa da adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels Soris arsebobs, gamoiyena ra sxvadasxva geografiuli arealis monacemebi da ganmartebiTi cvladebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebi mTlianobaSi areulia, ouTsis zogadi daskvna kvlavac qmediTia, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi da adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Rirebuleba kapitalizirebulia sacxovreblis fasSi (ix. magaliTad, Weimer and Wolkoff [2001]). amdenad, Tu ori sazogadoeba Tanabari xarisxisa da donis sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas gaswevs, xolo erTi maTgani ufro maRal gadasaxadebs awesebs, vidre meore (albaT, imis gamo, rom momsaxurebis danaxarji ufro maRalia), maSin pirvelSi sakuTrebis ufro dabali Rirebuleba dafiqsirdeba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. ufro zogadad, SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis wevrTa keTildReobis Sesaxeb sruli suraTis miReba, Tu sakuTrebis gadasaxads izolirebulad ganvixilavT. am mizniT aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT saxelmwifo momsaxurebis saxeebi da sakuTrebis Rirebuleba.
sami mosazrebis Sejereba. sami mosazreba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb namdvilad ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi da TiToeuli SesaZloa, sxvadasxva konteqstSi arsebobdes. ase magaliTad, Tu Cven gvainteresebs, ra mohyveba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gauqmebas da mis saxelmwifo gayidvis gadasaxadiT Canacvlebas, maSin mdgomareoba unda gaanalizdes `axali mosazrebis~ safuZvelze, radgan is cvlileba, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela sazogadoebaze, zogadi wonasworobis CarCos moiTxovs. meore mxriv, Tu mocemuli sazogadoeba sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcirebas apirebs da danakargis kompensireba adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadis saSualebiT aqvs dagegmili, maSin upriani iqneba `tradiciuli mosazrebiT~ sargebloba. erTi sazogadoeba xom Zalian pataraa did ekonomikasTan SedarebiT da misi kapitalis miwodeba aucileblad srulyofilad horizontaluri iqneba (20.2 grafiki). dabolos, rodesac gadasaxadebi da sargebeli erTad icvleba, xolo individebs ki Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gadaadgileba da sazogadoebis SerCeva, maSin yvelaze racionaluri `momxmareblis gadasaxadis mosazrebis~ gamoyeneba iqneba.
ratom sZulT ase Zalian sakuTrebis gadasaxadi adamianebs?
1978 wlis 7 ivniss kalifornielma amomrCevlebma miiRes Statis masStabiT moqmedi sagadasaxado SezRudvis iniciativa, romelic me-13 damatebis saxeliTaa cnobili. misi ZiriTadi debulebebia: (1) sakuTrebis gadasaxadze 1%-iani zeda zRvari, romlis dawesebis ufleba eqneboda adgilobriv xelisuflebas; (2) sakuTrebis SefasebiTi Rirebulebis SezRudva 1975 wels dafiqsirebul
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Rirebulebamde14 da (3) akrZalva, romlis mixedviTac, arc Statisa da arc adgilobriv mTavrobas adgilobriv amomrCevelTa ori mesamedis Tanxmobis gareSe sakuTrebis damatebiTi gadasaxadis dawesebis ufleba ar hqonda. me-13 damatebis SemoRebis gziT daiwyo brZola sakuTrebis gadasaxadis SezRudvis mimarTulebiT, romlis qarcecxli dResac sagrZnobia. sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi regularulad cxadyofs, rom xalxs ufro metad sZuls sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, vidre federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.
da mainc, ratom aris ase arapopularuli sakuTrebis gadasaxadi? am kiTxvaze ramdenime pasuxi arsebobs:
uZravi qonebis bazarze garigebebi erTob iSviaTad warmoebs, swored amitom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi SefasebiT Rirebulebas unda daekisros. iTvleba, rom aseTi Sefaseba arakompetenturad (an aralegalurad) keTdeba, gadasaxadi arasamarTlianadaa miCneuli.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Zalian TvalSisacemia. federaluri saSemosavlo da saxelfaso sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi, gadasaxdeli Tanxa momuSavis xelfasidan pirdapir kavdeba da mas damqiravebeli uricxavs saxelmwifos. amis sapirispirod, sakuTrebis gadasaxads pirdapir ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli. ufro metic, gadasaxadi gadasaxdelia xolme kvartalurad an wliurad, amdenad, individisaTvis igi yovelTvis mZimea. ramdenad seriozulia es argumenti? saerTod, rTulia am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. yvelaze gulmaviwyi moqalaqec ki, romelsac xandaxan aviwydeba is faqti, rom misi xelfasidan mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba federaluri saSemosavlo da saxelfaso gadasaxadebis dakaveba, iRebs Sexsenebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdens ixdis yovel aprils. am Tvis risxva ki adamians mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gahyveba xolme.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi regresiul gadasaxadadaa miCneuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba nawilobriv `tradiciuli mosazrebis~ uwyveti dominanturobiTaa ganpirobebuli. igi gamagrebulia im faqtiT, rom qonebis zogierT mesakuTres, gansakuTrebiT ki xandazmuls, ara aqvs saWiro raodenobis naRdi fuli imisaTvis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi gadaixados da, amdenad, iZulebulia, gayidos saxli. aseT fenomenze zogierTi Stati damcvelebis SemoRebiT reagirebs. damcveli gadasaxadis gadamxdels daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs (rogorc wesi, Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis anazRaurebis gziT). daxmarebis masStabi rezidentuli sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semosavlis gansazRvruli proporciis siWarbezea damokidebuli. ukeTesi gadawyvetileba sakuTrebis gadacemis momentamde gadasaxadebis gadavadeba iqneboda.
14
im qonebis Rirebuleba, romelic 1975 wlis Semdeg iyo SeZenili, garigebis dros arsebul sabazro Rirebulebas gautolda.
