GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing in the Philippines: Historical Proceedings1 Tomas D. Reyes, Jr. 2 Introduction
Idea Ideall lly y, agri agricu cult ltur ure, e, fore forest stry ry,, en envi viro ronm nmen entt and and natu natura rall reso resour urce ces s manage manageme ment nt (and (and cons conserv ervati ation) on) is in ne need ed of statestate-of of-th -the-a e-art rt tools tools and proced procedure ures s to effec effectiv tively ely put into into pract practice ice wellwell-pla plann nned ed integ integrat rated ed (and (and participatory) strategies of all concerned sectors, government and private. Such Such calls calls the the use use of GIS, GIS, global global naviga navigatio tion n system system and remo remote te sensin sensing g collectively termed “GIS technology”. GIS GIS tech techno nolo logi gies es have have long long been been real realiz ized ed glob global ally ly as usef useful ul tool tools s in collecting, analyzing and reporting information about the earth’s resources. With the recent advances in information and communication technologies, these become essential tools that improved improved the planning and implementation of dev develo elopment proje ojects cts. Both Both,, GIS GIS and rem emo ote sen ens sing ing, prov provid ide e complementary capabilities on the exploration, assessment, monitoring and analysis of vegetation and land cover patterns. In the Philippines, the integrated use of remote sensing and GIS methods and technologies in gathering, storing, monitoring, and analyzing data and information for natural resources and environment planning, development, and management, becomes fully mature in the 90s when most of our local researchers have taken advantage of the power of GIS. Efforts at totally harnessing the capabilities of these technologies helped us improve the efficient utilization, protection, conservation of the remaining scarce scarce resource resources s and improving improving the country’ country’s s deterior deteriorating ating environm environmenta entall condition. This paper presents the historical development of GIS and remote sensing, and how their applications evolved as a technology for baseline information sour sourci cing ng into into what what thes these e tech techno nolo logi gies es are are now now for for. High Highli ligh ghts ts are are the the contributions of different institutions, groups and people who were engaged on using them in forestry, coastal, and natural resources in the Philippines.
Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing The intern internet et is an onlin online e witne witness ss to the vast vast inform informatio ation n and and rese researc arch h outputs on GIS and remote sensing. Most of the current published e-journals
________________________________________________________ 1
Term Paper submitted to Dr. N. C. Bantayan in partial fulfillment of the requirements in FRM 204 – Geospatial Methods in Natural Resources Management
2
Graduate student, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños
1
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
posted are evidences of the powerful integration integration of GIS, remote sensing, and seve severa rall mode modeli ling ng soft softwa ware res s to mode modell carb carbon on budg budget ets s of a part partic icul ular ar watershed, plantation, or natural forest reserve. These technologies are also used in land-use planning and, lately, as decision support system tools for environmental environmental hazards management. Most Most of the the GIS GIS soft softwa ware res s are are ex expe pens nsiv ive, e, howe howeve verr, some some of them them are are affordable and available in different (but related) user-friendly designs all compat compatibl ible e in Window Windows s or Linux Linux en envir viron onme ment. nt. Apart Apart from from these these specia speciall features, there are online GIS also available for everyone to explore. The GIS and remote sensing applications discussed next and on succeeding pages are limited and based only on the current available resources at hand.
