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AIJKZIRKZL]F _KKAKNL O]Z]SI@ JLKAKNL GIE]ARIS FIRMFIRLEI BI@ LAF] XM@NMRID]I@ IAIF ]@LWMZSLRIS SZL^LOI\I L@BZIAI\I :899
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9.9. Airiz Jmaiei`n
Zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg ibiaid cizi zmxzkb}esl fieda}e dlb}x smcizi ismes}ia $ri`xi ibi`|i xmamj}zi` sma emaifl` oi`ri` bi` jmrl`i,. Zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg jlsi rmzoibl smcizi iaifl fi}x}` j}iri`. Xmzemfji`njliei` bm`ni` fmfjmaid blzl jlisi`|i rmzoibl xibi dm~i` rl`neir zm`bid!jmzsma sir}+xzkrki! flsia`|i? if}ji bi` xizifimcl}f. Xmfjmaidi` blzl jl`mz olei rmzoibl xmfjmaidi` l`blwlb} fm`oibl : l`blwlb} jiz}! bi` blsmj}r xmfjmaidi` blzl f}arlxma $xmzemfji`njliei` bm`ni` sxkzi, olei
xmfjmaidi`
l`blwlb}
fm`oibl
ji`|ie
l`blwlb}!
flsia`|i?
xaisfi`l}f
$Elfjiaa 9<43 ? 334,. Siaid sir} smnl rmzxm`rl`n fiea}e xibi
fiea}e dlb}x liaid emfifx}i``|i
fmfjliei` ficif`|i $om`ls`|i,. Jinl smrlix kzni`lsfm! ibi siir`|i fi`ieiaid eme}iri` }`r}e fmrijkalsfm! xmzr}fj}di`! bi` bi|i ri`nnix`|i rlbie fmfibil }`r}e fmfxmzridi`ei` kzni`lsisl |i`n z}flr rmzdibix eme}iri`&eme}iri` ail`. Smzi`ni` kamd xmfi`nsi! xizislr! emaixizi`! xmz}jidi`&xmz}jidi` |i`n fmz}nlei` biaif al`ne}i`ni`! iri} smfiri&firi xzksms&xzksms |i`n e}zi`n rmxir xm`ifii``|i |ilr} fm`}i$inl`n, iedlz`|i jmzieiljir firl`|i kzni`lsfm rmzsmj}r. Iei` rmrixl! sxmslms lr} jmzridi` dlb}x }`r}e oi`nei |i`n oi}d amjld jmsiz bizl xibi }f}z dlb}x l`blwlb} ixix}` bl biaif`|i$I`k`lf :899 ? 9,. R}fj}di` xie} jmzemfji`n jlie smcizi ismes}ia bi` smes}ia. Zmxzkb}esl ismes}ia bi` smes}ia xibi r}fj}di` xie} rmzoibl smxmzrl xibi a}f}r. Zmxzkb}esl r}fj}di` xie} fm`}`o}eei` ibi`|i xmznlalzi` i`rizi nm`mzisl nifmrkglr bi` nm`mzisl sxkzkglr $fmrinm`msls,. Xibi r}fj}di` xie}! nm`mzisl sxkzkglr fmz}xiei` nm`mzisl |i`n bkfl`i` biaif bi}z dlb}x`|i. R}fj}di` xie} fmz}xiei` r}fj}di` gkrki}rkrzkg. R}fj}di` xie} ibi |i`n dlb}x fm`nix}`n bl ilz $ flsia`|i Ikaai xl``iri bi` Fizslami czm`iri,. @if}`! xibi }f}f`|i r}fj}di` xie} ibiaid
r}fj}di` rmzmsrzlia $r}fj}di` bizir, $Elfjiaa 9<43 ? 334,.
Xmzji`|iei` wmnmrirlg fm`ndislaei` emr}z}`i` |i`n blsmj}r eak`. Eizm`i lr}! xmzji`|iei` wmnmrirlg bixir bleiriei` smjinil s}ir} jm`r}e eak`l`n $xmfj}iri` eak`,. Eak` smjm`iz`|i ibiaid sial`i` xm`}d bizl l`blwlb} l`b}e`|i eizm`i fm~izlsei` smf}i eiziermzlsrle nm`mrle fi}x}` gm`krlxle bizl l`b}e`|i. Gm`krlxm bixir jmzjmbi xibi jmjmzixi rme`le xmzji`|iei` wmnmrirlg rmzrm`r} |i`n fmz}xiei` nij}`ni` b}i l`blwlb} $I`k`lf :899 ? :,. Xibi r}fj}di`! eak` smzl`neial rmaid fm`cixil rl`neir embm~isii` rmzrm`r} sm~ier} blri`if smdl`nni jlisi`|i bls}eil kamd xmri`l eizm`i ~ier} r}`nn} }`r}e blf}ail`|i
xzkb}esl
bixir
blxmzsl`neir.
