IMPACT IMPACT OFAUTOMATED OFAUTOMATED METER MET ER READING AND ITS I TS ROLE IN PREVENTING ELECTRICAL PILFERAGE
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TABLE OF O F CONTENTS
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Introduction
4
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Objectives
5
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Limitation
5
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Literature review
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Categorization of events
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Definitions of several events
12
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Logic for the generation of events
14
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Methodology
15
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Algorithm
16
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Conclusion
53
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Research Methodology
54
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References
64
7 9
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3
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INTRODUCTION
Power sector has been always the pillar for the progress of any country. India therefore is no excepti exception. on. Power Power sector sector general generally ly has been divide divided d into into three three basic basic sector sectorss first first comes comes the Generation, Transmission and Distribution.
In the early nineties the change in various acts happened, it was the time of reforms. In power sector in 1991 generation, transmission and distribution wereunbundled. The most comprehensive piece of literature came up in 2003 called the INDIAN ELECRICITY ELECRICITY ACT 2003. It was the act that declared generation, distribution and transmission to be a separate entity and opened the three sectors to private sector. sector.
The project deals specifically how the distribution companies design and develop new methods to measure, monitor and collect the electrical usage data from the consumer premises and effectively use the data to maximize the revenue and analyze the things necessary.
The project deals with various approaches taken by the various distribution companies like NDPL to tackle the problem of electrical pilferage with the modern metering techniques like the automated automated meter reading reading technology technology.. The technology technology has helped the company to understand and get the real time data and understand where to focus like what are the areas to stress upon.
Automated meter reading technology has helped the companies to develop a full proof metering structure in west and now in India companies are focusing upon it. The main problem of our country like various other developing nations has been the problem of the AT &C losses i.e. aggregate transmission and commercial losses. In the project it has been tried to understand how this problem of AT AT & c losses can be effectively tackled and understood.
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It has been specifically done with the help of a case taken of Dehradun, with the data provided by Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of the project is to study and understand various approaches that can be taken to tackle various faults that can happen in the meters and lines and how automated meter reading can can be helpful in dealing with such kind of situation.
LIMITATION
Not every company in India except NDPL has been able to implement this concept of AMR so data has been limited to parts in Delhi but companies like UPCL are also working on it so things related to AMR are being thought of which definitely is very promising.
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CHAPTER 2
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TAMPER
VF
CU
CR
L&T TAMPER LOGIC OCCURANCE Vph<168volts for LT <77v for HT Iph>2% OF Ib
Vph>168volts >77volts
persistent time:5 Min
5 min
Imax-I phase>30%Ib 5 minutes
Imax-I ph<30%Ib 15 minutes
Active current negative in any
Active current positive in the
of the phase
same phase
2 minutes
2 minutes
V phase>=340v for LT
V phase>340v for LT Persistence time >
Persistence time >2 MIN
ND
RESTORE
2minutes
SECURE TAMPER LOGIC POT missing
V line=I th (2% of Ib) Vline>Vth
CT
Iline>I th with -ve sign
reversal
(2% of Ib)
CT open
Any current<1% of Ib
CT short
Ir+Iy+Ib+In>10%Ib
Load
I aveg>10% Ib
imbalance
Voltage>Vth 7
Unbalancing between any two currents>30% Persistent time is is 5 min min for all tamper
CATEGORISATION OF THE EVENTS
VOLTAGE RELATED
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1) VOL V OLT TAGE FAILURE! 2) NEUTRAL DISTURBANCE! 3)VOLTAGE UNBALANCE! 4) POWER FAILURE!
CURRENT RELATED
1) THECURRENT REVERSAL 2) C.T OPEN 3) THE LOAD UNBALANCE/ CT SHORT 4)HIGH –NEUTRAL- CURRENT
OTHERS
1) THE LOW POWER FACTOR 2)THE LOW LOAD FACTOR 3) THE NVM FAILURE 4) THE BAD BATTERY 5) DROP IN THE CONSUMPTION 6) AVERAGE AVERAGE VOLTAGE<=20 VOLTAGE<=205 5 VOLTS VOLTS 7) C.T OVERLOAD 8) MAGNETISM 9)THE MANUAL RESET 10) KVARH (Ex) > SANCTIONED LOAD 11) TIME OF DAY CONSUMPTION V/s CATEGORY OF USE 12) KWH REVERSE
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THE Definitions
TAMPE TAM PER RING:
Any abnormal condition identified by the meter is based on set parameters limits created intentionally or system Generated.
