LESSON 5 Vocabulary Wasting time: malgastar tiempo Average: en la media Take more: costar Traffic jam: atasco How fast is your life?: Cómo de rápido vives? Cut off: cortar I don't mind queuing: No me importa hacer cola I'm the first one to finish I'm the last one to finish Work out: calcular Solow lane: carril lento You take things easy: Te tomas las cosas con calma Easy-going: tolerante, de buen talante Appointments: citas Score: puntuar Medium pace of life: ritmo de vida medio Pace: ritmo Rushing: ir corriendo Rushing around: ir corriendo de un lado para otro Hints = tips = advices: consejos Take it easy: Tómatelo con calma Make a pland and follow Be near: estar cerca Find time to meet friends Multitasking Avoid multitask work: Evita las tareas múltiples Slown down: Relájate Don't … either: tampoco Turn off your mobile = Switch off Watch the world go by: ver la vida pasar Sit by a lake: sentarse a la orilla del lago Reservoir: pantano Go boating: dar un paseo en barca Even better: incluso mejor Welcoming = friendly: acogedora Comparatives: página 134 del libro She's a beautiful girl: aquí beautiful es un adjetivo porque califica al nombre (girl) The girl sings beautifully: aquí beautifully es un adverbio porque califica al verbo (sing) Fast y hard es igual como adverbio que como adjetivo This is a fast train (adjetivo) They drive fast (adverbio) It's a hard exercise (adjetivo) Maria works hard (adverbio) Como regla general, para pasar de adjetivo a adverbio hay que añadir -ly
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Happy – happily Slow – slowly Las reglas para los comparativos, valen tanto para adjetivos como para adverbios. Tres grados de comparación 1.- As + adj/adv + as John is as tall as he is (or him, or me) John isn't as tall as he is as well as: adverbio as good as: adjetivo 2.- Adj + er + than More + adj/adv + than He is tidier than me This town is bigger than the place where I live This dress is more expensive than the suit *adj-er + than 1 syllabe adj.: fast, big, small, short, tall, slim, hot (bad no, su comparativo es worse) Cuando las 3 últimas letras del adjetivo son consonante, vocal, más consonante, se dobla la última consonante + er: C+V+C: big – bigger slim – slimmer hot – hotter 2 syllabes adjs: adj s: bussy, happy, happy, sunny, claudy, claudy, funny, angry (los que terminan te rminan en “y”) “ y”) sunny – sunnier claudy – claudier happy – happier busy – busier funny – funnier angry – angrier *more + adj. + than 2 syllabes (que no terminan en “y”): doubtful (dudoso), crowded, clever You are more clever than Jhon 3 or more syllabes: expensive, difficult, dangereaus
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Far – further/farther Old – elder (referido a personas, regular, older, referido a cosas) Madrid is further from Huesca than Zaragoza 3.- less + adj/adv + than Comparativo de inferioridad His sister is less intelligent than him Describing a town o city: página 156 del libro Where is it? How big is it? What's it like? What is there to see? When did you last go to Paris?: Cuándo fue la última vez que fuiste a Paris I walked around Barcelona: Paseé por Barcelona Nightlife: vida nocturna Lovely: animado I went on a bout: Fui en barco Vocabulary It opened its doors: Abrió sus puertas Gian: gigante The subway station: la estación del metro I went to a fancy dress party on Saturday night when I was ordering a drink He didn't wear a disguise he was wearing a sweater and trousers We'll keep in touch! There are three members in my family: my husband, my dog and I. My hunsband and I are in our early fortie's Eleven years is a long time for a dog You are going to taste several foods in Spain If you have a problem we are going to try to help you In the other seasons I want to describe my family and my town like you asked in your last e-mail Domestic chores you have/ haven't done today Plans for next week Two and a half thousend: 2.500 Attend: asistir Farmer: granjero He enrolled: él se matriculó I wrote to my familly very often Superlatives: página 134 del libro The + adj-es : cuando son adjetivos monosílabos o con 2 sílabas acabados en “y” The happiest Para el resto: The + most + adjv The most expansive in shop: Detrás del adjetivo superlativo siempre va “in”, y sólo se pone of