Ri`ifi`
j}id&j}idi`
bixir
f}ail
fm`ndislaei` biaif b}i iri} rlni rid}` bm`ni` eak`l`n! smfm`rizi fmaia}l jlol xmri`l diz}s fm`}`nn} xial`n cmxir mfxir rid}` blrifjid zlslek xmz}jidi` slgir ieljir xm`nnij}`ni` b}i slgir l`b}e oi`ri` bi` jmrl`i`|i $Flcdima 9<<2 ? <>,. Fizcdi`rlkxd|ri $ Dmxirlckxd|ri, iri} a}f}r dirl ji`|ie blrmf}ei` fm`mfxma bl jmjir}i`! ri`id! iri} bl`bl`n r}i |i`n amfjij. Jm`r}e r}j}d`|i jmz}xi amfjizi` flzlx jm`r}e dirl bi` ji`|ie ame}ei`. R}j}d`|i fmflalel srz}er}z |i`n fm`|mz}xil ieiz! jiri`n! bi` bi}`. Dia l`l fm`|mjijei` ji`|ie |i`n fm`ni`nnix emakfxke a}f}r dirl fmz}xiei` emakfxke xmzialdi` bizl r}fj}di` Rdiaakxd|ri fm`}o} Ckzfkxd|ri. A}f}r dirl jmzi`nnkri amjld bizl 7888 sxmslms. A}f}r dirl jlisi dlb}x bl rmfxir |i`n jisid smdl`nni r}j}d`|i jmzsrz}er}z dlnzkfkzg. Ibi o}ni |i`n dlb}x bl rmfxir&rmfxir |i`n si`nir emzl`n! smxmzrl bl e}alr xkdk`! bl iris ri`id! iri} jir} cibis smdl`nni r}j}d`|i jmzsrz}er}z tmzkfkzg $I`k`lf :898 ? 9,. Xibi r}fj}di` xie} rmzoibl fmrinm`msls. R}fj}di` xie} fmz}xiei` nm`mzisl sxkzkglr |i`n fm`ndislaei` sxkzi. Bi}` xie} bljmbiei` fm`oibl b}i ficif! |ilr} sxkzkgla bi` zkxkgla. Sxkzkgla ibiaid bi}` |i`n jmzslgir gmzrla $s}j}z,! bixir fm`ndislaei` sxkzi smbi`nei` rzkxkgla ibiaid bi}` |i`n jmzslgir l`gmzrla $fi`b}a,. rlbie bixir fm`ndislaei` sxkzi $Elfjiaa 9<43 ? 334,.
9.: R}o}i` Xzierle}f
Xzierle}f l`l jmzr}o}i` }`r}e fmfxmaioizl bi` fm`nm`ia slsrmf zmxzkb}esl xibi r}fj}di`.
JIJ LL RL@OI]I@ X]SRIEI
Bi}z dlb}x r}fj}di` xie} fm`nm`ia xmznlalzi` emr}z}`i`! |i`n mzblzl bizl b}i gism }rifi nifmrkglr bi` sxkzkglr. R}fj}di` xie} |i`n f}bid elri aldir fmz}xiei` jm`r}e gism sxkzkglr eizm`i fm`ndislaei` sxkzi. Jm`r}e nm`mzisl gism nifmrkglr bl`ifiei` xzkria}s $ xzkrdiaa}s, iri} xzkrial}f $ xzkrdiaal}f,! |i`n jmz~}o}b r}fj}di` emcla jmz}xi amfjizi` jmz~iz`i dloi}! flzlx a}f}r dirl! rlbie jmzieiz $rmrixl fmflalel zlklb smjinil xm`nni`rl`|i,! rlbie jmzjiri`n! rlbie jmzbi}`. Xzkrdiaal}f r}fj}d bizl sxkzi |i`n oir}d bl rmfxir |i`n amfjij. Bizl xzkrdiaal}f jmzemfji`n i`rmzlbl}f $ i`rdmzlbl}f! kzni` xm`ndisla sxmzfirkklb iri} sma emaifl` oi`ri`, bi` izemnk`l}f $ izcdmnk`l}f! kzni` xm`ndisla kw}f iri} sma rma}z, $Iz|}al`i :88> ? 32,. R}fj}di` a}f}r fm`niaifl xmznlalzi` emr}z}`i` biaif bi}z dlb}x`|i. Ixi |i`n blem`ia kzi`n smjinil r}fj}di` a}f}r fmz}xiei` ridix nifmrkglr $r}fj}di` xm`ndisla nifmr, |i`n dixaklb $ t 6 `,. Bm`ni` bmfleli`! rmzbixir r}fj}di` a}f}r oi`ri` bi` jmrl`i eizm`i sir} r}fj}di` rlbie bixir fm`ndislaei` b}i sma emaifl` smeialn}s. Sma&sma emaifl` oi`ri` $sma sxmzfi, bldislaei` bizl i`rmzlbl}f bi` sma&sma emaifl` jmrl`i $sma rma}z iri} kw}f, rmzamrie bl biaif izemnk`l}f. Emb}i kzni` xm`ndisla sma emaifl` l`l rmzamrie bl jinli` x}`cie bizl r}fj}di`. I`rmzlbl}f |i`n fisie iei` fmamxis sma&sma sxmzfi. Sma&sma sxmzfi jmzm`i`n $xmfj}idi` rmzoibl ixijlai ek`blsl al`ne}`ni` jisid, fm`}o} izemnk`l}f }`r}e fmfj}idl kw}f $Cifxjmaa :888 ? 