UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM DIREITO TEORIA GERAL DO DIREITO CONSTITUCIONAL Prof. Vera Karam e C!"e#r# Me$%ra&o' Ce$ar Fe(#)e *o(+a&# - MACEDO ,UNIOR ,UNIOR Ro&a(o Por%o. Por%o. Do xadrez à cortesia. Dor/#& e a %eor#a o #re#%o 0o&%em)or1&ea. S2o Pa"(o' Sara#3a 4567.
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A o9ra 9"$0a emo&$%rar 0omo a a:e&a a %eor#a o #re#%o 0o&%em)or1&ea a;"#r#" "m 0ar<%er a(%ame&%e me%oo(=:#0o. E$%a 0ara0%er>$%#0a ?< #e&%#f#0<3e( &o %ra9a(!o e @er9er% L. A. @ar% %er#a :a&!ao &o3o #m)"($o 0om a$ o9ra$ e Ro&a( Dor/#&. Para 0om)ree&er o em9a%e me%oo(=:#0o &a %eor#a o #re#%o o a"%or e)Be $"a$ $"a$ 0o&0 0o&0e) e)8B 8Be$ e$ $o9r $o9ree o f#$ f#$#0 #0a( a(#$ #$mo mo e ,o!& ,o!& A"$%# "$%#&& e @a @a&$ &$ Ke Ke($ ($e& e& 0omo 0omo 0o&%e%"a 0o&%e%"a(#+a8 (#+a82o 2o )ara a 3#raa !erme&"%#0a !erme&"%#0a o)eraa o)eraa )or @ar% &a o9ra Conceito de Direito $o9 for%e #&f("&0#a a f#(o$of#a a (#&:"a:em e L"#: #%%:e&$%e#&. Para o a"%or @ar% far< "ma a&<(#$e #&o3aora o D#re#%o ma$ $e" 0om)rom#$$o %e=r#0o 0om a&%#:o a&%#:o$$ ar:"me ar:"me&%o &%o$$ )o$#%# )o$#%#3#$ 3#$%a$ %a$ %er#a %er#a a9er%o a9er%o e$)a8 e$)a8oo )ara )ara "ra$ "ra$ 0r>%#0 0r>%#0a$ a$ e Ro& Ro&a( a( Dor D or/# /#& & ;"e ;"e %er# %er#aa ofer ofere0 e0# #oo re$) re$)o$ o$%a %a$$ ma#$ ma#$ ae; ae;"a "aa a$$ a%ra a%ra3 3$$ e $"a $"a %eor %eor#a #a #&%er)re%a%#3#$%a o #re#%o.
6. O #re#%o #re#%o e a f#(o$of#a' f#(o$of#a' "ma &o3a &o3a a:e&a a:e&a %e=r#0o-?"r> %e=r#0o-?"r>#0a #0a
&a A(ema&!a a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o &2o ma#$ %arefa e0("$#3a o$ f#(=$ofo$ H.... E o fa%o e a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o J ;"a&o a#&a 9"$0a o 0o&%a%o 0om a rea(#ae $o0#a( J %er em#:rao )ara a$ fa0"(ae$ e #re#%o 9a$%a&%e $":e$%#3o. H... O ;"e a&%#:ame&%e )o#a $er ma&%#o 0oe$o em 0o&0e#%o$ e f#(o f#(o$o $of# f#aa !e:e !e:e(# (#a& a&a a e#: e#:ee !o?e !o?e "m )("r )("ra( a(#$ #$mo mo e )ro0 )ro0e e#m #me& e&%o %o$$ me%oo(=:#0o$ ;"e #&0("# a$ )er$)e0%#3a$ a %eor#a o #re#%o a $o0#o(o:#a o #re#%o e a !#$%=r#a o #re#%o a %eor#a mora( e a %eor#a a $o0#eae. 6 1 HABERMAS, Jürgen. Prefácio. In Direito e democracia: entre facticidade e vaidade. !rad"#$o de %ávio Beno Sie&eneic'er. Rio de Janeiro: !em(o Bra)ieiro, 1**+, v. 1, (. -/0 v., (. -.
A f#(o$of#a o #re#%o )or%a&%o &a$ (%#ma$ 0aa$ fo# e$(o0aa a$ fa0"(ae$ e f#(o$of#a )ara a$ fa0"(ae$ e #re#%o. Dor/#& e @a9erma$ )are0em $":er#r ;"e %a( e$(o0ame&%o e %ema$ 0omo a f#(o$of#a mora( e )o(>%#0a a0a9o" :era&o "ma e$)0#e e ?"#0#a(#+a82o e$$a$ ma%r#a$ %ra9a(!aa$ %ra9a(!aa$ )or o)eraore$ o #re#%o &o $e" #a a #a. Por e$$a ra+2o a )ar%#r o$ a&o$ 65 o e9a%e &a %eor#a o #re#%o %er#a a$$"m#o 0ar<%er a(%ame&%e me%oo(=:#0o e e)#$%emo(=:#0o $e&o o :ra&e mar0o e$$a %ra&$#82o o$ %ra9a(!o$ e @. L. A. @ar%. E$%a %ra&$#82o o)ero" "ma 3#raa me%oo(=:#0a &o #re#%o re%oma&o 3e(!o$ %ema$ ;"e e#:#r#am o %e=r#0o o #re#%o "ma 3#$2o #&%er0o&e0%aa o$ om>&#o$ f#(o$=f#0o$ em %ema$ e 0ar<%er e$$e&0#a(me&%e e)#$%emo(=:#0o$ 0omo o9?e%#3#ae 3erae 0er%e+a e e)#$%emo(o:#a mora(. E$$a #&%er0o&e2o )orm &e:aa o" a0e#%a )or #3er$o$ %e=r#0o$ o #re#%o a )ar%#r e ;"e$%#o&ame&%o$ (#:ao$ a me%oo(o:#a. Na 9a$e e$$a$ ;"e$%Be$ e)#$%emo(=:#0a$ e$%ar#a )or%a&%o $em)re "ma ;"e$%2o me%oo(=:#0a. De3e-$e "%#(#+ar a me%oo(o:#a a$ 0#&0#a$ &a%"ra#$ o" o #re#%o e3e 9"$0ar "ma me%oo(o:#a )r=)r#a De3e $er 9"$0aa "ma #&3e$%#:a82o em)>r#0a o" !erm !erme& e&" "%# %#0a 0a &o e$%" e$%"o o a$ a$ )r<% )r<%#0 #0a$ a$ $o0# $o0#a# a#$$ ;"e ;"e 0om) 0om)Be Be o #re #re#%o #%o " "e$ e$%B %Be$ e$ f"&ame&%a#$ %am9m $er#am (e3a&%aa$ (e3a&%aa$ $o9re o )r=)r#o 0ar<%er a %eor#a o #re#%o' "m 0ar<%er )"rame&%e e$0r#%#3o o" a )re$$")o$#82o e e(eme&%o$ a3a(#a%#3o$ e &orma%#3o$ N#$$o 0o&$#$%e o ;"e $e e&%e&e )or "ma 3#raa me%oo(=:#0a &o e9a%e 0o&%em)or1&eo $o9re a %eor#a o #re#%o e o a"%or 9"$0a emo&$%rar ;"e Ro&a( Dor/#& %e3e "m )a)e( 0e&%ra( &e$$e$ e9a%e$ %or&a&o-$e "m o$ f#(=$ofo$ o #re#%o ma#$ re(e3a&%e$ a%"a(me&%e. S"a re(e31&0#a )oe $er 3er#f#0aa )e(o$ #3er$o$ em9a%e$ )ro3o0ao$ e #<(o:o$ e$%a9e(e0#o$ 0om a"%ore$ #m)or%a&%e$ a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o 0o&%em)or1&ea 0omo o )r=)r#o @ar% R#0!ar Po$&er A&re# Marmor e&%re 3#0o$ f#(o$=f#0o-?"r>#0o$ e&fre&%ao$ )e(a )e(a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o a%"a(. a%"a(.
4. A 3#raa 3#raa me%oo( me%oo(=:#0 =:#0aa e a %eor#a o #re#%o #re#%o
A )reo0")a82o )reo0")a82o me%oo(=:#0a 0om o #re#%o e$%< am)(ame&%e e)re$$a &a o9ra e @a&$ Ke($e& e e a"%ore$ o Rea(#$mo ,"r>#0o &or%e-amer#0a&o e e$0a&#&a3oQ 0omo A(f A(f Ro Ro$$ $$.. Ta( 0ar< 0ar<%e %err a(%a a(%ame me&% &%ee me%o me%oo o(= (=:# :#0o 0o 3#r# 3#r#aa a 0"&! 0"&!ar ar "ma "ma #me #me&$ &$2o 2o o )o$#%#3#$mo 0omo )o$#%#3#$mo me%oo(=:#0o. E$%e $er#a a 3#$2o :e&er#0ame&%e re)re$e&%aa )e(a #e#a e ;"e )o$$>3e( 0o&!e0er o #re#%o %a( 0omo o" &a$ )a(a3ra$ e Nor9er%o *o99#o' O )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o &a$0e o e$for8o e %ra&$formar o e$%"o o #re#%o &"ma 3erae#ra e ae;"aa 0#&0#a ;"e %#3e$$e a$ me$ma$ 0ara0%er>$%#0a$
A f#(o$of#a o #re#%o )or%a&%o &a$ (%#ma$ 0aa$ fo# e$(o0aa a$ fa0"(ae$ e f#(o$of#a )ara a$ fa0"(ae$ e #re#%o. Dor/#& e @a9erma$ )are0em $":er#r ;"e %a( e$(o0ame&%o e %ema$ 0omo a f#(o$of#a mora( e )o(>%#0a a0a9o" :era&o "ma e$)0#e e ?"#0#a(#+a82o e$$a$ ma%r#a$ %ra9a(!aa$ %ra9a(!aa$ )or o)eraore$ o #re#%o &o $e" #a a #a. Por e$$a ra+2o a )ar%#r o$ a&o$ 65 o e9a%e &a %eor#a o #re#%o %er#a a$$"m#o 0ar<%er a(%ame&%e me%oo(=:#0o e e)#$%emo(=:#0o $e&o o :ra&e mar0o e$$a %ra&$#82o o$ %ra9a(!o$ e @. L. A. @ar%. E$%a %ra&$#82o o)ero" "ma 3#raa me%oo(=:#0a &o #re#%o re%oma&o 3e(!o$ %ema$ ;"e e#:#r#am o %e=r#0o o #re#%o "ma 3#$2o #&%er0o&e0%aa o$ om>&#o$ f#(o$=f#0o$ em %ema$ e 0ar<%er e$$e&0#a(me&%e e)#$%emo(=:#0o$ 0omo o9?e%#3#ae 3erae 0er%e+a e e)#$%emo(o:#a mora(. E$$a #&%er0o&e2o )orm &e:aa o" a0e#%a )or #3er$o$ %e=r#0o$ o #re#%o a )ar%#r e ;"e$%#o&ame&%o$ (#:ao$ a me%oo(o:#a. Na 9a$e e$$a$ ;"e$%Be$ e)#$%emo(=:#0a$ e$%ar#a )or%a&%o $em)re "ma ;"e$%2o me%oo(=:#0a. De3e-$e "%#(#+ar a me%oo(o:#a a$ 0#&0#a$ &a%"ra#$ o" o #re#%o e3e 9"$0ar "ma me%oo(o:#a )r=)r#a De3e $er 9"$0aa "ma #&3e$%#:a82o em)>r#0a o" !erm !erme& e&" "%# %#0a 0a &o e$%" e$%"o o a$ a$ )r<% )r<%#0 #0a$ a$ $o0# $o0#a# a#$$ ;"e ;"e 0om) 0om)Be Be o #re #re#%o #%o " "e$ e$%B %Be$ e$ f"&ame&%a#$ %am9m $er#am (e3a&%aa$ (e3a&%aa$ $o9re o )r=)r#o 0ar<%er a %eor#a o #re#%o' "m 0ar<%er )"rame&%e e$0r#%#3o o" a )re$$")o$#82o e e(eme&%o$ a3a(#a%#3o$ e &orma%#3o$ N#$$o 0o&$#$%e o ;"e $e e&%e&e )or "ma 3#raa me%oo(=:#0a &o e9a%e 0o&%em)or1&eo $o9re a %eor#a o #re#%o e o a"%or 9"$0a emo&$%rar ;"e Ro&a( Dor/#& %e3e "m )a)e( 0e&%ra( &e$$e$ e9a%e$ %or&a&o-$e "m o$ f#(=$ofo$ o #re#%o ma#$ re(e3a&%e$ a%"a(me&%e. S"a re(e31&0#a )oe $er 3er#f#0aa )e(o$ #3er$o$ em9a%e$ )ro3o0ao$ e #<(o:o$ e$%a9e(e0#o$ 0om a"%ore$ #m)or%a&%e$ a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o 0o&%em)or1&ea 0omo o )r=)r#o @ar% R#0!ar Po$&er A&re# Marmor e&%re 3#0o$ f#(o$=f#0o-?"r>#0o$ e&fre&%ao$ )e(a )e(a f#(o$of#a o #re#%o a%"a(. a%"a(.