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Traveller's comments: comentario de viajeros If you can afford it: Si te lo puedes permitir They dress in black: Ellos se visten de negro Huesca is cleaner than it used to be: Huesca está más limpia de lo que estaba Benidorm seems to be popular: Benidorm parece tener éxito Granada is one of the seven wonders in the world Friendship: amistad It is set in Barcelona: Está ambientada en Barcelona In the forty's: En los años cuarenta Sports facilities: servicios deportivos He never offers to buy anything: Nunca se ofrece a pagar nada When you are in nedd: Cuando estás necesitado Apunte sobre el genitivo sajón Hay 3 formas de indicar posesión: 1.- De persona a persona: Peter's mother 2.- De persona a cosa: Peter's car 3.- De cosa a cosa: The leg of the table Para los 2 primeros casos se usa el genitivo sajón, y nunca va precedido por artículo (Peter's mother: la madre de Peter, en español sí lleva artículo, pero en inglés nunca se dice the Peter's mother). Sin embargo, sí que puede ir precedido de pronombre posesivo: My friend's house: la casa de mi amigo. Vocabulary Well-built: cachas c achas Why is she so generous?: Por qué es ella tan generosa? Why is he so impatient? Get fit: Estar en forma How is the restaurant like? Below zero: bajo cero Minus five (degrees): menos 5 grados I fell asleep: Me quedé dormido Good taste: buen gusto Theme park: parque temático I went on my school trip: Fui en mi viaje de estudios She keeps telling me to clear up my bedroom: Está pidiéndome todo el día que limpie mi habitación The mos fightening: el que te da más miedo The shinning: el resplandor It was really scary: Era de mucho miedo Phyco: psicosis Bungee-jumping: puenting Honeymoon: luna de miel Brass bands: charangas Fireworks: fuegos artificiales A firework display: espectáculo de fuegos artificiales The running of the bulls: encierros
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Motoracing: motociclismo Well-known: conocido con ocido Paragliding: ala delta Dried beef: cecina (literalmente, ternera seca) What I liked (the) best/most: Lo que más/menos me gustó (the es opcional) I have a snack between meals: Tomo un tentempié ente comidas Decaffeinated coffee: café descafeinado Get burnt: quemarse Stain: mancha (tanto para piel como para ropa) Illness: enfermedades There is a risk of: Existe riesgo de There is a risk of getting skin cancer Keep an eye on: Echar un ojo a I may be good for: puede que sea bueno para Put on weight: engordar A bit gown: un poco deprimido/bajo Cheers me up: Levantarme el ánimo Late night shows: programa TV de variedades nocturno Nowadays: Hoy en día To develop: desarrollar You develop skills: desarrollas habilidades It prevents you from getting illnesses: ello evita que cojas enfermedades Could you give me some information about the next concert? Take place= Be held: tener lugar To behave: comportarse Actually = in fact: de hecho (es un “falso amigo”, no significa actualmente) Now=curretly=nowadays: actualmente Heart disease: cardiopatía (enfermedades del corazón) And thas as a result: y como consecuencia Quantifiers 1) Many: countable nouns en frases interrogativas en frases negativas en frases afirmativas: en modo informal en este último caso, si bien es un uso muy frecuente (Modo formal: a lot of/ a lot) • • •
How many friends do you have? I don’t have many friends I have many friends (Todos los nombres que tienen plural son contables, la excepción es news, también vegetables, que son incontables) 2) Much: incountable nouns en frases interrogativas en frases negativas en frases afirmativas: en modo informal, también de uso muy frecuente (Modo formal: a lot • • •
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not much (poca. Not many si nos referimos a un sustantivo contable) none: nada I don’t have much milk? I have much milk I have much free time (time es incontable) 3) A lot of: en frases afirmativas, tanto en sustantivos contables como incontables, pero sólo se usa en oraciones afirmativas I have a lot of friends I have a lot of milk En modo interrogativo o negativo habría que usar many/much How many friends do you have? Contestaciones: I have a lot (sin of, puesto que no va nombre detrás) I have a lot of friends I have lots of friends (esta forma también es correcta, y al estar lots en plural no va precedido del artículo indefinido a) 4) A little: incountable nouns en oraciones afirmativas • •
I have a little wine I don’t have much wine 5) A few: countable nouns en oraciones afirmativas •
I have a few friends I don’t have many friends 6) Too much (demasiado) en frases afirmativas, va seguido de nombre incontable Too many (demasiado) en frases afirmativas, va seguido de nombre contable Too (demasiado), va seguido de adjetivo (en afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas) I’m too tired 7) Enough (suficiente) en afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas Dependiendo si va con un adjetivo o un nombre tiene una posición u otra: Va delante de los nombres: I don’t have enough free time (porque free es un sustantivo y enough se comporta como adjetivo que califica al nombre) I have enough flats Va detrás de los adjetivos:
