Q]KEYHFYFÙE A@ AKQDY V ]@A@Y A@ IDHPEFIKIFDE@Y (]@YPH@E)
Y@LPEAD IP]YD FEL@EF@]ÈK @E Q@IEDJDLÈKY A@ JK FEBD]HKIFÙE PE@A
=
PEFAKA ;. FEQ]DAPIIFÙE Q`hk ;> Fetrdauiifùe ;.;. Qrkeshfsfùe a` aktds ;.=. ]`a`s ;.9. Fet`re`t ;.1. _rdtdidjds y `stëeakr`s
Q`hk => Hda`jds a` ]`a`s =.; Qkr`ks `e efv`j`s =.= @j Hda`jd DYF =.9 Efv`j`s `e `j hda`jd DYF =.1 Bkhfjfk a` _rdtdidjds QI_/F_ =.0 Afr`iifdekhf`etd
PEFAKA => H@AFD V EFR@J BÈYFID Q`hk 9> Aktds y s`ûkj`s 9.; Kekjùlfid y aflftkj 9.= Y`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks p`rfùafiks 9.9 Y`ûkj`s aflftkj`s 9.1 A`t`rfdrd a` jk trkeshfsfùe 9.0 Jèhft`s a` jk v`jdifaka a` aktds 9.2 _r`stkifde`s
Q`hk 1> Qrkeshfsfùe aflftkj 1.; Idev`rsfùe aflftkj k aflftkj 1.= Idev`rsfùe a` kekjùlfid k aflftkj 1.9 Hdads a` trkeshfsfùe
Q`hk 0> Qrkeshfsfùe kekjùlfik 0.; Idev`rsfùe a` aflftkj k kekjùlfid 0.= Idev`rsfùe a` kekjùlfid k kekjùlfid
Q`hk 2> Ptfjfzkifùe a`j keicd a` mkeak> Hujtfpj`xkifùe y `eskeickad 2.; Hujtfpj`xkifùe 2.= @sp`itrd `eskeickad `eskeickad
9
Q`hk <> H`afd a` trkeshfsfùe <.; H`afds lufkads <.= H`afds ed lufkads
Q`hk 3> Idehutkifùe 3.; Idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds 3.= ]`a`s a` aktklrkhks 3.9 ]`a`s a` ifriuftds vfrtukj`s 3.1 @struiturk a` ue idehutkadr
Q`hk 6> Psd a` r`a`s t`j`bùefiks y pdr ikmj` pkrk jk trkeshfsfùe a` aktds 6.; ]`a t`j`bùefik 6.= Hùa`hs a` hkrikad 6.9 Jèe`k a` kmdekad aflftkj 6.1 ]`a`s a` QR pdr ikmj` 6.0 Jk QR pdr ikmj` pkrk trkeshftfr aktds
PEFAKA 9> EFR@J A@ @EJKI@ Q`hk ;?> Idetrdj a` `ejki` a` aktds ;?.; Ir`kifùe a` trkhks ;?.= Idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr ;?.9 _rdtdidjds ;?.1 Ikekj`s sfe rufad ;?.0 Ikekj`s ide rufad ;?.2 CAJI ;?.< _rdtdidjd puetd k puetd
Q`hk ;;> Kii`sd hþjtfpj` ;;.; Kii`sd kj`ktdrfd ;;.= Kii`sd idetrdjkad ;;.9 Ikekjfzkifùe
Q`hk ;=> JKE ikmj`kaks> @tc`re`t ;=.; @stëeakr`s a`j F@@@ ;=.= @stëeakr @tc`re`t ;=.9 Ikhmfds `e `j `stëeakr ;=.1 Bkst @tc`re`t ;=.0 @tc`re`t Lflkmft
1
Q`hk ;9> Ide`xfùe a` JKE, r`a`s trdeikj`s y JKE vfrtukj`s ;9.; Afspdsftfvds a` ide`xfùe ;9.= ]`a`s trdeikj`s ;9.9 JKE vfrtukj`s
PEFAKA 1> EFR@J A@ ]@A Q`hk ;1> Efv`j a` r`a> Afr`iifdekhf`etd jùlfid ;1.; Afr`iifde`s F_v1 ;1.= Afr`iifde`s F_v2
Q`hk ;0> Efv`j a` r`a> _rdtdidjd a` Fet`re`t ;0.; Fet`ride`xfùe `etr` r`a`s ;0.= F_v1
PEFAKA 0> EFR@J A@ Q]KEY_D]Q@ Q`hk ;2> Idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd> PA_ y QI_ ;2.; Idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd ;2.= _rdtdidjd a` aktklrkhk a` usukrfd (PA_) ;2.9 _rdtdidjd a` Idetrdj a` Qrkeshfsfùe (QI_)
PEFAKA 2> EFR@J A@ K_JFIKIFÙE Q`hk ;<> Efv`j a` kpjfikifùe ;<.; AEY ;<.= Q@JE@Q ;<.9 \\\ y CQQ_
0
2
PEFAKA ;. FEQ]DAPIIFÙE Q`hk ;> Qrkeshfsfùe a` aktds y r`a`s a` idhuefikifde`s ;.;. Qrkeshfsfùe a` aktds @s jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds a` ue afspdsftfvd k dtrd h`afket` kjlþe tfpd a` h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe. A`p`ea` a` iuktrd bkitdr`s>
@etr`lk> @j sfst`hk a`m` `etr`lkr jds aktds `e `j a`stfed idrr`itd. @xkitftua> Jds aktds kjt`rkads ed sde þtfj`s. _uetukjfaka> Jds aktds `etr`lkads tkra` ed sde þtfj`s. Qrkeshfsfùe `e tf`hpd r`kj. Nftt`r > D r`tkrad vkrfkmj`. Y` r`bf`r` k jk vkrfkifùe `e `j tf`hpd a` jj`lkak a` jds pkqu`t`s.
Idestk a` jds sfluf`et`s idhpde`et`s (Bfl. ;)>
Bfl. ; Idhpde`et`s a` ue sfst`hk a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds
H`eskn`> @s jk febdrhkifùe (aktds) k idhuefikr. Q`xtd, eþh`rds, lrëbfids, kuafd, vfa`d, `ti. @hfsdr> Afspdsftfvd qu` `evèk `j h`eskn`. ]`i`ptdr> Afspdsftfvd qu` r`ifm` `j h`eskn`. H`afd> Ikhfed bèsfid pdr `j iukj vfknk `j h`eskn` a`sa` `j `hfsdr kj r`i`ptdr. _rdtdidjd> Idenuetd a` r`ljks qu` ldmf`reke jk trkeshfsfùe a` aktds. Jk r`pr`s`etkifùe a` aktds pu`a`e s`r a`j tfpd t`xtd, eþh`rds, fhël`e`s, Kuafd, vfa`d, `ti. Jk idhuefikifùe `etr` ads afspdsftfvds pu`a` diurrfr `e tr`s hdads a` idhuefikifùe (Bfl. =)>
Yfhpj`x > Jk idhuefikifùe `s uefafr`iifdekj. Y`hf-aupj`x > Jk idhuefikifùe `s mfafr`iifdekj p`rd ed kj hfshd tf`hpd. Bujj-aupj`x > Jk idhuefikifùe `s mfafr`iifdekj y sfhujtëe`k utfjfzkead ikhfeds a` trkeshfsfùe bèsfikh`et` s`pkrkads d afvfaf`ead jk ikpkifaka a`j ikekj.
<
Bfl. = Bjund a` aktds
;.=. ]`a`s Pe r`a `s ue idenuetd a` afspdsftfvds (k h`euad a`edhfekads edads) ide`itkads pdr `ejki`s a` ue h`afd bèsfid.
_rdi`skhf`etd afstrfmufad> Pek tkr`k `stë afvfafak `etr` hþjtfpj`s idhputkadrks.
Irft`rfd a` r`a`s> _krk qu` uek r`a s`k idesfa`rkak `b`itfvk y `bfif`et` ck a` sktfsbki`r ue if`rtd eþh`rd a` irft`rfds. ]`eafhf`etd>
Qf`hpd a` trkesftd> tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk qu` ue h`eskn` vfkn` a`sa` ue afspdsftfvd kj sfluf`et`. Qf`hpd a` r`spu`stk> tf`hpd qu` trkesiurr` `etr` uek p`tfifùe y su r`spu`stk. Pskead ads hætrfiks> Keicd a` mkeak. Jkt`eifk.
Bfkmfjfaka >
H`afifùe a` jk br`iu`eifk a` bkjjd a` jk r`a, tf`hpd a` r`iup`rkifùe a` ue `ejki` br`et` k ue bkjjd y jk rdmust`z a` jk r`a ket` uek iktëstrdb`. 3
Y`lurfaka>
_rdt`iifùe a` aktds br`et` k kii`sds ed kutdrfzkads. _rdt`iifùe a` aktds br`et` k bkjjds y hdafbfikifde`s. ]`iup`rkifùe a` fet`rrupifde`s y pærafak a` aktds. @struiturks bèsfiks Ktrfmutds a` uek r`a>
Qfpd a` ide`xfùe > Pek r`a `stë bdrhkak pdr ads d hës afspdsftfvds ide`itkads k trkvæs a` `ejki`s. Pe `ejki` `s `j h`afd a` idhuefikifùe bèsfid qu` trkesbf`r` jds aktds a` ue afspdsftfvd k dtrd (Bfl. 9).
Bfl. 9 Qfpds a` ide`xfde`s
_uetd k _uetd> @stk ide`xfùe prdpdrifdek ue `ejki` a`afikad `etr` ads afspdsftfvds. Hujtfpuetd> Qkhmfæe a`edhfekak hujtfide`xfùe, `s uek idebflurkifùe `e jk qu` vkrfds afspdsftfvds idhpkrt`e `j hfshd `ejki`. idhpkrtfak>
`spkifkjh`et`
vkrfds
afspdsftfvds
uske
Jèe`k
sfhujtëe`kh`et` `j hfshd `ejki`. Jèe`k a` tf`hpd idhpkrtfak> vkrfds afspdsftfvds uske pdr tureds `j hfshd `ejki`.
Qdpdjdlèk bèsfik Afspdsfifùe bèsfik y jùlfik a` uek r`a. Ads d hës afspdsftfvds s` ide`itke k ue `ejki`7 ads d hës `ejki`s bdrhke uek tdpdjdlèk. Qdpdjdlèk `e Hkjjk
Ikak afspdsftfvd tf`e` ue `ejki` puetd k puetd y a`afikad ide iukjquf`r dtrd afspdsftfvd.
6
@ejki`s bèsfids e`i`skrfds> e(e-;) sf ikak edad `stë ide`itkad k jds a`hës e(e-;)/= sf ikak edad p`rhft` idhuefikifùe aþpj`x.
R`etknks> Psd a` `ejki`s a`afikads. ]dmust`z> Yf ue `ejki` bkjjk, ed feckmfjftk `j sfst`hk. _rfvkifaka y s`lurfaka.
A`sv`etknks> Iketfaka a` ikmj`. Eþh`rd a` pu`rtds @/Y e`i`skrfds. Festkjkifùe y idebflurkifùe afbfiujtdsk. Ckrawkr` `xi`sfvkh`et` ikrd.
Psds> Ide`xfùe a` jks dbfifeks r`lfdekj`s a` t`jæbdeds, `e jks qu` ikak dbfifek e`i`sftk `stkr ide`itkak k tdaks jks a`hës.
Bfl. 1 Afstfetks tdpdjdlèks a` jks r`a`s
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Qdpdjdlèk `e `str`jjk
Ikak afspdsftfvd tf`e` ue `ejki` puetd k puetd a`afikad ide `j idetrdjkadr i`etrkj d idei`etrkadr.
@ejki`s bèsfids e`i`skrfds> Pe `ejki` y pu`rtd @/Y.
R`etknks> Hës mkrktk qu` jk tdpdjdlèk a` hkjjk. Bëifj a` festkjkr y idebflurkr. ]dmust`z> Yf ue `ejki` bkjjk, ed feckmfjftk `j sfst`hk. Fa`etfbfike y kèsjke bkjjds a` hke`rk s`eifjjk.
A`sv`etknks A`p`ea`eifk a` tdak jk r`a `e ue þefid puetd, `j idei`etrkadr. Yf bkjjk, tdak jk r`a s` hu`r`.
Psds> ]`a`s a` ër`k jdikj (JKE, Jdikj Kr`k E`twdr). Qdpdjdlèk a` mus
Psd a` `ejki`s hujtfpuetd. Pe ikmj` jkrld kitþk idhd r`a trdeikj qu` ide`itk tdads jds afspdsftfvds `e jk r`a. Jds edads s` ide`itke kj mus h`afket` ikmj`s a` ide`xfùe (jktflufjjds) y sdeaks. Iukead jks s`ûkj`s vfknke k trkvæs a`j mus, pkrt` a` su `e`rlèk s` trkesbdrhk `e ikjdr, pdr jd qu` jk s`ûkj s` a`mfjftk k h`afak qu` vfknk pdr `j ikmj`. _dr `stk rkzùe, cky ue jèhft` `e `j eþh`rd a` ide`xfde`s qu` ue mus pu`a` sdpdrtkr y `e jk afstkeifk `etr` `stks ide`xfde`s.
@ejki`s bèsfids e`i`skrfds> Pe `ejki` y pu`rtd @/Y.
R`etknks> Y`eifjj`z a` festkjkifùe. ]`quf`r` h`eds ikmj`kad qu` jks tdpdjdlèks ket`rfdr`s.
A`sv`etknks Afbfiujtka a` idebflurkifùe y kfsjkhf`etd a` bkjjds. Jk rdturk a`j mus diksfdek `j bkjjd a` tdak jk r`a. Psds> ]`a`s a` ër`k jdikj @tc`re`t. ;;
Qdpdjdlèk `e kefjjd
Ikak afspdsftfvd tf`e` uek jèe`k a` ide`xfùe a`afikak y puetd k puetd sdjkh`et` ide jds afspdsftfvds qu` `stëe k sus jkads. Ikak afspdsftfvd feidrpdrk ue r`p`tfadr qu` r`l`e`rk jds mfts a` jk s`ûkj y jds r`trkeshft` eu`vkh`et` kj kefjjd.
R`etknks> Bëifj a` festkjkr y idebflurkr. Jds bkjjds s` pu`a`e kfsjkr a` bdrhk s`eifjjk. ]`quf`r` h`eds ikmj`kad qu` jks tdpdjdlèks ket`rfdr`s.
A`sv`etknks> Pek rdturk `e `j kefjjd pu`a` feckmfjftkr tdak jk r`a.
Psds> Pskak pdr FMH `e sus JKE Qdg`e ]fel. Qdpdjdlèks cèmrfaks
Idhmfekifùe a` kjlueks tdpdjdlèks ket`rfdr`s.
Ijks`s a` r`a`s Jk ikt`ldrèk k jk qu` p`rt`e`i` uek r`a s` a`t`rhfek pdr `j tkhkûd a` ër`k qu` iumr`. ]`a a` ër`k jdikj (JKE, Jdikj Kr`k E`twdrg)>
Pek JKE `s ue sfst`hk a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds a`etrd a` ue `afbfifd, uek pjketk, ue ikhpus d `etr` `afbfifds i`rikeds. Yu`j`e s`r a` prdpf`aka prfvkak. @j tkhkûd a` jks JKE `stë jfhftkad k ueds pdids gfjùh`trds. @stëe afs`ûkaks pkrk idhpkrtfr r`iursds `etr` idhputkadrks p`rsdekj`s d `stkifde`s a` trkmknd. ]`a a` ër`k khpjfk (\KE, \fa` Kr`k E`twdrg)>
Pek \KE `s ue sfst`hk a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds qu` pu`a` `xt`ea`rs` k trkvæs a` `stkads, pkès`s d pdr tdad `j huead. _rdpdrifdeke ue h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe k jkrlk afstkeifk sdmr` lrkea`s ër`ks l`dlrëbfiks. ]`a a` ër`k h`trdpdjftkek (HKE)>
Qf`e` ue tkhkûd fet`rh`afd `etr` uek JKE y uek \KE. Afs`ûkak pkrk ide`xfde`s a` kjtk v`jdifaka.
;=
Bfl. 0 \KEs, uek idehutkak y dtrd puetd k puetd
Fet`ride`xfùe a` r`a`s> Fet`rr`a`s.
Iukead ads d hës r`a`s s` ide`itke s` idevf`rt`e `e uek fet`rr`a d fet`re`t.
Bfl. 2 Pek r`a bdrhkak pdr iuktrd \KE y ads JKE
;.9. Fet`re`t Jk r`a a` r`a`s hës edtkmj` s` jjkhk Fet`re`t ide –F‖ hkyþsiujk, uek idjkmdrkifùe a` if`etds a` hfj`s a` r`a`s fet`ride`itkaks. ;9
@e ;62<, `e uek r`uefùe a` jk KIH (Kssdifkitfde bdr Idhput`r Hkicfe`ry), K]_K (Kavkei`a ]`s`kric _rdn`it Kl`eiy) a`j hfefst`rfd a` a`b`esk a` jds @@.PP, pr`s`etd sus fa`ks pkrk K]_KE@Q, uek r`a a` p`qu`ûks idhputkadrks ide`itkaks `etr` sè. Jk fa`k `rk qu` ikak idhputkadrk `stuvf`rk ide`itkak k uek idhputkadrk `sp`ifkjfzkak jjkhkak Fet`rbki` H`sskl` _rdt`itdr (FH_). Jds FH_, k su v`z `stëe ide`itkads `etr` sè. Pe sdbtwkr` a`edhfekad E`twdrg Idetrdj _rdtdidj (EI_) prdpdrifdekmk jk idhuefikifùe `etr` jks idhputkadrks.
Fet`re`t `e jk kitukjfaka>
Kitukjh`et`, jds usukrfds bfekj`s qu` s` ide`itke k Fet`re`t uske jds s`rvfifds a` ue FY_ (Fet`re`t Y`rvfi` _rdvfa`r). Fet`re`t `s l`stfdekak pdr idhpkûèks prfvkaks ed lum`rekh`etkj`s. FY_ fet`rekifdekj`s> @stëe `e jd kjtd a` jk n`rkrquèk y ide`itke jks ekifde`s `etr` sè. FY_ ekifdekj`s> Yde r`a`s trdeikj`s ir`kaks y hket`efaks pdr `hpr`sks `sp`ifkjfzkaks. @stks trdeikj`s `stëe ide`itkaks `etr` sè pdr `stkifde`s a` idehutkifùe idhpj`nks a`edhfekaks EK_ (E`twdrg Kii`ss _dfet) d pdr `stkifde`s a` idehutkifùe prfvkaks a`edhfekaks puetds a` fet`rikhmfd (p``rfel pdfets). Dp`rke k v`jdifaka`s huy kjtks a` ckstk 2?? Hmps. FY_ r`lfdekj`s> Jds þjtfhds a` jk n`rkrquèk y tf`e`e uek v`jdifaka h`edr. ;.1. _rdtdidjds y `stëeakr`s _rdtdidjds> Yde ue idenuetd a` r`ljks qu` ldmf`reke jks idhuefikifde`s a` aktds. A`bfe` ‚qu`‘, ‚idhd‘ y ‚iukead‘ s` idhuefik. Jds `j`h`etds ijkv` a` ue prdtdidjd sde>
Yfetkxfs> @s jk `struiturk a`j bdrhktd a` jds aktds. Y`hëetfik> @j sflefbfikad a` ikak s`iifùe a` mfts. Q`hpdrfzkifùe> Iukead s` `evèke jds aktds. K qu` v`jdifaka.
@stëeakr`s> Yde r`ljks sdmr` jks qu` cky ue kiu`rad.
@stëeakr`s a` bkitd> ed cke sfad kprdmkad pdr efeluek drlkefzkifùe, p`rd cke sfad kadptkads pdr su lrke afbusfùe. @stëeakr`s a` nur`> Cke sfad j`lfsjkads pdr ue drlkefshd dbfifkjh`et` r`idedifad. Drlkefzkifde`s a` `stkeakrfzkifùe> Jds `stëeakr`s sde a`skrrdjjkads h`afket` jk iddp`rkifùe `etr` idhftæs a` ir`kifùe a` `stëeakr`s, bdrds y kl`eifks r`lujkadrks a` jds ldmf`reds.
;1
Idhftæs a` ir`kifùe a` `stëeakr`s (Bfl. <)>
FYD> Qc` Fet`rektfdekj Drlkefzktfde bdr Ytkeakrafzktfde. FQP-Q> Qc` Fet`rektfdekj Q`j`idhhuefiktfdes Pefde-Q`j`idhhuefiktfdes Ytkeakrs Y`itdr. KEYF> Kh`rfike Ektfdekj Ytkeakras Festftut`. F@@@> Festftut` @j`itrfike kea @j`itrdefi @elfe``rs. @FK> @j`itrdefi Feaustrf`s Kssdifktfdes.
Bfl. <
Bdrds> Bdrhkads pdr hf`hmrds r`pr`s`etktfvds a` idhpkûèks qu` pru`mke, `vkjþke y `stkeakrfzke jks t`iedjdlèks. Kl`eifks r`lujkadrks >
BII> Idhfsfùe b`a`rkj a` idhuefikifde`s, tf`e` kutdrfaka sdmr` `j idh`rifd fet`r`stktkj ` fet`rekifdekj `e jd r`jktfvd k jks idhuefikifde`s.
@stëeakr`s `e Fet`re`t >
@s uek `sp`ifbfikifùe prdmkak qu` `s þtfj y k jk qu` s` kacf`r`e kqu`jjds qu` trkmknke `e Fet`re`t. Idhf`ezk ide ue mdrrkadr a` Fet`re`t ( arkbb ). Pe arkbb a` Fet`re`t s` pu`a` pumjfikr idhd ue ]BI (]`qu`st Bdr Idhh`et). Pe ]BI `s uek fa`k d idei`ptd qu` `s pr`iursdr a` ue `stëeakr a` Fet`re`t.
;0
Q`hk => Hda`jds a` ]`a`s =.; Qkr`ks `e efv`j`s Ckmftukjh`et` utfjfzkhds `j idei`ptd a` efv`j`s `e eu`strk vfak afkrèk. Idhd pdr `n`hpjd `e jk idhuefikifùe `etr` ads p`rsdeks k trkvæs a`j idrr`d pdstkj. @j prdi`sd s`rèk idhpjfikad sfed `xfstf`rk ue s`rvfifd a` idrr`ds. @e jk Bfl. 3 hu`strks jks `tkpks a` `stk tkr`k.
Bfl. 3 Qkr`ks fevdjuirkaks `e `j `evèd a` uek ikrtk
=.= @j hda`jd DYF (Dp`e Yyst`h Fet`ridee`itfde)
Ir`kad `e ;61< pdr jk FYD. DYF `s ue `stëeakr FYD qu` iumr` tdads jds ksp`itds a` jks r`a`s a` idhuefikifùe. Pe sfst`hk kmf`rtd (Dp`e Yyst`h) `s ue hda`jd qu` p`rhft` qu` ads sfst`hks afb`r`et`s pu`ake idhuefikrs` fea`p`eaf`et`h`et` a` jk krquft`iturk sumyki`et`. @j hda`jd DYF ed `s ue prdtdidjd. FYD `s jk drlkefzkifùe, DYF `s `j hda`jd. @stë idhpu`std pdr sf`t` efv`j`s dra`ekads y s`pkrkads p`rd r`jkifdekads, ikak ued a` jds iukj`s a`bfe` ue s`lh`etd a`j prdi`sd e`i`skrfd pkrk hdv`r jk febdrhkifùe k trkvæs a` uek r`a (Bfl. 6).
;2
Bfl. 6 Jds sf`t` efv`j`s a`j hda`jd DYF
Krquft`iturk pdr efv`j`s>
Ikak efv`j a`bfe` uek bkhfjfk a` bueifde`s afstfetks a` jks a` jds dtrds efv`j`s. @j hda`jd DYF p`rhft` uek trkespkr`eifk idhpj`tk `etr` sfst`hks qu` a` dtrk bdrhk s`rèke feidhpktfmj`s. A`etrd a` uek hëqufek ikak efv`j jjkhk k jds s`rvfifds a`j efv`j qu` `stë nustd pdr a`mknd. @etr` hëqufeks `j efv`j x a` uek hëqufek s` idhuefik ide `j efv`j x a` jk dtrk. Jk idhuefikifùe s` ldmf`rek h`afket` prdtdidjds. Jds prdi`sds a` ikak hëqufek qu` s` pu`a`e idhuefikr `e ue a`t`rhfekad efv`j s` jjkhke prdi`sds pkrftkrfds. _rdi`sds pkrftkrfds>
Ikak efv`j a` jk hëqufek `hfsdrk kûka` su prdpfk febdrhkifùe kj h`eskn` r`ifmfad a`j efv`j sup`rfdr y pksk tdad `j pkqu`t` kj efv`j feb`rfdr. @e `j efv`j ; s` idevf`rt` tdad `j pkqu`t` kj bdrhktd `e qu` s` pu`a` trkesb`rfr ckstk jk hëqufek r`i`ptdrk. @e jk hëqufek r`i`ptdrk, `j h`eskn` `s `xtrkèad efv`j pdr efv`j, `e jds iukj`s ikak prdi`sd prdi`sk y `jfhfek jds aktds qu` sde pkrk æj. Fet`rbki`s `etr` efv`j`s> Ikak fet`rbkz a`bfe` qu` febdrhkifùe y s`rvfifds a`m` prdpdrifdekj ue efv`j kj efv`j sup`rfdr. _rdpdrifdeke hdaujkrfaka k jk r`a.
;<
Drlkefzkifùe a` jds efv`j`s> Jds sf`t` efv`j`s p`rt`e`i`e k tr`s lrupds (Bfl. ;?).
Bfl. ;? Pek idhuefikifùe uskead `j hda`jd DYF
;. Bèsfid =. @ejki` a` aktds 9. ]`a
Efv`j`s a` sdpdrt` a` r`a
1. Qrkespdrt`
Efv`j a` trkespdrt`
0. Y`sfùe 2. _r`s`etkifùe <. Kpjfikifùe
Y`rvfifds a` sdpdrt` a` usukrfd
Ksp`itds bèsfids a` jk trkeshfsfùe a` jds aktds a` ue afspdsftfvd k dtrd Ks`lurk jk trkeshfsfùe bfkmj` a` `xtr`hd k `xtr`hd Fet`rdp`rkmfjfaka `etr` sfst`hks sdbtwkr` ed r`jkifdekads
@j prdi`sd `hpf`zk `e `j efv`j < y k idetfeukifùe s` hu`v` a` efv`j k efv`j `e dra`e s`iu`eifkj a`si`eaf`et`. @e jds efv`j`s 2 kj = s` kûka` uek ikm`i`rk k jk uefaka a` aktds. @e `j efv`j = s` kûka` uek idjk. @e `j efv`j ; jks uefaka`s a` aktds bdrhkt`kaks s` trkesbdrhke `e s`ûkj`s `j`itrdhkleætfiks y s` trkespdrtke pdr `j `ejki` bèsfid. ;3
Kjikezkad `j a`stfed, jk s`ûkj pksk kj efv`j ; y s` trkesbdrhk `e mfts. K h`afak qu` ikak mjdqu` a` aktds kjikezk `j efv`j sup`rfdr, jks ikm`i`rks y jks idjks `e jds efv`j`s r`i`ptdr`s s` `jfhfeke. @eikpsujkad> Jk pdrifùe a` aktds a` ue pkqu`t` `e `j efv`j E-; trkespdrtk `j pkqu`t` idhpj`td (aktds, ikm`i`rk y idjk) a`j efv`j E.
=.9 Efv`j`s `e `j hda`jd DYF W;X Efv`j bèsfid> @s `j r`spdeskmj` a`j hdvfhf`etd a` mfts feafvfaukj`s a`sa` ue edad kj sfluf`et`. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Ikrkit`rèstfiks bèsfiks a` jks fet`rbki`s y `j h`afd. ]`pr`s`etkifùe a` jds mfts> A`bfef`ead `j tfpd a` idafbfikifùe pkrk pkskr a` mfts k s`ûkj`s. Qksk a` aktds d trkeshfsfùe> d Mfts `evfkads pdr s`luead (Mps). Aurkifùe a` ue mft. d Yfeirdefzkifùe a` jds mfts> @hfsdr y r`i`ptdr a`m`e `stkr sfeirdefzkads k efv`j a` mft. Idebflurkifùe a` jk jèe`k> _uetd k puetd, Hujtfpuetd, `ti. Qdpdjdlèk bèsfik> Hkjjk, `str`jjk, mus, kefjjd, `ti. Hdad a` trkeshfsfùe> Yfhpj`s, s`hfaupj`x, bujj-aupj`x, `ti.
Bfl. ;; Efv`j bèsfid
W=X Efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds> @s `j r`spdeskmj` a`j hdvfhf`etd a` trkhks a`sa` ue edad kj sfluf`et`. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Qrkhkad> Afvfa` `j bjund a` mfts r`ifmfad a`j efv`j a` r`a `e trkhks. ;6
Afr`iifdekhf`etd bèsfid> @e iksd e`i`skrfd, kûka` uek ikm`i`rk k jk trkhk ide jk afr`iifùe bu`et` y/d a`stfed. Idetrdj a` bjund> _r`vf`e` `j a`smdrakhf`etd a`j r`i`ptdr pdr pkrt` a` ue `hfsdr ide v`jdifaka`s hkydr`s. Idetrdj a` `rrdr`s> d A`t`itk y r`trkshft` trkhks a`b`itudsks d p`rafaks. d _r`vf`e` jk aupjfikifùe a` trkhks. d @std s` idesflu` kûkaf`ead uek idjk kj bfekj a` jk trkhks. Idetrdj a` kii`sd> A`t`rhfek qu` afspdsftfvd idetrdjk `j `ejki` `e iksd a` ads d hës afspdsftfvd ide`itkads kj hfshd `ejki`.
Bfl. ;= Efv`j a` `ejki`
W9X Efv`j a` r`a @s `j r`spdeskmj` a` jk `etr`lk a` pkqu`t`s feafvfaukj`s a`sa` ue cdst drfl`e ckstk ue cdst a`stfed. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Afr`iifdekhf`etd jùlfid @eikhfekhf`etd> @e uek fet`re`t, jds afspdsftfvds (`eikhfekadr`s d pkskr`jks) `erutke jds pkqu`t`s ckstk `j a`stfed bfekj.
Bfl. ;9 Efv`j a` r`a
=?
a` ide`xfùe
W1X Efv`j a` trkespdrt` @s `j r`spdeskmj` a` jk `etr`lk a` ue h`eskn` a`sa` ue prdi`sd k dtrd. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Afr`iifdekhf`etd `e puetd a` s`rvfifd> Y` feijuy` `e jk ikm`i`rk jk afr`iifùe a` puetd a` s`rvfifd d afr`iifùe a` pu`rtd. Y`lh`etkifùe y r``eskhmjkad Idetrdj a` ide`xfùe> d _u`a` `stkr drf`etkad k ide`xfùe d ed. d Ed drf`etkad k ide`xfùe trktk ikak s`lh`etd idhd pkqu`t` fea`p`eaf`et` y jd pksk kj efv`j a` trkespdrt` a` jk hëqufek a`stfed. d Drf`etkad k ide`xfùe `stkmj`i` uek ide`xfùe ide `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` a`j a`stfed ket`s a` `evfkr efelþe pkqu`t`. d Qrkesb`rfads tdads jds pkqu`t`s s` idrtk jk ide`xfùe. Idetrdj a` bjund> Y` jj`vk k ikmd a` `xtr`hd k `xtr`hd. Idetrdj a` `rrdr`s> Y` jj`vk k ikmd a` `xtr`hd k `xtr`hd
Bfl. ;1 Efv`j a` trkespdrt`
W0X Efv`j a` s`sfùe @s `j r`spdeskmj` a`j idetrdj a` afëjdld y a` jk sfeirdefzkifùe. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Idetrdj a` afëjdld> _`rhft` `j afëjdld `etr` ads sfst`hks (aþpj`x). Yfeirdefzkifùe> _`rhft` qu` ue prdi`sd kûkak ic`igpdfets `e ue bjund a` aktds
=;
Bfl. ;0 Efv`j a` s`sfùe
W2X Efv`j a` pr`s`etkifùe @s `j r`spdeskmj` a`j trkespdrt`, idhpr`sfùe y ifbrkad. Y` j` r`jkifdek ide>
Qrkauiifùe> Idafbfikifùe y a`idafbfikifùe a`j bjund a` mfts. Ifbrkad Idhpr`sfùe
Bfl. ;2 Efv`j a` pr`s`etkifùe
W
Q`rhfekj vfrtukj a` r`a> Qrkesb`r`eifk, kii`sd y l`stfùe a` kricfvds (BQKH)> Y`rvfifds a` idrr`d Y`rvfifds a` afr`itdrfds
==
Bfl. ;< Efv`j a` kpjfikifùe
]`suh`e
Bfl. ;3 ]`suh`e a` jds efv`j`s
=9
=.1 Bkhfjfk a` _rdtdidjds QI_/F_ Y` a`skrrdjjù ket`s qu` `j hda`jd DYF. Jk `qufvkj`eifk ide `j hda`jd DYF s` hu`strk `e jk Bfl. 6
Bfl. ;6 QI_/F_ y `j hda`jd DYF
Efv`j bèsfid y `ejki` k aktds ( cdst k k r`a)
QI_/F_ ed a`bfe` efelþe prdtdidjd `sp`ièbfid. Ydpdrtk tdads jds prdtdidjds `stëeakr y prdpf`tkrfds. _u`a` s`r JKE d \KE. Efv`j a` r`a (fet`re`t)
F_ (_rdtdidjd a` fet`ride`xfùe)> f et`ride`xfùe)> d d d
d
d
d d
@s `j h`ikefshd a` trkeshfsfùe utfjfzkad pdr jds prdtdidjds QI_/F_. Ed bfkmj` y ed drf`etkad drf`etkad k ide`xfùe. ide`xfùe. Y`rvfifd a` h`ndr `etr`lk pdsfmj`, `s a`ifr, ef idhprdmkifùe ef s`lufhf`etd a` `rrdr`s. Qrkespdrtk jds aktds `e pkqu`t`s (aktklrkhks), ikak ued a` jds iukj`s s` trkespdrtk a` bdrhk fea`p`eaf`et`. Jds aktklrkhks pu`a`e vfknkr pdr afb`r`et`s rutks y pu`a`e jj`lkr bu`rk a` s`iu`eifk d aupjfikads. Ed sflu` jk pfstk a` jks rutks y ed tf`e` bdrhk a` r`dra`ekr r`dra`ekr aktklrkhks `e a`stfed. K su v`z sdpdrtk jds prdtdidjds FIH_, FLH_, K]_, ]K]_.
K]_ (_rdtdidjd a` r`sdjuifùe a` afr`iifde`s)> d
Y` utfjfzk pkrk ksdifkr uek afr`iifùe jùlfik k uek afr`iifùe bfsik. =1
]K]_ (_rdtdidjd a` r`sdjuifùe a` afr`iifde`s fev`rsd)> d
_`rhft` k ue cdst a`siumrfr uek afr`iifùe a` fet`re`t iukead sùjd idedi` su afr`iifùe bèsfik.
FIH_ (_rdtdidjd a` h`eskn`s a` idetrdj `e fet`re`t)> d
H`ikefshd utfjfzkad pdr jds cdst y pkskr`jks pkrk `evfkr edtfbfikifùe sdmr` prdmj`hks `eidetrkads `eidetrkads `e aktklrkhks aktklrkhks a` vu`jtk kj `hfsdr. `hfsdr.
FLH_ (_rdtdidjd a` h`eskn`s a` lrupds a` Fet`re`t)> d
Y` utfjfzk pkrk bkifjftkr jk trkeshfsfùe sfhujtëe`k a` ue h`eskn` k ue lrupd a` r`i`ptdr`s.
Efv`j a` trkespdrt`
PA_ (_rdtdidjd a` aktklrkhks a` usukrfd)> d d d d
_rdtdidjd prdi`sd k prdi`sd. Kûka` sùjd jks afr`iifde`s a` pu`rtds. Idetrdj a` `rrdr`s pdr ic`igsuh. Febdrhkifùe a` jk jdelftua a` aktds a`j efv`j sup`rfdr.
QI_ (_rdtdidjd a` idetrdj a` trkeshfsfùe)> d d
d
_rdtdidjd a` bjunds bfkmj` drf`etkad k ide`xfùe. Afvfa` `j bjund `e uefaka`s hës p`qu`ûks a`edhfekaks a`edhfekaks s`lh`etds. Ikak s`lh`etd feijuy` ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. Jds s`lh`etds s` trkespdrtke k trkvæs a` aktklrkhks F_.
YIQ_ (_rdtdidjd a` trkeshfsfùe a` idetrdj a` bjunds)> d d
Dbr`i` sdpdrt` pkrk eu`vks kpjfikifde`s tkj`s idhd jk vdz sdmr` Fet`re`t. Idhmfek jd h`ndr a` PA_ y QI_.
Efv`j a` kpjfikifùe
@s uek idhmfekifùe a` jds efv`j`s a` s`sfùe, pr`s`etkifùe y kpjfikifùe a`j hda`jd DYF. =.0 Afr`iifdekhf`etd Af r`iifdekhf`etd Afr`iifde`s bèsfiks>
Idedifak idhd afr`iifùe a` `ejki`. @s jk afr`iifùe a` ue edad tkj y idhd vf`e` a`bfefak pdr su JKE d \KE. Y` feijuy` `e jk trkhk utfjfzkak pdr `j efv`j a` `ejki` k aktds. @s jk afr`iifùe a` hës mknds efv`j. =0
Qf`e` kutdrfaka sdmr` jk r`a (JKE d \KE). Qkhkûd> d @tc`re`t utfjfzk afr`iifde`s bèsfiks `stëtfiks a` 2 myt`s (EFI). utfjfzk d JdikjQkjg utfjfzk afr`iifde`s afeëhfiks a` ; myt`. utfjfzk
Bfl. =? Afr`iifde`s bèsfiks
Afr`iifde`s jùlfiks>
Yde e`i`skrfks pkrk idhuefikifde`s uefv`rskj`s qu` sde fea`p`eaf`et`s a` jks r`a`s bèsfiks sumyki`et`s. sumyki`et`s. Pek afr`iifùe jùlfik `e Fet`re`t `s kitukjh`et` uek afr`iifùe a` 9= mfts qu` a`bfe` a` bdrhk þefik k ue cdst ide`itkad ide`itkad k Fet`re`t. Jks afr`iifde`s bèsfiks ikhmfkrke a` edad k edad, p`rd jks afr`iifde`s jùlfiks edrhkjh`et` p`rhke`i`e sfe sfe ikhmfds
Afr`iifde`s a` pu`rtds>
@j dmn`tfvd `s jk j k idhuefikifùe `etr` prdi`sds. K ue prdi`sd s` j` ksflek ue pu`rtd. Pe pu`rtd tf`e`s uek afr`iifùe a` ;2 mfts. Jks afr`iifde`s bèsfiks ikhmfkrëe a` edad k edad, p`rd jks afr`iifde`s jùlfiks a` pu`rtd edrhkjh`et` edrhkjh`et` p`rhke`i`e sfe ikhmfds.
Afr`iifde`s `sp`ièbfiks>
Kjlueks kpjfikifde`s tf`e`e afr`iifde`s khflkmj`s pkrk `j usukrfd qu` s` a`sfleke pkrk `sks afr`iifde`s afr`iifde`s `sp`ièbfiks. `sp`ièbfiks.
=2
PEFAKA => H@AFD V EFR@J BÈYFID Q`hk 9> Aktds y s`ûkj`s Pe ksp`itd bueakh`etkj a`j efv`j bèsfid `s trkeshftfr febdrhkifùe `e bdrhk a` s`ûkj`s `j`itrdhkleætfiks k trkvæs a` ue h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe. @j h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe bueifdek ideauif`ead `e`rlèk k trkvæs a` ue ikhfed bèsfid.
9.; Kekjùlfid y aflftkj Aktds kekjùlfids y aflftkj`s>
Jds aktds pu`a`e s`r kekjùlfids d aflftkj`s. Jds aktds kekjùlfids sde idetfeuds y tdhke vkjdr`s idetfeuds. Jds aktds aflftkj`s tf`e`e `stkads afsir`tds y tdhke vkjdr`s afsir`tds. Y`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks y aflftkj`s>
Jks s`ûkj`s pu`a`e s`r kekjùlfiks d aflftkj`s. Jks s`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks pu`a`e t`e`r ue eþh`rd febfeftd a` vkjdr`s a`etrd a` ue rkeld. Jks s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s sdjkh`et` pu`a`e t`e`r ue eþh`rd jfhftkad a` vkjdr`s.
Bfl. =; Y`ûkj kekjùlfik y aflftkj
Pek s`ûkj `s p`rfùafik sf idhpj`tk ue pktrùe a`etrd a` ue hkrid a` tf`hpd a`edhfekad p`rfdad, y r`pft` `s `s pktrùe `e p`rfdads p`rfdads faæetfids sums`iu`et`s. sums`iu`et`s. Iukead s` idhpj`tk ue pktrùe s` ck idhpj`tkad ue ifijd. Pek s`ûkj kp`rfùafik ikhmfk sfe `xcfmfr efelþe pktrùe d ifijd. @e trkeshfsfùe a` aktds s` usk ckmftukjh`et` s`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks p`rfùafiks y s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s kp`rfùafiks.
=<
9.= Y`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks p`rfùafiks Jks s`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks s` pu`a`e ijksfbfikr `e sfhpj`s d idhpu`stks.
Yfhpj`, u deak s`ed, ed pu`a` s`r a`sidhpu`stk a`sidhpu`stk `e s`ûkj`s hës sfhpj`s. Idhpu`stk `stë bdrhkak pdr hþjtfpj`s deaks s`ed. Deak s`ed> Y` pu`a` a`sirfmfr h`afket` tr`s ikrkit`rèstfiks> khpjftua pfid, p`rfdad d br`iu`eifk, bks` y jdelftua a` deak. Khpjftua
Khpjftua pfid (hëxfhk)> @s `j vkjdr kmsdjutd a` su fet`esfaka hës kjtk, prdpdrifdekj k jk `e`rlèk qu` trkespdrtk.
Bfl. == Khpjftua a` uek deak s`ed
_`rfdad y br`iu`eifk>
Bfl. =9 _`rfdad y br`iu`eifk a` uek deak s`ed
@j p`rfdad `s jk iketfaka a` tf`hpd, `e s`lueads, qu` e`i`sftk uek s`ûkj pkrk idhpj`tkr ue ifijd.
=3
Jk br`iu`eifk `s jk iketfaka a` p`rfdads d ifijds `e ue s`luead, iuyk hkleftua sde jds C`rzfds (Cz). @j p`rfdad y jk br`iu`eifk sde fev`rsds `etr` sè> ;
b
Q ;
Q
Yf uek s`ûkj ed ikhmfk `e kmsdjutd, su br`iu`eifk `s ?. Yf uek s`ûkj ikhmfk festketëe`kh`et` su br`iu`eifk `s ∕. Bks`>
Jk bks` a`sirfm` jk pdsfifùe a` jk bdrhk a` deak r`jktfvk kj festket` a` tf`hpd ?. Y` hfa` `e lrkads d rkafke`s (92?¾ sde = Ϗ rkafke`s).
Bfl. =1 Afstfetks bks`s a` uek deak s`ed
Jdelftua a` deak ( η η )>
@s jk afstkeifk qu` uek s`ûkj sfhpj` pu`a` vfknkr `e ue p`rfdad. A`p`ea` a` jk br`iu`eifk y a`j h`afd. Y` ikjiujk idedif`ead jk br`iu`eifk (b) d `j p`rfdad (Q) y jk v`jdifaka a` prdpklkifùe a`j a`j h`afd (i).
i i Q b
=6
Y` hfa` `e hfirùh`trd (hfirde`s).
Bfl. =0 Jdelftua a` deak
Adhfefds a`j tf`hpd y jk br`iu`eifk> _krk r`pr`s`etkr lrëbfikh`et` jk khpjftua a` uek deak s`ed s` utfjfzk uek trkzk `e `j adhfefd a`j tf`hpd. Jk bks` ed s` hfa` `xpjèiftkh`et` `e `j adhfefd a`j tf`hpd. _krk r`pr`s`etkr lrëbfikh`et` jk r`jkifùe `etr` khpjftua y br`iu`eifk s` utfjfzk uek trkzk `e `j adhfefd a` br`iu`eifk. Pek deak s`ed idhpj`tk `e `j adhfefd a`j tf`hpd a` pu`a` r`pr`s`etkr h`afket` uek þefik mkrrk `e `j adhfefd a` br`iu`eifk (Bfl. =2).
Bfl. =2 Adhfefd a`j tf`hpd y jk br`iu`eifk
Y`ûkj`s idhpu`stks> Pek deak s`ed a` br`iu`eifk þefik ed `s þtfj pkrk trkeshftfr aktds. @s e`i`skrfd uskr uek s`ûkj idhpu`stk, uek s`ûkj bdrhkak pdr hþjtfpj`s deaks s`ed (s`ûkj`s p`rfùafiks sfhpj`s). 9?
A` kiu`rad ide `j keëjfsfs a` Bdurf`r, iukjquf`r s`ûkj idhpu`stk `s r`kjh`et` uek idhmfekifùe a` deaks sfhpj`s ide afstfetks br`iu`eifks, khpjftua`s y bks`s. Yf jk s`ûkj idhpu`stk `s p`rfùafik, jk a`sidhpdsfifùe ak uek s`rf` a` s`ûkj`s ide br`iu`eifks afsir`tks. @e jk a`sidhpdsfifùe l`e`rkak a` s`ûkj`s, jk s`ûkj a` br`iu`eifk hës mknk s` a`edhfek br`iu`eifk bueakh`etkj d prfh`r krhùefid. @j r`std a` krhùefids s`rëe hþjtfpjds `et`rds a` jk br`iu`eifk bueakh`etkj (Bfl. =<).
Bfl. =<
Yf jk s`ûkj `s kp`rfùafik, jk a`sidhpdsfifùe ak uek idhmfekifùe a` deaks s`ed ide br`iu`eifks idetfeuks.
Keicd a` mkeak> @j keicd a` mkeak a` uek s`ûkj idhpu`stk `s jk afb`r`eifk `etr` jk br`iu`eifk hës kjtk y hës mknk idet`efak `e uek s`ûkj (). Y`k b c jk br`iu`eifk kjtk b f br`iu`eifk mknk y M `j keicd a` mkeak. @etdei`s>
M 8 b c - b f
9;
Bfl. =3 Keicd a` mkeak
9.9 Y`ûkj`s aflftkj`s Pek s`ûkj aflftkj pu`a` t`e`r hës a` ads efv`j`s. @e l`e`rkj, sf uek s`ûkj tf`e` J efv`j`s, ikak efv`j e`i`sftk jdl = J mfts.
Qksk a` mfts (v`jdifaka)> @s `j eþh`rd a` mfts `evfkads `e ue s`luead, `xpr`skad `e mps (mfts pdr s`luead).
Fet`rvkjd a` mfts> @s jk afstkeifk qu` diupk ue mft `e h`afd a` jk trkeshfsfùe. Fet`rvkjd a` mft 8 v`jdifaka a` prdpklkifùe x aurkifùe a`j mft
Jk s`ûkj aflftkj idhd uek s`ûkj kekjùlfik idhpu`stk> Mksëeads` `e `j keëjfsfs a` Bdurf`r, uek s`ûkj aflftkj `s uek s`ûkj kekjùlfik idhpu`stk, ide br`iu`eifks `etr` i`rd ` febfeftd. Yf jk s`ûkj aflftkj `s p`rfùafik, jk s`ûkj a`sidhpu`stk tf`e` uek r`pr`s`etkifùe `e `j adhfefd a` br`iu`eifk ide ue keicd a` mkeak febfeftd y br`iu`eifks afsir`tks. Yf jk s`ûkj `s kp`rfùafik, jk s`ûkj a`sidhpu`stk tf`e` uek r`pr`s`etkifùe `e `j adhfefd a` br`iu`eifk ide ue keicd a` mkeak febfeftd y br`iu`eifks idetfeuks.
Qrkeshfsfùe a` s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s> Qrkeshfsfùe mkeak mks`> Yflefbfik `evfkr uek s`ûkj aflftkj sdmr` ue ikekj sfe ikhmfkr jk s`ûkj aflftkj k uek s`ûkj kekjùlfik. @stk trkeshfsfùe e`i`sftk jk `xfst`eifk a` ue ikekj pksd mknd, ue ikekj ide ue keicd a` mkeak qu` idhf`ei` `e i`rd. @st` `s `j iksd sf s` tf`e` ue h`afd a`afikad qu` tf`e` 9=
ue þefid ikekj. @j keicd a` mkeak e`i`skrfd `s prdpdrifdekj k jk tksk a` mfts7 sf cki` bkjtk `evfkr jds mfts hës rëpfad, s` e`i`sftk hës keicd a` mkeak. Ikekj pksd mknd ide lrke keicd a` mkeak> Kuequ` jk s`ûkj a` skjfak ed `s ræpjfik `xkitk a` jk s`ûkj a` drfl`e, jds aktds s` pu`a`e a`auifr a` jk s`ûkj r`ifmfak. Ikekj pksd mknd ide keicd a` mkeak jfhftkad> @j efv`j a` kprdxfhkifùe a`p`ea` a`j keicd a` mkeak afspdefmj`. Kprdxfhkifùe murak>
Y` `evèke ads mfts pdr ifijd. @j ikekj a`m` hke`nkr br`iu`eifks ?, mps/1 y mps/=. @j keicd a` mkeak e`i`skrfd `s mps/=. Kprdxfhkifùe h`ndr >
_krk cki`r qu` jk bdrhk a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik s` pkr`zik hës k jk s`ûkj aflftkj, `s e`i`skrfd kûkafr hës krhùefids. @s e`i`skrfd kuh`etkr `j keicd a` mkeak, 9mps/=, 0mps/=, Fhpjfik ikhmfkr jk s`ûkj aflftkj hdaujkead k uek s`ûkj kekjùlfik pkrk su trkeshfsfùe, ed s` pu`a` `evfkr afr`itkh`et` jk s`ûkj aflftkj kj ikekj. @stk trkeshfsfùe e`i`sftk jk `xfst`eifk a` ue ikekj pksd mkeak, ue ikekj ide ue keicd a` mkeak qu` ed idhf`ei` `e i`rd.
9.1 A`t`rfdrd a` jk trkeshfsfùe Kt`eukifùe> Iukead uek s`ûkj vfknk k trkvæs a` ue h`afd, pf`ra` `e`rlèk pkrk v`ei`r jk r`sfst`eifk a`j h`afd. _krk idhp`eskr `stk pærafak s` uske khpjfbfikadr`s a` s`ûkj. A`ifm`jfds (aM)> Idei`ptd qu` hfa` jks pdt`eifks r`jktfvks a` ads s`ûkj`s d a` uek s`ûkj `e ads puetds.
aM 8 ;? jdl;?
_= _;
sf _x `s jk pdt`eifk `e `j puetd x.
aM 8 ;? jdl;?
R= R;
sf Rx `s `j vdjtkn` `e `j puetd x.
¼
¼
_krk h`afr jk pdt`eifk a` jk s`ûkj `e hfjfvktfds s` ikjiujk idhd aM 8 ;? jdl;? _ h adea` _ h `s jk pdt`eifk `e hfjfvktfds. ¼
99
Afstdrsfùe> Yflefbfik qu` jk s`ûkj ikhmfk su bdrhk a` deak. Diurr` `e uek s`ûkj idhpu`stk bdrhkak pdr afstfetks br`iu`eifks, a`mfad k a`sbks`s `e jds krhùefids `e `j r`i`ptdr. ]ufad> Qærhfid> A`mfad kj hdvfhf`etd kj`ktdrfd a` `j`itrde`s `e ue ikmj` qu` ir`k uek s`ûkj `xtrk ed `evfkak drflfekjh`et` pdr `j trkeshfsdr. Feauifad> A`mfad k bu`et`s `xt`reks idhd hdtdr`s d `j`itrdadhæstfids, kitukead idhd ket`eks `hfsdrks y `j h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe idhd ket`eks r`i`ptdrks. Irui`s> Flukj qu` `j feauifad, p`rd a`mfad kj `b`itd a` ue ikmj` sdmr` dtrd. Fhpujsd> @s ue pfid qu` vf`e` a` jèe`ks a` pdt`eifk, fjuhfekifùe, `ti. ]kzùe `etr` s`ûkj y rufad (YE])>
YE]
_dt`eifk h`afk a` jk s`ûkj _dt`eifk h`afk a`j rufad
YE] aM 8 ;? jdl;?YE] , a`sirftd `e a`ifm`jfds. ¼
9.0 Jèhft`s a` jk v`jdifaka a` aktds Jk v`jdifaka a` jds aktds a`p`ea` a` tr`s bkitdr`s>
@j keicd a` mkeak. Jds efv`j`s a` s`ûkj qu` s` uske. Jk ikjfaka a`j ikekj (`j efv`j a` rufad). Ikekj sfe rufad> Qksk a` mfts a` Eyqufst> A`t`rhfek jk hëxfhk tksk a` aktds t`ùrfik pkrk ue ikekj sfe rufad. QkskA`Mfts 8 = keicd mkeak jdl= J ¼
¼
Adea` J `s `j eþh`rd a` efv`j`s a` s`ûkj, pkrk r`pr`s`etkr aktds. Feir`h`etkr jds efv`j`s a` jk s`ûkj r`aui` jk bfkmfjfaka a`j sfst`hk. A`bfe` uek ikrkit`rèstfik a`j hætdad a` trkeshfsfùe. Ikekj ide rufad> Ikpkifaka a` Yckeede> A`t`rhfek jk hëxfhk tksk a` aktds t`ùrfik pkrk ue ikekj ide rufad. Ikpkifaka 8 keicd mkeak jdl= (; + YE]) ¼
Adea` YE] `s jk rkzùe s`ûkj-rufad. A`bfe` uek ikrkit`rèstfik a`j ikekj. 91
Pskead khmds jèhft`s> @e jk prëitfik, `s e`i`skrfd uskr khmds hætdads pkrk `eidetrkr jds jèhft`s y jds efv`j`s a` jk s`ûkj. Jk ikpkifaka a` Yckeede eds ak `j jèhft` sup`rfdr. Jk bùrhujk a` Efqufst eds afi` iuketds efv`j`s a` s`ûkj sde e`i`skrfds.
9.2 _r`stkifde`s Pe ksp`itd fhpdrtket` `e r`a`s sde jks pr`stkifde`s d r`eafhf`etd a` jk r`a. Keicd a` mkeak> @e r`a`s s` usk `j tærhfed keicd a` mkeak `e ads idet`xtds.
@j prfh`rd, keicd a` mkeak `e Cz, `s `j rkeld a` br`iu`eifks idet`efaks `e uek s`ûkj idhpu`stk d `j rkeld a` br`iu`eifks qu` ue ikekj pu`a` pkskr. @j s`luead, keicd a` mkeak `e mps, s` r`bf`r` k jk v`jdifaka a` trkeshfsfùe a` mfts `e ue ikekj d `ejki`. ]`eafhf`etd (Qcrdulcput )> Hfa` jd rëpfad qu` s` pu`a`e `evfkr aktds r`kjh`et` k trkvæs a` uek r`a. Jkt`eifk (r`trksd)> A`bfe` iuketd tkrak ue h`eskn` `e jj`lkr k su a`stfed a`sa` `j hdh`etd `e qu` `j prfh`r mft `s `evfkad pdr `j drfl`e. Qf`hpd a` prdpklkifùe> Hfa` `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk qu` ue mft vfkn` a`j drfl`e kj a`stfed.
Qf`hpd a` prdpklkifùe 8
Afstkeifk R`jdifaka a` prdpklkifùe
Jk v`jdifaka a` prdpklkifùe a`p`ea` a`j h`afd bèsfid y a` jk br`iu`eifk a` jk s`ûkj. Qf`hpd a` trkeshfsfùe> Hfa` `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd `e `evfkr `j h`eskn` idhpj`td.
Qf`hpd a` trkeshfsfùe 8
90
Qkhkûd a`j h`eskn` eicd a` mkeak
Qf`hpd a` `eidjkhf`etd> Hfa` `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk qu` iksk afspdsftfvd fet`rh`afd d t`rhfekj hket`elk `j h`eskn` `e `sp`rk ket`s a` qu` pu`ak s`r prdi`skad. @j tf`hpd a` `eidjkhf`etd `s ue bkitdr vkrfkmj`. _rdauitd keicd a` mkeak - ]`trksd>
Yde ads h`afaks a` r`eafhf`etd a` ue `ejki`. @j prdauitd a` khmds `s fhpdrtket` `e trkeshfsfùe a` aktds. A`bfe` `j eþh`rd a` mfts qu` pu`a`e jj`ekr `j ikekj. ]`trksd vkrfkmj` ( Nftt`r )> Y` r`bf`r` k jk vkrfkifùe `e `j tf`hpd a` jj`lkak a` jds pkqu`t`s. @s ue prdmj`hk sf afstfetds pkqu`t`s a` aktds jj`lke ide afstfetds r`trksds y jk kpjfikifùe qu` usk jds aktds `e jkad a`j r`i`ptdr `s s`esfmj` kj tf`hpd.