4. A 3#raa 3#raa me%oo( me%oo(=:#0 =:#0aa e a %eor#a o #re#%o #re#%o
A )reo0")a82o )reo0")a82o me%oo(=:#0a 0om o #re#%o e$%< am)(ame&%e e)re$$a &a o9ra e @a&$ Ke($e& e e a"%ore$ o Rea(#$mo ,"r>#0o &or%e-amer#0a&o e e$0a&#&a3oQ 0omo A(f A(f Ro Ro$$ $$.. Ta( 0ar< 0ar<%e %err a(%a a(%ame me&% &%ee me%o me%oo o(= (=:# :#0o 0o 3#r# 3#r#aa a 0"&! 0"&!ar ar "ma "ma #me #me&$ &$2o 2o o )o$#%#3#$mo 0omo )o$#%#3#$mo me%oo(=:#0o. E$%e $er#a a 3#$2o :e&er#0ame&%e re)re$e&%aa )e(a #e#a e ;"e )o$$>3e( 0o&!e0er o #re#%o %a( 0omo o" &a$ )a(a3ra$ e Nor9er%o *o99#o' O )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o &a$0e o e$for8o e %ra&$formar o e$%"o o #re#%o &"ma 3erae#ra e ae;"aa 0#&0#a ;"e %#3e$$e a$ me$ma$ 0ara0%er>$%#0a$
a$ 0#&0#a$ 0#&0#a$ f>$#0o-ma%em<%# f>$#0o-ma%em<%#0a$ 0a$ &a%"ra#$ e $o0#a#$. $o0#a#$. Ora a 0ara0%er> 0ara0%er>$%#0a $%#0a f"&ame&%a( a 0#&0#a 0o&$#$%e em $"a a3a(ora%#3#ae #$%o &a #$%#&82o e&%re ?">+o$ e fa%o e ?">+o$ e 3a(or e &a r#:oro$a e0("$2o e$%e$ (%#mo$ o 0am)o 0#e&%>f#0o' a 0#&0#a 0o&$#$%e $ome&%e em ?">+o$ e fa%o. O mo%#3o e$$a #$%#&82o e e$$a e0("$2o re$#e &a &a%"re+a #3er$a e$$e$ o#$ %#)o$ e ?">+o' o ?">+o e fa%o re)re$e&%a "ma %omaa e 0o&!e0#me&%o a rea(#ae 3#$%o ;"e a form"(a82o e %a( ?">+o %em a)e&a$ a f#&a(#ae e #&formar e 0om"�ar a "m o"%ro a m#&!a 0o&$%a%a82o o ?">+o e 3a(or re)re$e&%a ao 0o&%r+o e fa%o $e #:o e$%e 0" r"9ro 9e(o form"(o "m ?">+o e 3a(orQ 4 @. L. A. @ar% ;"e$%#o&ar#a ma#$ %are e$$a 0o&0e)82o f#$#0a(#$%a o #re#%o. A)o#ao for%eme&%e &a f#(o$of#a a (#&:"a:em e L"#: #%%:e&$%e#& @ar% 0!ama a a%e&82o )ara o 0o&0e#%o e conceito ;"e e$%< $e&o "%#(#+ao emo&$%ra&o $"a for%e 0o&e2o 0om ;"e$%Be$ )er%#&e&%e$ )er%#&e&%e$ $o9re $e"$ e(eme&%o$ 0o&$%#%"%#3o$. A$$#m' Por 3e+e$ &e$$e$ 0a$o$ a ef#Ro e "ma )a(a3ra )oe for&e0er %a( ma)a' a "m $= e ao me$mo %em)o )oe %or&ar e)(>0#%o o )r#&0>)#o (a%e&%e ;"e :"#a o &o$$o "$o e "ma )a(a3ra e )oe ma&#fe$%ar re(a8Be$ e&%re o %#)o e fe&me&o$ a ;"e &=$ a)(#0amo$ a )a(a3ra e o"%ro$ fe&me&o$. D#+-$e )or 3e+e$ ;"e a ef#Ro merame&%e 3er9a( o" $= re(a%#3a a$ )a(a3ra$ ma$ #$$o )oe $er m"#%o e&:a&aor ;"a&o a e)re$$2o ef#&#a e "$o 0orre&%e. Me$mo a ef#Ro e "m %r#a&:"(o 0omo "ma f#:"ra re%#(>&ea e %r$ (ao$ o" a ef#Ro e e(efa&%e 0omo "m ;"ar)ee #$%#&%o o$ o"%ro$ )e(a )o$$e e "ma )e(e :ro$$a )re$a$ e %rom9a e("0#a-&o$ e "ma forma moe$%a ;"er ;"a&%o ao "$o-)ar2o e$%a$ )a(a3ra$ ;"er ;"a&%o $ 0o#$a$ a ;"e a$ )a(a3ra$ $e a)(#0am. H... E$%a forma e ef#Ro per genus et differentiam), ;"e $e 3 &o 0a$o 0ome+#&!o o %r#1&:"(o o" o e(efa&%e a ma#$ $#m)(e$ e )ara a(:"&$ a ma#$ $a%#$fa%=r#a )or;"e &o$ < "ma $r#e e )a(a3ra$ ;"e )oe $er $em)re $"9$%#%">a )e(a )a(a3ra ef#&#a. Ma$ &em $em)re e$%< #$)o&>3e( $em $em)re 0(ar#f#0aora ;"a&o #$)o&>3e(. O $e" $e" $"0e $"0e$$ $$oo e)e e)e& &ee e 0o& 0o #8Be Be$$ ;"e ;"e fre; fre;"e "e&% &%em eme& e&%e %e &2o &2o e$%2 e$%2oo )ree&0!#a$. A )r#&0#)a( e&%re e$%a$ (%#ma$ (% #ma$ ;"e e3#a !a3er "ma fam>(#a ma#$ ma#$ e%e& e%e&$a $a e 0o#$a$ 0o#$a$ o" genus re(a%#3ame&%e a 0"?a &a%"re+a e$%amo$ e$0(are0#o$ e e&%ro a ;"a( a ef#Ro (o0a(#+a o ;"e ef#&e )or;"e 0(arame&% 0(arame&%e e "ma ef#Ro ef#Ro ;"e &o$ #+ a(:o ;"e mem9ro mem9ro e "ma fam>(#a fam>(#a &2o &o$ )oe a?"ar $e %#3ermo$ a)e&a$ #e#a$ 3a:a$ o" 0o&f"$a$ ;"a&o &a%"re+a a fam>(#a. e$%a e#:&0#a ;"e &o 0a$o o #re#%o %or&a #&%#( e$%a B2BBI2, 3or&erto. 2 (o)itivi)mo 4"r5dico: i#6e) de 7o)o7a do direito. S8o Pa"o: 9cone, 1**. P. 1-
forma e ef#Ro )or;"e a;"# &2o !< "ma 0a%e:or#a :era( 9em 0o&!e0#a e fam#(#ar e ;"e o #re#%o $e?a mem9ro. O ma#$ =93#o 0a&#a%o )ara "$o e$%e moo &"ma ef#Ro e #re#%o a fam>(#a :era( e re:ra$ e 0om)or%ame&%o 0o&%"o o 0o&0e#%o e re:ra 0omo 3#mo$ %2o 0a"$aor e )er)(e#ae 0omo o o )r=)r#o #re#%o e %a( forma ;"e ef#Be$ e #re#%o ;"e 0ome8am )or #e&%#f#0ar a$ (e#$ 0omo "ma e$)0#e e re:ra$ &orma(me&%e &2o a"me&%am ma#$ a &o$$a 0om)ree&$2o o #re#%o. Para #$%o e#:e-$e a(:o e ma#$ f"&ame&%a( o ;"e "ma forma e ef#Ro ;"e $e?a "%#(#+aa 0om $"0e$$o )ara (o0a(#+ar "m %#)o e$)e0#a( e $"9or#&ao e&%ro e "m %#)o :e&r#0o e 0o#$a fam#(#ar e 9em 0o&!e0#o. De$%a ma&e#ra $er#a )o"0o 0(ar#f#0aor #+er a)e&a$ ;"e (e#$ $2o %#)o$ e re:ra$ $e&o &e0e$$3e( e&0o&%rar "m 0a$o-)ar2o ;"e $#r3a e 9a$e )ara a ef#Ro o 0o&0e#%o. U%#(#+a&o-$e o eem)(o a ef#Ro e 0a(3>0#e @ar% e)(#0a ;"e "m !omem $em &e&!"m 0a9e(o &a 0a9e8a &o%aame&%e 0are0a e&;"a&%o "m !omem 0om "ma 0a9e(e#ra e&$a &2o o ma$ "m !omem 0om a)e&a$ a(:"&$ %"fo$ e 0a9e(o o" &2o 0are0a Ta( ;"e$%2o em a(:"&$ mome&%o$ $er#a "ma mera ;"e$%2o e :ra" )o$$>3e( $e fa(ar em #fere&%e$ :ra"$ e 0a(3>0#eQ )or o"%ro (ao a(:"ma$ 3e+e$ 0omo &o 0a$o o #re#%o )o$$>3e( ;"e &2o $e %ra%e e "ma mera ;"e$%2o e :ra" ma$ "m )ro9(ema ;"e $"r:e ;"a&o o 0a$o-)ar2o e fa%o "m 0om)(eo e e(eme&%o$ &orma(me&%e 0o&0om#%a&%e$ ma$ #$%#&%o$ a(:"m o" a(:"&$ o$ ;"a#$ )oem fa(%ar &o$ 0a$o$ a9er%o$ a #$)"%a. A ef#Ro e "m 0o&0e#%o )or%a&%o )a$$ar#a $em)re )e(a a&<(#$e e ?o:o$ 0o&%e%"a#$ e (#&:"a:em. Ne$$e $e&%#o @ar% 9"$0a "m e(eme&%o 9<$#0o e e$%"o e$%e$ ?o:o$ ;"e $er#a o 0a$o-)ar2o ;"e &o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o )oe $er e%erm#&ao )e(a$ )r<%#0a$ e 0oer82o ;"e e&3o(3em e3ere$ f#ao$ )or re:ra$ #&$%#%">a$ )or a(:"m %#)o e$)e0#a( e )oer. )o$$>3e( )er0e9er )or%a&%o ;"e a %eor#a e @ar% re)re$e&%a "ma ;"e9ra e)#$%emo(=:#0a a )ar%#r a ae$2o a f#(o$of#a a (#&:"a:em e &2o ea%ame&%e "ma ;"e9ra 0om a$ %e$e$ 0e&%ra#$ o )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o. A 0r>%#0a e$%ar#a for%eme&%e #re0#o&aa ao 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae #&$)#rao &o )e&$ame&%o e #%%:e&$%e#& $e:"&o o ;"a( a o9?e%#3#ae e$%ar#a m"#%o ma#$ (#:aa a "ma 0o&:r"&0#a e $"9?e%#3#ae$ o ;"e 0om "m )ar2o e o9?e%#3#ae W#&e)e&e&%e e &o$$a )er$)e0%#3aX. 7. A$$#m o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o e3e $er 0om)ree&#o a )ar%#r e "ma #$%#&%a %eor#a a o9?e%#3#ae e forma ;"e o )ro?e%o e$0r#%#3o a(me?ao )or @ar% #fere o )ro?e%o e$0r#%#3o o$ )r-!ar%#a&o$ )or 0o&$#erar a &e0e$$#ae e $e %ra9a(!ar 0om "ma #me&$2o #&%er&a e #&%e&0#o&a(#ae. E$%ar#a a$$#m formaa "ma &o3a a:e&a ?"r>#0o- HAR!. / HAR!, H. . A. 2 conceito de direito. P. 1;<1*
f#(o$=f#0a ;"e (e3a&%ar#a ;"e$%Be$ a#&a ma#$ f"&ame&%a#$ )o$$#9#(#ae e 0o&!e0#me&%o o9?e%#3o e e e$0r#82o &e"%ra 0omo )or eem)(o' o 0o&!e0#me&%o ?"r>#0o e3e e$%a9e(e0er ;"e o #re#%o e3e $er 0om)ree&#o 0omo "m 0o&?"&%o e )r<%#0a$ fa0%"a#$ e#$%e&%e$ &o m"&o o" fa%o$ 9r"%o$Q )ara ;"e )o$$a a$)#rar a "m e$%a%"%o e 0#e&%#f#0#ae O" a&%e$ a #me&$2o a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae o a:e&%e 0o&$%#%"#-$e &"ma #me&$2o #&e$0a)<3e( Como 0om)ree&er o )r=)r#o 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae a$ )ro)o$#8Be$ ?"r>#0a$ Ne$$e $e&%#o a #&0or)ora82o a #me&$2o #&%er&a o #re#%o )#o&e#rame&%e #e&%#f#0aa )or @ar% #m)or#a "ma &o3a 0o&0e)82o e o9?e%o ?"r>#0o Por f#m e$$a #me&$2o #&%er&a )oer#a $er e$0r#%a $em ;"e ao me$mo %em)o fo$$e ao%aa "ma )er$)e0%#3a a3a(#a%#3a No $e&%#o e9er#a&o e ;"e a(:"ma )er$)e0%#3a $em)re #m)Be a ao82o e "m 3a(or me$mo ;"e $e?a o 3a(or e &e"%ra(#ae O" a&%e$ &"m $e&%#o o a0o(!#me&%o ?"$%#f#0a82o mora(Q o" ae$2o ao$ 3a(ore$ ;"e or#e&%am a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae o$ a:e&%e$ ?"r>#0o$ Y Para me(!or e$0(are0er em ;"e 0o&$#$%e e$$a 3#raa me%oo(=:#0a o)eraa )or @. L. A. @ar% &a %eor#a o #re#%o 0a9e e("0#ar me(!or o )e&$ame&%o a&%er#or ao a"%or &o ;"e $e refere a 0o&0e)82o f#$#0a(#$%a e m"&o efe&#a )or a"%ore$ 0omo ,o!& A"$%#& e @a&$ Ke($e&.
4.6.
A 0o&0e)82o a9$o("%a o m"&o e o f#$#0a(#$mo ?"r>#0o
Se:"&o o a"%or o f#$#0a(#$mo ?"r>#0o a e$0o(a ;"e )re$$")Be "ma $e)ara82o e&%re o $"9?e%#3o e o o9?e%#3o a0re#%a&o $er )o$$>3e( e$0re3er o m"&o 0omo e(e rea(me&%e . Per:"&%a$ #m)or%a&%e$ (e3a&%aa$ )or e$$a me%oo(o:#a f#$#0a(#$%a $er#am' ;"e e$)0#e e 0o#$a$ e#$%e &o m"&o #&%er#or e ;"e e$)0#e e fa%o$ e#$%e &o m"&o e%er#or "a#$ $2o a$ fro&%e#ra$ e&%re e$$e$ o#$ m"&o$ E&%re a$ re$)o$%a$ #3er:e&%e$ a e$0o(a em)#r#$%a e Da3# @"me e a e$0o(a ra0#o&a(#$%a e Re& De$0ar%e$ $e&o o )o&%o 0om"m e $e"$ )e&$ame&%o$ a #e#a e ;"e o m"&o $"9?e%#3o #&%er&oQ #m)o$$>3e( e $er 0o&!e0#o )e(a a"$&0#a e 0r#%r#o$ ;"e %or&em e$$e 0o&!e0#me&%o )o$$>3e(. E$%a %e$e eer0er#a for%e #&f("&0#a &a %eor#a )o$#%#3#$%a e $er#a "m o$ ar:"me&%o$ )ara a$ form"(a8Be$ #�#a#$ em efe$a a %e$e a $e)ara82o e&%re #re#%o e mora(. Como af#rma ,o!& A"$%#& a e#$%&0#a a (e# "ma 0o#$a $e" mr#%o e emr#%o o"%ra 0o#$a. Se e(a o" &2o "ma )er:"&%a $e o" &2o 0o&form<3e( a "m e%erm#&ao )ar2o "ma )er:"&%a #fere&%e. Uma (e# ;"e rea(me&%e e#$%e "ma (e# me$mo ;"e &2o a a)re0#emo$ o" ;"e e(a $e #$%#&:a o %e%o )e(o ;"a( re:"(amo$ &o$$a a)ro3a82o o" e$a)ro3a82o Z. De$$a forma re$%ar#a e$%a9e(e0#o o ;"e a(:"&$ )o$#%#3#$%a$ a0re#%ar#am $er o )r=)r#o 0ora82o o )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o. E&;"a&%o o P2R!2 MA=ED2
#re#%o )o$#%#3o a;"# $e a)re$e&%a 0omo "m fa%o o m"&o a $a9er o$ 0oma&o$ ema&ao$ o $o9era&o a mora(#ae $er#a a%o #&%er&o $"9?e%#3o r#:#ame&%e $e)arao o #re#%o. A$$#m o #re#%o 0o&$%#%">o )or "m 0o&?"&%o e fa%o$ ;"e )or $"a 3e+ $2o o$ 0oma&o$ em#%#o$ )or "m )oer $o9era&o !a9#%"a(me&%e o9ee0#o. O ?"r#$%a f#$#0a(#$%a )or%a&%o 9"$0a e$0ar%ar o 0o&!e0#me&%o ;"e &2o for )a$$>3e( e re"82o a fa%o$ 9r"%o$ (hard facts), e forma ;"e o #re#%o e3e $er e$%"ao 0omo o"%ra$ 0#&0#a$ em)>r#0a$' e$0re3e&o o $er &o m"&o )or me#o e "m m%oo e$0r#%#3o e em)>r#0o. E$%e "m e$for8o )romo3#o %a&%o )e(o rea(#$mo ?"r>#0o e A(f Ro$$ ;"e efe&e ;"e o #re#%o e3e $er 0om)ree&#o 0omo "m 0o&?"&%o e fa%o$ em)>r#0o$ o m"&o 0omo )e(o )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o e ,o!& A"$%#& ,erem[ *e&%!am e @a&$ Ke($e&. N"ma e $"a$ ma#$ 0(e9re$ )a$$a:e&$ af#rma Ke($e&' a Teor#a P"ra o D#re#%o "ma %eor#a o D#re#%o )o$#%#3o J o D#re#%o )o$#%#3o em :era( &2o e "ma orem ?"r>#0a e$)e0#a(. %eor#a :era( o D#re#%o &2o #&%er)re%a82o e )ar%#0"(are$ &orma$ ?"r>#0a$ &a0#o&a#$ o" #&%er&a0#o&a#$. Co&%"o for&e0e "ma %eor#a a #&%er)re%a82o. Como %eor#a ;"er �a e e0("$#3ame&%e 0o&!e0er ) $e" )r=)r#o o9?e%o. Pro0"ra re$)o&er a e$%a ;"e$%2o' o ;"e e 0omo o D#re#%o Ma$ ?< &2o (!e #m)or%a a ;"e$%2o e $a9er 0omo e3e $er o D#re#%o o" 0omo e3e e(e $er fe#%o. 0#&0#a ?"r>#0a e &2o )o(>%#0a o D#re#%o. "a&o a $# )r=)r#a $e e$#:&a 0omo )"ra %eor#a o D#re#%o #$%o $#:&#f#0a ;"e e(a $e )ro)Be :ara&%#r "m 0o&!e0#me&%o a)e&a$ #r#:#o ao D#re#%o e e0("#r e$%e 0o&!e0#me&%o %"o ;"a&%o &2o )er%e&8a ao $e" o9?e%o %"o ;"a&%o &2o $e )o$$a r#:oro$ame&%e e%erm#&ar 0omo D#re#%o. "er #$%o #+er ;"e e(a )re%e&e (#9er%ar a 0#&0#a ?"r>#0a e %oo$ o$ e(eme&%o$ ;"e (!e $2o e$%ra&!o$. E$$e o $e" )r#&0>)#o me%oo(=:#0o f"&ame&%a(. \ O #re#%o e&0o&%ra-$e )or%a&%o &o 1m9#%o o $er $e&o $e" e$%a%"%o o&%o(=:#0o formao )e(a )o$#%#3a82o )erm#%#&o a$$#m $e" e$%"o 0omo "ma 0#&0#a &a%"ra(. Ca9e me&0#o&ar ;"e )ara Ke($e& #fere&%eme&%e e A"$%#& a$ &orma$ &2o 0o&$%#%"em #re%ame&%e fa%o$ 9r"%o$ ma$ f"&0#o&am 0omo e$;"ema$ e #&%er)re%a82o o a%o ?"r>#0o. E$%e a%o )or $"a 3e+ &aa %em ;"e o %or&e "m e3e&%o ?"r>#0o a &orma ;"e o e)(#0a ;"e a e(e $e #re0#o&a e a )ar%#r a ;"a( $e #&%er)re%a o e3e&%o ;"e (!e 0o&0ee e$%e 0ar<%er. O ;"e %am9m o #fere a %eor#a rea(#$%a e A(f Ro$$ o fa%o e ;"e "ma &orma e)e&e e $"a efe%#3#ae )ara e#$%#r o" $e?a &e0e$$ J2H3 A?S!I3 + @ESE3, Han). !eoria P"ra do Direito. !rad"#8o de Jo8o Ba(ti)ta Mac'ado. S8o Pa"o: Martin) %onte), 1***, (. 1.