9><,. Xibi j}`ni rmzbixir kzni` zmxzkb}esl $jm`i`n sizl bi` x}rle,. J}`ni smcizi smdizl&dizl o}ni blxieil }`r}e fm`|mj}r srz}er}z |i`n smcizi jkri`l blsmj}r smjinil j}`ni fiomf}e iri} l`gakzmscm`cm. J}`ni fiomf}e ibiaid e}fx}ai` j}`ni&j}`ni |i`n rmze}fx}a biaif sir} eizi`ni`. Biaif ek`rmes l`l! sir}i` j}`ni |i`n fm`|}s}` j}`ni fiomf}e blsmj}r gakzmr . J}`ni jmzg}`nsl }rifi fm`ndislaei` jlol. Xm`|mzj}ei` bi` xmfj}idi` jmzai`ns}`n xibi j}`ni. Smrmaid xmfj}idi`! j}`ni iei` jmzemfji`n fm`oibl j}id. J}id ibiaid srz}er}z |i`n fmfji~i jlol $Nmfjk`n :883 ? >,.
J}`ni ibiaid jiri`n bi` bi}` |i`n rmzfkblgleisl. Fkblgleisl l`l blsmjijei` kamd bldislaei``|i smo}faid m`lf |i`n blzi`nsi`n kamd smo}faid glrkdkzfk` rmzrm`r}. Xmfjm`r}ei` j}`ni bm`ni` emrir blem`bialei` smcizi nm`mrle bi` xibi ji`|ie om`ls bll`b}esl kamd xmz}jidi` al`ne}`ni` rmzrm`r}! smxmzrl s}d} zm`bid! aifi xm`cidi|ii`!
bi`
emrmzsmblii`
ilz
$aldir
izrlema
Xmfjm`r}ei`
j}`ni,
$Cifxjmaa :888?943,. Ri`bi xial`n i~ia iei` ibi`|i xmzemfji`ni` bi}` xibi
nlf`ksxmzfi bi`
i`nlksxmzfi jlisi`|i ibiaid xmfjmaidi` sma blsiaid sir} bizl emrlni aixls sma rmza}iz!
bl bmeir xmzf}eii`
ixmes rio}e. Xmfjmaidi` xmzleal`ia |i`n |i`n blle}rl bm`ni`
xmzr}fj}di` sma i`ie fm`|mjijei` rlfj}a`|i rk`okai` |ilr} xzlfkzblia bi}`! smbi`nei` xmfjmaidi` i`rleal`ia fm`l`neirei` a}is xmzf}eii` xzlfkzblia rmzsmj}r $Nmfjk`n ? :883 ? 988,. Xibi smjinli` jmsiz sxmslms r}fj}di`! xmzemcifjidi` jlol blf}ail bm`ni` f}`c}a`|i zible}ai $ieiz mfjzlk`le,! bi` j}ei` mxlekrla $rio}e,! bizl e}alr jlol. Xibi jmjmzixi sxmslms flsia`|i xl`}s. Slrkem`ls rmzoibl xibi zible}ai! smjma}f xzksms xmzemcifjidi` smamsil. Xibi sxmslms ail``|i! eiai}x}` ibi! rmzoibl smblelr flrksls smjma}f xzksms xmzemcifjidi`. Mfxir jinli` }rifi j}`ni $bizl a}iz em biaif, ibiaid smjinil jmzle}r? Emakxie j}`ni iri} cia|t5 Fidekri j}`ni iri} ckzkaai |i`n jlisi`|i rlxls bi` bixir jmz~iz`i&~iz`l }`r}e fmfleir smzi`nni |i`n fmfji`r} xzksms xm`|mzj}ei`5 Iair emaifl` oi`ri` iri} i`bzkmcl}f $bizl jidisi \}`i`l i`bzk kleli? z}fid xzli, jmz}xi jm`i`n sizl5 Iair emaifl` jmrl`i iri} n|`kmcl}f $bizl
jidisi \}`i`l n|`ileks kleli? z}fid ~i`lri, $Cifxjmaa :888 ? 94:,. J}`ni $ gaks, iri} emfji`n ibiaid srz}er}z zmxzkb}esl smes}ia xibi r}fj}di` jmzj}`ni $blwlslk Fin`kalkxd|ri iri} I`nlksxmzfim! *r}fj}di` jmzjlol rmzr}r}x*,. Xibi j}`ni rmzbixir kzni` zmxzkb}esl $jm`i`n sizl bi` x}rle,. J}`ni smcizi smdizl& dizl o}ni blxieil }`r}e fm`|mj}r srz}er}z |i`n smcizi jkri`l blsmj}r smjinil j}`ni fiomf}e iri} l`gakzmscm`cm. J}`ni fiomf}e ibiaid e}fx}ai` j}`ni&j}`ni |i`n rmze}fx}a biaif sir} eizi`ni`. Biaif ek`rmes l`l! sir}i` j}`ni |i`n fm`|}s}` j}`ni fiomf}e blsmj}r gakzmr . J}`ni jmzg}`nsl }rifi fm`ndislaei` jlol. Xm`|mzj}ei` bi` xmfj}idi` jmzai`ns}`n xibi j}`ni. Smrmaid xmfj}idi`! j}`ni