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How many books are there? There aren’t many / There are a lot How much money have your girl? I haven’t got much / I ve got a lot I’ve go a little money (Tengo un poco de dinero) I’ve got a few friends (Tengo unos pocos amigos) He is too old to play football Dave is intelligent enough to do the right thing You’re not working fast enough I don’t have enough time He has too many friends She has got too much patience Vocabulary It went on well: Salió bien Patience: paciencia Patient: paciente Portion of fruits and vegetables /piece of chocolate (se dice porción con frutas y vetales, pieza con chocolate) Not the clothes I’d like to: No toda la ropa que me gustaría I used to like: antes me gustaba (pero ahora ya no lo hago o no me gusta. Si para expresar este concepto usamos la expresión “I liked”, ya lo estamos desvirtuando, esto último lo traducimos por “me gustó”, pero para dar el matiz de “solía” o de pasado imperfecto, hay que utilizar el auxiliar used + to infinitive) How do you keep in touch them? (Cómo te mantienes en contacto con ellos?) I think you should…: Creo que deberías… I think you should have more free time: Creo que deberías tener más tiempo libre I think you shouldn’t …: Creo que no deberías… I think you shouldn’t smoke More than twice as much tea as coffee: Más del doble de té que de café Ever since: desde entonces It’s well known: Es bien sabido Countable/Uncountable nouns * Sustantivos contables 1) Los sustantivos contables admiten formas tanto singulares como plurales:
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There aren’t any cherries for you–No hay ninguna cereza para ti Are there any apples left?–¿Quedan (algunas) manzanas?” 5) “Many” (muchos/as) cuando el sustantivo es plural y la oración negativa o pregunta. There aren’t many strawberries–No hay muchas fresas Are there many pears?–¿Hay muchas peras? 6) Cuantificativos para determinar el número: Six eggs–Seis huevos * Sustantivos incontables 1) Como su nombre indica, será completamente imposible saber el número concreto de estos sustantivos. A pesar de esto, nos ayuda bastante el hecho que hay sustantivos que son incontables tanto en inglés como en español: Bread (pan), milk (leche), salt (sal), sugar (azúcar), food (comida), butter (mantequilla), water (agua)… 2) Comparten algunas características con los sustantivos contables, como por ejemplo que pueden ser acompañados por some “alguno/as” y any “ninguno/alguno”. There is some water in the bottle–Hay un poco de agua en la botella There isn’t any bread–No hay pan 3) Aunque los sustantivos incontables no admiten muchas de las características de los contables. 3.1) No admiten la forma plural: Bread – breads Sugar-sugars 3.2) Tampoco admiten, por norma general, artículos indefinidos ni cuantitativos numéricos: A salt Three waters
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El verbo debe concordar en número con el sujeto, pero en inglés ciertos sustantivos parecen ser plurales (y por lo tanto aparentemente contables), aunque el verbo se mantiene en singular: The news is good–Las noticias son buenas 2) Convertir a contables Aunque afirmemos sin dudar ni un momento que bread (pan), water (agua) o coffee (café) son sustantivos incontables, puede darse el caso de que se puedan convertir en contables.Vaya lío con los contables e incontables, ¿eh?… es lo que tiene el inglés, que primero te confunde, y luego te apasiona…como algunos hombres ;-) Ciertos sustantivos admiten que los acompañe una palabra que ayuda a su contabilización: A loaf of bread--Una rebanada de pan A piece of music–Una pieza musical A stroke of luck–Un golpe de suerte A glass of water–Un vaso de agua Entonces, vamos a enlazar todo esto con “there is” y “there are” (Hay) * Cuando queremos decir que algo o alguien existe (o que no existe) utilizaremos “THERE IS” (para el singular) y “THERE ARE” (para el plural). 1. En español decimos “hay” tanto para el singular como para el plural: Mira los ejemplos: • There is a cow (There’s a cow)–Hay una vaca • There are some cows —Hay algunas vacas 2. La NEGACIÓN se forma añadiendo añadien do ‘NOT’ tras ‘is/are’: • There is not a horse (There isn’t a horse)—No hay un caballo • There are not any trees (There aren’t any trees) –No hay árboles 3. Para construir constru ir la forma fo rma INTERROGATIV INTERROGATIVA A de esta expresión expresi ón simplemente debemos invertir invert ir el orden:
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I have too much work , so I can’t go out tonight. (Tengo demasiado trabajo, así que no puedo salir esta noche.) trouble/problem Trouble es un sustantivo incontable que se utiliza para hablar de problemas o dificultades. Uno de sus usos más frecuentes es en la expresión to have trouble doing something:
I have trouble remembering her name. (Me cuesta acordarme de su numbre./Tengo problemas para acordarme de su nombre.) time/times
El sustantivo time tiene dos significados en inglés. Como contable significa vez, y como incontable significa tiempo: How much time do you have? (¿Cuánto tiempo tienes?) How many times have you been to New York? (¿Cuántas veces has estado en Nueva York?)