3#&0"(e o" o9r#:"e o o"%ro $= e#$%e &e$$a !#)=%e$e $e 3a(e a &orma :era( o amor ao )r=#mo e3e&%"a(me&%e e$%a9e(e0#a )e(o f"&aor e "ma re(#:#2o. E e$$a )or $e" %"r&o a)e&a$ 3a(e 0omo o9?e%#3ame&%e 3#&0"(a&%e ;"a&o $e )re$$")Be ;"e e3emo$ &o$ 0o&"+#r 0omo o f"&aor a re(#:#2o )re0e#%"o" . De$$a forma a o9?e%#3#ae o #re#%o e)e&e em (%#ma #&$%1&0#a a $"9?e%#3#ae e a(:"m ;"e e0#e ao%<-(o 0omo )o&%o e 3#$%a. A e#$%&0#a e "m m>&#mo e ef#0<0#a e "m $#$%ema &orma%#3o )orm %am9m "ma 0oRo )ara a 3a(#ae e "ma &orma e forma ;"e e$%e a%o $"9?e%#3o $= )oe e#$%#r $e 9a$eao em fa%o$ 9r"%o$. A$$#m Ke($e& ma&%m-$e for%eme&%e (#:ao a 0o&0e)82o ?"r>#0o-f#$#0a(#$%a.
4.4.
A 0r>%#0a e @. L. A. @ar% ao f#$#0a(#$mo ?"r>#0o e a &o3a o9?e%#3#ae
De a0oro 0om ,o!& A"$%#& "ma &orma )oe $er 0o&$#eraa 3<(#a ;"a&o for "m 0oma&o :era( a9$%ra%o em#%#o )or "m )oer $o9era&o ;"e &2o 0o&!e8a &e&!"ma re(a82o e $"9or#&a82o e e o9e#&0#a e$$e )oer fre&%e ao$ o"%ro$ $ere$ !"ma&o$. A &orma ?"r>#0a )or%a&%o &a$0e e "m fa%o o m"&o f>$#0o' "m 0oma&o em#%#o )or "m )oer $o9era&o ;"e !a9#%"a(me&%e o9ee0#o. @ar% far< "ma 0r>%#0a a e$$e moe(o 0#%a&o a #fere&8a e&%re a$ e)re$$Be$ f"# o9r#:ao a fa+er a(:o e %e&!o a o9r#:a82o e fa+er a(:o. Se )ara A"$%#& e$$a$ e)re$$Be$ $er#am #fere&%e$ &o $e&%#o e ;"e "ma fo# em#%#a )or "m )oer $o9era&o %e&!o a o9r#:a82o e fa+er a(:oQ #fere&%eme&%e a e#:&0#a e "m (ar2o ;"e o9r#:a a(:"m a fa+er a(:o. Para @ar% a 0o&0e)82o a"$%#&#a&a fa(!a )or;"e' em )r#me#ro (":ar %or&o"-$e 0(aro ;"e em9ora "ma (e# 0r#m#&a( ;"e )ro>9e o" )re$0re3e 0er%a$ a8Be$ $o9 0om#&a82o e )e&a $e a$$eme(!e ma#$ e&%re %oa$ a$ 3ar#eae$ e #re#%o a ore&$ 9a$eaa$ em amea8a$ aa$ )or "ma )e$$oa a o"%ra$ %a( (e# me$mo a$$#m #fere e %a#$ ore&$ &o a$)e0%o #m)or%a&%e e ;"e $e a)(#0a :era(me&%e ;"e(e$ ;"e a 0r#am e &2o a)e&a$ ao$ o"%ro$. Em $e:"&o (":ar !< o"%ra$ 3ar#eae$ e #re#%o &omeaame&%e a$ ;"e 0o&ferem )oere$ ?"r>#0o$ )ara ?"(:ar o" (e:#$(ar )oere$ )9(#0o$Q o" )ara 0o&$%#%"#r o" a(%erar re(a8Be$ ?"r>#0a$ )oere$ )r#3ao$Q a$ ;"a#$ &2o )oem $em a9$"ro 0o&0e9er-$e 0omo ore&$ 9a$eaa$ em amea8a$. Em %er0e#ro (":ar !< re:ra$ ?"r>#0a$ ;"e #ferem e ore&$ &o $e" moo e or#:em )or;"e &aa e a&<(o:o a "ma )re$0r#82o e)(>0#%a (!e$ < e#$%&0#a. F#&a(me&%e a a&<(#$e o #re#%o em %ermo$ e $o9era&o !a9#%"a(me&%e o9ee0#o e &e0e$$ar#ame&%e #$e&%o e %oa$ a$ (#m#%a8Be$ ?"r>#0a$ fo# #&0a)a+ e e)(#0ar a 0o&%#&"#ae a a"%or#a (e:#$(a%#3a 0ara0%er>$%#0a e "m $#$%ema ?"r>#0o moer&o e a )e$$oa o"
; @ESE3, Han). !eoria era da) 3orma). !rad"#8o de Jo) %orentino D"arte. Porto Aegre: %a&ri), 1*;>.
)e$$oa$ $o9era&a$ &2o )"eram $er #e&%#f#0aa$ &em 0om o e(e#%orao &em 0om o =r:2o (e:#$(a%#3o e "m E$%ao moer&o. Ke($e& )ro0"ra efe&er "ma 0o&0e)82o f#$#0a(#$%a fre&%e ao$ ar:"me&%o$ e @ar% e)(#0a&o ;"e a &orma ?"r>#0a )re$$")Be a e#$%&0#a e "m ore&ame&%o ?"r>#0o e forma ;"e e#$%#r#am fra:me&%o$ e &orma$ 0"?a $a&82o $er#a (o0a(#+aa em o"%ro #$)o$#%#3o o ore&ame&%o. E )ara re$o(3er o )ro9(ema a a"$&0#a e $a&82o em &orma$ $e0"&
4..
O #re#%o 0omo "m ?o:o e are+
A(f Ro$$ "%#(#+a a #ma:em e "m ?o:o e are+ )ara emo&$%rar ;"e $er#a #m)o$$>3e( ef#&#r o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o a )ar%#r e "ma #ma:em a)e&a$ e%er&a. I$$o )or;"e a a&<(#$e (#m#%aa ao 0om)or%ame&%o o$ ?o:aore$ )oer#a e)o#$ e m#( )ar%#a$ 0o&0("#r ;"e )ro#9#o a9r#r o$ ?o:o$ 0om "m )e2o e %orre ?< ;"e &e&!"m ?o:aor a$$#m o fe+. Com #$$o 0o&0oram Ro$$ e @ar%. N"m $e:"&o )o&%o Ro$$ af#rma ;"e &em me$mo a (e#%"ra a$ re:ra$ 0o&$%#%"%#3a$ o are+ $er#a "m m%oo ae;"ao )ara ef#&#r 0o&!e0er a$ re:ra$ o ?o:o rea( e are+ )o#$ )o$$>3e( ;"e 0er%a$ re:ra$ e$0r#%a$ &2o $e?am ao%aa$ &a )r<%#0a 0omo e fa%o a0o&%e0e. Para a%#&:#r o %oo $#:&#f#0a%#3o a a82o o$ ?o:aore$ $er#a &e0e$$3e( e 0o&!e0#me&%o #&e)e&e&%eme&%e e $e&%#me&%o$. D#+ @ar%' A$$#m "m o9$er3aor e%er&o ao :r")o ;"e &2o a0e#%a &em e&o$$a a$ &orma$ )oe re(a%ar o fa%o e ;"e o :r")o $e 0om)or%a e moo "&#forme e rea:e re:"(arme&%e a e$3#o$ e 0o&"%a e moo a3er$o o" !o$%#( ;"er )or me#o e f"&0#o&
;"e e(e$ $e:"em o" e ;"e #r2o $e:"#r )arBe$ re:"(are$ e 0om)or%ame&%o e&%re%a&%o o$ mem9ro$ o :r")o "$am e$$a$ e)re$$Be$ &a 0r>%#0a a )r=)r#a 0o&"%a e o$ o"%ro$ fa+e&o refer&0#a ao$ )arBe$ re:"(are$ e 0om)or%ame&%o ;"e e(e$ a0e#%am 0omo "m 0r#%r#o. E(e$ &2o $#m)(e$me&%e rea:em a e$3#o$ o )ar2o re:"(ar e "m moo )re3#$>3e( e a3er$o ma$ %ra%am o$ e$3#o$ 0omo "ma ra+2o )ara %a( rea82o e )ara ;"e a e#:&0#a e 0o&form#ae $e?a ?"$%#f#0aa. 66
. R"mo !erme&"%#0a a$ )r<%#0a$ ?"r>#0a$' e9er e @ar%
Ma e9er e$%a3a 9a$%a&%e )reo0")ao 0om a ;"e$%2o a o9?e%#3#ae &a$ 0#&0#a$ o ;"e o (e3o" a e$0re3er #3er$o$ %e%o$ me%oo(=:#0o$. Se:"&o e(e #m)o$$>3e( ;"e o 0#e&%#$%a $e a9$%e&!a e 3a(ore$ ao )ro"+#r 0o&!e0#me&%o )o#$ e$%e$ 3a(ore$ e$%ar2o ma&#fe$%o$ &o o9?e%o e &a )r=)r#a me%oo(o:#a e$0o(!#a. A#&a a$$#m )o$$>3e( ;"e $o9 "ma ética de convicção, o 0#e&%#$%a ao%e "m 3a(or e &e"%ra(#ae ao e$%"ar $e" o9?e%o. Ne"%ra(#ae )orm ;"e &2o )oer#a $er "m mero #$%a&0#ame&%o o o9?e%o ma$ "m #$%a&0#ame&%o o%ao e em)a%#a. A a82o $o0#a( e "m #>"o )ara e9er $er#a for%eme&%e #&f("e&0#aa )or $e"$ 0om)rom#$$o$ &orma%#3o$ 0om &orma$ mora#$ $o0#a#$ o" ?"r>#0a$Q e )e(a 0re&8a e ;"e o$ o"%ro$ #>"o$ e$%2o 3#&0"(ao$ a 0om)rom#$$o$ $eme(!a&%e$. De$$a forma e#$%e "ma #me&$2o e #&%e&0#o&a(#ae &a a82o $o0#a(. E e$$a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae $em)re ##"a( e o e(eme&%o formaor o $#:&#f#0ao a a82o mo%#3o )e(o ;"a( o #$%a&0#ame&%o o 0#e&%#$%a e3e $er $em)re a0om)a&!ao e em)a%#a &o $e&%#o e ;"e $e e3e 9"$0ar 3er o m"&o )e(o$ o(!o$ o a%or.
.6.
O are+ e e9er
No ?o:o e are+ )or eem)(o a a82o $er#a formaa )e(o ?o:aor ;"e 0o&!e0e a$ re:ra$ o ?o:o a$ 0o&$#era e e a0oro 0om $"a %0�a e 0o&!e0#me&%o %oma "ma e0#$2o ra0#o&a( ao e0##r $"a ?o:aa. Re:ra$ &e$$e $e&%#o )o$$"em "m ")(o $e&%#o' e&;"a&%o #e#a e e&;"a&%o fa%o em)>r#0o. E&;"a&%o #e#a ma&#fe$%a-$e &o a%or ;"e 0o&$#era a re:ra 0omo regra que deve ser seguida . E&;"a&%o fa%o em)>r#0o 0om)o&e&%e o9?e%#3o a rea(#ae em)>r#0a e )oe $er3#r )ara )re3er a$ a8Be$ e "m e%erm#&ao :r")o e )e$$oa$. Ta( )re3#$2o o m%oo e 3er#f#0a82o a 3a(#ae a$ #&%er)re%a8Be$ $o0#o(=:#0a$ e ma&e#ra ;"e a#&a ;"e a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae 0"m)ra "m )a)e( 0a"$a( &a a82o $o0#a( o e$%a9e(e0#me&%o e 0<(0"(o$ e$%a%>$%#0o$ 9a$eao &o ;"e rea(me&%e 11 HAR!
a0o&%e0e ;"e )erm#%e 3er#f#0ar e )re3er a$ a8Be$ f"%"ra$ e "m :r")o e #>"o$. De$$a forma e9er a#&a )are0e e&0o&%rar-$e )re$o ao f#$#0a(#$mo. Pe%er #&0! far< "ma 0r>%#0a e$$e )e&$ame&%o e9er#a&o af#rma&o ;"e o $e&%#o e "ma a82o a(:o ;"e &2o )oe $er me&$"rao e$%a%#$%#0ame&%e. Com)ree&er "ma a82o )er0e9er o )o&%o o" o $#:&#f#0ao o ;"e e$%< $e&o fe#%o o" #%o. E$$a "ma &o82o m"#%o afa$%aa o m"&o a e$%a%>$%#0a o" a$ (e#$ 0a"$a#$ e$%< m"#%o ma#$ )r=#ma o re#&o o #$0"r$o e a$ re(a8Be$ #&%er&a$ ;"e (#:am a$ )ar%e$ o re#&o o #$0"r$o 64
.4.
A !erme&"%#0a e @ar%' !<9#%o$ e re:ra$
Como ?< 3#mo$ @ar% %am9m ao%a a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae 0omo me0a&#$mo e 3er#f#0a82o a e#$%&0#a e re:ra$. Para e(e )orm a$ re:ra$ )o$$"em "m 0ar<%er #&%er&o e$)e0#a( e #&o3aor ;"e $e 0!amar< aspecto interno das regras . O $e&%#o #&%er&o a re:ra refere$e a ra+Be$ e &2o fa%o$Q )ara o $e" re0o&!e0#me&%o. Ne$$e $e&%#o "m #>"o ;"e $e:"e "ma re:ra a 0o&$#era 0omo "ma e)(#0a82o e "ma ?"$%#f#0a82o e $"a a82o. A$$#m' O$ ?o:aore$ e are+ &2o %m a)e&a$ !<9#%o$ $eme(!a&%e$ e mo3#me&%ar a ra#&!a a forma #&%#0a ;"e "m o9$er3aor e%er&o #:&ora&%e em a9$o("%o a a%#%"e e(e$ em re(a82o ao$ mo3#me&%o$ )oe re:#$%rar. Para a(m #$$o %m "ma a%#%"e 0r>%#0a ref(e#3a em re(a82o a e$%e %#)o e 0om)or%ame&%o' e&0aram-&o 0omo "m )ar2o )ara %oo$ ;"a&%o$ )ra%#;"em o ,o:o. Caa "m e(e$ &2o $e (#m#%a a)e&a$ a mo3#me&%ar a ra#&!a "m 0er%o moo ma$ ]%em o)#o formaa] a0er0a a 0orre82o e %oo$ o$ ;"e mo3#me&%am a ra#&!a e$$a ma&e#ra. E$$a o)#o ma&#fe$%a-$e &a 0r>%#0a e &a$ e#:&0#a$ e 0o&form#ae fe#%a$ ao$ o"%ro$ ;"a&o o0orre o" amea8a !a3er e$3#o e &o re0o&!e0#me&%o a (e:#%#m#ae e %a( 0r>%#0a e e %a#$ e#:&0#a$ ;"a&o re0e9#a$ e o"%ro$. 6 A$$#m @ar% #$%a&0#a-$e o )e&$ame&%o e A(f Ro$$ e ;"e o a$)e0%o #&%er&o $er#a "m mero $e&%#me&%o e o9r#:a82o. @ar% a)ro#ma-$e o )e&$ame&%o e e9er e ;"e a$ &orma$ 0o&$%#%"em ra+Be$ )ara a:#r. A #3er:&0#a e&%re e$%e$ (%#mo$ $e < &o fa%o e ;"e )ara e9er a$ ra+Be$ )ara a a82o $2o o $e&%#o $"9?e%#3ame&%e 3#$ao. Para @ar% a$ ra+Be$ $2o 0o&$%#%">a$ )e(a$ re:ra$ $o0#a#$ ;"e f#am a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae a )r=)r#a a82o 67. I&%e&0#o&a(#ae ;"e &2o &e0e$$ar#ame&%e refere-$e a)ro3a82o 3a(ora%#3a a re:ra ma$ $#m a $"a mera 0o&$#era82o e&;"a&%o ra+2o )ara a:#r. No 0a$o )or eem)(o e "m &eo&a+#$%a ;"e ae&%ra "ma $#&a:o:a $em "$ar o ;"#)< a#&a ;"e 0o&%rar#a&o a 1I3=H 1- HAR!, 1C 1/ P2R!2 MA=ED2, 1C
re:ra a )ar%#r e(a ;"e o #>"o :"#a $"a a82o. A$$#m !< o re0o&!e0#me&%o e a 0o&$#era82o a &orma 0omo ra+2o )ara a82o. A &o82o e9er#a&a e em)a%#a e$$a forma $er< %am9m #m)or%a&%e )ara a %eor#a e @ar% )o#$ &e0e$$"o e&%e&a o $e&%#o e 3e$%#r o ;"#)< &a $#&a:o:a e a %ra&$:re$$2o )re%e&#a )e(o &eo&a+#$%a ao #:&orar a re:ra )ara a)re0#ar o a$)e0%o #&%er&o a$ re:ra$.