iei` jmzemfji`n fm`oibl j}id. J}id ibiaid srz}er}z |i`n fmfji~i jlol $Nmfjk`n :883 ? >2,. Jlol $jidisi Airl`? smfm`, ibiaid jieia jlol $ kw}a}f, bizl r}fj}di` jmzj}`ni |i`n rmaid fisie. Jlol bixir rmzal`b}`n kamd kzni` ail` $J}id! xibi I`nlksxmzfim iri} Fin`kalkxd|ri, iri} rlbie $xibi N|f`ksxmzfim,. Bizl s}b}r xi`bi`n mwka}sl jlol fmz}xiei` mfjzlk iri} r}fj}di` emcla |i`n rmzfkblgleisl smdl`nni bixir jmzridi` amjld aifi xibi ek`blsl e}zi`n sms}il }`r}e xmzr}fj}di`. $Aldir xmznlalzi` emr}z}`i`, $I`k`lf :898 ? 9,.
Xibi j}`ni rmzbixir kzni` zmxzkb}esl $jm`i`n sizl bi` x}rle,. J}`ni jmzg}`nsl }rifi fm`ndislaei` jlol. Xm`|mzj}ei` bi` xmfj}idi` jmzai`ns}`n xibi j}`ni. Smrmaid xmfj}idi`! j}`ni iei` jmzemfji`n fm`oibl j}id. J}id ibiaid srz}er}z |i`n fmfji~i jlol. J}`ni fiomf}e ibiaid e}fx}ai` j}`ni&j}`ni |i`n rmze}fx}a biaif sir} eizi`ni`. Biaif ek`rmes l`l! sir}i` j}`ni |i`n fm`|}s}` j}`ni fiomf}e blsmj}r gakzmr $Nmfjk`n :883 ? >2,. J}`ni blsmj}r j}`ni smfx}z`i jlai fmflalel iair oi`ri` $jm`i`n sizl, bi` iair jmrl`i $x}rle, smcizi jmzsifi&sifi biaif sir} kzni`. J}`ni |i`n bmfleli` blsmj}r j}`ni ji`cl iri} dmzfigzkblr. S}ir} j}`ni bleiriei` j}`ni am`neix ixijlai fmflalel smf}i jinli` }rifi j}`ni. Xibi bi}` r}fj}di` blekrla! blekrla! smjinli` jmsiz xmfjmaidi` s}bid aifi jmzdm`rl smjma}f bi}` jmzemfji`n xm`}d! smzl`n eial emrlei bi}` fm`cixl e}zi`n bizl smxiz}d }e}zi` iedlz`|i. Xibi bi}` xzlfmz eici`n&eici`ni`! xmfjmaidi` sma rmziedlz emrlei bi}` fm`cixil e}zi`n bizl smxmzalfi }e}zi` iedlz`|i! smdl`nni 48- xm`nmfji`ni` bi}``|i smfiri&firi blsmjijei` kamd xmzr}fj}di` sma |i`n rmzjm`r}e smjma}f`|i $I`k`lf :898 ? 3,. Xibi r}fj}di`! smjma}f rmzoibl xzksms xmfj}idi` $gmzrlalsisl,! rmzoibl xzksms xm`|mzj}ei`+xmzsizli` $xkal`isl ,. Xibi r}fj}di` jlol rmzr}r}x $I`nlksxmzfim,. Xm`|mzj}ei` ibiaid xmzlsrl~i oir}d`|i fmameir`|i smzj}e sizl bl emxiai x}rle. Xibi r}fj}di` jlol rmzr}r}x $N|f`ksxmzfim, xm`|mzj}ei` ibiaid fmameir`|i smzj}e sizl ai`ns}`n xibi jieia jlol. R}fj}di` jmz}fid sir} ibiaid r}fj}di` |i`n fmflalel iair emaifl` oi`ri` bi` jmrl`i biaif sir} r}fj}di` $Iz|}al`i :88> ? 37,.
JIJ LLL FMRKBKAKNL
3.9. ^ier} bi` Rmfxir
Xzierle}f l`l blaiesi`iei` xibi dizl Eifls! 83 Fizmr :899. Xibi x}e}a 93.88 ^LJ sifxil smamsil bl aijkzirkzl}f _kkaknl Gie}aris Firmfirlei bi` laf} xm`nmrid}i` iaif! ]`lwmzslris Szl~loi|i! L`bziai|i.