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE FAILU FAILURE RE !:
In this type of tamper, the voltage of any one or two of the phases is Missing or reduced from the optimum level. Accordingly the Power computed by the Measuring Element is affected.
C.T OPEN OPEN /C.T SH SHORT ORT
The current is definitely bypassed or secondary circuit is made ope n in such a way that current is flowing in the unload circuit but does not flow through the meter circuit.
CURRWNT URRW NT TRANSF RAN SFOR ORMER MER REVER RE VERSA SAL L
THE Incoming and outgoing are interchanged. THE LOAD IMBALANCE:
In this type of tamper in load is unevenly unev enly distributed between the three phases.
MAGN MA GNET ET ISM IS M:
In this kind of tamper meter is kept under un der the influence of very high magnetic magne tic field, so that meter recording gets disturbed. 10
NEUTRAL NEU TRAL DISTURB DIS TURBANC ANCE E FACTOR:
A very high frequency ac voltage or very dc voltage is injected into the neutral which!! leads to displacement of the neutral from its actual position. As a result voltages are distorted !!& measurement circuit is affected.!!
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LOGICS FOR EXCEPTIONS:
VOLAGE FAILURE
If voltage in any of the three phase’s phase’s drops by 30 Percentof the ref voltage (230V) set for all phases ie, 168 volts for LT & 77 volts for H.T, H.T, then it will be logged as voltage failure by meter software along with the snapshots of current !and energy readings.
a) VOLTAGE VOLTAGE FAIL FAILURE URE PROLONGE PROLO NGED D Any voltage failure that persists for more than FIVE hour continuous from last d ownloaded data date -1 will be termed as prolonged voltage failure. b) LOOSE IS CONNECTION If count of! Voltage failure event is greater than 10 per month & cumulative duration is 5 hour or more.
CURRENT REVERSAL
If current in any of the three phases is the reversed (active current negative) with cumulative duration of 3 hours or more along the with the condition that apparent current current in that particular phase is greater than 10% of Ibasic. OR 12
If the consumption of KWH reverse in the current billing month is a) 5 % of KWH absolute consumption for MDI < =10 KW. KW. b) 1 % of o f KWH absolute consumption for MDI > 1=0 KW. KW.
C.T OPEN OPEN
If line current of any one or the two phases becomes zero, it is termed as CT OPEN. OPEN. It can be further classified for analysis as: a) If line current current in phase phase other than the phase!! phase!!Where Where line line current current is zero is greater greater than 25% of Ib. b) If line current current in phases phases other than than the phase where where of line current current is zero is greater greater than than 10% of Ibasic & less than 25% of Ib.
THE LOAD UNBALANCE
If difference of the current between any of the two phases exceeds 30% of Imax the event will be logged !as load unbalance. It can be classified into following categories
a) If Imax < 20 AMP
(Imax - I phase)>=70% of Imax.
b) If 20 amp
(Imax – I phase)>=60% of Imax. 13
c) If 50 amp
(Imax – I phase)>=50% of Imax.
d) If Imax>70 amp
(Imax – I phase)>=30% of Imax.
METHODOLOGY
Data from the meters are converted into the XML format. From the XML format data will be extracted for analysis. Data are issues and convertibility issues of XML format are assumed will be as resolved definitely.
In the case of Secure and L&T meters methodology to identify and flag the anomalous cases definitely will be with the help of events recorded in the meter and applying the checks over it. i.e. in the case of voltage related events the condition/ ! conditions are tested with a reference meter on the same DT/ feeder, in case of current !related events quantity of current and voltage available in the same meter event is verified of course.