A. Resource Inventory and Assessment While the world learned the powerful integration of remote sensing and GIS in the 70s, it was only in that decade when satellite remote sensing had just found its niche in the Philippines. Though aerial photography has long been used in map production, we have not been able to recognize its full potential until the late 1970s. The first nationwide application of satellite remote sensing in the country was on the the Natio Nationa nall Fores orestt Resou esourc rces es Inve Invent ntor ory y (NFR (NFRI) I) proj projec ectt that that was was complete completed d in late 1977. 1977. The then Natural Resources Resources Management Management Center (NRMC) (NRMC) which which was was create created d a year year earlie earlierr (Silad (Siladan an,, 199 1993) 3) condu conducte cted d the computer-assisted digital processing and image analysis of LANDSAT data consisting of 30 LANDSAT Computer Compatible Tapes (CCTs) taken in 19721976 (Cabanayan, 1999). The very purpose of the said inventory was to determ determine ine the the distri distribut bution ion of fores forestt resou resource rces s and the areas areas cover covered ed by various forest types. According to Siladan (1993), NRMC had processed over 150 scen scenes es of Lands Landsat at remo remotel tely y sense sensed d data. data. Out of these these,, four four fores forestt categories were classified based on the spectral responses supported with grou ground nd refe refere renc nce e vali valida datio tion. n. Thes These e were were:: a) full full and and part partia iall cano canopy py dipterocarps, b) mangrove, c) high elevation mossy type, and d) non-forest wetlands. The results of this time and cost-effective forest inventory served as baseline information for intensive forest management purposes. According to Cabanayan (1999), most of the TLA holders used this data as baseline information in the preparation of their five-year Forest Management Plan. Since then, satellite data had been used in a wide range of applications for resource and environmental change detection, monitoring and management including forestry, geology, land use, pollution control, coastal zone (corals and mangroves) and others. A lot of these applications however, had been direct directed ed more more towar toward d scien scientif tific ic and experi experime menta ntall pursu pursuits its rathe ratherr than than oper operat atio iona nall purp purpos oses es.. Beca Becaus use e of this this situ situat atio ion, n, ther there e had had been been no considerable efforts to assess the economic dimensions of remote sensing applications in the country, not withstanding the technology’s acceptance as
2
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
a vital tool for national development. It was only on the onset of the 21 st century when GIS and remote sensing in the country are utilized as basis for valuation (payment for environmental services).
B. Land-use Survey, Classification and Map Production It was in 1978, a year after, after, when LANDSAT LANDSAT data combined with low-altitude aerial aerial recon reconnai naissa ssanc nce e was was utiliz utilized ed for for land-u land-use se surv survey ey and classi classific ficati ation on (Cab (Caban anay ayan an,, 19 1999 99). ). Usin Using g rem remote ote sen ensi sing ng,, mang mangro rove ve fore forest sts s were were distinguished from other land-uses in coastal areas. This gave way for the issuance of two Presidential Proclamations. One of these was the declaration of the en entir tire e Palaw Palawan an as a protec protected ted area area and mang mangrov rove e fore forest st rese reserve rve (Rajan, 1984 cited by Siladan, 1993). In the 80s, remote sensing facilitated the implementation of the government livelihood program which required the identification of areas within forest lands intended for food production, industrial tree plantation, agro-forestry and other practical uses. Superimposition of 1976-1978 satellite imageries and 19 196969-198 1981 1 aerial aerial photog photogra raphs phs with with 19 1983 83 land land classi classific ficati ation on maps maps produced 1:500,000 scale forest cover maps showing denuded and logged over areas within forest lands, and identified extent of forest denudation in the twelve regions of the country (Cabanayan, 1999). High priorities were given to the survey and demarcation of boundaries between forestland and non-forest, and also classification of remaining forestlands and updating of land-use cover more especially the Mindanao Region. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) begun using GIS in 1985 (Huke, et al. 1985). The interest progressed when one of its researchers participated in the GIS training at the Asian Institute of Technology. IRRI, at a start, purchased two IBM P52 model 55sx-061s networked to the VAX 8350, 8350, macintos macintosh h compute computerr, one digitizer digitizer capable capable of handling handling input input maps maps measuring up to 48” x 60”, one digitizer half that size, scanner, ink jet printer, and ARC/INFO software and aerial photos and satellite images of baranga barangay y San Bartolome Bartolome,, Municipa Municipality lity of Mayanto Mayantoc, c, Tarlac. arlac. This area was chosen because it had been the object of several studies by IRRI teams over 2 decades prior to GIS application. Based on the available resources at hand, it appears that the first successful integration of remote sensing and GIS was its application in coastal resource management. management. Prior to the inception of NAMRIA, Versoza (1986) reported that the the com combina binati tion on of GIS GIS and and rem remote ote sen ensi sing ng prov provid ided ed a reli reliab able le and and econ econom omic ical al sour source ce of info inform rmat atio ion n for for cond conduc ucti ting ng inve invent ntor orie ies s and and for for monit monitor oring ing or evalua evaluatin ting g coasta coastall (marin (marine e and cora corall ree reef) f) resou resource rces. s. One specif specific ic examp example le is the compar compariso ison n of hy hydro drogr graph aphic ic chart charts s and Lands Landsat at images of atolls and fringing reefs which revealed discrepancies primarily caused by the charts being based on surveys conducted 70 years ago. The utility of remotely sensed data was reinforced, especially for revising and updating maps or charts at appropriate scales.