691
gadasaxadis gadamxdels SesaZloa, arc sxva gadasaxadebi xiblavdes, magram man icis, rom uZluria sxva gadasaxadebTan mimarTebaSi. gacilebiT martivia sakuTrebis gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg brZola, igi xom adgilobriv donezea dawesebuli. amis sapirispirod, Zalian rTuli iqneba federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg brZola, mis Sesamcireblad sul mcire seriozuli saxelmwifo kampaniis wamowyeba iqneba saWiro, rac farTo koordinaciasTan dakavSirebul udides xarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.
amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg xalxs masiurad aqvs mtroba aqvs gamocxadebuli. SesaZlebelia ki mdgomareobis gamosworeba? yvelaze mokrZalebuli gamosavali Sefasebis procedurebis gaumjobeseba iqneba. kompiuterebisa da Tanamedrove Sefasebis teqnikis gamoyenebiT, albaT, ufro unificirebul SefasebaTa gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. amJamad sxvadasxva faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi moqmedebs. erTgvarovanma sagadasaxado ganakveTebma SesaZloa, marTlac gamoasworos mdgomareoba. ufro rTuli iqneba Tanasworobis sakiTxis daregulireba. cxadia, irRveva horizontaluri Tanasworoba, rodesac identuri sakuTrebis mqone ori adamiani gansxvavebuli ganakveTiT ibegreba. kapitalizacia moiTxovs Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebas: erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi arsebuli mflobeli da amJamindeli mflobeli. araadekvaturad maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegrili sakuTreba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, ufro dabal fasad gaiyideba. amdenad, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi im individis finansur mdgomareobas, romelic sakuTrebas SeiZens gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg, ar auaresebs. marTlac, Sefasebis koeficientis gaTanabrebis Sedegad axal horizontalur uTanasworobas viRebT.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis ufro ambiciuri reforma iqneba misi gardaqmna pirad wminda qonebis gadasaxadad, romlis safuZveli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis aqtivisa da valdebulebis sabazro RirebulebaTa sxvaoba iqneba. aseTi sistemis upiratesoba is aris, rom igi iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis daqviTvas da amiT gadaxdisunarianobis ukeTes indeqss uzrunvelyofs. ufro metic, es aris piradi gadasaxadi, amdenad, SesaZlebeli iqneba Semosavlis garkveuli proporciis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da gadasaxadebis ise daweseba, rom progresiulobis sasurveli done iqnes miRweuli.
piradi wminda qonebis gadasaxadi zogadi gadasaxadis erT-erT saxes warmoadgens. wina TavSi Cven ukve ganvixileT is administraciuli da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic qonebis dabegvras ukavSirdeboda. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis reformis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia aRiniSnos Semdegi: individis aqtivi da valdebuleba SesaZloa, sxvadasxva iurisdiqciaSi iyos ganTavsebuli; swored amitom wminda qonebis gadasaxadi erTmniSvnelovnad administrirebuli unda iqnes federaluri mTavrobis mier. swored es aris sakuTrebis gadasaxadis moqmedi sistemis erT-erTi gamarTleba. rac ar unda iyos, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi administrirebulia adgilobriv doneze, federaluri an Statebis daxmarebis gareSe. amdenad, igi adgilobriv mTavrobas
692
mniSvnelovani fiskaluri avtonomiiT uzrunvelyofs: `sakuTrebis dabegvris wyalobiT, sxvadasxva adgilas mcxovrebi xalxi mniSvnelovan adgilobriv arCevans akeTebs ~ [Harris, 1978, gv. 38]. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gauqmeba saxelmwifos adgilobrivi erTeulebis ekonomikur damoukideblobas sabolood daangrevs.
swored amas mowmobs kaliforniis gamocdileba me-13 damatebis amoqmedebis Semdeg, romlis Tanaxmad, SeizRuda sazogadoebis unari, gaezarda sakuTrebis sagadasaxado Semosavali, ris Sedegad `moxda Zalauflebis koncentracia Statis sakanonmdeblo doneze. mxolod mas SeeZlo im politikuri mimarTulebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvra, romlebic adre adgilobriv doneze ganisazRvreboda xolme~ [lindsi, 1986]. amrigad, SesaZlo reformirebis gansazRvris dros aucilebelia, friad seriozulad mivudgeT sakuTrebis gadasaxadis politikur rols.
mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, federaluri granti Statisa da adgilobrivi erTulis Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyaros wamoadgens. mTavrobis erTi donidan meore doneze grantis gadacema federalur sistemas Soris fiskaluri resursebis gacvlis ZiriTadi meTodia. 20.3 cxrili miuTiTebs imaze, rom 1960dan 2001 wlamde gaizarda federaluri xelisuflebisgan miRebuli grantebis rogorc faqtobrivi maCvenebeli, aseve mTliani federaluri danaxarjebis proporcia15. gaizarda agreTve grantebis procentuli maCvenebeli Statebisa da adgilobrivi danaxarjebis mimarT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania grantebis, rogorc adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis elementis, mniSvneloba. federaluri da Statebis mTavrobisgan miRebuli grantebi mTliani adgilobrivi Semosavlebis 34%-s Seadgens [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 270]. grantebis saSualebiT xdeba, faqtobrivad, yvela samTavrobo funqciis dafinanseba, sursaTis Semowmebidan dawyebuli, soflad mosaxleobis xanZrisgan dacviT damTavrebuli.
cxrili 20.3 federaluri daxmarebis grantebis Tanafardoba federalur da Statebis-adgilobriv danaxarjebTan (SerCeuli fiskaluri wlebi)
15
garda cxadi grantebisa, federaluri mTavroba axorcielebs Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis subsidirebas Statebisa da adgilobriv obligaciebze saprocento gadaxdebis gaTavisuflebisa da Statebis/adgilobrivi Semosavlisa da sakuTrebis gadasaxadis daqviTvis gziT. 2002 wels procentis daqviTuli moculoba iyo 16 miliardi aSS dolari; xolo gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadebis moculobam ki 66 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina [dabegvris erToblivi komiteti, 2002, gv. 22, 27].
693
grantebi mTlianad
grantebis procentuli wili mTliani federaluri danaxarjebis mimarT
grantebis procentuli wili mTliani Statebisa da adgilobrivi danaxarjebis mimarT
weli
(miliardi dolari 2001 wlis RirebulebiT)*
1960
$20
4,3%
10,5%
1970
73
9,8
18,0
1980
139
12,2
23,5
1990
141
8,9
16,9
2001
277
14,9
21,4
* Tanxebi konvertirebulia deflatoris gamoyenebiT.