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Cases identified will be sent to the concerned and specificgroup for verification through AMRDA & the feedback will be tracked through through AMRDA however both these information will be updated automatically in SAMPARK.(the centre)
All the logics are shown for LT meters however similar logics will be put in for HT meters as well.
ALGORITHM OF PROLONGED VOLTAGE FAILURE
1) The Start 2) If the duration duration of any voltage voltage failure failure event in in any of 3 phases phases >= 5 hours. hours. Go to step step 3 else go to step 9. 3) If voltage voltage <=168volt <=168volts. s. Go to step step 4 else else go to to step step 9. 4) If curr current ent in in any phases phases >= >= 30 % of of Ib.. Ib..
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5) Compare Compare voltage with with the reference reference meter on same same DT with with time correction correction of both both the meters. 6) If the simila similarr condition condition persis persists ts go to to step 8 else go to 7. 7) Flag Flag the case case to the enforc enforcemen ementt 8) Flag Flag the the case case to the the zone zone.. 9) END.
Compare with reference No If END Zone current duration V< V similar Enforcement < 16 voltage 8 in condition Vofany any other phase persists phases VF event > 30% 30>= % 5 hour continuous (R, PROLONGED VOLTAGE meter(POLYPHASE OR CT) on same Ib Y, B phases) phases ) START FAILURE DT with time correction of both the meters with the voltage range of +- 2%.
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ALGO FOR INTERMITTANT VOLTAGE FAILURE
1) The start art 2) If total total duration duration >= >= 5 hours, hours, go to to step 3 else else go to to step 9. 9. 3) If voltage voltage failure failure event count> count>= = 10/month, 10/month, go to step step 4 else go to step step 9. 4) If current current in the same same phase > =30% of Ib, go to to step 5 else else go to to step 9. 5) Check reference reference meter meter on same same DldmcT DldmcT with with time correcti corrections ons of both both meters. meters. 6) If similar similar conditi condition on persists, persists, go go to the step step 7 else go to step step 8. 7) Flag Flag the the case case to to zone zone.. 8) Refe Referr to Enfo Enforc rcem emen ent. t. 9) End.
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NO If YES Total Tot If al similar Durationof IfIF Iph>30% condition VF EVENT VFofpersists >Ib= 5 Hours Count >10/month
FLOWCHART FOR INTERMITTANT VOLTAGE FAILURE.
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ALGO FOR CT REVERSAL
1) Start 2) If the any CT reversal reversal event event persiste persistent nt time >= >= 3 hours, go go to step 3 else else go to step 9. 3) If the apparent apparent current current in any any phase phase > 30% of Ib,go to to step 4 else else go to to step 5. 5. 4) Flag Flag the the case case to the the MMG. MMG. 5) End.
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IfIfES apparent any CT Reversal current inevent any phase persistent I basic time > 30% >= 3 NO Y hour of
Ib
ALGOFOR CT OPEN :
1) START
2) If the line current in any 2/1 phase is zero, go to step 3 else go to STEP 9
3) If I line of the /1>30 AMP of Ib, go to step 4 else go to STEP 6
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4) If the persistent time >=3hrs; go to step 5 else go to STEP 9
5) Refer to the Enforcement.
6) If 10 AMP< =IL<30 AMP of Ib, go to step 7 else go to STEP9
7) If Persistent Time >3hrs; go to step 8 else go to STEP 9
8) To To be checked che cked by AMREAD group
9) END
NO If If YES ILine persistent lineCurrent in any time phase in is any >= 2/1 2/1 phase ph is 3 10 3hrs ase > hrs A30 MP< = coAMP 0ntinuous ntinu A I mp11 line<30 ous AMP
CT OPEN
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ALGORITHM FOR POWER FAILURE /CURRENT WITHOUT VOLTAGE
1) Start 2) If the Billing Billing ON duration duration in the current current billing billing month month is less than than 28 day in current reset, go to step 3 else go to step 10. 3) Check the instants instants where where voltage voltage in all the three three phases is 0 volts volts in the same billing billing period.!! 4) If current current in all the the three phases phases are are 0 amps at the the same instant instant,, go to step 5 else else go to step 9.!1 5) If the persist persistent ent time>= time>= 4 hours continuous, continuous, go to step step 6 else else go to step 10. 10. 6) Compare Compare with a reference reference meter on same same DT with with time correction correction of both both the meters. meters. 7) If similar similar conditi condition on persists persists,, go to the the step 8 else go to step step 9 8) Flag Flag the the cas casee to Zone Zone.. 9) Flag Flag the the case case to to enfor enforceme cement. nt. 10) End. End.