3
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
The role of NRMC was strengthened with the birth of the National Mapping and Resources Information Authority (NAMRIA) in 1987 (Bantayan, 2006; Cabay Cabayana anan, n, 199 1999; 9; Silada Siladan, n, 199 1993). 3). This This paved paved the the marria marriage ge of GIS and remote sensing in the country. NAMRIA is the Philippine’s central mapping and resource information agency. Merged of Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Surve Sur veys, ys, Natur Natural al Reso Resourc urces es Manag Managem ement ent Center Center,, Nation National al Cartog Cartogra raphy phy Autho Au thorit rity y and Land Land Classi Classific ficati ation on Divisi Division on as one one (Banta (Bantaya yan, n, 200 2006), 6), its functions cover four major categories, namely: mapping, oceanographic and geod geodet etic ic surv survey eys, s, rem remote ote sens sensin ing g and and reso resour urce ce data data anal analys ysis is,, and and information management and dissemination (http//:www.wikipedia.co (http//:www.wikipedia.com/NAMRIA/). m/NAMRIA/). In 1989, the wide acceptance, popularity and usefulness of remote sensing brought forth the establishment of Meteorological Satellite Ground Facility by the Philippine Philippine Atmosph Atmospheric, eric, Geophysi Geophysical cal and Astronom Astronomical ical Administ Administratio ration n (PAGASA). Since its installation, the system has been operational and has play played ed an impo import rtan antt role role in typh typhoo oon n warn warnin ing g and and weat weathe herr fore foreca cast stin ing g activities (Siladan, 1993). The same same techno technolog logy y (comp (compute uterr-ass assist isted ed digita digitall proce processi ssing ng and image image analysis of LANDSAT data consisting of 30 LANDSAT Computer Compatible Tapes) was again applied by NAMRIA in 1989 to the World Bank assisted project of the DENR, i.e. mapping of natural conditions of the Philippines. With the assistance of the Swedish Space Corporation, which provided the SPOT SPOT (System (System Pour I’ Observa Observation tion dela Tierre) Tierre) imagerie imageries s taken taken in 198719871988, complimented with the technical capabilities of DENR personnel land cover maps at 1:250,000 scale and satellite scenes in a diapositive film at 1:100,000 scale were produced. Land Cover maps were generated based on the results of visual and digital interpretation of the imageries. Apan’s contribution to the Philippine GIS was also exceptional. He started (and completed in 1992) the use of GIS and remote sensing to produce land cover map of Maasin Watershed in Iloilo. Two years after together with J. Peterson, similar to his first work, he used Landsat Thematic Mapper data to map the land cover of Mindoro for reforestation planning. Land-uses were also categorized (i.e. plantations, secondary forests, agriculture) agriculture) with the aid of spectral discrimination method. At the same period, Camacho (1994) used GIS to map the different forest cover in Mt. Makiling. NAMRIA completed in 1995, with financial assistance from the Japan Forest Techn echnic ical al Asso Associ ciat atio ion n (JAF (JAFT TA) of the the Fores orestr try y Ag Agen ency cy in Japa Japan, n, the the Informatio Information n System System Developm Development ent Project Project for the Manageme Management nt of Tropical ropical Forests covering Regions 1 to 8. LANDSAT data and GIS were used to analyze basic information to come-up with the Land-use and Forest Type Maps with
4
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