92
Q`hk 1> Qrkeshfsfùe aflftkj 1.; Idev`rsfùe aflftkj k aflftkj @s jk r`pr`s`etkifùe a` aktds aflftkj`s utfjfzkead s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s. Jk idev`rsfùe fevdjuirk tr`s tæiefiks> idafbfikifùe a` jèe`k (sf`hpr` e`i`skrfk), idafbfikifùe a` mjdqu`s y jk kj`ktdrfzkifùe ( sirkhmjfel ). Idafbfikifùe a` jèe`k> _rdi`sd a` idev`rtfr aktds aflftkj`s `e s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s. Idevf`rt` uek s`iu`eifk a` mfts idafbfiëeadjds k uek s`ûkj aflftkj (Bfl. =6).
Bfl. =6 Idafbfikifùe y a`idafbfikifùe a` jèe`k
Ikrkit`rèstfiks>
@j`h`etd a` s`ûkj br`et` k `j`h`etd a` aktds> d
@j`h`etd a` aktds> @s jk uefaka hës p`qu`ûk qu` r`pr`s`etk ue `j`h`etd a` febdrhkifùe (`j mft). @s jd qu` s` e`i`sftk `evfkr. Yde trkespdrtkads.
d
@j`h`etd a` s`ûkj>
d
Qrkespdrtk `j`h`etds a` aktds. @s jd qu` s` `evèk. Yde jds pdrtkadr`s.
Qksk r > @s `j eþh`rd a` `j`h`etds a` aktds (eþh`rd a` mfts), trkespdrtkads pdr ikak `j`h`etd a` s`ûkj (eþh`rd a` trkesfifde`s).
Qksk a` aktds br`et` k tksk a` s`ûkj`s> d
d d d
Qksk a` aktds d tksk a` mfts> A`bfe` `j eþh`rd a` `j`h`etds a` aktds `evfkads `e ue s`luead (mps). Qksk a` s`ûkj`s d tksk a` pujsds d tksk a` hdaujkifùe d tksk a` mkuafds> A`bfe` `j eþh`rd a` `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj `evfkads `e ue s`luead (mkuafds). @j dmn`tfvd `s kuh`etkr jk tksk a` aktds, r`auif`ead jk tksk a` s`ûkj. 9<
Qksk a` mkuafds > d d
@s jk r`jkifùe `etr` tksk a` aktds y tksk a` mkuafds. Y` a`bfe`e tr`s iksds> _`dr> Iukead s` e`i`sftk jk hëxfhk tksk a` s`ûkj`s. H`afd H`ndr> Iukead s` e`i`sftk jk hèefhk tksk a` s`ûkj`s.
Y i E
; mkuafds r
Adea` sde jds mps7 `s `j bkitdr a` iksd.
Keicd a` mkeak> d
d
d
d
Kuequ` `j keicd a` mkeak r`kj a` uek s`ûkj aflftkj `s febfeftd, `j keicd a` mkeak `b`itfvd `s bfeftd. Jk tksk a` mkuafds, a`t`rhfek `j keicd a` mkeak r`qu`rfad pkrk uek s`ûkj aflftkj. Y` pu`a` a`ifr qu` `j keicd a` mkeak `s prdpdrifdekj k jk tksk a` s`ûkj`s d tksk a` mkuafds. @j keicd a` mkeak hèefhd s` a`bfe` idhd> Mhfe
d
i E
; r
Idedif`ead `j keicd a` mkeak a`j ikekj, s` pu`a` dmt`e`r jk tksk a` aktds hëxfhk> Ehkx
; M r i
Rkrfkifde`s a` jk jèe`k mks`> d d
Jèe`k mks`> h`afk a` jk pdt`eifk a` jk s`ûkj r`ifmfak. Jk pdt`eifk a` jk s`ûkj r`ifmfak s` `vkjþk idetrk jk jèe`k mks` pkrk a`t`rhfekr `j vkjdr a`j `j`h`etd a` aktds.
Idhpde`et`s AI> d
d
d
Iukead ue efv`j a` vdjtkn` `e uek s`ûkj aflftkj `s idestket` aurket` mkstket` tf`hpd, `j `sp`itrd ir`k br`iu`eifks huy mknks. @stks br`iu`eifks i`rikeks kj i`rd, sde a`edhfekaks idhpde`et`s AI (Afr`it Iurr`et). @stks br`iu`eifks i`rikeks kj i`rd ake prdmj`hks `e sfst`hks qu` ed pu`a`e pkskr br`iu`eifks mknks d sfst`hks ide kidpjkhf`etd `jæitrfid.
93
Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe> @evfù a` febdrhkifùe sdmr` `j tf`hpd a` fet`rvkjd `etr` mfts `e uek s`ûkj aflftkj. A`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s feidrpdrkak> Fehuefaka kj rufad y jks fet`rb`r`eifks> Idhpj`nfaka> Pe `squ`hk idhpj`nd `s hës idstdsd a` fhpj`h`etkr qu` ued s`eifjjd. @squ`hks a` idafbfikifùe a` jèe`k > Y` pu`a`e afvfafr `e ifeid ikt`ldrèks, `xfstf`ead vkrfds `squ`hks pdr ikt`ldrèk (Bfl. 9?).
Bfl. 9? @squ`hks a` idafbfikifùe `e jèe`k
@squ`hk uefpdjkr Qdads jds efv`j`s a` s`ûkj s` `eiu`etrke k ue jkad a`j `n` a`j tf`hpd, d pdr `eifhk d pdr a`mknd. d E^] (Yfe r`tdred k i`rd)>
Bfl. 9; E^]
Pe vdjtkn` pdsftfvd a`bfe` ue mft k ; y ue vdjtkn` k i`rd a`bfe` ue mft k i`rd. Y` a`edhfek E^] a`mfad k qu` jk s`ûkj ed r`tdrek k i`rd `e jk hftka a`j mft.
@squ`hks pdjkr`s Jds vdjtkn`s s` `eiu`etrke k khmds jkads a`j `n` a`j tf`hpd. 96
d
E^] (Yfe r`tdred k i`rd)> Y` utfjfzke ads efv`j`s a` khpjftua a` vdjtkn`.
E^]-J (J`v`j)> @j efv`j a` vdjtkn` a`t`rhfek `j vkjdr a`j mft. E^]-F (Fev`rtfad)> Jk fev`rsfùe d bkjtk a` fev`rsfùe `e `j efv`j a` vdjtkn` a`t`rhfek `j vkjdr a`j mft. Yf ed cky ikhmfd, `j mft `s i`rd y sf cky ikhmfd, `j mft `s ued.
Bfl. 9= E^]-J y E^]-F
Qketd E^]-J idhd E^]-F pka`i`e a` prdmj`hks ide jk vkrfkifùe a` jk jèe`k mks`, sfeirdefzkifùe, idhpde`et`s AI. _`rd `s hës kiuskad `e E^]-J. d
]^ (Ide r`tdred k i`rd)
Ptfjfzk tr`s vkjdr`s> pdsftfvd, e`lktfvd y i`rd. Jk s`ûkj ikhmfk aurket` `j mft.
Bfl. 99 ]^
1?
d
Ydjuifdek `j prdmj`hk a` sfeirdefzkifùe a` jds `squ`hks E^]. _ka`i` prdmj`hks a` hkydr diupkifùe a` keicd a` mkeak y `s hës idhpj`nd a` ir`kr y afsi`refr.
Mfbësfik
Jk s`ûkj ikhmfk `e h`afd a`j fet`rvkjd a`j mft, p`rd sfe r`tdred k i`rd, idetfeukead `j r`std a`j fet`rvkjd `e `j pdjd dpu`std. A` hke`rk qu` jk prfh`rk hftka a`j p`rfdad a`t`rhfek `j vkjdr a`j mft y jk s`lueak sfeirdefzk.
Hkeic`st`r> Idhmfek jks fa`ks a` ]^ y E]^-J.@j vdjtkn` p`rhke`i` `e ue efv`j aurket` jk prfh`rk hftka y trkesfifdek k dtrd efv`j `e jk s`lueak hftka. Hkeic`st`r afb`r`eifkj> Idhmfek jks fa`ks a` ]^ y E]^-F. Yf`hpr` cky uek trkesfifùe `e jk hftka a`j mft.
Bfl. 91 E]^
Khmds `squ`hks, sdjuifdeke jds prdmj`hks ksdifkads k jks idafbfikifde`s E]^. Yfe `hmkrld `j keicd a` mkeak hèefhd pkrk `stds `squ`hks `j admj` qu` jds E]^.
@squ`hks mfpdjkr`s d mfekrfks hujtfefv`j Y` utfjfzke tr`s efv`j`s> pdsftfvd, e`lktfvd y i`rd. d
KHF (Fev`rsfùe a` hkrik kjt`rekak)> Jk pkjkmrk hkrik prdvf`e` a` jk t`j`lrkbèk y sflefbfik ;. Ksè KHF sflefbfik fev`rsfùe k ; kjt`red (Bfl. 90).
1;
d
d
d
d
_s`uadQ`rekrfk> Rkrfkifùe a` KHF `e jk qu` ue mft k ; s` idafbfik idhd ue vdjkt` i`rd y ue mft k i`rd s` idafbfik kjt`rekead vdjtkn`s pdsftfvds y e`lktfvds. @j `squ`hk mfpdjkr s` a`skrrdjjù idhd kjt`rektfvk kj E]^. Ed `xfst` idhpde`et` AI. Y` utfjfzk edrhkjh`et` pkrk idhuefikifde`s k jkrlk afstkeifk.
Bfl. 90 KHF
@squ`hks hujtfefv`j @j dmn`tfvd `s feir`h`etkr `j eþh`rd a` mfts pdr mkuafd, idafbfikead ue pktrùe a` h `j`h`etds a` aktds `e ue pktrùe a` e `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj. @stds tfpds a` ijksfbfikifùe s` a`edhfeke hMJe, adea`> d d d d
h `s jk jdelftua a`j pktrùe mfekrfd. M sflefbfik aktd mfekrfd. e `s jk jdelftua a`j pktrùe s`ûkj. J `s `j eþh`rd a` efv`j`s a` jk s`ûkj, utfjfzkead ide br`iu`eifk ikrkit`r`s pkrk r`pr`s`etkr vkjdr`s>
M (mfekrfd) pkrk J 8 =. Q (t`rekrfd) pkrk J 8 9. [ (iukt`rekrfd) pkrk J 8 1.
@e jds `squ`hks hMJe, ue pktrùe a` h `j`h`etds a` aktds s` idafbfik idhd ue pktrùe a` e `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj adea` = ≡ . d
=M;[ (ads mfekrfd, ued iukt`rekrfd) (Bfl. 92)
Y` pu`a`e `evfkr aktds `j admj` a` rëpfad qu` ide E]^-J, yk qu` jk tksk a` s`ûkj`s h`afk `s Y8E/1. d
3M2Q(Dicd Mfekrfd, Y`fs Q`rekrfd)
1=
Cky 92 ’ =3 8 === `j`h`etds r`aueaket`s qu` dbr`i`e sfeirdefzkifùe, a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s y `qufjfmrfd AI.
Bfl. 92 =M;[
d
1A-_K0H (Iuktrd Afh`esfdekj ide Hdaujkifùe pdr Khpjftua a` _ujsd a` Ifeid Efv`j`s)
1A sflefbfik qu` jds aktds s` `evèke utfjfzkead iuktrd ikmj`s sfhujtëe`kh`et`. Ptfjfzk ifeid efv`j`s a` vdjtkn`s -=, -;, ?, ; y =. Yfe `hmkrld `j ? `s uskad idhd a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s. @st` `squ`hk tf`e` huicds `j`h`etds r`aueaket`s qu` pu`a`e uskrs` idhd a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s.
Bfl. 9< 1A-_K0H
Qrkeshfsfùe hujtfjèe`k, efv`j 9> HJQ-9 d d
@squ`hk a` idafbfikifùe afb`r`eifkj ide hës a` ads r`ljks a` trkesfifùe. Ptfjfzk tr`s efv`j`s (R+, ?, R-) y tr`s r`ljks a` trkesfifùe pkrk hdv`rs` `etr` efv`j`s. 19
d
@s ue `squ`hk ka`iukad iukead s` e`i`sftke `evfkr aktds k ;?? Hmps `e ue h`afd bèsfid qu` ed sdpdrt` hës a` 9= HCz.
Bfl. 93 Qrkeshfsfùe hujtfjfe`k
]`suh`e a` jds `squ`hks a` idafbfikifùe a` jèe`k Ikt`ldrèk
@squ`hk
Pefpdjkr
E^] E^]-J E^]-F Mfbësfik KHF
Keicd a` mkeak h`afd (Y) M 8 E/= M 8 E/= M 8 E/= M8E M 8 E/=
=M;[
M 8 E/0
3M2Q
M 8 9E/1
Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe, ed AI.
1A-_KH0
M 8 E/3
Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe, ed AI.
HJQ-9
M 8 E/9
Yfe Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe pkrk jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` ?.
_djkr Mfpdjkr
Hujtfefv`j
Hujtfjfe`k
Ikrkit`rèstfiks Idstds, sfe kutdsfeirdefzkifùe sf cky jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` ? ù ;, AI. Yfe kutdsfeirdefzkifùe sf cky jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` ? ù ;, AI. Yfe kutdsfeirdefzkifùe sf cky jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` ?, AI. Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe, ed AI, lrke keicd a` mkeak. Yfe Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe pkrk jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` ?, ed AI. Yfe Kutdsfeirdefzkifùe pkrk jkrlks s`iu`eifks a` hfshds mfts admj`s.
Idafbfikifùe a` mjdqu`s> _rdpdrifdek jk r`aueakeifk e`i`skrfk pkrk ks`lurkr jk sfeirdefzkifùe y a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s. Jk idafbfikifùe a` mjdqu`s s` idedi` idhd idafbfikifùe hM/eM. ]``hpjkzk ikak lrupd a` h mfts pdr ue lrupd a` e mfts. Fevdjuirk tr`s `tkpks>
Afvfsfùe> Pek s`iu`eifk a` mfts s` afvfa` `e lrupds a` h mfts. Yustftuifùe> Y` sustftuy` ue lrupd a` h mfts pdr ue lrupd a` e mfts. Idhmfekifùe> Jds lrupds a` e mfts s` idhmfeke pkrk bdrhkr ue bjund. 11
1M/0M (Iuktrd Mfekrfd / Ifeid Mfekrfd)> Afs`ûkad pkrk su utfjfzkifùe `e idhmfekifùe ide E]^-F, suprfhf`ead `j prdmj`hk a` jk sfeirdefzkifùe qu` pka`i` `st` `squ`hk a` idafbfikifùe. Jk fa`k `s sustftufr lrupds a` 1 mfts pdr lrupds a` 0 mfts, ed t`ef`ead hës a` ue ? k jk fzquf`rak y ed hës a` = i`rds k jk a`r`ick. Cky =0 ’ =1 8 ;2 `j`h`etds r`aueaket`s qu` s` utfjfzke pkrk `j idetrdj a` jk trkeshfsfùe. Ydjuifdek ued a` jds prdmj`hks a` jk idafbfikifùe E^]-F p`rd kuh`etk hës a` ue =? % jk tksk a` mkuafds.
3M/;?M (Dicd Mfekrfd / Af`z Mfekrfd)> Yfhfjkr k 1M/0M. @e ue mjdqu` a` 3 mfts, jds 0 hës sflefbfiktfvds sde idafbfikads ide 0M/2M y jds 9 mfts h`eds sflefbfiktfvds sde idafbfikads ide 9M/1M. Yfhpjfbfikead jk tkmjk a` prdy`iifùe. Y` utfjfzk ue idetrdjkadr a` afspkrfaka qu` sflu` jk pfstk a`j `xi`sd a` ? sdmr` ; y vfi`v`rsk, idhpj`h`etkead `j mjdqu` sf ksè sui`af`rk. Cky =;? ’ =31 8 <23 `j`h`etds r`aueaket`s qu` s` utfjfzke pkrk `j idetrdj a` jk trkeshfsfùe. Kj`ktdrfzkifùe (sirkhmjfel) Ptfjfzkak pkrk `stkmj`i`r idhuefikifùe k jkrlks afstkeifks. Hdafbfik jk idafbfikifùe KHF, r`sdjvf`ead `j prdmj`hk a` jk sfeirdefzkifùe `e uek jkrlk s`iu`eifk a` i`rds. Jk kj`ktdrfzkifùe s` r`kjfzk kj hfshd tf`hpd qu` jk idafbfikifùe.
M3^Y (Mfpdjkr ide sustftuifùe a` dicd i`rds) d d d d d d
Ptfjfzkak edrhkjh`et` `e Edrt` Khærfik. Yustftuy` dicd i`rds ides`iutfvds ide ???RM?RM. Jk R feafik vfdjkifùe, rdhpf`ead jk r`ljk a` jk idafbfikifùe KHF. Jk M feafik Mfpdjkr. Ed ikhmfk jk tksk a` mfts. Hketf`e` `j `qufjfmrfd AI.
Bfl. 96 M3^Y
CAM9 (Mfpdjkr a` kjtk a`esfaka ide tr`s i`rds) d d d
Ptfjfzkak edrhkjh`et` bu`rk a` Edrt` Khærfik. Iuktrd i`rds ides`iutfvds sde r``hpjkzkads pdr ???R d M??R. Jk rkzùe pkrk ads sustftuifde`s afb`r`et`s `s hket`e`r ue eþh`rd pkr a` pujsds afstfetds a` i`rd a`spuæs a` ikak sustftuifùe. 10
Bfl. 1? CAM9
1.= Idev`rsfùe a` kekjùlfid k aflftkj K `st` prdi`sd s` j` a`edhfek aflftkjfzkifùe. Jk idev`rsfùe fevdjuirk ads tæiefiks> Hdaujkifùe pdr idafbfikifùe a` pujsds (_IH) y hdaujkifùe a`jtk (AH). Hdaujkifùe pdr idafbfikifùe a` pujsds (_IH) Pe idafbfikadr _IH tf`e` tr`s prdi`sds> Hu`str`d, iuketfbfikifùe y idafbfikifùe.
Hu`str`d> Jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik `s hu`str`kak ikak Q s, adea` Q s `s `j fet`rvkjd a` hu`str`d d p`rfdad. @j fev`rsd a` Q s s` a`edhfek tksk a` hu`str`d d br`iu`eifk a` hu`str`d y s` a`edtk idhd b s. @xfst`e tr`s hætdads a` hu`str`d, fa`kj, ekturkj y a` ir`stk pjkek. d
d
d
Bfl. 1; Hætdads a` hu`str`d
d
Fa`kj> Y` hu`str`ke jds pujsds a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. Ed s` pu`a` fhpj`h`etkr bëifjh`et`. Ekturkj> Pe idehutkadr a` kjtk v`jdifaka s` `eif`ea` sdjd aurket` ue p`qu`ûd p`rfdad a` tf`hpd iukead `stë r`kjfzkead `j hu`str`d. Dmt`ef`ead uek s`iu`eifk a` hu`strks qu` r`tf`e`e jk bdrhk a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. Ir`stk pjkek> @s `j hës idhþe. Ir`k hu`strks a` ir`stk pjkek utfjfzkead ue ifriuftd. @j prdi`sd a` hu`strd `s idedifad tkhmfæe idhd hdaujkifùe pdr khpjftua a` pujsds (_KH).
Qksk a` hu`str`d> 12
A` kiu`rad kj t`dr`hk a` Eyqufst, a`m` s`r kj h`eds `j admj` a` jk br`iu`eifk hës kjtk idet`efak `e jk s`ûkj. Pek s`ûkj ide keicd a` mkeak febfeftd ed pu`a` s`r hu`str`kak. Yf jk s`ûkj `s a` pksd mknd, jk br`iu`eifk hës kjtk `s `j keicd a` mkeak. Yf `s pksd mkeak, `j keicd a` mkeak `s h`edr qu` jk br`iu`eifk hës kjtk.
Iuketfbfikifùe> A`j prdi`sd a` hu`str`d s` dmtf`e` uek s`rf` a` pujsds ide vkjdr`s a` khpjftua idhpr`eafads `etr` jk hèefhk y jk hëxfhk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj. @st` idenuetd pu`a` s`r `et`rd d ide vkjdr`s ed `et`rds `etr` ads jèhft`s, ckif`ead fhpdsfmj` su usd `e `j prdi`sd a` idafbfikifùe. _krk cki`rjd pdsfmj`, s` sflu`e iuktrd `tkpks a` iuketfbfikifùe> ;. Y` ksuh` qu` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik tf`e` khpjftua`s festketëe`ks `etr` R hfe y Rhkx. =. Y` afvfa` `j rkeld `e J zdeks, ikak uek a` ue keicd Α (a`jtk). Rhkx Rhfe J
9. Y` ksfleke vkjdr`s iuketfbfikads `e `j puetd h`afd a` ikak zdek. 1. Y` kprdxfhk `j vkjdr a` jk khpjftua a` jk hu`strk k jds vkjdr`s iuketfbfikads.
Bfl. 1= d
d
Efv`j`s a` iuketfbfikifùe> Jk `j`iifùe a` J, a`p`ea` a`j rkeld a` khpjftua`s a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik y a` jk pr`ifsfùe ide jk qu` s` quf`rk r`iup`rkr jk s`ûkj. Pe vkjdr mknd a` J feir`h`etk `j `rrdr a` iuketfbfikifùe. @rrdr a` iuketfbfikifùe> @s jk afb`r`eifk `etr` `j vkjdr iuketfbfikad a` jk hu`strk y `j vkjdr r`kj a` jk hu`strk. @j vkjdr a`j `rrdr pkrk iukjquf`r hu`strk `s `rrdr . @j `rrdr a` iuketfbfikifùe ikhmfk jk tksk a` s`ûkj`s k rufad a` jk =
=
1<
s`ûkj, r`auif`ead jk ikpkifaka a` Yckeede. Jk idetrfmuifùe a`j `rrdr kj YE] aM 8 2,?=.e m + ;,<2 aM y adea` e m sde mfts pdr hu`strk. d
Iuketfbfikifùe ed uefbdrh`> @e huicks kpjfikifde`s, jk afstrfmuifùe a` khpjftua`s festketëe`ks ed `s uefbdrh`. Cki` vkrfkr jk kjturk a` Α, sf`ead hkydr `e khpjftua`s hës mknks y h`edr i`rik ak jks hkydr`s. Jk iuketfbfikifùe ed uefbdrh` r`aui` `j YE]aM a` jk iuketfbfikifùe.
Idafbfikifùe> K ikak efv`j a` iuketfbfikifùe s` j` ksflek ue iùafld mfekrfd afstfetd, bdrhkead jk s`ûkj idafbfikak y jfstk pkrk s`r trkeshftfak. @j eþh`rd a` mfts pdr hu`strk `s a`t`rhfekad pdr jds efv`j`s a` iuketfbfikifùe, sf`ead, e m 8 jdl= J. Jk tksk a` mfts `s `j prdauitd a` jk tksk a` hu`str`d (bs) y `j eþh`rd a` mfts pdr hu`strk (em). ]`iup`rkifùe a` jk s`ûkj drflfekj> ]`quf`r` ue a`idafbfikadr _IH. @j a`idafbfikadr utfjfzk ue ifriuftd pkrk idev`rtfr jks pkjkmrks a`j iùafld `e ue pujsd qu` hket`elk jk khpjftua ckstk `j sfluf`et` pujsd. Idhpj`tkak jk s`ûkj `sikj`rk, s` pksk k trkvæs a` ue bfjtrd pksd mknd pkrk sukvfzkr jk s`ûkj `sikj`rk. Keicd a` mkeak a` _IH> @j keicd a` mkeak hèefhd a` jk s`ûkj aflftkj `s em v`i`s hkydr qu` `j keicd a` mkeak a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik, `s a`ifr> Mhfe 8 em Mkekjdl ¼
@s `j pr`ifd k pklkr pdr jk aflftkjfzkifùe.
Qksk a` aktds hëxfhk a` ue ikekj> (væks` tksk a` mfts a` Eyqufst). Keicd a` mkeak hèefhd r`qu`rfad> Mhfe
E Cz = jdl = J
Yf`ead E, jk tksk a` aktds hëxfhk a` ue ikekj. Hdaujkifùe a`jtk (AH) Qæiefik huicd h`eds idhpj`nk qu` _IH. _IH `eiu`etrk jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj `e ikak hu`strk y AH `eiu`etrk `j ikhmfd `e jk hu`strk ket`rfdr.
Hdaujkadr> Ptfjfzkad `e `j `hfsdr pkrk ir`kr ue bjund a` mfts k pkrtfr a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. @j prdi`sd r`lfstrk `j ikhmfd pdsftfvd d e`lktfvd, a`edhfekad a`jtk . Yf `s pdsftfvd, s` r`lfstrk ue ; y ? `e iksd idetrkrfd. @j hdaujkadr idestruy` uek s`lueak s`ûkj `e bdrhk a` `sikj`rk pkrk pda`r idhpkrkr jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. @e ikak feærvkjd a` hu`str`d, s` idhpkrk `j vkjdr a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik ide `j þjtfhd vkjdr a` jk s`ûkj `sikj`rk. Y` e`i`sftk uek uefaka a` r`tkrad pkrk hket`e`r jk bueifùe a` `sikj`rk aurket` ue p`rfdad idhpr`eafad `etr` ads idhpkrkifde`s.
13
Bfl. 19
A`hdaujkadr> Qdhk jk s`ûkj a` aktds y, utfjfzkead ue idestruitdr a` s`ûkj a` `sikj`rk y jk uefaka a` r`tkrad, ir`k jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. AH kakptktfvd> _krk ides`lufr h`ndr`s pr`stkifde`s s` kakptk `j vkjdr a` a` kiu`rad k jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj kekjùlfik. @rrdr a` iuketfbfikifùe> Yf`hpr` s` fetrdaui` ue `rrdr a` iuketfbfikifùe, p`rd `st` `s huicd h`edr qu` pkrk _IH. 1.9 Hdads a` trkeshfsfùe
Qrkeshfsfùe pkrkj`jk d d d
Y` uske e cfjds pkrk `evfkr e mfts sfhujtëe`kh`et` k ikak pujsd a` r`jdn. R`etknk> R`jdifaka a` trkesb`r`eifk sup`rfdr `e ue bkitdr e k jk trkeshfsfùe s`rf`. A`sv`etknk> Idst` `j`vkad, jfhftkead su usd k afstkeifks idrtks.
Qrkeshfsfùe s`rf` d d
Y` usk ue sdjd cfjd, yk qu` ue mft sflu` k dtrd. R`etknk> r`auiifùe a` idst`s `e ue bkitdr e.
Qrkeshfsfùe ksèeirdek d d d d
d
d
d
@std `s ksè iukead jk t`hpdrfzkifùe a` jk s`ûkj ed `s fhpdrtket`. Jk febdrhkifùe s` r`ifm` y s` trkaui` uskead pktrde`s kidrakads. Jds pktrde`s s` mkske `e klrupkr `j bjund a` mfts `e myt`s. _krk qu` `j r`i`ptdr s`pk iukead j` jj`lk ue eu`vd lrupd, s` kûka` ue mft `xtrk kj prfeifpfd a` ikak myt` jjkhkad mft a` fefifd (i`rd). _krk qu` s`pk iukead bfekjfzk `j lrupd, s` kûka`e ued d hës mfts kj bfekj a` ikak myt` jjkhkads mft a` pkrkak (ueds). Cky qu` `et`ea`r qu` jk ksfeirdeèk `s `etr` lrupds a` myt`, p`rd a`etrd a` ikak myt` sf s` `stë sfeirdefzkad. ]`idh`eakad pkrk idhuefikifde`s a` mknk v`jdifaka.
Qrkeshfsfùe sèeirdek d d
Y` `evèke ue mft a`trës a` dtrd, sfe mft a` fefifd/pkrkak d fet`rvkjds. Jk klrupkifùe a` jds mfts `s r`spdeskmfjfaka a`j r`i`ptdr. 16
d
d d
Kquè jk t`hpdrfzkifùe s` vu`jv` huy fhpdrtket`, yk qu` jk `xkitftua a` jk febdrhkifùe a`p`ea` a` iùhd jj`v` jk iu`etk a` mfts `j r`i`ptdr. Jk sfeirdefzkifùe k efv`j a` myt` s` jj`vk k ikmd `e `j efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds. ]`idh`eakad pkrk idhuefikifde`s a` kjtk v`jdifaka.
Fsùirdek d
d
Lkrketfzk qu` jds aktds jj`lke k uek tksk bfnk, `vftkead r`tkrads a`sflukj`s `etr` trkhks. ]`idh`eakad pkrk trkeshfsfde`s a` kuafd y vfa`d `e tf`hpd r`kj.
0?
Q`hk 0> Qrkeshfsfùe kekjùlfik 0.; Idev`rsfùe a` aflftkj k kekjùlfid @s `j prdi`sd a` ikhmfkr uek a` jks ikrkit`rèstfiks a` uek s`ûkj a` mks` kekjùlfik `e febdrhkifùe mkskak `e uek s`ûkj aflftkj.
Bfl. 11 Idev`rsfùe a` aflftkj k kekjùlfid
Pek deak s`ed s` a`bfe` pdr tr`s ikrkit`rèstfiks (khpjftua, br`iu`eifk y bks`). Hdafbfikead iukjquf`rk a` `stks ikrkit`rèstfiks, s` ir`k uek s`lueak v`rsfùe a` `stk deak y qu` eds pu`a` s`rvfr pkrk r`pr`s`etkr aktds aflftkj`s. A`j r`sujtkad ket`rfdr s` dmtf`e`e iuktrd tæiefiks pkrk jk hdaujkifùe a` aktds aflftkj`s `e kekjùlfids.
Bfl. 10 Qfpds a` idev`rsfùe a` aflftkj k kekjùlfid
Ksp`itds a` jk idev`rsfùe a` aflftkj k kekjùlfid>
@j`h`etds a` aktds br`et` k `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj> d
Qksk a` (aktds d mfts) y tksk a` (s`ûkj d mkuafds)>
Jk r`jkifùe qu` jks a`bfe` `s> Y E
; mkuafds r
Aùea`> E `s jk tksk a` aktds (mps). r `s `j eþh`rd a` `j`h`etds a` aktds trkespdrtkads pdr ue `j`h`etd a` s`ûkj.
0;
Idevf`e` r`idrakr qu` Y a`bfe` `j eþh`rd a` s`ûkj`s qu` s` `evèke `e ue s`luead d tksk a` s`ûkj. d
@e uek trkeshfsfùe kekjùlfik `j vkjdr a` r `s> r jdl = J
Adea` J `s kquè `j tfpd a` `j`h`etd a` s`ûkj, ed `j efv`j.
Keicd a` mkeak> Y` trktkrë `j keicd a` mkeak pkrk ikak tæiefik a` hdaujkifùe. Y`ûkj pdrtkadrk> d
d d
d
Qkhmfæe jjkhkak br`iu`eifk pdrtkadrk, `s uek s`ûkj a` kjtk br`iu`eifk qu` prdaui` `j `hfsdr y qu` kitþk idhd mks` pkrk jk s`ûkj a` febdrhkifùe. @j r`i`ptdr `stë knustkad pkrk jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk. Jk febdrhkifùe aflftkj s` hdaujk sdmr` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk hdafbfikead kjluek a` sus ikrkit`rèstfiks. @st` tfpd a` hdafbfikifùe s` a`edhfek hdaujkifùe pdr a`spjkzkhf`etd.
Hdaujkifùe pdr a`spjkzkhf`etd a` khpjftua (KYG, Khpjftua` Ycfbt G`yfel) Y` hdafbfik jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk, pkrk ir`kr `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj. d
KYG mfekrfd (MKYG)> Y` a`bfe` idhd jk hdaujkifùe mfekrfk `e khpjftua d hdaujkifùe de-dbb (DDG, de-dbb g`yfel ). Jk khpjftua pfid a` ue efv`j a` s`ûkj `s ?, `j dtrd `s `j hfshd qu` jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk.
Bfl. 12 d
Keicd a` mkeak KYG>
@s prdpdrifdekj k tksk a` mkuafds Y. @xfst` ue bkitdr, a`edhfekad a, qu` a`p`ea` a`j prdi`sd a` hdaujkifùe y bfjtrkad, tdhkead vkjdr`s `etr` ? y ;. Yf`ead M `j keicd a` mkeak, tdad `std s` `xpr`sk idhd sflu`> Jk hftka a`j keicd a` mkeak s` `eiu`etrk `e bi, adea` s` sftþk jk br`iu`eifk pdrtkadrk.
M8;+a Y ¼
0=
d
Yf cky afspdefmj` ue ikekj pksd mkeak, s` pu`a` `j`lfr bi a` bdrhk qu` jk s`ûkj hdaujkak diup` `j keicd a` mkeak.
Fhpj`h`etkifùe>
Yf jds aktds aflftkj`s ` pr`s`etke idhd uek s`ûkj aflftkj E]^ uefpdjkr ide ue vdjtkn` kjtd a` ; y mknd a` ?, jk fhpj`h`etkifùe s` jj`vk k ikmd hujtfpjfikead jk s`ûkj aflftkj E]^ pdr jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk b i, qu` vf`e` a` ue dsifjkadr.
Bfl. 1< d
KYG hujtfefv`j> Y` pu`a` uskr 1, 3, ;2 d hës khpjftua`s afstfetks pkrk jk s`ûkj y hdaujkr jds aktds uskead =, 9, 1 d hës mfts kj tf`hpd.
Hdaujkifùe pdr a`spjkzkhf`etd a` br`iu`eifk (BYG, Br`iu`eiy Ycfbt G`yfel) Jk br`iu`eifk a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk ikhmfk pkrk r`pr`s`etkr jds aktds. Jk br`iu`eifk a` jk s`ûkj hdaujkak ikhmfk sf `j `j`h`etd a` aktds ikhmfk. d
BYG mfekrfd (MBYG)> Fa`kjh`et` s` idesfa`rke ads br`iu`eifks pdrtkadrks b i; y b i=. Y` usk b i; sf `j `j`h`etd a` aktds `s ? y b i= sf `s ;. d
Keicd a` mkeak pkrk BYG> Jk hftka a` ue keicd a` mkeak `s b ; y jk hftka a` jk dtrk `s b =. Khmks, tf`e`e uek s`pkrkifùe a` Αb i a`sa` `j puetd h`afd a` khmks mkeaks. Jk afb`r`eifk `etr` b i= y b i; `s =Αbi. @j keicd a` mkeak e`i`skrfd `s> M8;+ += Α ¼
d
¼
Fhpj`h`etkifùe>
Ed idc`r`et`> _u`a` ckm`r afsidetfeufaka `e bks` iukead ue `j`h`etd a` s`ûkj t`rhfek y idhf`ezk `j sfluf`et`. Y` fhpj`h`etk idhd ads hdaujkifde`s KYG y uskead ads br`iu`eifks pdrtkadr`s.
09
Idc`r`et`> Jk bks` s` hketf`e` k trkvæs a` jk brdet`rk `etr` ads `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj. Y` fhpj`h`etk uskead ue dsifjkadr idetrdjkad pdr vdjtkn` (DIR), qu` ikhmfk su br`iu`eifk s`lþe `j vdjtkn` a` `etrkak.
Bfl. 13 d
d
BYG hujtfefv`j (HBYG)> @e l`e`rkj sf jd qu` s` pr`t`ea` `s `evfkr e mfts kj hfshd tf`hpd s` utfjfzke (= eþh`rd a` mfts k `evfkr ) br`iu`eifks afstfetks. Jks br`iu`eifks cke a` `stkr s`pkrkaks = Αbi, pkrk qu` `j hdaujkadr y `j a`hdaujkadr bueifde`e ka`iukakh`et`. Keicd a` mkeak pkrk HBYGs>
M8;+a Y+J’; = ¼
¼
Hdaujkifùe pdr a`spjkzkhf`etd a` bks` (_YG, _cks` Ycfbt G`yfel) Jk bks` a` jk pdrtkadrk ikhmfk pkrk r`pr`s`etkr ads d hës `j`h`etds a` s`ûkj. d
_YG mfekrfk (M_YG)> Cky ads `j`h`etds a` febdrhkifùe, ued ide uek bks` a` ?¾ y dtrd ide uek bks` a` ;3?¾. @s h`eds susi`ptfmj` kj rufad qu` KYG y `s sup`rfdr kj BYG pdr qu` ed e`i`sftk ads s`ûkj`s pdrtkadrks.
Keicd a` mkeak> @s `j hfshd qu` pkrk jk MKYG, p`rd h`edr qu` MBYG.
Bfl. 16
01
d
Fhpj`h`etkifùe> Yf jds aktds aflftkj`s ` pr`s`etke idhd uek s`ûkj aflftkj E]^ pdjkr, jk fhpj`h`etkifùe s` jj`vk k ikmd hujtfpjfikead jk s`ûkj aflftkj E]^ pdr jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk b i, qu` vf`e` a` ue dsifjkadr.
_YG `e iukarkturk ([_YG)>
Flukj qu` M_YG p`rd utfjfzkead iuktrd bks`s pkrk r`pr`s`etkr 1 mft a` `stk bdrhk> Bks` 10¾ ù ?¾ ;90¾ ù 6?¾ ==0¾ ù ;3?¾ 9;0¾ ù =
aktd ?? ?; ;? ;;
_krk `jjd s` uske ads hdaujkifde`s M_YG s`pkrkaks. Jks deaks s`ed ir`kaks tf`e`e jk hfshk br`iu`eifk p`rd uek `stë `e-bks` y dtrk a`sbkskak d `e iukarkturk. Afshfeuy`ead jk tksk a` mkuafds y `j keicd a` mkeak e`i`skrfd.
Bfl. 0?
Afklrkhk a` idest`jkifùe> d d
d
d
d
d d
Þtfj pkrk a`bfefr jk khpjftua y jk bks` a` ue `j`h`etd. @j `j`h`etd a` s`ûkj s` r`pr`s`etk idhd ue puetd, kidhpkûkad k h`euad ide `j vkjdr a`j aktd. @j `n` S s` r`jkifdek ide jk pdrtkadr `e-bks` y `j `n` V ide jk pdrtkadrk `e iukarkturk. Jk prdy`iifùe sdmr` `j `n` S a`bfe` jk khpjftua a` pfid a`j idhpde`et` `e-bks`. Jk prdy`iifùe sdmr` `j `n` V a`bfe` jk khpjftua a` pfid a`j idhpde`et` `e iukarkturk. @j v`itdr qu` ide`itk `j puetd kj drfl`e `s jk khpjftua a` pfid a` jk s`ûkj. @j ëelujd a`j v`itdr ide `j `n` S `s jk bks` a`j `j`h`etd s`ûkj.
Hdaujkifùe a` khpjftua `e iukarkturk ([KH)
@s uek idhmfekifùe a` KYG y _YG. Y` utfjfzke ads pdrtkadrks, uek `e bks` y dtrk `e iukarkturk, ide afstfetds efv`j`s a` khpjftua pkrk ikak pdrtkadrk. Jks vkrfkifde`s pdsfmj`s a` [KH sde euh`rdsks. 00
Bfl. 0;
Keicd a` mkeak pkrk [KH> @s `j hfshd qu` `e KYG y _YG. Qf`e` jks hfshks v`etknks qu` _YG sdmr` KYG.
0.= Idev`rsfùe a` kekjùlfid k kekjùlfid Y` idesflu` `hpj`kead tr`s tæiefiks a` hdaujkifùe> `e khpjftua, bks` y br`iu`eifk. Hdaujkifùe `e khpjftua (KH)> Y` hdaujk jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk k h`afak qu` jk s`ûkj a` ikhmfk. Jk s`ûkj hdaujkak s` idevf`rt` `e uek `evdjturk a` jk pdrtkadrk (Bfl. 0=). Keicd a` mkeak `e KH> Y` a`t`rhfek k pkrtfr a`j keicd a` mkeak a` uek s`ûkj a` kuafd>
MKH 8 =M Hdaujkifùe `e br`iu`eifk (BH)> Y` hdaujk jk br`iu`eifk a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk k h`afak qu` jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj a` febdrhkifùe ikhmfk (Bfl. 09). Keicd a` mkeak `e BH> Y` a`t`rhfek `hpèrfikh`et` k pkrtfr a`j keicd a` mkeak a` uek s`ûkj a`
Bfl. 0= Hdaujkifùe `e khpjftua (KH)
02
kuafd>
MBH 8 = (;+ν) M ¼
¼
Adea` ν `s ue bkitdr qu` a`p`ea` a` jk tæiefik a` hdaujkifùe, sf`ead 1 ue vkjdr br`iu`et`.
Bfl. 09 Hdaujkifùe `e br`iu`eifk (BH)
Hdaujkifùe `e bks` (_H)> Y` hdaujk jk bks` a` jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk k h`afak qu` jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj a` febdrhkifùe ikhmfk. Y` pu`a` prdmkr hkt`hëtfikh`et` qu` _H `s flukj k BH. @e BH jds ikhmfds festketëe`ds a` jk br`iu`eifk pdrtkadrk `s flukj k jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj k hdaujkr. @e _H jds ikhmfds festketëe`ds a` jk br`iu`eifk pdrtkadrk sde prdpdrifdekj`s k jk a`rfvkak a` k jk khpjftua a` jk s`ûkj k hdaujkr. @e jks sfluf`et`s bflurks s` kpr`ifk jd `xpu`std ket`rfdrh`et`>
Bfl. 01
Keicd a` mkeak `e _H> Y` a`t`rhfek `hpèrfikh`et` k pkrtfr a`j keicd a` mkeak a` uek s`ûkj a` kuafd> M_H 8 = (;+ν) M ¼
¼
Adea` ν `s ue bkitdr qu` a`p`ea` a` jk tæiefik a` hdaujkifùe, sf`ead ; pkrk mkeak `str`ick y 9 pkrk mkeak keick. 0<
Q`hk 2> Ptfjfzkifùe a`j keicd a` mkeak> Hujtfpj`xkifùe y `eskeickad Jk utfjfzkifùe a`j keicd a` mkeak `s `j mu`e usd a`j keicd a` mkeak afspdefmj` pkrk ides`lufr ueds dmn`tfvds `sp`ièbfids. Jk `bfif`eifk s` pu`a` ides`lufr h`afket` jk hujtfpj`xkifùe. Jk fetfhfaka y jk `jfhfekifùe a` jks fet`rb`r`eifks s` pu`a`e ides`lufr h`afket` `j `eskeickad.
2.; Hujtfpj`xkifùe Yf`hpr` qu` `j keicd a` mkeak a` ue h`afd qu` `ejkzk ads afspdsftfvds s`k hkydr qu` `j keicd a` mkeak qu` e`i`sftke jds afspdsftfvds, `j `ejki` s` pu`a` idhpkrtfr. Jk hujtfpj`xkifùe `s `j idenuetd a` tæiefiks qu` p`rhft`e jk trkeshfsfùe sfhujtëe`k a` hþjtfpj`s s`ûkj`s k trkvæs a` ue þefid `ejki` a` aktds.
Bfl. 00
Jks e jèe`ks a` `etrkak (Bfl. 00), `evèke sus bjunds a` trkeshfsfùe k ue hujtfpj`xdr (HPS), qu` jds idhmfek `e ue þefid bjund. @e `j `xtr`hd r`i`ptdr, `j bjund s` fetrdaui` `e ue a`hujtfpj`xdr (A@HPS), qu` s`pkrk `j bjund `e sus trkeshfsfde`s idhpde`et`s y jds afrfl` k sus idrr`spdeaf`et`s jèe`ks. @ejki`, s` r`bf`r` kj ikhfed bèsfid qu` ide`itk ads afspdsftfvds. Ikekj, s` r`bf`r` k jk pdrifùe a` ue `ejki` qu` trkespdrtk uek trkeshfsfùe `etr` ue pkr akad a` jèe`ks. Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a` br`iu`eifk (BAH)
Bfl. 02
@s uek tæiefik kekjùlfik. Y` utfjfzk iukead `j keicd a` mkeak a` ue `ejki` (`e c`rifds) `s hkydr qu` jds keicds a` mkeak idhmfekads a` jks s`ûkj`s k trkeshftfr. Jks s`ûkj`s l`e`rkaks pdr ikak afspdsftfvd `hfsdr s` hdaujke uskead afstfetks br`iu`eifks pdrtkadrks. @stks s`ûkj`s 03
hdaujkaks s` idhmfeke `e uek þefik s`ûkj idhpu`stk qu` s`rë trkespdrtkak pdr `j `ejki`. Jds ikekj`s a`m`e `stkr s`pkrkads pdr tfrks a` keicds a` mkeak sfe uskr, a`edhfekaks mkeaks a` lukrak. _rdi`sd a` jk hujtfpj`xkifùe> Ikak bu`et` l`e`rk uek s`ûkj ide ue rkeld a` br`iu`eifk sfhfjkr. A`etrd a`j hujtfpj`xdr (Bfl. 0<), `stks s`ûkj`s sfhfjkr`s s` hdaujke sdmr` afstfetks br`iu`eifks pdrtkadrks. Jks s`ûkj`s hdaujkaks r`sujtket`s s` idhmfeke a`spuæs `e uek þefik s`ûkj idhpu`stk qu` s` `evèk sdmr` ue `ejki` qu` tf`e` keicd a` mkeak subfif`et` pkrk kidhdakrjks.
Bfl. 0< _rdi`sd a` hujtfpj`xkifùe
_rdi`sd a` a`hujtfpj`xkifùe>
Bfl. 03 _rdi`sd a` a`hujtfpj`xkifùe
@j a`hujtfpj`xdr usk uek s`rf` a` bfjtrds pkrk a`sidhpde`r jk s`ûkj hujtfpj`xkak `e jks s`ûkj`s idhpde`et`s qu` jk idestftuy`e. Jks s`ûkj`s feafvfaukj`s s` pkske k ue a`hdaujkadr qu` jks s`pkrk a` sus pdrtkadrks y jks pksk k jèe`ks a` skjfak.
06
@j sfst`hk a` pdrtkadrk kekjùlfik> _krk hkxfhfzkr jk `bfif`eifk a` su febrk`struiturk, jks idhpkûèks t`j`bùefiks cke hujtfpj`xkad trkafifdekjh`et` jks s`ûkj`s a` jèe`ks a` mknd keicd a` mkeak `e jèe`ks a` lrke keicd a` mkeak. _krk jèe`ks kekjùlfiks s` utfjfzk BAH. @n`hpjd a` `st` sfst`hk n`rërqufid `s a` jk idhpkûèk KQ&Q (Bfl. 06).
Bfl. 06
Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a` jdelftua a` deak (\AH) Afs`ûkad pkrk utfjfzkr jk ikpkifaka a` kjtk tksk a` aktds a` jk bfmrk ùptfik. @s uek tæiefik a` hujtfpj`xkifùe kekjùlfik qu` idhmfek s`ûkj`s ùptfiks (Bfl. 2?).
Bfl. 2? Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a` jdelftua a` deak
Y` idhmfeke hþjtfpj`s cki`s a` juz a`etrd a` uek þefik juz `e `j hujtfpj`xdr, ckif`ead jk dp`rkifùe fev`rsk `e `j a`hujtfpj`xdr. @std s` r`su`jv` bëifjh`et` ide ue prfshk (Bfl. 2;).
Bfl. 2; Jds prfshks `e jk hujtfpj`xkifùe y a`hujtfpj`xkifùe \AH
\AH a`esd (\AHA) hujtfpj`xk ue lrke eþh`rd a` ikekj`s, sftukead jds ikekj`s huy i`rik ueds a` dtrds. 2?
Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a` tf`hpd (QAH) @s uek tæiefik a` hujtfpj`xkifùe aflftkj qu` idhmfek vkrfds ikekj`s a` mknk tksk `e ued a` kjtk tksk. @e julkr a` idhpkrtfr uek pdrifùe a`j keicd a` mkeak idhd `e BAH, s` idhpkrt` `j tf`hpd (Bfl. 2=).
Bfl. 2=
QAH sèeirdek> Ikak ide`xfùe a` `etrkak tf`e` uek ksflekifùe `e jk skjfak kuequ` ed s` `evè`e aktds. ]keurks a` tf`hpd y trkhks> @j bjund a` aktds a` ikak ide`xfùe a` `etrkak s` afvfa` `e uefaka`s, adea` ikak uefaka diupk uek rkeurk a` tf`hpd a` `etrkak. Pek uefaka pu`a` s`r ue mft, ue ikrëit`r d ue mjdqu` a` aktds. Ikak uefaka a` `etrkak s` idevf`rt` `e uek uefaka a` skjfak y diupk uek rkeurk a` tf`hpd `e jk skjfak.
Bfl. 29
Jk aurkifùe a` uek rkeurk a` skjfak `s e v`i`s hës idrtk qu` jk aurkifùe a` uek rkeurk a` `etrkak, sf`ead e `j eþh`rd a` ide`xfde`s. @e uek trkhk s` fetrdaui` uek rdeak a` uefaka`s a` aktds a` ikak ide`xfùe a` `etrkak. Yf s` tf`e`e e ide`xfde`s, jk trkhk s` afvfa` `e e rkeurks a` tf`hpd. Jk tksk a` aktds `e `j `ejki` `s e v`i`s hës rëpfak, y jk aurkifùe a` jk uefaka `s e v`i`s hës idrtk. @etr`jkzkad> Y` pu`a` vfsukjfzkr idhd ads idehutkadr`s a` rëpfak rdtkifùe, ed `e `j jkad a` jk hujtfpj`xkifùe y dtrd `e `j jkad a` jk a`hujtfpj`xkifùe. Jds idehutkadr`s s` sfeirdefzke y rdtke k jk hfshk v`jdifaka p`rd `e afr`iifde`s dpu`stks (Bfl. 21).
2;
Bfl. 21
]keurks vkièks> QAH ed `s tke `bfif`et` idhd pdarèk s`r. Yf ue `hfsdr ed tf`e` aktds qu` `evfkr, jk rkeurk idrr`spdeaf`et` `e jk trkhk a` skjfak `stë vkièk. L`stfùe a` jk tksk a` aktds> Yf jks tksks a` aktds a` `etrkak ed sde flukj`s s` pu`a`e `hpj`kr tr`s `strkt`lfks> Hujtfpj`xkifùe hujtfefv`j> Qæiefik utfjfzkak iukead jk tksk a` aktds a` uek jèe`k `s hþjtfpjd a` dtrks.
Bfl. 20
Ksflekifùe a` hþjtfpj`s rkeurks> K v`i`s `s hës `bfif`et` ksflekr hës a` uek rkeurk `e uek trkhk k uek þefik jèe`k a` `etrkak, fes`rtkead ue idev`rsdr s`rf` pkrkj`jd `e jk jèe`k pkrk cki`r ads `etrkaks k pkrtfr a` uek.
Bfl. 22
Fes`rifùe a` pujsds d fes`rifùe a` mfts> @stk tæiefik s` usk iukead jks tksks a` aktds ed sde hþjtfpjds ueks a` dtrks. Y` cki` qu` jk tksk hës kjtk s`k jk adhfeket` y kj r`std a` tksks s` j` kûka`e mft `xtrks ckstk flukjkrjk ide jk adhfeket`.
2=
Bfl. 2<
Yfeirdefzkifùe a` trkhks> Yf `j hujtfpj`xdr y `j a`hujtfpj`xdr ed `stëe sfeirdefzkads, ue mft a` ue ikekj pu`a` s`r r`ifmfad pdr ue ikekj `qufvdikad. _dr `stk rkzùe s` kûka`e ued d hës mfts a` sfeirdefzkifùe kj idhf`ezd a` ikak trkhk, a`edhfekads mfts a` trkhkad.
Bfl. 23
Y`rvfifd a` jk s`ûkj aflftkj (AY) d n`rkrquèk aflftkj> Fhpj`h`etkifùe QAH k trkvæs a` uek n`rkrquèk a` s`ûkj`s aflftkj`s pdr pkrt` a` jks idhpkûèks t`j`bùefiks.
Bfl. 26
Jèe`ks Q> Jèe`ks iuyks ikpkifaka`s idfeifa`e pr`ifskh`et` ide jks tksks a` aktds a` jds s`rvfifds AY-? k AY-1. Y`rvfifd AY-; AY-= AY-9 AY-1
Jèe`k Q-; Q-= Q-9 Q-1
Qksk (Hmps) ;.011 2.9;= 11.<92 =<1.;<2
29
Ikekj`s a` vdz =1 62 2<9 1.?9=
Jèe`ks Q pkrk jk trkeshfsfùe kekjùlfik> Jks jèe`ks Q s` pu`a`e uskr tkhmfæe pkrk trkeshfsfùe kekjùlfik (ide`xfde`s t`j`bùefiks r`lujkr`s), ksuhf`ead qu` jks s`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks sde hu`str`kaks y a`spuæs hujtfpj`xkaks.
Bfl.
Jèe`ks @> R`rsfùe `urdp`k a` jks jèe`ks Q. Khmds sfst`hks sde idei`ptukjh`et` flukj`s, p`rd ide ikpkifaka`s afstfetks. Jèe`k @-; @-= @-9 @-1
Qksk (Hmps) =.?13 3.113 91.923 ;96.=21
Ikekj`s a` vdz 9? ;=? 13? ;.6=?
Hujtfpj`xkifùe `stkaèstfik pdr afvfsfùe a`j tf`hpd Jks rkeurks a` tf`hpd s` ksfleke afeëhfikh`et`, h`ndrkead `j keicd a` mkeak. Yùjd iukead uek jèe`k a` `etrkak tf`e` aktds qu` `evfkr dmtf`e` uek rkeurk `e jk trkhk a` skjfak. @j eþh`rd a` rkeurks `e ikak trkhk `s h`edr qu` `j eþh`rd a` jèe`ks a` `etrkak.
Bfl. <;
Afr`iifdekhf`etd> Y` feijuy` jk afr`iifùe a`j r`i`ptdr `e ikak rkeurk, pkrk feafikr adea` s`rë `etr`lkak. @j afr`iifdekhf`etd `e su bdrhk hës s`eifjjk pu`a` t`e`r e mfts pkrk a`bfefr E jèe`ks a` skjfak afb`r`et`s ide e 8 jdl= E.
21
Qkhkûd a` jk rkeurk> _u`std qu` uek rkeurk a` tf`hpd trkespdrtk aktds y afr`iifde`s, jk r`jkifùe `etr` tkhkûd a` aktds y `j a` afr`iifde`s a`m` s`r rkzdekmj` pkrk ks`lurkr qu` jk trkeshfsfùe `s `bfif`et`. Keicd a` mkeak> Jk ikpkifaka a`j `ejki` edrhkjh`et` `s h`edr qu` jk suhk a` jks ikpkifaka`s a` ikak ikekj. Y` a`bfe` jk ikpkifaka a`j `ejki` a` kiu`rad k jk `stkaèstfik a` iklk a` ikak ikekj. Aurket` p`rfdads a` tf`hpd a` pfid, kjlueks rkeurks t`earëe qu` `sp`rkr.
2.= @sp`itrd `eskeickad Idhmfek vkrfks bu`et`s pkrk dmt`e`r e keicd a` mkeak hkydr. Y` afs`ûù pkrk su usd `e kpjfikifde`s fekjëhmrfiks (JKE y \KE). @e jks kpjfikifde`s fekjëhmrfiks, tdaks jks `stkifde`s utfjfzke `j kfr` d `j vkifd idhd h`afd a` idhuefikifùe. Jks `stkifde`s a`m`e s`r ikpki`s a` idhpkrtfr `j h`afd sfe s`r fet`ri`ptkaks ef subrfr fet`rb`r`eifks a` fetrusds. Jks tæiefiks a` `sp`itrd a` `eskeickad, kûka`e r`aueakeifk. Yf `j keicd a` mkeak a` ikak `stkifùe `s M, `j `eskeickad jd `xpkea` k MYY 55 M. @stds dmn`tfvds s` idesflu`e k trkvæs a` ads prfeifpfds>
@j keicd a` mkeak ksflekad k ikak `stkifùe e`i`sftk s`r mkstket` hkydr qu` `j e`i`skrfd. @std p`rhft` jk r`aueakeifk. Jk `xpkesfùe a`j keicd a` mkeak drflfekj ck a` s`r c`icd pdr ue prdi`sd qu` s`k fea`p`eaf`et` a` jk s`ûkj drflfekj. Cky ads tæiefiks pkrk `eskeickr `j keicd a` mkeak> `sp`itrd `eskeickad pdr skjtd a` br`iu`eifk (BCYY) y `sp`itrd a` `eskeickad pdr s`iu`eifk afr`itk (AYYY). @sp`itrd `eskeickad pdr skjtd a` br`iu`eifk (BCYY)> Jk s`ûkj s` `hft` sdmr` uek s`rf` a` br`iu`eifks kpkr`et`h`et` kj`ktdrfks, skjtkead a` br`iu`eifk `e br`iu`eifk sfeirùefikh`et` ide `j trkeshfsdr. Jds r`i`ptdr`s ed kutdrfzkads `siuickrëe uek s`ûkj fefet`jflfmj`. Yf s` fet`etkrk fet`ri`ptkr jk s`ûkj, sùjd s` ides`lufrèk pkrk ueds pdids mfts. @j dra`e `e jds skjtds `e br`iu`eifk s` a`t`rhfek s`lþe uek s`iu`eifk ps`uadkj`ktdrfk kjhki`ekak `e ueks tkmjks, y qu` tketd `j `hfsdr y `j r`i`ptdr a`m`e idedi`r. Pe l`e`rkadr a` iùaflds ps`uadkj`ktdrfd, a`edhfekad rufad ps`uadkj`ktdrfd (_E), ir`k ue pktrùe a` G mfts pkrk ikak p`rfdad a` skjtd Qc.
