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RESUMEN ÁMBITO DE INGLÉS.
GRAMMAR
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Los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés se utilizan para comparar varios sujetos atendiendo a una característica. Los adjetivos se miden en varios grados, que son:
Grado positivo: Inteligente – intelligent
Grado comparativo:
de igualdad: tan inteligente como … – as intelligent as …
de superioridad: más inteligente que … – more intelligent than …
de inferioridad: menos inteligente que … – less intelligent than …
Grado superlativo: el más inteligente – the most intelligent
Así pues, vemos que los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés por regla general se construyen con: as … as, more … t han, less … than, y the most , pero esto no siempre es así.
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El comparativo de superioridad y el superlativo siguen reglas distintas en ocasiones especiales. Veamos una tabla con todos los casos posibles: Adjetivo
Comparativo de superioridad
Superlativo
Intelligent
more intelligent than …
the most intelligent
Beautiful
more beautiful than …
the most beautiful
Fast
faster than …
Adjetivos con más de 1 sílaba
Adjetivos de 1 sílaba Tall
taller than …
He is taller than you
the fastest
Slow
slower than …
the slowest
“er”, “le”, “ow”
Easy
easier than …
the easiest
better than …
You are better than him
the best
Bad
worse than …
Far
farther / further than …
Old
older / elder than …
Little
less than …
the least
Many / Much
more than …
the most
Adjetivos irregulares
My car is the fastest ( Mi coche es el más rápido)
the tallest
Adjetivos terminados en “y”,
Good
She is the most beautiful woman of the world
the worst the farthest / furthest the oldest / eldest
Conviene hacer algunas observaciones en relación con:
Latter. Significa el segundo de dos .
Last. Es el último, el final.
news (Ultimas noticias, las más recientes en tanto no se reciban otras). Latest. Significa último hasta el presente. The latest news (Ultimas
Farther. Se refiere generalmente a distancia. (Barcelona is farther from London than f rom Paris) (Barcelona está más lejos de Londres que de París).
Further. Significa adicional . (I will give you further details later.) (Le daré detalles adicionales -ulteriores- más tarde).
También further puede usarse para distancias , al igual que farther, pero, en cambio, sólo further puede utilizarse en sentido adicional.
Much. Se usa en singular. (I have no much time.) (No tengo mucho tiempo).
Many. Se usa en plural. (I have not many pencils.) (No tengo muchos lápices).
Finalmente, si el superlativo se refiere a lugar (complemento de lugar, según dicen las Gramáticas), en inglés se usa la preposición in. (New York is the biggest town in the U. S. A.) (Nueva York es la mayor ciudad de los Estados Unidos).
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Formas simples Presente (yo) voy (tú) vas (él) va
Indicativo
(nosotros) vamos (vosotros) vais (ellos) van
Futuro (yo) iré (tú) irás (él) irá (nosotros) iremos (vosotros) iréis (ellos) irán
Pretérito perfecto simple (yo) fui (nosotros) fuimos (tú) fuiste (vosotros) fuisteis (él) fue (ellos) fueron
Pretérito imperfecto (yo) iba (tú) ibas (él) iba (nosotros) íbamos (vosotros) ibais (ellos) iban
Condicional (yo) iría (tú) irías (él) iría (nosotros) iríamos (vosotros) iríais (ellos) iría
Formas simples Subjuntivo Presente (yo) vaya (tú) vayas (él) vaya (nosotros) vayamos (vosotros) vayáis (ellos) vayan Futuro (yo) fuere (tú) fueres (él) fuere (nosotros) fuéremos (vosotros) fuereis (ellos) fueren
Imperativo
Pretérito imperfecto (yo) fuera o fuese (tú) fueras o fueses (él) fuera o fuese (nosotros) fuéramos o fuésemos (vosotros) fuerais o fueseis (ellos) fueran o fuesen
ve (tú) vaya (él, usted) vayamos (nosotros) id (vosotros) vayan (ellos, ustedes)
Infinitivo : ir Gerundio : yendo
Participio : Participio : ido
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Formas compuestas Indicativo Pretérito perfecto compuesto (yo) he ido (tú) has ido (él) ha ido (él) hay hay ido ido (nosotros) hemos ido (vosotros) habéis ido (ellos) han ido
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (yo) había ido (tú) habías ido (él) había ido (nosotros) habíamos ido (vosotros) habíais ido (ellos) habían ido