the the scal scale e of 1:10 1:100, 0,00 000. 0. Copi Copies es of whic which h were were dist distri ribu bute ted d free free to the the Provincial Offices and DENR Field Offices (Cabanayan, (Cabanayan, 1999). Right after, NAMRIA implemented the mapping and land cover assessment of mangrove areas in Aparri, Cagayan; Lamon Bay in Quezon Province; and Ulugan Ulugan Bay in Palawan Palawan.. This Japanese Japanese Internat Internationa ionall Coopera Cooperation tion Agency Agency (JICA) assisted project was designed to obtain data used in the formulation of Mang Mangro rove ve Fores orestt Mana Manage geme ment nt Plan Plans s lead leadin ing g to the the cons conser erva vati tion on,, protectio protection n and manageme management nt of mangrov mangrove e resource resources. s. The project project utilized utilized small format aerial photographs at a scale or 1:100,000 supplemented with field validation. Output of the project included mangrove species species composition and distribution, mangrove structural characteristics characteristics such as trunk and crown dimensions (Cabanayan, 1999). The Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau (ERDB) only started the use of GIS in 2001. This was, primarily, to develop maps of a GIS-based furnit furniture ure and and handi handicr craft aft raw raw mater materials ials resou resource rce inven inventor tory y. Aside Aside from from computer-based maps, database of the pilot sites providing information on species species planted, spacing spacing used, used, and when availabl available, e, data on volume, volume, and other potential sources of raw materials; and protocol for data collection and encoding in GIS maps (reflected in a GIS-based resource inventory manual) were were gene generat rated ed.. Other Other outpu outputs ts were were update updated d direct director ory y of furnit furniture ure and and handic handicra raft ft produc producers ers,, and a list list of CBFMA CBFMA holde holders rs indica indicatin ting g the area, area, species, as well as their names and addresses. This protocol was developed for the use of the DENR, the furniture/handicraft stakeholders, and other interested clientele (ERDB Annual Report, 2001).
C. Spatial and Temporal Changes Analysis In the early 1990s, analysis on the rates and patterns of deforestation in the Philippines using GIS was conducted by the faculty of the Department of Forestry Forestry, University of Illinois (Liu, et al. 1995). Land-use maps for 1934 and 1988 19 88,, and and a 19 1941 41 road road map map of the the Phil Philip ippi pine nes s were were digi digiti tize zed d into into a geog geogra raph phic ic info inform rmat atio ion n syst system em.. Thes These e maps maps were ere the hen n anal analyz yzed ed to determine the rates of deforestation and their relationship with factors such as the distance of forests to roads and forest fragmentation measured by perimeter-to-area ratio of forest patches. Bagarinao (2004) used a computer-assisted computer-assisted map technique in GIS to analyze the changes in land-use pattern in 1980, 1990 and 2000 in Balamban, Cebu. The same technique was utilized to identify zones and analyze the potential impacts associated with land use.
D. Land Resources Suitability and Capability Assessment The most common application of GIS and remote sensing in the 90s was in resource suitability suitabil ity assessment. Unfortunately Unfortunatel y, only two examples are
5
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
provided in this paper. Geog Geogra raph phic ic tool tools s for for land land suit suitab abili ility ty asse assess ssme ment nt and and land land capa capabi bilit lity y classification were used by Cruz (1990) in Ibulao watershed. He proved that soil erosion could be the primary basis for assessing the suitability of existing land land uses uses and and in ev evalu aluati ating ng the the capab capabilit ility y of the differen differentt areas areas in the watershed using Map Analysis Package (MAP) and IDRISI. Two years after, Cruz (1992) also applied GIS methodology and analysis in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve and finally delineated critical areas of the said watershed. Similarly, De Asis (1998) used GIS to find out the soil erosion potential and evaluate the land capability of the UP Laguna-Quezon Laguna-Quezon Land Grant.