Bfl. <=
20
Jk tkmjk a` br`iu`eifks utfjfzk `j pktrùe pkrk `eidetrkr jk br`iu`eifk k s`r utfjfzkak pkrk `st` p`rfdad y jk pksk kj sfet`tfzkadr a` br`iu`eifks. @j sfet`tfzkadr ir`k uek s`ûkj pdrtkadrk pkrk `sk br`iu`eifk, y jk s`ûkj drfl`e hdaujk jk s`ûkj pdrtkadrk. @sp`itrd a` `eskeickad pdr s`iu`eifk afr`itk (AYYY)> Y` r``hpjkzk ikak mft a` aktds pdr e mfts utfjfzkead ue iùafld a` `eskeickad. Ikak mft tf`e` ksflekad ue iùafld a` e mfts, a`edhfekads icfps, adea` jk tksk a` icfps `s e v`i`s jk tksk a` mfts a` aktds.
Bfl. <9
Y`iu`eifk a` Mkrg`> Qkhmfæe jjkhkad iùafld a` afsp`rsfùe d ps`uadrrufad. @s uek s`iu`eifk rëpfak afs`ûkak pkrk qu` kpkr`zik kprdxfhkakh`et` jk hfshk iketfaka a` ; qu` a` ?. Pe `n`hpjd a` `stk s`iu`eifk `s `j sfluf`et`. +;-;+;+;-;+;+;+;-;-;;-; Ydjd jds r`i`ptdr`s k jds qu` `j `hfsdr ckyk `evfkad pr`vfkh`et` jk s`iu`eifk pdarëe r`idhpde`r jk s`ûkj drflfekj. Ka`hës, kj sustftufr ikak mft a` aktds k trkeshftfr, pdr uek s`iu`eifk a` ;; mfts `qufvkj`et`, kuequ` pkrt` a` jk s`ûkj a` trkeshfsfùe s` v`k kb`itkak pdr fet`rb`r`eifks, `j r`i`ptdr kþe pu`a` r`idestrufr bëifjh`et` jk febdrhkifùe k pkrtfr a` jk s`ûkj r`ifmfak.
22
Q`hk <> H`afd a` trkeshfsfùe Y` pu`a` a`bfefr khpjfkh`et` ue h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe idhd iukjquf`r idsk qu` pu`a` trkespdrtkr febdrhkifùe a` ue drfl`e k ue a`stfed. Yf`ead ckmftukjh`et` ckmftukjh`et` `j `spkifd `spkifd kmf`rtd, ue ikmj` h`tëjfid d ue ikmj` a` bfmrk ùptfik. Jds h`afds a` trkeshfsfùe s` pu`a`e afvfafr `e ads lrkea`s ikt`ldrèks>
Lufkads> d d d
Ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad. Ikmj` idkxfkj. Ikmj` a` bfmrk ùptfik.
Ed Lufkads> d
@spkifd kmf`rtd.
<.; H`afds lufkads Yde kqu`jjds qu` prdpdrifdeke ue ideauitdr a` ue afspdsftfvd k dtrd. Pek s`ûkj vfknkead pdr iukjquf`rk a` `stds h`afds `s afrflfak y idet`efak pdr jds jèhft`s bèsfids a`j h`afd. Ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad Bdrhkad pdr ads ideauitdr`s, edrhkjh`et` a` idmr`, ikak ued a` jds iukj`s tf`e` su prdpfd kfsjket` a` pjëstfid, r`tdrifads nuetds.
Bfl. <1
Ped a` jds ikmj`s s` usk pkrk jj`vkr s`ûkj`s kj r`i`ptdr y `j dtrd sùjd s` usk idhd s`ûkj a` r`b`r`eifk a` tf`rrk. @j r`i`ptdr usk jk afb`r`eifk `etr` khmds. @j tr`ezkad cki` pdsfmj` qu` khmds ikmj`s s` v`ke kb`itkads flukjh`et` pdr jks febju`eifks `xt`reks (rufad d fet`rb`r`eifk). @j r`i`ptdr kj ikjiujkr jk afb`r`eifk `etr` khmks, ed r`ifm` s`ûkj`s ed a`s`kaks. @j eþh`rd a` tr`ezkads pdr uefaka a` jdelftua tf`e` `b`itd sdmr` jk ikjfaka a`j ikmj`. @j hës uskad `s `j ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad sfe mjfeakn` (PQ_, Pescf`ja`a Qwfst`a _kfr). FMH a`skrrdjjd ue ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad ide mjfeakn` (YQ_, Ycf`ja`a Qwfst`a _kfr). @j iukj `evu`jv` kj pkr tr`ezkad `e ue r`iumrfhf`etd a` hkjjk h`tëjfik `etr`jkzkak, h`ndrkead jk ikjfaka a`j ikmj`. 2<
Ikt`ldrèks> Jk Ksdifkifùe a` feaustrfks `j`itrùefiks (@FK) ck a`skrrdjjkad `stëeakr`s pkrk lrkaukr jds ikmj`s a` pkr tr`ezkad `e sf`t` ikt`ldrèks>
Ikt`ldrèk ; = 9 1 0 0@ 2 <
@sp`ifbfikifùe Cfjd t`j`bùefid tr`ezkad a` ikjfaka a` vdz ed ka`iukad pkrk jks trkeshfsfde`s a` aktds. Ikmj` pkr tr`ezkad sfe kpketkjjkr uskad `e jèe`ks a` tfpd Q. Pskad `e r`a`s @tc`re`t ;?Mks`Q. Pskad `e r`a`s Qdg`e ]fel Ikmj` a` =1 K\L ide uek `evdjturk y ue `siuad `xt`rfdr @xt`esfùe a` jk ikt. 0 qu` hfefhfzk hës `j rufad ` fet`rb`r`eifks. Knustk idhpde`et`s `sp`ièbfids a`j hfshd bkmrfiket`. Ikak pkr s` `evu`jv` a` bdrhk feafvfaukj `e uek hkjjk h`tëjfik c`jfidfakj s`lufak a` uek s`lueak hkjjk h`tëjfik ka`hës a`j mjfeakn` `xt`rfdr.
Br`iu`eifk (HCz)
R`jdifaka a` aktds (Hmps)
Psd
5;
: ?,;
Q`jæb.
51
=
Q-;
5 ;2 5 =?
;? =?
JKEs JKEs
5 ;??
;??
JKEs
;=0
JKEs
=0?
5 =??
JKEs
2??
5 2??
JKEs
Ide`itdr`s> Jds hës uskads sde jds ]N10 (]N `s pdr ide`itdr r`lfstrkad), a` pdsfifùe þefik (Bfl. <0).
Bfl. <0
]`eafhf`etd> Y` idhpkrk jk kt`eukifùe idetrk jk br`iu`eifk y jk afstkeifk. @stë idhprdmkad qu` k h`afak qu` kuh`etk jk br`iu`eifk tkhmfæe jd cki` jk kt`eukifùe. Ikmj` idkxfkj (idkx) Qrkespdrtk s`ûkj`s ide rkelds a` br`iu`eifks hës kjtds qu` jds ikmj`s a` pkr tr`ezkad. Qf`e` ue eþij`d ideauitdr i`etrkj bdrhkad pdr ue cfjd sùjfad a` idmr`, rda`kad pdr e kfsjket` a` hkt`rfkj af`jæitrfid, qu` `stë, k su v`z, rda`kad pdr uek cdnk `xt`rfdr a` h`tkj ideauitdr, hkjjk d idhmfekifùe a` khmds (Bfl. <2).
23
Bfl. <2
@stëeakr`s a` ikmj` idkxfkj> Y` ikt`ldrfzke s`lþe sus ijksfbfikifde`s a` rkafd a`j ldmf`red (]L). Ikak eþh`rd ]L a`edtk ue idenuetd a` `sp`ifbfikifde`s bèsfiks. Ikt`ldrèk ]L-06 ]L-03 ]L-;;
Fhp`akeifk <0 0? ;;
Psd Qv pdr ikmj` @tc`re`t a` ikmj` bfed @tc`re`t a` ikmj` lru`sd
Ide`itdr`s> @j hës br`iu`et` uskad `s `j ide`itdr a` r`a k mkyde`tk (MEI, Mkyde`t E`twdrg Idee`itdr).
Bfl. <<
]`eafhf`etd> Y` idhpkrk jk kt`eukifùe idetrk jk br`iu`eifk y jk afstkeifk. @stë idhprdmkad qu` k h`afak qu` kuh`etk jk br`iu`eifk tkhmfæe jd cki` jk kt`eukifùe y a` hke`rk hës kiuskak qu` `e jds ikmj`s a` pkr tr`ezkad. @s e`i`skrfd `j usd br`iu`et` a` r`p`tfadr`s. r `p`tfadr`s. Bfmrk ùptfik @stë c`ick a` pjëstfid d a` irfstkj y trkeshft` jk s`ûkj `e bdrhk a` juz. Jk juz vfknk `e jèe`k r`itk hf`etrks s` hu`v` k trkvæs a` uek þefik sustkeifk uefbdrh`. @j rkyd a` juz ikhmfk a` afr`iifùe sf ikhmfk jk a`esfaka a` jk j k sustkeifk pdr jk qu` vfknk.
26
@j ëelujd a` feifa`eifk `s `j ëelujd qu` bdrhk `j rkyd a` juz ide jk jèe`k p`rp`eafiujkr k jk fet`rbkz `etr` khmks sup`rbfif`s. @j ëelujd irètfid `s uek prdpf`aka a` jk sustkeifk qu` cki` qu`>
Bfl. <3
Yf `j ëelujd a` feifa`eifk : ëelujd irètfid, `j rkyd s` r`brkitk. Yf `j ëelujd a` feifa`eifk 8 ëelujd irètfid, `j rkyd s` pde` sdmr` jk sup`rbfif`. Yf `j ëelujd a` feifa`eifk : ëelujd irètfid, `j rkyd s` r`bj`nk. Jk bfmrk ùptfik usk jk r`bj`xfùe pkrk jj`vkr jk juz k trkvæs a` ue ikekj, ide eþij`d a` irfstkj d pjëstfid r`v`stfad a` irfstkj d pjëstfid h`eds a`esd. Hdads a` prdpklkifùe
Bfl. <6
Hujtfhdad> A`edhfekad ksè pdrqu` cky hþjtfpj`s rkyds a` juz a` uek bu`et` juhfedsk qu` s` hu`v`e k trkvæs a` ue eþij`d pdr ikhfeds afstfetds. Idhd s` hu`v`e a`p`ea` a` jk `struiturk a`j eþij`d.
Bfmrk hujtfhdad a` èeafi` `sikjdekad> Jk a`esfaka a`j eþij`d p`rhke`i` idestket` idestket` a`sa` `j `j i`etrdckstk jds mdra`s. mdra`s. Bfmrk hujtfhdad a` èeafi` lrkaf`et` lrkaukj> Jk a`esfaka `s hkydr `e `j i`etrd a`j eþij`d y a`ir`i` lrkaukjh`et` ckstk `j mdra`.
Hdedhdad> @j Hdedhdad usk bfmrk a` èeafi` `sikjdekad y uek bu`et` a` juz huy `ebdikak qu` jfhftk jds rkyds k ue rkeld huy p`qu`ûd a` ëelujds, tdads i`rik a` jk cdrfzdetkj. Jk bfmrk hdedhdad s` bkmrfik ide ue afëh`trd huicd hës p`qu`ûd qu` jks bfmrks hujtfhdad y ide uek a`esfaka sumstkeifkjh`et` h`edr, akead idhd r`sujtkad ue ëelujd irètfid i`rik a` jds 6?¾, ckif`ead qu` jds rkyds s` prdpklu`e huy i`rik a` jk cdrfzdetkj. Qkhkûd a` jk bfmrk> Y` a`bfe`e pdr jk r`jkifùe `etr` `j afëh`trd a` su eþij`d y `j afëh`trd a` su iumf`rtk, khmks `xpr`skaks `e hfirde`s (hfirùh`trds). Qfpd a` bfmrk 0?/;=0 2=,0/;=0 ;??/;=0
Eþij`d (hfirde`s) 0? 2=,0 ;?? 3,9
]`v`stfhf`etd (hfirde`s) ;=0 ;=0 ;=0 ;=0
Hdad
Hujtfhdad, lrkaukj Hujtfhdad, lrkaukj Hujtfhdad, lrkaukj Hdedhdad
Idhpdsfifùe a`j ikmj`> Jk bueak `xt`rfdr `s a` _RI d t`bjùe. A`etrd a`j r`v`stfhf`etd cky tfrks a` G`vjkr pkrk bdrtkj`i`r `j ikmj`. A`mknd a`j G`vjkr cky dtrk ikpk a` pjëstfid pkrk prdt`l`r jk bfmrk. Jk bfmrk `stë `e `j i`etrd a`j ikmj` y `stë bdrhkak pdr `j r`v`stfhf`etd y `j eþij`d (Bfl. 3?).
Bfl. 3?
Ide`itdr`s pkrk bfmrk ùptfik>
Bfl. 3;
]`eafhf`etd> Jk kt`eukifùe `s hës pjkek qu` `e `j iksd a`j pkr tr`ezkad y `j ikmj` idkxfkj. Y` e`i`sftke ckstk ;? v`i`s h`eds r`p`tfadr`s. R`etknks y a`sv`etknks a` jk bfmrk ùptfik> d
R`etknks> Keicd a` mkeak hkydr. H`edr kt`eukifùe a` jk s`ûkj. Fehuefaka k fet`rb`r`eifk `j`itrdhkleætfik.
<;
d
]`sfst`eifk k hkt`rfkj`s idrrdsfvds. Jfl`r`zk. Hkydr fehuefaka k jds ´pfeickzds4
A`sv`etknks> Festkjkifùe y hket`efhf`etd. _rdpklkifùe uefafr`iifdekj a` jk juz. Idst`.
<.= H`afds ed lufkads Qrkespdrtke deaks `j`itrdhkleætfiks sfe uskr ideauitdr bèsfid. A`edhfekak k h`euad idhuefikifùe fekjëhmrfik. Jks s`ûkj`s s` rkafke k trkvæs a`j kfr` y, pdr tketd, `stëe afspdefmj`s pkrk iukjquf`rk qu` t`elk ue afspdsftfvd ikpkz a` r`ifmfrjks. @j `sp`itrd `j`itrdhkleætfid vkrèk `etr` 9 gCz y 6?? QCz.
Bfl. 3=
Jks s`ûkj`s ed lufkaks s` pu`a`e prdpklkr a`j drfl`e kj a`stfed a` afstfetks bdrhks (Bfl. 39)>
Bfl. 39 _rdpklkifùe a` jks deaks a` rkafd
_rdpklkifùe `e sup`rbfif`> Rfknke k trkvæs a` jk pdrifùe hës mknk a` jk kthdsb`rk, kmrkzkead jk tf`rrk. K jks br`iu`eifks hës mknks, jks s`ûkj`s `hkeke `e tdaks jks afr`iifde`s a`sa` jk ket`ek a` trkeshfsfùe y sflu` jk iurvkturk a`j pjke`tk. Jk afstkeifk `s prdpdrifdekj k jk pdt`eifk. <=
_rdpklkifùe pdr `j if`jd> Jks deaks a` rkafd, ide uek br`iu`eifk hkydr, s` rkafke ckifk krrfmk `e jk fdedsb`rk, adea` s` r`bj`nk ckifk jk sup`rbfif` a` jk tf`rrk. _`rhft` afstkeifks hkydr`s, ide pdt`eifks h`edr`s. _rdpklkifùe pdr jèe`k a` vfstk> Y` trkeshft`e s`ûkj`s a` huy kjtk br`iu`eifk afr`itkh`et` a` ket`ek k ket`ek sfluf`ead uek jèe`k r`itk. @stk prdpklkifùe `s truiuj`etk pdrqu` jks trkeshfsfde`s a` rkafd ed s` pu`a`e `ebdikr idhpj`tkh`et`.
Bfl. 31 Mkeaks a`j `sp`itrd a` rkafd y hfirddeaks
Jk s`iifùe a` `sp`itrd `j`itrdhkleætfid a`bfefak idhd deaks a` rkafd y hfirddeaks s` afvfa` `e dicd rkelds, a`edhfekaks mkeaks (Bfl. 31), qu` `stëe r`lujkaks pdr jks kutdrfaka`s lum`rekh`etkj`s. @stks mkeaks s` ijksfbfike a` br`iu`eifks huy mknks (RJB, R`ry Jdw Br`iu`eiy) k br`iu`eifks `xtr`hkakh`et` kjtks (@CB, @xtr`h`jy Cflc Br`iu`eiy). Deaks a` rkafd @j rkeld a` br`iu`eifks idhpr`ea` a`sa` 9 gCz ckstk ; LCz. @e su hkydr pkrt` sde dhefafr`iifdekj`s, jd qu` sflefbfik, qu` uek iukead uek ket`ek trkeshft`, jd cki` `e tdaks jks afr`iifde`s. Qf`e` jk a`sv`etknk a` pda`r s`r fet`rb`rfak pdr dtrk ket`ek qu` `evèk s`ûkj`s uskead jk hfshk mkeak d br`iu`eifk. _u`a`e vfknkr jkrlks afstkeifks, `e pkrtfiujkr jks qu` s` prdpklke pdr `j if`jd y `std cki` qu` s`ke mu`eks ikeafaktks pkrk jk `hfsfùe k jkrlk afstkeifk a` rkafd KH. _u`a`e p`e`trkr pkr`a`s, jd qu` ak idhd v`etknk qu` s` pu`ake r`ifmfr s`ûkj`s a`etrd a` ue `afbfifd y idhd a`sv`etknk qu` ed s` pu`a` kfsjkr jk idhuefikifùe a`etrd d bu`rk a`j `afbfifd.Kj s`r uek mkeak r`jktfvkh`et` `str`ick (pdr a`mknd a` ; LCz), kj afvfafrjk `e summkeaks s` prdaui` uek mknk v`jdifaka a` aktds pkrk jks idhuefikifde`s aflftkj`s. Iksf tdak jk mkeak `stë r`lujkak pdr jks kutdrfaka`s (BII `e @@PP). Ket`ek dhefafr`iifdekj> Jks deaks a` rkafd uske ket`eks dhefafr`iifdekj`s qu` `hft`e s`ûkj`s `e tdaks jks afr`iifde`s (Bfl. 30).
Bfl. 30 Ket`ek dhefafr`iifdekj
Kpjfikifde`s> Jks deaks a` rkafd s` uske pkrk jks idhuefikifde`s hujtfa`stfed tkj`s idhd jk rkafd, jk t`j`vfsfùe y jds sfst`hks a` h`eskn`rèk.
<9
Hfirddeaks @j rkeld a` br`iu`eifks idhpr`ea` a`sa` ; ckstk 9?? LCz. Yde uefafr`iifdekj`s, jd qu` sflefbfik qu` jks ket`eks `hfsdrks y r`i`ptdrks a`m`e a` `stkr kjfe`kaks. @stk prdpf`aka dbr`i` jk v`etknk a` jk fhpdsfmfjfaka a` s`r fet`rb`rfaks pdr dtrks ket`eks. Jks ikrkit`rèstfiks a` `stk bdrhk a` prdpklkifùe sde>
_rdpklkifùe pdr jèe`k a` vfstk, e`i`sftkead k h`euad r`p`tfadr`s pkrk jk idhuefikifùe k jkrlk afstkeifk. Ed p`e`trke pkr`a`s, jd qu` pu`a` s`r uek a`sv`etknk sf jds r`i`ptdr`s `stëe a`etrd a` `afbfifds. Jk mkeak `s r`jktfvkh`et` keick (kprdx. =66 LCz) y kuequ` s` ksfle`e summkeaks, s` tf`e` uek mu`ek v`jdifaka a` aktds. @j usd a` if`rtks pdrifde`s a` jk mkeak e`i`sftk p`rhfsds lum`rekh`etkj`s. Ket`eks uefafr`iifdekj`s> @evèke s`ûkj`s `e uek afr`iifùe. Y` uske ads tfpds a` ket`eks pkrk jk idhuefikifùe vèk hfirddeaks>
Ket`ek pkrkmùjfik> Y` mksk `e jk l`dh`trèk a` uek pkrëmdjk, `s a`ifr, ikak jèe`k pkrkj`jk k jk jèe`k a` sfh`trèk r`bj`nk jk iurvk `e ëelujds tkj`s qu` fet`rs`ike `e ue puetd idhþe a`edhfekad bdid. Jks trkeshfsfde`s a` skjfak s` rkafke k trkvæs a` ue idre`t` kpuetkead kj afsid y a`bj`xfdekaks ckifk bu`rk `e s`etfad idetrkrfd k jk r`i`pifùe.
Bfl. 32 Ket`ek pkrkmùjfik
Bfl. 3< Ket`ek a` idre`t`
Ket`ek a` idre`t`> _kr`ifak k uek iuickrk lflket`. Jks trkeshfsfde`s r`ifmfaks sde r`idj`itkaks pdr jk bdrhk a` iuickrk a`j idre`t`, a` bdrhk sfhfjkr k jk ket`ek pkrkmùjfik y sde a`bj`xfdekaks hëstfj kmknd. Jks trkeshfsfde`s a` skjfak s` rkafke ckifk krrfmk pdr ue hëstfj y a`bj`xfdekaks ckifk bu`rk `e uek s`rf` a` `str`icds cki`s pkrkj`jds h`afket` jk ikm`zk iurvkak. Kpjfikifde`s> Jks hfirddeaks s` uske `e idhuefikifde`s uefikst , idhd t`jæbdeds hùvfj`s, jks r`a`s a` sktæjft`s y jks r`a`s fekjëhmrfiks.
<1
Febrkrrdnds @j rkeld a` br`iu`eifks idhpr`ea` a`sa` 9?? LCz ckstk 1?? QCz. Pskad `e idhuefikifde`s a` idrtd kjikei` `e ue ër`k i`rrkak y uskead prdpklkifùe pdr jèe`k a` vfstk. Yde feþtfj`s pkrk idhuefikifde`s a` jkrlk afstkeifk. Ed ktrkvf`ske pkr`a`s y jk idhuefikifùe bu`rk a` `afbfifds pu`a` v`rs` fet`rb`rfak pdrqu` jds rkyds a`j sdj idetf`e`e `j hfshd tfpd a` deaks.
<0
Q`hk 3> Idehutkifùe Pek r`a idehutkak (Bfl. 33) idestk a` uek s`rf` a` edads fet`ride`itkads a`edhfekads idehutkadr`s. Jds idehutkadr`s sde afspdsftfvds ikpki`s a` ir`kr ide`xfde`s t`hpdrkj`s `etr` ads y hës afspdsftfvds `ejkzkads pdr `j idehutkadr. Yu dmn`tfvd `s afshfeufr `j eþh`rd a` `ejki`s puetd k puetd `etr` jds afstfetds `j`h`etds a` jk r`a.
Bfl. 33 ]`a idehutkak
Qrkafifdekjh`et` s` cke `hpj`kad tr`s hætdads a` idehutkifùe>
Bfl. 36
Jk idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds y jk idehutkifùe a` pkqu`t`s s` utfjfzke ckmftukjh`et`, p`rd idehutkifùe a` h`eskn`s, ed s` `hpj`k `e jks idhuefikifde`s l`e`rkj`s, p`rd tdakvèk tf`e` kpjfikifde`s a` r`a. Jk idhuefikifùe a` pkqu`t`s s` pu`a`e afvfafr `e ads sumikt`ldrèks> r`a`s mkskaks `e aktklrkhks y r`a`s mkskaks `e ifriuftds vfrtukj`s.
3.; Idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds Pek r`a a` idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds `stë bdrhkak pdr ue idenuetd a` idehutkadr`s ide`itkads pdr `ejki`s bèsfids, `e `j qu` ikak `ejki` s` afvfa` `e e ikekj`s (Bfl. 6?). Iukead `j sfst`hk K e`i`sftk idhuefikrs` ide `j sfst`hk H, `j sfst`hk K tf`e` qu` sdjfiftkr uek ide`xfùe k H qu` s`rë ki`ptkak pdr tdads jds idehutkadr`s ksè idhd pdr `j prdpfd H. @stk bks` s` a`edhfek bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd. Y` r`s`rvk ue ifriuftd (ikekj) `e ikak `ejki`, y jk idhmfekifùe a` ifriuftd d ikekj`s a`bfe` `j ikhfek a`afikad. Pek v`z qu` `j ikhfed a`afikad bdrhkad a` ifriuftds ide`itkads (ikekj`s) s` ck `stkmj`ifad, jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds pu`a` t`e`r julkr. A`spuæs a` trkesb`rfr tdads jds aktds, jds ifriuftds s` jfm`rke.
<2
Jks idhuefikifde`s `e `j efv`j bèsfid `e jks r`a`s t`j`bùefiks trkafifdekj`s utfjfzke `j `ebdqu` a` jk idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds.
Bfl. 6?
Jk idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds tf`e` julkr `e `j efv`j bèsfid. Ket`s a` idh`ezkr jk idhuefikifùe, jks `stkifde`s a`m`e cki`r uek r`s`rvk a` jds r`iursds k utfjfzkr, `stds qu`akrëe a`afikads ckstk jk bks` a` jfm`rkifùe. Jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds ed s` cki` h`afket` pkqu`t`s. Jds aktds sde ue bjund idetfeud `evfkad pdr jk `stkifùe a` drfl`e y r`ifmfads pdr jk `stkifùe a` a`stfed, kuequ` pu`a`e ckm`r p`rfdads a` sfj`eifd. Ed `xfst` afr`iifdekhf`etd aurket` jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds. Jds idehutkadr`s `eikhfeke jds aktds a` kiu`rad ide jk mkeak diupkak (BAH) d rdaknk a` tf`hpd (QAH). Cky ue mr`v` afr`iifdekhf`etd aurket` jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd. @e jds ifriuftds a` idehutkifùe, jds r`iursds e`i`skrfds tf`e`e qu` s`r r`s`rvkads aurket` jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd7 jds r`iursds p`rhke`i`e a`afikads aurket` tdak jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds ckstk jk bks` a` jfm`rkifùe. Qr`s bks`s
Bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd Bks` a` trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds Bks` jfm`rkifùe @bfif`eifk
@st` tfpd a` r`a ed `s tke `bfif`et` idhd jds dtrds tfpds yk qu` r`quf`r` r`iursds a`afikads aurket` jk ide`xfùe, ed `eidetrëeads` afspdefmj`s pkrk dtrk ide`xfùe ckstk qu` ed ckyk bfekjfzkad
<<
]`tkrad
Bfl. 6;
Kuequ` s` `bfif`eifk `s p`qu`ûk, `j r`tkrad `e `st` tfpd a` r`a`s `s hèefhd. @e jk Bfl. 6; s` hu`strk jk fa`k a` iùhd `s `j r`tkrad `e `st` tfpd a` r`a. Ed cky tf`hpd a` `sp`rk `e ikak idehutkadr, sdjd s` idetkmfjfzk `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk qu` s` `stkmj`zik jk ide`xfùe y pkrk qu` s` prdauzik jk a`side`xfùe.
3.= ]`a`s a` aktklrkhks Pek r`a a` aktklrkhks `s kqu`jjk `e `j qu` h`eskn` s` afvfa` `e pkqu`t`s (aktklrkhks) a` tkhkûd bfnd d vkrfkmj` y s` `evèke a` hke`rk fea`p`eaf`et` pdr jk r`a `e jk qu` ed s` cky r`s`rvk a` r`iursds, yk qu` `stds s` ksfleke k a`hkeak.
Bfl. 6=
Ksè, sf t`e`hds qu` `evfkr iuktrd pkqu`t`s ( Bfl. 6=), qu` p`rt`e`i`e k ue hfshd h`eskn`, a`sa` jk `stkifùe K k jk `stkifùe S, `stds vfknke pdr afstfetd ikhfed ket`s a` kjikezkr su a`stfed. Jds pkqu`t`s sde ‚`eikhfekads‘ k trkvæs a` ueds afspdsftfvds a`edhfekads `erutkadr`s Jds pkqu`t`s pu`a`e jj`lkr a`sdra`ekads a`mfad k jds afstfetds r`tkrads `xfst`et`s `e jds afspdsftfvds a` r`a, ` feijusd p`ra`rs`, `s r`spdeskmfjfaka a` ue prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr r`dra`ekr jds aktklrkhks d sdjfiftkr jds p`rafads.
<3
Kj ed `xfstfr ef `stkmj`ifhf`etd ef jfm`rkifùe, ´Iùhd s` `eikhfeke jds pkqu`t`s k su a`stfed `e uek r`a a` aktklrkhks4 @std s` idesflu` h`afket` jk tkmjk a` `eikhfekhf`etd. Qkmjk a` `eikhfekhf`etd @e `st` tfpd a` r`a`s, ikak `erutkadr pds`` uek tkmjk a` `eikhfekhf`etd qu` s` mksk `e jk afr`iifùe a` a`stfed ( Bfl. 6=). @stks tkmjks sde afeëhfiks y s` kitukjfzke p`rfùafikh`et`, kjjè s` kjhki`eke jks afr`iifde`s a` a`stfed y jds idrr`spdeaf`et`s pu`rtds a` skjfak a` r``evèd. Afr`iifùe a` a`stfed> ikak pkqu`t` a`j aktklrkhk tf`e` uek ikm`i`rk qu` idetf`e` `etr` dtrks idsks jk afr`iifùe a` a`stfed, `stk afr`iifùe s` hketf`e` aurket` tdad `j r`idrrfad a`j pkqu`t`. @bfif`eifk Jk `bfif`eifk `s hkydr qu` `e uek r`a a` idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds, yk qu` sf s` `evèk ue pkqu`t` y cky ue r`trksd a` ueds hfeutds ket`s a` `evfkr dtrd, jds r`iursds pu`a`e r`ksflekrs` aurket` `stds hfeutds pkrk dtrds pkqu`t`s a` dtrds drèl`e`s. ]`tkrad
Bfl. 69
@j r`tkrad `e uek r`a a` aktklrkhks `s hkydr, yk qu` ikak pkqu`t` pu`a` subrfr uek `sp`rk `e ue idehutkadr ket`s a` s`r r``evfkad. Ka`hës idhd jds pkqu`t`s vfknke pdr `erutkadr`s afstfetds, `j tf`hpd a` `sp`rk `e ikak ued pu`a` s`r afb`r`et`. Ksè `e jk Bfl. 69 ue pkqu`t` ktrkvf`sk ads idehutkadr`s. Cky tr`s tf`hpds a` trkeshfsfùe (9Q), tr`s r`tkrads a` prdpklkifùe (p`eaf`et`s 9 a` jks jèe`ks) y ads tf`hpds a` `sp`rk (w ; + w=). Ed s` tf`e` `e iu`etk `j tf`hpd a` prdi`skhf`etd `e ikak idehutkadr. Ksè `j r`tkrad tdtkj vf`e` akad pdr>
]`tkrad tdtkj 8 9Q + 9 + w; + w= 3.9 ]`a`s a` ifriuftds vfrtukj`s Pek r`a a` ifriuftds vfrtukj`s `s uek h`zijk `etr` uek r`a a` idehutkifùe y uek r`a a` aktklrkhks, tf`e` kjlueks ikrkit`rèstfiks a` khmks.
@xfst` uek bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd y jfm`rkifùe ka`hës a` jk bks` a` trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds. Jds r`iursds pu`a`e s`r ksflekads aurket` jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd d mknd a`hkeak.
<6
Jds aktds s` afvfa`e `e pkqu`t`s y ikak pkqu`t` jj`vk uek afr`iifùe, sfe `hmkrld, jk afr`iifùe a` jk ikm`i`rk sdjd tf`e` nustfbfikifùe jdikj (a`bfe` iukj a`m`rèk s`r `j sfluf`et` idehutkadr y `j ikekj pdr `j iukj `j pkqu`t` a`m` s`r trkespdrtkad) ed nustfbfikifùe a` `xtr`hd k `xtr`hd. Qdads jds pkqu`t`s sflu`e `j hfshd ikhfed `stkmj`ifad aurket` jk ide`xfùe. Y` fhpj`h`etk `e `j efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds, hf`etrks qu` uek r`a a` idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds s` fhpj`h`etk `e `j efv`j bèsfid y uek r`a a` aktklrkhks `e `j efv`j a` r`a.
Bfl. 61
Jk idehutkifùe `e `j efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds a` uek \KE idehutkak edrhkjh`et` s` fhpj`h`etk uskead tæiefiks a` ifriuftds vfrtukj`s. Afr`iifdekhf`etd
Afr`iifdekhf`etd ljdmkj> Y` utfjfzk sdjd pkrk ir`kr ue fa`etfbfikadr a` ifriuftd vfrtukj a`etfbfikifùe a` ifriuftd vfrtukj (RIF)> @j fa`etfbfikifùe qu` s` utfjfzk pkrk trkesb`rfr aktds s` a`edhfeke fa`etfbfikadr a` ifriuftd vfrtukj, qu` kj idetrkrfd qu` jk afr`iifùe ljdmkj `s ue eþh`rd p`qu`ûd qu` sdjd tf`e` ëhmftd jdikj. Iukead s` jj`lk k ue idehutkadr, tf`e` ue RIF iukead s` skj` s` tf`e` dtrk afb`r`et` (Bfl. 60)
Bfl. 60
Qr`s bks`s Pe drfl`e y ue a`stfed e`i`sftke tr`s bks`s `stkmj`ifhf`etd, trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds y jfm`rkifùe. @e jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd, `j drfl`e y `j a`stfed utfjfzke sus afr`iifde`s ljdmkj`s pkrk kyuakr k jds idehutkadr`s k idestrufr jks `etrkaks a` jk tkmjk pkrk jk ide`xfùe. @e jk bks` a` jfm`rkifùe `j drfl`e y `j a`stfed febdrhke k jds idehutkadr`s pkrk qu` mdrr`e jk `etrkak idrr`spdeaf`et`. _dr s`eifjj`z s` v` prfh`rd jk bks` a` trksb`r`eifk a` aktds
Bks` a` trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds> _krk trkesb`rfr uek trkhk a`sa` ue drfl`e k su a`stfed, tdads jds idehutkadr`s e`i`sftke uek `etrkak `e jk tkmjk pkrk ikak ifriuftd vfrtukj. Jk 3?
tkmjk tf`e` iuktrd idjuheks. @std sflefbfik qu` `j idehutkadr kjhki`ek iuktrd `j`h`etds a` febdrhkifùe pkrk ikak ifriuftd vfrtukj qu` yk s` ck `stkmj`ifad. Jk ( Bfl. 62) hu`strk ue idehutkadr ide su idrr`spdeaf`et` tkmjk. Ksè kj pu`rtd ; jj`lk uek
trkhk ide uek RIF ;1, `j idehutkadr musik `e jk tkmjk pkrk `eidetrkr `j pu`rtd ; y `j RIF ;1 iukead jd `eiu`etrk skm` qu` tf`e` qu` ikhmfkr `j RIF k == y `evfkr jk trkhk pdr `j pu`rtd 9. Bfl. 62
@e jk Bfl. 6< s` hu`strk idhd uek trkhk a`sa` `j drfl`e K kjikezk `j a`stfed M y idhd RIF ikhmfk aurket` `j r`idrrfad>
Bfl. 6<
Idhd s` pu`a` kpr`ifkr s` ir`k ue ifriuftd vfrtukj hf`etrks auak jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds
Bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd @e jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd, uek idehutkadrk ir`k uek `etrkak pkrk ue ifriuftd vfrtukj. Yf s` quf`r` ir`kr ue ifriuftd vfrtukj `etr` `j drfl`e K ide M (Bfl. 63). Y` r`quf`r`e ads `tkpks> d
_`tfifùe a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd> k) K `evèk uek trkhk kj idehutkadr ;. m) @j idehutkadr ; r`ifm` jk trkhk a` p`tfifùe a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd, `st` skm` qu` pkrk jj`lkr k M vk k trkvæs a`j pu`rtd 9. @j idehutkadr ir`k 3;
uek `etrkak `e jk tkmjk a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd pkrk `j ifriuftd vfrtukj. @j idehutkadr ksflek `j pu`rtd a` `etrkak (;), `jfl` ue RIF afspdefmj` (;1) y pu`rtd a` skjfak (9). @j RIF a` skjfak ed s` skm` ckstk jk bks` a` idebfrhkifùe. Y` `evèk jk trkhk kj idehutkadr = k trkvæs a`j pu`rtd 9. i) @e `j idehutkadr = diurr`e jds hfshds `v`etds qu` `e `j ;. @j idehutkadr ksflek `j pu`rtd a` `etrkak (;), `jfl` ue RIF afspdefmj` (22) y pu`rtd a` skjfak (=). a) @e `j idehutkadr 9 diurr`e jds hfshds `v`etds qu` `e `j =. @j idehutkadr ksflek `j pu`rtd a` `etrkak (=), `jfl` ue RIF `etrket` (==) y pu`rtd a` skjfak (9). `) @j a`stfed M r`ifm` jk trkhk a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd, y sf `stë jfstd ksflek ue RIF k jks trkhks qu` jj`lu`e a` K, `e `st` iksd <<.
Bfl. 63 _`tfifùe a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd
Bfl. 66 Idebfrhkifùe
d
Idebfrhkifùe> Pek trkhk `sp`ifkj a`edhfekak a` idebfrhkifùe idhpj`tk jks `etrkaks `e jks tkmjks a` idehutkifùe (Bfl. 66). k) @j a`stfed `evèk uek idebfrhkifùe kj idehutkadr 9. Jk idebfrhkifùe trkespdrtk jks afr`iifde`s ljdmkj`s a`j drfl`e y a`stfed pkrk qu` `j idehutkadr idedzik quæ `etrkak `e jk tkmjk a`m` idhpj`tkrs`. Jk trkhk tkhmfæe jj`vk `j RIF <<, `j`lfad pdr `j a`stfed idhd `j RIF a` jks trkhks a` K. m) @j idehutkadr 9 `evèk jk idebfrhkifùe kj idehutkadr = qu` idetf`e` su RIF `etrket` `e jk tkmjk, `j`lfad `e jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd. @j idehutkadr utfjfzk æst` idhd `j RIF skjf`et` `e jk tkmjk. 3=
i) @j idehutkadr = `evèk jk idebfrhkifùe kj idehutkadr ; qu` idetf`e` su RIF `etrket` `e jk tkmjk, `j`lfad `e jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd. @j idehutkadr utfjfzk æst` idhd `j RIF skjf`et` `e jk tkmjk. a) Bfekjh`et` `j idehutkadr ; `evèk uek idebfrhkifùe kj drfl`e K, qu` idetf`e` su RIF `etrket` `e jk tkmjk, `j`lfad `e jk `tkpk pr`vfk. `) @j drfl`e utfjfzk æst` idhd `j RIF skjf`et` pkrk jks trkhks a` aktds k `evfkr kj a`stfed M.
Bks` a` jfm`rkifùe> `e `stk bks`, `j drfl`e K, a`spuæs a` `evfkr tdaks jks trkhks k M, `evèk uek trkhk `spkifkj a`edhfekak p`tfifùe a` jfm`rkifùe. @j a`stfed M r`spdea` ide uek trkhk a` idebfrhkifùe a` jfm`rkifùe. Qdads jds idehutkadr`s mdrrke jk `etrkak idrr`spdeaf`et` a` sus tkmjks. @bfif`eifk @e idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds vfrtukj`s tdads jds pkqu`t`s qu` p`rt`e`i`e k ue hfshd drfl`e y a`stfed vfknke pdr `j hfshd ikhfed7 p`rd jds pkqu`t`s pu`a`e jj`lkr k su a`stfed ide afb`r`et`s r`tkrads sf jk ksflekifùe a` r`iursds s` r`kjfzk mknd a`hkeak. ]`tkrad
Bfl. ;??
@j pkqu`t` vfknk k trkvæs a` ads `eikhfekadr`s, ju`ld cky tr`s tf`hpds a` trkeshfsfùe (9Q), tr`s tf`hpds a` prdpklkifùe (9t), jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds s` hu`strk `e jèe`ks afsidetfeuks, ue r`tkrad a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd y `j r`tkrad a` jfm`rkifùe. Ed s` tf`e` `e iu`etk `j tf`hpd a` prdi`skhf`etd. @j r`tkrad tdtkj `s>
]`tkrad tdtkj 8 9Q + 9 + r`tkrad a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd + r`tkrad a` jfm`rkifùe
39
3.1 @struiturk a` ue idehutkadr Y` utfjfzke idehutkadr`s `e r`a`s a` idhuefikifùe a` ifriuftds y idehutkifùe a` pkqu`t`s @struiturk a` jds idehutkadr`s a` ifriuftds
Idehutkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a`j `spkifd> jds ikhfeds `e `j ifriuftd `stëe s`pkrkads ueds a` dtrds `spkifkjh`et`. `stk t`iedjdlèk ck `vdjuifdekad `e huicds afs`ûds> d
Idehutkadr a` mkrrks iruzkaks> ide`itk e `etrkaks k h skjfaks `e uek r`nfjjk (Bfl. ;?;), utfjfzkead hfirdidehutkadr`s `j`itrùefids (trkesfstdr`s) `e ikak puetd a` irui`. Yu jfhftkifùe `s jk iketfaka hëxfhk a` puetds a` irui` r`qu`rfads (e x h).
Bfl. ;?; Idehutkadr a` r`nfjjk
d
Idehutkadr hujtf`tkpk> pkrk `jfhfekr jks jfhftkifde`s a`j idehutkadr a` mkrrks iruzkaks, `j idehutkadr hujtf`tkpk idhmfek idehutkadr`s a` mkrrks iruzkaks (edjhkjh`et`s tr`s) `e vkrfks `tkpks ( Bfl. ;?=). `e ue þefid idehutkadr a` mkrrks iruzkaks, sdjd uek bfjk d idjuhek (ue ikhfed) `stë kitfvd pkrk iukj quf`r ide`xfùe. _dr `jjd s` e`i`sftke E x E puetds a` irui`. Yf s` pu`a`e p`rhftfr hþjtfpj`s ikhfeds a`etrd a`j idehutkadr, s` pu`a` r`auifr `j eþh`rd a` puetds a` irui`.
Bfl. ;?= Idehutkadr hujtf`tkpk
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_krk afs`ûkr ue idehutkadr a` tr`s `tkpks, s` sflu`e jds sfluf`et`s pksds> ;. Y` afvfa`e jks E jèe`ks a` `etrkak `e lrupds, ikak ued a` `jjds a` e jèe`ks. _krk ikak lrupd, s` utfjfzk ue idehutkadr a` mkrrks iruzkaks a` tkhkûd e x g , adea` g `s `j eþh`rd a` idehutkadr`s a` mkrrks iruzkaks `e jk `tkpk fet`rh`afk. @s a`ifr, jk prfh`rk `tkpk tf`e` E/e idehutkadr`s a` e x g puetds a` irui`. =. Y` utfjfzke g idehutkadr`s a` mkrrks iruzkaks, ikak ued a` tkhkûd ( E/e) x ( E/e) `e jk `tkpk fet`rh`afk. 9. Y` utfjfzke E/e idehutkadr`s, ikak ued a` tkhkûd g x e `e jk `tkpk bfekj. Y` pu`a` ikjiujkr `j eþh`rd tdtkj a` puetds a` irui`> E (e g) g e
E E e e
E g e e
= g E g
E e
=
[u` `s huicd hës p`qu`ûd `e eþh`rd a` puetds a` irui` qu` ue idehutkadr a` uek `tkpk ( E =).
Idehutkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a`j tf`hpd> utfjfzk hujtfpj`xfùe pdr afvfsfùe a` tf`hpd (QAH) a`etrd a`j idehutkadr. jk t`iedjdlèk hës pdpujkr s` a`edhfek fet`rikhmfd a` rdaknks a` tf`hpd (QYF).
Bfl. ;?9 Fet`rikhmfd pdr rdaknks a` tf`hpd
Jk Bfl. ;?9 hu`strk ue sfst`hk qu` ide`itk iuktrd jèe`ks a` `etrkak k iuktrd jèe`ks a` skjfak. Yf ikak jèe`k a` `etrkak quf`r` `evfkr aktds k uek jèe`k a` skjfak a` kiu`rad ide `j sfluf`et` pktrùe>
; 9 = 1 9 ; 1 = Y` idhmfek ue hujtfpj`xdr QAH, ue a`hujtfpj`xdr QAH y ue QYF qu` idestk a` uek h`hdrfk ]KH. @j tkhkûd a` ikak pdsfifùe `s `j hfshd qu` `j tkhkûd a` uek þefik rdaknk a` tf`hpd. @j eþh`rd a` pdsfifde`s `s `j hfshd qu` `j eþh`rd a` `etrkaks. Jk h`hdrfk ]KH s` jj`ek ide jds aktds qu` vf`e`e `e jks rdaknks a` tf`hpd `e `j dra`e r`ifmfad. Jks rdaknks sde ju`ld `evfkaks `e ue dra`e mkskad `e jks a`ifsfde`s a` uek uefaka a` idetrdj.
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Idhmfekifùe a` idehutkifùe pdr afvfsfùe `e `j tf`hpd y `e `j `spkifd (QYQ)> jk v`etknk a` jk idehutkifùe pdr afvfsfùe `e `j `spkifd `s qu` `s festketëe`k, su a`sv`etknk `s jk iketfaka a` puetds a` `ejki` qu` e`i`sftk. Jk v`etknk `e jk afvfsfùe `e `j tf`hpd `s qu` ed s` e`i`sftke puetds a` irui`, su a`sv`etknk `s qu` `j prdi`afhf`etd `e ikak ide`xfùe l`e`rk r`tkrads. Pek t`ri`rk dpifùe s`rèk idhmfekr khmks t`iedjdlèks.
Bfl. ;?1 Idehutkadr pdr afvfsfùe `e `j `spkifd y `e `j tf`hpd
@e jk Bfl. ;?1 s` hu`strk ue s`eifjjd idehutkadr QYQ ide ads `tkpks a` tf`hpd y uek `tkpk a` `spkifd y tf`e` ;= `etrkaks y ;= skjfaks. @e julkr a` ue idehutkadr pdr afvfsfùe `e `j tf`hpd, afvfa` jks `etrkaks `e tr`s lrupds (a` iuktrd `etrkaks ikak ued) y ide`itk tr`s fet`rikhmfkadr`s a` rdaknks a` tf`hpd. @j r`sujtkad `s qf` `j r`tkrad h`afd `s uek t`ri`rk pkrt` a`j qu` t`earèk utfjfzkead ue fet`rikhmfkadr a` rdaknks a` tf`hpd qu` hke`nks` jks ;= `etrkaks. Jk þjtfhk `tkpk `s jk `sp`iujkr a` jk prfh`rk, jk `tkpk fet`rh`afk `s ue idehutkadr pdr afvfsfùe a` `spkifd (mkrrks iruzkaks) qu` ide`itk jds lrupds QYF pkrk p`rhftfr jk ide`itfvfaka `etr` tdads jds pdsfmj`s pkr`s a` `etrkaks y skjfaks, `s a`ifr, ide`itk jk `etrkak 9 a`j prfh`r lrupd k jk skjfak sf`t` a`j s`luead lrupd. @struiturk a` jds idehutkadr`s a` pkqu`t`s
Bfl. ;?0 Idehutkadr a` pkqu`t`s
@e ue idehutkadr a` pkqu`t`s eds `eidetrkhds iuktrd idhpde`et`s (Bfl. ;?0)>
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_u`rtds a` `etrkak> (Bfl. ;?2 krrfmk) ]`kjfzk jks bueifde`s bèsfiks y a` `ejki` a` aktds a`j idehutkadr a` pkqu`t`s. @j pkqu`t` s` `xtrk` a` jk trkhk, s` a`t`itke y s` idrrfl`e jds `rrdr`s y qu`ak jfstd pkrk s`r `eikhfekad pkrk `j efv`j a` r`a. Ka`hës a`j prdi`skadr a` efv`j bèsfid y `j prdi`skadr a`j `ejki` a` aktds, ue pu`td a` `etrkak tf`e` mubb`rs (idjks) pkrk kjhki`ekr `j pkqu`t` ket`s a` s`r `eikhfekad k trkvæs a`j h`ikefshd a` idehutkifùe. _u`rtd a` skjfak> (Bfl. ;?2 kmknd) ]`kjfzk jks hfshks bueifde`s qu` `j pu`rtd a` `etrkak, p`rd `e dra`e fev`rsd. _rfh`rd s` a`s`eidjke jds pkqu`t`s skjf`et`s, k idetfeukifùe s` `eikpsujke `e uek trkhk y bfekjh`et` s` kpjfike jks bueifde`s a`j efv`j bèsfid k jk trkhk pkrk ir`kr jk s`ûkj k `evfkr pdr jk jèe`k.
Bfl. ;?2
_rdi`skadr a` `eikhfekhf`etd> ]`kjfzk jks bueifde`s k efv`j a` r`a, `s a`ifr utfjfzk jk afr`iifùe a` a`stfed pkrk `eidetrkr `j sfluf`et` skjtd y `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd pdr `j qu` tf`e` qu` `evfkr `j pkqu`t`. @stk kitfvfaka s` a`edhfek mþsqu`ak a` tkmjk a`mfad k qu` `j prdi`skadr a` `eikhfekhf`etd musik jk skjfak `e jk tkmjk a` `eikhfekhf`etd. H`ikefshd a` idehutkifùe> @s jk tkr`k hës afbèifj idesfst`et` `e hdv`r `j pkqu`t` a` jk idjk a` `etrkak k jk idjk a` skjfak. Rkhds kjlueds a` jds afspdsftfvds qu` s` `eikrlke a` `stk tkr`k>
Idehutkadr a` mkrrks iruzkaks> `s `j tfpd hës s`eifjjd, bu` vfstd ket`rfdrh`et`. Idehutkadr a` Mkeyke. `s ue idehutkadr hujtf`tkpk a` hfirdidehutkadr`s `e ikak `tkpk qu` `eikhfeke jds pkqu`t`s a` kiu`rad kj pu`rtd a` skjfak r`pr`s`etkad idhd uek ika`ek mfekrfk. _krk e `etrkaks y e skjfaks, s` tf`e`e jdl=e `tkpks ide e/= hfirdidehutkadr`s `e ikak `tkpk. Jk prfh`rk `tkpk `eikhfek `j pkqu`t` a` kiu`rad kj mft hës sflefbfiktfvd a` jk ika`ek mfekrfk. Jk s`lueak `tkpk `eikhfek `j pkqu`t` a` kiu`rad kj s`luead mft hës sflefbfiktfvd y ksè sui`sfvkh`et`.
Bfl. ;?< Idehutkadr a` Mkeyke ide dicd `etrkaks y dicd skjfaks y tr`s `tkpks (jdl=(3))
3<
Idehutkadr a` Mktic`r-Mkeyke> _krk `vftkr jks idjfsfde`s fet`reks, G. @. Mktic`r afs`ûd ue idehutkadr qu` kjhki`ek jds pkqu`t`s a` kiu`rad k sus afstfetds a`stfeds bfekj`s.
Bfl. ;?3
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Q`hk 6> Psd a` r`a`s t`j`bùefiks y pdr ikmj` pkrk jk trkeshfsfùe a` aktds 6.; ]`a t`j`bùefik Yurlfù k bfekj`s a`j sfljd SFS. Jk r`a bfnk, qu` s` fa`etfbfik idhd Yfst`hk mësfid a` t`j`bdeèk ketfluk (_DYQ, _jkfe Dja Q`j`pcde` Yyst`h), `rk drflfekjh`et` ue sfst`hk qu` uskmk s`ûkj`s kekjùlfiks pkrk trkeshftfr vdz. Ide jk jj`lkak a` jks idhputkadrks, `e jds 3?, jk r`a idh`ezù k trkespdrtkr tkhmfæe aktds. Idhpde`et`s prfeifpkj`s
Muij`s jdikj`s> Ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad qu` ide`itk kj kmdekad ide jk i`etrkj jdikj d zdekj hës prùxfhk. Iukead s` usk pkrk vdz, tf`e` ue keicd a` mkeak a` 1 gCz. Jds tr`s prfh`rd aèlftds a`j eþh`rd a` t`jæbded ksdifkad k ue muij` jdikj a`bfe`e jk i`etrkj y jds iuktrd aèlftds sfluf`et`s a`bfe`e `j eþh`rd a` muij` jdikj.
Bfl. ;?6 Yfst`hk a` t`j`bdeèk
Qrdeikj`s> H`afds a` trkeshfsfùe qu` l`stfdeke jk idhuefikifùe `etr` i`etrkj`s. L`stfdek hfj`s a` ide`xfde`s h`afket` hujtfpj`xkifùe. Jk trkeshfsfùe s` jj`vk k ikmd uskead bfmrks ùptfiks d `ejki`s a` sktæjft`. I`etrkj a` idehutkifùe> @vftk t`e`r ue `ejki` bèsfid p`rhke`et` `etr` ikak ads kmdekads. Pe idehutkadr ide`itk vkrfds muij`s jdikj`s d trdeikj`s y p`rhft` ide`itkr k afstfetds kmdekads. Ër`ks a` trkespdrt` a` kii`sd jdikj (JKQK, Jdikj-Kii`ss Qkespdrt Kr`ks) Pe JKQK pu`a` s`r uek zdek h`trdpdjftkek. Pek prdvfeifk pu`a` t`e`r vkrfks JKQK.
Y`rvfifd fetrk-JKQK> Y`rvfifds dbr`ifads pdr jks idhpkûèks a` t`jæbded (prdv``adr`s a` s`rvfifds ljdmkj`s) a`etrd a` ue JKQK. Yde prdpdrifdekads pdr prdv``adr`s a` s`rvfifds a` fet`rikhmfd jdikj (J@I, Jdikj @xickel` Ikrrf`r). @xfst`e ads tfpds a` J@I> d
d
_rdv``adr a` s`rvfifds jdikj a` fet`rikhmfkadr prdpf`tkrfd d adhfeket` (FJ@I, Feiuhm`et J@I). _rdv``adr`s a` s`rvfifd jdikj a` fet`rikhmfd idhp`tftfvd d vfrtukj (IJ@I, Idhp`tftfv` J@I).
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Y`rvfifds fet`r-JKQK> Y`rvfifds a` idhuefikifùe `etr` usukrfds a` afstfetks JKQK. Yde l`stfdekads pdr pdrtkadr`s a` fet`rikhmfd (FIS, Fet`r`xickel` Ikrrf`rs), tkhmfæe a`edhfekads idhpkûèks a` jkrlk afstkeifk. _uetds a` pr`s`eifk (_D_)> Yde i`etrkj`s a` idehutkifùe qu` fet`rkiifdek ide jds J@I y jds FSI. Y`ûkjfzkifùe Qdak jjkhkak t`j`bùefik r`quf`r` a` uek s`ûkjfzkifùe pkrk qu` `stk s`k `stkmj`ifak y hket`efak. _`rhft` `j fet`rikhmfd a` febdrhkifùe `etr` jds idhpde`et`s a` uek r`a t`j`bùefik pkrk p`rhftfr jk prdvfsfùe y `j hket`efhf`etd a` aficd s`rvfifd. Y`ûkjfzkifùe `e mkeak> Psd a`j ikekj a` vdz a` 1 gCz pkrk prdpdrifdekr jk s`ûkjfzkifùe (ketfluks i`etrkjftk-dp`rkadrk). Y`ûkjfzkifùe bu`rk a` mkeak> Psd a` uek pdrifùe a`j keicd a` mkeak a`j ikekj a` vdz pkrk jk s`ûkjfzkifùe, `s a`ifr, `xfst` uek s`pkrkifùe `etr` khmds keicds a` mkeak. Jks tkr`ks a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds y a` s`ûkjfzkifùe `stëe s`pkrkaks `e jks r`a`s t`j`bùefiks hda`reks. Jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds s` cki` `e uek r`a y jk s`ûkjfzkifùe `e dtrk. Kuequ` khmks r`a`s `stæe s`pkrkaks ed sflefbfik qu` s`ke `ejki`s bèsfids s`pkrkads `e tdaks pkrt`s. ]`a a` trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds> Qrkespdrtk febdrhkifùe hujtfh`afk. Y` pu`a` `hpj`kr idhd r`a a` idehutkifùe a` ifriuftds d idhd r`a a` idhputkifùe a` pkqu`t`s. ]`a a` s`ûkjfzkifùe> @s uek r`a a` idehutkifùe a` pkqu`t`s ide efv`j`s sfhfjkr`s k jds a`j hda`jd DYF d `j a` Fet`re`t. @j t`jæbded d idhputkadrk `stëe ide`itkads k jds puetds a` s`ûkj (Y_). Jds edads, pu`rtds a` trkespdrt` a` s`ûkj (YQ_) r`ifm`e y r`trkeshft`e jds h`eskn`s a` s`ûkjfzkifùe. Jds puetds a` idetrdj a` s`rvfifd (YI_) idetrdjke tdak jk dp`rkifùe a` jk r`a.