2001
wlis
dolaris
RirebulebaSi
mSp-is
wyaro: gamoTvlilia prezidentis 2003 wlis ekonomikuri angariSis (vaSingtoni, aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi organo, 2003) safuZvelze, gv. 369, 373.
ratom gaizarda ase mTavrobaTaSorisi transferebi? es SekiTxva Zalian axlos dgas aseT fundamentur SekiTxvasTan: saerTod, ratom gaizarda saxelmwifos xarjviTi nawili? rogorc me-6 TavSi vnaxeT, am SekiTxvaze erTmniSvnelovani da mkafio pasuxi ar arsebobs. grantebis zrda imiTaa gamarTlebuli, rom ukanasknel aTwleulSi Zalian swrafad gaizarda ganaTlebis, transportirebisa da policiis seqtori, anu is sferoebi, romlebic tradiciulad uzrunvelyofilia Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier. Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Semosavlis struqtura, romelic ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia gayidvisa da sakuTrebis gadasaxadze, ver akmayofilebda danaxarjebis zrdis aseT temps. amis sapirispirod, avtomaturad gaizarda federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi, rac, albaT, ganpirobebuli iyo federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis progresiuli bunebiT da inflaciiT (1980-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebul indeqsaciamde). amdenad, `warumatebladaa SerCeuli~ (`SeuTavsebelia~) fulis Segrovebisa da saWiroebis adgilebi. centraluri xelisuflebis mier Statebsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebaze gacemuli grantebi am Seusabamobis gamosworebis gzaa.
694
SeuTavseblobis Teoria ar kmara imisaTvis, rom ganimartos, Tu ratom ver zrdis Statisa da adgilobrivi xelisufleba sagadasaxado ganakveTs ise, rom daakmayofilos sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gazrdili moTxovna. rogorc mogvianebiT aRvniSnavT, mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebis struqturis asaxsnelad aucilebelia politikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba.
grantebis tipebi
grafiki 20.3
grantis struqtura gansazRvravs mis ekonomikur zemoqmedebas. ZiriTadad arsebobs grantis ori saxeoba: pirobiTi da upirobo granti. axla ki ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
695
pirobiTi granti zogjer kategoriuli grantis saxelwodebiTac aris cnobili. donori zustad gansazRvravs, Tu ra mizniT unda daixarjos Tanxa. federaluri grantebis umetesoba gacemulia gansakuTrebuli miznebisTvis, xolo fulis xarjvis wesebi ki detaluradaa aRwerili. ase magaliTad, federaluri xelisufleba aZlevs grants Stats nasvam mdgomareobaSi manqanis marTvis sawinaaRmdego programis dasafinanseblad, wesebSi ki yvelaferi detaluradaa gansazRvruli sisxlSi alkoholis koncentraciidan dawyebuli, drois im xangrZlivobamde, roca SeeZleba damnaSave mZRols marTvis mowmobis dabruneba. aseTi SezRudvebi ar aris atipiuri.
arsebobs pirobiTi grantis ramdenime tipi.
Semxvedri grantebi. donoris mier gansazRvruli saqmianobis dafinansebisaTvis gacemuli TiToeuli dolaris misaRebad aucilebelia, beneficiaris mier daxarjul iqnes fulis gansazRvruli raodenoba. ase magaliTad, rodesac sazogadoeba daxarjavs erT dolars ganaTlebaze, maSin federaluri mTavrobac daxarjavs erT dolars am mimarTulebiT.
racionaluri arCevanis standartuli Teoria dagvexmareba imaSi, rom gavaanalizoT Semxvedri grantebi. SexedeT 20.3 grafiks: horizontalur zRvarze fasdeba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis produqti, G, romelic moxmarebulia qalaq smolvilis rezidentTa mier, vertikalur zRvarze ki izomeba smolvilis mTliani moxmareba - c. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom G da c isea gansazRvruli, rom TiToeuli erTeulis fasi 1 dolaria. amdenad, danazogis ararsebobis pirobebSi, c dabegrili Semosavlis toli iqneba. am daSvebaTa Tanaxmad, smolvilis sabiujeto SezRudva c-sa da G-s Soris aris swori xazi, romlis daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba aris erTi16. unitaruli daxriloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom im TiToeul dolarze, romlis daxarjvis survilic aqvs smolvils, qalaqs SeuZlia, miiRos sazogadoebrivi saqonlis erTi erTeuli. sabiujeto SezRudva 20.3 grafikze AB sxiviTaa aRniSnuli.
davuSvaT, rom SesaZlebelia smolvilis upiratesobaTa (G-sa da c-s Soris) warmodgena pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis mrudebiT17. Tu qalaqs surs, maqsimumamde gazardos is sargebeli, romelic sabiujeto
16
sabiujeto SezRudvis konstruqciis Sesaxeb arsebuli detalebi mocemulia wignis danarTSi. aRniSnuli modeli ugulebelyofs Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis daqviTvis faqts federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis mier. Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli axorcielebs detalizebul daqviTvas, xolo zRvruli federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ki aris t, maSin AB daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba iqneba (1 – t). 17 cxadia, es hipoTeza ugulebelyofs mTel problemas (da, albaT, ganuxorcielebadobasac), romelic dakavSirebulia preferenciaTa agregirebasTan (me-6 Tavi). Cven am sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.