..
A ;"e$%2o a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae e o 0ar<%er e$0r#%#3o a Teor#a o D#re#%o.
@ar% o)ero" "ma 3#raa !erme&"%#0a &a %eor#a o #re#%o )or e$0re3er a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a (e3a&o em 0o&$#era82o a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae o a:e&%e e a forma 0omo a )r<%#0a )er0e9#a )or e(e. Se" )e&$ame&%o #&f("e&0#o" %oa a %eor#a o #re#%o a&:(o-$a2 $em 0o&%"o re$%r#&:#r-$e a e(a. Pe&$aore$ a$ ma#$ 3ar#aa$ e$0o(a$ 0omo ,o$e)! Ra+ ,o!& F#&&#$ e Ro&a( Dor/#& foram for%eme&%e #&f("e&0#ao$ )e(a $"a 3#$2o o a$)e0%o #&%er&o a$ re:ra$ a#&a ;"e 0omo 3eremo$ &o 0a$o e Dor/#& %e&!am ofere0#o for%e$ 0r>%#0a$ a %eor#a e @ar%. E$$a 3#raa !erme&"%#0a o)eraa )or @ar% %ra+ 0o&$#:o "m &o3o 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae' )ara #%%:e&$%e#& e @ar%Q "m 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae ;"e fo$$e 0om)(e%ame&%e #&e)e&e&%e e &o$$a )er$)e0%#3a $"9?e%#3a o" forma e3#aQ $er#a "m nonsense A $"a af#rma82o a)e&a$ re3e(a "m erro :rama%#0a( (=:#0oQ &o "$o o 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae. E$$a &o3a 0o&0e)82o e o9?e%#3#ae o m"&o )erm#%#r< af#rmar ;"e o #re#%o e $e"$ 0o&0e#%o$ $2o )ar%e a rea(#ae e &2o "ma #("$2o 0omo af#rmar2o o$ rea(#$%a$ e$0a&#&a3o$Q e ;"e e$$a rea(#ae &2o re"%>3e( a fa%o$ 9r"%o$. A rea(#ae o #re#%o e)e&e e re:ra$ $o0#a#$ e e$$a forma e)e&e e &=$ me$mo$. A$$#m e(a &2o )a$$>3e( e "ma e$0r#82o ]a )ar%#r e (":ar &e&!"m] #$%o e%er&ame&%e a &o$$a )er$)e0%#3a !"ma&a ma&#fe$%a em &o$$a$ forma$ e 3#a. 6Y
.7.
A &o3a o9?e%#3#ae ?"r>#0a e @ar%' e$0r#82o e a3a(#a82o
A o9?e%#3#ae 0om)ree&#a 0omo )ar%e a rea(#ae &2o re"%>3e( a fa%o$ 9r"%o$ &a$ %eor#a$ e @er9er% @ar% e L"#: #%%:e&$%e#& refere-$e )or%a&%o ao a$)e0%o #&%er&o a$ re:ra$. Como af#rma @ar% o ;"e 0o&$%#%"# o me%ro-)ar2o 0omo me#a e me&$"ra82o e o9?e%o$ &2o a 9arra e )(a%#&a e Par#$ ma$ o "$o ;"e fa+emo$ e(a 0omo o9?e%o e me#a. 1 P2R!2 MA=ED2
De$$e moo &o 0a$o e "ma )ro)o$#82o ?"r>#0a &2o 9a$%a ;"e e#$%a "m fa%o 9r"%o &o m"&o e%erm#&a&o ;"e )or eem)(o "m #>"o e#o" "ma !era&8a )ara o"%ro. A 0oRo e 3erae a )ro)o$#82o e)e&a a me&0#o&aa forma e 3#a o" a;"#(o ;"e ,o!& Sear(e 0!amo" e fa%o #&$%#%"0#o&a( o" $e?a a e#$%&0#a e "ma re:ra 0o&$#era&o $e" a$)e0%o #&%er&oQ ;"e ef#&a o ;"e "m %e$%ame&%o. Ca9e ;"e$%#o&ar a )ar%#r a;"# o$ (#m#%e$ a ao82o e "m 0ar<%er e$0r#%#3o a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a. Para Ro&a( Dor/#& em 0o&%ra$%e a %eor#a e @ar% o a%o e #e&%#f#0ar o #re#%o e(e me$mo e&3o(3e "ma %e$e e ?"$%#f#0a82o mora( o" $e?a )ara e$0re3er o #re#%o &e0e$$%#0a #&%er)re%a%#3a. A rea(#+a82o e$$a %arefa e&3o(3e o %e=r#0o o #re#%o em ?">+o$ #re%ame&%e a3a(#a%#3o$ $o9re o #re#%o. Ta#$ ?">+o$ $2o )or%a&%o "ma e#:&0#a )ara a e)(#0a82o o 0ar<%er o" a &a%"re+a o #re#%o. De$$a forma "ma a&<(#$e e$0r#%#3a f#0ar#a $em)re )re?"#0aa. O e9a%e $o9re a &a%"re+a e )o$$#9#(#ae e "m 0ar<%er )"rame&%e e$0r#%#3o o #re#%o 0o(o0o" em em9a%e #re#%o a$ %eor#a$ e Ro&a( Dor/#& e ,o!& F#&&#$ 0om a$ e @. L. A. @ar% ,o$e)! Ra+ A&re# Marmor e&%re o"%ro$.
7. O e$af#o o )o$#%#3#$mo
Ro&a( Dor/#& far< "ma #m)or%a&%e 0r>%#0a ao )o$#%#3#$mo ;"e m"ar< o$ r"mo$ e$$a e$0o(a a )ar%#r e $"a$ )r=)r#a$ e$%r"%"ra$. Af#rmar< ;"e )ara 0om)ree&er a$ )r<%#0a$ e )oer ;"e e&om#&amo$ D#re#%o $er< &e0e$$)#o$ )ara a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a e &#$$o fa(!o" em re0o&!e0er o f"&0#o&ame&%o e$$e$ )r#&0>)#o$ 0omo fo&%e e &a%"re+a mora( &a ar:"me&%a82o ?"r>#0a. E)(#0a ;"e o$ )r#&0>)#o$ em 0o&%ra$%e 0om a$ re:ra$ em $e&%#o e$%r#%o af#rmam ra+Be$ ?"r>#0o-mora#$ ;"e ?"$%#f#0am "ma e%erm#&aa e0#$2o a%r#9"#&o(!e$ "m )e$o #fere&0#ao. Ao emo&$%rar ;"e o point a #&%e&0#o&a(#aeQ o$ )r#&0>)#o$ %em "ma f"&82o 3a(ora%#3a Dor/#& $":ere ;"e o$ ?">+e$ $e 3a(em o$ )r#&0>)#o$ )e(a $"a ra+oa9#(#ae e ?"$%#8a e &2o )e(a $"a mera a"%or#ae 0omo )re%e&#a ,o$e)! Ra+. E$$a 3#$2o o$ )r#&0>)#o$ re)re$e&%ar< "m a%a;"e #re%o %am9m a %e$e a$ fo&%e$ )"rame&%e $o0#a#$. O #re#%o %er#a "ma #me&$2o e ra+oa9#(#ae e ?"$%#8a 9a$eaa &o$ )r#&0>)#o$ ;"e &2o e$%ar#a e3#ame&%e re)re$e&%aa &o 0o&0e#%o e D#re#%o )o$#%#3#$%a.
De$$a forma e #a&%e o ar:"me&%o e ;"e o$ 0o&f(#%o$ e&%re )r#&0>)#o$ far#am 0om ;"e fo$$e #f>0#( e%erm#&ar $e" 0o&%eo o9?e%#3o e a$$#m 0r#ar o9r#:a8Be$ 3#&0"(a&%e$ )ara o$ o)eraore$ o #re#%oQ Dor/#& 0r#a "m &o3o 0o&0e#%o e o9?e%#3#ae 0o&%e%"a(#+ao 0om o$ ?o:o$ e (#&:"a:em ?"r>#0o$' E3#e&%eme&%e %ra%a-$e e "ma o9?e%#3#ae &2o re"%>3e( a "ma 0o&0e)82o a9$o("%a o m"&o &em %am)o"0o re"%>3e( a 0r#%r#o$ e 3er#f#0a82o f#$#0a(#$%a$ 0o&forme $e )ro0"ro" emo&$%rar &o$ 0a)>%"(o$ a&%er#ore$. E$$e ar:"me&%o e#:#r< e&%re%a&%o o e$e&3o(3#me&%o e "ma %eor#a a 0o&%ro3r$#a 0a)a+ e mo$%rar 0omo a o9?e%#3#ae )o$$>3e( me$mo ;"a&o !< e$a0oro J e )or%a&%o &"ma $#%"a82o em ;"e #&e#$%e "ma 0o&3e&82o ;"e e$%a9e(e8a o$ $e&%#o$ o$ )r#&0>)#o$ e a$ re:ra$. o ;"e $e 3er< a#a&%e. 6Z
7.6.
O$ o#$ fronts o )o$#%#3#$mo' #&0("$#3#$%a$ e e0("$#3#$%a$
O$ a%a;"e$ e Dor/#& o)eraram )rof"&a$ m"a&8a$ &o )o$#%#3#$mo ?"r>#0o ;"e $e 3#" o9r#:ao a a0e#%ar )ar%e e $e"$ ar:"me&%o$. N#$$o o )o$#%#3#$mo #3##"-$e em #&0("$#3o e e0("$#3o. A;"e(e re)re$e&%ao )or @. L. A. @ar% #(fr# a("0!o ,"(e$ Co(ema& e&%re o"%ro$ e e$%e re)re$e&%ao )or ,o$e)! Ra+ A&re# Marmor e&%re o"%ro$. O e#o o e9a%e ;"e $e $e:"#r#a em #3er$a$ ma%r#+e$ %e=r#0a$ #&0("$#3#$%a$ e0("$#3#$%a$ ?"$&a%"ra(#$%a$ #&%e)re%a%#3#$%a$ e %e=r#0o$ a ra+2o 0om"�a%#3aQ 3er$o" m"#%o ma#$ $o9re o $#:&#f#0ao %e=r#0o e&3o(3#o &a )r<%#0a ar:"me&%a%#3a e&3o(3e&o )r#&0>)#o$ o ;"e )ro)r#ame&%e $o9re o "$o e )r#&0>)#o$ )e(o$ ?"r#$%a$. O e0("$#3#$mo a;"# re)re$e&%ao )or Ra+ af#rmar< ;"e Dor/#& e$%a3a 0orre%o ao af#rmar ;"e o$ )r#&0>)#o$ $2o am)(ame&%e )re$e&%e$ &o ra0#o0>&#o ?"r>#0o e ;"e e(e$ &2o )o$$"em "m pedigree &2o er#3am e ;"e$%Be$ e fa%oQ. Ra+ ;"e$%#o&a )orm ;"e e$%e$ )r#&0>)#o$ fa8am )ar%e o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o. Para e$%e a"%or e(e$ $2o )ar1me%ro$ e%ra?"r>#0o$ fre;"e&%eme&%e "$ao$ %a&%o 0omo a$ re:ra$ a (=:#0a a :eome%r#a o" &orma$ e o"%ra$ ?"r#$#8Be$ o" me$mo 0o&3e&8Be$ #&%er&a$ e "ma em)re$a. Por%o Ma0eo ar:"me&%a )orm ;"e Ra+ &2o 0om)ree&e a :ram<%#0a o$ )r#&0>)#o$ e&%ro a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a. Na o9?e%#3#ae 0o&%e%"a(#+aa 0om o$ ?o:o$ e (#&:"a:em ?"r>#0o$ )ro)o$%a )or Dor/#& o$ )r#&0>)#o$ f"&0#o&am &2o merame&%e )ara ofere0er "ma re$)o$%a )(a"$>3e( em $"a$ e0#$Be$ ma$ )ara ofere0er "ma re$)o$%a 0orre%a 0o&$#era&o %oa$ a$ #me&$Be$ e&3o(3#a$ &o )ro9(ema all things considered). A o9?e%#3#ae 3#r#a )or%a&%o a ofer%a a me(!or ?"$%#f#0a82o a;"e(a ;"e 0o&$#ero" %oa$ a$ #me&$Be$ &e0e$$
1> P2R!2 MA=ED2
O$ #&0("$#3#$%a$ )or o"%ro (ao a0o(!eram a fenomenologia do julgar $e:"&o a ;"a( o$ )r#&0>)#o$ fa+em )ar%e o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o )o#$ 3er#f#0a-$e ;"e o$ ?">+e$ o$ "%#(#+am e 0o&$#eram &e0e$$#0a e$%< e&ra#+ao &"ma 0o&3e&82o f"&ame&%a( #$%o &"ma re:ra e re0o&!e0#me&%o ;"e $e ma&#fe$%a )or me#o e "m 0om)(eo 0o&?"&%o e )r<%#0a$ e a)(#0a82o o #re#%o rea(#+aa$ )e(o$ ?">+e$ e %am9m )or o"%ro$ f"&0#o&rem o re0o&!e0#me&%o a for8a 3#&0"(a&%e o$ )r#&0>)#o$ em ra+2o e $e"$ 0o&%eo$ $"a ra+oa9#(#ae $"a ?"$%#8a e%0.Q e&%2o o #re#%o &e$$a$ $#%"a8Be$ )oer< e&3o(3er )r#&0>)#o$ ?"r>#0o$ e &a%"re+a mora( 0omo #re#%o e &2o 0omo mero$ )r#&0>)#o$ e%ra?"r>#0o$. 6\ Em re$"mo' )r#&0>)#o$ mora#$ )oem fa+er )ar%e o #re#%o e$e ;"e $e?am re0o&!e0#o$ )or "ma &orma e re0o&!e0#me&%o 0omo %a(. O )o$#%#3#$mo #&0("$#3#$%a #$0ora )or%a&%o e Dor/#& &o ;"e $e refere ao $e" a%a;"e a %e$e a$ fo&%e$ $o0#a#$' me$mo o$ )r#&0>)#o$ &2o )er%e&0em a "ma #me&$2o #fere&%e a;"e(a a$ re:ra$ )er%e&0e $#m ao 0o&?"&%o o$ fa%o$ $o0#a#$ e 3er#f#0ao &a &orma e re0o&!e0#me&%o.
7.4.