Bfl. ;;? ]`a`s a` trkespdrt` a` aktds y s`ûkjfzkifùe
6?
Yfst`hk a` s`ûkjfzkifùe sf`t` (YY<)> @s `j prdtdidjd qu` s` usk `e `j sfst`hk a` s`ûkjfzkifùe>
Bfl. ;;; Efv`j`s `e YY<
Efv`j HQ_ ; Efv`j bèsfid Efv`j HQ_ = Efv`j a` `ejki` _krt` a` trkesb`r`eifk a` h`esk ` Efv`j HQ_ 9 Efv`j a` r`a
YYI_ (Efv`j a` trkespdrt`) > puetd a` idetrdj a` ide`xfùe a` jk s`ûkj, s` usk pkrk s`rvfifds `sp`ifkj`s idhd `j prdi`skhf`etd a` jks jjkhkaks lrktuftks. Efv`j`s sup`rfdr`s > _u`rtd a` t`jæbded a` usukrfd (QP_)> @stkmj`i` jks jjkhkaks a` vdz. _u`rtd a` kpjfikifùe a` trkeskiifùe a` ikpkifaka`s (QIK_)> _rdpdrifdek jjkhkaks r`hdtks `etr` kpjfikifde`s a` idhputkadrks. _u`rtd a` usukrfd FYAE (FYP_)> _u`a`e r``hpjkzkr kj QP_ pkrk prdpdrifdekr s`rvfifds sfhfjkr`s k jds a` uek r`a FYAE. Y`rvfifds prdpdrifdekads pdr jks r`a`s t`j`bùefiks
Y`rvfifds kekjùlfids> d d
Idehutkads> Y`rvfifd a` hkrikad trkafifdekj. A`afikads> Y`rvfifd qu` prdpdrifdek `j kjqufj`r a` uek jèe`k, a`edhfekak jèe`k a`afikak, qu` `stë p`rhke`et`h`et` ide`itkak k dtrd usukrfd, `s a`ifr, ed cki` bkjtk hkrikr.
Y`rvfifds aflftkj`s> 6;
Yde h`eds s`esfmj`s qu` jds kekjùlfids kj rufad y dtrks bdrhks a` fet`rb`r`eifk. Jds ads s`rvfifds hës br`iu`et`s sde> d Y`rvfifd swftic`a/02> Y`rvfifd aflftkj idehutkad qu` p`rhft` v`jdifaka`s a` aktds a` ckstk 02 gmps. _krk idhuefikrs` k trkvæs a` `st` s`rvfifd, khmks pkrt`s a`m`e `stkr kmdekaks. @s e`i`skrfd `j usd a` ue afspdsftfvd a`edhfekad uefaka a` s`rvfifd aflftkj (AYP). d Y`rvfifd a` aktds aflftkj`s (AYY)> @s uek v`rsfùe aflftkj a` uek jèe`k kekjùlfik a`afikak, ide uek v`jdifaka hëxfhk a` 21 gmps.
6.= Hùa`hs a` hkrikad Hùa`h `s uek pkjkmrk idhpu`stk qu` feafik jks ads `etfaka`s bueifdekj`s qu` idhpde`e `j afspdsftfvd> HDaujkadr-A@Hdaujkadr. d d
Hdaujkadr> Ir`k uek s`ûkj kekjùlfik pksd mkeak k pkrtfr a` aktds mfekrfds. A`hdaujkadr> ]`iup`rk jds aktds mfekrfds k pkrtfr a` jk s`ûkj hdaujkak.
@stëeakr`s a` hda`h Jk hkydrèk a` s` mkske `e jds `stëeakr`s a` jk s`rf` R pumjfikads pdr jk FQP-Q. R.9=> Psk uek tæiefik idhmfekak a` hdaujkifùe y idafbfikifùe a`edhfekak hdaujkifùe idafbfikak tr`jjfs. Mësfikh`et` tr`jjfs `s 9=-[KH (iuktrd mfts/mkuafd hës ue mft r`aueaket` pkrk a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s). Jk v`jdifaka pkrk aktds `s a` 62?? mps. R.9=mfs> Bu` jk prfh`rk v`rsfùe a` jds `stëeakr`s FQP-Q qu` sdpdrtkmke trkeshfsfùe k ;11?? mps. Psk trkeshfsfùe ;=3-[KH (sf`t` mfts/mkuafd hës ue mft r`aueaket` pkrk a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s). Pek h`ndrk kafifdekj `s jk ikrkit`rèstfik a` knustkr su v`jdifaka a`p`eaf`ead a` jk ikjfaka a` jk s`ûkj d a` jk jèe`k. R.91mfs> _rdpdrifdeke v`jdifaka`s a`> d d
=3.3?? mps ide uek idest`jkifùe a` 62? puetds. 99.2?? mps ide uek idest`jkifùe a` ;.221 puetds.
R.6?> _rdpdrifdeke v`jdifaka`s a` 02.??? mps y sde a`edhfekads hùa`hs a` 02G. Yde ksfhætrfids pu`std qu` jk tksk a` a`sikrlk `s a` 02 Gmps, hf`etrks qu` jk tksk a` ikrlk `s a` 99,2 Gmps. R.6=> _u`a` knustkr su v`jdifaka. Yf `j rufad jd p`rhft`, pu`a` ikrlkr aktds k 13 Gmps. _u`a` fet`rruhpfr jk ide`xfùe a` Fet`re`t iukead cky uek jjkhkak `etrket`.
6.9 Jèe`k a` kmdekad aflftkj _rdpdrifdeke idhuefikifùe aflftkj a` kjtk v`jdifaka sdmr` jds muij`s jdikj`s `xfst`et`s. Jk t`iedjdlèk a` idhuefikifùe AYJ `s ue idenuetd a` t`iedjdlèks qu` s` afb`r`eifke pdr su prfh`rk j`trk (KAYJ, RAYJ, CAYJ, YAYJ). KAYJ 6=
Jk K `s pdr ksfhætrfik yk qu` prdpdrifdek hkydr v`jdifaka a` a`sikrlk qu` a` ikrlk. @stë afs`ûkak pkrk usukrfds r`sfa`eifkj`s y ed `s ka`iukak pkrk `hpr`sk. Psd a` jds muij`s jdikj`s `xfst`et`s> Jds muij` jdikj`s pu`a` hke`nkr keicds a` mkeak a` ;,; HCz sf s` quftk `j bfjtrd qu` `xfst` adea` t`rhfek ikak muij` jdikj y qu` jfhftk `j keicd a` mkeak k 1 GCz. Q`iedjdlèk kakptktfvk> Bkitdr`s idhd jk afstkeifk `etr` jk r`sfa`eifk y jk i`etrkj jdikj, `j tkhkûd a`j ikmj`, jk s`ûkjfzkifùe uskak, `ti. Kb`itke `j keicd a` mkeak a`j KAYJ, pdr `sd `s uek t`iedjdlèk kakptktfvk. @j sfst`hk usk uek v`jdifaka a` aktds qu` s` mkske `e `j `stkad a` jk jèe`k a`j muij` jdikj. Qæiefik hujtftùed afsir`tk (AHQ)> Qæiefik a` hdaujkifùe qu` idhmfek [KH y BAH (Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr Afvfsfùe a` Br`iu`eifk). Qèpfikh`et` `j keicd a` mkeak afspdefmj` a` ;,;?1 s` afvfa` `e =02 ikekj`s. Ikak ikekj usk ue keicd a` mkeak a` 1.9;= GCz. @j keicd a` mkeak s` pu`a` afvfafr ksè> d
d
d
d
Rdz> Ikekj ?. Rkièd> Jds ikekj`s a`j ; kj 0 ed s` uske, prdpdrifdekead s`pkrkifùe `etr` vdz y aktds. Ikrlk a` aktds y idetrdj> Y` uske =0 ikekj`s, a`j 2 kj 9?. Pe ikekj `s a` idetrdj y jds dtrds =1 sde a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds. Ide hdaujkifùe [KH s` dmtf`e` ue keicd a` mkeak a` ;,11 Hmps hëxfhd, p`rd pdr s`lurfaka edrhkjh`et` s` trkmknk pdr a`mknd a` 0?? Gmps. A`sikrlk a` aktds y idetrdj> Y` uske ==0 ikekj`s, a`j 9; kj =00. Pe ikekj `s a` idetrdj y jds dtrds ==1 sde pkrk jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds. Ide hdaujkifùe [KH s` dmtf`e` ue keicd a` mkeak a` ;9,1 Hmps hëxfhd, p`rd pdr s`lurfaka edrhkjh`et` s` trkmknk pdr a`mknd a` 3 Hmps.
Bfl. ;;= Hùa`h KAYJ
Q`rhfekj a`j ijf`et`, hùa`h KAYJ> @j muij` jdikj s` ide`itk k ue bfjtrd d afsirfhfekadr, qu` s`pkrk jk idhuefikifùe a` vdz y a` aktds (Bfl. ;;=). @j hda`h KAYJ hdaujk y a`hdaujk jds aktds uskead AHQ y ir`k ikekj`s a` ikrlk y a`sikrlk. Q`rhfekj a` jk idhpkûèk t`j`bùefik, AYKJH> @e `j jkad a` jk idhpkûèk s` festkjk ue afspdsftfvd a`edhfekad hujtfpj`xkadr a` jèe`k a` kii`sd a` kmded aflftkj (AYJKH). @hpkqu`tk jds aktds pkrk s`r `evfkads pkrk s`r `evfkads k Fet`re`t (s`rvfadr FY_) (Bfl. ;;9). 69
Bfl. ;;9 AYJKH
KAYJ jfl`rd (KAJY Jft`) @stk t`iedjdlèk p`rhft` ide`itkr afr`itkh`et` ue hda`h KAYJ Jfl`rd `e uek jèe`k t`j`bùefik y ide`itkrjd k jk idhputkadrk. @j bfjtrkad s` cki` `e jk idhpkûèk. Psk =02 pdrtkadrks AHQ ide hdaujkifùe a` 3 mfts. Jk v`jdifaka hëxfhk a` ikrlk/a`sikrlk `s a` 0;= Gmps/;,0 Hmps. CAYJ, AYJ a` kjtk v`jdifaka Y` afs`ûù idhd kjt`rektfvk k jk jèe`k Q-;, ide `j bfe a` `vftkr jk kt`eukifùe `e br`iu`eifks kjtks. Ptfjfzk ads pkr`s a` pkr tr`ezkad, pkrk ides`lufr uek trkeshfsfùe mfafr`iifdekj. Qkmjk idhpkrktfvk> Idafbfikifùe Jdelftua a` jèe`k sfe r`p`tfadr Qksk a` aktds hëxfhk
CAYJ =M;K[ 9, 32 Gh = Hmps
Q-; KHF ; Gh ;,0 Hmps
YAYJ, AYJ sfhætrfik R`rsfùe CAJ ide ue pkr tr`ezkad. _rdpdrifdek idhuefikifùe sfhætrfik mfafr`iifdekj a` ckstk <32 Gmps. RAYJ, AYJ a` huy kjtk v`jdifaka Yfhfjkr k jk KAYJ. Psk ikmj` idkxfkj, bfmrk ùptfik ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad pkrk afstkeifks idrtks. Ptfjfzk hdaujkifùe AHQ. Jk v`jdifaka hëxfhk a` ikrlk/a`sikrlk `s a` 00 Hmps/9,= Hmps, pkrk afstkeifks a` `etr` ; y 9,= gfjùh`trds.
6.1 ]`a`s a` QR pdr ikmj` ]`a`s pdr ikmj` trkafifdekj`s Idh`ezù k bfekj`s a` jk aæikak a` ;61? idhd bdrhk a` afstrfmufr s`ûkj`s a` vèa`d k julkr`s ide pdik r`i`pifùe. Y` a`edhfeù ket`ek QR idhueftkrfk (IKQR, Idhhuefty Ket`eek QR). Jk i`etrkj a` QR pdr ikmj`, a`edhfekak ikm`i`rk, r`ifm` s`ûkj`s a` vfa`d a`sa` jks `stkifde`s `hfsdrks y `evèk jks s`ûkj`s k jds ikmj`s idkxfkj`s. @j sfst`hk trkafifdekj usk ikmj` idkxfkj a` `xtr`hd k `xtr`hd (Bfl. ;;1).
61
Bfl. ;;1 ]`a a` QR pdr ikmj` trkafifdekj
A`mfad k jk kt`eukifùe a` jks s`ûkj`s y kj usd a` lrke eþh`rd a` khpjfbfikadr`s, jk idhuefikifùe `e jk r`a trkafifdekj `s uefafr`iifdekj. ]`a cèmrfak bfmrk-idkxfkj (CBI, Cymrfa Bfv`r-Idkxfkj) Jk r`a usk uek idhmfekifùe a` bfmrk ùptfik y ikmj` idkxfkj. @j h`afd a` trkeshfsfùe a`sa` jk i`etrkj a` jk QR pdr ikmj` ckstk ue r`lfstrd, a`edhfekad edad a` bfmrk, `s a` bfmrk ùptfik7 a`sa` `j edad a` bfmrk s` festkjk ikmj` idkxfkj pdr jk v`ifeaka y `e jks iksk. Jk ikm`i`rk r`lfdekj a` ikmj` (]IC, ]`lfdekj Ikmj` C`ka) sfrv` ckstk 1??.??? kmdekads (Bfl. ;;0).
Bfl. ;;0 ]`a cfmrfak bfmrk-idkxfkj (CBI)
@j i`etrd a` afstrfmuifùe nu`lk ue pkp`j huy fhpdrtket`, yk qu` jk hdaujkifùe y afstrfmuifùe a` s`ûkj`s s` cki` kquè. @j usd a`j ikmj` a` bfmrk ùptfik r`aui` jk e`i`sfaka a` khpjfbfikadr`s ckstk ue hëxfhd a` dicd. @stk febrk`struiturk `s mfafr`iifdekj.
6.0 Jk QR pdr ikmj` pkrk trkeshftfr aktds Keicd a` mkeak @j ikmj` idkxfkj tf`e` ue keicd a` mkeak iuyd rkeld vkrèk `etr` 0 y <0? HCz. _krk prdpdrifdekr kii`sd k Fet`re`t, jks idhpkûèks a` ikmj` afvfa`e `j keicd a` mkeak `e tr`s mkeaks.
Bfl. ;;2 Keicd a` mkeak
60
Mkeak a` a`sikrlk a` vèa`d> Diupk br`iu`eifks `etr` jds 01 y jds 00? HCz, kidhdakead k hës a` 3? ikekj`s (2 HCz pdr ikekj). Mkeak a` a`sikrlk a` aktds> Diupk br`iu`eifks `etr` jds 00? y jds <0? HCz, afvfaf`ead tkhmfæe `e ikekj`s a` 2 HCz. d Hdaujkifùe> Jds aktds qu` s` a`sikrlke s` hdaujke uskead jk tæiefik 21-[KH. d R`jdifaka a` aktds> Jk v`jdifaka t`ùrfik a` a`sikrlk a` aktds `s a` 9? Hmps. Mkeak a` ikrlk a` aktds> Diupk br`iu`eifks `etr` jds 0 y jds 1= HCz, afvfaf`ead tkhmfæe `e ikekj`s a` 2 HCz. d Hdaujkifùe> Jds aktds qu` s` ikrlke s` hdaujke uskead jk tæiefik [_YG. d R`jdifaka a` aktds> Jk v`jdifaka t`ùrfik a` a`sikrlk a` aktds `s a` ;= Hmps. Idhpkrtfifùe Jk mkeak a` ikrlk y a`sikrlk sde idhpkrtfaks pdr jds sumsirfptdr`s.
Idhpkrtfifùe a` ikrlk> Jk mkeak s` afvfa` `e ikekj`s uskead BAH. @j prdv``adr a` s`rvfifds a` ikmj` ksflek ue ikekj, `stëtfik d afeëhfikh`et`, pkrk ue lrupd a` kmdekads. Iukead ue sumsirfptdr quf`r` `evfkr aktds, tf`e` qu` idhp`tfr pdr `j ikekj, ide `j r`std a` sumsirfptdr`s qu` quf`r`e kii`a`r k æj, a`mf`ead `sp`rkr ckstk qu` `j ikekj `stæ afspdefmj`. Idhpkrtfifùe a` a`sikrlk> @e jk afr`iifùe a` mknkak s` prdaui` uek sftukifùe a` hujtf`evfd (hujtfikst). Yf cky aktds pkrk iukjquf`r sumsirfptdr a`j lrupd, s` `evèke k su ikekj. Ikak sumsirfptdr r`ifm` jds aktds y `j hùa`h a` ikmj` pkrk `j lrupd idhpkrk jk afr`iifùe `e jds aktds ide jk ksflekak pdr `j prdv``adr. Hket`ef`ead jds aktds sf idfeifa`e d a`sikrtëeadjds `e iksd idetrkrfd. IH y IHQY _krk uskr uek r`a a` ikmj` pkrk trkeshfsfùe a` aktds, s` e`i`sftke ads afspdsftfvds ijkv`, IH y IHQY.
Bfl. ;;< Ikmj` hùa`h (IH)
62
IH (Ikmj` hda`h) Y` festkjk `e jks festkjkifde`s a`j kmdekad. IHQY (Yfst`hk a` trkeshfsfùe ikmj` hda`h)> Y` festkjk a`etrd a`j i`etrd a` afstrfmuifùe pdr jk idhpkûèk a` ikmj`. ]`ifm` aktds a` Fet`re`t y jds pksk kj idhmfekadr, qu` jds `evèk kj kmdekad.
Bfl. ;;3 Yfst`hk a` trkeshfsfùe a` ikmj` hda`h
@squ`hks a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds, ADIYFY A`edhfekad, @sp`ifbfikifùe a` fet`rbkz a` ue sfst`hk a` aktds sdmr` ikmj` (ADIYFY, Aktk Dv`r Ikmj` Yyst`h Fet`rbki` Yp`ifbfitfde). Afs`ûkad pdr Hujtfh`afk Ikmj` E`twdrg Yyst`h (HIEY). A`bfe` tdads jds prdtdidjds e`i`skrfds pkrk trkespdrtkr aktds a`sa` ue IHQY k ue IH. Idhuefikifùe a` ikrlk>
@j IH idhpru`mk jds ikekj`s a` mknkak pkrk v`r sf cky ue pkqu`t` `evfkad pdr p`rfùafikh`et` pdr `j IHQY. @j IHQY `evèk ue pkqu`t` kj IH, qu` a`bfe` jds ikekj`s a` ikrlk y a`sikrlk qu` tf`e` ksdifkads. @j IH `hpf`zk ue prdi`sd, a`edhfekad knust` (rkelfel), qu` a`t`rhfek jk afstkeifk `etr` IH y `j IHQY (Yfeirdefzkifùe). @j IH `evèk ue pkqu`t` kj FY_, pr`luetkead pdr jk afr`iifùe a` Fet`re`t. @j IH y `j IHQY fet`rikhmfke `etdei`s pkqu`t`s pkrk `stkmj`i`r jds pkrëh`trds a` s`lurfaka. @j IH `evèk su Fa þefid kj IHQY. Jk idhuefikifùe a` ikrlk pu`a` idh`ezkr `e `j ikekj ksflekad. Idhuefikifùe a` a`sikrlk> @j IHQY `evèk `j pkqu`t` ide jk afr`iifùe a`j IH r`i`ptdr, uskead `j ikekj a` a`sikrlk ksdifkad.
6<
PEFAKA 9> EFR@J A@ @EJKI@ Q`hk ;?> Idetrdj a` `ejki` a` aktds ;?.; Ir`kifùe a` trkhks @hpkqu`tk jds mfts `e trkhks, a` bdrhk qu` uek trkhk s` pu`ak afstfelufr a` jk dtrk. @j `etrkhkad s`pkrk ue h`eskn` a`sa` `j drfl`e k ue a`stfed, d a` dtrds h`eskn`s k dtrds a`stfeds, kûkaf`ead jks afr`iifde`s a`j `hfsdr y a`j a`stfektkrfd. Qrkhks a` tkhkûd bfnd> Ed `xfst` jk e`i`sfaka a` a`bfefr jks brdet`rks a` jks trkhks. @j tkhkûd a`j hfshd s` pu`a` uskr idhd a`jfhftkadr. Br`iu`et` `e r`a`s a` ër`k `xt`eafak. Qrkhks a` tkhkûd vkrfkmj`> Br`iu`et` `e r`a`s a` ër`k jdikj. @s e`i`skrfd a`bfefr `j bfekj a` uek trkhk y `j prfeifpfd a` jk sfluf`et`. _rdtdidjds drf`etkads k ikrëit`r> Jds aktds k trkespdrtkr sde ikrkit`r`s a` dicd mfts qu` p`rt`e`i`e k ue sfst`hk a` idafbfikifùe idhd `j KYIFF. Jk ikm`i`rk idetf`e` jks afr`iifde`s a` fet`rikhmfd y dtrk febdrhkifùe a` idetrdj. Jk idjk jj`vk mfts r`aueaket`s pkrk jk a`t`iifùe d idrr`iifùe a` `rrdr`s. Yde tkhmfæe hþjtfpjds a` dicd. Y` kûka` ue bjkl (ue myt`) kj prfeifpfd y bfekj a` ikak trkhk pkrk a`jfhftkrjks. Jds bjkl `stëe bdrhkads pdr ikrkit`r`s `sp`ifkj`s qu` a`p`ea`e a`j prdtdidjd (Bfl. ;;6).
Bfl. ;;6
Pe prdmj`hk `s qu` `j pktrùe uskad pkrk `j bjkl s`k pkrt` a` jk febdrhkifùe. _krk r`sdjv`rjd s` kûkafù uek `strkt`lfk a` trkespkr`eifk k efv`j a` myt` ( myt` stubbfel ) kj trkhkad drf`etkad k ikrëit`r. Myt` stubbfel `s `j prdi`sd a` kûkafr ue myt` `xtrk, a`edhfekad ikrëit`r a` `sikp` (@YI) y qu` tf`e` ue pktrùe a` mft mf`e a`bfefad, ikak v`z qu` cky ue ikrëit`r a` bjkl d ue `sikp` `e jds aktds.
Bfl. ;=?
63
_rdtdidjds drf`etkads k mft> Yfhfjkr kj prdtdidjd drf`etkad k ikrëit`r, p`rd `evfkad s`iu`eifk a` mfts. @j bjkl tf`e` ue pktrùe `sp`ifkj a` 3 mfts (?;;;;;;?). Pe prdmj`hk `s qu` `j pktrùe uskad pkrk `j bjkl s`k pkrt` a` jk febdrhkifùe. _krk r`sdjv`rjd s` kûkafù uek `strkt`lfk a` trkespkr`eifk k efv`j a` mft ( mft stubbfel ) kj trkhkad drf`etkad k mft. Mft stubbfel `s `j prdi`sd a` kûkafr ue ? `xtrk sf`hpr` qu` kpkr`i`e ifeid ueds ides`iutfvds a`spuæs a` ue ? `e jds aktds.
Bfl. ;=;
;?.= Idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr Idetrdj a` bjund> A`bfe` ue idenuetd a` prdi`afhf`etds uskads pkrk r`strfelfr jk iketfaka a` aktds qu` `j `hfsdr pu`a` `evfkr ket`s a` `sp`rkr uek idebfrhkifùe. Idetrdj a` `rrdr> Feijuy` tketd jk a`t`iifùe idhd jk idrr`iifùe a` `rrdr. @j idetrdj a`j `rrdr `e `j efv`j a` `ejki` s` mksk `e uek p`tfifùe a` r`p`tfifùe kutdhëtfik (K][, Kutdhktfi ]`p`kt ]`qu`st), qu` `s jk r`trkeshfsfùe a` jds aktds.
;?.9 _rdtdidjds Jds prdtdidjds s` fhpj`h`etke edrhkjh`et` `e sdbtwkr` uskead kjlþe j`elukn` a` prdlrkhkifùe ckmftukj. Jk afsiusfùe sdmr` prdtdidjds s` afvfa` `e kqu`jjds qu` pu`a`e s`r uskads `e ikekj`s>
Yfe rufad> Jfmr`s a` `rrdr y pdr tketd fa`kj`s. Ed s` pu`a`e uskr `e jk vfak r`kj. Jfstk a` prdtdidjds> d Yfhpj`st. d _krkak y `sp`rk. Ide rufad> L`e`rke `rrdr`s. Pskads `e jk vfak r`kj. Jfstk a` prdtdidjds> d K][ ide pkrkak y `sp`rk. d K][ ide vu`jtk ktrës. d K][ ide r`p`tfifùe s`j`itfvk. @e jks r`a`s a` jk vfak r`kj, jds prdtdidjds a` `ejki` k aktds s` fhpj`h`etke mfafr`iifdekj`s. Jk febdrhkifùe a` idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr`s idhd jds kius` a` r`ifmd d KIG ( Kigedwj`alh`et ) y kius` a` r`ifmd e`lktfvd d EKG ( E`lktfv` kigedwj`alh`et ) s` feijuy`e a`etrd a` jks trkhks a` aktds uskead uek tæiefik a`edhfekak sup`rpdsfifùe a` idebfrhkifde`s ( pfllymkigfel ). 66
;?.1 Ikekj`s sfe rufad _rdtdidjd Yfhpj`st @s `j hës sfhpj`. Ed tf`e` idetrdj a` bjund d `rrdr`s, `s uefafr`iifdekj y `j r`i`ptdr eueik pu`a` s`r a`smdrakad pdr jks trkhks `etrket`s. Kjldrfthd a`j `hfsdr> wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( Ydjfiftua@evfkr ) ) { Dmt`e`rAktds()7 L`e`rkrQrkhk()7 @evfkrQrkhk()7 } }
Kjldrfthd a`j r`i`ptdr> wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifdeJj`lkak ) ) { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 @xtrk`rAktds()7 @etr`lkrAktds()7 } }
_rdtdidjd ide pkrkak y `sp`rk (Ytdp kea \kft prdtdidj)> @vdjuifùe a`j sfhpj`x ide idetrdj a` bjund y uskead `ejki` s`hfaupj`x. Kjldrfthd a`j `hfsdr pu`ad@evfkr 8 tru`7 // p`rhft` skjfr k jk prfh`rk trkhk wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( Ydjfiftua@evfkr ) KEA pu`ad@evfkr ) { Dmt`e`rAktds()7 L`e`rkrQrkhk()7 @evfkrQrkhk()7 pu`ad@evfkr 8 bkjs`7 // ed s` pu`a` `evfkr ckstk KIG } @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifdeJj`lkak ) ) // KIG r`ifmfad { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 pu`ad@evfkr 8 tru`7 } } ;??
Kjldrfthd a`j r`i`ptdr wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifdeJj`lkak ) ) { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 @xtrk`rAktds()7 @etr`lkrAktds()7 // @evèk aktds kj efv`j a` ]`a @evfkrQrkhk()7 // @evèk trkhk KIG } }
;?.0 Ikekj`s ide rufad _rdtdidjd Ytdp-kea-\kft K][ _krk a`t`itkr y idrr`lfr jks trkhks idrruptks, `s e`i`skrfd kûkafr mft a` r`aueakeifk k jks trkhks a` aktds. Iukead jk trkhk jj`lk kj r`i`ptdr, s` idhpru`mk y sf `stë idrruptk s` a`sikrtk `e sfj`eifd. Y` `euh`rke jks trkhks pkrk qu` `j r`i`ptdr s`pk sf `s uek trkhk idrr`itk, aupjfikak d bu`rk a` dra`e. Jk idrr`iifùe a` `rrdr`s d jks trkhks p`rafaks, s` cki` hket`ef`ead uek idpfk a` jk trkhk `evfkak y r`trkeshftf`ead jk trkhk iukead `xpfrk `j t`hpdrfzkadr. Jk trkhk KIG tkhmfæe e`i`sftk mfts r`aueaket`s y eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. @j `hfsdr sfhpj`h`et` a`sikrtk uek trkhk KIG idrruptk d fledrk uek bu`rk a` dra`e. Eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk> Cky qu` hfefhfzkr `j tkhkûd a` jk trkhk, musikead `j rkeld hèefhd a` eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk qu` prdpdrifde` uek idhuefikifùe ed khmfluk. Jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk s` pu`a`e r`p`tfr ièijfikh`et`. Jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk s` mkske `e krfthætfik hùaujd =. Eþh`rds a` idebfrhkifùe> @j eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe sf`hpr` keueifk `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk a` jk sfluf`et` trkhk `sp`rkak `e krfthætfik hùaujd =.
Bfl. ;==
;?;
Kjldrfthd a`j `hfsdr Ye 8 ?7 // _rfh`rd s` `evèk jk trkhk ? pu`ad@evfkr 8 tru`7 // _`rhftk skjfr k jk prfh`rk trkhk wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // Adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( Ydjfiftua@evfkr ) KEA pu`ad@evfkr ) { Dmt`e`rAktds()7 L`e`rkrQrkhk( Ye )7 Kjhki`ekrQrkhk( Ye )7 @evfkrQrkhk( Ye )7 FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 Ye 8 Ye + ;7 pu`ad@evfkr 8 bkjs`7 // Ed `evèd ckstk jj`lkak KIG } @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // Adrhfr ckstk qu` jj`lu` ue `v`etd fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifdeJj`lkak ) ) // Jj`lkak a` KIG { ]`ifmfrQrkhk( kigEd )7 fb( edIdrruptk KEA kigEd 88 Ye ) // KIG DG { _krkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 _urlkrQrkhks( Ye - ; )7 // Idpfk ed e`i`skrfk pu`ad@evfkr 8 tru`7 } } fb( @v`etd( Qfh`Dut ) ) { FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 @evèkQrkhk( Ye - ; )7 // ]``evèk uek idpfk } }
Kjldrfthd a`j r`i`ptdr ]e 8 ?7 {
// _rfh`rk trkhk qu` s` `sp`rk wcfj`( tru` ) @sp`rk@v`etd()7 // Adrhfr ckstk jj`lkak `v`etd fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifùeJj`lkak ) ) { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 fb( s`qEd 88 ]e KEA trkhkEdIdrruptk ) { @xtrk`rAktds()7 @etr`lkrAktds()7 ]e 8 ]e + ;7 @evfkrQrkhk( ]e )7 // @evfkr trkhk KIG } }
}
@bfif`eifk> @st` prdtdidjd ed `s `bfif`et` sf `j ikekj `s p`skad y jkrld. _`skad quf`r` a`ifr qu` `j ikekj tf`e` ue lrke keicd a` mkeak. Jkrld quf`r` a`ifr qu` `j tf`hpd a` fak y vu`jtk `s jkrld. @j prdauitd a` khmds bkitdr`s s` a`edhfek prdauitd kicd a` mkeak-r`tkrad. ;?=
@evèd ka`jketkad ( pfp`jfefel )> @std `s `j idhf`ezd a` uek tkr`k ket`s a` bfekjfzkr jk ket`rfdr. @j pfp`jfefel h`ndrk jk `bfif`eifk a` jk trkeshfsfùe sf `j eþh`rd a` mfts a` jk trkeshfsfùe `s lrkea` ide r`sp`itd kj prdauitd keicd a` mkeak-r`tkrad. _`tfifùe a` r`spu`stk kutdhëtfik ide vu`jtk ktrës E> @st` prdtdidjd pu`a` `evfkr vkrfks trkhks ket`s a` r`ifmfr idebfrhkifde`s, ckif`ead ue usd hës `bfif`et` a`j keicd a` mkeak a`j ikekj. Y` hketf`e` uek idpfk a` `stks trkhks ckstk qu` jj`lke jks idebfrhkifde`s. Eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk> Jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk sde hùaujd = h, adea` h `s `j tkhkûd a`j ikhpd a` eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk `e mft. Jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk s` pu`a`e r`p`tfr ièijfikh`et`. R`etkek a`sjfzket`> @s ue afspdsftfvd a` idetrdj a` bjund a` tfpd sdbtwkr`, `s a`ifr, `j idetrdj a`j bjund s` jj`vk k ikmd h`afket` `j fet`rikhmfd `sp`ièbfid a` ikrkit`r`s d trkhks a` idetrdj, ide jds qu` `j r`i`ptdr feafik kj `hfsdr iuëj `s su `stkad a` afspdefmfjfaka pkrk r`ifmfr aktds. Y` pu`a` v`r idhd ue idei`ptd kmstrkitd qu` a`bfe` `j rkeld a` eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk qu` uske `j `hfsdr y `j r`i`ptdr. @j rkeld qu` kb`itk kj `hfsdr s` a`edhfek v`etkek a`sjfzket` a`j `hfsdr y `j qu` kb`itk k r`i`ptdr v`etkek a`sjfzket` a`j r`i`ptdr. Jk v`etkek `s uek iknk fhklfekrfk qu` iumr` jds aktds a` s`iu`eifk a` jks trkhks a` aktds qu` pu`a`e `stkr `e trëesftd. @j tkhkûd hëxfhd a` jk v`etkek `s = h ’ ;. Jk v`etkek a` `evfù afvfa` jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk `e pdsfmj`s iuktrd r`lfde`s>
Jk prfh`rk r`lfùe, a`bfe` jk s`iu`eifk a` eþh`rds p`rt`e`if`et`s k jks trkhks yk idebfrhkaks. Jk s`lueak r`lfùe, a`bfe` `j rkeld a` eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk p`rt`e`if`et`s k jks trkhks qu` s` cke `evfkad y tf`e`e `j stktus a`sidedifad ( Pekigedwj`al`). Jk t`ri`rk r`lfùe, a`bfe` `j rkeld a` eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk p`rt`e`if`et`s k jks trkhks qu` s` pu`a`e `evfkr. Yfe `hmkrld, jds pkqu`t`s a` aktds kue ed s` cke r`ifmfad a`j efv`j a` r`a. Jk iukrtk r`lfùe, a`bfe` jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk qu` ed pu`a`e s`r uskads ckstk qu` ed s` a`sjfi` jk v`etkek. Cky tr`s vkrfkmj`s qu` a`bfe`e su tkhkûd y pdsfifùe `e iukjquf`r festket`>
Yb > _rfh`rk trkhk p`eaf`et`. Ye> Yfluf`et` trkhk k `evfkr. Ysfz`> Qkhkûd a` jk v`etkek. Jk v`etkek a` `evfù pu`a` a`sjfzkrs` uek d hës `etrkaks iukead jj`lk uek idebfrhkifùe vëjfak.
Bfl. ;=9
;?9
Jk v`etkek a` r`i`pifùe `s ue idei`ptd kmstrkitd qu` a`bfe` uek iknk fhklfekrfk a` tkhkûd ; ide uek þefik vkrfkmj` ]e. Jk v`etkek a`sjfzk iukead jj`lk uek trkhk idrr`itk y `j a`spjkzkhf`etd sdjd s` prdaui` `e uek `etrkak ikak v`z. Q`hpdrfzkadr`s> Y` utfjfzk ue t`hpdrfzkadr pkrk jk prfh`rk trkhk p`eaf`et` yk qu` `stk `xpfrk prfh`rd. Idebfrhkifùe> @j r`i`ptdr `evèk uek KIG sf jk trkhk ck jj`lkad mf`e y `e dra`e. @e iksd idetrkrfd hketf`e` sfj`eifd y a`sikrtk tdaks jks trkhks sfluf`et`s ckstk qu` r`ifmk jk qu` `stë `sp`rkead. @j r`i`ptdr ed tf`e` qu` idebfrhkr ikak trkhk r`ifmfak. _u`a` `evfkr idebfrhkifde`s kiuhujktfvks pkrk vkrfks trkhks. ]``evèd a` trkhk> @j sfj`eifd a`j r`i`ptdr cki` qu` `xpfr` `j t`hpdrfzkadr `e `j `hfsdr, t`ef`ead qu` vdjv`r ktrës k r``evfkr tdaks jks trkhks, idh`ezkead ide jk qu` `xpfrù `j t`hpdrfzkadr. Qkhkûd a` jks v`etkeks> A`m` s`r h`edr qu` = h `e `j `hfsdr. @e `j r`i`ptdr `s sf`hpr` ;.
Bfl. ;=1
Kjldrfthd a`j `hfsdr Yw 8 =h - ;7 Yb 8 ?7 Ye 8 ?7 // _rfh`rd s` `evèk jk trkhk ? wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 // Adrhfr ckstk jj`lkak a` `v`etd swftic( @v`etd ) { iks` Ydjfiftua@evfkr> fb( Ye - Yb 58 Yw ) // Yf v`etkek jj`ek { adrhfr()7 } Dmt`e`rAktds()7 L`e`rkrQrkhk( Ye )7 Kjhki`ekrQrkhk( Ye )7 @evfkrQrkhk( Ye )7 Ye 8 Ye + ;7 ;?1
fb( t`hpdrfzkadr pkrkad ) { FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 } mr`kg7 iks` HdafbfikifdeJj`lkak> ]`ifmfr( KIG )7 fb( idrruptk( KIG ) ) { adrhfr()7 } fb( ( kigEd 5 Yb ) KEA ( kigEd :8 Ye ) ) { wcfj`( Yb :8 kigEd ) { _urlkrQrkhk( Ye - ; )7 Yb 8 Yb + ;7 } _krkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 } mr`kg7 iks` Qfh`Dut> FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 Q`hp 8 Yb7 wcfj`( Q`hp : Ye ) { @evfkrQrkhk( Yb )7 Yb 8 Yb + ;7 } mr`kg7 a`bkujt> mr`kg7 } }
Kjldrfthd a`j r`i`ptdr ]e 8 ?7 wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 fb( @v`etd( HdafbfikifdeJj`lkak ) ) { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 fb( trkhkidrruptk ) { adrhfr()7 } fb( s`qEd 88 ]e ) { @etr`lkrAktds()7 ]e 8 ]e + ;7 @evfkrKIG( ]e )7 } } }
;?0
_`tfifùe a` r`spu`stk kutdhëtfik ide r`i`pifùe s`j`itfvk> @j prdtdidjd K][ ide vu`jtk ktrës E, `s huy fe`bfif`et` `e `ejki`s rufadsds. @e ue `ejki` rufadsd uek trkhk tf`e` hkydr pdsfmfjfaka a` akûkrs`, jd qu` sflefbfik r``evfkr hþjtfpj`s trkhks, sdmr`utfjfzkead `j keicd a` mkeak y ckif`ead jk trkeshfsfùe hës j`etk. K][ ide r`p`tfifùe s`j`itfvk `s hës `bfif`et` pkrk ikekj`s rufadsds, p`rd `j prdi`skhf`etd `e `j r`i`ptdr `s hës idhpj`nd. Qkhkûds a` v`etkeks> Qketd `e `j `hfsdr, idhd `e `j r`i`ptdr, `j tkhkûd a` jk v`etkek ck a` s`r =h-;. R`etkeks> @j prdtdidjd usk jks hfshks vkrfkmj`s qu` `e vu`jtk ktrës E. @st` prdtdidjd p`rhft` qu` jj`lu`e bu`rk a` dra`e tketks trkhks idhd `j tkhkûd a` jk v`etkek a` r`i`pifùe y qu` s` kjhki`e`e ckstk qu` ckyk ue idenuetd a` trkhks bu`rk a` dra`e jfstks pkrk `evfkr kj efv`j a` r`a. Yfe `hmkrld `j r`i`ptdr eueik `evèk trkhks bu`rk a` dra`e kj efv`j a` r`a. Kjldrfthds a`j `hfsdr w 8 =h-;7 Yb 8 ?7 Ye 8 ?7 wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 swftic( @v`etd ) { iks` Ydjfiftua@evfkr> fb( Ye - Yb 58 Yw ) { adrhfr()7 } Dmt`e`rAktds()7 L`e`rkrQrkhk( Ye )7 Kjhki`ekrQrkhk( Ye )7 @evfkrQrkhk( Ye )7 Ye 8 Ye + ;7 FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr()7 mr`kg7 iks` EdtfbfikifùeJj`lkak> ]`ifmfr( KIG )7 fb( idruptk( KIG ) ) { adrhfr()7 } swftic( Brkh`Qyp` ) { iks` EKG> fb( ekgEd `etr` Yb y Ye ) { r``evfkr( ekgEd )7 FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr( ekgEd )7 } mr`kg7 iks` KIG> fb( ekgEd `etr` Yb y Ye ) { wcfj`( Yb :8 kigEd ) { ;?2
_urlkrQrkhk( Yb )7 _krkrQ`hpdrfzkadr( Yb )7 Yb 8 Yb + ;7 } } mr`kg7 } mr`kg7 iks` Qfh`Dut> FefifkrQ`hpdrfzkadr( t )7 @evfkrQrkhk( t )7 mr`kg7 } }
Kjldrfthd a`j r`i`ptdr ]e 8 ?7 EkgY`et 8 bkjs`7 KigE``a`a 8 bkjs`7 ]`p`tfr( pkrk tdads jds sjdts ) { Hkrikad( sjdt ) 8 bkjs`7 } wcfj`( tru` ) { @sp`rkr@v`etd()7 fb( @v`etd( EdtfbfikifùeJj`lkak ) ) { ]`ifmfrQrkhk()7 fb( idrruptk( Q]KHK ) KEA ( EDQ EkgY`et ) ) { Y`eaEKG( ]e )7 EkgY`et 8 tru`7 adrhfr()7 } fb( ( s`qEd : 5 ]e ) KEA ( EDQ EkgY`et ) ) { Y`eaEKG( ]e )7 EkgY`et 8 tru`7 fb(s`qEd fe wfeadw KEA EDQ Hkrikak( s`qEd )) { Kjhki`ekrQrkhk( s`qEd )7 Hkrikak( s`qEd ) 8 tru`7 wcfj`( Hkrikad( ]e ) ) { @etr`lkrAtds( ]e )7 _urlkr( ]e )7 ]e 8 ]e + ;7 KigE``a`a 8 tru`7 } fb( KigE``a`a ) { @evfkrKig( ]e )7 KigE``a`a 8 bkjs`7 EkgY`et 8 bkjs`7 } } } } } ;?<
_fllymkigfel >
Qæiefik qu` h`ndrk jk `bfif`eifk a` jds prdtdidjds mfafr`iifdekj`s. Ide `stk tæiefik, `e v`z a` `evfkr KIG `e ue pkqu`t` feafvfaukj, æst` `s feijufad a`etrd a`j prùxfhd pkqu`t` k `evfkr. Pe puetd fhpdrtket` sdmr` `j pfllymkigfel `s qu` khmds edads (K y M) a`m`e t`e`r `j hfshd kjldrfthd.
;?.2 Idetrdj a` `ejki` a` aktds a` kjtd efv`j (CAJI, Cfl-J`v`j Aktk Jfeg Idetrdj) _rdtdidjd drf`etkad k mft sdmr` `ejki`s puetd k puetd d hujtfpuetd. Fhpj`h`etke h`ikefshds K][. Idebflurkifùe y hdads a` idhuefikifùe Hdad a` r`spu`stk edrhkj (E]H)> Jk idebflurkifùe `stë a`smkjkei`kak, tkhmfæe a`edhfekak hk`strd-`sijkvk. Pek `stkifùe prfhkrfk pu`a` `evfkr idhkeads. Pek `stkifùe s`iueakrfk sùjd pu`a` r`spdea`r.
Bfl. ;=0 Hdad a` r`spu`stk edrhkj (E]H)
Hdad ksèeirded mkjkei`kad (KMH)> Jk idebflurkifùe `stë mkjkei`kak, ikak `stkifùe pu`a` bueifdekr idhd prfhkrfk d s`iueakrfk. Jds `ejki`s sde puetd k puetd.
Bfl. ;=2 Hdad ksèeirded mkjkei`kad (KMH)
Qrkhks
Bfl. ;=< Qrkhks a` CAJI
;?3
Bdrhktd a` trkhk> Ikak trkhk `e CAJI pu`a` idet`e`r ckstk s`fs ikhpds>
Ikhpd `tfqu`tk> Y`iu`eifk a` 3 mfts, ide pktrùe ?;;;;;;? qu` fa`etfbfik `j prfeifpfd- bfekj a` trkhk d sfeirdefzkifùe pkrk `j r`i`ptdr. Ikhpd afr`iifùe> Yf s` trktk a` uek `stkifùe prfhkrfk, jk afr`iifùe `s k quf`e vk afrflfak jk trkhk. Yf s` trktk a` uek `stkifùe s`iueakrfk, jk afr`iifùe `s a` quf`e vk afrflfak jk trkhk _u`a` t`e`r uek jdelftua a` ued d vkrfds myt`s, a`p`eaf`ead a`j tkhkûd a` jk r`a. Pe myt` pu`a` fa`etfbfikr ;=3 `stkifde`s. Ikhpd a` idetrdj> Y`lh`etd a` ued d ads myt`s a` jk trkhk uskad pkrk jk l`stfùe a` bjund. Ikhpd a` febdrhkifùe> Idetf`e` jds aktds a` usukrfd a`sa` `j efv`j a` r`a d febdrhkifùe a` idetrdj. Yu jdelftua pu`a` vkrfkr a` uek r`a k dtrk. Ikhpd BIY (Brkh` Ic`ig Y`qu`ei`)> s`iu`eifk a` idetrdj a` trkhk. @s `j ikhpd a` a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr a` CAJI. Ikhpds a` idetrdj A`t`rhfeke `j tfpd a` trkhk y a`bfe`e su bueifdekjfaka. @xfst`e tr`s tfpds a` ikhpds a` idetrdj a` trkhks.
Bfl. ;=3 Bdrhktd a`j ikhpd a` idetrdj pkrk jds afstfetds tfpds a` trkhk
Ikhpd a` idetrdj a` trkhk F (Febdrhkifùe)> Qfpd a` trkhk afs`ûkad pkrk trkespdrtkr aktds a`sa` `j efv`j a` r`a. _u`a`e feijufr pfllymkigfel . Jk jdelftua a`j ikhpd pu`a` s`r a` ; myt` (edrhkj) d a` = (`xt`eafak). ]`pkrtd a` mfts>
Mft < (HYM)> Yf `s ? sflefbfik qu` `s trkhk F. Mft 2, 0, 1> A`edhfekads E(Y), a`bfe`e `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. Yf `j ikhpd `s `xt`eafad pu`a` kuh`etkr `j eþh`rd a` mfts. Mft 9> A`edhfekad mft _/B. Yf `stë k ; pu`a` sflefbfikr hu`strk d bfekj. Hu`strk `s iukead jk trkhk s` `evèk a` uek `stkifùe prfhkrfk k uek s`iueakrfk. Bfekj `s nustd jd idetrkrfd k hu`strk. Mft =, ;, ?> A`edhfekads E(]). Idrr`spdea` ide `j ikhpd r`idedifhf`etd iukead s` usk pfllymkigfel. ;?6
Ikhpd a` idetrdj a` trkhk Y (Yup`rvfsfùe)> Qfpd a` trkhks afs`ûkak pkrk idetrdj a` bjund u `rrdr`s iukead `j pfllymkigfel ed `s pdsfmj` d kprdpfkad. Ed idetf`e`e ikhpd a` febdrhkifùe. ]`pkrtd a` mfts> Mft <, 2 (HYM)> Yf `s ;? sflefbfik qu` `s trkhk Y.
Mft 0, 1> A`edhfekads iùafld, a`bfe`e jk trkhk Y. d Yf `s ?? sflefbfik jfstd pkrk r`ifmfr (]]). d Yf `s ;? sflefbfik r`i`ptdr ed jfstd pkrk r`ifmfr (]E]). d Yf `s ?; sflefbfik r`ickzd (]@N). d Yf `s ;; sflefbfik r`ickzd s`j`itfvd (Y]@N). Mft 9> Flukj qu` `e trkhk F. Mft =, ;, ?> A`edhfekads E(]). Idrr`spdea` ide `j eþh`rd a` jk idebfrhkifùe (KIG) d a`j r`ickzd (EKIG) a`p`eaf`ead a`j tfpd a` trkhk Y. Ikhpd a` idetrdj a` trkhk P (Yfe euh`rkifùe)> Qfpd a` trkhks afs`ûkak pkrk fet`rikhmfkr febdrhkifùe a` idetrdj y l`stfùe a` jk s`sfùe `etr` ads afspdsftfvds ide`itkads. ]`pkrtd a` mfts>
Mft <, 2 (HYM)> Yf `s ;; sflefbfik qu` `s uek trkhk Y. Mft 9> Flukj qu` `e trkhk F. Mft 0, 1 y =, ;, ?> Ide `stds 0 mfts s` pu`a`e ir`kr ckstk 9= tfpds a` trkhks P. Iùafld ?? ??; ;; ?;; ;; ;?? ;; ;;? ?? ??? ?? ;;? ?? ?;? ;? ??? ?? ;?? ;; ??; ;; ;?; ;? ??;
Idhkead YE]H YE]H@ YKMH YKMH@ PF AFYI YFH P_ ]Y@Q SFA B]H]
]`sp. AH PF PK ]A ]FH SFA B]H]
Yflefbfikad Hdad r`spu`stk edrhkj Hdad r`spu`stk edrhkj khpjfkak Hdad r`sp. ksèeirdek mkjkei`kak Hdad r`sp. ksèeirdek mkjkei`kak khpjfkak. Febd. sfe euh`rkr. ]`idedifhf`etd sfe euh`rkr. A`side`xfùe. Hdad p`tfifùe a` febd. Hu`strk sfe euh`rkr. ]`s`t. Fet`rikhmfd a` FA. ]`ickzd trkhk.
;?.< _rdtdidjd puetd k puetd (___) _rdtdidjd puetd k puetd a` efv`j a` `ejki` qu` idetrdjk y hke`nk jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds. Y`rvfifds prdpdrifdekads>
A`bfe` `j bdrhktd a` jk trkhk. A`bfe` idhd s` e`ldifk `j `stkmj`ifhf`etd a`j `ejki` y `j fet`rikhmfd a` aktds. A`bfe` idhd s` `eikpsujke jds aktds a` efv`j a` r`a `e uek trkhk a`j efv`j a` `ejki`. A`bfe` jk kut`etfbfikifùe `etr` ads afspdsftfvds. _rdpdrifdek hþjtfpj`s s`rvfifds a` efv`j a` r`a. ;;?
Ydpdrtk uek vkrf`aka a` prdtdidjds a` efv`j a` r`a. _rdpdrifdek ide`xfde`s sdmr` hþjtfpj`s `ejki`s. _rdpdrifdek idebflurkifde`s a` afr`iifùe a` r`a. Y`rvfifds ed prdpdrifdekads>
Ed prdpdrifdek idetrdj a` bjund. Qf`e` ue h`ikefshd huy s`eifjjd a` idetrdj a` `rrdr (I]I). Ed prdpdrifdek ue h`ikefshd a` afr`iifde`s sdbfstfikad pkrk hke`nkr jks trkhks `e uek idebflurkifùe hujtfpuetd. Qrkhkad> ___ `s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k myt`. Bdrhktd a` trkhk>
Bjkl> Idhf`ezk y t`rhfek ide ue myt` ide `j pktrùe ?x<@. Afr`iifùe> Rkjdr idestket` ?xBB qu` `s jk afr`iifùe mrdkaikst. Idetrdj> Rkjdr idestket` ?xI?, qu` idrr`spdea` ide trkhks a` usukrfd ed euh`rkaks `e CAJI. _rdtdidjd> A`bfe` qu` s` trkespdrtk `e `j ikhpd a` aktds. Ikrlk þtfj> Y`iu`eifk a` ;.0?? myt`s hëxfhd pdr a`b`itd. Idhd ed s` a`bfe` `j tkhkûd a`j ikhpd a` aktds, `s e`i`skrfd r`jj`ekrjd sf `j tkhkûd `s h`edr qu` `j tkhkûd pdr a`b`itd d e`ldifkad. BIY (Brkh` Ic`ig Y`qu`ei`)> Y`iu`eifk a` idhprdmkifùe a` trkhks (I]I). Bjkl ?x<@
Afr`iifùe ?xBB
Idetrdj ?xI?
_rdtdidjd ; ù = myt`s
Ikrlk þtfj Rkrfkmj`
BIY = ù 1 myt`s
Bjkl ?x<@
Qrkespkr`eifk a` myt`> ___ `s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k myt` qu` usk trkespkr`eifk a` myt`s ide jk s`iu`eifk a` `sikp` ?x<@, jd qu` sflefbfik qu` ikak v`z qu` kpkr`i` ue pktrùe idhd `j a`j bjkl `e jds aktds, s` r`jj`ek `stk myt` `xtrk pkrk a`ifr kj r`i`ptdr qu` `j myt` sfluf`et` ed `s ue bjkl. Qrkesfifùe a` bks`s>
Hu`rtd> Ed cky pdrtkadrk kitfvk y jk jèe`k `stë `e sfj`eifd. @stkmj`i`r> Y` e`ldifke jks dpifde`s `etr` jks ads pkrt`s, iukead uek a` `jjks idhf`ezk jk idhuefikifùe. Kut`etfbfikr> @s dpifdekj y khmds edads pu`a`e skjtërs`jk sf jd a`ifa`e `e jk bks` a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd. ]`a> Y` e`ldifke jds prdtdidjds a` efv`j a` r`a ket`s a` pda`r fet`rikhmfkr aktds k efv`j a` r`a. Kmrfr> Idhf`ezd a` fet`rikhmfd a` pkqu`t`s a` aktds ckstk qu` ued a` jds `xtr`hds quf`rk t`rhfekr jk ide`xfùe. Q`rhfekr> Idrt` a` jk ide`xfùe, jfhpfkead aktds r`hke`et`s y if`rr` a`j `ejki`.
;;;
Hujtfpj`xkifùe> ___ usk dtrd idenuetd a` prdtdidjds pkrk `stkmj`i`r `j `ejki`, kut`etfbfikr k jds sdifds fevdjuirkads y trkespdrtkr jds aktds a` efv`j a` r`a. _rdtdidjd a` idetrdj a` `ejki` (JI_, Jfeg Idetdj _rdtdidj)
@s `j r`spdeskmj` a` `stkmj`i`r, hket`e`r, idebflurkr y t`rhfekr `ejki`s. Qkhmfæe prdpdrifdek h`ikefshds a` e`ldifkifùe pkrk a`bfefr jks dpifde`s `etr` khmds `xtr`hds. Jds pkqu`t`s JI_ s` trkespdrtke `e `j ikhpd a` ikrlk þtfj, ide `j ikhpd prdtdidjd bfnkad k ?xI?=;.
Bfl. ;=6
@e `j ikhpd Iùafld s` a`bfe`e `j tfpd a` pkqu`t` JI_, `xfstf`ead ;; tfpds a` `stds> Ikt`ldrèk Idebflurkifùe a`j `ejki` aurket` `j `stkmj`ifhf`etd Q`rhfekifùe a`j `ejki` Hdeftdrfzkifùe a`j `ejki` y a`purkifùe
Iùafld ?x?; ?x?= ?x?9 ?x?1 ?x?0 ?x?2 ?x?< ?x?3 ?x?6 ?x?K ?x?M
Qfpd _`tfifùe a` idebflurkifùe KIG a` idebflurkifùe EKIG a` idebflurkifùe ]`ickzd a` idebflurkifùe _`tfifùe a` t`rhfekifùe KIG a` t`rhfekifùe ]`ickzd a` iùafld ]`ickzd a` prdtdidjd ]`ickzd a` `id ]`spu`stk a` `id _`tfifùe a` a`sikrtkr
A`sirfpifùe Jfstk a` dpifde`s y sus vkjdr`s Ki`ptk tdaks jks prdpu`stks Keueifd a` dpifde`s feki`ptkmj`s Keueifd a` dpifde`s r`idedifaks _`tfifùe a` idrt` a` jèe`k Ki`ptk p`tfifùe a` t`rhfekifùe Keueifd a` iùafld a`sidedifad Keueifd a` prdtdidjd a`sidedifad i a` idhuefikifùe ]`spu`stk kj hket`efhf`etd _kqu`t` k a`sikrtkr
@e `j ikhpd FA s` kjhki`ek ue vkjdr qu` iksk uek p`tfifùe pdr uek r`spu`stk. @e `j ikhpd Jdelftua s` a`bfe` jk jdelftua a`j pkqu`t` JI_ idhpj`td. @e `j ikhpd Febdrhkifùe s` a`bfe`e jks dpifde`s a` e`ldifkifùe `etr` jds `xtr`hds, afvfafæeadjd `e tr`s ikhpds> tfpd, jdelftua y aktds a` dpifùe. Dpifùe Qkhkûd a`j ikhpd a` ikrlk þtfj _rdtdidjd a` kut`etfbfikifùe Idhpr`sfùe a`j ikhpd a` prdtdidjd Idhpr`sfùe a`j ikhpd a` idetrdj y afr`iifùe
;;=
A`b`itd ;.0?? Efelued Dbb dBB
_rdtdidjds a` kut`etfbfikifùe (K_, Kutc`tfiktfde _rdtdidj) Jk kut`etfbfikifùe sflefbfik fevkjfakr jk fa`etfaka a` ue usukrfd qu` e`i`sftk kii`a`r k ue idenuetd a` r`iursds.