696
SezRudvas eqvemdebareba, maSin igi E1 wertils SearCevs, sadac sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmareba aris G1 da sazogadoebis dabegrili Semosavali ki - c1.
davuSvaT, rom SemoRebulia erTi-erTze Semxvedri sagranto reJimi. smolvili 1 dolari Semosavlis daTmobis sanacvlod miiRebs G-s Rirebulebis 2 dolars _ erTs Tavisi sakuTari saxsrebidan, xolo meores ki - federaluri xelisuflebisgan. amdenad, smolvilis sabiujeto xazis daxriloba (absolutur RirebulebaSi) naxevrdeba. faqtobrivad, Semxvedri granti G-s fass anaxevrebs. es aris Rirebulebis mixedviT gansazRvruli subsidia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmarebaze. axali sabiujeto xazi 20.3 grafikze AR-iTaa aRniSnuli.
axla smolvili moixmars G2 sazogadoebriv saqonels; piradi moxmarebisaTvis axla ukve c2-iTaa gamoxatuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom G2 aRemateba G1-s, xolo c2 ki _ c1-s. smolvili grantis nawils ufro meti sazogadoebrivi saqonlis SesaZenad gamoiyenebs, xolo nawils ki _ sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamcireblad. cxadia, SesaZlebelia ise davxazoT indiferentulobis mrudebi, rom c2 gautoldes c1-s, an ise, rom c2 ufro naklebi iyos, vidre c1. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs aSkara SesaZlebloba imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis stimulirebis mizniT gacemuli grantis nawili gamoyenebul iqnes sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamsubuqeblad. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebi SesaZloa, ase ganawildes: G2 = G1-s, anu sazogadoeba moixmars sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Tavdapirvel moculobas, xolo mTel grants ki gadasaxadebis Sesamcireblad iyenebs. amrigad, mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens Semxvedri granti im danaxarjze, romelic gaweulia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmarebaze. es damokidebulia fasis cvlilebis mimarT moTxovnis reagirebaze. ekonomistebma bevri statistikuri kvleva Caatares imis Sesaswavlad, Tu ramdenad reagirebs sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv saqonelze arsebuli moTxovna fasis cvlilebaze. fiSerisa da papkes [2000] kvlevis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebaze arsebuli moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,15-sa da 0,50-s Soris meryeobs.
dadebiTi zemoqmedebis arsebobis pirobebSi Semxvedri granti koreqtirebis saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens. Cven ukve visaubreT me-5 TavSi imis Sesaxeb, rom individis an firmis mier dadebiTi garegani efeqtis formirebis pirobebSi adekvaturi subsidia efeqtianobis dones amaRlebs. igive mosazreba vrceldeba sazogadoebazec. cxadia, subsidirebis ganxorcielebis sqemasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi jer isev aqtualuria. kerZod, centralur xelisuflebas garegani efeqtis faqtobrivi moculobis Sefaseba unda SeeZlos. am konteqstSi, sainteresoa, SevniSnoT, rom bevri federaluri sagranto programa rTulia imisaTvis, rom efeqtianobis kriteriumis racionalizacia moxdes. maRali Semxvedri ganakveTebi (xSirad 80 da 90%) ufro metia, vidre subsidirebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili zemoqmedebis racionaluri Sefasebani [Oates, 1999, gv. 1129]. faqtobrivad, borkisa
697
da ouvingis [2003] kvleva miuTiTebs imaze, rom samTavrobo grantebis ganawilebis dros dominirebs ara efeqtianobis aspeqtebi, aramed politikuri aspeqtebi. ase magaliTad, ufro meti fuli miemarTeba im Statebisaken, romelTa warmomadgenlebi monawileoben kongresis komitetebSi.
grafiki 20.4
Caketili Semxvedri grantebi. Semxvedri grantis donoris danaxarji sabolood damokidebulia recipientis qmedebebze. Tu smolvili G-s moxmarebas mniSvnelovnad gazrdis, centraluri xelisuflebis kontribucia erTob maRali iqneba da piriqiT. imisaTvis, rom danaxarjze dawesdes zeda zRvari, donorma SesaZloa, kontribuciis maqsimaluri Tanxa gansazRvros. aseTi Caketili Semxvedri granti ilustrirebulia 20.4 grafikze. rogorc adre, grantis miRebamde, smolvilis sabiujeto xazi aris AB, xolo wonasworoba ki E1 wertilSi miiRweva. Caketili Semxvedri grantis SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto SezRudva aris texili wrfivi segmenti ADF. AD segmentis daxriloba aris minus naxevari, rac erTi-erTze Semxvedr uzrunvelyofas asaxavs. gansazRvruli wertilis Semdeg donori (D) aRar awarmoebs grantis gamoyofas `erTi-erTze~ principiT. saxelmwifo danaxarjis erTeulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba
698
smolvilisaTvis kvlav erTi dolari xdeba, rac DF segmentis daxrilobiTaa gamosaxuli.
E3 wertilSi miRweuli axali wonasworoba G-s ufro met moxmarebas gulisxmobs, vidre arsebul situaciaSi xdeba (magram ufro naklebs, vidre Ria Semxvedri grantis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda). TviTon is faqti, rom granti Caketilia da, amdenad, amowurvadi, amcirebs mis unars, sazogadoebriv saqonelze danaxarjebi astimuliros. zogierT SemTxvevaSi Caketili granti namdvilad ararelevanturia. Tu sazogadoebis mier G-s moxmareba dawesebul zRvarze mcire danaxarjs moiTxovs, maSin zRvaris arseboba uazrobaa da meti araferi. grafikulad, Tu axali Sexebis wertili warmoiqmneba AD segmentis gaswvriv (grafiki 20.4), maSin araadekvaturi iqneba is, rom DR-is gaswvriv arsebuli wertilebi xelmisawvdomi ar iyos. beikerma, peinma da smartma [1999] sakmaod saintereso kvleva ganaxorcieles im Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelic kanadaSi Ria Semxvedri sagranto sistemidan Caketil Semxvedr sagranto sistemaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia. 1990-ian wlebamde kanadaSi daxmarebis programaze adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier TiToeuli dolaris xarjvas Tan kanadis centraluri xelisuflebis mier erTi dolaris gamoyofa axlda. danaxarjebis SezRudvis mizniT 1990 wels centralurma xelisuflebam aTidan sam provinciaSi Ria sagranto sistemis nacvlad Caketili sagranto sistema aamoqmeda. 20.4 grafikis analogiurad, samive provinciaSi danarCen provinciebTan SedarebiT danaxarji Semcirda.