O #m)r#o o #re#%o 0o&%ra-a%a0a' o $e:"&o ro"&
O e9a%e me%oo(=:#0o &a %eor#a o #re#%o fo# a)rof"&ao 0om a )"9(#0a82o em 6Z a o9ra O Im)r#o o D#re#%o. A;"# Dor/#& refor8ar< "ma o9?e82o a&%#:a ao$ )o$#%#3#$%a$ ;"e 0!amar< e ferroaa $em1&%#0a semantic sting). Uma 0o&0e)82o $em1&%#0a a;"e(a ;"e 9"$0a ef#&#r o $#:&#f#0ao e "m 0o&0e#%o a )ar%#r o 0o&?"&%o e 0o#$a$ fa%o$ e )r<%#0a$ ;"e e$%2o #&$er#o$ &o 0am)o $em1&%#0o a;"e(a )a(a3ra. Se:"&o Dor/#& a e)(#82o !ar%#a&a o #re#%o )ro0"ro" #e&%#f#0ar 0r#%r#o$ 0om)ar%#(!ao$ )ara o "$o o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o e o$ e&0o&%ro" &"m 0o&?"&%o e )r<%#0a$ e re0o&!e0#me&%o e o9r#:a82o e )r<%#0a$ e a"%or#ae. O$ 0o&0e#%o$ 0r#%er#a#$ e #re#%o )oem $er ae;"ao$ )ara ef#&#r e%erm#&ao$ %#)o$ e 0o&0e#%o$ 0omo o$ 0o&0e#%o$ &a%"ra#$ e (#3ro 0a$a 3e>0"(o )ar;"e e%0. Co&%"o e(e$ $2o (=:#0o-:rama%#0a(me&%e #&ae;"ao$ )ara e$0re3er 0o&0e#%o$ #&%er)re%a%#3o$ 0omo #re#%o 0or%e$#a o" ?"$%#8a. Ne$$e )o&%o re$#e o a:"#(!2o $em1&%#0o ;"e a%#&:e a %eor#a )o$#%#3#$%a. De$a0oro$ $2o 0om"&$ &o #re#%o e 0om fre;"&0#a referem-$e $ re:ra$ ;"e $e $")Bem $erem a$ 9a$e$ o" f"&ame&%o$ )ara o #re#%o. 6 1+ P2R!2 MA=ED2
O ;"e Dor/#& %e&%a e)(#0ar ;"e o$ f#(=$ofo$ o #re#%o )e&$am ;"e e3em e#$%#r re:ra$ 0om"&$ ;"e afa$%em o e$a0oro e&%re o)eraore$ o #re#%o. Se:"&o e(e o$ )o$#%#3#$%a$ a0re#%am $er )o$$>3e( fa+er #$$o )or 0o&0eer ao #re#%o "ma fo&%e e$%r#%ame&%e em)>r#0a $em )er0e9er ;"e o$ e$a0oro$ $2o &a ma#or#a a$ 3e+e$ %e=r#0o$. O a:"#(!2o ;"e a%a0a o )o$#%#3#$mo )or%a&%o o e ;"e o 0ar<%er $em1&%#0o e$$a e$0o(a #&0a)a+ e e)(#0ar o e$a0oro %e=r#0o &a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a. E$%e ar:"me&%o $er3e )ara emo&$%rar o ;"e Dor/#& a(0"&!o" e a &a%"re+a 0o&3e&0#o&a(#$%a o )o$#%#3#$mo. Se:"&o e$%e ar:"me&%o o )o$#%#3#$mo fa(!a )or f"&ame&%ar $e" 0o&0e#%o $em1&%#0o e D#re#%o &a %arefa e e$0a3ar re:ra$ 0om)ar%#(!aa$. Se !< e$a0oro %e=r#0o e &2o a)e&a$ em)>r#0oQ e&%2o e$$a$ re:ra$ &2o e#$%em. @ar% 9"$0a afa$%ar e$$a 0r>%#0a a)o&%a&o )ara "ma #fere&8a &o$ e$a0oro$ %e=r#0o$ $o9re o ;"e o #re#%o e &o$ e$a0oro$ em)>r#0o$ $o9re a a)(#0a82o o #re#%o. Para Dor/#& )orm #&e#$%e "ma (#&!a f#rme ;"e #3#a a %eor#a o #re#%o a e0#$2o ?"#0#a( o" ;"a(;"er o"%ro a$)e0%o a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a. A %eor#a o #re#%o a )ar%e :era( a e0#$2o ?"#0#a( "m )r=(o:o $#(e&0#o$o )ara %oa e0#$2o ?"r>#0a. 6
Y. Dor/#& e a %eor#a a #&%er)re%a82o
Vo0 "m 0%#0o ar;"#me#a&o $e a0re#%a ;"e a$ )ro)o$#8Be$ &2o )oem $er 3erae#ra$ )or;"e &2o !< &aa a> &o m"&o J "m )o&%o e a(a3a&0a:em J em 3#r%"e e ;"e e$$a$ )ro)o$#8Be$ )oem $er mo$%raa$ 3erae#ra$.45 A )ar%#r e$$a 3#$2o o 0e%#0#$mo ar;"#me#a&o Dor/#& (a&8a "m a%a;"e &2o a)e&a$ ao )o$#%#3#$mo ma$ a %oa$ a$ forma$ e$e&:a?aa$ 0om a$)#ra8Be$ &2o a3a(#a%#3a$ e me%oo(o:#0ame&%e &e"%ra$ )re$e&%e$ em 3#0o$ $e e$e&3o(3em em 0er%a$ )o0a$ o" 0#r0"&$%1&0#a$ e &2o em o"%ra$. A o"%ra refere-$e ao )o&%o e 3#$%a #&%er&o a;"e(e$ ;"e fa+em a$ ema&a$. De a0oro 0om e$$a 3#$2o Dor/#& efe&e ;"e e3emo$ $")erar a #ma:em o are+ 0omo )ar2o a&a(=:#0o $"9$%#%"#&o-o )e(a 0or%e$#a.
1; P2R!2 MA=ED2 1* DorFin, 1;+ C "e)t, Ste('en, 1*+
Y.6.
Do are+ 0or%e$#a' "m &o3o moe(o )ara o #re#%o^ O #re#%o e&;"a&%o )r<%#0a #&%er)re%a%#3a
A #ma:em o are+ #&ae;"aa ao e$%"o o #re#%o )o#$ o #re#%o &2o )o$$"#r#a re:ra$ 9em ef#&#a$ 0omo )or eem)(o o o mo3#me&%o a ra#&!a. O #re#%o e&;"a&%o )r<%#0a ar:"me&%a%#3a e&3o(3e "ma )r<%#0a $o0#a( #&%er)re%a%#3a' a )r<%#0a a 0or%e$#a. Ima:#&emo$ a $e:"#&%e )r<%#0a $o0#a( &orma%#3a ;"e e&3o(3e "m 0o&0e#%o #&%er)re%a%#3o. S")o&!amo$ ;"e Fra&0#$0o "m ?o3em ra)a+ re(a%e a $e" am#:o Ro9er%o ;"e &a &o#%e a&%er#or 0o&3#o" "ma :aro%a )ara ?a&%ar &"m re$%a"ra&%e e ;"e ao f#&a( 0aa "m )a:o" a $"a )ar%e &a 0o&%a. Ro9er%o e&%2o #r#:#" "ma 0r>%#0a a Fra&0#$0o af#rma&o ;"e e(e a:#" 0om #me&$a e$0or%e$#a 0om re(a82o a :aro%a 3#$%o ;"e $e e$)era ;"e o$ !ome&$ )a:"em a 0o&%a a$ m"(!ere$ ;"a&o a$ 0o&3#am )ara $a#r. Fra&0#$0o #$0oro" e Ro9er%o e af#rmo" ;"e &2o fo# e moo a(:"m e$0or%$ 3#$%o ;"e $e"$ re&#me&%o$ &2o $2o $")er#ore$ ao$ a :aro%a e ;"e &2o 3#a mo%#3o )ara "m %ra%ame&%o e$#:"a( $#m)(e$me&%e em ra+2o e $er e(a o :&ero fem#&#&o. C!e:o" a% me$mo a ar:"me&%ar ;"e em o"%ra$ o)or%"&#ae$ )a:o" e 9om :rao a 0o&%a e "m am#:o )or;"e e$%e e$%a3a em $#%"a82o e0o&m#0a #f>0#(.46 E$%e eem)(o #("$%ra o 0ar<%er #&%er)re%a%#3o &a forma82o e "m 0o&0e#%o ;"e $e:"&o Dor/#& f"&0#o&a a me$ma forma &o #re#%o. E$%< em ?o:o a #$)"%a ar:"me&%a%#3a $o9re o 0o&0e#%o e "ma re:ra e $"a a)(#0a82o 0o#$a$ ;"e &2o )oer#am $er $e)araa$Q. D#$0"%e-$e o ;"e 0or%$ e 0omo $e e3e a:#r e a0oro 0om #$$o. Ta&%o Fra&0#$0o 0omo Ro9er%o 0om)ree&em a #e#a e 3#o(ar "ma re:ra e 0or%e$#a )orm #$0oram $o9re o ;"e $er#a 0or%$ &o 0a$o 0o&0re%o. Ne$$e $e&%#o ;"e e$$a )r<%#0a ar:"me&%a%#3a. A$$#m e&;"a&%o &o are+ #m)eram standards )9(#0o$ 0om"&$ e re:ra$ e%erm#&aa$ &o ?o:o a 0or%e$#a e#$%e "ma )r<%#0a ref(e#3a a3a(#a%#3a $o9re "m 3a(or. Com #$$o 0o&0("#-$e ;"e a 0or%e$#a a$$#m 0omo o #re#%o $2o conceitos #&%er)re%a%#3o$ formao$ a )ar%#r a prática ar:"me&%a%#3a. E$$a )r<%#0a ar:"me&%a%#3a fa+ 0om ;"e o #re#%o $e?a "m 0o&0e#%o )o(>%#0o &2o 0a9e&o $e fa(ar em "ma $e)ara82o e&%re #re#%o e )o(>%#0aQ formao a )ar%#r a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae ar:"me&%a%#3a e (e:#%#ma82o mora(' o #re#%o "m em)ree&#me&%o )o(>%#0o 0"?a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae :era( $e ;"e %em a(:"ma 0oore&ar o e$for8o $o0#a( e ##"a( o" re$o(3er #$)"%a$ $o0#a#$ e ##"a#$ o" a$$e:"rar a ?"$%#8a e&%re 0#a2o$ e e&%re e(e$ e $e" :o3er&o o" a(:"ma 0om9#&a82o e$$a$ a(%er&a%#3a$ 44.
1 Porto Macedo, C DorFin, 1
Le$(#e Gree& a)o#ao &a$ %eor#a$ e @o99e$ @"me e *e&%!am 0r#%#0a e$$e )o$#0#o&ame&%o or/#&#a&o af#rma&o ;"e &2o a &a%"re+a mora( o #re#%o ;"e e$%< em ?o:o ma$ a e(#m#&a82o a 0o&%ro3r$#a e moo a :ara&%#r a )a+' !a3er#a "ma produção e 0er%e+a &2o &o$ %ermo$ 0#e&%>f#0o$ ma$ &o$ %ermo$ e a"%or#ae o #re#%o. Dor/#& a0re#%a ;"e e$$a 3#$2o #:&ora o e(eme&%o o fórum do princpio $e:"&o o ;"a( o #re#%o o e$)a8o )ara o em9a%e )o(>%#0o-mora( a0er0a o$ %ema$ re(e3a&%e$ )ara "ma $o0#eae. Re$$a(%e-$e ;"e &2o !< "ma me%af>$#0a o e3er $er &e$$e )e&$ame&%o e Dor/#& ma$ a )er0e)82o fe&ome&o(=:#0a e "ma 0ara0%er>$%#0a #&%e&0#o&a( #&0r"$%aa &a$ )r<%#0a$ ?"r>#0a$ rea#$. E$%e a"%or a#&a fa+ "ma 0om)ara82o e&%re o #re#%o e a (#%era%"ra )ara me(!or e)(#0ar o $e&%#o e "ma a%#%"e #&%er)re%a%#3a em $e" %e%o De ;"e ma&e#ra o #re#%o $e a$$eme(!a (#%era%"ra. A;"# e)(#0a ;"e a #&%er)re%a82o &a 0o&$%r"82o e "m 0o&0e#%o 0o&$#$%e em a%r#9"#r 3a(or )ara a )r<%#0a e$0re3e&o a(:"m e$;"ema e #&%ere$$e$ o" o9?e%#3o$ o" )r#&0>)#o$ ao$ ;"a#$ a )r<%#0a $er3e. Ne$$e $e&%#o a #&%er)re%a82o ?"r>#0a $er#a o a%o e e&:a?ame&%o o #&%r)re%e &a %arefa #&e3#%a3e(me&%e 0o&$%r"%#3a e e$0o9r#r e&0o&%rar e$0re3er e a%r#9"#r "ma #&%e&0#o&a(#ae )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a. Por%a&%o 0om)ro3a-$e ;"e &2o !< e fa%o "m 0ar<%er me%af>$#0o e e3er $er &o )e&$ame&%o or/#&#a&o. *"$0a-$e re0o&!e0er a )r<%#0a $o0#a( e #&%er)re%ar $e"$ o9?e%#3o$' A )r<%#0a &em $em)re $e fa+ )erfe#%ame&%e e )re$$")or ;"e a )r<%#0a $er3e "m 3a(or 3a(#o$o &2o )re$$")or ;"e %oo$ o$ a$)e0%o$ a )r<%#0a 0orre&%eme&%e a0e#%o$ o" !#$%or#0ame&%e e&%ro&ao$ %am9m o fa+em. Uma 0om)ree&$2o ma#$ )rof"&a o 3a(or 0om)(eo o" point ao ;"a( a )r<%#0a $er3e )oe (e3ar o$ )ar%#0#)a&%e$ a re3#$ar $e" e&%e&#me&%o o ;"e a;"e(a )r<%#0a re;"er o" a"%or#+a. E "ma 3e+ ;"e a #&%er)re%a82o "ma )ar%e #&%e:ra( a )r<%#0a e$%e e&%e&#me&%o ma#$ )rof"&o a )r<%#0a 3a# a(%erar $"a$ a8Be$ e )o%e&0#a(me&%e a )r=)r#a )r<%#0a. 4
Y.4.