_rdtdidjd a` kut`etfbfikifùe pdr idetrks`ûk (_K_, _ksswdra Kutc`tfiktfde _rdtdidj)> d d
d
@j vkjdr `e `j ikhpd a` prdtdidjd `s ?xI?=9. @j usukrfd qu` kii`a` kj sfst`hk `evèk uek fa`etfbfikifùe a` kut`etfbfikifùe (jdlfe). @j sfst`hk idhpru`mk jk vkjfa`z a`j jdlfe y ki`ptk d ed jk ide`xfùe.
_rdtdidjd a` kut`etfbfikifùe pdr r`td (ICK_, Ickjj`el` Ckeasckg` K_)> d
d d
d
d
Hætdad hës s`lurd qu` _K_, a`mfad k qu` `j pkss s` hketf`e` `e s`ir`td y eueik s` `evèk pdr jk r`a. @j vkjdr `e `j ikhpd a` prdtdidjd `s ?xI==9. @j sfst`hk `evèk kj usukrfd ue pkqu`t` r`td idet`ef`ead ue vkjdr (s`hfjjk). @j usukrfd kpjfik uek bueifùe pr`a`t`rhfekak ide jk s`hfjjk y jk prdpfk idetrks`ûk a`j usukrfd y ir`k ue r`sujtkad qu` a`vu`jv` kj sfst`hk. @j sfst`hk cki` jd hfshd, idhpkrkead khmds r`sujtkads y akead kii`sd sf jk idhpkrkifùe `s flukj y e`lëeads`jd `e iksd idetrkrfd.
_rdtdidjd a` idetrdj a` r`a (EI_, E`twdrg Idetrdj _rdtdidj) @s `j `eikrlkad a` e`ldifkr jds pkrëh`trds `sp`ièbfids pkrk ikak prdtdidjd utfjfzkad pdr Fet`re`t, DYF, S`rdx, A@Ie`t, Edv`j, `ti. @s a`ifr, idebflurk jk r`a qu` vk sdmr` `j ___. Y` a`bfe` ue prdtdidjd a` r`a `sp`ièbfid pkrk ikak prdtdidjd a` r`a.
F_I_, Fet`re`t _rdtdidj Idetrdj _rdtdidj> d
d
Idebflurk `j `ejki` uskad pkrk trkespdrtkr pkqu`t`s F_ `e Fet`re`t. @j vkjdr `e `j ikhpd prdtdidjd `s ?x3?=;.
Bfl. ;9?
;;9
Dtrds prdtdidjds EI_ pkrk prdtdidjds a` efv`j a` r`a> d d d
DYF> ide vkjdr `e `j ikhpd a` idetrdj a` ?x3?=9. FA_ EY S`rdx> ide vkjdr `e `j ikhpd a` idetrdj a` ?x3?=0. @j vkjdr a` iùafld y bdrhktds a` jds pkqu`t`s pkrk `stds prdtdidjds sde> Iùafld ?x?; ?x?= ?x?9 ?x?1 ?x?0 ?x?2 ?x?<
Qfpd _`tfifùe a` idebflurkifùe KIG a` idebflurkifùe EKIG a` idebflurkifùe ]`ickzd a` idebflurkifùe _`tfifùe a` t`rhfekifùe KIG a` t`rhfekifùe ]`ickzd a` iùafld
Aktds a`j efv`j a` r`a> Idhpj`tkak jk idebflurkifùe a`j efv`j a` r`a pdr ued a` jds prdtdidjds EI_, jds usukrfds pu`a`e fet`rikhmfkr AQ@ (Aktk Q`rhfekj @qufph`et) d pkqu`t`s a` aktds a` efv`j a` r`a`s. Eu`vkh`et` `xfst`e afb`r`et`s vkjdr`s `e `j ikhpd prdtdidjd pkrk jds afstfetds efv`j`s a` r`a>
F_> vkjdr ?x??=;. DYF> vkjdr ?x??=9. ___ hujtf`ejki`
@xfst`eifk a` hþjtfpj`s ikekj`s `e ue þefid `ejki` puetd k puetd. Pek trkhk ___ jùlfik s` afvfa` `e vkrfks trkhks ___ r`kj`s. Pe s`lh`etd a` jk trkhk jùlfik `s trkespdrtkad `e jk ikrlk þtfj a` uek trkhk ___ r`kj. _krk hdstrkr qu` jk trkhk ___ r`kj trkespdrtk ue brklh`etd a` uek trkhk ___ jùlfik, `j ikhpd prdtdidjd s` pde` k ?x??9A. @s e`i`skrfd kûkafr ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk k jk trkhk r`kj ___.
;;1
Q`hk ;;> Kii`sd hþjtfpj` @s iukead hës a` edads d `stkifde`s `stëe ide`itkads y utfjfzke ue `ejki` idhþe. Y` vk k idesfa`rkr `j efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds idhd ads sumefv`j`s>
@j sumefv`j sup`rfdr> d ]`spdeskmj` a`j `ejki` a` aktds. d A`edhfekad efv`j a` idetrdj a`j `ejki` jùlfid (JJI). @j sumefv`j feb`rfdr> d ]`spdeskmj`s a` r`sdjv`r `j kii`sd kj h`afd idhpkrtfad. d A`edhfekad efv`j a` idetrdj a` kii`sd kj h`afd (HKI). Jk ijksfbfikifùe a` prdtdidjds bdrhkj`s pkrk hke`nkr `j kii`sd kj `ejki` idhpkrtfad `s>
Bfl. ;9;
;;.; Kii`sd kj`ktdrfd
Efeluek `stkifùe `s sup`rfdr k dtrk. Efeluek `stkifùe tf`e` idetrdj sdmr` dtrk. Ikak `stkifùe pu`a` trkeshftfr iukead jd a`s`` k ideafifùe a` qu` sflk `j prdi`afhf`etd a`bfefad, feijuy`ead jk idhprdmkifùe a`j h`afd (fekitfvd u diupkad). Jk trkeshfsfùe `s kj`ktdrfk pkrk tdaks jks `stkifde`s (hætdad a` kii`sd kj`ktdrfd). Efeluek r`ljk `sp`ifbfik qu` `stkifùe s`rë jk sfluf`et` `e `evfkr (hætdad a` idet`eifùe). Yf hës a` uek `stkifùe fet`etk `evfkr, s` prdaui` ue idebjfitd d idjfsfùe y jks trkhks s`rëe a`strufaks d hdafbfikaks. _krk `vftkr d `jfhfekr jk idjfsfùe, ikak `stkifùe sflu` ue prdi`afhf`etd qu` r`spdea` k jks sfluf`et`s pr`luetks> d ´Iuëead pu`a` jk `stkifùe kii`a`r kj h`afd4 d ´[uæ pu`a` cki`r jk `stkifùe sf `j h`afd `stë diupkad4 d ´Iùhd pu`a` jk `stkifùe a`t`rhfekr `j æxftd d brkiksd a` jk trkeshfsfùe4 d ´[uæ pua` cki`r jk `stkifùe sf cky ue idebjfitd `e `j kii`sd4 KJDCK _rfh`r hætdad a` kii`sd kj`ktdrfd, a`skrrdjjkad `e jk Pefv`rsfaka a` Ckwkf k prfeifpfds a` jds s`t`etk.
;;0
KJDCK purd> Ikak `stkifùe `evèk uek trkhk iukead tf`e` uek trkhk pkrk `evfkr. Kuequ` sdjd ue mft a` uek trkhk id`xfstk `e `j ikekj ide ue mft a` dtrk trkhk, cky uek idjfsfùe y khmks trkhks s`rëe a`strufaks. Iukead uek `stkifùe `evèk uek trkhk, `sp`rk k qu` `j r`i`ptdr `evè` uek idebfrhkifùe. Yf jk idebfrhkifùe ed jj`lk a`spuæs a` ue p`rfdad a` `sp`rk, jk `stkifùe ksuh` qu` jk trkhk ck sfad a`strufak y r``evèk jk trkhk. KJDCK purd afitk qu` iukead `j p`rfdad a` `sp`rk ck pkskad, ikak `stkifùe fhpjfikak `e jk idjfsfùe, `sp`rk ue tf`hpd kj`ktdrfd, a`edhfekad tf`hpd a` `sp`rk kj`ktdrfd, ide `j bfe a` `vftkr hës idjfsfde`s.
Bfl. ;9=
@xfst` ue hætdad pkrk pr`v`efr jk idel`stfùe a`j ikekj ide trkhks r`ifmfaks. @j prdi`afhf`etd s` hu`strk `e jk ¡@rrdr! Ed s` `eiu`etrk `j drfl`e a` jk r`b`r`eifk. . _`rfdad a` vuje`rkmfjfaka @s jk a`t`rhfekifùe a` jk iketfaka a` tf`hpd aurket` `j iukj `xfst` jk pdsfmfjfaka a` idjfsfùe. @j p`rfdad vuje`rkmj` `e `j prdtdidjd KJDCK purd `s =Qbr . (Bfl. ;91). _rdauitfvfaka @s `j pdri`etkn` a` trkhks `evfkaks qu` kjikezke `j a`stfed ide æxftd. Jk prdauitfvfaka pkrk KJDCK purd
Bfl. ;99
;;2
`s>
Y 8 L `-=L ¼
Adea`>
Y 8 prdauitfvfaka. L 8 eþh`rd h`afd a` trkhks l`e`rkaks pdr `j sfst`hk aurket` `j tf`hpd a` trkeshfsfùe a` uek trkhk. Jk hëxfhk prdauitfvfaka `s> Y hkx 8 ?,;31 iukead L 8 ;/=.
Bfl. ;91
KJDCK ide rkeurks
Bu` fev`etkad pkrk h`ndrkr jk `bfif`eifk a`j prdtdidjd KJDCK purd. Kcdrk s` afvfa` `j tf`hpd `e rkeurks Q br s y s` bu`rzk k qu` ikak `stkifùe `evè` sdjd kj idhf`ezd a` jk rkeurk. @j p`rfdad vuje`rkmj` pkrk KJDCK ide rkeurks `s Q br .
Bfl. ;90
;;<
_rdauitfvfaka Jk prdauitfvfaka pkrk KJDCK ide rkeurks>
Y 8 L `-L ¼
Jk hëxfhk prdauitfvfaka `s Y hkx 8 ?,923 iukead L 8 ;. Kii`sd hþjtfpj` pdr a`t`iifùe a` pdrtkadrk (IYHK, Ikrrf`r Y`es` Hujtfpj` Kii`ss) Ide `st` hætdad s` r`aui` jk pdsfmfjfaka a` idjfsfde`s, idhprdmkead `j h`afd ket`s a` trkeshftfr. IYHK s` mksk `e `j prfeifpfd a` a`t`itkr ket`s a` trkeshftfr d `siuickr ket`s a` ckmjkr. Jk pdsfmfjfaka a` idjfsfùe `xfst` a`mfad kj r`tkrad a` prdpklkifùe. Ed s` `sp`ifbfik `j prdi`afhf`etd qu` sflu` k uek idjfsfùe. _`rfdad vuje`rkmj`> @s `j tf`hpd a` prdpklkifùe Qp. Hætdads a` p`rsfst`eifk> Hætdads a`skrrdjjkads pkrk akr r`spu`stk k pr`luetks idhd> ´[uæ a`m`rèk cki`r uek `stkifùe sf `j ikekj `stë diupkad4 ´[uæ a`m`rèk cki`r uek `stkifùe sf `j ikekj `stë jfmr`4
Hætdad a` p`rsfst`eifk ;> d
d
Yf jk `stkifùe `eiu`etrk jk jèe`k jfmr`, `evèk jk trkhk feh`afktkh`et` (ide prdmkmfjfaka ;). @st` hætdad tf`e` jk pdsfmfjfaka hës kjtk a` idjfsfùe.
Hætdad a` ed p`rsfst`eifk> d
d d
Yf jk `stkifùe `eiu`etrk jk jèe`k jfmr`, `evèk jk trkhk feh`afktkh`et`, `e iksd idetrkrfd `sp`rk uek iketfaka a` tf`hpd kj`ktdrfd y vu`jv` k idhprdmkr a` eu`vd `j h`afd. ]`aui` jk pdsfmfjfaka a` idjfsfùe. @st` hætdad r`aui` jk `bfikifk a` jk r`a a`mfad k qu` `j h`afd pu`a` p`rhke`i`r jfmr` iukead cky `stkifde`s ide trkhks pdr `evfkr.
Hætdad a` p`rsfst`eifk p> d
d
@st` `ebdqu` idhmfek jks v`etknks a` jks ads `strkt`lfks ket`rfdr`s, r`auif`ead jk pdsfmfjfaka a` idjfsfùe y h`ndrkead jk `bfikifk. Y` idhpru`mk sf `j ikekj tf`e` rkeurks a` tf`hpd ide uek aurkifùe a` jk rkeurk flukj d hkydr qu` `j tf`hpd hëxfhd a` prdpklkifùe.
Kii`sd hþjtfpj` pdr a`t`iifùe a` pdrtkadrk y a`t`iifùe a` idjfsfde`s (IYHK/IA) Y` khpjèk `j kjldrfthd IYHK pkrk l`stfdekr idjfsfde`s (IA, Idjjfsfde A`t`itfde). @e `st` hætdad, uek `stkifùe hdeftdrfzk `j h`afd a`spuæs a` `evfkr uek trkhk pkrk idhprdmkr sf jk trkeshfsfùe s` r`kjfzk ide æxftd. Yf `s ksè, jk `stkifùe t`rhfek y `e iksd idetrkrfd, s` r``evèk jk trkhk. ;;3
Qkhkûd hèefhd a` trkhk> _krk qu` `st` hætdad bueifde`, `s e`i`skrfd uek r`strfiifùe sdmr` `j tkhkûd a` jks trkhks. @j tf`hpd a` trkeshfsfùe a` jk trkhk Q br a`m` s`r kj h`eds =.Q p. _rdi`afhf`etd>
Bfl. ;92
Efv`j a` `e`rlèk> Pek `stkifùe qu` tf`e` uek trkhk pkrk `evfkr d `stë `evfkead uek trkhk e`i`sftk hdeftdrfzkr `j efv`j a` `e`rlèk pkrk skm`r sf `j ikekj `stë jfmr`, diupkad d idjfsfdekad.
Efv`j i`rd> @j ikekj `stë jfmr`. Efv`j edrhkj> @j ikekj `stë `e usd pdr kjluek `stkifùe qu` `stë `evfkead su trkhk. Efv`j kedrhkj> @xfst` uek idjfsfùe y `j efv`j a` `e`rlèk `s ads v`i`s `j efv`j edrhkj. _rdauitfvfaka> @s hkydr qu` jk a`j prdtdidjd KJDCK purd ide rkeurks. Jk hëxfhk prdauitfvfaka diurr` `e ue vkjdr afb`r`et` a` L y s` mksk `e `j hætdad a` p`rsfst`eifk p. Ydmr` `j 0? % sf L 8 ; y s` mksk `e hætdad a` p`rsfst`eifk ;. Ydmr` `j 6? % sf L 8 W9, 3X y s` mks` `e hætdad a` ed p`rsfst`eifk. Kii`sd hþjtfpj` ide a`t`iifùe a` pdrtkadrk y `vftkifùe a` idjfsfde`s (IYHK/IK) Afs`ûkak pkrk `vftkr idjfsfde`s `e r`a`s fekjëhmrfiks, a`mfad k qu` jks idjfsfde`s ed pu`a`e s`r a`t`itkaks a`mfad k qu` lrke pkrt` a` jk `e`rlèk s` pf`ra` `e jk trkeshfsfùe.
;;6
@stks idjfsfde`s s` `vftke h`afket` `j usd a` tr`s `strkt`lfks>
@spkifd `etr` trkhks (FBY)> d Iukead ue ikekj `stë jfmr`, jk `stkifùe `sp`rk ue p`rfdad a` tf`hpd `etr` trkhks (FBY). d Yf a`spuæs a` tf`hpd FBY `j ikekj sflu` jfmr`, jk `stkifùe pua` `evfkr p`rd kue e`i`sftk `sp`rkr ue tf`hpd flukj kj tf`hpd a` idet`eifùe (a`sirftd k idetfeukifùe). d @j tf`hpd FBY s` pua` utfjfzkr pkrk a`bfefr jk prfdrfaka a` uek `stkifùe d a` uek trkhk. R`etkek a` idet`eifùe> d @s uek iketfaka a` tf`hpd afvfafad `e rkeurks. d Pek `stkifùe jfstk pkrk `evfkr `jfl` ue eþh`rd kj`ktdrfd a` rkeurks idhd su tf`hpd a` `sp`rk. d @j eþh`rd a` rkeurks ikhmfk a` kiu`rad k jk `strkt`lfk a` `sp`rk mfekrfk `xpde`eifkj. d @std sflefbfik qu` s` bfnk k uek rkeurk jk prfh`rk v`z y ju`ld s` admjk ikak v`z qu` jk `stkifùe ed a`t`itk ue ikekj jfmr` a`spuæs a`j tf`hpd FBY. d @e IYHK/IK, sf uek `stkifùe `eiu`etrk `j ikekj diupkad, ed r`fefifk `j t`hpdrfzkadr a` jk v`etkek a` idet`eifùe, pkrk `j t`hpdrfzkadr y jd r`fefifk iukead `j ikekj vu`jv` k `stkr jfmr`. Idebfrhkifde`s> d Kþe ksè pu`a`e `xfstfr idjfsfde`s. d Jk idebfrhkifùe pdsftfvk y `j v`eifhf`etd a`j t`hpdrfzkadr kyuake k lkrketfzkr qu` `j r`i`ptdr ck r`ifmfad trkhk. _rdi`afhf`etd (Bfl. ;9<) IYHK/IK y r`a`s fekjëhmrfiks Ed `s subfif`et`h`et` sdbfstfikad pkrk hke`nkr iksds pkrtfiujkr`s tkj`s idhd jds t`rhfekj`s diujtds d jds t`rhfekj`s `xpu`stds.
;;.= Kii`sd idetrdjkad Jks `stkifde`s s` idesujtke ueks k dtrks pkrk a`t`rhfekr qu` `stkifùe tf`e` `j a`r`icd k `evfkr. Pek `stkifùe ed pu`a` `evfkr k ed s`r qu` ckyk sfad kutdrfzkak pdr dtrks `stkifde`s. K idetfeukifùe s` a`sirfm`e tr`s hætdads a` kii`sd idetrdjkad. A` r`s`rvk
Pek `stkifùe e`i`sftk cki`r uek r`s`rvk ket`s a` `evfkr aktds. @j tf`hpd s` afvfa` `e fet`rvkjds. @e ikak fet`rvkjd, uek trkhk a` r`s`rvk pr`i`a` k jks trkhks a` aktds `evfkaks `e `s` fet`rvkjd. Yf cky E `stkifde`s `e `j sfst`hk, cky `xkitkh`et` E hfefkturks a` r`s`rvk `e jk trkhk a` r`s`rvk. Ikak hfefkturk p`rt`e`i` k uek `stkifùe. Jks `stkifde`s qu` cke c`icd jk r`s`rvk pu`a`e `evfkr sus trkhks a` aktds a`spuæs a` jk trkhk r`s`rvk. ;=?
Bfl. ;9<
Hu`str`ds> Bueifdek ide tdpdjdlèks `e jks qu` ue afspdsftfvd bueifdek idhd `stkifùe prfhkrfk y jds dtrds idhd `stkifde`s s`iueakrfks. @j afspdsftfvd prfhkrfd idetrdjk `e `ejki` y jds s`iueakrfds sflu`e sus festruiifde`s. @j afspdsftfvd prfhkrfd sf`hpr` `s `j fefifkadr a` uek s`sfùe.
Y`j`iifùe d
Jk bueifùe s`j`iifùe s` utfjfzk iukead `j afspdsftfvd prfhkrfd tf`e` kjlþe aktd pkrk `evfkr.
;=;
d
d
@j prfhkrfd kj`rtk kj s`iueakrfd a`j a`s`d a` trkeshftfr `evfëeadj` uek trkhk a` s`j`iifùe (Y@J) y `sp`rkead uek idebfrhkifùe qu` j` feafqu` qu` `stë jfstd pdr pkrt` a`j s`iueakrfd. Jk trkhk Y@J feijuy` jk afr`iifùe a`j afspdsftfvd s`iueakrfd.
Hu`str`d d
d d
d
Jk bueifùe a` hu`str`d s` utfjfzk `e `j afspdsftfvd prfhkrfd pkrk sdjfiftkr jks trkeshfsfde`s a` jds afspdsftfvds s`iueakrfds. @j prfhkrfd pr`luetk (hu`str`k) k ikak afspdsftfvd sf tf`e`e aktds qu` `evfkr. @j s`iueakrfd r`spdea` ide uek trkhk EKG sf ed tf`e` aktds qu` `evfkr, `etdei`s `j prfhkrfd sflu` hu`str`kead kj sfluf`et` s`iueakrfd. @j s`iueakrfd r`spdea` ide uek trkhk a` aktds sf tf`e` aktds qu` `evfkr, `etdei`s `j prfhkrfd j`` jk trkhk, a`vdjvf`ead uek trkhk KIG.
_ksd a` t`stfld Jks `stkifde`s `e jk r`a s` drlkefzke `e ue kefjjd jùlfid. @s a`ifr, pkrk ikak `stkifùe, cky ue sui`sdr y ue pr`a`i`sdr. Y` utfjfzk ue pkqu`t` `sp`ifkj a`edhfekad t`stfld qu` ifriujk k trkvæs a`j kefjjd, pkrk pkskr a` uek `stkifùe k dtrk `j a`r`icd k utfjfzkr `j ikekj. _krk jk l`stfùe a`j t`stfld s` ck a` iuhpjfr qu`>
Jks `stkifde`s tf`e`e jfhftkad `j tf`hpd a` pds`sfùe a`j t`stfld. @j t`stfld `s hdeftdrfzkad pkrk ks`lurkr qu` ed s` ck p`rafad d ed s` ck a`strufad. Ksflekr prfdrfaka`s k jks `stkifde`s y k jds tfpds a` aktds qu` s` trkeshft`e. Jks `stkifde`s ide mknk prfdrfaka cke a` jfm`rkr `j t`stfld k jks `stkifde`s ide hkydr prfdrfaka.
Kefjjd jùlfid> @e uek r`a ide pksd a` t`stfld, jks `stkifde`s ed tf`e`e qu` `stkr bèsfikh`et` ide`itkaks `e ue kefjjd. @j kefjjd pu`a` s`r jùlfid.
Kefjjd bèsfid> d
d d
Iukead uek `stkifùe `evèk `j t`stfld k su sui`sdr, `j t`stfld ed pu`a` s`r vfstd pdr jks dtrks `stkifde`s. @std sflefbfik qu` `j t`stfld ed tf`e` jk afr`iifùe a`j sfluf`et` sui`sdr. Yf ued a` jds `ejki`s bkjjk, `j sfst`hk idhpj`td bkjjk.
Bfl. ;93
;==
Kefjjd aukj> d
d
d
Y` utfjfzk ue s`luead kefjjd kuxfjfkr qu` dp`rk `e s`etfad fev`rsd idhpkrkad ide `j kefjjd prfeifpkj. @j s`luead kefjjd s` utfjfzk `e iksds a` bkjjd `e kjlþe `ejki`, idhmfekead jds ads kefjjds pkrk bdrhkr ued t`hpdrkj. @e `stk tdpdjdlèk ikak `stkifùe e`i`sftk ads pu`rtds pkrk trkeshftfr y ads pu`rtds pkrk r`ifmfr.
Bfl. ;96
Kefjjd `e mus (tdg`e mus)> d d
Jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke k ue þefid ikmj` a`edhfekad mus. Y` bdrhk ue kefjjd jùlfid a`mfad k qu` ikak `stkifùe idedi` jk afr`iifùe a` su sui`sdr y a` su pr`a`i`sdr (pkrk l`stfùe a`j t`stfld).
Bfl. ;1?
Kefjjd `e `str`jjk>
Bfl. ;1;
;=9
d d
d d d
Jk tdpdjdlèk bèsfik `s uek `str`jjk. Cky ue idei`etrkadr qu` kitþk idhd ide`itdr, sf`ead `j ikmj`kad a`etrd a`j idei`etrkadr quf`e idestruy` `j kefjjd. Jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke kj idei`etrkadr utfjfzkead ads ikmj`s. Yf ue `ejki` bkjjk, `j r`std a` `stkifde`s pu`a`e s`lufr dp`rkead. @s bëifj kûkafr d quftkr `stkifde`s.
;;.9 Ikekjfzkifùe @s ue hætdad a` kii`sd hþjtfpj` `e `j qu` `j keicd a` mkeak afspdefmj` a`j `ejki` s` idhpkrt` `etr` jks afb`r`et`s `stkifde`s `e `j tf`hpd, `e br`iu`eifk d k trkvæs a` iùaflds. Kii`sd hþjtfpj` pdr afvfsfùe a` jk br`iu`eifk (BAHK)
@j keicd a` mkeak afspdefmj` s` afvfa` `e mkeaks a` br`iu`eifk. Ikak `stkifùe tf`e` ksflekak uek mkeak pkrk `evfkr sus aktds. Ikak `stkifùe tf`e` ue bfjtrd pkskmkeak pkrk idebfekr jks br`iu`eifks qu` trkeshft`. _krk `vftkr fet`rb`r`eifks jks mkeaks s` s`pkrke ueks a` dtrks pdr p`qu`ûks mkeaks a` lukrak.
Bfl. ;1=
Kii`sd hþjtfpj` pdr afvfsfùe a` tf`hpd (QAHK)
Jks `stkifde`s idhpkrt`e `j keicd a` mkeak a`j ikekj. Ikak `stkifùe tf`e` ksflekak uek rkeurk a` tf`hpd aurket` jk iukj pu`a` `evfkr aktds. Ikak `stkifùe e`i`sftk idedi`r `j idhf`ezd y jk pdsfifùe a` su rkeurk. _krk idhp`eskr jds r`tkrads a` prdpklkifùe prdauifads pdr `stkifde`s sftukaks k lrkea`s afstkeifks, s` fes`rtk ue tf`hpd a` lukrak. Jk sfeirdefzkifùe s` idesflu` h`afket` kjlueds mfts a` sfeirdefzkifùe (mfts a` pr`ëhmujd) qu` s` sftþke kj idhf`ezd a` ikak rkeurk.
Bfl. ;19
;=1
Kii`sd hþjtfpj` pdr afvfsfùe a` iùafld (IAHK) Afbf`r` a` BAHK a`mfad k qu` sdjd ue ikekj diupk `j keicd a` mkeak `et`rd a`j `ejki`. Afbf`r` a` QAHK a`mfad k qu` tdaks jks `stkifde`s pu`a`e `evfkr aktds sfhujtëe`kh`et`, ed `xfst` tf`hpd idhpkrtfad.
Bfl. ;11
Kekjdlèk> Yflefbfik idhuefikifùe ide afb`r`et`s iùaflds. Fa`k> Ksuhf`ead qu`> d Jds aktds a` jk `stkifùe x sde ax y jds aktds a` jk `stkifùe x+; sde a x+; y ksè sui`sfvkh`et`. d @j iùafld ksflekad k jk `stkifùe x `s ix y `j iùafld ksflekad k jk `stkifùe x+; `s ix+; y ksè sui`sfvkh`et`. d Yf s` hujtfpjfik (ue tfpd `sp`ifkj a` hujtfpjfikifùe) ue iùafld pdr dtrd, s` dmtf`e` ?. d Yf s` hujtfpjfik ue iùafld pdr sè hfshd s` dmtf`e` `j eþh`rd a` `stkifde`s. Ikak `stkifùe hujtfpjfik sus aktds pdr su iùafld (a f.if). Jds aktds qu` vke pdr `j ikekj sde jk suhk a` tdads `stds tærhfeds. A` hke`rk qu` iukjquf`r `stkifùe qu` quf`rk r`ifmfr aktds a` kjluek `stkifùe, hujtfpjfik jds aktds a`j ikekj pdr `j iùafld a` jk `stkifùe `hfsdrk. Icfps> Ikak `stkifùe tf`e` ksflekad ue iùafld, qu` `s uek s`iu`eifk a` eþh`rds a`edhfekads icfps. Jds icfps s` `jfl`e iufakadskh`et` y ed kj`ktdrfkh`et` y s` a`edhfeke s`iu`eifks drtdldekj`s (Bfl. ;10).
Bfl. ;10
_rdpf`aka`s> Ikak icfps `stë bdrhkak pdr E (eþh`rd a` `stkifde`s) `j`h`etds.
Hujtfpjfikifùe a` uek s`iu`eifk pdr ue `sikjkr> Yf s` hujtfpjfik ue icfps pdr ue `sikjkr, ikak `j`h`etd a` icfp `s hujtfpjfikad pdr `s` `sikjkr. @n.> = ¼W+; +; -; -;X 8 W+= += -= -=X. ;=0
_rdauitd fet`red> Yf s` hujtfpjfike ads icfps flukj`s, `j`h`etd k `j`h`etd y s` suhk `j r`sujtkad, s` dmtf`e` E. @n.> W+; +; -; -;X ¼W+; +; -; -;X 8 +; +; +; +; 8 1. Yf s` hujtfpjfike ads icfps afb`r`et`s, `j`h`etd k `j`h`etd y s` suhk `j r`sujtkad, s` dmtf`e` ?. @n.> W+; +; -; -;X ¼W+; +; +; +;X 8 +; +; -; -; 8 ?. Yuhkr ads icfps sflefbfik suhkr jds `j`h`etds idrr`spdeaf`et`s y dmt`e`r uek eu`vk s`iu`eifk. @n.> W+; +; -; -;X + W+; +; -; -;X 8 W+= += +? +?X. ]`pr`s`etkifùe a` jds aktds> Jk idafbfikifùe pkrk `evfkr ue mft `s>
Mft ; s` idafbfik idhd ;. Mft ? s` idafbfik idhd -;. Yfj`eifd s` idafbfik idhd ?. Efv`j a` s`ûkj
Bfl. ;12
L`e`rkifùe a` jk s`iu`eifk> _krk l`e`rkr jks s`iu`eifks a` icfps, s` utfjfzk uek tkmjk a` \kjsc, qu` `s uek tkmjk a` ads afh`esfde`s ide flukj eþh`rd a` bfjks y idjuheks. @j eþh`rd a` bfjks sf`hpr` ck a` s`r pdt`eifk a` =, kuequ` e`i`sft`hds h`eds eþh`rd a` icfps. Y` pkrt` a` ads r`ljks mësfiks>
\;E 8 W+;X ù \; 8 W-;X
\=E
\;E \;E \;E \;E ;=2
K pkrtfr a` `stks ads r`ljks s` pu`a` l`e`rkr pkr =E icfps> \1E
\=E
\=E
\=E
\=E
;=<
Q`hk ;=> JKE ikmj`kaks> @tc`re`t @j h`rikad a` JKE ck vfstd vkrfks t`iedjdlèks tkj`s idhd @tc`re`t, Qdg`e ]fel, Qdg`e Mus, BAAF y JKE KQH. _`rd @tc`re`t `s jk t`iedjdlèk adhfeket`.
;=.; @stëeakr`s a`j F@@@ @e ;630, jk Idhput`r Ydif`ty a`j F@@@ idh`ezù ue prdy`itd, a`edhfekad _rdy`itd 3?=, pkrk ir`kr `stëeakr`s qu` p`rhftf`rke jk fet`ridhuefikifùe `etr` `qufpds a` afstfetds bkmrfiket`s. @st` prdy`itd musik jk hke`rk a` `sp`ifbfikr bueifde`s a` efv`j bèsfid y a` efv`j a` `ejki` a` jds afstfetds prdtdidjds JKE. @j F@@@ k sumafvfafad `j efv`j a` `ejki` `e ads sumefv`j`s>
Idetrdj a` `ejki` jùlfid (JJI, Jdlfikj Jfeg Idetrdj). Idetrdj a` kii`sd kj h`afd (HKI, H`afk Kii`s Idetrdj).
Bfl. ;1<
Efv`j a` `ejki` JJI, sumefv`j L`stfdek `j idetrdj a` bjund, `j idetrdj a` `rrdr y pkrt` a` jks tkr`ks a` trkhkad. _rdpdrifdek ue þefid prdtdidjd a` idetrdj a` `ejki` a` aktds pkrk tdaks jks JKE F@@@. Qrkhkad>
Bfl. ;13
;=3
Y` a`bfe` uek uefaka a` aktds a` prdtdidjd (_AP, _rdtdidj Aktk Peft). Ikhpds `e jk ikm`i`rk a` jk _AP JJI (Bfl. ;13)>
AYK_ (A`stfektfde Y`rvfi` Kii`ss _dfet)> @j _uetd a` kii`sd k s`rvfifd a`stfed, a`bfe` `j prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr qu` uskrë JJI `e `j a`stfed. YYK_ (Yduri` Y`rvfi` Kii`ss _dfet)> @j _uetd a` kii`sd k s`rvfifd drfl`e, a`bfe` `j prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr qu` uskrë JJI `e `j drfl`e. Idetrdj> uskad pkrk `j idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr. E`i`sfaka a`j JJI @j dmn`tfvd a`j JJI `s prdpdrifdekr idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr pkrk jds prdtdidjds a` hës kjtd efv`j qu` r`kjh`et` a`hkea`e `stds s`rvfifds. HKI, sumefv`j A`bfe` jds hætdads a` kii`sd `sp`ièbfids pkrk ikak JKE.
IYH/IA pkrk JKE @tc`re`t. _ksd a` t`stfld pkrk JKE Qdg`e ]fel y Qdg`e Mus. L`stfdek pkrt` a` jk bueifùe a` trkhkad. Efv`j bèsfid @s a`p`eaf`et` a` jk fhpj`h`etkifùe y `j tfpd a` h`afd bèsfid uskad. @j F@@@ a`bfe` `sp`ifbfikifde`s pkrk ikak fhpj`h`etkifùe JKE.
;=.= @stëeakr @tc`re`t Drflfekjh`et` ir`kak `e ;6<2 `e S`rdx _K]I (_kjd Kjtd ]`s`kric I`et`r). A`sa` `etdei`s ck pkskad pdr iuktrd l`e`rkifde`s>
@tc`re`t @stëeakr> ;? Hmps. Bkst @tc`re`t> ;?? Hmps. @tc`re`t Lflkmft> ; Lmps. @tc`re`t ;? Lflkmft> ;? Lmps.
Yumefv`j HKI @e @tc`re`t `stëeakr, `j sumefv`j HKI idetrdjk jk dp`rkifùe a` jds hætdads a` kii`sd. Cki` trkhks ide jds aktds r`ifmfads a`j efv`j sup`rfdr y jks pksk k efv`j bèsfid.
;=6
Bfl. ;16
Bdrhktd a` jk trkhk Idetf`e` sf`t` ikhpds ( Bfl. ;16).
_r`ëhmujd> Jdelftua a` sf`t` myt`s (02 mfts) a` ; y ? kjt`reds pkrk jk sfeirdefzkifùe ide `j r`i`ptdr. @j pktrùe prdpdrifdek uek kj`rtk y ue pujsd a` sfeirdefzkifùe. @j pr`ëhmujd s` kûka` `e `j efv`j bfsid y ed `s pkrt` a` jk trkhk 3?=.9. A`jfhftkadr a` idhf`ezd a` trkhk (YBA)> Jdelftua a` ue myt` (;?;?;?;;) feafik `j idhf`ezd a` trkhk, kvfskead kj r`i`ptdr a` jk þjtfhk dpdrtuefaka a` sfeirdefzkifùe. Jds þjtfhds ads mfts sde ;; pkrk kj`rtkr kj r`i`ptdr a` qu` `j sfluf`et` ikhpd `s jk afr`iifùe a`stfed. Afr`iifùe a`stfed (AK)> Jdelftua a` s`fs myt`s qu` idetf`e` jk afr`iifùe bèsfik a`j r`i`ptdr. Afr`iifùe drfl`e (YK)> Jdelftua a` s`fs myt`s qu` idetf`e` jk afr`iifùe bèsfik a`j `hfsdr. Jdelftua d tfpd> Idhd tfpd a`bfe` `j prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr uskead jk trkhk HKI. @e jk F@@@ 3?=.9 `s `j ikhpd jdelftua a` trkhk HKI sfe feijufr _r`ëhmujd y YBA. Aktds> Idetf`e` jds aktds `eikpsujkads pdr jds prdtdidjds a` efv`j sup`rfdr. Jk jdelftua hèefhk `s a` 12 myt`s y hëxfhk a` ;0?? myt`s. I]I> Idetf`e` febdrhkifùe a` a`t`iifùe `rrdr (I]I-9=). Jk @tc`re`t ed prdpdrifdek efelþe h`ikefshd a` idebfrhkifùe a` trkhks. Jdelftua a` jk trkhk Hèefhk> 21 myt`s, e`i`skrfk pkrk jk idrr`itk dp`rkifùe a` IYHK/IA. ;3 myt`s a` Ikm`i`rk y idjk hës 12 myt`s a` aktds a`j efv`j sup`rfdr. Yf `j tkhkûd a` aktds a`j efv`j sup`rfdr bu`s` h`edr a` 12 myt`s s` kûka` r`jj`ed ckstk idhpj`tkrjds. Hëxfhk> ;0;3 myt`s sfe feijufr _r`ëhmujd y YBA. Pek a` jks r`strfiifde`s a` jdelftua hëxfhk `s pkrk `vftkr qu` uek `stkifùe hdedpdjfi` `j h`afd idhpkrtfad. ;9?
Afr`iifdekhf`etd Ikak `stkifùe a` uek r`a @tc`re`t tf`e` su prdpfk tkrn`tk a` fet`rbkz a` r`a (EFI, E`twdrg Fet`rbki` Ikra). Jk EFI prdpdrifdek uek afr`iifùe bèsfik a` s`fs myt`s, `sirftds `e edtkifùe c`xka`ifhkj, s`pkrkead ikak myt` pdr ads puetds. Afr`iifde`s
Pefikst> d A`bfe` þefikh`et` uek `stkifùe. d Pek afr`iifùe drfl`e `s sf`hpr` uefikst. d Pek afr`iifùe a`stfed uefikst a`bfe` þefikh`et` ue r`i`ptdr. d ]`jkifùe `hfsdr/r`i`ptdr `s ued k ued. Hujtfikst> d Pek afr`iifùe a`stfed hujtfikst a`bfe` ue lrupd a` afr`iifde`s. d ]`jkifùe `hfsdr/r`i`ptdr `s ued k huicds. Mrdkaikst> Pek afr`iifùe a`stfed mrdkaikst a`bfe` k tdads jds r`i`ptdr`s a` jk JKE. d @j mft h`eds sflefbfiktfvd a`j prfh`r myt` a`bfe` `j tfpd a` afr`iifùe> d Yf `s ?, jk afr`iifùe `s uefikst. d Yf `s afstfetd a` i`rd jk afr`iifùe `s hujtfikst. Yf tdads jds myt`s a` jk HKI sde ?xBB jk afr`iifùe `s mrdkaikst. @j `evfù a` jks afr`iifde`s pdr jk jèe`k s` cki` myt` k myt`, a` fzquf`rak k a`r`ick y pkrk ikak myt` s` `evèk prfh`rd `j JYM y `j HYM s` `evèk `j þjtfhd.
@n.> KK>MM>II>AA>@@>26
00>AA>99>MM><<>26
Hætdad a` kii`sd> IYHK/IA Jk @tc`re`t `stëeakr usk IYHK/IA p`rsfst`et`.
Qf`hpd a` rdaknk d Qf`hpd a` vu`jtk + tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk `evfkr s`iu`eifk a` ktksid (nkh). d @st` tf`hpd s` hfa` `e mfts y `s `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk qu` uek `stkifùe `evè` 21 myt`s (0;= mfts). Qf`hpd a` rdaknk y idjfsfùe> (væks` ikp. ;?). Qf`hpd a` rdaknk y jdelftua hëxfhk a` jk r`a (adhfefd a` jk idjfsfùe)> Jht 8 Rph ( Qr / = ) 8 0;=? h ¼
Adea`> Jht 8 Jdelftua hëxfhk t`ùrfik. Rph 8 R`jdifaka a` prdpklkifùe a`j h`afd (=.;?3 h/s). ;9;
Qr 8 Qf`hpd a` rdaknk (0;,= s) Idesfa`rkead jds tf`hpds a` r`trksd `e r`p`tfadr`s ` fet`rbki`s y `j tf`hpd e`i`skrfd pkrk `evfkr jk s`ûkj a` ktksid, jk jdelftua hëxfhk `s a` =0?? h.
Efv`j bèsfid Idafbfikifùe y a`idafbfikifùe Y`ûkjfzkifùe aflftkj (mkeak Mks`) k ;? Hmps. Idafbfikifùe y a`idafbfikifùe uskead `j `squ`hk Hkeic`st`r.
;?Mks`0 (@tc`re`t lru`sk d Qcfige`t) d
d d
d d
;? pdr ;? Hmps, Mks` pdr mkeak Mks` aflftkj y 0 pdr 0?? h. a` jdelftua hëxfhk a` ikmj`. Y` a`edhfek @tc`re`t lru`sk pdr `j lrke lrdsdr y jk kjtk rflfa`z a`j ikmj`. Psk uek tdpdjdlèk a` mus ide trkesi`fv`r `xt`red (trkeshfsdr/r`i`ptdr) ide`itkad k trkvæs a` uek sdeak k ue ikmj` idkxfkj lru`sd. @j trkesi`fv`r l`stfdek jk trkeshfsfùe, r`i`pifùe y a`t`iifùe a` idjfsfde`s. @j trkesi`fv`r s` ide`itk k jk `stkifùe pdr ue ikmj` qu` prdpdrifdek ikhfeds s`pkrkads pkrk `evfkr y r`ifmfr.
Bfl. ;0?
;?Mks`= (@tc`re`t bfek d Ic`kp`re`t) d
d d
d
d
;? pdr ;? Hmps, Mks` pdr mkeak Mks` aflftkj y = pdr =?? h. a` jdelftua hëxfhk a` ikmj`. Psk tdpdjdlèk a` mus. @j ikmj` idkxfkj `s huicd hës bfed, puaf`ead pkskr huy i`rik a` jks `stkifde`s. @J trkesi`fv`r bdrhk pkrt` a` jk EFI, qu` s` `eiu`etrk festkjkak a`etrd a` jk `stkifùe. @stk festkjkifùe `s hës s`eifjjk y h`eds idstdsk qu` ;?Mks`0, sfe `hmkrld `j tkhkûd hëxfhd a`j ikmj` ed a`m` sup`rkr jds ;30 h. a`mfad kj kjtd efv`j a` kt`eukifùe a` jk s`ûkj `e `j ikmj` idkxfkj bfed.
;9=
Bfl. ;0;
;?Mks`-Q (@tc`re`t a` pkr tr`ezkad) d d
d d
Psk uek tdpdjdlèk a` `str`jjk. Jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke k trkvæs a` ue idei`etrkadr vèk ads pkr`s a` ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad, ir`kead ads ikhfeds (ued pkrk `evfkr y dtrd pkrk r`ifmfr) `etr` jk `stkifùe y `j idei`etrkadr. Jks idjfsfde`s s` r`su`jv`e `e `j idei`etrkadr. _krk hfefhfzkr `j `b`itd a` jk kt`eukifùe `e `j ikmj` a` pkr tr`ezkad, `st` ed ck a` sup`rkr jds ;?? h.
Bfl. ;0=
;?Mks`-B (@tc`re`t a` bfmrk) d d
Psk uek tdpdjdlèk a` `str`jjk. Jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke k ue idei`etrkadr uskead ads ikmj`s a` bfmrk ùptfik.
;99
Bfl. ;09
;=.9 Ikhmfds `e `j `stëeakr @tc`re`t ide pu`et`s (mrfal`s) Jds pu`et`s tf`e`e ads `b`itds sdmr` jk JKE @tc`re`t, kuh`etk `j keicd a` mkeak y s`pkrk jds adhfefds a` idjfsfùe.
Bfl. ;01
Feir`h`etd a`j keicd a` mkeak d
d d
d
@s `vfa`et` qu` `e uek JKE @tc`re`t sfe pu`et`s jk ikpkifaka d keicd a` mkeak s` afvfa` pdr `j eþh`rd a` `stkifde`s, a`mfad k qu` `e ue p`rfdad a` tf`hpd sdjd uek `stkifùe `stkrë uskead `j ikekj y `j r`std a`m`rë `sp`rkr. _krk sdjv`etkr `st` prdmj`hk s` uske pu`et`s Pe pu`et` d mrfal` `s ue afspdsftfvd a` fet`ride`xfùe a` r`a`s a` dra`ekadr`s qu` dp`rk `e jk ikpk a` efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds. @st` fet`ride`itk ads s`lh`etds a` r`a (d afvfa` uek r`a `e s`lh`etds) ckif`ead `j pkskn` a` aktds a` uek r`a ckifk dtrk, ide mks` `e jk afr`iifùe bèsfik a` a`stfed a` ikak pkqu`t`. ;91
d
d
Pe mrfal` ide`itk ads s`lh`etds a` r`a idhd uek sdjk r`a uskead `j hfshd prdtdidjd a` `stkmj`ifhf`etd a` r`a. @e jd qu` r`sp`itk kj keicd a` mkeak, ikak r`a `s fea`p`eaf`et` y ide jk tdtkjfaka a`j keicd a` mkeak pkrk ikak s`lh`etd.
Y`pkrkifùe a` adhfefds a` idjfsfùe> d
Kj afvfafr ue ikekj `e s`lh`etds d sumr`a`s, tkhmfæe s` afvfa` `j adhfefd a` idjfsfùe.
@tc`re`t idehutkak
Jk fa`k a` uek JKE ide pu`et`s s` pu`a` `xt`ea`r k uek JKE idehutkak. Pe idehutkadr a` efv`j = `s ue pu`et` ide E pu`rtds (E 58 Eþh`rd a` `stkifde`s) ide uek sdbfstfikifùe kafifdekj qu` p`rhft` jk l`stfùe hës rëpfak a` pkqu`t`s. @j keicd a` mkeak sùjd `s idhpkrtfad `etr` jk `stkifùe y `j idehutkadr. @j adhfefd a` idjfsfùe s` afvfa` `e E adhfefds. @tc`re`t idehutkak bujj-aupj`x Feir`h`etk jk ikpkifaka a` ikak adhfefd a`sa` ;? Hmps k =? Hmps. @stk idebflurkifùe usk ads ikekj`s pdr `stkifùe/pu`rtd, ued pkrk trkeshftfr y dtrd pkrk r`ifmfr.
Yfe e`i`sfaka a` IYHK/IA> @e uek @tc`re`t idehutkak bujj-aupj`x kj `stkr jds `ejki`s a`afikads `etr` jk `stkifùe y `j idehutkadr ed cky e`i`sfaka a` a`t`itkr> d Jk pdrtkadrk. d Jk idjfsfùe. Efv`j a` idetrdj HKI> _krk prdpdrifdekr idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr `e jk @tc`re`t idehutkak bujj-aupj`x, s` kûka` ue eu`vd sumefv`j, a`edhfekad idetrdj HKI, `etr` `j sumefv`j JJI y `j sumefv`j HKI. ;=.1 Bkst @tc`re`t Y` afs`ûd pkrk idhp`tfr ide prdtdidjds JKE idhd BAAF d Bfm`r Ickee`j. @j F@@@ ir`ù jk Bkst @tc`re`t mknd a`edhfekifùe 3?=.9u. Jds dmn`tfvds s` r`suh`e idhd> Kuh`etkr jk v`jdifaka a` aktds k ;? Hmps. Idhpktfmfjfaka ide jk @tc`re`t `stëeakr. Hket`e`r jks hfshks afr`iifde`s a` 13 mfts. Hket`e`r `j hfshd bdrhktd a` trkhk. Hket`e`r jks hfshks jdelftua`s hèefhk y hëxfhk pkrk jk trkhk. Yumefv`j HKI
Y` hketf`e` fetkitd `j sumefv`j HKI. Y` kmkeadek jk tdpdjdlèk a` mus, hket`ef`ead jk tdpdjdlèk a` `str`jjk.
;90
@e jk tdpdjdlèk a` `str`jjk s`hfaupj`x, jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke k trkvæs a` ue idehutkadr y `j hætdad a` kii`sd sflu` sf`ead IYAH/IA. @e jk tdpdjdlèk a` `str`jjk aþpj`x, jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke k trkvæs a` ue idehutkadr ide mubb`rs `e ikak pu`rtd. Kutde`ldifkifùe> d Ikrkit`rèstfik eu`vk qu` p`rhft` k ads afspdsftfvds e`ldifkr `j hdad a` v`jdifaka a` aktds a` jk dp`rkifùe. d Jds dmn`tfvds sde p`rhftfr> K afspdsftfvds feidhpktfmj`s ide`itkrs` `etr` sè. K ue afspdsftfvd t`e`r hþjtfpj`s ikpkifaka`s. K uek `stkifùe idhprdmkr jks ikpkifaka`s a`j idei`etrkadr.
Efv`j bèsfid @s hës idhpjfikad qu` jk @tc`re`t `stëeakr. Qdpdjdlèk> Yf sùjd cky ads `stkifde`s, s` pu`a`e ide`itkr puetd k puetd. @e iksd idetrkrfd, s` ide`itke `e `str`jjk h`afket` ue idehutkadr. Fhpj`h`etkifùe> Ræks` tkmjk r`suh`e kj bfekj a`j ikpètujd. Idafbfikifùe> Ræks` tkmjk r`suh`e kj bfekj a`j ikpètujd.
;=.0 @tc`re`t Lflkmft @j idhftæ F@@@ jd a`edhfek 3?=.9z. Jds dmn`tfvds s` r`suh`e idhd> Kuh`etkr jk v`jdifaka a` aktds k ; Lmps. Idhpktfmfjfaka ide jk @tc`re`t `stëeakr y Bkst @tc`re`t. Hket`e`r jks hfshks afr`iifde`s a` 13 mfts. Hket`e`r `j hfshd bdrhktd a` trkhk. Hket`e`r jks hfshks jdelftua`s hèefhk y hëxfhk pkrk jk trkhk. _rdpdrifdekr kutde`ldifkifùe idhd jk a`bfefak `e Bkst @tc`re`t. Yumefv`j HKI Y` hdafbfik `j sumefv`j HKI kii`af`ead kj h`afd `e hdad aþpj`x d s`hfaupj`x.
Aupj`x> d
d
Cky ue idehutkadr i`etrkj ide`itkad k tdaks jks idhputkadrks u dtrds idehutkadr`s. Ed `xfst` idjfsfùe, pdr jd tketd jk jdelftua a`j ikmj` qu`ak a`t`rhfekak pdr jk kt`eukifùe a` jk s`ûkj `e ikmj`.
Y`hfaupj`x> d d
Pskad pdr idhpktfmfjfaka ide jks l`e`rkifde`s ket`rfdr`s. Psk ue idei`etrkadr, qu` kitþk idhd `j ikmj` idhþe `e `j qu` pdarèk diurrfr uek idjfsfùe. ;92
d
Y` a`bfe`e tr`s hætdads>
Qrkafifdekj> Hketf`e` jk jdelftua hèefhk a` trkhk k 0;= mfts. A`mfad k qu` jk jdelftua a` ue mft `s kcdrk ;/;?? v`i`s hës idrtk, `j tf`hpd a` rdaknk `s 0;= .;/;?? s. @st` tf`hpd a` rdaknk sflefbfik qu` jk idjfsfùe s` a`t`itk ;?? v`i`s ket`s. Jk jdelftua hëxfhk a` jk r`a `s a` =0 h`trds. @xt`esfùe a` pdrtkadrk> _krk p`rhftfr uek r`a hkydr, s` feir`h`etk jk jdelftua hèefhk a` trkhk k 0;= myt`s (1?62 mfts). @st` hætdad bu`rzk k ikak `stkifùe k r`jj`ekr iukjquf`r trkhk h`edr a` 0;= myt`s. A` `stk bdrhk jk jdelftua hëxfhk a` jk r`a `s a` =?? h`trds, p`rhftf`ead uek jdelftua a` ;?? h`trds a`sa` `j idei`etrkadr k jk `stkifùe. ]ëbklks a` trkhks> H`ndrk jk `bfif`eifk a`j hætdad ket`rfdr sf cky s`rf`s a` trkhks idrtks k `evfkr. @e `st` iksd s` jk `stkifùe `evèk hþjtfpj`s trkhks, kûkaf`ead r`jj`ed `etr` `jjks ckstk ides`lufr jds 0;= myt`s. A` `stk hke`rk s` `elkûk kj r`std a` `stkifde`s pkrk qu` pf`es`e qu` s` ck trkeshftfad uek trkhk huy jkrlk.
Efv`j bèsfid
Bfl. ;00
Qdpdjdlèk> d Yf sùjd cky ads `stkifde`s, s` pu`a`e ide`itkr puetd k puetd. d @e iksd idetrkrfd, s` ide`itke `e `str`jjk h`afket` ue idehutkadr d ue idei`etrkadr `e `j i`etrd. ;9<
d
Dtrk idebflurkifùe pdsfmj` `s ide`itkr uek n`rkrquèk a` `str`jjks.
Fhpj`h`etkifùe> Ræks` tkmjk r`suh`e kj bfekj a`j ikpètujd. Idafbfikifùe> Ræks` tkmjk r`suh`e kj bfekj a`j ikpètujd. @tc`re`t ;? lflkmfts @j idhftæ F@@@ jd a`edhfek 3?=.9k`. Jds dmn`tfvds s` r`suh`e idhd>
Kuh`etkr jk v`jdifaka a` aktds k ;? Lmps. Idhpktfmfjfaka ide jk @tc`re`t `stëeakr, Bkst @tc`re`t y @tc`re`t Lflkmft. Hket`e`r jks hfshks afr`iifde`s a` 13 mfts. Hket`e`r `j hfshd bdrhktd a` trkhk. Hket`e`r jks hfshks jdelftua`s hèefhk y hëxfhk pkrk jk trkhk. _`rhftfr jk fet`ride`xfùe a` jk JKE ide r`a`s HKE d \KE. Cki`rjk idhpktfmj` ide t`iedjdlèks idhd Brkh` ]`jky y KQH.
Yumefv`j HKI
Dp`rk sdjd `e hdad aþpj`x. Efv`j bèsfid
Afs`ûkak pkrk uskr ikmj` a` bfmrk ùptfik a` jkrlks afstkeifks. @xfst`e tr`s fhpj`h`etkifde`s hës idhue`s> d ;?LMks`-Y. d ;?LMks`-J. d ;?LMks`-@. Qkmjk r`suh`e a` idafbfikifùe/fhpj`h`etkifùe a` @tc`re`ts vfstks `e `j ikpètujd> H`afd @tc`re`t @stëeakr Bkst @tc`re`t @tc`re`t Lflkmft @tc`re`t a` ;? Lflkmft
;?Mks`0 ;?Mks`= ;?Mks`-Q ;?Mks`-B ;??Mks`-QS ;??Mks`-BS ;??Mks`-Q1 ;???Mks`-YS ;???Mks`-JS ;???Mks`-IS ;???Mks`-Q ;?LMks`-Y ;?LMks`-J ;?LMks`-@
Ikmj` lru`sd idkxfkj Ikmj` idkxfkj bfed = PQ_ = bfmrks 0 PQ_ ù YQ_ Bfmrk 1 PQ_ Bfmrk deak idrtk Bfmrk deak jkrlk YQ_ 0 PQ_ Deak idrtk 30? eh hujtfhdad Deak jkrlk ;.9;? eh uefhdad @xt`eafak ;.00? eh uefhdad
;93
Ikrkit`rèstfiks E¾ a` Jdelftua ikmj`s hëxfhk 0?? h. ;30 h. ;?? h. =.??? h. = ;?? h. = ;?? h. 1 ;?? h. = 00? h. = 0.??? h. = =0 h. 1 ;?? h. 9?? h. ;? Gh. 1? Gh.
Idafbfikifùe mjdqu`
1M/0M 1M/0M 3M/;?M 3M/;?M 3M/;?M
Idafbfikifùe `e jèe`k Hkeic`st`r Hkeic`st`r Hkeic`st`r Hkeic`st`r HJQ-9 E]^-F 3M/2Q E]^ E]^ E]^ 1A-_KH0
Q`hk ;9> Ide`xfùe a` JKE, r`a`s trdeikj`s y JKE vfrtukj`s Jks JKE ed dp`rke edrhkjh`et` kfsjkaks, sfed qu` `stëe ide`itkaks `etr` sè d k Fet`re`t. _krk ide`itkr JKE, d s`lh`etd a` JKE, s` uske afspdsftfvds a` ide`xfùe qu` pu`ake trkmknkr `e afstfetds efv`j`s a`j hda`jd Fet`re`t.
;9.; Afspdsftfvds a` ide`xfùe Y` afvfa`e `e ifeid ikt`ldrèks afstfetks `e mks` kj efv`j `e qu` dp`rke `e jk r`a.