3.:. Iair bi` Jidi`
Iair |i`n bln}`iei` xibi xzierle}f l`l ibiaid slamr. Smbi`nei` jidi` |i`n bln}`iei` Iaifi`bi! Cimsiaxl`i x}acdmzlfi! Ci``i Sx! Cizlci xixi|i! Dljlsc}s zksi sl`msls! Xl`}s fmze}ssl! Wi`bi Sx.
3.3. Cizi Emzoi
Slixei` iair smxmzrl slamr bi` jidi` |i`n bln}`iei` Iaifi`bi! Cimsiaxl`i x}acdmzlfi! Ci``i sx! Cizlci xixi|i! Dljlsc}s zksi sl`msls! Xl`}s fmze}ssl! Wi`bi sx. Smf}i jidi` |i`n blji~i bljinl sms}il bm`ni` om`ls`|i $Il`nlsxmzfim bi`
N|f`ksxmzfim,. Xmzdirlei` jidi` |i`n blji~i bi` nifjizaid smzri jmzl emrmzi`ni` smrlix jinli`: bizl jidi` |i`n blji~i. Emf}bli` jmaid jidi` |i`n blji~i }`r}e fmaldir jinli` biaif`|i. Ifirl bi` nifjiz.
JIJ LW DISLA BI@ XMFJIDISI@
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Emrmzi`ni` 9. I`rdmz :. Srifm` 3. Ckzkaai 2. Xmria =. Cia|t 7. N|`lmcl}f >. Kw}a 4. Glaifm` <. Xkam` 98. Srmam
Xl`}s fmze}sll
Eaislgleisl El`nbkf
? Xai`rim
Blwlsk
? Ck`lgmzkxd|ri
Emais
? Xl`kxslbi
Kzbk
? Xl`iams
Giflal
? Xl`icmim
Nm`}s
? Xl`}s
Sxmslms
? Xl`}s fmze}sll
@ifi ]f}f ? Xl`}s
Emrmzi`ni` 9. Ei}als :. Srzkjla}s 3. Bi}`
Wi`bi sx
Eaislgleisl El`nbkf
? Xai`rim
Blwlsk
? Sxmzfirkx|rdi
Emais
? Fk`kckr|ambk`m
Kzbk
? Xkiams
Giflal
? Kzclbicmim
Nm`}s
? Wi`bi
Sxmslms
? Wi`bi sx
@ifi ]f}f ? J}`ni I`nnzme
Emrmzi`ni` 9. I`rdmz :. Srifm` 3. Ckzkaai 2. Cia|t =. N|`kmcl}f 7. Xmblcmaa}s
2.: Xmfjidisi`
Bizl xzierle}f |i`n rmaid blaie}ei`! fiei blbixirei` nifjiz jmz}xi fkzgkaknl bi` zmxzkb}esl bizl r}fj}di` i`nlksxmzfim bi` n|f`ksxmzfim jmsmzri jinli`&jinli``|i bi` g}`nsl bizl jinli`&jinli` rmzsmj}r. Xibi r}fj}di` rl`neir rl`nnl rmzoibl b}i xm`|mzj}ei` |i`n blsmzri kamd xmfj}idi`. Fm`}z}r Cifxjmaa $:883? 93<, fm`niriei` jid~i! zmxzkb}esl nm`mzirlg $smes}ia, xibi r}fj}di` rl`neir rl`nnl iri} sxmzfirdkx|rdi $r}fj}di` jmzjlol, bli~ial bm`ni` rmzoibl`|i xm`|mzj}ei` |i`n blle}rl bm`ni` xmfj}idi` $gmzrlalsisl,. Xm`|mzj}ei` bi` xmfj}idi` emakfxke n|f`ksxmzfim jmzjmbi bm`ni` i`nlksxmzfim $r}fj}di` jmzjlol rmzr}r}x,. Xm`|mzj}ei` iri} xmzlsrl~i oir}d`|i smzj}e sizl $xkam`, xibi ali`n jieia jlol $flezkgla, |i`n jmzd}j}`ni` ai`ns}`n bm`ni` jieia jlol. Smbi`nei` xibi i`nlksxmzfim fmz}xiei` xmzlsrl~i oir}d`|i smzj}e sizl bl emxiai x}rle. N|`ksxmzfim |i`n xial`n rmzem`ia iair zmxzkb}esl blsmj}r ek`}s. Fm`}z}r Cifxjmaa $:883? :=2, fm`niriei` jid~i! r}fj}di` jmzjlol rmzj}ei $n|f`ksxmzfim, rlbie fmflalel z}i`n xmfj}`ne}s $kwizl}f, rmfxir jlol jmzemfji`n. N|f`ksxmzfim |i`n xial`n rmzem`ia iri} ekflrmz |i`n iair zmxzkb}esl`|i blsmj}r ek`}s. Ek`}s oi`ri` bi`e k`}s jmrl`i rmzamrie xibi rmfxir |i`n jmzjmbi. R}fj}di` jlol rmzr}r}x $i`nlksxmzfim, fmz}xiei` r}fj}di` jmzj}`ni |i`n fmflalel xmfj}`ne}s jlol $kw}a}f, bljinl embiaif b}i emais |ilr} fk`kekrlambk`m $jmzemxl`n sir}, bi` blekrlambk`m $jmzemxl`n b}i, smzri ibi |i`n jmz}fid sir} bi` jmz}fid b}i. Zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg j}iri` jmzr}o}i` }`r}e fmfxmzkamd ri`ifi` jiz} biaif ~ier}
|i`n
sl`neir.