E. Land-use Planning The The ne need ed for for GIS GIS in inte integr grat atin ing g Urba Urban n Fores orestr try y in urba urban n plan planni ning ng and and development had been discussed in the article of Palijon published in the Phil Philip ippi pine ne Lumb Lumber erma man n in 19 1995 95.. Acco Accord rdin ing g to Palij alijon on (199 (1995) 5),, land land use use planning must begin with a mapping system that provides and identifies the spatial distribution of the earth’s features. With the same premise, Bantayan (1997) used GIS in objective modeling for land-use planning, particularly to estimate soil loss in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve as a major prerequisite to identifying the forest reserve’s different decision zones. At the the same same ye year ar,, Basa Basali li (199 (1997) 7),, appl applie ied d GIS GIS on land land-u -use se plan planni ning ng of Cord Cordill iller era a Ad Admi mini nist stra rati tive ve Regio egion. n. The The stud study y prin princi cipa pally lly ex expl plor ored ed the the significance and relevance of GIS on land use planning of CAR in the country. Accor Accordin ding g to him, him, GIS has super superior ior analyt analytica ical, l, grap graphic hical al and integr integrativ ative e capabilities. It, together with RS technology, has crucial roles in achieving sustainab sustainable le develop developmen ment. t. Both technol technologies ogies,, when when employe employed d in a proper proper organizat organizational ional context, context, represen representt the technol technologica ogicall approach approach for achieving achieving environmentally environmentally responsible responsible decision making. Apart from mapping, Apan (1992 and 1994) used GIS and remote sensing in the the plan planni ning ng proc proces ess s for for the the refo refore rest stat atio ion n in Mind Mindor oro o and and of Maas Maasin in Watershed in Iloilo.
F. GIS Modeling and Simulation In the Philippines, GIS modeling commenced in early 90s and lately become upgraded with the integration of several modeling programs and visualization tools. tools. One good good examp example le is the soil soil erosio erosion n predic predictio tion n model model (Modifi (Modified ed Universal Soil Loss Equation), linked to a GIS system, employed by Cruz (1992) to estimate the rate of soil erosion from the different parts of Ibulao Water atersh shed ed,, Maga Magatt Rive Riverr Basi Basin. n. The The geog geogra raph phic ical ally ly base based d soil soil eros erosio ion n pred predic icti tion on tool tool sati satisf sfac acto tori rily ly esti estima mate tes s the the rate rate of soil soil eros erosio ion n from from a 6
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
watershe watershed d only when when sufficie sufficient nt and accurate accurate information information needed for the valida validatio tion n of the model model and and the the ev evalu aluati ation on of the model model param paramete eters rs are available. Olvida (1994), in addition, used GIS in the geomorphic characterization and cartogra cartographic phic modeling modeling of landscap landscape e ecologic ecological al variables variables of the Casile Casile and Kaban abanga gaan an wate waters rshe heds ds.. He appl applie ied d GIS GIS as one one of the the tech techni niqu ques es to characterize watersheds according to their geomorphic features and their landscape structures, functions and changes. GIS, together with 3D Terrain Modeling-Visualization software, was applied by Galgana et al (2004) to verify terrain data of northern Navotas, Metro Manila (a densely populated urban area affected by frequent diurnal changes in sea level) level) vis-àvis-à-vis vis its vulne vulnera rabili bility ty to water water level level rise. rise. The study study provid provided ed a three-dim three-dimens ensional ional visualizat visualization ion technique technique that integrat integrated ed geospatia geospatiall data with possible changes in sea level. The high-resolution simulation presented by the study provided an effective means to visually and spatially assess the extent of topographic vulnerability of a locality to possible sea level change, and may help communities plan effectively for such events. The latest completed research which adopted the integration of GIS and a simulation model (Water Erosion Prediction Project - GeoWEPP) was done by Puno (2009). Runoff and soil loss of the Mapawa watershed in Lantapan, Bukidnon was simulated using four basic input files corresponding to local climate, slope, land management and soil of the said watershed.