Bfl. ;02
Idei`etrkadr`s (Cum) pksfvds
Afspdsftfvd a`afikad k jk fet`ride`xfùe y qu` p`rhft` i`etrkjfzkr `j ikmj`kad a` uek r`a. Aficd afspdsftfvd r`ifm` uek s`ûkj y jk r`pft`, `hftfæeadjk pdr sus afb`r`et`s pu`rtds. Yu jdikjfzkifùe `e `j hda`jd a` Fet`re`t `stë pdr a`mknd a`j efv`j bèsfid. ]`p`tfadr`s (]`p`kt`r)
Bfl. ;0<
;96
Afspdsftfvd qu` dp`rk sdjd `e `j efv`j bèsfid. @j r`p`tfadr r`ifm` s`ûkj`s a` ue s`lh`etd JKE drfl`e ket`s a` qu` jk kt`eukifùe pdelk `e p`jflrd jk fet`lrfaka a` jds aktds. ]`l`e`rk `j pktrùe a` mfts drflfekj y `evèk jk s`ûkj r`l`e`rkak kj s`lh`etd JKE a`stfed. Cky qu` a`stkikr qu` ue r`p`tfadr ed ide`itk ads JKE ide prdtdidjds afstfetds sfed qu` ide`itk s`lh`etds a` uek JKE. Idei`etrkadr`s (Cum) kitfvds>
Afspdsftfvd qu` dp`rk sdjd `e `j efv`j bèsfid. @s r`kjh`et` ue r`p`tfadr hujtfpu`rtd. Edrhkjh`et` uskad pkrk ir`kr ide`xfde`s `etr` `stkifde`s ide tdpdjdlèk `e `str`jjk. Qkhmfæe pu`a` uskrs` pkrk ir`kr hþjtfpj`s efv`j`s n`rërqufids, `jfhfekead jk jfhftkifùe a` jdelftua, `e kjlueds `stëeakr`s @tc`re`t idhd ;?Mks`-Q (;?? h`trds).
Bfl. ;03
_u`et`s (Mrfal`) Afspdsftfvd qu` dp`rk tketd `e `j efv`j bèsfid idhd a` `ejki`. K efv`j bèsfid, r`l`e`rk jk s`ûkj qu` r`ifm`. K efv`j a` `ejki`, fet`ride`itk s`lh`etds a` r`a idhprdmkead jks HKI a` drfl`e y a`stfed idet`efads `e uek trkhk. Bfjtrkad
@j pu`et` pu`a` idhprdmkr jk afr`iifùe a`stfed a` uek trkhk y a`ifafr sf jk trkhk a`m` s`r `jfhfekak d `evfkak `sp`ifbfikead `j pu`rtd. Pe pu`et` tf`e` uek tkmjk qu` s` usk pkrk jks
Bfl. ;06
;1?
a`ifsfde`s a` bfjtrkad (Bfl. ;06). Pe pu`et` ed ikhmfk jks afr`iifde`s HKI a` uek trkhk. _u`et`s trkespkr`et`s
Bfl. ;2?
_u`et` `e `j qu` jks `stkifde`s sde feidesif`et`s a` jk `xfst`eifk a`j pu`et`. Y`lþe `j `stëeakr F@@@ 3?=.;a, ue sfst`hk `qufpkad ide pu`et`s trkespkr`et`s a`m` sktfsbki`r tr`s irft`rfds> d ]``evèd> Jks trkhks a`m`e s`r r``evfkak a` uek `stkifùe k dtrk. d Kpr`eafzkn`> @j pu`et` kpr`ea` lrkaukjh`et` ide jds hdvfhf`etds a` jks trkhks, ir`kead uek tkmjk afeëhfik (Bfl. ;2?) qu` r`jkifdek afr`iifde`s y pu`rtds. @j pu`et` fesp`iifdek jks afr`iifde`s a`> Drfl`e> _krk kûkafr `etrkaks k jk tkmjk (kitukjfzkifùe). A`stfed> _krk jk a`ifsfùe a` `eikhfekhf`etd (mþsqu`ak `e jk tkmjk). d Muij`s>
Bfl. ;2;
;1;
Jk `xfst`eifk a` pu`et`s r`aueaket`s, sde e`i`skrfds `e huicds iksds pkrk lkrketfzkr jk afspdefmfjfaka a` jks ide`xfde`s. @stk r`aueakeifk pu`a` ir`kr muij`s `e `j sfst`hk, prdauifæeads` hës a` uek idpfk pdr trkhk. Idesuhf`ead uek lrke iketfaka a` keicd a` mkeak, y `e huicds iksds prdauif`ead jk ikèak a` jk r`a.
@j ërmdj a` `xpkesfùe
Ydjuifdek `j prdmj`hk a` jds muij`s vfstd ket`rfdrh`et`. Y` ir`k uek tdpdjdlèk jùlfik, qu` r`iumr` k jk bèsfik, `e jk iukj ikak JKE pu`a` s`r kjikezkak a`sa` iukjquf`r dtrk JKE þefikh`et` pdr ue ikhfed. _krk ckjjkr `j ërmdj a` `xpkesfùe, `s e`i`skrfd ksflekr ue idst` (hætrfik) k ikak krid (uefùe JKE/pu`et`). Jk fet`rpr`tkifùe a`j idst` `s r`spdeskmfjfaka a`j kahfefstrkadr a`j sfst`hk. _uaf`ead s`r `j ikhfed ide> d H`edr skjtd (edads)> d Edrhkjh`et` tdhk `j vkjdr ; a`sa` ue pu`et` k jk JKE y ? `e iksd idetrkrfd. d H`edr r`trksd. d Hkydr keicd a` mkeak. @j prdi`sd pkrk ckjjkr `j ërmdj a` `xpkesfùe feijuy` tr`s pksds> d Ikak pu`et` rkafk su FA fet`red þefid, a` bdrhk qu` tdads jds pu`et`s skm`e iukj tf`e` `j FA hèefhd, sf`ead `st` `j qu` s` s`j`iifdekrë idhd pu`et` rkèz d rkèz a`j ërmdj. @j kjldrfthd trktk a` ckjjkr `j ikhfed a` idst` hèefhd a`sa` jk rkèz k iukjquf`r d dtrd pu`et` d JKE. Jk idhmfekifùe a` ikhfeds hèefhds ir`k `j ërmdj hèefhd a` `xpkesfùe. d Mksëeads` `e `j ërmdj l`e`rkad, s` hkrike jds pu`rtds a`> ]``evèd> ]``evèke uek trkhk qu` r`ifm` `j pu`et`. Mjdqu`d> Mjdqu`ke jks trkhks r`ifmfaks pdr `j pu`et`. Kjldrfthd afeëhfid> d Ikak pu`et` `stë `qufpkad ide ue pkqu`t` sdbtwkr` qu` l`stfdek `j kjldrfthd a`j ërmdj a` `xpkesfùe hèefhd afeëhfikh`et`. d Jds pu`et`s `evèke h`eskn`s `sp`ifkj`s a`edhfekads M_AP (Pefaka a` Aktds a` _rdtdidjd a` _u`et`), pkrk kitukjfzkr `j ërmdj a` `xpkesfùe. _u`et`s ide `eikhfekhf`etd `e drfl`e> d @vftk jds muij`s `e ue sfst`hk ide r`aueakeifk a` pu`et`s. d @j bfjtrkad a` trkhks, `j `eikhfekhf`etd y `j mjdqu`d sde r`kjfzkaks pdr jk `stkifùe drfl`e y `e pkrt` pdr jk `stkifùe a`stfed. d Jk `stkifùe `hfsdrk a`bfe` jds pu`et`s qu` jk trkhk a`m` vfsftkr, feijuy`ead jks afr`iifde`s a` jds pu`et`s `e jk trkhk. d @j drfl`e dmtf`e` `stks afr`iifde`s a` pu`et` k trkvæs a`j fet`rikhmfd a` trkhks `sp`ifkj`s ide `j a`stfed ket`s a` `evfkr jk trkhk a` aktds. d Kitukjh`et` sde pdid br`iu`et`s. _u`et`s qu` ide`itke JKE afstfetks> d Q`ùrfikh`et` ue pu`et` pu`a` s`r ikpkz a` ide`itkr JKE uskead afstfetds prdtdidjds a`sa` `j efv`j a` `ejki`. d Ksp`itds k idesfa`rkr> Bdrhktd a` trkhk> Ikak JKE tf`e` su prdpfd bdrhktd a` trkhk.
;1=
Qkhkûd hëxfhd a` aktds> @j pu`et` a`sikrtk iukjquf`r trkhk a`hksfkad jkrlk pkrk su sfst`hk. R`jdifaka a` aktds> @j pu`et` kjhki`ek jk trkhk pkrk idhp`eskr jk afb`r`eifk a` v`jdifaka`s. Dra`e a` mft> Ikak JKE tf`e` su prdpfk `strkt`lfk pkrk `evfkr jds mfts. Y`lurfaka> @j pu`et` k a` ifbrkr/a`sifbrkr `e iksd e`i`skrfd. Ydpdrt` hujtfh`afk>
Idehutkadr`s a` ads efv`j`s
Y` `n`iutk `e `j efv`j bèsfid y a` `ejki`. @s ue pu`et` ide huicds pu`rtds y ue afs`ûd qu` p`rhft` ue r`eafhf`etd hës rëpfad. Qdhk a`ifsfde`s a` bfjtrkad y kjhki`ek jks trkhks `e ue mubb`r hf`etrks sde prdi`skaks. Kjlueds idehutkadr`s ( iut-tcrdulct ) r``evèke jk trkhk tke prdetd idhd idhpru`mke jk HKI `e jk ikm`i`rk a` jk trkhk. @erutkadr`s
Afspdsftfvd a` tr`s efv`j`s qu` `erutk pkqu`t`s `e mks` k afr`iifde`s jùlfiks. Ide`itk edrhkjh`et` JKE y \KE `e Fet`re`t utfjfzkead uek tkmjk a` `erutkhf`etd. @stk tkmjk s` ir`k afeëhfikh`et` y s` kitukjfzke uskead prdtdidjds a` `erutkhf`etd.
Bfl. ;2=
Idehutkadr`s a` tr`s efv`j`s
@s ue `erutkadr p`rd hës rëpfad y sdbfstfikad a`mfad k jds ifriuftds a` idehutkifùe qu` p`rhft`e uek mþsqu`ak hës rëpfak `e jk tkmjk. _kskr`jk (Lkt`wky)
Idhputkadrk qu` dp`rk sdmr` jds ifeid efv`j`s a` Fet`re`t d jds sf`t` efv`j`s a`j hda`jd DYF. ;19
Y` usk idhd ue afspdsftfvd a` ide`xfùe `etr` ads r`a`s qu` uske hda`jds afstfetds. Pek pkskr`jk tdhk ue h`eskn` a` kpjfikifùe, jd j`` y jd fet`rpr`tk, puaf`ead prdpdrifdekr s`lurfaka. ;9.= ]`a`s trdeikj`s
Pek r`a trdeikj p`rhft` ide`itkr vkrfks JKE. Jks `stkifde`s sde pkrt` a` uek JKE y jk trdeikj ide`itk jks JKE. Jk trdeikj `s `e sè hfshk uek JKE idhd @tc`re`t y ikak ide`xfùe k jk trdeikj `s `e sè hfshk dtrk JKE. Krquft`iturks hës br`iu`et`s> d Qrdeikj tfpd mus> Jk tdpdjdlèk a` jk trdeikj `s ue mus. Edrhkjh`et` uskak idhd trdeikj a` afstrfmuifùe pkrk ide`itkr afstfetds `afbfifds d pjketks `e uek drlkefzkifùe.
Bfl. ;29 Qrdeikj tfpd mus d
Qrdeikj `e `str`jjk d idjkpskak d idehutkak> Jk tdpdjdlèk a` jk trdeikj `s uek `str`jjk. Jk trdeikj `s sdjd ue idehutkadr. Edrhkjh`et` uskak idhd trdeikj a` afstrfmuifùe a`etrd a` ue hfshd `afbfifd d pjketk `e uek drlkefzkifùe.
Bfl. ;21 Qrdeikj `e `str`jjk
;11
Ide`xfùe a` JKE r`hdtks> d @st` tfpd a` r`a trdeikj `s þtfj iukead jk idhpkûèk tf`e` vkrfks dbfifeks ide JKE y e`i`sftk ide`itkrjks. d Jk ide`xfùe s` pu`a` cki`r uskead pu`et`s, a`edhfekads pu`et`s r`hdtds. d Jds pu`et`s kitþke idhd afspdsftfvds a` ide`xfùe qu` ide`itke JKE y r`a`s puetd k puetd. d Jk r`a puetd k puetd s` idesfa`rk uek JKE sfe `stkifde`s.
Bfl. ;20 Ide`xfde`s a` JKE r`hdtks
;9.9 JKE vfrtukj`s Pek RJKE (Rfrtukj JKE) `s ue hætdad a` ir`kifùe a` r`a`s jùlfikh`et` fea`p`eaf`et`s a`etrd a` uek hfshk r`a bèsfik. Rkrfks RJKE pu`a`e id`xfstfr `e ue þefid idehutkadr bèsfid d `e uek þefik r`a bèsfik. Idesfst` `e uek r`a a` dra`ekadr`s qu` s` idhpdrtke idhd sf `stuvf`s`e ide`itkads kj hfshd idehutkadr, kuequ` pu`a`e `stkr `e r`kjfaka ide`itkads bèsfikh`et` k afb`r`et`s s`lh`etds a` uek r`a a` ër`k jdikj. Jds kahfefstrkadr`s a` r`a idebflurke jks RJKE h`afket` sdbtwkr` `e julkr a` ckrawkr`, jd qu` jks cki` `xtr`hkakh`et` bj`xfmj`s (Bfl. ;22). _`rt`e`eifk _krk klrupkr jks `stkifde`s `e uek RJKE, jds ir`kadr`s a` sdbtwkr` uske ikrkit`rèstfiks idhd> Eþh`rds a` pu`rtd. Afr`iifde`s HKI. Afr`iifde`s F_. Afr`iifde`s hujtfikst F_. Idhmfekifùe a` jks ket`rfdr`s. Idebflurkifùe
Hkeukj> d @j kahfefstrkadr a`j sdbtwkr` RJKE `s quf`e ksflek hkeukjh`et` jks `stkifde`s `e afstfetks RJKE, t`ij`kead jds eþh`rds a` pu`rtd, jks afr`iifde`s F_ u dtrks ikrkit`rèstfiks. ;10
Kutdhëtfik> d Jks `stkifde`s s` ide`itke d a`side`itke kutdhëtfikh`et` a` uek RJKE uskead irft`rfds a`bfefads pdr `j kahfefstrkadr. Y`hfkutdhëtfik> d Idebflurkifùe `etr` hkeukj (fefifkjfzkifùe) y kutdhëtfik (hflrkifùe).
Bfl. ;22
Idhuefikifde`s `etr` idehutkadr`s
@e uek trdeikj ide hþjtfpj`s idehutkadr`s, ikak idehutkadr a`m` idedi`r> d [u` `stkifùe p`rt`e`i` k qu` RJKE. ;12
Jk p`rt`e`eifk a` `stkifde`s ide`itkaks k dtrds idehutkadr`s. Y` cke afs`ûkad tr`s hætdads pkrk `st` prdpùsftd> d Hket`efhf`etd a` tkmjk> Iukead uek `stkifùe `evèk uek trkhk mrdkaikst k sus hf`hmrds a`j lrupd, `j idehutkadr ir`k uek `etrkak `e jk tkmjk y lrkmk jk p`rt`e`eifk a` jk `stkifùe. Jds idehutkadr`s s` `evèke sus tkmjks p`rfùafikh`et` `etr` sè pkrk kitukjfzkrjks. d Hkrikad a` trkhk> Y` kûka` uek ikm`i`rk `xtrk k jk trkhk HKI, iukead `stk vfknk `etr` idehutkadr`s. d QAH (Hujtfpj`xkifùe pdr afvfsfùe a` tf`hpd)> Jk ide`xfùe trdeikj `etr` idehutkadr`s s` afvfa` `e ikekj`s hujtfpj`xkads `e `j tf`hpd. @j idehutkadr r`i`ptdr a`t`rhfek jk RJKE a`stfed idhprdmkead `j ikekj pdr `j qu` jj`lk. d
@stëeakr a`j F@@@
@e ;662, `j sumidhftæ 3?=.; a`j F@@@ ki`ptù ue `stëeakr a`edhfekad 3?=.;[ qu` a`bfe`> @j hkrikad a` trkhk. @j bdrhktd k utfjfzkr `e r`a`s trdeikj`s ide hþjtfpj`s idehutkadr`s. Psd a` `qufpds a` hþjtfpj`s v`ea`adr`s `e jks RJKE. R`etknks
]`auiifùe a` idst` y tf`hpd> d @s h`eds idstdsd hdv`r uek `stkifùe uskead sdbtwkr` qu` hdv`rjk bèsfikh`et`. Ir`kifùe a` lrupds a` trkmknd Y`lurfaka
;1<
PEFAKA 1> EFR@J A@ ]@A Q`hk ;1> Efv`j a` r`a> Afr`iifdekhf`etd jùlfid ;1.; Afr`iifde`s F_v1 Pek afr`iifùe F_v1 `s uek afr`iifùe a` 9= mfts qu` a`bfe` þefik y uefv`rskjh`et` jk ide`xfùe a` ue afspdsftfvd ide`itkad k Fet`re`t. @spkifd a` afr`iifde`s d
d
Pe `spkifd a` afr`iifde`s `s `j eþh`rd tdtkj a` afr`iifde`s uskaks pdr `j prdtdidjd. F_v1 usk afr`iifde`s a` 9= mfts jd qu` sflefbfik qu` `j `spkifd a` afr`iifde`s `s a` =9= ù 1.=61.62<.=62.
Edtkifde`s d
@xfst`e ads edtkifde`s adhfeket`s pkrk hdstrkr uek afr`iifùe fF_v1> Edtkifùe mfekrfk> Y` hu`strk idhd 9= mfts. @n.> ;;?????? ;?;?;??? ???????; ??;????; Edtkifùe puetd-a`ifhkj> Y` hu`strk `e bdrhk a`ifhkj s`pkrkead ikak myt` pdr ue puetd. @n.> ;6=.;23.;.99
Afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`s d
d
@j afr`iifdekhf`etd F_v1, usk uek krquft`iturk a`edhfekak afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`s. @st` `squ`hk `stë qu`akead dmsdj`td. @e `j afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`, `j `spkifd a` afr`iifde`s s` afvfa` `e ifeid ijks`s.
Bfl. ;2<
Ijks` K M I A @
Edtkifùe mfekrfk _rfh`r Y`luead Q`ri`r myt` myt` myt` ? ;? ;;? ;;;? ;;;;
Iukrtd myt`
Ijks` K M I A @
;13
Edtkifùe puetd-a`ifhkj _rfh`r Y`luead Q`ri`r myt` myt` myt` ? - ;=< ;=3 - ;6; ;6= -==9 ==1 - =96 =1? - =00
Iukrtd myt`
d
Ijks` y mjdqu`s>
Ijks` K M I A @
Ikak ijks` s` afvfa` `e ue eþh`rd bfnd a` mjdqu`s, ikak ued a` jds iukj`s tf`e` ue tkhkûd bfnd. Eþh`rd a` mjdqu`s ;=3 ;2.931 =.?6<.;0= ; ;
d
Qkhkûd a` mjdqu` ;2.<<<.=;2 20.092 =02 =23.190.102 =23.190.102
Kpjfikifùe Pefikst Pefikst Pefikst Hujtfikst ]`s`rvkad
Afr`iifde`s ijks` K> ]`s`rvkaks pkrk lrkea`s drlkefzkifde`s. Afr`iifde`s ijks` M> ]`s`rvkaks pkrk drlkefzkifde`s a` tkhkûd h`afd. Afr`iifde`s ijks` I> ]`s`rvkak pkrk p`qu`ûks drlkefzkifde`s. Afr`iifde`s ijks` A> Afs`ûkaks pkrk hujtf`evèd. Afr`iifde`s ijks` @> ]`s`rvkak pkrk ue buturd. @j prdmj`hk a` `st` tfpd a` afr`iifdekhf`etd `s qu` uek lrke pkrt` a` jks afr`iifde`s s` a`sp`rafifk.
Fa`etfbfikadr a` r`a y a` idhputkadrk (e`tfa y cdstfa)>
Afvfsfùe uskak pkrk idetrdjkr jk bdrhk `e qu` s` `eikhfek `j trëbfid `etr` r`a`s F_. E`tfa> d Fa`etfbfik uek r`a d sumr`a. d @e jk tkmjk a` Afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`s s` idrr`spdea` ide jks i`jaks ide idjdr a` r`jj`ed. Cdstfa> d Fa`etfbfik jk ide`xfùe d fet`rbki` a` uek hëqufek `sp`ièbfik k jk r`a. d @e jk tkmjk a` Afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`s s` idrr`spdea` ide jks i`jaks ide idjdr a` r`jj`ed. @st` idei`ptd ed `s kpjfikmj` k jks ijks`s A y @. d
Hësikrk>
Qkhmfæe jjkhkak hësikrk pdr a`b`itd kyuake k `eidetrkr `j e`tfa y `j cdstfa. @s ue eþh`rd a` 9= mfts idhpu`std pdr ;s idetfluds s`lufads a` ?s idetfluds. Y` utfjfzke idhd vkjfakifùe a` afr`iifde`s r`kjfzkead uek dp`rkifùe KEA jùlfik `etr` jk afr`iifùe F_ y jk hësikrk pkrk vkjfakr kj `qufpd p`rhftf`ead r`kjfzkr uek v`rfbfikifùe a` jk afr`iifùe a` jk ]`a.
;16
Ijks` K M I d
Mfekrfd ;;;;;;;; ???????? ???????? ???????? ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ???????? ???????? ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; ????????
_dsfmfjfaka a` af vf af r mjdqu`s a` jk ijks` K d M `e vkrfds lrupds idetfluds y ksflekr ikak lrupd k r`a`s hës p`qu`ûks (sumr`a`s). @stk tæiefik kuh`etk `j eþh`rd a` ;s `e jk hësikrk.
Yup`re`ttfel (ir`kifùe a` sþp`r r`a`s)>
d
IFA] /3 /;2 /=1
Yume`ttfel (ir`kifùe a` sumr`a`s)>
d
_uetd - a`ifhkj =00.?.?.? =00.=00.?.? =00.=00.=00.?
Ir`kak pkrk sktfsbki`r jk a`hkeak a` mjdqu`s a` tkhkûd h`afd, iukead sùjd qu`akmke mjdqu`s a` jk ijks` I. Ide sup`re`ttfel, u k drlkefzkifùe pu`a` idhmfekr vkrfds mjdqu`s a` jk ijks` I pkrk ir`kr ue rkeld a` afr`iifde`s hës lrkea`. @stk tæiefik r`aui` `j eþh`rd a` ;s `e jk hësikrk.
Kldtkhf`etd a` afr`iifde`s>
Jds prdmj`hks `e `j afr`iifdekhf`etd ide ijks`s, idhmfekad ide `j rëpfad ir`ifhf`etd a` fet`re`t, jj`vkrde kj iksf tdtkj kldtkhf`etd a` jks afr`iifde`s afspdefmj`s. Jk sdjuifùe qu` ck kjfvfkad `j prdmj`hk `s jk fa`k a`j afr`iifdekhf`etd sfe ijks`s.
Afr`iifdekhf`etd sfe ijks`s Ide `st` `squ`hk ed cky ijks`s, p`rd jks afr`iifde`s tdakvèk s` ksfleke `e mjdqu`s.
Mjdqu`s a` afr`iifde`s> @j tkhkûd a`j mjdqu` (`j eþh`rd a` afr`iifde`s) vkrèk a`p`eaf`ead a` jk ekturkj`zk y `j tkhkûd a` jk `etfaka. d ]`strfiifùe> d _krk sfhpjfbfikr jk l`stfùe a` afr`iifde`s, jks kutdrfaka`s a` Fet`re`t fhpde`e tr`s r`strfiifde`s sdmr` jds mjdqu`s a` afr`iifde`s sfe ijks`> Jks afr`iifde`s a` ue mjdqu` a`m`e s`r idetfluks. @j eþh`rd a` afr`iifde`s `e ue mjdqu` a`m` s`r pdt`eifk a` ads. Jk prfh`rk afr`iifùe a`m` s`r afvfsfmj` pdr `j eþh`rd a` afr`iifde`s. Hësikrk> d
d
@e `j afr`iifdekhf`etd F_v1, ue mjdqu` a` afr`iifde`s s` pu`a` a`bfefr idhd> x.y.z.t./ ;0?
Adea`> d d
x.y.z.t a`bfe` uek a` jks afr`iifde`s. / tdhk iukjquf`r vkjdr a`sa` ? ckstk 9= y a`bfe` jk hësikrk `e edtkifùe IFA] (Ijkssj`ss Fet`r-Adhkfe ]dutfel d @eikhfekhf`etd Fet`rAdhfefds sfe Ijks`s)
IFA] p`rhftfù uek hkydr bj`xfmfjfaka kj afvfafr rkelds a` afr`iifde`s F_ `e r`a`s s`pkrkaks. A` `stk hke`rk p`rhftfù> d Pe usd hës `bfif`et` a` jks ikak v`z hës `siksks afr`iifde`s F_v1. Pe hkydr usd a` jk n`rkrquèk a` afr`iifde`s (‚klr`lkifùe a` pr`bfnds a` d r`a‘), afshfeuy`ead jk sdmr`ikrlk a` jds `erutkadr`s prfeifpkj`s a` Fet`re`t pkrk r`kjfzkr `j `eikhfekhf`etd. _rfh`rk afr`iifùe> d Jk prfh`rk afr`iifùe a`j mjdqu` s` pu`a` `eidetrkr pdef`ead jds 9=-e mfts a` hës k jk a`r`ick k ?. Þjtfhk afr`iifùe> d Jk þjtfhk afr`iifùe a`j mjdqu` s` pu`a` `eidetrkr pdef`ead jds 9=-e mfts a` hës k jk a`r`ick k ;. Eþh`rd a` afr`iifde`s> d @j eþh`rd a` afr`iifde`s `e `j mjdqu` `s = 9=-e. Afr`iifde`s a` r`a> d Jk prfh`rk afr`iifùe a` ue mjdqu` ed s` ksflek edrhkjh`et` k ue afspdsftfvd. Y` usk idhd jk afr`iifùe a` r`a qu` r`pr`s`etk jk drlkefzkifùe ket` `j r`std a`j huead. N`rkrquèk> d @e jks afr`iifde`s F_ `xfst`e efv`j`s n`rërqufids. N`rkrquèk a` ads efv`j`s (sfe sume`ttfel )> d
Ikak afr`iifùe `e `j mjdqu` s` pu`a` idesfa`rkr idhd uek `struiturk n`rërqufik a` ads efv`j`s> Jds mfts hës k jk fzquf`rak (pr`bfnd) a`bfe`e jk r`a. Jds 9= ’ mfts hës k jk a`r`ick (subfnd) a`bfe`e `j edad.
Bfl. ;23
Qr`s efv`j`s a` n`rkrquèk ( sume`ttfel )> d
Jk afvfsfùe a` ue lrupd `e sumr`a`s, ir`k tr`s efv`j`s n`rërqufids> Jds mfts hës k jk fzquf`rak (pr`bfnd) a`bfe`e jk r`a. Jds mfts qu` sflu`e kj pr`bfnd a` r`a a`bfe`e jk sumr`a. Jds 9= ’ (e+e x) mfts hës k jk a`r`ick (subfnd) a`bfe`e `j edad.
;0;
Bfl. ;26
Hës efv`j`s a` n`rkrquèk> d
d d d
Jk `struiturk a` afr`iifdekhf`etds sfe ijks` ed r`strfel` `j eþh`rd a` efv`j`s `e jk n`rkrquèk. Pe mjdqu` ksflekad s` pu`a` afvfafr `e summjdqu`s. Ikak summjdqu`s k su v`z s` pu`a` afvfafr `e mjdqu`s hës p`qu`ûds. Ksè sui`sfvkh`et`.
Ksflekifùe a` afr`iifde`s> d
d
d d d
d
Jk r`spdeskmfjfaka þjtfhk a` jk ksflekifùe a` afr`iifde`s s` j` ck akad k uek kutdrfaka ljdmkj a`edhfekak FIKEE (Fet`re`t Idrpdrktfde bdr Kssfle`a Ekh`s kea Kaar`ss). Edrhkjh`et` FIKEE ed ksflek afr`iifde`s k drlkefzkifde`s feafvfaukj`s. Ksflek ue lrke mjdqu` a` afr`iifde`s k ue FY_. K su v`z, ikak FY_ afvfa` `j mdqu` ksflekad `e mjdqu`s hës p`qu`ûds y lkrketfzk jds summjdqu`s k sus ijf`et`s. K `std s` j` a`edhfek klr`lkifùe a` afr`iifde`s.
Qrkauiifùe a` afr`iifde`s a` r`a (EKQ, E`twdrg Kaar`ss Qrkesjktfde)
Y` a`skrrdjjù pkrk r`sdjv`r jk bkjtk a` afr`iifde`s F_ ide `j prdtdidjd F_v1. EKQ p`rhft` k ue usukrfd t`e`r fet`rekh`et` ue lrke idenuetd a` afr`iifde`s y uek afr`iifùe, d idenuetd a` p`qu`ûks afr`iifde`, a` ikrk kj `xt`rfdr. _krk s`pkrkr jks afr`iifde`s uskaks a`etrd a`j cdlkr d `j e`ldifd y jks uskaks pkrk Fet`re`t, jks kutdrfaka`s a` Fet`re`t cke r`s`rvkad tr`s idenuetds a` afr`iifde`s idhd afr`iifde`s prfvkaks> ]keld ;?.?.?.? k ;?.=00.=00.=00 ;<=.;2.?.? k ;<=.9;.=00.=00 ;6=.;23.?.? k ;6=.;23.=00.=00
Qdtkj ==1 ==? =;2
Yde þefiks a`etrd a` jk drlkefzkifùe, p`rd ed ljdmkjh`et`. Efelþe `erutkadr eueik r``evfkrë kj `xt`rfdr ue pkqu`t` qu` idet`elk `stks afr`iifde`s idhd a`stfed. @j sftfd a`m` t`e`r uek þefik ide`xfùe k Fet`re`t k trkvæs a` ue `erutkadr qu` `n`iutk `j sdbtwkr` a` EKQ.
;0=
Bfl. ;
Qrkauiifùe a` afr`iifde`s d
d
Qdads jds pkqu`t`s a` skjfak pkske k trkvæs a`j `erutkadr EKQ, qu` sustftuy` jk afr`iifùe drfl`e `e `j pkqu`t` ide jk afr`iifùe ljdmkj EKQ. Qdads jds pkqu`t`s a` `etrkak pkske k trkvæs a`j `erutkadr EKQ, qu` sustftuy` jk afr`iifùe a`stfed `e `j pkqu`t` ide jk afr`iifùe prfvkak kprdpfkak.
Qkmjk a` trkauiifùe> d
d
Jk trkauiifùe a` afr`iifùe s` kjhki`eke `e uek tkmjk a` trkauiifùe, pkrk r`idrakr qu` afr`iifùe y pu`rtd j` idrr`spdea` k ikak afspdsftfvd ijf`et` y ksè skm`r adea` a`m`e r`lr`skr jds pkqu`t`s a` r`spu`stk. @xfst`e afv`rsks hke`rks a` l`stfdekr jk tkmjk> d
Pskr uek afr`iifùe F_> Jk tkmjk tf`e` ads idjuheks, uek pkrk jk afr`iifùe prfvkak y dtrk pkrk jk afr`iifùe `xt`rek. Iukead `j `erutkadr trkaui` jk afr`iifùe drfl`e a`j pkqu`t` qu` skj`, tkhmfæe tdhk edtk a` jk afr`iifùe a`stfed. Iukead jj`lk jk r`spu`stk a`j a`stfed, `j `erutkadr usk jk afr`iifùe drfl`e a`j pkqu`t` pkrk ckjjkr jk afr`iifùe prfvkak a`j pkqu`t`. Ide `stk `strkt`lfk, jk idhuefikifùe sf`hpr` a`m` s`r fefifkak pdr jk r`a prfvkak. Pek r`a prfvkak ed pu`a` `n`iutkr ue prdlrkhk s`rvfadr pkrk ijf`et`s bu`rk a` su r`a sf usk t`iedjdlèk EKQ.
d
Pskr ue idenuetd a` afr`iifde`s F_> _krk `jfhfekr jk r`strfiifùe a` t`e`r uek sdjk afr`iifùe ljdmkj `e `j `erutkadr EKQ, `st` pdarèk uskr ue idenuetd a` afr`iifde`s ljdmkj`s. A` `stk hke`rk ikak pkr a` afr`iifde`s (prfvkak, ljdmkj) a`bfefrèk uek ide`xfùe, puaf`ead t`e`r tketks ide`xfde`s sfhujtke`ks ide `j `xt`rfdr idhd eþh`rd a` `j`h`etds idet`efads `e `j idenuetd a` afr`iifde`s ljdmkj`s. Efelþe edad a` jk r`a prfvkak pu`a` kii`a`r k ads prdlrkhks s`rvfadr`s sfhujtëe`kh`et`.
;09
d
Pskr afr`iifde`s F_ y eþh`rds a` pu`rtd> _krk p`rhftfr uek r`jkifùe huicds k huicds `etr` edads a` jk r`a prfvkak y prdlrkhks s`rvfadr`s `xt`reds, s` e`i`sftk hës febdrhkifùe `e jk tkmjk a` trkauiifùe. _krk `jjd s` kûka` k jk tkmjk a` trkauiifùe jds eþh`rd a` pu`rtd t`hpdrkj`s þefids (drfl`e / a`stfed) y `j prdtdidjd a` trkespdrt` a`stfed.
Afr`iifùe prfvkak ;<=.;3.9.; ;<=.;3.9.= …
_u`rtd prfvkad ;1?? ;1?; …
Afr`iifùe `xt`rek =0.3.9.= =0.3.9.= …
_u`rtd `xt`red 3? 3? …
_rdtdidjd a` trkespdrt` QI_ QI_ …
EKQ ` FY_> d
d d
d
Pe FY_ qu` sfrvk ijf`et`s a` hkrikad pu`a` uskr jk t`iedjdlèk EKQ pkrk ides`rvkr afr`iifde`s. Ikak ued a` jds ijf`et`s r`ifm` uek afr`iifùe a` r`a prfvkak. @j FY_ trkaui` ikak uek a` jks afr`iifde`s drfl`e `e jds pkqu`t`s skjfak a` uek a`j ks afr`iifde`s ljdmkj`s. Qkhmfæe trkaui` a` jk afr`iifùe a`stfed ljdmkj `e jds pkqu`t`s a` `etrkak k jk idrr`spdeaf`et` afr`iifùe prfvkak.
Bfl. ;<;
;1.= Afr`iifde`s F_v2 @j kldtkhf`etd a` jks afr`iifde`s F_v1 sflu` sf`ead ue prdmj`hk k jkrld pjkzd. _krk sdjv`etkrjd a` hke`rk a`bfeftfvk s` ck a`skrrdjjkad `j afr`iifdekhf`etd F_v2. @struiturk
Pek afr`iifùe F_v2 tf`e` uek jdelftua a` ;=3 mfts (;2 myt`s). Edtkifùe c`xka`ifhkj ide ads puetds> d @stk edtkifùe cki` hës j`lfmj` jks afr`iifde`s. d Jds ;2 myt`s s` afvfa`e `e lrupds 3 lrupds a` = myt`s pdr lrupd s`pkrkads pdr ads puetds. ;01
@n.> BA@I > ??<1 > ???? > ???? > ???? > M?BB > ???? > BBBB
Kmr`vfkturk> d @stk edtkifùe, feijusd `e bdrhktd c`xka`ifhkj `s huy jkrlk. d Y` pu`a` kpjfikr r`ljks a` kmr`vfkifùe> @jfhfekifùe a` jds i`rds qu` `eikm`zke uek s`iifùe d lrupd. @jfhfekifùe a` s`iifde`s ides`iutfvks a` i`rds pdr ads puetds admj`s, uek sdjk v`z pdr afr`iifùe.
BA@I > ??<1 > ???? > ???? > ???? > M?BB > ???? > BBBB
BA@I > <1 > ? > ? > ? > M?BB > ? > BBBB BA@I > <1 >> M?BB > ? > BBBB
_krk jk `xpkesfùe, s` kjfe`ke jks pdrifde`s ed kmr`vfkaks y s` fes`rtke i`rds pkrk dmt`e`r jk afr`iifùe `xpkeafak drflfekj. ? > ;0 >> ; > ;= > ;=;9
xxx? > xx;0 > xxxx > xxxx > xxxx > xx;= > ;=;9 ???? > ??;0 > ????> ???? > ???? > ??;= > ;=;9 @spkifd a` afr`iifde`s
F_v2 usk afr`iifde`s a` ;=3 mfts jd qu` sflefbfik qu` `j `spkifd a` afr`iifde`s `s a` =;=3. Jds afs`ûkadr`s a` F_v2 afvfaf`rde jks afr`iifde`s `e vkrfks ikt`ldrèks, r`s`rvkead uek jdelftua vkrfkmj` a` mfts a` hks k jk fzquf`rak a`edhfekads tfpd a` pr`bfnd. Qfpd a` pr`bfnd ???? ???? ???? ??; ???? ?;? ?;? ;?? ;;;; ;;;? ;? ;;;; ;;;? ;; ;;;; ;;;;
Qfpd ]`s`rvkad Afr`iifde`s a` r`a FYD Afr`iifde`s a` r`a F_S (Edv`jj) Afr`iifde`s uefikst mkskaks `e prdv``adr Afr`iifde`s uefikst l`dlrëbfiks Afr`iifde`s a` `ejki` jdikj Afr`iifde`s sftfd jdikj Afr`iifde`s hujtfikst
Brkiifùe ;/=02 ;/;=3 ;/;=3 ;/3 ;/3 ;/;?=1 ;/;?=1 ;/=02
Afr`iifde`s uefikst> d d
A`bfe` uek þefik idhputkadrk. Pe pkqu`t` `evfkad k uek afr`iifùe uefikst a`m` s`r `etr`lkad k `sk idhputkadrk `sp`ièbfik. ;00
d
F_v2 a`bfe` ads tfpds a` afr`iifde`s uefikst> Ide mks` l`dlrëbfik> A`bfefifùe buturk. Ide mks` `e `j prdv``adr> Pskak pdr ue edad edrhkj ide afr`iifùe uefikst. Ikhpds> d Fa`etfbfikadr a` tfpd> Jdelftua> 9 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk afr`iifùe idhd uek afr`iifùe mkskak `e `j prdv``adr. d Fa`etfbfikadr a` r`lfstrd> Jdelftua> 0 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk kl`eifk qu` ck r`lfstrkad jk afr`iifùe> FEQ@]EFI (;;???)> I`etrd pkrk `stkads uefads. ]F_EFI (?;???)> I`etrd pkrk @urdpk. K_EFI (;?;??)> I`etrd pkrk Ksfk y `j _kièbfid. d Fa`etfbfikadr a`j prdv``adr> Jdelftua> Rkrfkmj`. ]`idh`eakad ;2 mfts. A`bfe`> @j FY_. d Fa`etfbfikadr a`j sumsirfptdr> Jdelftua> Rkrfkmj`. ]`idh`eakad =1 mfts. A`bfe`> Drlkefzkifùe sumsirftk k Fet`re`t k trkvæs a` ue FY_. d Fa`etfbfikadr a` sumr`a> Jdelftua> Rkrfkmj`. ]`idh`eakad 9= mfts. A`bfe`> Pek sumr`a `sp`ièbfik `e `j t`rrftdrfd a`j sumsirfptdr. d Fa`etfbfikadr a` edad> Jdelftua> Rkrfkmj`. ]`idh`eakad 13 mfts. A`bfe`> @j edad ide`itkad k uek sumr`a. @e ue buturd `st` ikhpd a`bfefrë jk afr`iifùe HKI a`j edad.
Bfl. ;<=
Afr`iifde`s hujtfikst> d d
A`bfe` ue lrupd a` edads. Pe pkqu`t` `evfkad k uek afr`iifùe hujtfikst a`m` s`r `etr`lkad k ikak hf`hmrd a`j lrupd. ;02
d
Ikhpds> Fa`etfbfikadr a` tfpd> Jdelftua> 3 mfts. Bjkl> Jdelftua> 1 mfts. A`bfe`> d Jk afr`iifùe a`j lrupd idhd> _`rhke`et`> @s a`bfefak pdr jks kutdrfaka`s a` Fet`re`t y s` pu`a` kii`a`r `e iukjquf`r hdh`etd. Qrkesftdrfd> @s uskak t`hpdrkjh`et`. Ëhmftd> Jdelftua> 1 mfts. A`bfe`> d Ëhmftd a` jk afr`iifùe a` lrupd> ????> ]`s`rvkad. ???;> Edad jdikj. ??;?> @ejki` jdikj. ?;?;> Yftfd jdikj. ;???> Drlkefzkifùe. ;;;?> Ljdmkj. ;;;;> ]`s`rvkad. FA a` lrupd> Jdelftua> ;;= mfts.
;;;;;;;;
Bjkl
Ëhmftd
Fa. A` lrupd
Afr`iifde`s keyikst> d d
A`bfe` ue lrupd a` edads. Pe pkqu`t` a`stfekad k uek afr`iifùe uefikst s` `etr`lk sdjd kj hf`hmrd hës i`riked.
Afr`iifde`s r`s`rvkaks> d d
Idhf`ezke ide 3 i`rds. Yumikt`ldrèks> Yfe `sp`ifbfikr> Pskak iukead ue edad ed skm` su prdpfk afr`iifùe y `evèk uek idesujtk pkrk dmt`e`rjk.
3 mfts ???? ????
;=? mfts Qdads Ds
Jddpmkig d afr`iifùe a` muij`>
Pskak iukead ue edad s` quf`r` prdmkr k sè hfshk sfe skjfr k jk r`a. 3 mfts ???? ????
;=? mfts ????????????????…..???????????????;
;0<
Idhpktfmj`> Y` uskrë aurket` jk trkesfifùe a` F_v1 k F_v2.
3 mfts ???? ????
33 mfts Qdads Ds
9= mfts Afr`iifde`s F_v1
Hkp`kak> Y` uskrë aurket` jk trkesfifùe a` F_v1 k F_v2, iukead uek idhputkadrk qu` ck hflrkad k F_v2 quf`r` `evfkr pkqu`t`s k uek idhputkadrk qu` tdakvèk usk F_v1.
3 mfts ???? ????
<= mfts Qdads Ds
;2 mfts Qdads ;s
9= mfts Afr`iifde`s F_v1
Afr`iifde`s jdikj`s> d
d
Pskak iukead uek drlkefzkifùe quf`rk uskr `j prdtdidjd F_v2 sfe `stkr ide`itkak k Fet`re`t (r`a prfvkak). Yumikt`ldrèks> Afr`iifùe a` `ejki` jdikj> Pskak `e uek sumr`a kfsjkak.
;? mfts ;;;; ;;;? ;?
;? mfts ;;;; ;;;? ;?
13 mfts Afr`iifùe a`j edad
Afr`iifùe a` sftfd jdikj> Pskak `e ue sftfd kfsjkad ide vkrfks sumr`a`s. 93 mfts Qdads Ds
9= mfts Afr`iifùe a` sumr`a
;03
13 mfts Afr`iifùe a`j edad
Q`hk ;0> Efv`j a` r`a> _rdtdidjd a` Fet`re`t ;0.; Fet`ride`xfùe `etr` r`a`s @e `j hda`jd a` Fet`re`t, `j prfeifpkj prdtdidjd a` r`a `s `j prdtdidjd a` Fet`re`t (F_). Jds efv`j`s bèsfid y a` `ejki` a` aktds a` uek r`a bueifdeke jdikjh`et`, `s a`ifr, s` r`spdeskmfjfzke a` jk `etr`lk a` aktds `e jk r`a a` ue edad kj sfluf`et`. _`rd, ´quæ diurr` sf jk `etr`lk `s k trkvæs a` vkrfds `ejki`s4 E`i`sfaka a` efv`j a` r`a
Qkhmfæe jjkhkad efv`j a` fet`ride`xfùe a` r`a`s. @s `j r`spdeskmj` a`> d Jk `etr`lk cdst k cdst y a`j `eikhfekhf`etd a` jds pkqu`t`s k trkvæs a` jds `eikhfekadr`s d idehutkadr`s. d Ir`kr ue pkqu`t` k pkrtfr a` a` jds aktds qu` vf`e`e a` dtrd prdtdidjd (trkespdrt`, `eikhfekhf`etd, `ti.), idet`ef`ead `e jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` jks afr`iifde`s jùlfiks a`j drfl`e y a`j a`stfed. d Idhprdmkr su tkmjk a` `eikhfekhf`etd pkrk `eidetrkr jk febdrhkifùe a` `eikhfekhf`etd. d Brklh`etkr, sf `j pkqu`t` `s a`hksfkad lrkea`. d Ks`lurkr `e `j a`stfed, qu` jk afr`iifùe a`j pkqu`t` idrr`spdea` ide jk afr`iifùe a` r`a a`j cdst. d @sp`rkr tdads jds brklh`etds, `e iksd a` qu` `j pkqu`t` bu`s` ue brklh`etd, r``eskhmjkad y `etr`lkead `j pkqu`t` idhpj`td kj efv`j a` trkespdrt`.
Bfl. ;<9
Fet`re`t idhd uek r`a a` aktklrkhks
Jk idehutkifùe `e `j efv`j a` r`a `e Fet`re`t utfjfzk aktklrkhks pkrk jk idehutkifùe a` pkqu`t`s. ;06
Y` utfjfzk uek afr`iifùe uefv`rskj a`bfefak `e `j efv`j a` r`a pkrk `eikhfekr jds pkqu`t`s a`j drfl`e kj a`stfed. Fet`re`t idhd r`a ed drf`etkak k ide`xfùe
@j prdtdidjd a` efv`j a` r`a, trktk ikak pkqu`t` a` bdrhk fea`p`eaf`et` y jds pkqu`t`s ed tf`e`e r`jkifùe `etr` `jjds. Jds pkqu`t`s a` ue h`eskn` pu`a`e vfknkr d ed pdr `j hfshd ikhfed. ;0.= F_v1 Jk v`rsfùe 1 a`j prdtdidjd a` Fet`re`t `s ue h`ikefshd a` `etr`lk utfjfzkad `e jds prdtdidjd QI_/F_. d @s ue prdtdidjd a` aktklrkhks ed drf`etkad k ide`xfùe y ed bfkmj` (sfe idetrdj a` `rrdr`s, ef idetrdj a` bjund). Yf jk bfkmfjfaka `s fhpdrtket`, F_v1 a`m` `hpkr`nkrs` ide ue prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr, hks bfkmj` idhd QI_. Aktklrkhk Jds pkqu`t`s `e F_v1 s` jjkhke aktklrkhks. Pe aktklrkhk `s ue pkqu`t` a` jdelftua vkrfkmj` qu` idestk a` ads pkrt`s>
Ikm`i`rk (C`ka`r)> d Qf`e` uek jdelftua a` =? k 2? myt`s. d Idetf`e` febdrhkifùe `s`eifkj pkrk `j `eikhfekhf`etd y jk `etr`lk. Aktds (Aktk)>
Bfl. ;<1
R`rsfùe (R@])> d Jdelftua> 1 mfts. d A`bfe`> R`rsfùe a`j prdtdidjd F_v1. Jdelftua a` ikm`i`rk (CJ@E)> d Jdelftua> 1 mfts. d A`bfe`> Jk jdelftua tdtkj a` jk ikm`i`rk a`j aktklrkhk `e pkjkmrks a` 1 myt`s.
;2?
Y`rvfifds (AY)> d Jdelftua> 3 mfts. d A`bfe`> Ikhpd ket`rfdrh`et` a`edhfekad Qfpd a` s`rvfifd, s` idedi` kcdrk idhd s`rvfifds afb`r`eifkads. Qfpd a` s`rvfifd>
Bfl. ;<0
_r`i`a`eifk> d Jdelftua> 9 mfts. d A`bfefifùe> Jk prfdrfaka a`j aktklrkhk `e sftukifde`s tkj`s idhd jk idel`stfùe, a`sikrtkead kqu`jjds a` h`edr pr`i`a`eifk. d @st` sumikhpd bu` pkrt` a` jk v`rsfùe 1 p`rd eueik s` utfjfzù. Mfts QDY> d Jdelftua> 1 mfts. d A`bfe`> Jds prdlrkhks a` kpjfikifùe pu`a`e sdjfiftkr ue tfpd `sp`ièbfid a` s`rvfifd. _ktrùe>
Mfts QDY ???? ???; ??;? ?;?? ;???
A`sirfpifùe Edrhkj (A`bkujt) Hfefhfzkr idst` Hkxfhfzkr bfkmfjfaka Hkxfhfzkr prdauitfvfaka Hfefhfzkr r`tkrad
d
Ped y sdjd ued a` jds iuktrd mfts pu`a` t`e`r `j vkjdr k ued `e ikak aktklrkhk.
Y`rvfifds afb`r`eifkads>
Bfl. ;<2
@j sumikhpd a` 2 mfts a`edhfekad ida`pdfet s` pu`a` utfjfzkr a` ads bdrhks> Iukead jds 9 mfts a` jk a`r`ick sde ?, jds 9 mfts a` jk fzquf`rak s` fet`rpr`tke a` flukj bdrhk qu` jds mfts a` pr`i`a`eifk `e jk fet`rpr`tkifùe a` tfpd a` s`rvfifd. ;2;
Iukead jds 9 mfts a` jk a`r`ick ed sde tdads ?, jds 2 mfts a`bfe`e 21 s`rvfifds mkskads `e jk ksflekifùe a` prfdrfaka a`> Ikt`ldrèk
Ida`pdfet
; =
SSSSSS? SSSS;;
9
SSSS?;
Kutdrfaka qu` ksflek Fet`re`t Jdikj Q`hpdrkj d `xp`rfh`etkj
E¾ a` s`rvfifds 9= ;2 ;2
Jdelftua tdtkj> d Jdelftua> ;2 mfts. d A`bfe`> Jk jdelftua tdtkj a`j aktklrkhk feijuy`ead jk ikm`i`rk. @st` ikhpd s` cki` e`i`skrfd `e jds iksds `e jds qu` s` kûka` `hpkqu`tkhf`etd d pkaafel iukead `j aktklrkhk `s h`edr a` 12 myt`s.
Bfl. ;<<
Fa`etfbfikifùe> Ptfjfzkad `e jk brklh`etkifùe. Feafikadr`s> Ptfjfzkad `e jk brklh`etkifùe. A`spjkzkhf`etd a`j brklh`etd> Ptfjfzkad `e jk brklh`etkifùe. Qf`hpd a` vfak> d Ptfjfzkad bueakh`etkjh`et` pkrk idetrdjkr `j eþh`rd hëxfhd a` skjtds (`eikhfekadr`s) vfsftkads pdr `j aktklrkhk. d @st` vkjdr `s kprdxfhkakh`et` `j admj` a`j eþh`rd hëxfhd a` `eikhfekadr`s `etr` iukjquf`r pkr a` cdst. d Ikak `eikhfekadr qu` prdi`sk `j aktklrkhk r`stk k `st` eþh`rd ;, a`sikrtkead `j aktklrkhk sf s` cki` ?. _rdtdidjd> d Jdelftua> 3 mfts. d A`bfe`> @j prdtdidjd a` efv`j sup`rfdr qu` utfjfzk jds s`rvfifds a`j efv`j F_v1. Rkjdr ; = 2 ;< 36
_rdtdidjd FIH_ FLH_ Q_I PA_ DY_B
Yuhk a` idhprdmkifùe (Ic`igYuh)> Ræks` hës ka`jket`. Afr`iifùe drfl`e> Jdelftua> 9= mfts. d d A`bfe`> Jk afr`iifùe F_v1 a` ue drfl`e.
;2=
@st` ikhpd ck a` p`rhke`i`r sfe ikhmfd aurket` tdad `j tf`hpd `e `j qu` vfkn` `j aktklrkhk. Afr`iifùe a`stfed> d Jdelftua> 9= mfts. d A`bfe`> Jk afr`iifùe F_v1 a` ue a`stfed. @st` ikhpd ck a` p`rhke`i`r sfe ikhmfd aurket` tdad `j tf`hpd `e `j qu` vfkn` `j aktklrkhk.
Brklh`etkifùe @j bdrhktd y `j tkhkûd a` jk trkhk r`ifmfak pdr ue `eikhfekadr a`p`ea`e a`j prdtdidjd utfjfzkad pdr `j efv`j bèsfid pdr `j iukj jj`lk jk trkhk. @j bdrhktd y `j tkhkûd a` jk trkhk `evfkak pdr ue `eikhfekadr a`p`ea`e a`j prdtdidjd utfjfzkad pdr `j efv`j bèsfid pdr `j iukj s` `evèk jk trkhk.
Pefaka a` trkesb`r`eifk hëxfhk (HQP)> d Ikak prdtdidjd a` efv`j a` `ejki` a` aktds tf`e` su prdpfd bdrhktd a` trkhk `e jk hkydrèk a` jds prdtdidjds. d Ped a` jds ikhpds a`bfefads `e `j bdrhktd `s `j tkhkûd hëxfhd a`j ikhpd a` aktds. d @j vkjdr a` jk HQP a`p`ea` a`j prdtdidjd a` r`a bèsfid. _rdtdidjd Cyp`rickee`j Qdg`e ]fel (;2 Hmps) Qdg`e ]fel (1 Hmps) BAAF @tc`re`t S.=0 ___ d
d
d
d d
HQP 20.090 ;<.6;1 1.121 1.90= ;.0?? 0<2 =62
_krk qu` `j prdtdidjd F_v1 s`k fea`p`eaf`et` a` jk r`a bèsfik, jk jdelftua hëxfhk a` ue aktklrkhk F_v1 `s a` 20090 myt`s. Kj prdi`sd a` afvfafr `j aktklrkhk F_v1 pkrk kidhdakrjd k r`a`s bèsfiks ide HQP h`edr qu` jk jdelftua a`j aktklrkhk Fpv1 s` j` jjkhk brklh`etkifùe. @j aktklrkhk pua` s`r brklh`etkad pdr `j cdst drfl`e d pdr iukjquf`r `eikhfekadr `eidetrkad `e `j ikhfed, puaf`ead brklh`etkrs` vkrfks v`i`s ket`s a` kjikezkr `j a`stfed. @j r``eskhmjkad a`j aktklrkhk s` cki` `e `j cdst a`stfed. Iukead s` brklh`etk ue aktklrkhk, jks pkrt`s e`i`skrfks a` jk ikm`i`rk a`m`e s`r idpfkaks `e tdads jds brklh`etds.
Ikhpds r`jkifdekads ide jk brklh`etkifùe> d Fa`etfbfikifùe> Jdelftua> ;2 mfts. Fa`etfbfik ue aktklrkhk qu` prdi`a` a` ue cdst drfl`e. Jk idhmfekifùe a` jk fa`etfbfikifùe y a` jk afr`iifùe drfl`e F_v1 a`m`e a`bfefr a` bdrhk þefik ue aktklrkhk iukead a`nk `j cdst drfl`e. _krk lkrketfzkr `stk uefifaka Fpv1 utfjfzk ue idetkadr fefifkjfzkad ide ue vkjdr pdsftfvd, idpfkead `j vkjdr `e `j ikhpd fa`etfbfikifùe `e tdads
;29
d
jds brklh`etds y kuh`etëeadjd `e uek uefaka `e ikak eu`vd aktklrkhk. Feafikadr`s>
Bfl. ;<3
Jdelftua> 9 mfts. @j prfh`r mft `stë r`s`rvkad. @j s`luead mft s` a`edhfek mft a` ed brklh`etkifùe> Yf su vkjdr `s ?, jk hëqufek pu`a` brklh`etkr `j aktklrkhk. Yf su vkjdr `s ;, jk hëqufek ed a`m` brklh`etkr `j aktklrkhk. Yf ed pu`a` pkskr `j aktklrkhk k trkvæs a` jk r`a bèsfik afspdefmj`, jd a`sikrtk y `evèk ue h`eskn` a` `rrdr FIH_ kj cdst drfl`e. @j t`ri`r mft s` a`edhfek mft a` hës brklh`etds> Yf su vkjdr `s ?, sflefbfik qu` `st` `s `j þjtfhd brklh`etd d qu` sdjd cky ue brklh`etd. Yf su vkjdr `s ;, sflefbfik qu` cky hës brklh`etds a`trës a` æj. A`spjkzkhf`etd a` brklh`etd> Jdelftua> ;9 mfts. Hu`strk jk pdsfifùe r`jktfvk a`j brklh`etd r`sp`itd kj aktklrkhk idhpj`td. @s `j a`spjkzkhf`etd a` jds aktds `e `j aktklrkhk drflfekj h`afad `e uefaka`s a` 3 myt`s.
d
Bfl. ;<6
@strkt`lfk a` r``eskhmjkad> @j prfh`r brklh`etd tf`e` ue ikhpd a` a`spjkzkhf`etd a` i`rd. @j s`luead brklh`etd tf`e` ue a`spjkzkhf`etd flukj k jk jdelftua a`j prfh`r brklh`etd afvfafad pdr 3. @j t`ri`r brklh`etd tf`e` ue a`spjkzkhf`etd flukj k jk jdelftua tdtkj a`j prfh`r y s`luead brklh`etd afvfafad pdr 3.