grafiki 20.5
699
araSemxvedri granti. am SeTxvevaSi donori recipients aZlevs gansazRvrul Tanxas, romelic unda daixarjos sazogadoebriv saqonelze. 20.5 grafikze asaxulia araSemxvedri granti, romliTac G-s AH erTeuli unda iqnes SeZenili. sazogadoebis Semosavlis TiToeul doneze smolvils axla ukve SeuZlia AH erTeuliT meti sazogadoebrivi saqonlis SeZena, vidre warsulSi. amrigad, axal sabiujeto SezRudvas Tavdapirvel sabiujeto SezRudvaze AH horizontaluri manZilis damatebiT viRebT, ris Sedegad viRebT AHM texil xazs.
smolvili sargebels E4 wertilamde zrdis. gaiTvaliswineT, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmareba G1-dan G4-mde izrdeba, am or wertils Soris arsebuli sxvaoba ufro mcirea, vidre grantis Tanxa (AH). smolvilma Seasrula miTiTeba da mTeli granti G-ze daxarja, magram, amave dros, man Seamcira sakuTari danaxarji, romelic sazogadoebriv saqonelze unda gaewia. Tu, donoris azriT, danaxarji zustad AH_iT unda gazrdiliyo, maSin gamodis, rom smolvilis reaqciam sruliad daangria misi gegmebi _ e.i. 20.5 grafikze mocemuli suraTi kargad aRwers realobas. sazogadoeba sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebis mizniT araSemxvedri pirobiTi grantis Tanxis garkveul nawils xSirad iyenebs. Sefasebis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis sferoze gacemuli daxmarebis grantis TiToeuli dolaris wyalobiT adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi 30-70 centiT mcirdeba [Fischer and Papke, 2000, gv. 157].
700
upirobo grantebi. SexedeT 20.5 grafiks: AHM sabiujeto xazi zustad ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos sazogadoebam SeuzRudavi erTjeradi granti AH dolaris odenobiT miiRo. aseTi upirobo granti saxelmwifo Semosavlebis ganawilebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. upirobo grants JM sabiujeto xazamde mivyavarT, anu igi farTovdeba MH segmentiT vertikalur RerZze. smolvili zustad erTnairad moiqceoda rogorc AHM SezRudvis, ise JM SezRudvis pirobebSi. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi upirobo granti SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc Ria erTjeradi granti. sanam sazogadoebas surs moixmaros grantis odenobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, pirobiTi granti ararelevanturi iqneba. amis sapirispirod, Tu sazogadoebas unda AH-ze naklebi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli moixmaros, maSin pirobiTi granti individTa qcevebze namdvilad moaxdens zemoqmedebas.
ratom gamoyofs centraluri xelisufleba upirobo grants Statebisa da adgilobrivi erTeulebisaTvis? rogorc wesi, aseTi granti ufro Tanaswors xdis Semosavlis ganawilebas. Tumca erTgvarad bundovania aseTi argumenti. saxelmwifo politikis mizani RaribTa daxmarebac rom iyos, miznis miRwevis saukeTeso gza Raribi sazogadoebebis daxmareba mainc ar iqneboda. Rarib sazogadoebaSic ki cxovroben mdidrebi. amdenad, Tu saxelmwifos mizani RaribTa daxmarebaa, ratom ar aZlevs fuls pirdapir mas?
am kiTxvis erT-erTi SesaZlo pasuxi is aris, rom, centraluri xelisuflebis azriT, Raribi moixmars sazogadoebrivi saqonlis udides wils, risi mniSvnelovani magaliTic ganaTlebaa. saqonlis egalitarianizmi (me-7 Tavi) sajaro seqtoris saqonelze vrceldeba. Tumca rogorc ukve davamtkiceT, upirobo grantis SemTxvevaSi Cven arasodes viqnebiT darwmunebulni imaSi, rom mTeli fuli upiratesad saqonlis SesaZenad iqneba daxarjuli (zustad igive WeSmariteba arsebobs pirobiTi grantebis mimarTac).
saWiroebis Sefaseba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebiTi sagranto programa moiTxovs Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebas: donorma unda gansazRvros, Tu romel sazogadoebas `esaWiroeba~ fuli da ramdeni. federaluri limiti kongresis mier SemuSavebul rTul formulebs eyrdnoba. Statis mier miRebuli grantis Tanxis raodenoba damokidebulia iseTi faqtorebze, rogoricaa: erT sulze Semosavali, qalaqad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis raodenoba da Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis amoRebis koeficienti. swored am pirobiTi ekonomikuri faqtorebis (da zogjer mosaxleobis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis) safuZvelze dgindeba, Tu ra moculobis Tanxa unda gadaeces adgilobriv xelisuflebas.
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, Tu ra Tanxas miiRebs sazogadoeba federaluri xelisuflebisagan, gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnes iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, rogoricaa sagadasaxado Zalisxmeva, rac gamoxatulia amoRebuli gadasaxadebis SefardebiT sagadasaxado potencialTan.
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sazogadoeba, romelic Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs imisaTvis, rom gazardos gadasaxadi, magram mainc ver mouxerxebia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Zalian maRali donis dafinanseba, namdvilad imsaxurebs grants. samwuxarod, Sefasebis aseTi safuZveli an Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers gveubneba sazogadoebis WeSmariti Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, smolvili axorcielebs sagadasaxado tvirTis eqsportirebas _ mis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadiT ararezidenti pirebi ibegrebian. am SemTxvevaSi maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra sagadasaxado Zalisxmeva aris qalaqSi.
zogadad, sagadasaxado Zalisxmevis fenomeni TiTqmis uazroa kapitalizaciis arsebobis gamo. warmovidginoT ori qalaqi: sodomi da gomori, romlebic yvela maxasiaTebliT msgavsia, garda erTisa: sodomSi moedineba nakaduli, romelic mosaxleobas sruliad ufasod aZlevs wyals, gomorSi ki aucilebelia Webis amoTxra da wylis amoqaCva.