A$ e%a)a$ a #&%er)re%a82o
Dor/#& 9"$0a #�ar e ;"e forma $e e$%a9e(e0em a$ e%a)a$ a #&%er)re%a82o &orma%#3a. @a3er#a &"m )r#me#ro mome&%o "ma e%a)a )r-#&%er)re%a%#3a e&%re a$)a$ )o#$ a(:"m %#)o e #&%er)re%a82o sempre $er< &e0e$$
ar:"me&%a%#3a o&e a ?"$%#f#0a%#3a e3e ae;"ar-$e o $"f#0#e&%e 0om a )r<%#0a a&a(#$aa )ara ;"e e$%e?a e fa%o #&%er)re%a&o e &2o #&3e&%a&o "ma &o3a )r<%#0a. A (%#ma e%a)a a e%a)a )=$-#&%er)re%a%#3a ;"e )o$$"# "m 0ar<%er reformaor $e )o$$am )re$0re3er reforma$ $o9 a )er$)e0%#3a e ;"e "ma re:ra )oe e$%ar erraa e a0oro 0om a ?"$%#f#0a%#3a a $e:"&a e%a)a. A$$#m &2o !< e$)a8o )ara "ma 3#$2o e (":ar &e&!"m )ara "m o9$er3aor )"rame&%e e%er&o 0omo )re%e&#am o$ f#$#0a(#$%a$. Ma$ &2o !< %am9m "m a#oma %ra&$0e&e&%a( ;"e ?"$%#f#;"e a ar:"me&%a82o a e%a)a #&%er)re%a%#3a' A $#%"a82o #&%er)re%a%#3a &2o "m )o&%o e Ar;"#mee$ &em #$$o e$%< $":er#o &a #e#a e ;"e a #&%er)re%a82o )ro0"ra ar a me(!or #ma:em )o$$>3e( ;"#(o ;"e #&%er)re%ao. Re0orro ma#$ "ma 3e+ a Gaamar ;"e a0er%a em 0!e#o ao a)re$e&%ar a #&%er)re%a82o 0omo re0o&!e0e&o o$ 0o&$%ra&:#me&%o$ a !#$%=r#a ao me$mo %em)o ;"e ("%a 0o&%ra e(e$. 47
Z. A &o3a 0o&0e#%o:raf#a e Dor/#&
Ne$%e 0a)>%"(o Por%o Ma0eo mo$%ra 0omo Dor/#& e$for8o"-$e )ara erra#0ar a$ 0o&f"$Be$ $o9re $"a %eor#a ;"e a0re#%o" $erem 0o&f"$Be$ :rama%#0a#$ a0er0a o 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o. A;"# o a"%or fa+ "ma #$%#&82o #m)or%a&%e e&%re "ma 0o&0e)82o $o0#o(=:#0a e "ma 0o&0e)82o o"%r#&a( o #re#%o. A )r#me#ra "$a a )a(a3ra D#re#%o )ara e$#:&ar "m %#)o )ar%#0"(ar e e$%r"%"ra $o0#a( e &o$ $er3#r#a )ara re$)o&er )er:"&%a$ o %#)o' ;"a&o $"r:#" o #re#%o &"ma $o0#eae )r#m#%#3a A 0o&0e)82o o"%r#&a( )or o"%ro (ao 9"$0a #e&%#f#0ar a$ re:ra$ e 0o&%e%"a(#+<-(a$ 0om o ?o:o e$)e0>f#0o e ;"e $e %ra%a re0o&!e0e&o $e e#$%em o" &2o )r#&0>)#o$ mora#$ em $e" )(a&o e f"&o. A;"# e&%ra em ?o:o o 0o&0e#%o ;"e $e %em e D#re#%o. Dor/#& )ro)Be ;"e ao e0##r $o9re a a)(#0a82o e "ma re:ra e&3o(3em-$e a3a(#8Be$ mora#$ $o9re ;"2o ?"$%a $er#a a re:ra J e a0oro 0om "ma #&%er)re%a82o 0o&%e%"a(#+aa a$ re:ra$. E$$a 3#$2o )ar%#0"(arme&%e #m)or%a&%e )o#$ ?">+e$ %omam e0#$Be$ )o(>%#0a$ &a$ ;"a#$ e3em ar:"me&%ar 0o&$%r"%#3ame&%e $o9re a a)(#0a9#(#ae a re:ra e a0oro 0om o$ )r#&0>)#o$ mora#$ ;"e a &or%e#am e 0o&$#erar $e e$$e$ )r#&0>)#o$ e#$%em o" &2o. Dor/#& %am9m emo&$%ra a 0o&f"$2o ;"e "ma convenção aspiracional 0a"$a &a %eor#a o #re#%o. E$$a 0o&3e&82o refere-$e (e:a(#ae ao #m)r#o o #re#%o. Para a(:"&$ e(a e3er#a %er "m 0ar<%er ma#$ $"9$%a&%#3o e forma ;"e o$ o)eraore$ e3er#am a%"ar ea%ame&%e 0omo )re$0r#%o )e(a (e:a(#ae. Ma#$ "ma 3e+ a;"# emo&$%ra 0omo e$$e 0o&0e#%o e)e&e e 0omo e&%e&emo$ o )r=)r#o #re#%o. Para / D2R@I3, -
Dor/#& a re$)o$%a 0orre%a $er#a a e ;"e o 0orre%o om>&#o a (e:a(#ae e&3o(3e o9r#:a%or#ame&%e a #&%er)re%a82o a$ re:ra$ a )ar%#r o$ )r#&0>)#o$ ;"e a$ :"#am. E$$a$ #$%#&8Be$ )oem a(%erar &o$$a 0o&0e)82o $o9re a e#$%&0#a o" &2o o #re#%o. Se for ao%aa "ma 0o&0e)82o $o0#o(=:#0a )are0e 0(aro ;"e o #re#%o &a+#$%a $er#a "ma e$)0#e e #re#%o. Por "ma 0o&0e)82o o"%r#&a( 0omo efe&#a )or Dor/#& e3emo$ 0o&$#erar o 0o&0e#%o e D#re#%o ;"e %emo$ e m2o$ &o 0a$o "m 0o&0e#%o #&%er)re%a%#3o e #re#%o $e:"&o o ;"a( 0o&0("#r>amo$ ;"e &orma$ #$0r#m#&a%=r#a$ &2o $2o &orma$ e #re#%o )o#$ &2o )a$$am ao %e$%e a ?"$%#f#0a82o mora(. Dor/#& efe&er< ;"e $e fa(e e "ma 0o&0e)82o o"%r#&a( e #&%er)re%a%#3a 0omo forma$ ma#$ ae;"aa$ e e$%"ar o #re#%o. Para #$$o )r#me#rame&%e e3emo$ #e&%#f#0ar o$ 3a(ore$ ma#$ ae;"ao$ ao #re#%o. E$$a #e&%#f#0a82o 3#r< a 0o&0e)82o a$)#ra0#o&a(' o e$%"o a (e:a(#ae )erm#%e #&%er)re%ar o$ 3a(ore$ ;"e $e a)(#0am ao e$%"o o #re#%o. Ne$$e $e&%#o a$ 0o&0e)8Be$ a$)#ra0#o&a#$ e o"%r#�a &o 0o&0e#%o a$)#ra0#o&a( e (e:a(#ae )oem &2o o9$%a&%e efe&er a9ora:e&$ m"#%o #fere&%e$ a m#&!a o$ 3a(ore$ 0a)%"rao$ &e$$e 0o&0e#%o a$)#ra0#o&a(. 4Y E$%e "m estágio teórico"jurdico &o ;"a( $e 9"$0a 0!e:ar a "m 0o&0e#%o e #re#%o. A )ar%#r a$ #e#a$ e Dor/#& e "m 0o&0e#%o #&%er)re%a%#3o )oemo$ 0o&0("#r ;"e re:ra$ e#:em a #&%er)re%a82o mora( )ara $"a ?"$%#f#0a82o. Um )o$#%#3#$%a 0omo Ra+ )orm )oer#a #$0orar af#rma&o ;"e o 0o&0e#%o a$)#ra0#o&a( o #re#%o &2o $er#a o e ?"$%#f#0ar mora(me&%e a orem 0oer0#%#3a ma$ e a"#(#ar o$ #>"o$ em ma%r#a$ e )(a&e?ame&%o e $"a$ )r<%#0a$ $o0#a#$. A ef#Ro e$$a f"&82o a (e:a(#ae o ;"e $e e&%e&e )or e$%<:#o %e=r#0o-?"r>#0o. No%e-$e ;"e e(a $e < a)=$ "m )r#me#ro e$%<:#o ;"e o e$%<:#o $em1&%#0o o&e $e ef#&e o ;"e $e e&%e&e )or #re#%o. Um )r=#mo e$%<:#o $er#a o e$%<:#o o"%r#&a(. Tam9m #&f("e&0#ao )e(a $em1&%#0a e 0o&0e#%o e$%e e$%<:#o 9"$0a ef#&#r a 3erae )ro)o$#0#o&a( &a a)(#0a82o e "ma re:ra. Para Dor/#& 3erae ;"e "ma re:ra $e a)(#0a ;"a&o e$%< e a0oro 0om a f"&82o o #re#%o e 0om o$ )r#&0>)#o$ ;"e e(e$ e%erm#&am. N"m (%#mo mome&%o Dor/#& a&a(#$a o e$%<:#o a e0#$2o ?"r>#0a ;"e $e refere a forma 0omo e3e a:#r o ?"#+ ao e0##r o 0a$o 0o&0re%o o" $e?a o )(a&o ;"e #$0"%e 0omo a$ a"%or#ae$ e3em a:#r ao a)(#0ar o #re#%o. Por e$$e mo%#3o "m D2R@I3, >-
e$%<:#o )o(>%#0o-mora(. "e f#;"e 0(aro ;"e a$ 0o&0("$Be$ ;"e %eremo$ o ;"e 0orre%o &e$$e e$%<:#o e)e&er2o e 0omo e&%e&emo$ o$ e$%<:#o$ a&%er#ore$. O ;"e Dor/#& 9"$0a mo$%rar e$$e&0#a(me&%e ;"e o D#re#%o e&;"a&%o )r<%#0a $o0#a( e)e&er< e 0omo e&%e&emo$ 0aa "m e$$e$ e$%<:#o$ 0o&0("#&o ;"e $"a %eor#a #fere&%e &o $e&%#o e ;"e' A #fere&8a &2o a)e&a$ e&%re %eor#a$ ;"e #&0("em e a;"e(a$ ;"e e0("em a mora(#ae ma$ e&%re %eor#a$ ;"e #&%ro"+em a mora(#ae em e$%<:#o$ #fere&%e$ a a&<(#$e 0om #fere&%e$ 0o&$e;"&0#a$ )ara o ?">+o )o(>%#0o f#&a( &o ;"a( "ma %eor#a o #re#%o 0om)(e%a $e 0o&0("#. 4Z
\. Co&0("$2o
Com o ;"e fo# emo&$%rao a )a$$a:em o f#$#0a(#$mo )"ro e @a&$ Ke($e& e ,o!& A"$%#& )ara a 3#raa (#&:">$%#0a e @er9er% @ar% e e$$a )ara a$ "ra$ 0r>%#0a$ e Dor/#& $e 9"$0o" emo&$%rar o 0ar<%er a(%ame&%e me%oo(=:#0o o e9a%e em %eor#a o #re#%o. A #&f("&0#a e a"%ore$ 0omo L"#: #%%:e&$%e#& e Mar%#& @e#e::er $er3e )ara emo&$%rar o 0o&$%a&%e a"me&%o a 0om)(e#ae &a f#(o$of#a ?"r>#0a. Ma#$ a#&a o e9a%e @ar%-Dor/#& emo&$%ra ;"e o$ )ro9(ema$ a;"# #$0"%#o$ e$%2o (o&:e e $erem )a0#f#0ao$. O$ efe&$ore$ e "m o" e o"%ro (ao %m $e"$ )r=)r#o$ ar:"me&%o$ e &2o $2o )er%e&0e&%e$ a e$0o(a$ f#(o$=f#0a$ ;"e 0o&0oram e&%re $# ma$ $2o e(e$ me$mo$ )ro%a:o&#$%a$ e $"a$ )r=)r#a$ %eor#a$. De "m (ao ,o$e)! Ra+ @ar% A&re# Marmor S0o%% S!a)#ro ,"(e$ Co(ema& e&%re 3
- DORKIN Ro&a(. A matter of principle. Cam9r#:e Ma$$.' Uer$#%[ Pre$$. 6Z ). -67Y.
6. O f"&ame&%o )o(>%#0o o #re#%o
6.6. ?">+e$ )o(>%#0o$ e o E$%ao e D#re#%o > D2R@I3, +>
O$
Dor/#& #�#a $"a o9ra #$%#&:"#&o e&%re a$ 0o&0e)8Be$ e E$%ao e D#re#%o. E#$%#r#am "a$ 0o&0e)8Be$ om#&a&%e$' a 0e&%raa &o %e%o (e:a( e a 0e&%raa &o$ #re#%o$. A )r#me#ra $er#a a #e#a e ;"e o E$%ao $= )oe eer0er $e" )oer 0o&%ra o 0#a2o $e e)re$$ame&%e )erm#%#o )e(o %e%o ?"r>#0o o" em 0a$o$ 0o&%ro3er$o$ ;"a&o a (e# &2o e$:o%ar o 0a$o 0o&0re%o a )ar%#r a #&%er)re%a82o o $e&%#o $em1&%#0o o" )$#0o(=:#0o o %e%o ?"r>#0o. O )r#me#ro refere-$e a 9"$0a )e(o ;"e o %e%o (e:a( ;"#$ #+er e o $e:"&o ao #&%e&%o e 0om)ree&er o o9?e%#3o o (e:#$(aor &o mome&%o em ;"e re#:#" o #$)o$#%#3o (e:a(. Uma %er0e#ra 3#a a#&a $e a)re$e&%a )ara o$ 0a$o$ 0o&%ro3er$o$ e refere-$e a "o a ;"e$%2o $em1&%#0a e )$#0o(=:#0a 9"$0a&o 0om)ree&er 0omo e0##r#a o (e:#$(aor 0a$o fo$$e (e:#$(ar $o9re o a%o ?"r>#0o em ;"e$%2o. o ;"e $e 0!ama e ;"e$%2o 0o&%ra fa0%"a(. F#0a 0(aro ;"e ?"r#$%a$ #r2o #$0orar $o9re a$ #&%er)re%a8Be$ 0orre%a$ ;"a(;"er ;"e $e?a o m%oo "%#(#+ao ma$ o$ ;"e efe&em a 0o&0e)82o 0e&%raa &o %e%o (e:a( af#rmam ;"e a forma 0omo o$ ?">+e$ :"#am $e" )e&$ame&%o )ara a #&%er)re%a82o o %e%oQ o e(eme&%o re(e3a&%e e$$a 0o&0e)82o. A #e#a e "m E$%ao e D#re#%o 0e&%rao &o$ #re#%o$ e&fre&%a )ro9(ema$ f#(o$=f#0o$ em ma#or e$0a(a. A;"# o o9?e%#3o #e&%#f#0ar $e a )ar%e )o$$"# "m #re#%o mora( $o9re $"a ema&a. N2o $e %ra%a )orm e af#rmar ;"e o$ ?">+e$ e3em e0##r e a0oro 0om ar:"me&%o$ )o(>%#0o$ ao re:a(o a (e# ma$ e af#rmar ;"e &o$ 0a$o$ 0o&%ro3er$o$ e$$a a&<(#$e a ma#$ ae;"aa. O )r#&0>)#o ;"e o ?"#+ e3e a)(#0ar &e$$e$ 0a$o$ &2o )oe $er 0o&%ra#%=r#o 0om o 0o&?"&%o e &orma$ ?"r>#0a$. Co&forme e)(#0a Dor/#& e$$a (%#ma 0o&0e)82o e&fre&%a 9a$%a&%e re$#$%&0#a )e(a 0re&8a 0om"m e ;"e ?">+e$ e3em $e ma&%er fora a )o(>%#0a. I$$o $e < )o#$ a0re#%a-$e ;"e e0#$Be$ )o(>%#0a$ $= )oem $er %omaa$ $o9 0o&%ro(e )o)"(ar o" $e?a )or a;"e(e$ )er#o#0ame&%e e(e#%o$ )e(o )o3o. E$%e o ar:"me&%o a emo0ra0#a ;"e f#0ar#a )re?"#0ao $e ?">+e$ #&%erfer#$$em em ;"e$%Be$ )o(>%#0a$. O ;"e Dor/#& 9"$0a emo&$%rar )orm ;"e a$ $o("8Be$ ofere0#a$ )e(a 0o&0e)82o 0e&%raa &o %e%o (e:a( $em1&%#0a )$#0o(=:#0a 0o&%ra fa0%"a(Q &2o e#am e $er e ma&e#ra a(:"ma e0#$Be$ )o(>%#0a$. S2o &a 3erae e0#$Be$ 0om e$%e 0ar<%er e "ma mera ro")a:em e 0ar<%er !#$%=r#0o 0omo $e )re%e&em. N"m $e:"&o mome&%o ;"e$%#o&a-$e o )r=)r#o ar:"me&%o a emo0ra0#a e$)e0#f#0ame&%e $e o$ (e:#$(aore$ e$%ar#am em )o$#82o )r#3#(e:#aa em re(a82o ao$ ?">+e$ )ara %omar e0#$Be$ $o9re #re#%o$. Pare0e ;"e &2o. Le:#$(aore$ e$%2o $"?e#%o$ a )re$$Be$ )9(#0a$ e )r#3aa$ ;"e e$0a)am ao ?"#+ e &2o fa+ $e&%#o a0re#%ar ;"e a;"e(e$ %er#am ma#or 0o&!e0#me&%o )ara e0##r $o9re ;"e$%Be$ e #re#%o$. A#&a )are0e ;"e :r")o$ m#&or#%"o$ 0om me&or )oer e re)re$e&%a82o )oer#am $er 9e&ef#0#ao$ 0om a %ra&$fer&0#a e 0er%a$ ;"e$%Be$ o Le:#$(a%#3o )ara o ,"#0#
#re#%o$ a$ (e:#$(a%"ra$ )ara o$ %r#9"&a#$ re%arar< o #ea( emo0r<%#0o e )oer )o(>%#0o. Poe m"#%o 9em )romo3er e$%e #ea( 4\. A(:"&$ )oer#am ar:"me&%ar )orm ;"e ?">+e$ %e&em a $er 0o&$er3aore$ o ;"e %or&ar#a )ro9(em<%#0a a %ra&$fer&0#a e 0er%o$ )oere$ )ara o ?"#0#+e$ a(%ame&%e 0o&$er3aore$ ;"e a 0o&0e)82o 0e&%raa em #re#%o$ &2o o)erar#a m"a&8a$ ra#0a#$ em $"a$ e0#$Be$ ;"e ?< $2o 0o&$er3aora$ me$mo ;"e em $"a ma#or#a $e?am e0##a$ )or ;"e$%Be$ !#$%=r#0a$ 0e&%raa$ &o %e%oQ. Af#rma #&0("$#3e ;"e a0re#%a ;"e a 0o&0e)82o 0e&%raa em #re#%o$ )oer#a %or&ar a$ e0#$Be$ me&o$ 0o&$er3aora$ )or e#:#r ;"e o ?"#+ e$)#$$e $"a$ e0#$Be$ a ro")a:em !#$%=r#0a a)o&%a&o )ara o$ $e"$ f"&ame&%o$ )o(>%#0o$. O )o&%o 0e&%ra( )er0e9er ;"e a e0#$2o )o(>%#0a &2o %er< 0ar<%er )"rame&%e ar9#%r%#0o-mora#$ e&3o(3#o$ e3em e$%ar e a0oro 0om o$ )r#&0>)#o$ efe%#3ame&%e )re3#$%o$ &a (e# e forma ;"e "m ?"#+ 0o&$er3aor e3er#a #:&orar $"a$ 0o&3#08Be$ e 9"$0ar a;"e(a$ &2o-0o&%ra#%=r#a$ 0om o$ )r#&0>)#o$ )o$#%#3o$. Se a 0o&0e)82o e E$%ao e D#re#%o 0e&%raa &o$ #re#%o$ $e %or&a$$e ma#$ )o)"(ar o ;"e %em $#o a e"0a82o ?"r>#0a %or&ar-$e-#a ;"a$e 0er%ame&%e ma#$ am)(a e ma#$ #&%ere$$a&%e o ;"e a:ora e !ome&$ e m"(!ere$ ;"e &"&0a )e&$ar#am &"ma 0arre#ra ?"r>#0a )or e$e?arem "ma 0arre#ra ;"e %e&!a #&f("&0#a )ara a ?"$%#8a $o0#a( 0ome8ar#am a )e&$ar e ma&e#ra #fere&%e. A )rof#$$2o m"ar#a 0omo m"o" ra#0a(me&%e &o$ E$%ao$ U&#o$ &e$%e $0"(o e o$ ?"r#$%a$ ;"e e$$a )rof#$$2o 3a(or#+a e ma&a ma:#$%ra%"ra $er#am #fere&%e$. H... Se o D#re#%o %#3e$$e "m (":ar #fere&%e a;"# )e$$oa$ #fere&%e$ %er#am "m (":ar &o #re#%o. 4
6.4.