Exem Exempl plar ary y acco accomp mpli lish shm ments ents Philippines
and and
GIS
inno innova vati tion on
in
the the
In 2001, the GIS-based ATLAS ATLAS of Selected Watersheds in the Philippines was published. This book was an output (of Dr. Severo R. Saplaco, Dr. Nathaniel Bantayan and Dr. Rex Victor Cruz) of the Environmental Remote Sensing and Geo-in Geo-infor forma matio tion n Labor Laborato atory ry (ERGS (ERGS Lab), Lab), Instit Institute ute of Renew Renewabl able e Natur Natural al Resources, Resources, College of Forestry Forestry and Natural Resources, Resources, UP Los Banos financed by PCARRD-DOST. It covered different aspects from historical background and and geog geogra raph phic ic loca locati tion on of the the wate waters rshe heds ds to soci social al serv servic ices es thes these e watersheds (Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Ambuklao-Binga Watershed, Angat Watershed Reserve, and Pantabangan-Carangalan Watershed) offer to public. Other features included were geographic location, political and administrative boundary, climate, topography and geology, flora and fauna, landuse, major subwater subwatershed sheds, s, drainage drainage network, network, water water quality quality and quantity quantity,, occupan occupancy cy,, population, infrastructures infrastructures and facilities, and tourist and recreational spots. Another outstanding accomplishments out of the many local applications of GIS and remote sensing in the Philippines was the 2006 publication of the book written by Professor Nathaniel C. Bantayan of the College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños entitled “GIS in the the Phili Philipp ppin ines es:: Prin Princi cipl ples es and and Ap Appl plic icat atio ions ns in Fores orestr try y and and Natu Natura rall
7
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
Resources”. The book was enthused by the earlier work of Apan (1999) on the GIS applications in tropical forestry. Apan reviewed the applications of GIS in forest resource assessment and monitoring, forest protection, forest harvesting, forest rehabilitation/reforestation, rehabilitation/reforestation, community and social forestry; forest conservation, conservation, ecology and biodiversity; and forest and climate change. While, Bantayan provided insight on GIS and its potential uses in natural resources management in the local context. The The Univ Univer ersi sity ty of the the Phil Philip ippi pine nes s curr curren entl tly y impl implem emen ents ts a prog progra ram m on intelligent decision support system for environmental hazards management using GIS and remote sensing. The objective of the program is to develop technologies that address environmental hazards specifically fire, soil erosion and runoff on a watershed basis. Cooperating agencies are PCARRD, DENR R3 DENR CAR, Benguet State University, National Power Corporation, and Nation National al Irr Irriga igatio tion n Admini Administr stratio ation. n. The said said progr program am is expect expected ed to be completed in 2010 (PCARRD Annual Report 2008).
8
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
Summary of Philippine GIS and RS Historical Proceedings Proceedings
Year
Technology
1976
RS
1977
RS
1980s
RS
1985
GIS
1986
GIS and RS
1989
RS
1990s
GIS
1990s
GIS
1991 1991-1 -199 995 5
GIS GIS and and RS
1992
GIS and RS
1992
GIS
1992-93
GIS
1994
GIS
1994
GIS and RS RS
1994
GIS
1995
GIS
1996
GIS
Objective and/or Outcome
Institution/ Group Involved
Source
baseline resource informat ion; specific resource inventory and assessment of forests and marine resources resource and environmental change detection (monitor temporal depletion of resources) monitoring and management of forestry, geology, geology, land use, pollution control, coastal zone (corals and mangroves) national forest resources inventory using satellite data
NAMRIA
Cabanayan (1999)
NAMRIA
production of land classification maps (scale, 1:500,000) from superimposition of 1976-1978 satellite images and 1969-1981 aerial photos and 1983 land-use maps computer-based GIS started at IRRI
NAMRIA
Cabanayan (1999) Siladan (1993) Cabanayan (1999)