gomoris mTavroba awesebs sakuTrebis gadasaxads, raTa daafinansos wylis saqaCi. Tu gomorSi moqmedebs gadasaxadi, xolo sodomSi ki _ ara, sxva maxasiaTeblebis mxriv ki sazogadoebebi sruliad identuria, rogor fiqrobT, darCeba ki vinme sacxovreblad gomorSi? individebi gadavlen sodomSi sacxovreblad, ris gamoc iq gaizrdeba sakuTrebis Rirebuleba (xolo gomorSi ki Semcirdeba). maSasadame, sakuTrebis Rirebuleba ufro maRali iqneba sodomSi nakadulis arsebobis wyalobiT.
aucilebeli ar aris, rom upiratesoba 100%-iT kapitalizebuli iyos sodomis sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi, Tumca kapitalizacia akompensirebs sul mcire im gansxvavebis nawils mainc, romelic arsebobs qalaqebs Soris. mxolod is faqti, rom gomoris mTavroba awesebs gadasaxads, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom `igi metad iRvwis~, vidre sodomi. sodomelebma ukve gadaixades wylis Rirebuleba sodomSi cxovrebis SedarebiT maRali fasiT. amrigad, sagadasaxado Zalisxmevis Sefasebis pirobiTi saSualeba arcTu ise Sedegiania.
webovani qaRaldis efeqti
Cveni sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebis analizis dros erTi metad seriozuli SekiTxva ibadeba xolme: visi ganurCevlobis mrudebia es mrudebi? saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria (ix. me-6 Tavi) gveubneba, rom preferencia ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis saSualo amomrCevlis mixedviT. biurokratebi da arCeuli oficiozi saSualo amomrCevlis survilebis Sesrulebis mimarTulebiT pasiur rols asrulebs.
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saSualo amomrCevlis kanonis sworxazovani Sedegi aris is, rom sazogadoebis Semosavlis zrda 1 dolariT zustad iseve axdens zemoqmedebas saxelmwifo danaxarjebze, rogorc 1 dolari upirobo grantis miReba. 20.5 grafikis Tanaxmad, orive SemTxvevaSi moxdeba Tavdapirveli sabiujeto xazis identuri paraleluri gadaadgileba gare mimarTulebiT. Tu sabiujeto xazis cvlilebebi identuria, maSin saxelmwifo danaxarjebSi mimdinare cvlilebebic identuri unda iyos.
seriozuli ekonometrikuli kvleva Catarda adgilobrivi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis determinantebis Sesaxeb (ix. Oates [1999]). sainteresoa kvlevaTa Sedegi: maTma umetesobam cxadyo, rom sazogadoebis mier grantis formiT miRebuli 1 dolari iwvevs ufro met sazogadoebriv danaxarjs, vidre is dolari, romliTac ubralod gaizarda sazogadoebis Semosavali. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grantis formiT miRebuli dolari sazogadoebriv xarjs zrdis 40 centiT, xolo, ubralod, piradi Semosavlis saxiT miRebuli damatebiTi 1 dolari ki _ mxolod 10 centiT. aseTi situacia webovani qaRaldis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili; fuli im seqtorSi rCeba, romelSic moxvdeba Tavdapirvelad.
webovani qaRaldis efeqtis zogierTi ganmarteba fokusirebulia biurokratTa rolze. filimoni, romeri da rozentali [1982] amtkicebdnen, rom biurokratebs biujetis zomis gazrda surT. swored amitom isini arasodes acnobeben moqalaqeebs sazogadoebisaTvis kuTvnili sagranto dafinansebis WeSmariti moculobis Sesaxeb. malaven ra am informacias, maT SeiZleba motyuebiT ubiZgon moqalaqeebs, moiTxovon ufro meti dafinanseba, vidre amas sxva SemTxvevaSi moiTxovdnen. gamodis, rom webovani qaRaldis efeqti imiTaa gamowveuli, rom moqalaqem araferi icis WeSmariti sabiujeto SezRudvis Sesaxeb. Teoriis dasasabuTeblad filimonma, romerma da rozentalma aRniSnes, rom xarjviT sakiTxebze Catarebuli referendumebis dros sxvadasxva StatebSi biuletenSi xSirad Sedioda informacia dasabegri bazis Sesaxeb, rasac ver vityviT grantebis Sesaxeb informaciaze.
mTavrobaTaSorisi granti ganaTlebaze
1971 wlis sasamarTlo saqme (serano mRvdlis winaaRmdeg) ganaTlebis dafinansebis sruliad axal eras amkvidrebs. kaliforniis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, saskolo raionebs Soris arsebuli qonebrivi uTanasworoba swavlebis xarisxis arakonstituciur uTanasworobas iwvevda, rodesac adgilobrivi sakuTrebis dabegvra eqskluziurad iyo damokidebuli skolebis dafinansebaze. swored amis Semdeg sasamarTlom Statebis umravlesobaSi aseTi dafinansebis sqemebi gaauqma. amis sapasuxod Statebs daekisra seriozuli movaleoba dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis dafinansebis saqmeSi. Stati ori ZiriTadi grantis saSualebiT afinansebs skolas:
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fundamenturi daxmareba TiToeul moswavles danaxarjis minimaluri doniT uzrunvelyofs, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli adgilobrivi qonebis miuxedavad. raionis simZlavreTa gamaTanabrebeli grantebi (District Power Equlization - DPE) ki miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra Tanxa unda iqnes gamoyofili adgilobrivi sakuTrebis sagadasaxado Semosavlidan imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli moswavlis mixedviT dawesebul limitze qvemoT ar dafiqsirdes sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba.
grantis saSualebiT xdeba skolis dafinansebis centralizacia. im sistemis nacvlad, romelSic yvela adgilobrivi erTeuli TviTon afinansebs skolas sakuTrebis gadasaxadis saSualebiT, iqmneba sistema, romelSic Stati zrdis fulad saxsrebs saSemosavlo gadasaxadis wyalobiT da sxvadasxva meqanizmis gamoyenebiT fulad resurss Raribi raionebisaken mimarTavs.