Por supuesto, nunca se utiliza time para hablar del tiempo meteorológico: ¿Cómo fue el tiempo? –> How was the time? X –> How was the weather? stuff/things Stuff es un sustantivo incontable e informal que se utiliza para hablar de cosas o sustancias, sobre
todo cuando su nombre o su naturaleza no está claro o no tiene importancia. Por ejemplo, Do you know that stuff people put on their lips when they ski? Where can I buy some of that? (¿Conoces eso que la gente se pone en los labios cuando esquía…?) I need to pick up some stuff I left at my ex-girlfriend’s house. (Tengo que recoger unas cosas/pertenencias que dejé en casa de mi ex-novia.) Como stuff es es incontable, nunca hablamos de a stuff X, X, y no lo utizamos para hablar de un objeto
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Vocabulary Get rotten quickly: pudrirse rápidamente Go on sales: Ir de rebajas Enviromentally-friendly: sucio (referido a que ensucia) Foxy: astuto Fun-loving: juerguista Allergic to gluten: celiaco In adition = besides = moreover: además Give them away: regalarlos, donarlos Give it away: regalarlo, donarlo Survey: encuenta Surveyed: encuestado Give up: dejar It is difficult to give up to smoking? Pronunciation / ʌ /: - corresponde a la grafía grafí a “a”, “u” y “o” en: cat, cat , hat, much, sunny, sun, but, Money, Money, son, brother, mother. Las palabras one y won, se pronuncian igual: /wʌn/ /u:/: en la grafía “ui”, siempre sie mpre se pronuncia una u larga /u:/: suit, fruit Puntualizaciones No existe all year, la expresión “There are tourits all year” está mal, se debe decir: There are tourits throughtout to year El tiempo solo es bueno o malo en inglés Todo lo que son adjetivos de tiempo: hot, claudy, warm, etc, se debe expresar simplemente: It’s hot (claudy, warm, etc) Está mal The weather is hot. Sí se puede hacer referencia con esa estructura al clima: The climate is wet Las oraciones siempre llevan sujeto en inglés: En What happen?: el sujeto es what En Who is?: el sujeto es who Composition I live in Santiago of Compostela, which is the capital of Galicia, located 30 km from the coast in the
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busy. Besides it is full of legends and mysteries and I always learn something about it that I didn’t know. Vocabulary In the suburbs= in the outskirst: en las afueras It has about XXX people/inhabitants Sea side places: lugar en la costa Sea side city: ciudad en la costa Holidays markers: veraneantes Pier: paseo marítimo Eater: comedor Good eater: buen comedor Get down on: dejar de Trainers (UK) = sneakers (US) Keen on: aficionado a I mean: Quiero decir Take a year off: tomarse un año sabático I’ll go and check: Ya lo compruebo (will: para future, pero también ofrecimientos y decisions inmediatas) Added sales tax: añadido el impuesto VAT: valued added tax Hang on a sec (literalmente, cuelga un segundo)= Juts a minute: Espera un Segundo Suggestions Why don’t you + gerundio….?: Por qué no + verbo…? How/What about + gerundio….?: Qué tal si + verbo…? You could + verbo (sin to)… Podrías + infinitivo You should + verbo (sin to): Puedes + infinitivo
