Republic of China, circa 1970

Republic of China, circa 1970

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The United States' George Marshall did not intervene to stop the Chinese civil war and there was no arms embargo on the Nationalists. Consequently the Chinese Communists, even with all the weapons of the Manchukuo Army and most of the Japanese Kwantung Army weapons and the increased size of its forces, was defeated in the Northeastern area in China in 1947. The warlords gradually lost powers to Chiang Kai-shek and for the first time, central authority was established at Nanking that could lead the whole nation, and China modernizes - in the 1950s according to Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People.







1945 - In December, the US Ambassador to China, General George Marshall (picture) declines to

mediate between the Nationalists and Communists in the civil war. 1946 - Harbin falls to Nationalists on June 5. The rest of the Communists including Lin Biao is captured.

Xu Xianqian and He Long are captured at Shanxi. Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai captured in Yianan. Mao and Zhou are tried and executed while the rest were put in lengthy sentences. 1947 - the last Communists including Zhu De and Pend Dehui were captured in northern Jiangsu region.

The first National Congress is convened in Nanking (as in OTL) on 25 December.

1948 - Chiang Kai-shek (picture) elected President (with Li Zhongren as Vice-president) Vice-president) and nominates

Chen Jitang as the Premier. Premier. Hyperinflation is controlled at 25% with Chiang Ching-kuo's acts to control financial security. security. Two battlions of Central Nationalist elite forces in Northeastern China are moved to Hunan and they queshed the forces of Tang Shengzhi. Chiang announces all villages in counties and zones in cities are to be directly elected immediately. immediately.







then Minister of National Defense to rebel against Chiang but at the last minute Bai pulls out. Li was captured, tried, and sentenced to indefinite imprisonment after Chiang personally pardoned him from execution. Because of this Li is impeached as Vice-president and Me Dewei becomes new Vicepresident. Zhang Xueliang, who kidnapped Chiang in Xian incident in 1936, is formally tried, convicted and sentenced to 10 year imprisonment. But because he has been detained since the end of Xian incident, Chiang agrees to release Zhang on the grounds of the length of detainment being longer than the sentencing. The condition is that Zhang must not be involved in politics for another 10 years.

1950 - Large scale demonstrations broke out among university students in Peking, Shanghai, Nanking,

Canton, Xian, Kunming, Chengdu, Amoy, Amoy, Hangchow, Tsingtao, Tsingtao, Changchun, and Shenyang over the extent of corruption among public officials. Chiang met representatives of student demonstrators in Nanking, Lee Teng-hui Teng-hui (picture) and Zhu Rongji and promised to crack down on corruptions. Kung Hsiang-hsi and Soong Tse-ven Tse-ven forced 75% of their confidants to resign. In May Kim Il-sung invades South Korea. The Republic China sends 2 battalions to quash North Korea's forces. This infuriates Stalin and Chiang sends 5 battalions, two from his own Central forces, 1 from the former armies of Tang Tang Sungji, one from Bai Chongxi, and one from Lung Wen's former division, to Inner Mongolia areas to guard against Soviet invasions. The US and 20 Western countries sent in forces to aid South Korea after Soviet Union vetoed any resolutions to authorize defense of South Korea under UN authority. In June, Chiang discusses with KMT members of the Legislative Yuan and agrees with members that an amendment to the ROC Constitution to authorize the Control Yuan Yuan to arrest, prosecute, and impeach officials and elected personnel of corruption. A law-enforcement team is set up under the Control Yuan







1951 - The Anti-corruption Anti-corruption amendment is ratified by the National Congress and becomes law. The Control

Yuan sets up an Anti-Corruption Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) and the first divisions are sent to Guangdong, Canton, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Peking where 90% of China's commerce activities are located. In the first month, 50% of Canton's public officials are convicted, stripped of position, and jailed. Governments become less bureaucratic as the lost personnel forced those who remained to become more efficient.

Kim Il-sung (picture) is defeated and captured by the battalion led by General Du Luming. He was taken to South Korea for trial and executed. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is no more, Korea is reunified under the Republic of Korea, and now it is the Republic of China and Republic of Korea sharing the Sino-Korean border. Stalin Stalin is so furious but knowing that he cannot defeat China militarily he accepts this setback. 1952 - China is a signatory to the Treaty of San Francisco, the peace treaty between Japan and the Allied

nations nding the Second World War. War. Japan returns Taiwan Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to the Republic of China and China agrees to waive the right to state-level compensations. Any Taiwanese Taiwanese residents who prefer to live in Japan are allowed to live in Taiwan Taiwan as long-term Japanese residents, but their children are not eligible to become Japanese citizens unless they relocate to Japan. 1953 - Economic outputs exceeds pre-war levels. Chen Jitang resigns on the grounds of ill health and

Chen Cheng succeeds him as Premier. Chen announces land reforms in which farmers get land and landowners receive compensations in government bonds for industrial development. Acts Acts are enacted to encourage industrial developments. Joseph Stalin dies and Nikita Khrushchev succeeds. Chiang sends in message hoping the Chinese and Soviet Union leaders could have a face-to-face talk. Khrushchev agrees and they meet in Nanking on 12







1954 - the first electric-diesel locomotive is introduced on Canton-Nanking-Shanghai Canton-Nanking-Shanghai route.