O f=r"m o )r#&0>)#o
A 0o&$%#%"#82o a (e# f"&ame&%a( o$ E$%ao$ U&#o$ e o$ ?">+e$ e3em a)(#0ar a (e#. So9re e$$e ar:"me&%o $#m)(e$ e for%e ,o!& Mar$!a(( 0o&$%r"#" a #&$%#%"#82o a re3#$2o ?"#0#a( a (e:#$(a82o "ma #&$%#%"#82o ;"e $#m"(%a&eame&%e o or:"(!o e o e&#:ma a o"%r#&a &or%e-amer#0a&a. 4 U%#(#+a&o-$e o judicial revie# )are0e ;"e ?">+e$ eer0em )oer e 3e%o $o9re a &a82o. Dor/#& ;"e$%#o&a 0omo )oemo$ 0o&0#(#ar e$$a #&$%#%"#82o 0om a emo0ra0#a e af#rma + - ; *
;"e $er#a )o$$>3e( fa+-(o $e 0o&$e:">$$emo$ 0r#ar "m )ro:rama a)o(>%#0o )ara re$o(3er o$ 0o&f(#%o$ 0o&$%#%"0#o&a#$. Ne$$e $e&%#o "a$ re$)o$%a$ foram ofere0#a$ am9a$ #&$"f#0#e&%e$ $e:"&o Dor/#& 0omo $e 3er< )or 0a>rem &o$ ?< me&0#o&ao$ erro$ e 0o&$%#%">rem "ma e0#$2o )o(>%#0a 0om ro")a:e&$ e !#$%=r#0a. @< "ma #$%#&82o 0om"m e&%re %eor#a$ #&%er)re%a%#3a$ e &2o-#&%er)re%a%#3a$ "%#(#+aa$ &o judicial revie#. A;"e(a$ e%erm#&am a #&%er)re%a82o a 0o&$%#%"#82o e $"a #&%e&82o or#:#&a( e&;"a&%o %eor#a$ &2o-#&%er)re%a%#3a$ fa3ore0em a 9"$0a e e(eme&%o$ e%ra?"r>#0o$ mora#$Q &a %omaa e e0#$Be$. Dor/#& af#rma ;"e a #$%#&82o e&%re a$ "a$ %eor#a$ 0o&f"&e ma#$ o ;"e e$0(are0e. I$$o )or;"e %eor#a$ &2o-#&%er)re%a%#3a$ $em)re 9"$0am e%erm#&ar a f#&a(#ae o %e%o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( )ara 9"$0ar &e$$e )(a&o e f"&o o$ )r#&0>)#o$ mora#$ a)(#0<3e#$ ao 0a$o $e&o &a 3erae %eor#a$ #&%er)re%a%#3a$. Por o"%ro (ao %eor#a$ #%a$ #&%er)re%a%#3a$ )are0em )re$%ar )o"0a a%e&82o a ;"e$%Be$ a re$)e#%o a f#&a(#ae a Co&$%#%"#82o a9r#&o )or 3e+e$ a#&a ma#$ e$)a8o )ara e0#$Be$ ar9#%r%#0a. A$ ra+Be$ ;"e o9r#:am o ?"r#$%a a $e (#m#%ar ao %e%o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( &2o )oem $er e%ra>a$ o )r=)r#o %e%o' $er#am "ma petição de princpio$
Um :r")o e )e$$oa$ re"&#"-$e em F#(a(f#a e (< e$0re3e" "m o0"me&%o ;"e fo# a0e#%o )e(o )o3o em 0o&form#ae 0om o$ )ro0e$$o$ e$%#)"(ao$ &o )r=)r#o o0"me&%o e 0o&%#&"o" a $er a0e#%o )or e(e a ma&e#ra e &a me#a em ;"e %em $#o. Se #$$o %or&a o o0"me&%o em #re#%o $= )oe $er )or;"e a0e#%amo$ )r#&0>)#o$ e mora(#ae )o(>%#0a ;"e %m e$$a 0o&$e;"&0#a. Ma$ e$$e$ )r#&0>)#o$ )oer#am &2o a)e&a$ e$%a9e(e0er a Co&$%#%"#82o 0omo #re#%o ma$ %am9m (#m#%<-(a. N2o )oemo$ #+er $e e$$e$ )r#&0>)#o$ rea(me&%e %m e$$a 0o&$e;"&0#a 0(aro a% e0##rmo$ o ;"e $2o e$$e$ )r#&0>)#o$. "a(;"er re$)o$%a a e$$a )er:"&%a e3e a$$"m#r a forma e "ma %eor#a )o(>%#0a emo&$%ra&o )or ;"e a Co&$%#%"#82o e3e $er %ra%aa 0omo #re#%o e 0er%a$ %eor#a$ )o(>%#0a$ )(a"$>3e#$ )e(o me&o$ (e3a&%am a ;"e$%2o e $e o o0"me&%o e3e $er (#m#%ao e a(:"ma ma&e#ra. 5
% intenção dos constituintes&formulando uma intenção original
Dor/#& efe&e ;"e 9"$0ar a #&%e&82o o$ 0o&$%#%"#&%e$ )or%a&%o "m a%o #&%#( ;"e %erm#&a $e&o merame&%e #&%er)re%a%#3o. Por "m (ao #f>0#( $e &2o #m)o$$>3e( ef#&#r a #&%e&0#o&a(#ae e "m :r")o (e:#$(a%#3o )o#$ #&%e&82o )o$$"# 0ar<%er ##"a( e a$ ferrame&%a$ e a0e$$o %a#$ #&%e&8Be$ &2o )are0em ae;"aa$. Por o"%ro (ao 0o&0e)8Be$ #fere&%e$ a #&%e&82o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( 2o re$)o$%a$ #fere&%e$. N2o !< &e&!"m fa%o )er$#$%e&%e a ma%r#a J &e&!"ma #&%e&82o Wrea(X e$%a9e(e0#a &a !#$%=r#a -C
#&e)e&e&%e e &o$$a$ o)#&#Be$ $o9re a )r<%#0a ?"r>#0a o" 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( ae;"aa J 0o&%ra o ;"a( $e )o$$a %e$%ar a )re0#$2o a$ 0o&0e)8Be$ ;"e 0o&$%r">mo$ 6. A&a(#$a&o a$ #fere&%e$ form"(a8Be$ $o9re #&%e&8Be$ or#:#&a#$ Dor/#& 9"$0a emo&$%rar e$$e ar:"me&%o. Em )r#me#ro (":ar 0a9e #$%#&:"#r a 0o&0e)82o )$#0o(=:#0a )"ra ;"e $"$%e&%a ;"e "ma #&%e&82o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( 0o&$%#%">a a)e&a$ )or )ro0e$$o$ o" #$)o$#8Be$ me&%a#$ $e(e0#o&aa$ o" o"%ro$ e$%ao$ )$#0o(=:#0o$ e #>"o$ #e&%#f#0ao$ e "ma 0o&0e)82o m#$%a ;"e 0o&$#era a #&%e&82o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( 0omo )ar0#a(me&%e 0o&$%#%">a %am9m )or 0ara0%er>$%#0a$ a)are&%eme&%e ma#$ o9?e%#3a$ 0omo a (e#%"ra $em1&%#0a o o0"me&%o. U%#(#+a&o-$e a 0o&0e)82o )$#0o(=:#0a Dor/#& emo&$%ra a$ ;"e$%Be$ ;"e a %eor#a e&fre&%a ;"a#$ $e?am' 6Q ;"em 3a(e 4Q ;"a( e$%ao )$#0o(=:#0o' e$)era&8a$ e e)e0%a%#3a$ Q ;"a( e$%ao )$#0o(=:#0o' &e:a82o e e(e:a82o 7Q ;"e 0om9#&a82o e #&%e&8Be$ ##"a#$ A )r#me#ra )er:"&%a 9"$0a #e&%#f#0ar o$ $"?e#%o$ 0"?a$ #&%e&8Be$ $2o re(e3a&%e$. Ne$$e $e&%#o 3a(em a$ #&%e&8Be$ o$ mem9ro$ o 0o&:re$$o Do$ e(e:ao$ a 0o&3e&82o or#:#&a( De %oo$ e(e$ #&0("$#3e o$ ;"e 3o%aram 0o&%ra O$ e$%ao$ )$#0o(=:#0o$ a$ )e$$oa$ 0omo "m %oo o" a)e&a$ a$ ;"e )ar%#0#)aram e e9a%e$ )9(#0o$ Va(em a)e&a$ a$ #&%e&8Be$ o$ )er$o&a:e&$ e "m e%erm#&ao mome&%o a !#$%=r#a o" %am9m e o"%ro$ "a#$ Se:me&%o$ o )9(#0o ,">+e$ a S")rema Cor%e De$$a$ ;"e$%Be$ )oem emer:#r re$)o$%a$ )er#:o$a$ 0omo a ma#$ famo$a e(a$' a )er$o&#f#0a82o o$ F"&aore$. A$ )er:"&%a$ 4 e referem-$e ao e$%ao )$#0o(=:#0o a&a(#$ao. Se )or "m (ao )o$$>3e( 9"$0ar a$ e$)era&8a$ e e)e0%a%#3a$ o (e:#$(aor )or o"%ro )o$$>3e( 9"$0ar a;"#(o ;"e fo# &e:ao o" e(e:ao )ara :era8Be$ f"%"ra$. A$$#m !a3er< $em)re "m )ro0e$$o #&%er)re%a%#3o o a%o e )re%e&$2o. Pre%e&#a-$e ef#&#r "m )r#&0>)#o 0om o #$)o$#%#3o a)ro3ao ;"e e3e $er 9"$0ao &a e$)era&8a o (e:#$(aor o" era )re%e&#o $e (#m#%ar a #+er ;"e P e forma ;"e %"o ;"e &2o for P fo# e(e:ao )ara a$ )r=#ma$ :era8Be$ e ?"r#$%a$ Toa$ e$$a$ )er:"&%a$ )a$$am )e(a$ ;"e$%Be$ e ;"a#$ )e$$oa$ e ;"a#$ e$%ao$ e3em $er 0o&$#erao$ )ara e$em9o0ar &a )er:"&%a 7. "e 0om9#&a82o e #&%e&8Be$ ##"a#$ e3e $er 0o&$#eraa A ma?or#%+e$ %am9m #r2o e$e&3o(3er e ma&e#ra #fere&%e. "a(;"er ?"$%#f#0a%#3a )ara "ma -1
form"(a82o e )or%a&%o )ara "m e&%e&#me&%o o ;"e o$ 0o&$%#%"#&%e$ )re%e&eram e3e $er e&0o&%raa &2o &a !#$%=r#a &a $em1&%#0a o" &a a&<(#$e 0o&0e#%"a( ma$ &a %eor#a )o(>%#0a. De3e $er e&0o&%raa )or eem)(o &"m ar:"me&%o e ;"e "ma 0o&0e)82o a?"$%a-$e me(!or %eor#a ma#$ 0o&3#&0e&%e e :o3er&o re)re$e&%a%#3o. Ma$ e&%2o a #e#a 0om ;"e 0ome8amo$ e ;"e o$ ?">+e$ )oem %omar e0#$Be$ 0o&$%#%"0#o&a#$ a)o(>%#0a$ ao e$0o9r#r e #m)or a #&%e&82o o$ 0o&$%#%"#&%e$ "ma )rome$$a ;"e &2o )oe $er 0"m)r#a. Po#$ o$ ?">+e$ &2o %m 0omo e$0o9r#r e$$a #&%e&82o $em 0o&$%r"#r o" ao%ar "ma 0o&0e)82o e #&%e&82o 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( em 3e+ e o"%ra #$%o $em %omar a$ e0#$Be$ e mora(#ae )o(>%#0a ;"e %#&!am 0omo o9?e%#3o e3#%ar.
'rocesso processo e democracia
Co&%ra)o&o-$e ao$ ;"e 9"$0am "ma #&%e&82o or#:#&a( e#$%em o$ ;"e a0re#%am ;"e o judicial revie# &2o e3e e0##r $o9re ma%r#a$ e $"9$%1&0#a e3e&o $e (#m#%ar merame&%e ao e3#o )ro0e$$o (e:a(. Dor/#& emo&$%ra ;"a%ro )ro)o$#8Be$ e$$a %e$e e%ra>a$ a %eor#a e ,o!& @ar% E([' 6Q a re3#$2o ?"#0#a( e3e %er em 3#$%a o )ro0e$$o a (e:#$(a82o &2o o re$"(%ao #$o(ao e$$e )ro0e$$o 4Q e(a e3e a3a(#ar e$$e )ro0e$$o $e:"&o o )ar2o e emo0ra0#a Q a re3#$2o 9a$eaa &o )ro0e$$o )or%a&%o 0om)a%>3e( 0om a emo0ra0#a ao )a$$o ;"e a re3#$2o 9a$eaa &a $"9$%1&0#a ;"e %em em 3#$%a o$ re$"(%ao$ a&%a:�a a e(a 7Q o %r#9"&a( )or%a&%o erra ;"a&o 0#%a "m 3a(or $"9$%a&%#3o )"%a%#3ame&%e f"&ame&%a( )ara ?"$%#f#0ar a re3o:a82o e "ma e0#$2o (e:#$(a%#3a. Dor/#& af#rma a0re#%ar ;"e a )r#me#ra )ro)o$#82o e$%< 0orre%a ma$ a$ o"%ra$ &2o )o#$ e3e-$e a%e&%ar )ara o )ro0e$$o ?"$%ame&%e )ara re$)o&er 0orre%ame&%e a$ ;"e$%Be$ )o(>%#0a$ $"9$%a&%#3a$ e &2o )ara f":#r e(a$. A#&a emo&$%ra ma#$ "ma 3e+ ;"e #m)o$$>3e( o)erar e$%a f":a. A af#rma82o 4 fa(!a )o#$ o #ea( a9$%ra%o e emo0ra0#a em $# me$mo &2o ofere0e &e&!"ma $"$%e&%a82o ma#or )ara "ma o"%r#&a ?"r>#0a a re3#$2o ?"#0#a( 9a$eaa &o )ro0e$$o. Dor/#& emo&$%ra ;"e a$ 3%#0a$ e%0...Q fa+em 0om ;"e a e$0o(!a )or "ma e(a$ $e?a "ma e$0o(!a )o(>%#0a e )or #$$o $"9$%a&%#3a. O ar:"me&%o e E([ e ;"e o Tr#9"&a( )oe e3#%ar ;"e$%Be$ e $"9$%1&0#a a)o#a&o $"a$ e0#$Be$ &a me(!or 0o&0e)82o e emo0ra0#a e emo0ra0#a $er#a e&%2o a"%o-a&"(aor4. Poemo$ ef#&#r "a$ e$%ra%:#a$ )ara %omar a e0#$2o $o9re o 0o&0e#%o e emo0ra0#a ma#$ ae;"ao ao judicial revie#. O$ ar:"me&%o$-#&$"mo$ e o$ ar:"me&%o$-re$"(%ao. O )r#me#ro 9a$e#a-$e &"ma %eor#a $o9re #$%r#9"#82o ae;"aa o )oer )o(>%#0o $em - ;/
fa+er refer&0#a a ;"e$%2o a ?"$%#8a. O $e:"&o )o$$"# 0ar<%er "%#(#%ar#$%a-)ra:m<%#0o. O$ ar:"me&%o$-#&$"mo$ fa(!am )or $er #m)o$$>3e( fa+er ?"(:ame&%o$ $o9re o )ro0e$$o $em ;"e $e fa8am ?"(:ame&%o$ )o(>%#0o$ $o9re o 0o&0e#%o e emo0ra0#a a)(#0<3e( e a0oro 0om a )ro)o$#82o 4 e E([Q. Ar:"me&%o$-re$"(%ao fa(!am )e(o me$mo mo%#3o 3#$%o ;"e a e$0o(!a "%#(#%ar#$%a )o$$"# em $"a 9a$e "m o9?e%#3o ;"e &e0e$$ar#ame&%e )o(>%#0o. 0o&%ro3er%#o ;"a( o )ar2o 0orre%o )ara e0##r $e a(:"ma (e:#$(a82o %ra%a a$ )e$$oa$ #:"a(me&%e. Se a(:"m a0re#%a ;"e a (e:#$(a82o %ra%a a$ )e$$oa$ 0omo #:"a#$ ;"a&o )e$a %oa$ a$ $"a$ )er$)e0%#3a$ e "%#(#ae $em &e&!"ma #$%#&82o ##"a( e&%2o "$ar< o ;"e e$0re3# a&%er#orme&%e 0omo ar:"me&%o "%#(#%ar#$%a )"%o a fa3or a efe$a a emo0ra0#a e a e$0o(!a e&%re 0o&0e)8Be$ r#3a#$ e emo0ra0#a. Se a(:"m re?e#%a e$$a e$0r#82o "%#(#%ar#$%a e %ra%ar a$ )e$$oa$ 0omo #:"a#$ em fa3or e a(:"ma e$0r#82o $")o&o ;"e a$ )e$$oa$ &2o $2o %ra%aa$ 0omo #:"a#$ a me&o$ ;"e a$ e0#$Be$ (e:#$(a%#3a$ re$)e#%em 0er%o$ #re#%o$ f"&ame&%a#$ e&%2o #$$o e3e #&e3#%a3e(me&%e afe%ar $e" 0<(0"(o e ;"a&o "m )ro0e$$o )o(>%#0o ofere0e #:"a(ae :e&">&a e )oer )o(>%#0o. Ma$ #$$o $#:&#f#0a ;"e o$ ?">+e$ e&0arre:ao$ e #e&%#f#0ar e )ro%e:er a me(!or 0o&0e)82o e emo0ra0#a &2o )oem e3#%ar e %omar ea%ame&%e o$ %#)o$ e e0#$Be$ e mora(#ae )o(>%#0a ;"e E([ #&$#$%e em ;"e e(e$ e3#%em' e0#$Be$ $o9re #re#%o$ $"9$%a&%#3o$ ##"a#$.