Futuro perfecto (yo) habré ido (tú) habrás ido (él) habrá ido (nosotros) habremos ido (vosotros) habréis ido (ellos) habrán ido
Condicional perfecto (yo) habría ido (tú) habrías ido (él) habría ido (nosotros) habríamos ido (vosotros) habríais ido (ellos) habrían ido
Pretérito anterior (yo) hube ido (tú) hubiste ido (él) hubo ido (nosotros) hubimos ido (vosotros) hubisteis ido (ellos) hubieron ido
Subjuntivo
Pretérito perfecto
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (2) (yo) hubiese ido (tú) hubieses ido (él) hubiese ido (nosotros) hubiésemos ido (vosotros) hubieseis ido (ellos) hubiesen ido
Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (yo) hubiera ido (tú) hubieras ido (él) hubiera ido (nosotros) hubiéramos ido (vosotros) hubierais ido (ellos) hubieran ido Futuro perfecto (yo) hubiere ido (tú) hubieres ido (él) hubiere ido (nosotros) hubiéremos ido (vosotros) hubiereis ido (ellos) hubieren ido
Infinitivo compuesto
haber ido haber ido
Gerundio compuesto
habiendo ido
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Formas simples Indicative
Present I go you go he/she/it goes we go you go they go
Preterite I went you went he/she/it went we went you went they went
Infinitive
Imperative
to go
go let's go go
Participle
Present going
Past gone
Formas compuestas Past Participle
having gone Indicative
Present continuous Present perfect I am going I have gone you are going you have gone he/she/it is going he/she/it has gone we are going we have gone you are going you have gone hey are going hey have gone
Future I will go you will go he/she/it will go we will go you will go hey will go
Future perfect I will have gone you will have gone he/she/it will have gone we will have gone you will have gone hey will have gone
Past continuous Past perfect I was going I had gone you were going you had gone he/she/it was goinghe/she/it had gone we were going we had gone you were going you had gone hey were going hey had gone
Future continuous Present perfect continuous I will be going you will be going I have been going he/she/it will be goingyou have been going we will be going he/she/it has been going you will be going we have been going hey will be going you have been going hey have been going
Past perfect continuous I had been going you had been going he/she/it had been going we had been going you had been going they had been going
Future perfect continuous I will have been going you will have been going he/she/it will have been going we will have been going you will have been going they will have been going
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También es importante saber que utilizamos el verbo verbo Be para los siguientes casos: Para presentarnos. I´m David (Yo soy David) Saludar .Hello. How are you? (Hola. ¿Cómo estás?) Disculparnos. I´m sorry. (Lo siento) Expresar la profesión. We are lawyers (Somos abogados) Expresar la nacionalidad. They are Spanish (Ellos son españoles) Referirnos a lugares .My dad is in Palencia (Mi padre está en PAlencia) Describir cosas .It´s an old film (Es una película vieja) Expresar la edad. En español corresponde al verbo tener My brother is 10 years old (Mi hermano tiene 10 años) Decir cómo nos sentimos. I´m very hungry (tengo mucha sed) Hablar sobre el tiempo que hace .It´s very hot today (Hace mucho calor hoy) Expresar la hora y la fecha. It´s six o´clock (son las 6 en punto). It´s Monday (Es lunes)
Utilizamos HAVE con o sin got en el sentido del verbo español “tener”, para: Hablar de las cosas que poseemos She has got a house (ella tiene una casa) Hablar de la familia We have got a sister (nosotros tenemos una hermana) Describir rasgos físicos .I have got brown eyes (yo tengo los ojos marrones) Expresar el malestar físico .I have got a headache (tengo dolor de cabeza) Para hablar de comidas, vacaciones y la higiene You have a shower (tú te duchas) He has breakfast at seven o´clock (el desayuna a las 7)
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Tablas de Conjugación del verbo en inglés: bring Infinitive: to bring .
Present: bring
.
Past Simple: brought.
Past Participle: brought.
Present Simple ( Simple ( do-does , y añade – –s o -es al verbo en las 3ª pers. Singular.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I bring.