Fm`}z}r
Elfjiaa
$9<<>?
3=2,
fm`|iriei`
jid~i!
xmzemfji`njliei` zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg iaifl fmz}xiei` zmxzkb}esl |i`n rmzoibl smcizi iaifl bi` rlbie fmaljirei` cifx}z ri`ni` fi`}sli! zmxzkb}esl iaifl fmalx}rl xmfjm`r}ei` sxkzi. Wmnmrirl j}iri` jmzr}o}i` }`r}e fmfxmzkamd ri`ifi` jiz} biaif ~ier} |i`n zmairlg sl`neir bm`ni` disla |i`n sifi bm`ni` l`b}e`|i! jmjmzixi cizi zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg j}iri` bm`ni` cizi fm`ci`neke! fmz}`b}e bi` fm`|mrme. Xl`}s
fmze}sll
rmzfis}e
embiaif
r}fj}di`
jmz}fid
sir}.
Fm`}z}r
Cifxjmaa $:883? :23, jid~i! Xl`}s fmze}sll iri} r}fj}di` |i`n rmzfis}e embiaif n|f`ksxmzfim. R}fj}di` l`l rmzfis}e embiaif r}fj}di` |i`n jmz}fid sir}!
r}fj}di` jmzei|} bm`ni` bi}` jmzjm`r}e oiz}f |i`n rmzblzl bizl 9 iri} : jmzeis xmfj}a}d xm`ni`ne}r bi` sia}zi` zmslf. Xibi emrlie slsle xm`}r}x rmzbixir sir} slsle jlol bm`ni` slsl iris`|i b}i jieia jlol |i`n flezkgla`|i fm`ndibix ems}fj} slsle&slsle xm`}r}x bi` slsle jlol iri} sir} bli`rizi`|i smdijls xm`|mzj}ei` aia} fmfjmsiz bi` fm`nni`nn} smzri bmfleli` rmzoibl`|i j}id |i`n fmfjm`r}e emz}c}r. Ci``i sx difxmz blri`if smjinli ri`ifi` dlis. Fm`}z}r I`k`lf $:899? 9,
jid~i! Ci``i sx rl`nnl`|i fm`cixil : f. R}fj}di` l`l fmflalel zlfxi`n |i`n rmjia smxmzrl }fjl fmflalel bi}` jmsiz bi` amjiz! fm`|lzlx omais ~iz`i`|i dloi}! j}`ni`|i jmsiz bm`ni` ~iz`i&~iz`i |i`n cmzid $fmzid bi` e}`l`n,. J}id`|i jmz}xi j}id em`bini. Jmzjlol ji`|ie bi` jmzjm`r}e j}air! difxmz sma}z}d blri`if smjinil ri`ifi` dlis! bi` o}ni bixir r}fj}d aliz bl d}ri` bi` bimzid xmn}`}`ni`. Wi`bi sx om`ls&om`ls`|i rmzsmjiz a}is blbimzid rzlglei jisid. Fm`}z}r I`k`lf
$:899? 9, jid~i! Wi`bi sx iri} j}`ni i`nnzme ji`|ie om`ls`|i! om`ls&om`ls`|i rmzsmjiz a}is bl bimzid rzkglei jisid dl`nni ~lai|id slze}fxkaiz! rmrixl ji`|ie blrmf}ei` bl bimzid rzkglei jmzlealf smbi`n jlisi`|i dlb}x bl ri`id bi` fmfjm`r}e }fjl smjinil cizi jmzibixrisl rmzdibix f}slf bl`nl`. Kzni`&kzni``|i cm`bmz}`n rmjia bi` jmzbinl`n $s}e}am`, fmfj}ir`|i ridi` fm`ndibixl ri`ifi` emrmzsmblii` ilz. Cizlci
xixi|i
fmflale
fiedekri
j}`ni
e}`l`n
x}cir.