aris ki aseTi meTodi keTilgonivruli, rodesac saxelmwifo bavSvTa ganaTlebaze zrunavs? da, saerTod, uzrunvelyofs ki maRali danaxarji ukeTesi donis ganaTlebas? Cven xom, sabolood, studentTa ganaTlebis Sedegebze vzrunavT da ara ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjebze. es sakiTxi ukve ganvixileT meoTxe TavSi da gavakeTeT daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom ar arsebobs ekonometrikuli mtkicebuleba, romelic daasabuTebda, rom maRali danaxarjebi ukeTes Sedegebs uzrunvelyofs.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania centralizebuli dafinansebis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi amomrCevelTa mxardaWeraze saxelmwifo ganaTlebis mimarT. gaixseneT, rom, tibos modelis Tanaxmad, individi irCevs sazogadoebas ganaTlebaze (da sxva sazogadoebriv momsaxurebaze) arsebuli moTxovnis mixedviT da ixdis kidec ganaTlebis xarjs sakuTrebis gadasaxadis formiT. centralizebuli dafinanseba anadgurebs im kavSirs, romelic arsebobs individis mier Svilis ganaTlebaze gadaxdil Tanxasa da miRebul Semosulobas Soris da, albaT, asustebs amomrCevelTa mxardaWeras sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, rogorc mTliani seqtoris, mimarT. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganaTlebis dafinansebis meqanizmis reformireba, faqtobrivad, gamoiwvevs ganaTlebis xarjebis Semcirebas. mureim, evansma da Svabma [1998] aRmoaCines, rom im StatebSi, sadac sasamarTlos dadgenilebis safuZvelze moxda reformis ganxorcieleba, dabalSemosavlian raionebSi danaxarji gaizarda, xolo maRalSemosavlian raionebSi ki imave doneze darCa, ramac, sabolood, zogadad gazarda ganaTlebis danaxarji.
mimoxilva
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am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven aseTi SekiTxvebi davsviT: aris Tu ara sasurveli decentralizebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba? rogor unda ganawildes pasuxismgebloba? rogor unda uzrunvelyos TviT-dafinanseba adgilobrivma mTavrobam? Cveni azriT, federalizmi sakmaod racionaluri sistemaa. imis wyalobiT, rom adgilobriv sazogadoebas SeuZlia sakuTari gadawyvetilebis miReba, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofa ufro efeqtiani xdeba. efeqtianoba da Tanasworoba mniSvnelovan ekonomikur rols akisrebs centralur xelisuflebas. sistema, romelSic mxolod adgilobrivi resursia gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis dafinansebisaTvis, bevri mkvlevaris mier xasiaTdeba, rogorc arasamarTliani.
Cveni obieqtivis farglebSi ekonomikuri sakiTxebi xvdeboda; miuxedavad amisa, Zalauflebisa da politikis sakiTxebi yovelTvis aqtualuria, rodesac saubari federalizmis Sesaxeb mimdinareobs. ekonomikuri Zalaufleba yovelTvis politikuri Zalauflebis ganawilebis Sesabamisad nawildeba. rogor unda ganawildes Zalaufleba? rogoria Tqveni warmodgena: unda arsebobdes qvefederaluri xelisufleba, romlis rasisti mmarTveli Savkanian students ar SeuSvebs saxelmwifo universitetSi, Tu unda arsebobdes erTi didi mrgvali magida, romlis garSemo Semokrebili moqalaqeebi demokratiulad miiReben erTobliv gadawyvetilebas? rodesac fiqrobT centraluri xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, ra warmogidgebaT Tvalwin: udardeli da Soreuli biurokrati, romelic mxolod Semawuxebel wesebs adgens, Tu iusticiis saministros iuristi, romelic muSaobs imisaTvis, rom daicvas yoveli Cvenganis samoqalaqo uflebebi? Cvens warmodgenaSi cocxlobs ramdenime suraTi, rac saxelisuflebo Zalauflebis adekvaturi ganawilebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobriv SegrZnebebs qmnis.
daskvna
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federaluri sistemis farglebSi sxvadasxva mTavroba urTierTgadamfarav iurisdiqciebs sxvadasxva momsaxurebas sTavazobs. sazogadoebis formirebis klubiseburi modeli miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebis zoma da sazogadoebrivi saqonlis raodenoba damokidebulia gemovnebaze, sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis Rirebulebasa da gadatvirTvis xarjze. tibos modeli xazs usvams mobilurobis, sakuTrebis gadasaxadisa da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo finansebis daraionebis wesebis mniSvnelovan rols. gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas `daniSnulebis adgilas yofnis gziT xmis micema~ (rac gulisxmobs individis gadaadgilebas misTvis saukeTeso sazogadoebaSi) sazogadoebrivi saqonlis paretoefeqtian ganawilebas ganapirobebs. decentralizaciis uaryofiT mxared iTvleba sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli garegani efeqti, masStabis ekonomiis ugulebelyofa sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofis dros, araefeqtiani dabegvra da Semosavlis gadanawilebis dabali potenciali.
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decentralizaciis Rirsebad iTvleba sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis morgeba adgilobriv gemovnebaze, adgilobriv mTavrobas Soris arsebuli konkurenciis sasargeblo efeqti da eqsperimentis Catareba dabali xarjebis gawevis gziT qvefederalur doneze. ganaTlebaze adgilobrivi pasuxismgeblobis arseboba sabuTdeba im gansxvavebuli gemovnebiT, romelic sazogadoebebs Soris arsebobs. resursebis ganawilebaSi federaluri xelisuflebis monawileoba ganaTlebis kuTxiT SesaZloa, keTilgonivruli iyos. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis Semosavlis seriozul wyaros warmoadgens. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb arsebuli `tradiciuli mosazrebis~ Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi miwasa da Senoba-nagebobebze dawesebul aqcizur gadasaxads warmoadgens. `axali mosazrebis~ mixedviT ki sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris zogadi gadasaxadi kapitalze, romlis ganakveTebi varirebs iurisdiqciebisa da kapitalis tipebis mixedviT. `momxmareblis gadasaxadis mosazreba~ sakuTrebis gadasaxads adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gadasaxadad moiazrebs. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi erTob arapopularulia. SesaZloa, misi ZiriTadi upiratesoba federaluri sistemis konteqstSi iyos is, rom misi administrireba SesaZlebelia adgilobriv doneze. granti an pirobiTia (kategoriuli), an upirobo (erTjeradi). grantis TiToeul saxeobaSi ganivTebulia adgilobrivi mTavrobis sxvadasxva stimuli. gazrdili danaxarjebisa da dabali adgilobrivi danaxarjebis saboloo proporcia damokidebulia im preferenciebze, romlebsac adgilobrivi arCevani gvkarnaxobs. mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebis Sesaxeb arsebuli empiriuli kvlevebi webovani qaRaldis efeqtis arsebobaze miuTiTebs; grantis Tanxis zrda sazogadoebriv saqonelze ufro meti danaxarjis gawevas ganapirobebs, vidre adgilobrivi Semosavlis ekvivalenturi zrda. amis SesaZlo axsna aris is, rom biurokrati borotad iyenebs moqalaqis arasrul warmodgenas sazogadoebis sabiujeto SezRudvis Sesaxeb.
sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1.
romel mTavrobas unda daeqvemdebaros qvemoT CamoTvlili qmedebani: federalur, Statis Tu adgilobriv xelisuflebas? axseniT pasuxi. a. haeris dabinZurebis kontrolis reglamenti; b. myari narCenebis utilizaciis reglamenti; g. komunaluri nagvis utilizacia; d. aeroportis usafrTxoeba.
2. devidi da jonaTani identur saxlebs floben. devids ukve didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aqvs es saxli, man 100 aTasi dolari gadaixada saxlis SeZenis dros. jonaTanma saxli mas Semdeg iyida, rac gaizarda sakuTrebis gadasaxadi da saxlSi 80 aTasi aSS dolari gadaixada. horizontaluri Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT unda Secvalos Tu ara adgilobrivma Semfasebelma jonaTanis saxlis SefasebiTi
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3. a. b. c. d. 4.
5.
Rirebuleba (davuSvaT, rom devidis mier saxlis SeZenis Semdeg ar dafiqsirebula inflacia; agreTve, devidi da jonaTani Tanabrad afaseben yvela sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas, romelic uzrunvelyofilia maT sazogadoebaSi)? pasuxis dros detalurad ganmarteT ZiriTadi koncefciebi. asaxeT Semdegi garemoebebi sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebisa da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo sabiujeto SezRudvis saSualebiT: upirobo granti zrdis SeZenili sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis moculobas. Semxvedri granti ucvlelad tovebs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis moculobas. Caketili Semxvedri granti igive zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc pirobiTi araSemxvedri granti. Caketili Semxvedri granti ucvlelad tovebs adgilobriv gadasaxadebs. ekonometrikuli kvleva cxadyofs, rom rac ufro eTnikurad mravalferovania qveyana, miT ufro decentralizebulia misi saxelmwifo seqtori sxva Tanabar pirobebSi [Panizza, 1999]. Seesabameba Tu ara es aRmoCena fiskaluri federalizmis Cveneul Teorias? bevr StatSi mimdinareobda kamaTi latariis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. ideis momxreebi ambobdnen, rom latariidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mTlianad moxmardeboda ganaTlebis seqtors.
daxazeT Statis sabiujeto SezRudva `ganaTlebasa~ da `sxva saqonelze gaweul danaxarjebs~ Soris. uCveneT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens sabiujeto SezRudvaze latariidan miRebuli Semosavlebi. gamosaxeT ganurCevlobis ruka da uCveneT, Tu rogor SesabamisobaSia latariamde da latariis Semdgomi ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi erTmaneTTan. ra moxda Tqveni diagramis Tanaxmad? gaizarda Tu ara ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi latariidan miRebuli amonagebis sruli TanxiT? ratom iqneba rTuli imis gansazRvra, icavs Tu ara mTavroba pirobas (anu ricxavs Tu ara latariidan miRebul Semosavals mTlianad ganaTlebis seqtorSi)?
6. davuSvaT, rom belmontsa da leksingtonSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli moTxovnis mrudi xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxurze. maT am personalis ayvana Tanabari danaxarjebis gaweviT SeuZliaT. davuSvaT, rom maTi Statis mTavrobis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, am orive qalaqSi Tanabari raodenobis personali iyo, Tumca am ukanasknel xanebSi Statis farglebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis masStabis decentralizacia moxda. uCveneT, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi decentralizaciis Sedegad keTildReoba miT ufro Zlier izrdeba, rac ufro araelastiuria sazogadoebis moTxovnis mrudebi. 7. hilis [2001, gv. 1] mixedviT, rodesac frederik lo olmsteds, niu-iorkis centraluri parkis dizainers, hkiTxes, Tu rogor gadaixdida qalaqi parkis gadasaxads, man upasuxa, rom `parkis arseboba gazrdis sakuTrebis Rirebulebas da damatebiTi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi advilad aanazRaurebs mSeneblobaze gaweul xarjebs. istoriam daamtkica, rom es simarTlea~. adgilobrivi qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb arsebuli romeli mosazrebaa dasabuTebuli am magaliTiT? 8. federaluri xelisufleba Statebis daxmarebaTa programebis subsidirebas axorcielebs, rac, faqtobrivad, StatisaTvis mis fass cvlis. beikeris [2001] Tanaxmad, Statis mier recipientze gaweuli danaxarjis elastiuroba 0,38-ia. davuSvaT, rom federaluri xelisufleba
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axorcielebs `erTi-erTze~ Semxvedr dafinansebas, Semdeg ki Secvlis mas `ori-erTze~ sistemiT. rogor fiqrobT, Seicvleba Tu ara daxmarebis programebze Statebis mier gaweuli danaxarji?
SerCeuli literatura
Fisher, Ronald C, and Leslie E Papke. “Local Government Responses to Education Grants.” National Tax Journal 53 (March 2000), pp. 153 – 68. Oates, Wallace E. “An Essay on Fiscal Federalism.” Journal of Economic Literature 37 (September 1999), pp. 1120 – 49. Tannenwald, Rober. “Are State and Local revenue Systems Becoming Obsolete?” National Tax journal 55 (September 2002), pp. 467 – 90.
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