Do I bring?
I do not bring.
You bring.
Do you bring?
You do not bring.
Gerund: bringing.
Meaning: traer
Present Simple Continuous to be + -ing
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I am bringing.
Am I bringing?
I am not bringing.
You are bringing.
Are you bringing?
You are not bringing.
He/She/It brings. Does he/she/it he/she/it bring? bring? He/She/It does not not bring. bring.
He/She/It is bringing. ng. Is he/she/it bringing? He/She/It is not bringing.
We bring.
Do we bring?
We do not bring.
We are bringing.
Are we bringing?
We are not bringing.
You bring.
Do you bring?
You do not bring.
You are bringing.
Are you bringing?
You are not bringing.
They bring.
Do they bring?
They do not bring.
They are bringing.
Are they bringing?
They are not bringing.
Present Perfect Se compone del verbo Haber : Have – – has ( 3ªpers.sing ) + la forma del verbo en participio ( Termina en – verbos irregulares –ed , o en los verbos sería la forma verbal de la 3ª columna.
Affirmative
Present Perfect Continuous Verbo Continuous Verbo have – –has + been + verbo en gerundio – –ing
Interrogative
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Have I brought?
I have not brought.
I have been bringing. (He estado trayendo)
Have I been bringing?
I have not been bringing.
Have you brought?
You have not brought.
You have been bringing.
Have you been bringing?
You have not been bringing.
He/She/It has brought. brought. ( ha traído) traído) Has he/she/it brought? brought?
He/She/It has not brought.
He/She/It has been bringing.
Has he/she/it been bringing?
He/She/It has not been bringing.
We have been bringing.
Have we been bringing?
We have not been bringing.
We have brought.
Have we brought?
We have not brought.
You have brought.
Have you brought?
You have not brought.
You have been bringing.
Have you been bringing?
You have not been bringing.
They have brought.
Have they brought?
They have not brought.
They have been bringing.
Have they been bringing?
They have not been bringing.
I have brought. ( He traído) You have brought. (has tra do)
15 Past Simple Pasado Simple Pasado del presente simple : El auxiliar es did para todas las presonas. El pasado de un verbo se hace con la terminación –ed ( verbos regulares ) , o la 3ªcolumna verbos irregulares.
Past Continuous Continuous Es Es el pasado del presente continuo. Verbo to be en pasado : was- were + verbo en gerundio –ing.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I brought.
Did I bring?
I did not bring.
I was bringing.
Was I bringing?
I was not bringing.
Were you bringing?
You brought.
Did you bring?
You did not bring.
You were bringing.
He/She/It brought.
Did he/she/it bring?
He/She/It did not bring.
He/She/It was bringing.
Was he/she/it bringing?
We brought.
Did we bring?
We did not bring.
We were bringing.
Were we bringing?
You were not bringing. He/She/It was not bringing. We were not bringing.
You brought.
Did you bring?
You did not bring.
You were bringing.
Were you bringing?
You were not bringing.
They brought.
Did they bring?
They did not bring.
They were bringing.
Were they bringing?
They were not bringing.
Past Perfect Es Perfect Es el pasado del presente perfecto. Had ( forma pasada de have) + participio (verbo terminado en – –ed , o los irregulares la 3ªcolumna )
Past Perfect Continuous . Pasado del presente perfecto continuo: Se forma con had been + verbo en gerundio –ing.
I had not brought.
Affirmative I had been bringing. (había estado trayendo)
Had I been bringing?
Had you brought?
You had not brought.
You had been bringing.
Had you been bringing?
You had not been bringing.
He/She/It had brought.
Had he/she/it brought?
He/She/It had not brought.
He/She/It had been bringing.
He/She/It had not been bringing.
We had brought.
Had we brought?
We had not brought.
Had he/she/it been bringing?
We had been bringing.
Had we been bringing?
You had brought.
Had you brought?
You had not brought.
You had been bringing.
Had you been bringing?
We had not been bringing. You had not been bringing.
They had brought.
Had they brought?
They had not brought.
They had been bringing.
Had they been bringing?
They had not been bringing.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I had brought. ( Había traído) You had brought.
Had I brought?