fórum do princpio
Se ;"eremo$ a re3#$2o ?"#0#a( J $e &2o ;"eremo$ a&"(ar *ar+ur contra *adison J e3emo$ e&%2o a0e#%ar ;"e o S")remo Tr#9"&a( e3e %omar e0#$Be$ )o(>%#0a$ #m)or%a&%e$. A ;"e$%2o ;"e mo%#3o$ &a$ $"a$ m2o$ $2o 9o&$ mo%#3o$. M#&!a 3#$2o ;"e o Tr#9"&a( e3e %omar e0#$Be$ e )r#&0>)#o &2o e )o(>%#0a J e0#$Be$ $o9re ;"e #re#%o$ a$ )e$$oa$ %m $o9 &o$$o $#$%ema 0o&$%#%"0#o&a( &2o e0#$Be$ $o9re 0omo $e )romo3e me(!or o 9em-e$%ar :era(. Dor/#& af#rma ;"e $e a9a&o&armo$ a #e#a e ;"e e#$%e "ma forma 0a&�a e emo0ra0#a %am9m e3er>amo$ a9a&o&ar a #e#a e ;"e o judicial revie# J e&;"a&%o )ro0e$$o e 3e%o )o(>%#0o J #&0om)a%>3e( 0om a emo0ra0#a. Porm a#&a &e0e$$%#0a ;"e $er3em a)e&a$ a 0o&f"$2o e 0o&$%#%"#r a$ e0#$Be$ a )ar%#r e )r#&0>)#o$ a9er%ame&%e.
-- *
6..
Pr#&0>)# o )o(>%#0a )ro0e$$o
"a(;"er "m ;"e )e&$e 0omo e" ;"e a )re$%a82o ?"r#$#0#o&a( $"9$%a&%#3a &o D#re#%o "ma ;"e$%2o e )r#&0>)#o e ;"e e$$a "ma #m)or%a&%e af#rma82o %a&%o em %ermo$ &orma%#3o$ ;"a&%o %e=r#0o$ %em "m #&%ere$$e e$)e0#a( em $a9er $e )o$$>3e( e&0o&%rar "m me#o-%ermo e&%re a$ af#rma8Be$ ea:eraa$ e a$ &##(#$%a$ $o9re o$ #re#%o$ ;"e a$ )e$$oa$ %m a )ro0e$$o$ &o %r#9"&a(. 7
Dor/#& a)re$e&%a $e#$ ;"e$%Be$ )er%#&e&%e$ $o9re a re(a82o e&%re )r#&0>)#o$ )ro0e$$o e )o(>%#0a ;"a#$ $e?am' 6Q 0oere&%e 0om a )ro)o$#82o e ;"e a$ )e$$oa$ %m o #re#%o e &2o $er 0o&e&aa$ )or "m 0r#me ;"e &2o 0ome%eram &e:ar $ )e$$oa$ ;"a#$;"er #re#%o$ &o $e&%#o e$%r#%o a )ro0e$$o$ ;"e )o&!am )ro3a $"a #&o0&0#a 4Q $e &2o a 0oer&0#a e#:e ;"e a$ )e$$oa$ %e&!am #re#%o ao$ )ro0e$$o$ ma#$ )re0#$o$ )o$$>3e#$ Q $e &2o e#$%e a(:"m me#o-%ermo efe&$<3e( $e:"&o o ;"a( a$ )e$$oa$ %m a(:"&$ #re#%o$ )ro0e$$"a#$ ma$ &2o ao$ )ro0e$$o$ ma#$ )re0#$o$ )o$$>3e#$ Como %a#$ #re#%o$ )oer#am $er form"(ao$ 7Q a$ e0#$Be$ ;"e o$ %r#9"&a#$ %omam a re$)e#%o o )ro0e$$o &o e0orrer e "m ?"(:ame&%o $2o a$ e0#$Be$ e )o(>%#0a o" e )r#&0>)#o O ;"e e3er#am $er YQ a$ )e$$oa$ %m #re#%o$ )ro0e$$"a#$ &o ;"e #+ re$)e#%o a e0#$Be$ )o(>%#0a$ a0er0a e "ma )o(>%#0a Come8a&o )e(a )r#me#ra ;"e$%2o Dor/#& $":ere ;"e #ma:#&emo$ "ma $o0#eae ;"e e$%a9e(e8a 0omo a9$o("%o o #re#%o e &2o $er 0o&e&ao $e #&o0e&%e ma$ ;"e &e:"e ;"a(;"er #re#%o a a(:"m )ro0e$$o e$)e0>f#0o forma&o a$$#m "ma $o0#eae ef#0#e&%e em 0"$%o$. Se:"&o Dor/#& $e "m #>"o #&o0e&%e for 0o&e&ao 0r#m#&a(me&%e e(e $ofrer< a&o$ $#m)(e$ J ;"e $er#am a )"Ro #&e)e&e&%eme&%e e $er ?"$%a o" &2o J e o$ a&o$ a#0#o&a#$ ;"e $er#am o fator de injustiça J a&o$ ;"e a(:"m $ofre $em)re ;"e a )"Ro #&?"$%a. @a3er#a e$$a ma&e#ra "ma #&0oer&0#a &a $o0#eae ef#0#e&%e em 0"$%o$. Uma $o0#eae ;"e $e #m)Be "m 3a(or mora( o #re#%o e &2o $er 0o&e&ao $e #&o0e&%eQ e #:&ora a &e0e$$#ae e ofer%a o$ )ro0e$$o$ ma#$ ae;"ao$ a $"a efe$a "ma $o0#eae ;"e #:&ora o fa%or e #&?"$%#8a. Para eem)(#f#0ar Dor/#& 0#%a o eem)(o o 0a$o #&:($ D contra -ational .ociet for the 'revention of Cruelt to Children, o&e "ma m"(!er fora fa($ame&%e a0"$aa e 0r"e(ae )ara 0om o$ f#(!o$. A m"(!er mo3e" "ma a82o 0o&%ra o =r:2o )e#&o o &ome o #&forma&%e 0o&$#era&o-o #m)or%a&%e )ara $"a efe$a. A C1mara o$ Lore$ e0##" 0o&0orar 0om o ar:"me&%o o =r:2o )9(#0o )orm ;"e a(e:o" ;"e re0e9er#a me&o$ e&&0#a$ a&&#ma$ 0a$o a$ )e$$oa$ $o"9e$$em ;"e )oer#am %er $e"$ &ome$ re3e(ao$ em 0or%e. E$%e "m 0a$o e)(>0#%o &o ;"a( $e 0o&$#era "m 0<(0"(o "%#(#%ar#$%a e 9em-e$%ar $o0#a( &e:a&o "m -/
#re#%o ;"e o #>"o %er#a e 0o&!e0er $e" a0"$aor. Ne$$a $o0#eae &2o $e 0o&$#era o fa%or e #&?"$%#8a ;"e )oer#a $er #m)"%ao ao #>"o )e(a &2o a)(#0a82o e $e" #re#%o ma$ (e3a-$e em 0o&%a "ma ef#0#&0#a e 0"$%o$ J ;"e &2o $2o &e0e$$ar#ame&%e f#&a&0e#ro$. A o)o$#82o e&%re a&o$ $#m)(e$ e a&o$ mora#$ fa%or e #&?"$%#8aQ #m)or%a&%e )ara 0om)ree&er $e o #re#%o e &2o $er 0o&e&ao $e #&o0e&%e e3e %er ma#$ for8a o ;"e ar:"me&%o$ 0omo a efe$a o 9em-e$%ar $o0#a( a (o&:o )ra+o. No 0a$o e "m !omem 3e(!o fra0o e oe&%e ;"e #&?"$%ame&%e 0o&e&ao a mor%e %eremo$ "m a&o mora( m"#%o $")er#or ao$ a&o$ $#m)(e$ $ofr#o$ )or e(e. Se &o 0m)"%o :era( o #&0#e&%e $e #&0("# a)e&a$ &a #me&$2o o a&o $#m)(e$ e&%2o &2o $e )oe a9$o("%ame&%e )ro)or o ar:"me&%o a fa3or e )ro0e$$o$ ma#$ 0aro$. Ma$ $e e(e #&0(">o &a #me&$2o e $e" a&o mora( )oe )e$ar m"#%o. Por%a&%o e$$a$ o9?e8Be$ efe%#3ame&%e refor8am m#&!a $":e$%2o e ;"e "ma $o0#eae ;"e $"9me%e ;"e$%Be$ e )ro0e$$o 0r#m#&a( a "m 0<(0"(o "%#(#%ar#$%a 0om"m &2o re0o&!e0e a #&e)e&&0#a o" #m)or%1&0#a o a&o mora( o" $e o re0o&!e0e &2o re0o&!e0e ;"e me$mo a 0o&e&a82o a0#e&%a( e "ma )e$$oa #&o0e&%e o0a$#2o e a&o mora(. A $o0#eae ef#0#e&%e em 0"$%o ;"e #ma:#&o )or%a&%o rea(me&%e a:e $em 0oer&0#a. Y De$$a ma&e#ra Dor/#& re%oma $"a$ )er:"&%a$ 4Q e Q )ro9(ema%#+a&o-a$ a $e:"#&%e ma&e#ra' $e a $o0#eae ef#0#e&%e em 0"$%o efe#%"o$a e3emo$ $"9$%#%">-(a )or "ma )r<%#0a &a ;"a( %oa$ a$ o"%ra$ &e0e$$#ae$ e 9e&ef>0#o$ $o0#a#$ $e?am $a0r#f#0ao$ )ara ;"e $e )ro"+a o ma#$ e(a9orao e )re0#$o )ro0e$$o 0r#m#&a( ;"e o m"&o ?< 3#" Dor/#& ;"er $a9er a;"# 0omo e3emo$ e;"#(#9rar o r#$0o e "m a&o mora( a0#e&%a( 0om o$ :a&!o$ $o0#a#$ :era#$ o9%#o$ )e(a a0e#%a82o e %a#$ r#$0o$. A )ar%#r e "ma a&<(#$e fe&ome&o(=:#0a emo&$%ra ;"e e fa%o 0o&$#eramo$ m"#%o )#or $ofrer "m a&o mora( a $ofrer "m a&o $#m)(e$ $e&o ;"e e$%e $em a;"e(e $er#a "m a&o ?"$%#f#0ao. De$$a forma )oemo$ 0o&$#erar o e$;"ema o$ )ro0e$$o$ 0#3#$ e 0r#m#&a#$ 0omo $e&o formao$ a )ar%#r a$ 0o&3#08Be$ e "ma 0om"&#ae em re(a82o ao )e$o a%r#9">o a$ #fere&%e$ forma$ e a&o$ mora#$ em 0o&%ra)o$#82o ao$ a&o$ $#m)(e$. No )ro0e$$o 0r#m#&a( Dor/#& efe&e a e#$%&0#a e o#$ #re#%o$ a)are&%eme&%e #:"a#$ ma$ 0om 0er%a$ #fere&8a$ )r<%#0a$' aQ a$ )e$$oa$ %m o #re#%o e ;"e o$ )ro0e$$o$ 0r#m#&a#$ a%r#9"am a #m)or%1&0#a 0orre%a ao r#$0o e a&o mora( 9Q a$ )e$$oa$ %m o #re#%o a3a(#a82o 0oere&%e a #m)or%1&0#a o a&o mora(. O $e:"&o #re#%o #m)or%a&%e )o#$ )erm#%e ;"e a(:"m af#rme me$mo em 0a$o$ em ;"e a re$)o$%a 0orre%a )ara o )ro9(ema o a&o mora( $e?a )rof"&ame&%e 0o&%ro3er%#a ;"e
- 1
%em #re#%o a )ro0e$$o$ 0om)a%>3e#$ 0om a a3a(#a82o a 0om"&#ae o a&o mora( 0o&%em)(ao &a (e# Z. I$$o e;"#3a(e a #+er ;"e &2o &e0e$$)#o &2o e )o(>%#0a J e re$)o&e $"a )er:"&%a 7Q. Para e)(#0ar e$$e ar:"me&%o )oemo$ re0orrer a #ma:em o #>"o ;"e re;"er a am#$$2o e a(:"ma )ro3a a ;"a( &2o %em &e&!"m #re#%o o ;"e :erar#a "ma e0#$2o )o(>%#0a 0a$o $e (e3a$$e em 0o&%a $e a $o0#eae :a&!ar#a o" )erer#a )or am#%#r )ro3a$ e$$e %#)o' Co&%"o e3e e$%ar 0(aro a )ar%#r a #$0"$$2o )re0ee&%e ;"e e$$a (#&!a e ar:"me&%a82o fra0a$$a. E(a )re$$")Be ;"e o #re#%o )ro0e$$"a( "m #re#%o a "m &>3e( f#o e ea%#2o &2o o #re#%o a%r#9"#82o e 0er%o )e$o ao r#$0o e #&?"$%#8a e a&o mora(. Se o #re#%o fo$$e "m #re#%o a "m ao &>3e( e ea%#2o e&%2o a e0#$2o o %r#9"&a( $er#a %omaa 0omo $")Be o ar:"me&%o em o#$ )a$$o$' o )r#me#ro "m ?"(:ame&%o e )r#&0>)#o )er:"&%a&o $e o &>3e( e ea%#2o e#:#o $er#a a(0a&8ao 0omo ;"e$%2o e )ro9a9#(#ae a&%e0ee&%e me$mo ;"e a )ro3a fo$$e e0(">a e o $e:"&o "m ?"(:ame&%o )o(>%#0o $e a$ 0o#$a$ fo$$em a$$#m e e0(">-(o o" &2o. Ma$ 0omo a e0#$2o a e e%erm#&ar $e o r#$0o e a&o mora( fo# e3#ame&%e a3a(#ao e$$e$ o#$ )a$$o$ %ra&$formam-$e em "m. Po#$ $e o$ 0<(0"(o$ e )o(>%#0a #�am ;"e o )9(#0o &2o $e 9e&ef#0#ar#a 0om a e0("$2o e$$a )ro3a o" e "ma re:ra e0("#&o )ro3a$ 0omo e$$a$ e&%2o "ma e0#$2o e &2o o9$%a&%e e0("#r e$$a )ro3a &2o #�ar#a a9$o("%ame&%e &e&!"ma )reo0")a82o 0om o r#$0o e a&o mora( e 3#o(ar#a 0(arame&%e o #re#%o )ro0e$$"a( a )ar%e ;"e re#3#�a a am#$$2o. A$$#m em9ora a$ ra+Be$ $e?am #fere&%e$ o$ 0<(0"(o$ #&$%r"me&%a#$ e e 0o&$e;"&0#a$ a$$o0#ao$ $ e0#$Be$ )ro0e$$"a#$ e&0o&%ram-$e %2o )(e&ame&%e f"&ao$ em ar:"me&%o$ e )r#&0>)#o ;"a&%o e$%2o ao $"r:#r em e0#$Be$ $"9$%a&%#3a$. -> 1-1