In May Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected to another term. Me Dewei is re-elected as Vice-President. 1955 - Referendum is held on 20 March in Outer Mongolia. 70% express desires to return to Chinese

rule. Soviet Union agrees and Outer Mongolia is officially returned to China and the ROC pledges to full autonomy. Yangtze River Bridge construction begins in Nanking that will allow rail transport interrupted from Peking to Nanking. Plans are enacted to build railroads throughout Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, and Jiangxi provinces. 1956 - Anti-corruption Anti-corruption drives are progressively becoming successful such that a poll on foreigners doing

business in China interviewed shows 80% of them believe the incidence of corruption has fallen by 50%. The ROC government announces direct election of provincial-level city mayors and county chiefs in 1960. The government plans a rigourous public sanitary campaign to drive out common infectious disease by 1965. 1957 - The ROC government is in talks with the British government over the status of Hong Kong. Both

sides agree that the status of Hong Kong should be discussed and more talks should follow. Chiang meets with Dalai Lama, who has flown to Nanking for a visit. Dalai pledges Tibet will not seek independence and Chiang reaffirms as one of the two Regions of the Republic of China Tibet enjoys full autonomy on its affairs and sends its representatives to the National Congress, Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan in Nanking.

Kishi Nobusuke (picture) becomes the first Prime Minister Minister of Japan to visit China since the end e nd of the









The Yangtze Yangtze River Bridge (picture) is completed. The ROC government announces an ambitious programme to build an extensive railroad network on the Western side of China for completion by 1968. 1958 - The ROC and the United Kingdom reach an agreement that Hong Kong should continue under

British administration administration for a further 10 years and then under ROC jurisdiction. Due to Hong Kong's different laws both sides agree that the status of a Municipality like Shanghai or Canton or Peking is not suitable for Hong Kong. The territory should enjoy full autonomy as a Special Administrative Administrative Region. There are a series of tense border incidents between China and India. Chiang Kai-shek agrees to meet Nehru in New Delhi in June to discuss the border issue. 1959 - The ROC initiates plans to build aivilian ai vilian airports in major preparation for jet-age. The first phase

starts and constructions breaks out for airports in Peking, Canton, Shanghai, Hangchow, Nanking, Foochow, Shantow, Amoy, Wuhan, Chungking, Chengtu, Xian, Changchun, Shengyang, Taiyuan. The Legislative Yuan ratifies laws authorizing direct election of Provincial Governors and Municipalities under Executive Yuan's Yuan's direct governance by 1962. The ROC Ministry of Education announces nine-year universal free education for students to start in the







In a shock development, Central Air Air Services announces buying 10 Boeing 707-320 (picture) for jet transport. 1960 - Chiang Kai-shek retires as President. Chen Cheng is elected President. he promises economic

reforms and the deepening of democratic institutions to fulfill Sun Yat-sen's Yat-sen's Three Principles. He immediately appoints Chiang as Special Advisor to the President and many are suspecting Chiang still holds real power. CNAC announces buying 5 Boeing 707-320B/C for Shanghai-Tokyo-SanFrancisco Shanghai-Tokyo-SanFrancisco and Shanghai-Hong Kong-Delhi-Beirut-London/Frankfurt Kong-Delhi-Beirut-London/Frankfurt services. For the first time, direct elections of mayors of Municipalities directly under Executive Yuan and prinvincial Governors are held. KMT holds about 75% of offices with the rest independents. 1961 - Industrial production is now 250% of the pre-Sino-Japanese war levels. GDP per capita is now

US$500, which is 10 times of 1950 levels with textiles, petroleum, shipbuilding, steel, toys comprising a majority of China's industrial productions. 1962 - Chloera and typhoid fever incidence is 10% of the 1952 level and Hepitaitis A is now a tarhget of

government health plan.







Chiang Kai-shek announces to step down as KMT Chief Executive. Many observers consider that Chiang is now really retiring as a public figure. The KMT elects a young Chiang Ching-kuo (picture) as the new Chief Executive but he turns down. do wn. Eventually He Yinyian succeeds as the new Chief Executive. 1965 - A group group of young professionals announce forming a new party called the Liberal Party (LP) of

China that opposes Sun Yat-sen's stance on social and economic development and supports market economy. economy. They announce candidates for the 1966 Presidential election. The KMT announces it welcomes any opposition parties competing with them as long as they are lawful and do not seek violent means to obtain power. 1966 - The Presidential election is held and Yen Ka-ken is the new KMT candidate while Chiang Ching-

kuo is the Vice-presidential candidate. The LP nominates Tung Ho-yun, a shipping tycoon (and father of Tung Chee-hwa, the first HKSAR's Chief Executive in OTL) as presidential candidate. Although Shanghai and Canton elected many National Congress members that are market-orienting, because of KMT's rural base Yen Yen was elected with 65% of Congress votes. Britain and China agree Hong Kong passes and enforces its own laws and enjoys a full autonomy when it







1968 - A group of university students riot in Shanghai promoting communism. President Yen Yen announces

orders to arrest the protesters. The riot is stopped in one day. The students are sentenced to 1 year imprisonment. GDP per capita is now US$1,600. The ROC government announces its intention to allow a second airline to compete with China Airlines, and selling Central Air Service. The ROC government announces building 3000km of expressways for the coastal provinces and municipalities and Taiwan over the next 6 years. 1969 - Central Air Services is sold to a consortium between Swire Holdings and Hotung family. Swire

plans to merge it with Cathay Pacific and forming the second largest airline of China. The ROC government allows a group of Shanghai merchants headed by Y.K. Y.K. Pao to set up a third airline to be called Far Eastern Airlines. Airlines.

T.S. Lo, a grandson from Sir Robert Ho Tung, is elected as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special







Portugal announces it is leaving Macau after 416 years as it wants to put its resources to quash anticolonial rebellions in Africa. The ROC and Portugal reaches an agreement to return Macau to China on 1 January 1971 and Macau's status in the ROC will be a SAR similar to Hong Kong.









Republic of China, circa 1970

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