Fm`}z}r
Bizoi`rk $9<<8? 24, fm`niriei` jid~i! Cizlci xixi|i fmz}xiei` xkdk` |i`n fmflalel j}`ni fiomf}e |i`n jmzri`neil xi`oi`n bi` jmzciji`n&ciji`n j}`ni xmzrifi rmzbixir xibi xi`neia ri`neil. J}`ni xixi|i fmflalel fidekri j}`ni jmz~iz`i e}`l`n x}cir bm`ni` ri`neil b}b}e xibi jiri`n! j}`ni oi`ri` xibi r}fj}di` l`l r}fj}d xibi ri`neil |i`n xi`oi`n. J}`ni jlisi`|i blrmf}ei` xibi bimzid smelriz x}c}e! jm`r}e j}id j}air dl`nni fmfi`oi`n bm`ni` }o}`n jlisi`|i fmz}`cl`n. ^iz`i j}id emrlei f}bi dloi} nmaix! bi` smrmaid fisie dloi} f}bi dl`nni e}`l`n. Iaififbi sx rmzfis}e o}ni j}`ni |i`n am`neix. Fm`}z}r I`k`lf $:899? 9,
jid~i! r}fj}di` iaifi`bi jmz~iz`i e}`l`n bi` rlbie fmflalel izkfi |i`n edis. J}`ni l`l rmznkak`n j}`ni |i`n am`neix! `if}` xm`kfxiei` jinli`&jinli` j}`ni rlbie smomais xibi Dljlsc}s zksisl`m`sls. J}`ni am`neix rmzblzl bzil fidekri j}`ni!
ri`neil j}`ni bi` iair emaifl` j}`ni. Iair emaifl` oi`ri` ibiad jm`i`n sizl bi` jmrl`i ibiaid x}rle. Cimsiaxl`li x}acdmzlfi fmz}xiei` j}`ni fiomf}e |i`n jm`i`n sizl`|i dia}s.
Fm`}z}r Cdifxjmaa $:883? 92=, fm`|iriei` jid~i! Cimslaxl`li x}acdmzlfi iri} ri`ifi` |i`n bixir r}fj}d rl`nnl bi` fmamjiz! j}`ni`|i jmz~iz`i e}`l`n cmzid! e}`l`n emfmzidi` smfj}zir ol`nni bi` fmzid oifj}. Fmz}xiei j}`ni fiomf}e |i`n jm`i`n sizl`|i dia}s fm`o}zil xi`oi`n blsmrlix ri`neil jlsi rmzblzl bizl jiaisi` e}fr}f j}`ni jmzj}`ni smxi`oi`n rid}`.
Dljlsc}s
zksisl`m`sls fmz}xiei`
j}`ni
|i`n
smfx}z`i.
Fm`}z}r
Elfjiaa $:883? 3=8, fm`niriei` jid~i! j}`ni smxir} l`l fmflalel fidekri j}`ni |i`n rmzblzl bizl = amfjiz iri} amjld olei fmz}xiei` dljzlbi. Ri`neil x}rle jmzjm`r}e smal`bmz xi`oi`n blemalal`nl ri`neil sizl jmzjm`r}e kwia |i`n jmzrij}zi` smzj}e sizl. Jlol rmzbixir bl biaif r}id jmzjm`r}e eixs}a jmzjlale alfi. X}rle $xlsrla}f, fm`o}a}z ema}iz bzil bisiz j}`ni. J}`ni jlisi fmeiz fm`ndibix em iris! emji~id iri} fm`ndibix emsifxl`n. Xibi }f}f`|i ri`ifi` jmzslgir srmzla bi` rlbie fm`ndislaei` j}id. J}`ni |i`n blam`neixl bm`ni` smzj}e sizl fi}x}` x}rle blsmj}r j}`ni smfx}z`i. Fm`}z}r Cifxjmaa $:883? 3=>, fm`niriei` jid~i! fmselx}` j}`ni rmzsmj}r rlbie fmflalel emakxie fi}x}` fidekri j}`ni. J}`ni rie smfx}z`i ibiaid j}`ni rie am`neix |i`n rlbie fmflalel emxiai sizl iri} x}rle! j}`ni }`lsmes}ia l`l blsmj}r srifl`ir $j}`ni oi`ri`, iri} eizxmair $j}`ni jmrl`i,! rmzni`r}`n xibi e}fx}ai`
kzni`
zmxzkb}esl
fi`i
|i`n
blflalel`|i.
Difxlz
smf}i
emi`meizinifi``|i fm`nnifjizei` emfifx}i` ibixrisl j}`ni rmzdibix xm`|mzj}e $xkaal`irkz, |i`n jmzail`i`. Fm`}z}r I`k`lf I`k`lf
$:899? 2, jid~i! xibi r}fj}di` dmzfixzkblr! dmzfixzkblr! l`blwlb}
ri`ifi` l`l fmfx}`|il j}`ni oi`ri` bi` j}`ni jmrl`i! f}`nel` j}`ni oi`ri` rmzxlsid bm`ni` j}`ni jmrl`i `if}` fisld biaif sir} xkdk` flsia`|i fm`rlf}`. Ri`ifi` jmz}fid sir} bkfl`i` oi`ri`! l`blwlb} ri`ifi` fm`ndislaei` j}`ni oi`ri` bi` j}`ni jmrl`i! `if}` j}`ni oi`ri` amjld bkfl`i`. Ri`ifi` jmzj}`ni sir} bkfl`i` jmrl`i l`blwlb} ri`ifi` l`l fm`ndislaei` j}`ni oi`ri` bi` j}`ni jmrl`i.