;21
Y` idetfeþk `j prdi`sd. @j þjtfhd brklh`etd tf`e` `j mft qu` feafik hës brklh`etds k ?.
Bfl. ;3?
Yuhk a` idhprdmkifùe
Idetrdj a` `rrdr`s qu` iumr` sdjkh`et` jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` F_v1. _ksds> d Jk suhk a` idhprdmkifùe s` pde` k i`rd. d Y` afvfa` jk ikm`i`rk `e s`iifde`s a` ;2 mfts y s` suhke tdaks `jjks. d Y` trueik k ;2 mfts jk suhk dmt`efak y s` idhpj`h`etk `j r`sujtkad.
Bfl. ;3;
;20
Dpifde`s
@st` ikhpd idrr`spdea` ide jk pkrt` vkrfkmj` a` jk ikm`i`rk a` ue aktklrkhk F_v1. _u`a`e diupkr ue hëxfhd a` 1? myt`s. Ed sde ef dmjflktdrfks ef r`qu`rfaks pkrk ue aktklrkhk. Y` pu`a` utfjfzkr pkrk prdmkr y a`purkr jk r`a. A`sirfpifùe mr`v` a` jks dpifde`s> d Ed dp`rkifùe> Ptfjfzkak idhd `j`h`etd a` r`jj`ed `etr` dpifde`s. d Bfe a` dpifùe> Ptfjfzkak idhd r`jj`ed kj bfekj a`j ikhpd a` dpifde`s. d ]`lfstrkr rutk> ]`lfstrk jds `eikhfekadr`s a` Fet`re`t qu` trktke `j aktklrkhk. _u`a` jfstkr ckstk 6 afr`iifde`s. d Ikhfed `strfitd a`sa` `j drfl`e> @j drfl`e a`t`rhfek `strfitkh`et` `j ikhfed pdr `j iukj a`m` vfknkr `j aktklrkhk k trkvæs a` Fet`re`t. Yf `j aktklrkhk ed iuhpj` ide `j vfkn` pjkefbfikad s` a`sikrtk, `evfkead ue h`eskn` a` `rrdr. d Ikhfed r`jknkad a`sa` `j drfl`e> Ikak `eikhfekadr a` jk jfstk a`m` s`r vfsftkad, p`rd `j aktklrkhk pu`a` vfsftkr ka`hës dtrds ikhfeds. d Hkrik a` tf`hpd> ]`lfstrk jk cdrk a` prdi`skhf`etd `e ue `eikhfekadr. Y` `xpr`sk `e hfjfs`lueads a`sa` jk h`afkedic` utfjfzkead `j tf`hpd Pefv`rskj d a` Lr``ewfic.
;0.9 F_v2 Ydjuifdek kjluek a` jks ikr`eifks a` F_v1>
Kuh`etd a`j afr`iifdekhf`etd `e Fet`re`t. Qrkeshfsfùe a` kuafd / vfa`d `e tf`hpd r`kj. _`rhft` kut`etfikifùe y ifbrkad. Qkhmfæe idedifad idhd F_el (Fet`re`t _rdtdidj e`xt l`e`rktfde). R`etknks> @spkifd a` afr`iifde`s hkydr> Pek afr`iifùe `e F_v2 tf`e` ;=3 mfts. H`ndr bdrhktd a` ikm`i`rk> d Jks dpifde`s a` s`pkrke a` jk ikm`i`rk mks` y s` fes`rtke, iukead s` e`i`sftke, `etr` jk ikm`i`rk mks` y jds aktds a`j efv`j sup`rfdr. Eu`vks dpifde`s> Ikpkifaka a` khpjfkifùe> @sikjkmj`. Ydpdrt` pkrk jk r`s`rvk a` r`iursds> d Feijuy` ue h`ikefshd (ikhpd a` `tfqu`tk a` bjund) qu` p`rhft` kj drfl`e sdjfiftkr ue trktkhf`etd `sp`ifkj pkrk `j pkqu`t`. Ydpdrt` pkrk s`lurfaka> Ifbrkad y kut`etfikifùe.
;22
Bdrhktd a`j pkqu`t`
Bfl. ;3=
Idhpu`std pdr uek ikm`i`rk mks` (a` 1? myt`s) dmjflktdrfk s`lufad pdr uek ikrlk. Jk ikrlk (ckstk 2009 myt`s) idestk a`> d Ikm`i`rks a` `xt`esfùe dpifdekj`s. d Aktds a`j efv`j sup`rfdr. Ikm`i`rk mks`>
Bfl. ;39 d
R`rsfùe (R@])> Jdelftua> 1 mfts. A`bfe`> @j eþh`rd a` v`rsfùe. _rfdrfaka (_]F)> Jdelftua> 1 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk prfdrfaka a`j pkqu`t` r`sp`itd k jk idel`stfùe a`j trëbfid. @tfqu`tk a` bjund> Jdelftua> =1 mfts. A`bfe`> Pe trktkhf`etd `sp`ifkj pkrk ue bjund a` aktds pkrtfiujkr. Jdelftua a` jk ikrlk> Jdelftua> ;2 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk jdelftua jk jdelftua a`j aktklrkhk F_ `xijuy`ead jk ikm`i`rk mks`.
d
d
d
Ikm`i`rk sfluf`et`> d Jdelftua> 3 mfts. d A`bfe`> Jk ikm`i`rk qu` sflu` k jk ikm`i`rk mks` `e `j aktklrkhk puaf`ead s`r> Pek a` jks ikm`i`rks a` `xt`esfùe dpifdekj`s. Pe pkqu`t` `eikpsujkad a` PA_ d QI_.
Ikak ikm`i`rk a` `xt`esfùe tkhmfæe idetf`e` `st` ikhpd
;2<
Bfl. ;31
Iùaflds pkrk jk ikm`i`rk sfluf`et` `e F_v1> Iùafld Ikm`i`rk sfluf`et` Dpifùe skjtd k skjtd ? FIH_ = QI_ 2 PA_ ;< @eikhfekhf`etd a`sa` `j drfl`e 19 Brklh`etkifùe 11 Ikrlk ifbrkak 0? Kut`etfikifùe 0; Eujd (Ed cky sfluf`et` ikm`i`rk) 06 Dpifùe a`stfed 2?
Jèhft` a` skjtd> Jdelftua> 3 mfts. A`bfe`> Flukj qu` QQJ `e F_v1. Afr`iifùe drfl`e> Jdelftua> ;=3 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk jdelftua a` drfl`e. Afr`iifùe a`stfed> Jdelftua> ;=3 mfts. A`bfe`> Jk jdelftua a` a`stfed
_rfdrfaka> d Yf ued a` jds aktklrkhks ides`iutfvds a`m` s`r a`sikrtkad a`mfad k jk idel`stfùe, `j aktklrkhk ide h`edr prfdrfaka s`rë a`sikrtkad. d F_v2 afvfa` `j trëbfid `e ads ikt`ldrèks trëbfid ide idetrdj a` idel`stfùe y trëbfid sfe idetrdj a` idel`stfùe. ;23
Qrëbfid ide idetrdj a` idel`stfùe> Y` ki`ptk qu` jds pkqu`t`s pu`ake r`trkskrs`, p`ra`rs` d jj`lkr a`sdra`ekads. Ksflekhf`etd a` prfdrfaka`s> Qrëbfid ed `sp`ièbfid (_rfdrfaka ?)> Yfe prfdrfaka. Aktds a` bdead (_rfdrfaka ;)> d Aktds qu` s` `etr`lke a` bdead (`etr`lk a` edtfifks, `ti). Qrëbfid a` aktds ed `sp`rkad (_rfdrfaka =)> d Aktds `e qu` `j r`tkrad ed tf`e` ides`iu`eifks (`hkfj, `ti) Qrëbfid ide lrke iketfaka a` aktds `sp`rkad (_rfdrfaka 1)> d Qrkesb`r`eifk `j`vkak a` aktds ide ijf`et` k jk `sp`rk (CQQ_, BQ_, `ti). Qrëbfid fet`rkitfvd (_rfdrfaka 2)> d E`i`skrfk jk fet`rkiifùe fet`rkiifùe ide `j ijf`et` ijf`et` (Q`je`t, `ti). Qrëbfid a` idetrdj (_rfdrfaka <)> d Ksflekad k prdtdidjds a` `eikhfekhf`etd (DY_B, ]F_) d k prdtdidjds a` l`stfùe (YEH_). Qrëbfid sfe idetrdj a` idel`stfùe> d d Qfpd a` trëbfid qu` `sp`rk ue hèefhd r`tkrad. d Ed `s a`s`kmj` `j a`sikrt` a` pkqu`t`s, akad qu` jk r`trkeshfsfùe s` cki` iksf fhpdsfmj`. d Jks prfdrfaka`s vke a`j 3 kj ;0 y a` kiu`rad kiu`rad k idhd jk ikjfaka a` jds aktds aktds r`ifmfads pu`a` s`r kb`itkak pdr `j a`sikrt` a` pkqu`t`s. @tfqu`tk a` bjund> d Jdelftua> =1 mfts. A`bfe`> @s ue eþh`rd kj`ktdrfd `etr` ; y ==1-; qu` ue drfl`e a`bfe` a` bdrhk þefik k ue bjund a` pkqu`t`s. Pe bjund a` pkqu`t`s `s uek s`iu`eifk a` pkqu`t`s, `evfkak pdr ue `hfsdr ideir`td k ue a`stfed, qu` e`i`sftk uek l`stfùe `sp`ifkj `e jds `eikhfekadr`s. `eikhfekadr`s. _krk jds `eikhfekadr`s, ue bjund `s ue s`iu`eifk a` pkqu`t`s qu` idhpkrt`e jks hfshks ikrkit`rèstfiks, idhd s`lufr `j hfshd ikhfed, utfjfzkr jds hfshds r`iursds, t`e`r `j hfshd tfpd a` s`lurfaka, `ti. Pe `eikhfekadr qu` sdpdrtk jk l`stfùe a` `tfqu`tks a` bjund tf`e` uek tkmjk a` `tfqu`tks a` bjund. Jk tkmjk tf`e` uek `etrkak pdr ikak `tfqu`tk a` bjund kitfvk. Ikak `etrkak a`bfe` jds s`rvfifds r`qu`rfads pdr jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund a`bfefak `e `j pkqu`t`. K idetfeukifùe prdpdrifdek kj pkqu`t` jds s`rvfifds h`eifdekads `e jk `etrkak. Jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund ed prdpdrifdek jk febdrhkifùe pkrk jks `etrkaks a` jk tkmjk a` `tfqu`tks a` bjund, sf`ead jks dpifde`s a` jk ikm`i`rk quf`e jk dbr`i`. @e su bdrhk hës s`eifjjk, uek `tfqu`tk a` bjund ki`j`rk `j prdi`skhf`etd a` a` ue pkqu`t` `e `e ue `eikhfekadr. `eikhfekadr. d
;26
@e su bdrhk hës sdbfstfikak, uek `tfqu`tk a` bjund sdpdrtk jk trkeshfsfùe a` kuafd / vfa`d `e tf`hpd r`kj. Y` cke a`bfefad tr`s r`ljks pkrk `j usd `b`itfvd a` `tfqu`tks a` bjund> d Jk `stkifùe a` drfl`e `s jk qu` ksflek jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund k ue pkqu`t`. Pe `hfsdr ed a`m` r`utfjfzkr uek `tfqu`tk a` bjund pkrk dtrd bjund hf`etrks `j bjund `xfst`et` sflk kitfvd. d Yf uek `stkifùe ed sdpdrtk jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund, pde` `st` ikhpd k i`rd. Yf ue `eikhfekadr `eikhfekadr ed sdpdrtk jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund sfhpj`h`et` jd fledrk. d Qdads jds pkqu`t`s qu` p`rt`e`i`e kj hfshd bjund tf`e`e `j hfshd drfl`e, `j hfshd a`stfed, jk hfshk prfdrfaka y jks hfshks dpifde`s. Idhpkrkifùe `etr` jks ikm`i`rks F_v1 ` F_v2>
Bfl. ;30 d
d
d
d
d d d
d
@j ikhpd ide jk jdelftua a` jk ikm`i`rk s` ck `jfhfekad `e F_v2 a`mfad k qu` jk jdelftua a` jk ikm`i`rk `s bfnk `e `stk v`rsfùe. @j ikhpd ide `j tfpd a` s`rvfifd s` ck `jfhfekad `e F_v2. @j ikhpd ide jk prfdrfaka y jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund nuetks tdhke jk hfshk bueifùe qu` `j ikhpd ide `j tfpd a` s`rvfifd. Jk jdelftua tdtkj s` ck `jfhfekad `e F_v2 y s` ck r``hpjkzkad pdr jk jdelftua a` ikrlk. Jk fa`etfbfikifùe, jds feafikadr`s y `j a`spjkzkhf`etd s` ck `jfhfekad a` jk ikm`i`rk mks` `e F_v2. Y` ck feijufad `e jk ikm`i`rk a` khpjfkifùe. @j ikhpd QQJ s` a`edhfek `e F_v2 jèhft` a` skjtds. @j ikhpd prdtdidjd s` ck r``hpjkzkad pdr `j ikhpd ikm`i`rk sfluf`et`. Jk suhk a` idhprdmkifùe a` jk ikm`i`rk s` ck `jfhfekad a`mfad k qu` jk suhk a` idhprdmkifùe `s dbr`ifak pdr jds prdtdidjds a` efv`j sup`rfdr. @j ikhpd dpifde`s `e F_v1 s` fhpj`h`etk idhd ikm`i`rks a` khpjfkifùe `e F_v2.
Ikm`i`rks a` khpjfkifùe
Dpifùe skjtd k skjtd> d Ptfjfzkak iukead `j `hfsdr e`i`sftk pkskr febdrhkifùe k tdads jds `eikhfekadr`s vfsftkads pdr `j aktklrkhk. ;
Y` cke a`bfefad tr`s dpifde`s> _ka;> Qf`e` ; myt` a` ikrlk y s` ck afs`ûkad pkrk `j kjfe`khf`etd. _kaE> Yfhfjkr k _ka; p`rd ide = d hës myt`s pkrk kjfe`khf`etd. Ikrlk nuhmd> A`bfe` uek ikrlk hkydr a` 20.090. @eikhfekhf`etd a`sa` drfl`e> d Idhmfek jds idei`ptds a` jks dpifde`s ikhfed `strfitd a`sa` `j drfl`e y ikhfed r`jknkad a`sa` `j drfl`e a` F_v1. F _v1. Brklh`etkifùe> d Pe `hfsdr a`m` utfjfzkr jk tæiefik a` a`siumrfhf`etds a` ikhfeds HQP pkrk `eidetrkr jk HQP hës p`qu`ûk sdpdrtkak pdr iukjquf`r r`a a`j ikhfed. Kut`etfikifùe> d @j dmn`tfvd `s vkjfakr `j h`eskn` y ks`lurkr jk fet`lrfaka a` jds aktds. Ikrlk a` s`lurfaka ifbrkak (@Y_)> d Khpjfkifùe qu` dbr`i` idebfa`eifkjfaka y lukrak idetrk jk fet`ri`ptkifùe. Dpifùe a`stfed> d Pskak iukead `j `hfsdr e`i`sftk pkskr febdrhkifùe kj a`stfed. d Jds `eikhfekadr`s fet`rh`afds ed pu`a`e kii`a`r k `stk febdrhkifùe. Idhpkrkifùe `etr` jks dpifde`s `e F_v1 y jks ikm`i`rks F_v2> Jks dpifde`s a` ed dp`rkifùe y bfe a` dpifùe `e F_v1 s` cke r``hpjkzkad pdr d jks dpifde`s _ka; y _kaE `e F_v2. d Jk dpifùe r`lfstrkr ikhfed ed s` fhpj`h`etk `e F_v2 a`mfad k qu` eueik bu` utfjfzkad. d Jk dpifùe a` hkrik a` tf`hpd ed s` fhpj`h`etk a`mfad k qu` ed s` utfjfzù. d Jk dpifùe ikhfed a`sa` `j drfl`e s` a`edhfek ikm`i`rk a` khpjfkifùe a` ikhfed a`sa` `j drfl`e `e F_v2. F _v2. d Jds ikhpds a` brklh`etkifùe `e jk s`iifùe a` ikm`i`rk mks` a` F_v1 s` cke hdvfad k jk ikm`i`rk a` khpjfkifùe a` brklh`etkifùe. d Jk ikm`i`rk a` khpjfkifùe khpjfkifùe pkrk kut`etfikifùe `s eu`vk eu`vk `e F_v2. d Jk ikm`i`rk a` khpjfkifùe pkrk jk ikrlk a` s`lurfaka ifbrkak `s eu`vk `e F_v2. d
Qrkesfifùe a` F_v1 ` F_v2 _krk qu` jk trkesfifùe s`k sukv` s` cke a`skrrdjjkad tr`s `strkt`lfks pdr pkrt` a`j F@QB.
_fjk aukj> d Y` r`idhf`eak qu` tdaks jks afr`iifde`s t`elke uek pfjk aukj a` prdtdidjds. d _krk a`t`rhfekr qu` v`rsfùe utfjfzkr iukead s` `evèk ue pkqu`t` k ue a`stfed, `j `hfsdr idesujtk `j AEY, a`ifaf`ead pdrquæ prdtdidjd `evfkr `e bueifùe a` jk r`spu`stk.
Bfl. ;32
;<;
Qþe`j`s> d Ptfjfzkak iukead ads idhputkadrks qu` utfjfzke F_v2 quf`r`e idhuefikrs` `etr` sè y jds pkqu`t`s a`m`e ktrkv`skr uek r`lfùe qu` usk F_v1. d @j pkqu`t` F_v2 s` `eikpsujk `e ue pkqu`t` F_v1 iukead `etrk `e jk r`lfùe y s` `xtrk` iukead jk a`nk.
Bfl. ;3<
Qrkauiifùe a` ikm`i`rks> d E`i`skrfk iukead jk hkydr pkrt` a` Fet`re`t hflr` k F_v2 y p`rhke`zike kjlueds sfst`hks utfjfzkead F_v1. d @j bdrhktd a` jk ikm`i`rk a`m` ikhmfkrs` tdtkjh`et` h`afket` ue prdi`sd a` trkauiifùe a` ikm`i`rks. d Jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` F_v2 s` idevf`rt` k uek ikm`i`rk F_v1.
Bfl. ;33 d
Kjlueks r`ljks a` trkesbdrhkifùe sde> Jk afr`iifùe F_v2 s` ikhmfk k uek afr`iifùe F_v1 `xtrky`ead jds 9= mfts sftukads k jk a`r`ick. @j vkjdr a`j ikhpd a` prfdrfaka a`j pkqu`t` F_v2 s` a`sikrtk. @j tfpd a`j ikhpd a` s`rvfifd a`j pkqu`t` Fpv1 s` pde` k i`rd. Jk suhk a` jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` F_v1 s` ikjiujk y s` fes`rtk `e `j ikhpd idrr`spdeaf`et`. Jk `tfqu`tk a` bjund a`j pkqu`t` F_v2 s` fledrk. Jks ikm`i`rks a` khpjfkifùe idhpktfmj`s s` idevf`rt`e k dpifde`s y s` fes`rtke `e jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` F_v1. Jk jdelftua a` jk ikm`i`rk a`j pkqu`t` F_v1 s` ikjiujk y s` fes`rtk `e `j ikhpd idrr`spdeaf`et`. Y` ikjiujk jk jdelftua tdtkj a`j pkqu`t` F_v1 y s` fes`rtk `e `j ikhpd idrr`spdeaf`et`.
;<=
PEFAKA 0> EFR@J A@ Q]KEY_D]Q@ Q`hk ;2> Idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd> PA_ y QI_ ;2.; Idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd @j efv`j a` `ejki` `s r`spdeskmj` a` jk `etr`lk a` trkhks `etr` ads edads v`ifeds `e ue `ejki`, `std s` idedi` idhd idhuefikifùe edad k edad . @j efv`j a` r`a `s r`spdeskmj` a` jk `etr`lk a` aktklrkhks `etr` ads idhputkadrks, `std s` idedi` idhd idhuefikifùe idhputkadrk k idhputkadrk . Jk idhuefikifùe `e Fet`re`t s` r`kjfzk `etr` ads prdi`sds (prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe) qu` s` `stëe `n`iutkead `etr` ads idhputkadrks (drfl`e y a`stfed), pdr jd tketd s` e`i`sftk idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd, pkrk qu` jk `etr`lk a` aktds s` r`kjfzk `etr` khmks hëqufeks qu` `stëe `n`iutkead `stds prdi`sds. @j efv`j a` trkespdrt` `s r`spdeskmj` a` jk idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd (Bfl. ;36).
Bfl. ;36
_krkaflhk ijf`et`/s`rvfadr Jk hke`rk hës br`iu`et` a` ides`lufr jk idhuefikifùe `etr` prdi`sds `s `j pkrkaflhk ijf`et`/s`rvfadr. Pe prdi`sd `e uek idhputkadrk jdikj a`edhfekak ue ijf`et`, e`i`sftk s`rvfifd a`sa` ue prdi`sd qu` ckmftukjh`et` `stk sftukad `e ue prdi`sd r`hdtd, a`edhfekad ue s`rvfadr. _krk jk idhuefikifùe, `s e`i`skrfd a`bfefr> ;. =. 9. 1.
Idhputkadrk jdikj _rdi`sd jdikj Idhuefikifùe _rdi`sd r`hdtd
Afr`iifdekhf`etd> d
d d
K efv`j a` `ejki` s` utfjfzk jk afr`iifùe HKI, k efv`j a` r`a s` utfjfzk jk afr`iifùe F_, `e `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` `s e`i`skrfd t`e`r uek afr`iifùe qu` s` idedi` idhd eþh`rd a` pu`rtd. Jds eþh`rds a` pu`rtd sde `et`rds a` ;2 mfts `etr` ? y 20.090. @j prdlrkhk ijf`et` a`bfe` su prdpfd pu`rtd, `j`lfad kj`ktdrfkh`et` pdr `j sdbtwkr` a` efv`j a` trkespdrt`, `st` `s `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd `bèh`rd. ;<9
d
@j prdi`sd s`rvfadr a`m` a`bfefr su prdpfd pu`rtd, p`rd ed pu`a` s`r `j`lfad kj`ktdrfkh`et`, yk qu` `j ijf`et` kii`a` kj s`rvfadr pkrk uskr sus s`rvfifds sfed idedi` aficd pu`rtd ed pdarèk uskrjds. Pek sdjuifùe s`rèk p`afr `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd kj s`rvfadr, p`rd fhpjfik sdmr`ikrlk. Jk sdjuifùe `s uskr pu`rtds uefv`rskj`s pkrk jds s`rvfadr`s a`edhfekads eþh`rd a` pu`rtd mf`e idedifads.
Bfl. ;6?
d
@j jk Bfl. ;6? @j prdi`sd ijf`et` Akytfh`, usk ue eþh`rd a` pu`rtd `bèh`rd (t`hpdrkj) 0=.??? pkrk fa`etfbfikrs` k sf hfshd, p`rd `j prdi`sd s`rvfadr Akytfh` a`m` uskr `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd mf`e idedifad (p`rhke`et`) ;9. _dr jd tketd jks afr`iifde`s F_ a`stfed a`bfe` uek idhputkadrk pkrtfiujkr, a`spuæs a` s`j`iifdekr jk hfshk, `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd a`bfe` ue prdi`sd `e pkrtfiujkr a` `stk idhputkadrk (Bfl. ;6;).
Bfl. ;6;
]kelds FKEK> Jk FKEK (Fet`re`t Kssfle`a Euhm`r Kutcdrfty) ck afvfafad jds eþh`rds a` pu`rtd `e tr`s rkelds> d
d
_u`rtds mf`e idedifads> Jds pu`rtds `etr` ? y ;.?=9 sde ksflekads y idetrdjkads pdr FKEK _u`rtds r`lfstrkads> Jds pu`rtds `etr` ;.?=1 y 16.;0; ed sde idetrdjkads pdr jk FKEK a`m`e s`r r`lfstrkads `e FKEK pkrk `vftkr aupjfikifùe. ;<1
d
_u`rtds afeëhfids> Jds pu`rtds `etr` 16.;0= y 20.090 ed sde idetrdjkads ef r`lfstrkads, pu`a`e s`r uskads pdr iukjquf`r prdi`sd. Yde pu`rtds `bfh`rds.
Afr`iifde`s a` sdig`t> jks idhuefikifde`s prdi`sd k prdi`sd e`i`sftk ads fa`etfbfikadr`s> afr`iifùe F_ y eþh`rd a` pu`rtd, jk idhmfekifùe a` khmks s` a`edhfek afr`iifùe sdig`t. Hujtfpj`xkifùe y a`hujtfpj`xkifùe @j h`ikefshd a` afr`iifdekhf`etd p`rhft` hujtfpj`xkr y a`hujtfpj`xkr jks afr`iifde`s `e `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` (Bfl. ;6=).
Bfl. ;6=
Hujtfpj`xfùe> @e `j jkad a`j `hfsdr, pu`a` ckm`r vkrfds prdi`sds qu` e`i`sftke `evfkr pkqu`t`s, sfe `hmkrld sdjd cky ue efv`j a` trkespdrt`. @j prdtdidjd ki`ptk h`eskn`s a afb`r`et`s prdi`sds afb`r`eifkads pdr jds eþh`rds a` pu`rtd qu` tf`e`e ksflekads. A`spuæs a` kûkafr jk ikm`i`rk, `e efv`j a` trkespdrt` pksk jds pkqu`t`s kj efv`j a` r`a. A`hujtfpj`xfùe> @e `j jkad a`j r`i`ptdr, `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` r`ifm` aktklrkhks a`j efv`j a` r`a. A`spuæs a` idhprdmkr sf cky `rrdr`s y quftkr jk ikm`i`rk, `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` `etr`lk ikak h`eskn` kj prdi`sd kprdpfkad s`lþe su pu`rtd. Y`rvfifd sfe ide`xfùe br`et` k s`rvfifd drf`etkad k ide`xfùe
Y`rvfifd sfe ide`xfùe> Jds pkqu`t`s sde `evfkads a` uek pkrt` k dtrk sfe e`i`sfaka a` `stkmj`i`r d jfm`rkr uek ide`xfùe. Jds pkqu`t`s ed `stëe euh`rkads, pu`a`e r`trkskrs`, p`ra`rs` d jj`lkr bu`rk a` dra`e, ed `xfst` idebfrhkifùe. Y`rvfifd drf`etkad k ide`xfùe> s` `stkmj`i` prfh`rd uek ide`xfùe `etr` `j `hfsdr y r`i`ptdr, jds aktds s` trkesbf`r`e y kj bfekj s` jfm`rk jk ide`xfùe. Bfkmj` br`et` k ed bfkmj`> @j s`rvfifd k efv`j a` trkespdrt` pu`a` s`r bfkmj` d ed, sf s` e`i`sftk bfkmfjfaka s` usk ue prdtdidjd fhpj`h`etkead idetrdj a` `rrdr y a` bjund k efv`j a` trkespdrt`, `std fhpjfik qu` `s hës j`etd y hës idhpj`nd. Yf ed s` e`i`sftk bfkmfjfaka, yk qu` utfjfzk h`ikefshds prdpfds a` idetrdj a` bjund d `rrdr d s` e`i`sftk ue s`rvfifd rëpfad iuyk ekturkj`zk ed e`i`sftk idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr`s, s` pu`a` uskr ue prdtdidjd ed bfkmj`. ;<0
Bfl. ;69 Idetrdj a` `rrdr k efv`j a` `ejki` ed lkrketfzk `e idetrdj a` `rrdr k efv`j a` trespdrt`
Qr`s prdtdidjds @e Fet`re`t cky tr`s tfpds a` prdtdidjds> ;. PA_ (Ps`r Aktklrkh _rdtdidj )> `s sfe ide`xfùe y ed bfkmj`. =. QI_ (Qrkeshfssfde Idetrdj _rdtdidj )> `s drf`etkad k ide`xfùe y bfkmj`. 9. YIQ_ (Ytr`kh Idetrdj Qrkeshfssfde _rdtdidj )> `s drf`etkad k ide`xfùe y bfkmj` (ed `etrk `e `j t`hkrfd).
Bfl. ;61 _dsfifùe a` PA_, QI_ y YIQ_ `e jk suft` QI_/F_
;2.= _rdtdidjd a` aktklrkhk a` usukrfd (PA_) @st` prdtdidjd sfe ide`xfùe y ed bfkmj` ed kûka` ekak k jds s`rvfifds F_, `xi`ptd prdpdrifdekr idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd `e julkr a` idhuefikifde`s idhputkadrks k idhputkadrks. Y` utfjfzk `e prdi`sds s`eifjjds `e jds qu` ed fhpdrtk huicd jk bfkmfjfaka
;<2
_u`rtds mf`e idedifads `e PA_ @e jk sfluf`et` tkmjk s` hu`strke kjlueds pu`rtds mf`e idedifads pkr PA_> _u`rtd < 6 ;; ;9 ;< ;6 09 2< 23 26 ;;; ;=9 ;2; ;2=
_rdtdidjd @icd Afsikra Ps`rs Akytfh` [dut` Ickrl`e Ekh`s`rv`r MDDQ_s MDDQ_i QBQ_ ]_I EQ_ YEH_ YEH_
A`sirfpifùe A`vu`jv` `j aktklrkhk r`ifmfad kj `hfsdr A`sikrtk iukjquf`r a`tklrkhk qu` r`ifm` Psukrfds kitfvds A`vu`jv` b`ick y cdrk A`vu`jv` uek iftk a`j aèk A`vu`jv` uek tfrk a` ikrkit`r`s Y`rvfifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd _u`rtd a` s`rvfadr pkrk jdikjfzkr febdrhkifùe a` krrkequ` _u`rtd a`j ijf`et` pkrk ikrlkr febdrhkifùe a` krrkequ` Qrfvfkj Bfj` Qrkesb`r _rdtdidj ]`hdt` _rdi`aur` Ikjj E`twdrg Qfh` _rdtdidj Yfhpj` E`twdrg Hkekl`h`et _rdtdidj Yfhpj` E`twdrg Hkekl`h`et _rdtdidj (trkp)
Aktklrkhk a` usukrfd Jds pkqu`t`s PA_, a`edhfekads aktklrkhks a` usukrfd, tf`e` uek ikm`i`rk a` tkhkûd bfnd a` dicd myt`s (Bfl. ;60).
Bfl. ;60 Bdrhktd a`j aktklrkhk a` usukrfd
K idetfeukifùe s` a`sirfm`e jds ikhpds>
Eþh`rd a` pu`rtd drfl`e> @st` eþh`rd a` pu`rtd uskad pdr `j prdi`sd qu` `n`iutk `e jk idhputkadrk drfl`e, tf`e` ;2 mfts a` jdelftua. Eþh`rd a` pu`rtd a`stfed> `st` eþh`rd a` pu`rtd uskad `e `j prdi`sd qu` s` `n`iutk `e jk idhputkadrk a` a`stfed, su jdelftua tkhmfæe `s a` ;2 mfts Jdelftua> Ikhpd a` ;2 mfts qu` a`bfe` jk jdelftua tdtkj a`j aktklrkhk a` usukrfd, ikm`i`rk y aktds. Jds ;2 mfts a`bfe`e uke jdelftua tdtkj a` ? a` 20.090, sfe `hmkrld jk jdelftua tdtkj a`m` s`r huicd h`edr pdrqu` ue aktklrkhk PA_ s` kjhki`ek `e ue aktklrkhk F_> Jdelftua PA_ 8 jdelftua F_ ’ jdelftua ikm`i`rk F_
;<<
Yuhk a` idhprdmkifùe> @st` ikhpd s` usk pkrk a`t`itkr jds `rrdr`s `e `j aktklrkhk a` usukrfd (ikm`i`rk y aktds). Bueifdekhf`etd a` PA_
Y`rvfifds sfe ide`xfùe> Ikak aktklrkhk a` usukrfd `evfkad pdr PA_ `s ue aktklrkhk fea`p`eaf`et`, ed cky r`jkifùe `etr` jds afstfetds aktklrkhks a` usukrfd feijusd sf vf`e`e a`sa` `j hfshd prdi`sd drfl`e y vke kj hfshd a`stfed. Idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr> Ed cky idetrdj a` bjund y ed cky h`ikefshd a` v`etkek, `j r`i`ptdr pu`a` a`smdrakrs` ide jds h`eskn`s qu` jj`lke, `j `hfsdr ed skm` sf `xfst`e h`eskn`s p`rafads d aupjfikad, sdjd s` idetrdjk jk suhk a` idhprdmkifùe qu` sf ak ue `rrdr s` a`sikrtk `j aktklrkhk. @eikpsujkhf`etd y a`s`eikpsujkhf`etd> _krk `evfkr ue h`eskn` a` ue prdi`sd k dtrd, `j prdtdidjd PA_ `eikpsujk y a`s`eikpsujk jds h`eskn`s `e ue aktklrkhk F_. @eidjkhf`etd> @xfst`e idjks ksdifkaks ide pu`rtds>
Bfl. ;62
Iukead ue s`rvfadr quf`r` r`spdea`r k ue ijf`et`, `evèk jds h`eskn`s k jk idjk a` skjfak, uskead `j eþh`rd a` pu`rtd drfl`e `sp`ifbfikad `e jk p`tfifùe, PA_ `xtrk` jds h`eskn`s ued pdr ed y, a`spuæs a` kûkafr jk ikm`i`rk PA_, s` `evèk k F_. Jk idjk a` skjfak tkhmfæe pu`a` jj`ekrs`. Yf diurr` `std, `j sfst`hk dp`rktfvd pfa` kj s`rvfadr qu` `sp`r` ket`s a` `evfkr hës h`eskn`s. Psd a` PA_
@s ka`iukad pkrk ue prdi`sd qu` e`i`sftk idhuefikifùe p`tfifùe-r`spu`stk s`eifjjk y kj iukj j` pr`diupk pdid `j idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr. @s ka`iukad pkrk prdi`sds ide h`ikefshds fet`reds a` idetrdj a` bjund y `rrdr. @s ue prdtdidjd a` trkespdrt` ka`iukad pkrk hujtf`evfd. Y` usk pkrk prdi`sds a` l`stfùe idhd YEH_. Y` usk `e kjlueds prdtdidjds a` kitukjfzkifùe a` rutk.
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;2.9 _rdtdidjd a` Idetrdj a` Qrkeshfsfùe (QI_) @s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k ide`xfùe bfkmj`, kûka` k F_ jks ikrkit`rèstfiks a` drf`etkifùe k ide`xfùe y bfkmfjfaka. Y`rvfifd Q_I Jds s`rvfifds dbr`ifads pdr QI_ k jds prdi`sds k efv`j a` kpjfikifùe
Idhuefikifùe prdi`sd k prdi`sd> Kj flukj qu` PA_, QI_ prdpdrifdek idhuefikifùe `etr` prdi`sds uskead eþh`rds a` pu`rtd, jk sfluf`et` tkmjk hu`strk kjlueds pu`rtds mf`e idedifads pdr QI_> _u`rtd < 6 ;; ;9 ;< ;6 =? =; =9 =0 09 2< <6 3? ;;;
_rdtdidjd @icd Afsikra Ps`rs Akytfh` [dut` Ickrl`e BQ_, Aktds BQ_, Idetrdj Q@JE@Q YHQ_ AEY MDDQ_ Bfel`r CQQ_ ]_I
A`sirfpifùe A`vu`jv` `j aktklrkhk r`ifmfad kj `hfsdr A`sikrtk iukjquf`r a`tklrkhk qu` r`ifm` Psukrfds kitfvds A`vu`jv` b`ick y cdrk A`vu`jv` uek iftk a`j aèk A`vu`jv` uek tfrk a` ikrkit`r`s Bfj` Qrkesb`r _rdtdidj (ide`xfùe a` aktds) Bfj` Qrkesb`r _rdtdidj (ide`xfùe a` idetrdj) Q`rhfekj a` r`a Yfhpj` Hkfj Qrkesb`r _rdtdidj Adhkfe Ekh` Y`rv`r _rdtdidjd Mddtstrk Bfel`r Cfp`rt`xt Qrkesb`r _rdtdidj Jjkhkak k prdi`afhf`etd r`hdtd
Y`rvfifd a` trkeshfsfùe a` bjunds> QI_ k afb`r`eifk a` PA_, `s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k bjund, p`rhft` kj prdi`sd `hfsdr `evfkr aktds idhd ue bjund a` myt`s y p`rhft` kj prdi`sd r`i`ptdr dmt`e`r jds aktds idhd ue bjund a` myt`s. Q_I ir`k ue prdi`sd `e `j qu` khmds prdi`sds pkr`i`e `stkr ide`itkads pdr ue ‚tumd‘ fhklfekrfd qu` trkespdrtk jds aktds k trkvæs a` Fet`re`t ( Bfl. ;6<). @j prdi`sd `hfsdr prdaui` (`sirfm` k) `j bjund a` myt`s y `j prdi`sd r`i`ptdr idesuh` (j`` a`) `j bjund.
Bfl. ;6< @evèd a` bjunds d
@evfd y r`i`pifùe a` mubb`rs> Akad qu` jds prdi`sds `hfsdr y r`i`ptdr pu`a`e ed `sirfmfr d j``r aktds k jk hfshk v`jdifaka, QI_ e`i`sftk mubb`rs pkrk kjhki`ekhf`etd, ued `e `j `hfsdr y dtrd `e `j r`i`ptdr pkrk ikak afr`iifùe.
;<6
Pek bdrhk a` fhpj`h`etkrjd `e h`afket` ue v`itdr ifriujkr ide `etrkaks a` ue myt` (Bfl. ;63).
Bfl. ;63 Mubb`rs a` `evèd y r`i`pifùe d
Y`lh`etds> Kuequ` `j usds a` kjhki`e`s l`stfdek afspkrfaka`s `etr` jk v`jdifaka a`j prdi`sd prdauitdr y idesuhfadr, `s e`i`skrfd ue pksd hës ket`s a` `evfkr jds aktds. Jk ikpk F_, idhd prdv``adr a` s`rvfifds pkrk QI_, e`i`sftk `evfkr aktds `e pkqu`t`s ed idhd ue bjund a` myt`s. @e `j efv`j a` trkespdrt` QI_ klrupk ue eþh`rd a` myt`s `e ue pkqu`t` a`edhfekad s`lh`etd. Q_I kûka` uek ikm`i`rk k ikak s`lh`etd (ide bfekjfaka a` idetrdj) y `etr`lk `j s`lh`etd k efv`j F_ pkrk su trkeshfsfùe (Bfl. ;66).
Bfl. ;66 Y`lh`etds QI_
Idhuefikifùe bujj aupj`x> QI_ dbr`i` `j s`rvfifd bujj aupj`x, ide `j iukj jds aktds pu`a`e vfknkr `e khmks afr`iifde`s kj hfshd tf`hpd. Ikak QI_ tf`e` `etdei`s ue kjhkiæe a` r`i`pifùe y `hfsfùe y jds s`lh`etds s` hu`v`e `e khmks afr`iifde`s. Y`rvfifd drf`etkad k ide`xfùe> K afb`r`eifk a` PA_, QI_ `s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k ide`xfùe. Iukead ue prdi`sd K quf`r` `evfkr y r`ifmfr aktds a` dtrd prdi`sd sftukad `e M diurr` jds sfluf`et`> ;. Khmds QI_ `stkmj`i`e uek ide`xfùe `etr` `jjds. ;3?
=. Y` fet`rikhmfke aktds `e khmks afr`iifde`s 9. Y` if`rrk jk ide`xfùe. @s uek ide`xfùe vfrtukj ed bèsfik, `j s`lh`etd QI_ `s `eikpsujkad `e uek aktklrkhk F_ y pu`a` `evfkr bu`rk a` dra`e, p`ra`rs` d idrrdhp`rs`, `e iuyd iksd `s r``evfkad, pu`a` uskr uek rutk afstfetk ckstk su a`stfed.
Y`rvfifd bfkmj`> QI_ `s ue prdtdidjd a` trkespdrt` bfkmj`. Psk ue h`ikefshd a` idebfrhkifùe pkrk idhprdmkr qu` jds aktds cke jj`lkad idhpj`tkh`et` y s`lurds. Ikrkit`rèstfiks a` QI_
Yfst`hk a` euh`rkifùe> QI_ sflu` jk pfstk a` jds s`lh`etds qu` `stëe sf`ead trkeshftfads y r`ifmfads p`rd ed `xfst` ue ikhpd pkrk `j eþh`rd a` s`lh`etds `e jk ikm`i`rk a` s`lh`etds. @e su julkr s` tf`e` ads ikhpds a`edhfekads eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk y eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe, `stds ikhpds s` r`bf`r`e kj eþh`rd a` myt` y ed kj eþh`rd a` s`lh`etd. d
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Eþh`rd a` myt`> Jds myt`s a` aktds qu` s` `evèke `e ikak ide`xfùe sde euh`rkads pdr QI_. Jk euh`rkifùe idhf`ezk ide ue eþh`rd l`e`rkad kj`ktdrfkh`et` `etr` ? y = 9=-; pkrk `j eþh`rd a`j prfh`r myt`, pdr `n`hpjd, sf `j eþh`rd kj`ktdrfd `s ;?0< y `j tdtkj a` aktds k `evfkr `s 2.??? myt`s, jds myt`s s` `euh`rke a`sa` ;.?0< ckstk <.?02. Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk> A`spuæs a` euh`rkr jds myt`s, QI_ ksflek ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk k ikak s`lh`etd qu` `evèk. @j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk pkrk ikak s`lh`etd `s `j eþh`rd a`j prfh`r myt` qu` trkespdrtk `st` s`lh`etd. _dr `n`hpjd sf s` trkesbf`r` ue bfic`rd a` 0.??? myt`s y `j prfh`r myt` `stk euh`rkad ide ;?.??;, y jd `evfkhds `e ifeid s`lh`etds a` ;??? myt`s jds eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk qu`ak> Y`lh`etd ; Y`lh`etd = Y`lh`etd 9 Y`lh`etd 1 Y`lh`etd 0
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↝ ↝ ↝ ↝ ↝
Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk>
;?.??;
(rkeld> ;?.??; k ;;.???)
Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk>
;;.??;
(rkeld> ;;.??; k ;=.???)
Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk>
;=.??;
(rkeld> ;=.??; k ;9.???)
Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk>
;9.??;
(rkeld> ;9.??; k ;1.???)
Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk>
;1.??;
(rkeld> ;1.??; k ;0.???)
Eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe> A`bfe` `j eþh`rd a`j sfluf`et` myt` qu` uek pkrt` `sp`rk r`ifmfr. Ka`hës, `j eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe `s kiuhujktfvd, jd qu` sflefbfik qu` `sk pkrt` pde` `j eþh`rd a`g þjtfhd myt` qu` ck r`ifmfad idrr`itkh`et`, j` suhk ; y `evèk `stk suhk idhd eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe. @j t`rhfed kiuhujktfvd sflefbfik qu` sf uek pkrt` usk 0.219 idhd eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe, ck r`ifmfad idrr`itkh`et` tdads jds myt`s a`sa` `j prfeifpfd ckstk `j 0.21=, ed sflefbfik qu` ck r`ifmfad `s` eþh`rd a` myt`s qu` `j `j prfh`r eþh`rd a` myt` ed tf`e` pdrqu` s`r `j i`rd.
Idetrdj a` bjund> @st` prdtdidjd idetrdjk jk iketfaka a` aktds qu` ck sfad `evfkads pdr `j `hfsdr, ksè s` `vftk a`smdrakhf`etd `e `j r`i`ptdr. @std s` idesflu` h`afket` `j sfst`hk a` euh`rkifùe QI_.
;3;
Idetrdj a` `rrdr> @st` prdtdidjd afspde` a` h`ikefshds a` a`t`iifùe a` `rrdr`s. Idetrdj a` idel`stfùe> QI_ tf`e` `e iu`etk jk idel`stfùe a` jk r`a. Jk iketfaka a` aktds `evfkad pdr `j `hfsdr ed sdjd `s idetrdjkad pdr `j r`i`ptdr (idetrdj a` bjund), sfed tkhmfæe s` a`t`rhfek pdr efv`j a` idel`stfùe a` jk r`a. Y`lh`etd
Bfl. =?? Bdrhktd a` ue s`lh`etd QI_
Bdrhktd d
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Afr`iifùe pu`rtd a` drfl`e> Ikhpd a` ;2 mfts qu` a`bfe` `e eþh`rd a` pu`rtd a`j prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe a` jk idhputkadrk qu` `stë `evfkead `j s`lh`etd. Afr`iifùe pu`rtd a` a`stfed> Ikhpd a` ;2 mfts qu` a`bfe` `e eþh`rd a` pu`rtd a`j prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe a` jk idhputkadrk qu` vk k r`ifmfr `j s`lh`etd. Eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk> Ikhpd a` 9= mfts qu` a`bfe` `j eþh`rd ksflekad kj prfh`r myt` aktds qu` idetf`e` `j s`lh`etd. Aurket` `j `stkmj`ifhf`etd a` jk ide`xfùe ikak pkrt` `sk ue l`e`rkadr a` euh`rd kj`ktdrfd pkrk ir`kr ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk fefifkj (Feftfkj Y`qu`ei` Euhm`r FYE) qu` ckmftukjh`et` `s afstfetd `e ikak afr`iifùe. Eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe> Ikhpd a` 9= mfts qu` a`bfe` `j eþh`rd a` myt` qu` `j r`i`ptdr a`j s`lh`etd `sp`rk r`ifmfr a` jk dtrk pkrt`. Yf `j r`i`ptdr a`j s`lh`etd ck r`ifmfad idrr`itkh`et` `j myt` eþh`rd x, a`bfe` x + ; idhd eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe. Jk idebfrhkifùe y jds aktds pu`a`e `evfkrs` nuetds. Jdelftua a` ikm`i`rk (CJ@E)> @st` ikhpd a` iuktrd mfts feafik `j eþh`rd a` pkjkmrks a` iuktrd myt`s `e jk ikm`i`rk QI_. Jk jdelftua a` jk ikm`i`rk pu`a` vkrfkr `etr` =? y 2? myt`s ]`s`rvkad> @st` ikhpd a` s`fs mfts r`s`rvkad pkrk usd buturd.
;3=
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Idetrdj> @st` ikhpd a` 2 mfts d bjkls a` idetrdj afstfetds. Ped d hës a` `stds mfts pu`a`e kitfvkrs` kj hfshd tf`hpd>
P]L
KIG
_YC
]YQ
P]L> _uet`rd url`et` vëjfad KIG> Idebfrhkifùe `s vëjfad _YC> _`tfifùe a` pusc
YVE
BFE
]YQ> ]`fefifkr jk ide`xfùe YVE> Yfeirdefzkr eþh`rds a` s`iu`eifk BFE> Q`rhfekr jk ide`xfùe
@stds mfts p`rhft`e `j idetrdj a` bjund, `stkmj`i`r y t`rhfekr uek ide`xfùe, kmdrtkrjk, s` v`rëe hës ka`jket`. d
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Qkhkûd a` jk v`etkek> @st` ikhpd a` ;2 mfts a`bfe` `j tkhkûd a` jk v`etkek `e myt`s qu` jk dtrk pkrt` a`m` hket`e`r. @j tkhkûd hëxfhd a `jk v`etkek `s a` 20.090 myt`s, `st` vkjdr s` a`bfe` edrhkjh`et` idhd v`etkek a` r`i`pifùe (rwea) y `s a`t`rhfekad pdr `j r`i`ptdr. Yuhk a` idhprdmkifùe> @st` ikhpd a` ;2 mfts idetf`e` jk suhk a` idhprdmkifùe. Y` ikjiujk t`ef`ead `e iu`etk tdads jds `j`h`etds a` jk ikm`i`rk. _uet`rd url`et`> @st` ikhpd a` ;2 mfts, qu` sdjd `s vëjfad sf `j ikhpd url`et` `stë kitfvd, s` usk iukead `j s`lh`etd tf`e` aktds url`et`s Dpifde`s> Y` pu`a` kûkafr ckstk 1? myt`s a` febdrhkifùe dpifdekj `e jk ikm`i`rk QI_.
Pek ide`xfùe QI_
Bfl. =?; @stkmj`ifhf`etd a` ide`xfùe uskead uek e`ldifkifùe idhpj`tk `e tr`s pksds
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@e QI_, jk trkeshfsfùe drf`etkak k ide`xfùe e`i`sftk a` tr`s bks`s> `stkmj`ifhf`etd a` jk ide`xfùe, trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds y if`rr` a` jk ide`xfùe.
@stkmj`ifhf`etd a` ide`xfùe> QI_ trkeshft` jds aktds `e hdad bujj aupj`x, iukead ads hëqufeks ide QI_ s` ide`itke sde ikpki`s a` `evfkrs` s`lh`etds `etr` sf sfhujtëe`kh`et`, `std fhpjfik qu` s` ck a` fefifkjfzkr jk idhuefikifùe y dmt`e`r kprdmkifùe ket`s a` fefifkr jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds. d
E`ldifkifùe `e tr`s pksds Ksè s` a`edhfek `j `stkmj`ifhf`etd a` uek ide`xfùe `e QI_. @j prdi`sd idhf`ezk `e `j s`rvfadr, `st` j` afi` k su QI_ qu` `stë jfstd pkrk ki`ptkr uek ide`xfùe ide iukjquf`r ijf`et`. @j ijf`et` `hft` uek p`tfifùe pkrk uek kp`rturk kitfvk. @j ijf`et` qu` quf`r` ide`itkrs` k ue s`rvfadr kmf`rtd j` afi` k su QI_ qu` e`i`sftk ide`itkrs` k ue s`rvfadr `e pkrtfiujkr. Kcdrk QI_ pu`a` `hp`zkr jk e`ldifkifùe `e tr`s pksds (Bfl. =?;)> ;. @j ijf`et` `evèk `j prfh`r s`lh`etd, ide s`lh`etd YVE, `e `j qu` sdjd `j ikhpd YVE `stk kitfvd. Ed jj`vk aktds, p`rd idesuh` ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. =. @j s`rvfadr `evèk ue s`luead s`lh`etd, ue s`lh`etd YVE + KIG, ide ads mfts a` bjkls kitfvds> YVE u KIG, tf`e` idhd admj` dmn`tfvd `stkmj`i`r jk ide`xfùe `e afr`iifùe idetrkrfk (YVE) y sfrv` pkrk idebfrhkr jk r`i`pifùe a`j s`lh`etd YVE ket`rfdr (KIG). Idesuh` ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. 9. @j ijf`et` `evfk `j t`ri`r s`lh`etd, qu` idetf`e` sdjd ue KIG, pdr h`afd a`j iukj idebfrhk jk r`i`pifùe a`j s`luead s`lh`etd ide `j bjkl KIG y `j ikhpd a`j eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe. @j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk a` `st` s`lh`etd `s `j hfshd qu` `j s`lh`etd YVY, ju`ld ed idesuh` efelþe eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk.
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Kp`rturk sfhujtëe`k> _u`a` diurrfr uek sftukifùe rkrk, a`edhfekak kp`rturk sfhujtëe`k, iukead khmds prdi`sds `hft`e uke kp`rturk kitfvk. @e `st` iksd, khmds QI_ s` `evfke ue s`lh`etd YVE + KIG `etr` sf y s` `stkmj`i` uek þefik ide`xfùe `etr` `jjds. Ktkqu` pdr YVE hksfvd (YVE bjddlfel kttkig)> Yf s` `evèk ue eþh`rd hksfvd a` YVE idetrk ue s`rvfadr, pr`t`eaf`ead qu` ikak ued a` `jjds prdvf`e` a` ijf`et`s afstfetds h`afket` `j `ehksikrkhf`etd a` jk afr`iifùe F_ drfl`e `e jds aktklrkhks, `stkhds `e jd qu` s` idedi` idhd ue ktkqu` hksfvd pdr YVE. @j s`rvfadr, ksuhf`ead qu` jds ijf`et`s `stëe `evfkead kp`rturks kitfvks, ksflek r`iursds y `evèk s`lh`etds YVE + KIG k jds ijf`et`s bfitfifds qu` s` pf`ra`e. @j s`rvfadr tf`e` ue hdetùe a` r`iursds diupkads y sf `e ue `spkifd idrtd a` tf`hpd jds s`lh`etds YVE sde huy `j`vkads `j s`rvfadr s` qu`ak sfe r`iursds y bkjjk. @st` ktkqu` p`rt`e`i` k jd qu` s` a`edhfek ktkqu` pdr a`e`lkifùe a` s`rvfifd pdr `j iukj `j ktkiket` hdedpdjfzk `j sfst`hk y jd idjkpsk.
Qrkesb`r`eifk a` aktds> A`spuæs a` qu` s` ck `stkmj`ifad jk ide`xfùe s` fefifk jk bks` a` trkeshfsfùe a` aktds, tketd `j ijf`et` idhd `j s`rvfadr pu`a`e `evfkr aktds y idebfrhkifde`s (s` v`rë hës ka`jket`). A` hdh`etd sdjd cki` bkjtk skm`r qu` jds aktds qu` vfknke `e jk hfshk afr`iifùe qu` uek idebfrhkifùe s` trkespdrtk `e `j hfshd s`lh`etd. Jk idebfrhkifùe s` feijuy` ide jds aktds (Bfl. =?=). ;31
Bfl. =?= Qrksb`r`eifk a` aktds
Pek v`z `stkmj`ifak jk ide`xfùe `j ijf`et` `evèk =.??? myt`s `e ads s`lh`etds, `etdei`s `j s`rvfadr `evèk =.??? myt`s `e ue s`lh`etd. @j ijf`et` `evfk ue s`lh`etd hës. Jds tr`s prfh`rds s`lh`etds trkespdrtke tketd aktds idhd idebfrhkifde`s, p`rd `j þjtfhd sdjd jj`vk uek idebfrhkifùe pu`s ed cky hës aktds pkrk `evfkr. Jds s`lh`etds a` aktds `evfkads pdr `j ijf`et` tf`e`e `j bjkl _YC (pusc) kitfvd a` bdrhk qu` `j s`rvfadr QI_ s`pk qu` a`m` `etr`lkr ds aktds kj prdi`sd s`rvfadr tke prdetd idhd jj`lu`e. d
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@etr`lk feh`afktk a` aktds (puscfel)> @j QI_ `hfsdr y `j Q_I r`i`ptdr tf`e` ue kjhkiæe qu` lukrake jds s`lh`etds y sde `etr`lkads iukead jk kpjfikifùe jds e`i`sftk, p`rd `e diksfde`s s` e`i`sftk qu` jk `etr`lk s`k feh`afktk. @std s` idesflu` h`afket` jk kitfvkifùe a`j bjkl a` `etr`lk feh`afktk (_PYC) `e `j QI_ `hfsdr, feafikead qu` jds aktds idet`efads a`m`e s` `etr`lkads ide prfdrfaka kj prdlrkhk r`i`ptdr y qu` ed a`m` `sp`rkr k jk jj`lkak a` hës aktds. @e jk kitukjfaka jk hkydrèk a` jks fhpj`h`etkifde`s a` jds QI_ fledrke `stks p`tfifde`s. Aktds url`et`s> QI_ `s ue prdtdidjd drf`etkad k bjund, `s a`ifr qu` jds aktds a`j prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe sde pr`s`etkads k Q_I idhd bjund a` ikrkit`r`s. _`rd `e diksfde`s s` e`i`sftke `evfkr aktds url`et`s. @std qu`fr` a`ifr qu` `j ;30
prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe `hfsdr quf`r` qu` uek s`rf` a` aktds s` j`k bu`rk a` dra`e pdr pkrt` a`j prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe `hfsdr, pkrk `jjd s` `evèk ue s`lh`etd ide `j mft P]L kitfvkad, `j QI_ `hfsdr idjdik jds aktds url`et`s jds prfh`rds `e `j kjhki`e y kj jj`lkr kj QI_ r`i`ptdr `xtrk` jds aktds a` `st` s`lh`etd y jds `etr`lk bu`rk a` dra`e kj prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe r`i`ptdr.
Bfe a` jk ide`xfùe> Qketd `j ijf`et` idhd `j s`rvfadr pf`ra`e i`rrkr jk ide`xfùe, kuequ` jk hkydrèk a` jks v`i`s `s `j ijf`et`, jks fhpj`h`etkifde`s kitukj`s a` QI_ pds``e ads dpifde`s pkrk t`rhfekr jk ide`xfùe> e`ldifkifùe `e `etr`s pksds (Bfl. =?9) y e`ldifkifùe k iuktrd pksds ide uek dpifùe k s`hfif`rr` (Bfl. =?1).