GIS and RS as components of studies on the coastal resources management zoning production of land cover maps (scale, 1:250,000) and satellite scenes in a diapositive film (scale, 1:100,000 ) determination of the rates and patterns of deforestation in the Philippines land suitability assessment and land capability classification in the Ibulao watershed using MAP and IDRISI prod produc ucti tion on of land land-u -use se fore forest st type type maps (scale, 1:100,000) use of GIS and remote sensing in the planning process for the reforestation of Maasin Watershed in Iloilo soil erosion prediction using GIS; modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE) model linked to a GIS system land capability classification and land use suitability assessment of Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve mapping of the different forest cover in Mt. Makiling mapping of th the land co cover of of Mi Mindoro for reforestation planning geomorphic characterization and cartographic modeling of l andscape ecological variables of the Casile and Kabangaan Kabangaan watersheds integration of GIS in urban planning and development of Urban Forestry participatory decision support
IRRI
Huke, et al. (1985) Versoza (1986)
NAMRIA
Cabanayan (1999)
Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, USA
Liu, et al (1995) Cruz (1990)
NAMRIA
Cabanayan (1999) Apan (1992)
UP College of Forestry
Cruz (1992)
UP College of Forestry
Cruz (1992), Pudasaini (1993) Camacho (1994) Apan, et al (1994) Olvida (1994)
Palijon (1995) Bantayan
9
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
systems in Mt. Makiling Year
Particular
1996
GIS
1996
GIS
1997
GIS
1998
GIS
1999
GIS and RS RS
1999
GIS
2001
GIS
2001
GIS
2002
GIS
2003
GIS
2004
GIS
2004
GIS
2007
GIS
2007
GIS and RS
2009
GIS
Objective an and/or Ou Outcome
objective modeling for land-use planning GIS-based estimation of soil loss in Mt. Makiling application of GIS on land use planning of Cordillera Administrative Region soil erosion potential determination and land capability evaluation of the UP Laguna-Quezon Land Grant mapping and la land co cover as assessment of mangrove areas; outputs included mangrove land cover maps, mangrove species composition and distribution, mangrove structural characteristics such as trunk and crown dimensions applications in tropical forestry (forest resource assessment and monitoring; forest protection; forest harvesting; forest rehabilitation/reforestation; community and social forestry; forest conservation, ecology and biodiversity; and forest and climate change) GIS-based furniture and handicraft raw materials resource inventory maps GIS-based ATLAS of selected watersheds in the Philippines determination of socio-economic variables affecting land-use change in Mt. Makiling Biomass est imation using GIS in Mt. Makiling land-use pattern analysis in Balamban, Cebu water-level rise vulnerability assessment of Navotas, Metro Manila vulnerability assessment of prior ity watersheds in the Philippines intell elligent decisio sion support system for environmental hazards management integration of GIS and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP)
(1996) Institution/ Group Involved
Source
Bantayan (1996) Bantayan (1996) Basali (1997)
De Asis (1998) NAMRIA
Cabanayan (1999)
Apan (1999)
ERDB, UPLB-CFNR, PCARRD-DOST
ERDB Annual Report (2001)
IRNR, UPLB-CFNR, PCARRD-DOST
Saplaco et al (2001) Vallesteros (2002)
ERDB UPLBCFNR, PCARRD-DOST
Tiburan et al (2003) Bagarinao (2004) Galgana, et al (2004) ERDB Annual Report, 2007 PCARRD Annual Report, 2008 Puno (2009)
10
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
References Amleshwar Singh and RVO Cruz. 1993. GIS and Mathematical Programming Aide Aided d Sp Spat atia iall Land-u nd-us se Plan Plann ning ing for for Su Sus stain tainab able le Wate atersh rshed Management. Pterocarpus. Volume 8. No 2. December 1993. Apan, A. 1992. Planning process for the reforestation of watershed areas: The case of Maasin Maasin Waters Watershed, hed, Iloilo Provinc Province, e, Philippin Philippines. es. Master’s Master’s Thesis. Asian Institute of Technology. Bangkok. Apan, A. and Peterson, Peterson, J. 1994a. Spectral discrimination of forest plantations in Mindoro Mindoro,, Philippine Philippines s Using Using Landsat Landsat TM data. data. Asian Pacific Pacific Remote Remote Sensing Journal. Apan Ap an,, A. and and Peter eterso son, n, J. 19 1994 94b. b. Land Land cove coverr mapp mappin ing g for for trop tropic ical al refore reforesta statio tion n plann planning ing using using Lands Landsat at TM data: data: The case case in Mindo Mindoro ro,, Philippines. Bantay Bantayan, an, N. C. 199 1997. 