JIJ W EMSLFX]AI@
Jmzbisizei` disla xm`nifiri` bizl xzierle}f l`l! fiei blxmzkamd jmjmzixi emslfx}ai` smjinil jmzle}r ? 9. Zmxzkb}esl r}fj}di` rmzjinl fm`oibl zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg bi` zmxzkb}esl nm`mzirlg. :. Zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg rmzoibl smcizi iaifl smbi`nei` zmxzkb}esl nm`mzirlg rmzoibl smcizi j}iri`. 3. Zmxzkb}esl
nm`mzirlg
rmzjinl
fm`oibl
xmfj}idi`
xibi
r}fj}di`
i`nlksxmzfim bi` xmfj}idi` xibi r}fj}di` n|f`ksxmzfim. 2. Kzni` zmxzkb}esl xibi n|f`ksxmzfim blsmj}r ek`}s iri} srzkjla}s. =. Kzni` wmnmrirlg $rmzfis}e r}`is! bi}`! bi` jiri`n, jmzisia bizl r}`is }o}`n bi` r}`is sifxl`n jiri`n |i`n f}ail bizl s}fj} mfjzlk bl biaif jlol.
BIGRIZ X]SRIEI
I`k`lf. :899. Zmxzkb}esl xibi r}fj}di` .drrx ?++~~~.~lelxmbli.kzn+~lel+Zmxzkb}esl xibi r}fj}di`. Bliesms ri`nnia 84 fizmr :899. Iz|}al`i! Blid. :883. Jlkaknl 3. Oieizri ? Mzai`nni. Cifxjmaa! @.I! Zmmcm! OJ! A.N. Flrcdmaa. :888. Jlkaknl rmzomfidi` kamd fi`}a}. Mzai`nni. Oieizri. Cifxjmaa @.I. :883. Jlkakn| . Mzai`nni. Oieizri. Elfjiaa! ^. Okd`. 9<43. Jlkaknl olalb :. Mzai`nni? Oieizri. Wlll % 98>< daf.
IJSRZIE
Xzierle}f |i`n jmzo}b}a ‑Zmxzkb}esl R}fj}di`‖! jmzr}o}i` }`r}e fmfxmaioizl bi` fm`nm`ia slsrmf zmxzkb}esl xibi r}fj}di`. Xzierle}f l`l blaiesi`iei` xibi dizl Eifls! ri`nnia 98 Fizmr :899! X}e}a 93.88&9=.88 ^LJ! Jmzrmfxir bl Aijkzirkzl}f Aijkzirkz l}f _kkaknl! O}z}si` Jlkaknl! Jlkakn l! Gie}aris Firmfirlei bi` Laf} Xm`nmrid}i` Iaif. Iair |i`n bln}`iei` ibiaid slamr. Smbi`nei` jidi` |i`n blj}r}dei` ibiaid Iaifi`b sx! Cimsiaxl`li x}acdmzlfi! Ci``i sx! Cizlci xixi|i! Dljlsc}s zksisl`m`sls! Xl`}s fmze}sll bi` Wi`bi sx. Ibix}` emslfx}ai``|i ibiaid Zmxzkb}esl r}fj}di` rmzjinl fm`oibl zmxzkb}esl wmnmrirlg bi` zmxzkb}esl nm`mzirlg.
AIFXLZI@
Nifjiz 9.9 Dljlsc}s zksisl`m`sls
Nifjiz 9.: Cimsmaxl`li x}acdmzzlfi
drrx?++~~~.nkknam.ck.lb+lfinms;da6lb'calm`r6glzmgkt&i'ds6RXm'zas6kzn.fklaai?m`& ]S?kgglclia'cdi``ma6s'y6j}`ni%smxir}'fmzie
Nifjiz 9.3 Xl`}s fmze}sll
Nifjiz 9.2 Cizlci xixi|i Cizlci xixi|i
drrx?++~~~.nkknam.ck.lb+lfinms;da6lb'calm`r6glzmgkt&i'ds6RXm'zas6kzn.fklaai?m`& ]S?kgglclia'cdi``ma6s'y6j}`ni%xl`}s 'xmxi|i
Nifjiz 9.= Wi`bi sx.
Nifjiz 9.7 Iaifi`bi sx.
drrx?++~~~.nkknam.ck.lb+lfinms;da6lb'calm`r6glzmgkt&i'ds6RXm'zas6kzn.fklaai?m`& ]S?kgglclia'cdi``ma6s'y6j}`ni%i`nnzme 'iaifi`bi
Nifjiz 9.> Ci``i sx. drrx?++~~~.nkknam.ck.lb+lfinms;da6lb'calm`r6glzmgkt&i'ds6RXm'zas6kzn.fklaai?m`& ]S?kgglclia'cdi``ma6s'y6j}`ni%ei`i