Bfl. =?9 Bfe a` jk ide`xfùe uskead jk e`ldifkifùe `e tr`s pksds d
E`ldifkifùe `e tr`s pksds> Y` sflu`e jds sfluf`et`s pksds> ;. @e uek sftukifùe edrhkj, QI_ ijf`et` a`spuæs a` r`ifmfr ue idhkead a` if`rr` a`sa` `j prdi`sd ijf`et`, `evèk `j prfh`r s`lh`etd, ue s`lh`etd BFE ide `j bjkl BFE kitfvd. Idesuh` ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk sf ed jj`vk aktds. =. @j s`rvfadr QI_, a`spuæs a` r`ifmfr `j s`lh`etd BFE, febdrhk k su prdi`sd a` jk sftukifùe y `evèk `j s`luead s`lh`etd, ue s`lh`etd BFE + KIG, idebfrhkead jk r`i`pifùe a` BFE a`sa` `j ijf`et` y keueifkead `j if`rr` a` jk ide`xfùe `e jk afr`iifùe idetrkrfk. Yf ed jj`vk aktds, idesuh` sùjd ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. 9. @j ijf`et` QI_ `evèk `j þjtfhd s`lh`etd, ue s`lh`etd KIG, pkrk idebfrhkr jk r`i`pdifùe a`j s`lh`etd BFE a`sa` `j s`rvfadr QI_. @st` s`lh`etd idetf`e` `j eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe qu` `s uek hës `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk r`ifmfad `e `j s`lh`etd BFE a`sa` `j s`rvfadr. @st` s`lh`etd ed pu`a` jj`vkr aktds y ed idesuh` eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk.
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Bfl. =?1 Y`hfif`rr`s d
Y`hfif`rr`> @e QI_, ue `xtr`hd a`nk a` `evfkr aktds hf`etrks sflu` r`ifmf`ead, `std s` a`edhfek s`hfif`rr`. Ckmftukjh`et` `j s`hfif`rr` jd fefifk `j ijf`et`. _u`a` diurrfr pdr `n`hpjd iukead `j s`rvfadr e`i`sftk tdads jds aktds ket`s a` `hp`zkr k prdi`skr, pdr `n`hpjd `e ue kjldrfthd a` dra`ekifùe, `j ijf`et` pu`a` i`rrkr `j `evèd, p`rd a`m` hket`e`r jk ide`xfùe kmf`rtk pkrk r`ifmfr jds aktds dra`ekads. Jk Bfl. =?1 hu`strk ue `n`hpjd a` s`hfif`rr`> ;. @j ijf`et` `b`itþk ue s`hfif`rr` a` jk ide`xfùe `evfkad ue s`lh`etd BFE. =. @j s`rvfadr ki`ptk `j s`hfif`rr` `evfkead ue s`lh`etd KIG. Jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds a`sa` `j ijf`et` t`rhfek. Yfe `hmkrld, `j s`rvfadr tdakvèk pu`a` `evfkr aktds. 9. Iukead `j s`rvfadr ck `evfkad tdads jds aktds prdi`skadr `evèk ue s`lh`etd BFE, qu` `s idebfrhkad ide ue KIG. @j s`luead KIG ed idesuh` eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk, kuequ` `j ijf`et` ck r`ifmfad `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk y ’ ; y `stë `sp`rkead pdr y, `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk a`j s`rvfadr sflu` sf`ead y ’ ;. Iukead jk ide`xfùe bfekjh`et` if`rrk, `j eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk a`j þjtfhd KIG sflu` sf`ead x, pdrqu` eds ` ck idesuhfad efelþe eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk aurket` jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds `e `sk afr`iifùe.
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Ide`xfùe a` bjund Y` usk uek v`etkek a`sjfzket` pkrk cki`r jk trkshfsfùe hës `bfif`et` y pkrk idetrdjkr `j bjund a` aktds a` bdrhk qu` `j a`stfed ed s`k a`smdrakad ide aktds. Jks v`etkeks a`sjfzket`s a` QI_ sde drf`etkads k myt`s. Jk Bfl. =?0 hu`strk jk v`etkek a`sjfzkmj` a` QI_, jk v`etkek s` `xtf`ea` k uek pkrt` a`j kjhkiæe qu` idetf`e` jds myt`s r`ifmfads `e `j prdi`sd. Jds myt`s a`etrd a` jk v`etkek sde jds myt`s qu` pu`a`e `stkr `e trëesftd7 pu`a`e `evfkrs` sfe prdiurkrs` a` jk idebfrhkifùe. Jk v`etkek fhklfekrfk tf`e` ads pkr`a`s, k jk fzquf`rak y k jk a`r`ick.
Bfl. =?0 R`etkek a`sjfzkmj`
Jk v`etkek pu`a` `stkr kmf`rtk, i`rrkak d r`auifak, kmrfr sflefbfik qu` s` hu`v` jk pkr`a a`r`ick k jk a`r`ick, i`rrkr `s hdv`r k jk pkr`a fzquf`rak k jk a`r`ick, r`auifr `s hdv`r jk pkr`a a`r`ick ckifk jk fzquf`rak. @j tkhkûd a` jk v`etkek `s ue jkad a`t`rhfekad pdr `j h`edr a` `stds ads vkjdr`s> v`etkek a` r`i`pifùe (rwea) d v`etkek a` idel`stfùe (iwea) Idetrdj a` `rrdr QI_ `s ue prdtdidjd bfkmj`, pkrk `jjd `hpj`k `j idetrdj a` `rrdr, qu` feijuy` h`ikefshds pkrk a`t`itkr s`lh`etds idrruptds, s`lh`etds p`rafads, s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e y s`lh`etds aupjfikads. Pek v`z a`t`itkads s` feijuy`e h`ikefshds pkrk idrr`lfr jds hfshds. @std s` idesflu` h`afket` tr`s h`ikefshds sfhpj`s> suhks a` idhprdmkifùe, idebfrhkifùe y t`hpdrfzkifùe.
Yuhks a` idhprdmkifùe> Ikak s`lh`etd idetf`e` uek suh` a` idhprdmkifùe pkrk idhprdmkr sf `j s`lh`etd `stë idrruptd. Yf jd `stë jd a`sikrtk `j r`i`ptdr y s` idesfa`rk p`rafad. QI_ usk ue ikhpd a` idhprdmkifùe a` ;2 mfts qu` `s dmjflktdrfd `e tdads jds s`lh`etds. Idebfrhkifùe> QI_ utfjfzk idebfrhkifde`s pkrk feafikr jk r`i`pifùe a` aktds. Jds s`lh`etds a` idetrdj qu` ed jj`vke aktds p`rd idesuh`e ue eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk tkhmfæe s` idebfrhke. Jds s`lh`etds KIG iu`eik s` idebfrhke. ]`trkeshfsfùe> Iukead ue s`lh`etd `stë idrrdhpfad, s` pf`ra` d s` r`trksk, s` r`trkeshft`. @e jks fhpj`h`etkifde`s hda`reks, ue s`lh`etd s` r`trkeshft` `e ads diksfde`s> iukead `xpfrk ue t`hpdrfzkadr a` r`trkeshfsfùe d iukead `j `hfsdr r`ifm` tr`s KIG aupjfikads. Dms`rv` qu` ed cky r`trkeshfsfùe pkrk jds s`lh`etds qu` ed s` idesuh`e eþh`rd a` s`iu`eifk. @e pkrtfiujkr, ed cky r`trkeshfsfùe pkrk ue s`lh`etd KIG.
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d
d
]`trkeshfsfùe a`spuæs a` ue pjkzd a` r`trkeshfsfùe (]QD)> Pek fhpj`h`etkifùe r`if`et` a` QI_ hketf`e` ue t`hpdrfzkadr a` pjkzd a` r`trkeshfsfùe (]QD, r`trkeshfsfùe tfh` dut) pkrk tdads jds s`lh`etds p`eaf`et` (`evfkads p`rd ed idebfrhkads). Iukead v`ei` `j t`hpdrfzkadr, `j s`lh`etd p`eaf`et` ket`rfdr s` r`trkeshft` feijusd kuequ` jk bkjtk a` ue KIG r`ifmfad pu`a` a`m`rs` k ue s`lh`etd r`trkskad, ue KIG r`trkskad d jk pærafak a` uek idebfrhkifùe, jd qu` sflefbfik qu` efelued a` `stds s`lh`etds `s r``evfkad. @j vkjdr a` ]QD `s afeëhfid `e QI_ y s` kitukjfzk `e mks` kj tf`hpd a` fak vu`jtk (]QQ, rduea-trfp tfh`). Pe ]QQ `s `j tf`hpd qu` e`i`sftk ue s`lh`etd pkrk kjikezkr su a`stfed y pkrk qu` idebfrhkifùe s`k r`ifmfak. ]`trkeshfsfùe a`spuæs a` tr`s s`lh`etds a` KIG aupjfikads> Jk r`ljk ket`rfdr sdmr` jk r`trkeshfsfùe a` ue s`lh`etd `s subfif`et` sf `j vkjdr a` ]QD ed `s a`hksfkad lrkea`. Yfe `hmkrld, k v`i`s s` pf`ra` ue s`lh`etd y `j r`i`ptdr r`ifm` tketds s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e qu` ed pu`a`e s`r kjhki`ekads (tkhkûd a` kjhkiæe jfhftkad). _krk cki`r br`et` k `stk sftukifùe, jk hkydrèk a` jks fhpj`h`etkifde`s kitukj`s usk jk r`ljk a` jds tr`s KIG aupjfikads y r`trkeshft` `j s`lh`etd p`rafad feh`afktkh`et`. @stks ikrkit`rèstfiks s` a`edhfeke r`trkeshfsfùe rëpfak.
Y`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e> Iukead ue s`lh`etd s` r`trksk, s` pf`ra` d `s a`sikrtkad, jds s`lh`etds qu` sflu`e k æst` jj`lke bu`rk a` dra`e. Drflfekjh`et`, QI_ s` afs`ûù pkrk a`sikrtkr tdads jds s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e, jd qu` dmjflkmk k jk r`trkeshfsfùe a` jds s`lh`etds p`rafads y a` jds sfluf`et`s. Kitukjh`et` ed s` a`sikrtke jds s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e, s` kjhki`eke t`hpdrkjh`et` y jds hkrike idhd s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e ckstk qu` jj`lk ue s`lh`etd p`rafad, sfe `hmkrld, jds s`lh`etds bu`rk a` dra`e ed s` `etr`lke `e kj prdi`sd, yk qu` QI_ lkrketfzk qu` jds s`lh`etds s` `etr`lke `e dra`e kj prdi`sd. Kjlueds `si`ekrfds> Y` hu`strke kjlueds `n`hpjds e`i`skrfds qu` pu`a`e diurrfr aurket` `j bueifdekhf`etd a`j QI_, `e `stds `si`ekrfds (Bfl. =?2 Bfl. =?< Bfl. =?3), `j s`lh`etd s` hu`strk idhd ue r`itëelujd, sf jj`vk aktds s` hu`strk `j rkeld a` myt`s y `j vkjdr a`j ikhpd a` idebfrhkifùe. @e `j iksd a` jj`vkr sdjd eþh`rd a` idebfrhkifùe s` hu`strk `st` eþh`rd `e uek iknk p`qu`ûk. d
d
Bueifdekhf`etd edrhkj> @j prfh`r `si`ekrfd hu`strk uek trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds mfafr`iifdekj `etr` ads sfst`hks (Bfl. =?2). @j ijf`et` QI_ `evèk ue s`lh`etd, `j s`rvfadr QI_ `evèk tr`s. Iuëead `j ijf`et` r`ifm` `j prfh`r s`lh`etd a`j s`rvfadr, ed tf`e` hës aktds qu` `evfkr, `evèk sdjd ue s`lh`etd KIG. Yfe `hmkrld jk idebfrhkifùe a`m` s`r r`trkskak 0?? hs. pkrk v`r sf jj`lke hës s`lh`etds, iukead v`ei` `j t`hpdrfzkadr, afspkrk jk idebfrhkifùe. @std s` cki` ksè yk qu` `j ijf`et` ed skm` sf j` jj`lke hës s`lh`etds, y ed pu`a` r`trkskr jk idebfrhkifùe. Iukead jj`lk `j sfluf`et` s`lh`etd s` kitfvk dtrd t`hpdrfzkadr a` idebfrhkifùe, sfe `hmkrld ket`s a` qu` v`ezk, jj`lk `j t`ri`r s`lh`etd, qu` afspkrk dtrk idebfrhkifùe. Y`lh`etd p`rafad> @e `st` `si`ekrfd s` hu`strk jd qu` diurr` iukead `j s`lh`etd s` pf`ra` d s` idrrdhp`. Pe s`lh`etd p`rafad d idrrdhpfad s` trktk a` jk hfshk bdrhk pdr `j r`i`ptdr. Pe s`lh`etd p`rafad s` ck a`sikrtkad `e kjluek pkrt` a` jk r`a7 ue s`lh`etd idrrdhpfad `s a`sikrtkad pdr `j prdpfd ;36
r`i`ptdr, khmds s` idesfa`rke p`rafads. Jk Bfl. =?< hu`strk uek sftukifùe `e `j iukj ue s`lh`etd ck sfad a`sikrtkad pdr kjlþe `erutkadr a` jk r`a, qufzë a`mfad k idel`stfùe, y s` ck p`rafad.
Bfl. =?2 Bueifdekhf`etd edrhkj
Bfl. =?< Y`lh`etd p`rafad
Y` ksuh` qu` jk trkesb`r`eifk a` aktds `s uefafr`iifdekj, cky ue `hfsdr y ue r`i`ptdr. @e `st` `si`ekrfd, `j `hfsdr `evèk jds s`lh`etds ued y ads qu` sde idebfrhkads feh`afktkh`et` ide uek KIG. @j s`lh`etd tr`s s` pf`ra`, `j r`i`ptdr r`ifm` `j s`lh`etd iuktrd, quæ `stë bu`rk a` dra`e. @j r`i`ptdr kjhki`ek jds aktds a`j s`lh`etd `e `j kjhkiæe, p`rd a`nk ue cu`id pkrk feafikr qu` ed cky idetfeufaka a` jds aktds. @j r`i`ptdr `evèk uek idebfrhkifùe kj `hfsdr, hdstrkead `j sfluf`et` myt` qu` `sp`rk. @j r`i`ptdr kjhki`ek jds myt`s 3?; k 6??, p`rd eueik `etr`lk `stds myt`s k jk kpjfikifùe ckstk qu` `j cu`id `stë jj`ed. @j QI_ r`i`ptdr `etr`lk sùjd aktds dra`ekads kj prdi`sd. @j t`hpdrfzkadr a`j s`lh`etd p`eaf`et` ket`rfdr v`ei` a`bfeftfvkh`et` pdrqu` `j r`i`ptdr eueik `evèk uek idebfrhkifùe pkrk jds s`lh`etds p`rafads d bu`rk a` dra`e. Iukead v`ei` `j t`hpdrfzkadr, `j QI_ `hfsdr r``evèk `j s`lh`etd tr`s, qu` jj`lk mf`e `stk v`z y `s idebfrhkad ka`iukakh`et`. d
]`trkeshfsfùe rëpfak> @st` `si`ekrfd `s flukj qu` `j ket`rfdr p`rd `j ]QD tf`e` ue vkjdr hës kjtd (Bfl. =?3). Iukead `j r`i`ptdr r`ifm` jds s`lh`etds iukrtd, qufetd y s`xtd, afspkrk uek idebfrhkifùe. @j `hfsdr r`ifm` iuktrd idebfrhkifde`s pdr `j hfshd vkjdr (tr`s aupjfikads). Kuequ` `j t`hpdrfzkadr pkrk `j s`lh`etd tr`s tdakvèk ed ck v`eifad, jk treshfsfùe rëpfak e`i`sftk qu` ;6?
`j s`lh`etd tr`s, `j s`lh`etd `sp`rkad pdr tdaks jks idebfrhkifde`s, s`k r``evfkad feh`afktkh`et`. Ydjd s` r`trkeshft` ue s`lh`etd, kuequ` iuktrd s`lh`etds `stëe sfe r`idedi`r. Iukead `j `hfsdr r`ifm` `j KIG r`trkeshftfad, skm` qu` jds iuktrd s`lh`etds cke sfad r`ifmfads mf`e pdrqu` jk idebfrhkifùe `s kiuhujktfvk.
Bfl. =?3 ]`trkeshfsfùe rëpfak
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PEFAKA 2> EFR@J A@ K_JFIKIFÙE Q`hk ;<> Efv`j a` kpjfikifùe ;<.; Yfst`hk a` Edhmr`s a` Adhfefd (AEY) Cky kpjfikifde`s `e `j efv`j a` kpjfikifùe `e` `j hda`jd Fet`re`t qu` utfjfzk `j pkrkaflhk ijf`et`/s`rvfadr. @stds prdlrkhks s` pu`a`e afvfafr `e ads ikt`ldrèks, kqu`jjds qu` pu`a`e s`r utfjfzkads afr`itkh`et`, idhd `j idrr`d `j`itrùefid y kqu`jjds qu` ake sdpdrt` k dtrks kpjfikifde`s, ue `n`hpjd a` `st` þjtfhd iksd `s `j Yfst`hk a` Edhmr`s a` Adhfefd (AEY).
Bfl. =?6 @n`hpjd a` usd a`j s`rvfifd AEY
_dr `n`hpjd `e jk Bfl. =?6 s` v` ue `n`hpjd a` usd a`j AEY. @j usukrfd a` ue prdlrkhk a` idrr`d `j`itrùefid idedi` jk afr`iifùe a` idrr`d `j`itrùefid a` uek p`rsdek ed su afr`iifùe F_, p`rd `j prdtdidjd F_ e`i`sftk jk afr`iifùe F_. @j prdlrkhk AEY ijf`et` `evèk uek p`tfifùe kj _rdlrkhk AEY s`rvfadr pkrk `eidetrkr jk afr`iifùe F_ idrr`spdeaf`et` k jk afr`iifùe a` idrr`d `j`itrùefid. _krk fa`etfbfikr uek `etfaka, jds prdtdidjds QI_/F_ utfjfzk afr`iifde`s F_, qu` fa`etfbfike a` hke`rk þefik jk ide`xfùe a` jk `stkifùe k Fet`re`t, sfe `hmkrld, jk l`et` pr`bf`r` utfjfzkr edhmr`s `e julkr a` afr`iifde`s, pkrk `sd s` utfjfzk `e Yfst`hk a` Edhmr`s a` Adhfefd (AEY). @spkifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd
Bfl. =;? @spkifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefds
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@j `spkifd a` edhmr`s `e Fet`re`t `s ue `spkifd n`rërqufid, pkrk `sd s` afs`ûk ue `spkifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd. @j afs`ûd a`j hfshd s` r`kjfzk k trkvæs a` uek `struiturk a` ërmdj. @j ërmdj pds` ;=3 efv`j`s a`j efv`j ? (rkèz) kj efv`j ;=< (Bfl. =;?).
@tfqu`tk> Ikak edad `e `j ërmdj tf`e` uek `tfqu`tk, qu` `s uek ika`ek a` ikrkit`r`s ide ue hëxfhd a` 29 ikrkit`r`s. @j euad rkèz `s uek ika`ek vkièk. @j sfst`hk AEY r`quf`r` qu` jds cfnds a` ue edad t`elke afb`r`et`s `tfqu`tks, qu` lkrketfzke jk uefifaka a` jds edhmr`s a` adhfefd. Edhmr`s a` adhfefd> Ikak edad `e `j ërmdj tf`e` ue edhmr` a` adhfefd. Pe edhmr` a` adhfefd idhpj`td `s uek s`iu`eifk a` `tfqu`tks s`pkrkaks pdr puetds (.). Jds edhmr`s a` adhfefd sf`hpr` s` j``e a`sa` `j edad ckifk krrfmk ckstk jk rkèz. Jk ujtfhk `tfqu`tk `s jk a` jk rkèz (jk ika`ek vkièk) (Bfl. =;;)
Bfl. =;; Edhmr`s a` adhfefd y `tfqu`tks
Yf t`rhfek ide jk ika`ek vkièk, `etdei`s `j edhmr` a` adhfefd s` a`edhfek edhmr` a` adhfefd idhpj`tkh`et` iukjfbfikad (B[AE). Yf ed t`rhfek ide jk ika`ek vkièk, `etdei`s s` tf`e` ue edhmr` a` adhfefd pkrifkjh`et` iukjfbfikad (_[AE)
Adhfefd> @s ue sumërmdj a`j `spkifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd. @j edhmr` a`j adhfefd `s `j edhmr` a`j adhfefd a`j edad qu` s` `eiu`etrk `e jk pkrt` sup`rfdr a`j sumërmdj. Jk Bfl. =;= hu`strk idhd ue adhfefd s` pu`a` sumafvfafr k su v`z `e adhfefds d sumadhfefds.
Bfl. =;= Adhfefds
;69
Y`rvfadr`s a` edhmr`s> AEY utfjfzk s`rvfadr`s pkrk afstrfmufr jk febdrhkifùe sdmr` jds edhmr`s. Ikak s`rvfadr `s r`spdeskmj` a` ue adhfefd p`qu`ûd d lrkea`, idhd ue adhfed idhpj`td ed s` pu`a` kjhki`ekr `e ue sdjd s`rvfadr s` r`pkrt` `etr` vkrfds s`rvfadr`s> d Y`rvfadr rkèz> `s ued iuyk zdek idestk a` ue ërmdj idhpj`td, ed kjhki`ek febdrhkifùe sdmr` jds adhfefds sfed a`j`lk `e dtrds s`rvfadr`s. d Y`rvfadr prfhkrfd> `s ue s`rvfadr qu` kjhki`ek ue kricfvd a` zdek pkrk jk qu` tf`e` kutdrfaka. Pek zdek `s uek pkrt` idetfluk a`j ërmdj a` edhmr`s `et`rd. d Y`rvfadr s`iueakrfd> `s ue s`rvfadr qu` trkesbf`r` febdrhkifùe idhpj`tk a` dtrd s`rvfadr, yk s`k prfhkrfd d s`iueakrfd, y kjhki`ek su kricfvd `e su afsid jdikj. AEY `e Fet`re`t
Bfl. =;9 AEY `e Fet`re`t
AEY `s ue prdtdidjd qu` pu`a` utfjfzkrs` `e pjktkbdrhks afb`r`et`s, `e Fet`re`t, `j `spkifd a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd (ërmdj) s` afvfa` `e tr`s s`iifde`s afb`r`et`s> adhfefds l`eærfids, adhfefds a` pkès`s y adhfefds fev`rsds (Bfl. =;9).
Adhfefds l`eærfids> a`bfe`e jks `stkifde`s r`lfstrkaks a` kiu`rad k su bueifdekhf`etd l`eærfid, ikak edad a`j ërmdj a`bfe` ue adhfefd, qu` `s `j èeafi` a` jk mks` a` aktds a`j `spkifd a` edhmr`s a`j adhfefd ( Bfl. =;1).
Bfl. =;1 Adhfefds l`eærfids
@j prfh`r efv`j a`j ërmdj `stë bdrhkad pdr `tfqu`tks a` tr`s ikrkit`r`s, `stks `tfqu`tks a`sirfm`e jds tfpds a` drlkefzkifùe idhd s` hu`strke `e jk sfluf`et` tkmjk> ;61
@tfqu`tk k`rd mfz idh iddp `au ldv fet fmbd hus`uh hfj ekh` e`t drl prd
A`sirfpifùe Jèe`ks kær`ks Bfrhks a` e`ldifds (sfhfjkr k ‚idh‘) Drlkefzkifde`s idh`rifkj`s Iddp`rktfvks festftuifde`s `auiktfvks Festftuifde`s lum`rekh`etkj`s Drlkefzkifde`s fet`rekifdekj`s _rdv``adr`s a` s`rvfifds a` febdrhkifùe Hus`ds Lrupds hfjftkr`s Edhmr`s p`rsdekj`s (feafvfaukj`s) I`etrds a` sdpdrt` a` r`a Drlkefzkifde`s sfe ëefhd a` juird Drlkefzkifde`s pdb`sfdekj`s
Adhfefds a` pkès`s> sflu` `j hfshd bdrhktd qu` jds adhfefds l`eærfids, p`rd utfjfzkead kmr`vfkturks pkrk jds pkès`s a` ads j`trks (Bfl. =;0).
Bfl. =;0 Adhfefd a` pkès`s, jk afr`iifùe ‚kezk.iup.ik.us‘ s` pu`a` trkauifr idhd Idj`lfd a` Kezk `e Iup`rtfed `e Ikjfbdrefk `e @stkads Pefads
Bfl. =;2 Adhfefds fev`rsds
Adhfefd fev`rsd> Y` utfjfzk pkrk prdy`itkr uek afr`iifùe `e su edhmr`. _dr `n`hpjd, iukead ue s`rvfadr ck r`ifmfad uek p`tfifùe a` ue ijf`et` pkrk r`kjfzkr uek tkr`k. Hf`etrks qu` `j s`rvfadr tf`e` ue kricfvd qu` idetf`e` uek jfstk a` ijf`et`s kutdrfzkads, `j s`rvfadr jfstk sdjd jk afr`iifùe F_ a`j ijf`et`, `xtrkèak a`j pkqu`t` F_ r`ifmfad. _krk a`t`rhfekr sf `j ijf`et` s` `eiu`etrk `e jk jfstk a` kutdrfzkads, pu`a` `evfkr uek p`tfifùe kj s`rvfadr AEY pkrk sdjfiftkr jk trkauiifùe a` jk afr`iifùe k edhmr` (Bfl. =;2). ]`sdjuifùe a` afr`iifde`s Jk r`sdjuifùe a` ue edhmr` a` uek afr`iifùe d a` uek afr`iifùe k ue edhmr` s` a`edhfek r`sdjuifùe a` afr`iifde`s. ;60
]`vdjv`adr> @j sfst`hk AEY `s uek kpjfikifùe ijf`et`/s`rvfadr, `j ijf`et` AEY, qu` e`i`sftk trkauifr uek afr`iifùe k edhmr` d edhmr` k afr`iifùe, s` a`edhfek r`vdjv`adr. `st` kii`a` kj AEY hës i`riked qu` s` `eikrlkrë a` musikr `e ued d `e dtrd s`rvfadr jk febdrhkifùe sdjfiftkak. Pek v`z qu` `j r`vdji`adr r`ifm` jk trkauiifùe, idhpru`mk sf ed cky `rrdr`s y `etr`lk `j r`sujtkad. Qrkauiifùe a` edhmr`s a` afr`iifde`s> jk hkydrèk a` jks v`i`s, `j r`vdjv`adr ak ue edhmr` a` adhfefd jk s`rvfadr y sdjfiftk jk afr`iifùe idrr`spdeaf`et`, `e `st` iksd `j s`rvfadr idhpru`mk jds adhfefds l`eærfids d jds adhfefds a` jds pkès`s pkrk `eidetrkr jk trkauiifùe. Qrkauiifùe a` afr`iifde`s k edhmr`s> Iukead `j ijf`et` `evèk uek afr`iifùe F_ kj s`rvfadr pkrk qu` jk trkauzik k ue edhmr` a` adhfefd, `stkhds ket` uek p`tfifùe fev`rsk. _krk `jjd `j AEY utfjfzk `j adhfefd fev`rsd. @e `stk iksd s` `evèk jk afr`iifùe fev`rtfak y s` kûka`e ads `tfqu`tks fe-kaar y krpk pkrk qu` s`k ki`ptkad pdr `j adhfefd fev`rsd. _dr `n`hpjd sf s` quf`r` r`sdjv`r jk afr`iifùe F_ ;=9.91.10.;=;, s` `evèk ‚;=;.10.91.;9=.fe-kaar.krpk‘.
Bfl. =;< ]`sdjuifùe r`iursfvk
Bfl. =;3 ]`sdjuifùe ft`rktfvk
]`sdjuifùe r`iursfvk> Yf `j r`vdjv`adr sdjfiftk uek r`sdjuifùe r`iursfvk, sflefbfik qu` `j prdlrkhk `sp`rk qu` `j s`rvfad prdpdrifde`s uek r`spu`stk bfekj. Yf `j s`rvfadr `s jk kutdrfaka a`j edhmr` r`spdea` sfed r`kjfzk p`tfifde`s k dtrds s`rvfads cktk qu` `eiu`etrk jk r`spu`stk, qu` vfknk a` vu`jtk kj ijf`et` (Bfl. =;<). ]`sdjuifùe ft`rktfvk> @e `j iksd qu` ed s` sdjfift` uek r`sdjuifùe r`iursfvk, `stk s` cki` a` hdad ft`rktfvd. Y` `evèk k ue prfh`r s`rvfadr, sf jk r`su`jv` r`spdea` kj ijf`et`, sfed j` `evèk jk afr`iifùe a` ue s`rvfadr `e `j qu` pdsfmj`h`et` pu`ak r`sdjv`r `j edhmr`, y ksè ckstk qu` `eiu`etrk jk r`sdjuifùe. @e jk Bfl. =;3 `j ijf`et` idesujtk k iuktrd s`rvfadr`s ket`s a` dmt`e`r jk r`spu`stk a`j s`rvfadr hilrkw.idh @hpj`d a` ikicæ> Yf ue s`rvfadr r`ifm` jk p`tfifùe pkrk ue edhmr` qu` ed `stë `e su adhfefd, e`i`sftk musikr `e jk mks` a` aktds jk afr`iifùe a` F_ a` ue s`rvfadr, pdr jd qu` s` feir`h`etk `j tf`hpd a` mþsqu`ak, pkrk kuh`etkr jk `bfikifk jds s`rvfadr`s `hpj`ke jk h`hdrfk ikicæ, `s a`ifr kjhki`ek jk febdrhkifùe a` jks r`sdjuifde`s ket`s a` `evfkrjk k su ijf`et`. Yf kcdrk `j hfshd ijf`et` u dtrd sdjfiftk jk hfshk trkauiifùe ;62
musik `e jk h`hdrfk ikicæ y jk `evèk, febdrhkead kj ijf`et` qu` `s uek r`spu`stk ed kutdrfzkak. @j `hpj`d a`j ikicæ ki`j`rk huicd jks p`tfifde`s, p`rd tf`e` `j prdmj`hk a` qu` sf `j s`rvfadr kjhki`ek jk trkauiifùe huicd tf`hpd, pu`a` `evfkr uek febdrhkifùe dmsdj`tk kj ijf`et`. _krk r`sdjv`r `std s` `hpj`e ads tæiefiks. Jk prfh`rk `j s`rvfadr kjhki`ek ide jk trkauiifùe `j a`edhfekad tf`hpd-a`-vfak (QQJ), qu` a`bfe` `j tf`hpd `e s`lueads qu` `j s`rvfadr qu` r`ifm` jk febdrhkifùe pu`a` kjhki`ekrjk `e `j ikicæ, trkesiurrfad `s` tf`hpd jk febdrhkifùe s` mdrrk y iukjquf`r febdrhkifùe eu`vk s` sdjfiftk kj s`rvfadr. @e s`luead julkr, `j s`rvfadr AEY tf`e` ue idetkadr QQJ pkrk ikak trkauiifùe qu` kjhki`ek `e `j ikicæ. Jk h`hdrfk ikicæ s` kekjfzk p`rfùafikh`et` y kqu`jjks `etrkaks qu` cke `xpfkad s` `jfhfeke a` jk h`hdrfk.
Yfst`hk a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd afeëhfid (AAEY)> Fefifkjh`et` `j sfst`hk AEY ed tuvd `e iuketk qu` s` prdauifrèke huicds ikhmfks a` afr`iifde`s, ksè qu` iukeda s` kûka` uek `stkifùe, s` `jfhfek d s` hdafbfik jk afr`iifùe F_, `j ikhmfd a`j kricfvd hk`strd AEY ckmèk qu` cki`rjd k hked. Cdy `e aèk `std `s fevfkmj`, pdr `sd s` ck ir`kad `j sfst`hk a` edhmr`s a` adhfefd afeëhfid (AAEY), qu` r`kjfzk a` bdrhk kutdhëtfik `st` tfpd a` ikhmfds. ;<.= Q`rhfekj a` r`a. Q@JE@Q Q@JE@Q (Q@rhfekj E@Qwdrg) `s ue prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe ijf`et` s`rvfadr qu` p`rhft` `j `stkmj`ifhf`etd a` jk ide`xfùe ide ue sfst`hk r`hdtd a` bdrhk qu` `j t`rhfekj jdikj kpkr`i` idhd ue t`rhfekj a`j sfst`hk r`hdtd.
Bfl. =;6 Fefifd a` s`sfùe jdikj.
Fefifd a` s`sfùe> @e ue `etdred idhpkrtfad `xfst`e vkrfds usukrfds qu` kii`a`e k afv`rsks pkrt`s a`j sfst`hk pdr h`afd a` ue usukrfd y uek idetrks`ûk. Y` r`kjfzk uek ide`xfùe d fefifd a` s`sfùe jdikj (Bfl. =;6) iukead ue usukrfd t`ij`k `e su t`rhfekj d `e uek `stkifùe a` trkmknd qu` `n`iutk ue `hujkadr a` t`rhfekj`s, jks t`ijks pujskaks sde ki`ptkaks pdr `j idetrdjkadr a`j t`rhfekj qu` jks pksk kj sfst`hk dp`rktfvd qu` fet`rpr`tk jk idhmfekifùe a` ikrkit`r`s ` fevdik kj prdlrkhk d utfjfaka a`s`kak. @e `j iksd qu` jk kpjfikifùe d utfjfaka ` `eiu`etr` `e uek hëqufek r`hdtk, s` utfjfzk jk ide`xfùe r`hdtk (Bfl. ==?). @e `st` iksd s` utfjfzk `j ijf`et` y `j s`rvfadr a` Q@JE@Q. @j usukrfd `evèk jk idhmfekifùe a` t`ijks kj idetrdjkadr a`j t`rhfekj adea` `j sfst`hk dp`rktfvd ki`ptk jds ikrkit`r`s p`rd ed jds fet`rpr`tk, sfed qu` jds `evèk kj ijf`et` Q@JE@Q qu` trkesbdrhk jds ikrkit`r`s `e ue idenuetd a` ikrkit`r`s uefv`rskj`s ;6<
a`edhfekads ikrkit`r`s a` t`rhfekj vfrtukj a` r`a (ERQ) y jds `etr`lk k uek pfjk jdikj a` QI_/F_.
Bfl. ==? Fefifd a` uek s`sfùe `e r`hdtd
Jks dra`e`s `e bdrhktd ERQ, vfknke k trkvæs a` Fet`re`t y jj`lke k jk pfjk QI_/F_ a` jk hëqufek r`hdtk, qu` sde pkskads kj sfst`hk dp`rktfvd y pkskads kj s`rvfadr Q@JE@Q, qu` trkaui` jds ikrkit`r`s k dtrds idhpr`esfmj`s pdr jk idhputkadrk r`hdtk, p`rd idhd `j sfst`hk dp`rktfvd r`hdtd ed pu`a` j``r ikrkit`r`s a`j s`rvfadr Q@JE@Q, yk qu` sdjd `etf`ea` jds a`j idetrdjkadr a` t`rhfekj`s, pdr `sd s` kûka` ue trdzd a` sdbtwkr` a`edhfekad idetrdjkadr a` ps`uadt`rhfekj qu` cki` qu` pkr`zik qu` jds ikrkit`r`s vf`e`e a`j t`rhfekj, `j sfst`hk dp`rktfvd k idetfeukifùe `evèk jds ikrkit`r`s k jk kpjfikifùe idrr`spdeaf`et`.
Q`rhfekj vfrtukj a` r`a (ERQ)> @s `j `eikrlkad a` s`rvfr a` fet`rbkz `etr` idhputkadrks ide sfst`hks c`t`rdlæe`ds. Ksè `j ijf`et` a` Q@JE@Q trkaui` jds ikrkit`r`s (aktds u ùra`e`s) qu` vf`e`e a`j t`rhfekj k ue bdrhktd ERQ y jds `etr`lk k jk r`a. @j s`rvfadr Q@JE@Q, pdr dtrd jkad jds trkaui` a`j bdrhktd ERQ kj ki`ptkad pdr jk idhputkadrk r`hdtk (Bfl. ==;).
Bfl. ==; Idei`ptd a` ERQ
;63
;<.9 \\\ y CQQ_ Krquft`iturk
Bfl. === Krquft`iturk \\\
@j \\\ `s cdy `e aèk ue s`rvfifd afstrfmufad a` tfpd ijf`et`/s`rvfadr, `e `j qu` `j ijf`et` utfjfzk ue ekv`lkadr qu` pu`a` kii`a`r k ue s`rvfifd utfjfzkead ue s`rvfadr. Yfe `hmkrld `j s`rvfifd dbr`ifad `stë afstrfmufad sdmr` huicks jdikjfzkifde`s a`edhfekads sftfds (Bfl. ===). Ikak sftfd kjhki`ek ued d hës adiuh`etds, a`edhfekads pëlfeks \`m , qu` pu`a` idet`e`r ue `ejki` k dtrks pëlfeks a`j hfshd sftfd d a` dtrds. Jks pëlfeks s` r`iup`rke y s` vfsukjfzke h`afket` ekv`lkadr`s. Ksè, sf ue ijf`et`, k trkvæs a` su ekv`lkadr, sdjfiftk kjluek febdrhkifùe qu` skm` qu` s` `eiu`etrk `e `j sftfd K, `evèk uek p`tfifùe, qu` `etr` dtrks idsks feijuy` jk afr`iifùe a`j sftfd y jk pëlfek \`m, a`edhfekak P]J. @j s`rvfadr `e `j sftfd K `eiu`etrk `j adiuh`etd y jd `evèk kj ijf`et`. Iukead `j usukrfd v` `j adiuh`etd pu`a` `eidetrkr `ejki` k dtrd sftfd, y sf `stë fet`r`skad `e v`rjd `evèk uek eu`vk p`tfifùe k `st` eu`vd sftfd y r`iup`rk jk febdrhkifùe. Ijf`et` (ekv`lkadr)
Bfl. ==9 Ekv`lkadr y P]J
Pe ekv`lkadr, edrhkjh`et` idestk a` tr`s pkrt`s> ue idetrdjkadr, ue prdtdidjd ijf`et` ` fetærpr`t`s. @j idetrdjkadr r`ifm` jk `etrkak a`j t`ijkad d rktùe y utfjfzk jds prdlrkhks ijf`et`s pkrk kii`a`r kj adiuh`etd. Pek v`z kii`afad kj hfshd, `j idetrdjkadr utfjfzk ued a` jds ;66
fetærpr`t`s pkrk vfsukjfzkr `j adiuh`etd pdr pketkjjk. @j prdtdidjd ijf`et` `s `j `eikrlkad `s idhuefikrs` ide jds s`rvfadr`s a` idrr`d, trkesb`r`eifk a` kricfvds d CQQ_ (Bfl. ==9).
Y`rvfadr> Jks pëlfeks \`m s` kjhki`eke `e `j s`rvfadr, pkrk h`ndrkr jk `bfif`eifk ikak v`z qu` s` sdjfiftk uek pëlfek pdr pkrt` a` ue ijf`et` s` `hpj`k jk h`hdrfk ikicæ, qu` `s hës rëpfad qu` `j kii`sd kj afsid. Jdikjfzkifùe a` r`iursds uefbdrh`> _krk bkifjftkr `j kii`sd k jds adiuh`etds afstrfmufads pdr `j huead `j prdtdidjd CQQ_ utfjfzk jdikjfzkadr`s. Pe jdikjfzkadr a` r`iursds uefbdrh` (P]J) `s ue `stëeakr, qu` `sp`ifbfik iukjquf`r tfpd a` febdrhkifùe `e fet`re`t. @j P]J a`bfe` iuktrd idsks> `j prdtdidjd, jk `stkifùe, `j pu`rtd y `j ikhfed (Bfl. ==9). d
d
d
d
_rdtdidjd> `s `j prdlrkhk ijf`et` s`rvfadr utfjfzkad pkrk r`iup`rkr `j adiuh`etd, `j hës idhþe kitukjh`et` `s `j CQQ_. @stkifùe> `s jk idhputkadrk adea` s` kjhki`ek jk febdrhkifùe, `stks tf`e`e ue kjfks qu` edrhkjh`et` `hpf`zke pdr ‚www‘, kuequ` ed` s dmjflktdrfd. _u`rtd> dpifdekjh`et` pu`a` idet`e`r `j edhmr` a`j pu`rtd. Ikhfed> `s `j edhmr` a`j kricfvd adea` s` `eiu`etrk jk febdrhkifùe, pu`a` idet`e`r s`pkrkadr`s (/) qu` s`pkrke jds afr`itdrfds a` jds sumafr`itdrfds y kricfvds.
Iddgf`s> Jk \\\ s` afs`ûù drflfekjh`et` idhd uek `etfaka sfe `stkad, p`rd kitukjh`et` jk w`m tf`e` dtrks bueifde`s idhd> ;. Kjlueds sftfds \`m sdjd p`rhft`e `j kii`sd mknd r`lfstrd. =. Kjlueds sftfds sde a` idh`rifd `j`itrùefid, adea` s` s`j`iifdek prdauitds pkrk pde`rjds `e ue ikrrftd `j`itrùefid y pklkr kj bfekj h`afket` tkrn`tk a` iræaftd. 9. Dtrds sftfds sde pdrtkj`s `e adea` s` s`j`iifdek jks pëlfeks \`m qu` s` quf`r`e v`r. 1. kjluek \`m sde kl`eifk a` pumjfifaka. _krk `std s`rvfifds s` ck afs`ûkad `j h`ikefshd iddgf`, qu` tf`e`e idhd prfeifpfd> ;. Iukead ue s`rvfadr r`ifm` uek p`tfifùe a` ue ijf`et`, kjhki`ek jk febdrhkifùe sdmr` `j ijf`et` `e ue kricfvd d uek ika`ek a` ikrkit`r`s. Jk febdrhkifùe, pu`a` feijufr `j edhmr` a`j adhfefd a` ijf`et`, `j idet`efad a` jk iddgf` (febdrhkifùe qu` ck r`idlfad sdmr` `j ijf`et` idhd edhmr`, `j eþh`rd a` r`lfstrd, `ti.) uek hkrik a` tf`hpd y dtrk febdrhkifùe qu` a`p`ea` a` jk fhpj`h`etkifùe. =. @j s`rvfadr feijuy` jk iddgf` `e jk r`spu`stk a`j ijf`et`. 9. Iukead `j ijf`et` r`ifm` jk r`spu`stk, `j ekv`lkadr kjhki`ek jk iddgf` `e ue afr`itdrfd a` iddgf`s, qu` `s dra`ekad pdr edhmr` a`j adhfefd a`j s`rvfadr.
=??
Psd a` iddgf`s> Iukead `j ijf`et` `evèk uek p`tfifùe k ue s`rvfadr, `j ekv`lkadr musik `e `j afr`itdrfd a` iddgf`s pkrk v`r sf cky uek `evfkak pdr `s` s`rvfadr. Yf jk `eiu`etrk, jk iddgf` s` feijuy` `e jk p`tfifùe. Iukead `j s`rvfadr r`iup`rk jk p`tfifùe, skm` qu` `st` `s ue ijf`et` ket`rfdr, ed ued eu`vd. @j idet`efad a` jk iddgf` eueik `s j`èad pdr `j ekv`lkadr, s` cki` y s` j`` `e `j s`rvfadr. Ksè s `pu`a`e `hpj`kr jks iddgf`s> ;. @j sftf` r`strfel` `j kii`sd k jds ijf`et`s kutdrfzkads sùjd `evèk uek iddgf` iukead `j ijf`et` s` r`lfstrk pdr prfh`rk v`z. =. @e uek tf`eak a` idh`rifd `j`itrùefid, iukead s`j`iifdek `j prdauitd y jd fes`rtk `e `j ikrrftd jds aktds a`j prdauitd y pr`ifd s` kjhki`eke `e uek iddgf`, kj s`j`iifdekr ue s`luead prdauitd s` kitukjfzk jk iddgf`. Iukead `j ijf`et` trkhftk `j p`afad s` r`iup`rk jk þjtfhk iddgf` ide `j bfe a` ikjiujkr `j pr`ifd k pklkr. 9. @e ue pdrtkj \`m, jk iddgf` skm` iuëj`s sde jks pëlfeks bkvdrftks a`j usukrfd y hu`strk jd qu` `stë musikead `j ijf`et`. Adiuh`etd \`m
Adiuh`etds `stëtfids Yde adiuh`etds a` idet`efad bfnd qu` s` ir`ke y s` kjhki`eke `e ue s`rvfadr, `j ijf`et` sdjd pu`a` dmt`e`r uek idpfk a`j hfshd, e pu`a`s `r ikhmfkad pdr `j usukrfd, sdjd pdr ue kahfefstrkadr a`j sftfd. Iukead ue ijf`et` kii`a` kj hfshd `j s`rvfadr j` `evèk uek idpfk a`j hfshd, `j iukj s` vfsukjfzk h`afket` `j ekv`lkadr (Bfl. ==1).
Bfl. ==1 Adiuh`etd `stëtfid
CQHJ> @j j`elukn` a` hkrikad a` cfp`rt`xtd (Cyp`rQ`xt Hkrgup Jkelukl`), `s ue j`elukn` pkrk ir`kr pëlfeks \`m, `j tærhfed hkrikad idrr`spdea` k jk tæiefik `hpj`kak `e jk `afifùe a` jfmrds, `e `j qu` ue `aftdr j`` ue hkeusirftd y idjdik huicks hkriks `e æj, `stks hkriks feafike kj afs`ûkadr idhd bdrhkt`kr `j t`xtd, `s a`ifr sf quf`r` qu` `j t`xtd `stæ `e e`lrftk afmunkrë uek jèe`k lru`sk a`mknd a` `sk pkrt`. Ksè jds aktds pkrk uek pëlfek \`m pu`a` s`r bdrhkt`kads pkrk su fet`rpr`tkifùe pdr `j ekv`lkadr. _dr `n`hpjd sf s` quf`r` qu` `j t`xtd s` hu`str` `e e`lrftk ide CQHJ, s` a`bfe` ueks `tfqu`tks kj idhf`ezd y bfekj a` e`lrftk (hkriks) `e `j t`xtd. Jks `tfqu`tks :M5 y :/M5 sde festruiifde`s pkrk `j ekv`lkadr, iukead jks j`` skm` qu` a`m`e fr `e e`lrftk (Bfl. ==0).
=?;
Bfl. ==0 @tfqu`tks a` e`lrftk y `b`itd a` jks hfshks
CQHJ p`rhft` utfjfzkr sdjd ikrkit`r`s KYIFF tketd pkrk `j t`xtd prfeifpkj idhd pkrk jks festruiifde`s a` bdrhkt`d. Jk pëlfek \`m pu`a` idestkr a` ads pkrt`s> jk ikm`i`rk y `j iu`rpd. Jk ikm`i`rk `s jk prfh`rk pkrt` a` jk pëlfek w`m tf`e` `j tètujd a` jk pëlfek y dtrds pkrëh`trds qu` `j ekv`lkadr utfjfzk, `j idet`efad r`kj a` jk pëlfek s` `eiu`etrk `e `j iu`rpd qu` idetf`e` `j t`xtd y jks `tfqu`tks. Jks `tfqu`tks `stëe bdrhkaks pdr ktrfmutds `ei`rrkads `etr` jds sèhmdjd h`edr y hkydr (: y 5). Pe ktrfmutd `s s`lufad pdr ue sèhmdjd flukj (8) y ue vkjdr. Kjlueks `tfqu`tks s` uske sdjks d pdr pkr`nks, sde jks a`edhfekaks `tfqu`tks a` idhf`ezd y bfe. Ksè `j bdrhktd a` uek `tfqu`tk `s> : edhmr` a` jk `tfqu`tk Ktrfmutd 8 vkjdr Ktrfmutd 8 vkjdr … 5
:/Edhmr` a` jk `tfqu`tk5
Adiuh`etds afeëhfids. Jds adiuh`etds afeëhfids ed `xfst`e ide ue bdrhktd pr`a`bfefads s` ir`ke `e ue s`rvfadr \`m iukead `j ekv`lkadr sdjfiftk `j adiuh`etd. Iukead jj`lk jk p`tfifùe `j s`rvfadr \`m `n`iutk ue prdlrkhk a` kpjfikifùe qu` ir`k `j adiuh`etd afeëhfid, `j s`rvfadr r`spdea` ide jk skjfak a`j prdlrkhk kj ekv`lkadr qu` sdjfiftù `j adiuh`etd, pdr jd tketd `j idet`efad a` jk pëlfek \`m vkrèk a` uek p`tfifùe k dtrk. Pe `n`hpjd sfhpj` `s uek sdjfiftua pkrk dmt`e`r jk cdrk y jk b`ick k ue s`rvfadr.
Bfl. ==2 Adiuh`etds afeëhfids utfjfzkead ILF
Fet`rbkz a` pkskr`jk idhþe (ILF)> @s uek t`iedjdlèk qu` ir`k y hke`nk adiuh`etds afeëhfids, `s ue idenuetd a` `stëeakr`s qu` a`bfe` idhd s` a`m`rèk `sirfmfr ue adiuh`etd afeëhfid, idhd s` a`m`rèk prdpdrifdekr jk `etrkak kj prdlrkhk y idhd a`m` s`r jk skjfak. Q`iedjdlèk a` sirfpt pkrk adiuh`etds afeëhfids> @j prdmj`hk ide jk t`iedjdlèk ILF `s jk fe`bfif`eifk qu` r`sujtk sf jk pkrt` a`j adiuh`etd afeëhfid qu` vk k s`r ir`kak `s =?=
bfnk y ed ikhmfk a` p`tfifùe k p`tfifùe, `s a`ifr qu` sf`hpr` cky qu` ir`kr ue adiuh`etd `et`rd k ikak p`tfifùe. Jk sdjuifùe `s ir`kr uek kricfvd qu` idet`elk jk pkrt` bfnk a`j adiuh`etd CQHJ y `hpdtrkr ue sirfpt , ue iùafld bu`et` qu` pu`a` s`r `n`iutkad pdr `j s`rvfadr pkrk dmt`e`r jk pkrt` vkrfkmj` qu` e`i`sftk `j adiuh`etd \`m (Bfl. ==<). _krk ir`kr adiuh`etds ide sirfpts s` pu`a`e `hpj`kr `j pr`prdi`skadr a` cfp`rt`xtd (_C_), qu` utfjfzk `j j`elukn` _`rj7 jks pëlfeks a` s`rvfadr Nkvk (NY_) qu` utfjfzke `j j`elukn` nkvk pkrk `j sirfpt7 pëlfeks kitfvks a` s`rvfadr (KY_), qu` utfjfzk `j Rfsukj Mksfi a` Hfirdsdbt idhd j`elukn` sirfpt y IdjaBusfùe, qu` feijuy` idesujtks Y[J k uek mks` a` aktds `e `j adiuh`etd CQHJ.
Bfl. ==< Adiuh`etd afeëhfid utfjfzkead sirfpts `e `j s`rvfadr
Adiuh`etds kitfvds> @e huicks kpjfikifde`s s` e`i`sftk qu` ue prdlrkhk s` `n`iut` `e `j sftfd a`j ijf`et`, `stds sde jds adiuh`etds kitfvds. @st` `s `j iksd qu` s` e`i`sft`e ir`kr lrëbfids kefhkads `e jk pketkjjk d ft`rkifde`s ide `j usukrfd. Iukead `j ekv`lkadr sdjfiftk ue adiuh`etd kitfvd, `j s`rvfadr `evèk uek idpfk a`j adiuh`etd d ue sirfpt, `j adiuh`etd s` `n`iutk k idetfeukifùe `e `j ijf`et` (ekv`lkadr).
Bfl. ==3 Adiuh`etd kitfvd qu` utfjfzk ue kppj`t a` Nkvk
Kppj`ts a` Nkvk> Pe kppj`t `s ue prdlrkhk `sirftd `e Nkvk `e `j s`rvfadr, `stk idhpfjkad y jfstd pkrk `n`iutkr, `j adiuh`etd `stë `e bdrhktd iùafld a` myt`s (mfekrfd). @j prdi`sd ijf`et` (ekv`lkadr) ir`k uek festkeifk a` `st` kppj`t y jd `n`iutk. Pe kppj`t pu`a` `n`iutkrs` `e `j ekv`lkadr a` ads bdrhks> _faf`ead `j prdlrkhk kppj`t a` Nkvk `e `j P]J y r`ifmfr `st` `e bdrhktd mfekrfd (Bfl. ==3), d r`ifmfr d `n`iutkr ue kricfvd CQHJ qu` feijuy` jk afr`iifùe a`j kppj`t idhd uek `tfqu`tk, `st` s`luead hætdad e`i`sftk a` ads trkeskiifde`s. NkvkYirfpt> Jk fa`k a` jds sirfpts `e adiuh`etds afeëhfids. tkhmfæe s` pu`a`e utfjfzkr `e jds adiuh`etds kitfvds. Yf jk pkrt` a` ue adiuh`etd kitfvd `s p`qu`ûk, s` pu`a` =?9
`sirfmfr `e ue j`elukn` a` sirfpts, pkrk ju`ld s`r fet`rpr`tkak y `n`iutkak pdr `j ijf`et`. @j sirfpt `stë `e iùafld bu`et` (t`xtd) y ed `e bdrhktd mfekrfd. jk t`iedjdlèk a` sirftps utfjfzkak `e `st` iksd `s edrhkjh`et` NkvkYirftps, qu` `s ue j`elukn` a` kjtd efv`j a`skrrdjjkad pkrk `st` prdpùsftd ( Bfl. ==6).
Bfl. ==6 Adiuh`etd kitfvd qu` utfjfzk ue sirfpt `e `j ijf`et`
CQQ_ @j _rdtdidjd a` trkesb`r`eifk a` cfp`rt`xtd (CQQ_) `s ue prdtdidjd utfjfzkad bueakh`etkjh`et` pkrk kii`a`r k aktds \`m, utfjfzk jds s`rvfifds a`j prdtdidjd QI_ `e `j pu`rtd 3?.
Qrkeskiifùe CQQ_> Jk Bfl. =9? fjustrk jk trkeskiifùe CQQ_ `etr` ue ijf`et` y ue s`rvfadr, kuequ` utfjfzk jds s`rvfifds a` QI_, CQQ_ `s ue prdtdidjd sfe `stkad, `j ijf`et` fefifk jk trkeskiifùe `evfkead ue h`eskn` a` p`tfifùe y `j s`rvfadr r`spdea` `evfkead uek r`spu`stk.
Bfl. =9? Qrkeskiifùe CQQ_
H`eskn`s> @j bdrhktd a` jds h`eskn`s a` p`tfifùe y a` r`spu`stk sde sfhfjkr`s (Bfl. =9;). Pe h`eskn` a` p`tfifùe idestk a` uek jèe`k a` p`tfifùe, uek ikm`i`rk y `e kjlueks diksfde`s ue iu`rpd> d
Jèe`ks a` p`tfifùe y `stkad> Jk prfh`rk jèe`k a`j h`eskn` a` p`tfifùe s` a`edhfek jèe`k a` p`tfifùe. Jk prfh`rk jèe`k a`j h`eskn` a` r`spu`stk s` a`edhfek jèe`k a` `stkad. Qf`e`e ue ikhpd idhþe idhd s` v` `e jk Bfl. =9=.
=?1
Bfl. =9; H`eskn`s a` p`tfifùe y r`spu`stk
Bfl. =9= Jèe`ks a` p`tfifùe y `stkad
Qfpd a` p`tfifùe> `st` ikhpd s` utfjfzk `e `j h`eskn` a` p`tfifùe, s` ijksfbfik `e hætdads, tkj idhd s` a`bfe` `e jk sfluf`et` tkmjk> Hætdad L@Q C@KA _DYQ _PQ Q]KI@ IDEE@IQ D_QFDE
Kiifùe Ydjfiftua a` ue adiuh`etd kj s`rvfadr. Ydjfiftua a` febdrhkifùe sdmr` ue adiuh`etd, ed `j adiuh`etd `e sè. @evèd a` kjluek febdrhkifùe a`j ijf`et` kj s`rvfadr @evèd a` ue adiuh`etd a`j s`rvfadr kj ijf`et` @id a` jk p`tfifùe `etrket` ]`s`rvkad Ydjfiftua a` kjlueks dpifde`s afspdefmj`s.
P]J vfstd ket`rfdrh`et`. R`rsfùe> Jk v`rsfùe hës kitukj `s jk ;.;. Iùafld a` `stkad> `st` ikhpd s` utfjfzk `e `j h`eskn` a` r`spu`stk, idestk a` tr`s aèlftds. Jds iùaflds `e `j rkeld a` ;?? sùjd sde febdrhktfvds, jds iùaflds `e `j rkeld a` =?? feafike uek p`tfifùe ide æxftd. Jds iùaflds `e `j rkeld a` 9?? r`afrfl`e kj ijf`et` k dtrd P]J y jds iùaflds `e `j rkeld a` 1?? feafike ue `rrdr kj ijf`et`. Bfekjh`et`, jds iùaflds `e `j rkeld a` 0?? feafike ue `rrdr `e `j sftfd s`rvfadr. =?0