7. GIS-ba GIS-based sed Estim Estimatio ation n of Soil Soil Loss. Loss. Pteroc Pterocarp arpus us Volume 9, No. 1. Bantayan, N. C. 2006. GIS in the Philippines: Principles and Applications in Forestry and Natural Resources. Los Banos. PARRFI and EKECU. 173p. Basali, Francis G. 1997. Application of GIS on Land use Planning of Cordillera Admi Ad mini nist stra rativ tive e Regio egion, n, Phil Philip ippi pine nes. s. Mast Master eral al Thes Thesis is in Urba Urban n and and Regio Regional nal Plann Planning ing.. Unive Univers rsity ity of South South Au Austr strali alia, a, Ad Adela elaide ide,, South South Australia. Belen, Erlinda H. Geomatics: The Science of Space Information. Information. The PCARRD Monitor. 29(1): 7 Jan-Mar 2001 Benite Benitez-G z-Gom omez, ez, Y. 19 1988. 88. GIS and its poten potentia tiall role role in natur natural al resou resource rces s management. Canopy International. January-February 1988. Combal Combalice icerr, E.A. E.A. 200 2000. 0. Ap Appli plicat cation ion of GIS in Deter Determin mining ing Soil Soil Erosi Erosion on Potentials of the Lower Magat Watershed in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines. MS. Thesis. University of the Philippines Los Banos. College, Laguna, Philippines. 139p. Cruz, R.V.O. and P.F. Pfolliott. 1991. A GIS-based land capability classification and land use suitability assessment of Ibulao Watershed, Philippines. Pterocarpus 6(1): 23-32. Cruz, RVO. 1992. Soil Erosion Prediction in a Geographic Information System (GIS) Environment. Pterocarpus. Vol 7. No. 1. June 1992. ERDB Annual Report 2001.
11
GIS and RS in the Philippines/2009
Galgana, G. A., S. C. Abad II, JR T. T. Villarin, Villarin , S.J. and MC T. T. M. Vicente. 2004. Visual Visualizi izing ng Se Sea a Level Level Rise Rise in Navota Navotas s by GIS and and Terr errain ain Model Modeling ing.. Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 7(1): 1-9. Huke, Huke, R.E. R.E. and E.H. E.H. Huke Huke.. 19 1985. 85. Intro Introduc ducing ing a Geogr Geograph aphic ic Inform Informati ation on System at IRRI. International Rice Research Institute. Social Science Division Paper No.90-02. Palijon, Armando M. 1995. The need for GIS in integrating Urban Forestry in Urban Urban Planning Planning and Developm Development. ent. Philippine Philippine Lumberm Lumberman. an. Novembe NovemberrDecember. PCARRD-DOST Annual Report 2008. Puno, G. R. 2009. Application of GeoWEPP Model in Simulating Runoff and Soil Soil Loss Loss of Mapa Mapawa wa Water atersh shed ed in Buki Bukidn dnon on,, Phil Philip ippi pine nes. s. PhD PhD. Dissertation. College of Forestry and Natural Resources. University of the Philippines Los Banos. Saplaco, S. R., N. C. Bantayan and RV. O. Cruz. 2001. GIS-Based Atlas of Sele Se lect cted ed Water atersh shed ed in the the Phil Philip ippi pine nes. s. Proj Projec ectt Fund Funded ed by the the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) – Philippine Council of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), Philippines. Siladan, Marcelino U. 1993. Development and applications of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture, forestry and natural resources. The Philippine Lumberman. July-August. Versoza, Celso Jr., G. 1986. A review of the application of RS to the Coastal Zone Resources of the Philippines. Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on the the Ap Appl plic icat atio ion n of Remote Sen ens sing ing Tech echniqu iques to Coastal stal Management and Environmental Monitoring. Dhaka, Bangladesh. 18-26 November 1986. Villar, Villar, R. G. 2005. 2005. Optimizatio Optimization n Model Model Based Based on Geograph Geographic ic Informat Information ion System System for for a Fores Forestt Produc Productio tion n Unit Unit in Bukidn Bukidnon on,, Philip Philippin pines es.. PhD. PhD. Dissertation. UPLB. CFNR. http//:www.wikipedia.com http//:www.wikipedia.com/NAMRIA/. /NAMRIA/.
12