Future Simple Se Simple Se forma con will para todas las personas + el verbo en infinitivo sin to.
Affirmative
Interrogative
Interrogative
Negative I had not been bringing.
Future Perfect : Perfect : Se forma con will+ presente perfecto
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Will I have brought?
I will not have brought.
I will bring.(Traer bring.(Traeré) é)
Will I bring?
I will not bring.
I will have brought.
You will bring.
Will you bring?
You will not bring.
You will have brought.
Will you have brought?
You will not have brought.
He/She/It will bring.
Will he/she/it bring?
He/She/It will not bring.
He/She/It will have brought.
We will bring.
Will we bring?
We will not bring.
We will have brought.
Will he/she/it have brought? Will we have brought?
He/She/It will not have brought. We will not have brought.
You will bring.
Will you bring?
You will not bring.
You will have brought.
Will you have brought?
You will not have brought.
They will bring.
Will they bring?
They will not bring.
They will have brought.
Will they have brought?
They will not have brought.
16 Conditional :: Se forma con el pasado de will : would + infinitivo sin to. Conditional
Conditional Condition al Perfect Perfect :: Se forma con would + have+participio have+participio (-ed , los verbos regulares,3ªcolumna los irregulares).
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I would bring.(Traerí bring.(Traería) a)
Would I bring?
I would not bring.
I would have brought.
Would I have brought?
I would not have brought.
You would bring.
Would you bring?
You would not bring.
You would have brought.
Would you have brought?
You would not have brought.
He/She/It would bring.
Would he/she/it bring?
He/She/It would not bring.
He/She/It would have brought.
Would he/she/it have brought?
He/She/It would not have brought.
We would bring.
Would we bring?
We would not bring.
We would have brought.
Would we have brought?
We would not have brought.
You would bring.
Would you bring?
You would not bring.
You would have brought.
Would you have brought?
You would not have brought.
They would bring.
Would they bring?
They would not bring.
They would have brought.
Would they have brought?
They would not have brought.
Shape - Forma
Size/Measure -Tamaño/Medida
square - cuadrado round - redondo curved) - curvo big - grande grande rectangular crooked) large - grande rectangular torcido huge - enorme triangular - triangular broad - ancho small - pequeño oval - oval narrow -angosto tiny - diminuto conical - cónico flat - plano heavy - pesado spherical - esférico steep light - liviano cubical - cúbico empinado thick - grueso straight -recto hollow - hueco thin - delgado cylindrical - cilíndrico solid- sólido wide - ancho Personality (positive) - Personalidad (positivo)
ambitious- ambicioso modest - modesto sensible - sensato friendly - amistoso practical - práctico
tolerant - tolerante patient - paciente honest - honesto optimistic- optimista sincere - sincero
high - elevado low - bajo tall - alto short - corto, bajo long - largo medium - medio narrow - angosto deep - profundo shallow - playo broad - ancho
courageous - valiente intelligent - inteligente generous - generoso humorous - divertido
Age/Time -Edad/Tiempo
Weather - Tiempo (clima)
Temperature - Temperatura
old - viejo young - joven new - nuevo modern - moderno ancient - antiguo old fashioned anticuado updated -actualizado outdateddesactualizado
rainy - lluvioso stormy tormentoso sunny - soleado windy - ventoso snowy - con nieve damp - húmedo dry - seco
freezing - helado chilly - frío cold - frío cool - fresco lukewarm - tibio boiling - hirviendo muggy - caluroso hot - caluroso warm - cálido pleasant - agradable
disciplined - disciplinado sympathetic - comprensivo considerate considerado responsible - responsable
quick - rápido slow - lento senior - mayor junior - más joven joven current - actual past - pasado future - futuro fast - rápido
foggy - con niebla overcast - nublado cloudy - nuboso clear - despejado mild - templado chilly - frío icy - con hielo
Personality (negative) - Personalidad (negativo) lazy- haragán possesive - posesivo posesivo greedy - codicioso conceited - engreído resentful - resentido arrogant - arrogante envious - envidioso fussy - quisquilloso jealous - celoso impatient - impaciente
dishonest - deshonesto pessimistic- pesimista miserly- avaro coward (- cobarde
gullible - ingenuo stubborn - terco careless - negligente selfish - egoísta