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If billing on period time< 28days in the NO current reset YES
YES
If current in all phases=0 amp at the same instant
NO
YES
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Persistent time> = 4 hours continuous
NO
YES Compare voltage with reference meter(POLYPHASE meter(POLYPHASE OR CT) on same DT with time correction of both the meters with voltage range of +- 2%.
YES NO ALGORITHM FOR NEUTRAL
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DISTURBANCE
1) START@ 2) If any@ 3) @neutral @neutral disturbance disturbance event event is logged logged got to to step 3 else else go to step 12. 12. 4) If @the @the meter is of L&T L&T make,go make,go to to step 4 else else go to to step 9 5) If the cumulat cumulative ive duration duration is is > 3 hours hours go to to step 5 else else go to to step 12. 12. 6) compare with with the referen reference ce meter with with time time correction correction of both both meters!! meters!! 7) If similar similar condit condition ion persist persistss go to step step 7 else else go to step step 8.!! 8.!! 8) Refe Referr to to zon zone. e.!! !! 9) Refe Referr to ENF ENF.! .!!! 10) Check the tamper count of ND. 10) If tamper count =25 go g o to step 11 else go to step 11) Flag the case to ENF. 25
12) End.
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NO If cumulativ cumula tamper tam neutral the similar per meter tive co disturbance condition eunt isduration ofofL&T ND persists event >=25 = 3in ishours in last lasr logged make 30 days days
ALGO FOR LOAD UNBALANCE
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1) Start. 2) Calculate maximum the current in any phase. 3) If Imax < 30 amp, go to step 4 else go step 10.@ 4) Calculate k = (Imax – Iph)@ 5) If k > 70 % of Imax, go to step 6 else go to step 15.@ 6) Check the phase with minimum current@ 7) Check total duration.@ 8) If duration of any phase > 60 % of total duration go to step 9 else go to step15.@ 9) Flag the case to ENF & go to step 17.@ 10) If the event is restored go to step 11 else go to step 9.@ 11) If 30 amp < Imax < 60 amp, a mp, go to step 11, else go to step 9.@ 12) Calculate k = (Imax – Iph).@ 13) If k > 60 % of Imax, go to step 6 else go to step 15.@ 14) If I max > 60 amp, go tostep 9 else go to 15.@ 15) End.
Check If Flag Calculate ENDING Cal START K Imax< K>70% duration K=(Imax K=( ≥to60% maximum the whether w If ENF Imaxhether 30 /Imax of in40% eany ach redphase. or phase. Iph)/Imax current of notto tal durations durations
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ALGO FOR NVM FAILURE/ BAD BATTERY
1) Start 2) If meter is of secure make; go to step 3 else go to step 5. 3) If NVM/BAD BATTER BATTERY Y flag is YES, go to step 4 else go to step 5. 4) Flag the case to MMG. 5) End.
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NO If NVM NV the M meter /BadisBattery Batter of SECURE y make flag=YES
A
LGO FOR MANUAL RESET
1) Start 2) If MDs RESET for the current billing month = manual,go to step3 else go to step 6. 3) Flag the case to HRBing for bill correction/MMG & ENF for site verification status. 4) If site the verification status is yes, go to step 6 else go to step 5. 5) Flag the case to ENF. 6) End.
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If site MD verification RESET for the status current is billing month onYES=RESET manual manual MANUAL
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ALGO FOR LOW LOAD CASES
1) Start 2) If low the load flag is on Go To Step 6 Else Step 3 3) If KWH of consumption in the current cu rrent billing month<150 units, go to step 4 else to step 6. 4) If sanctioned is load > 5 kW, kW, go to step 5 else go to step 6. 5) Flag the case to MMG for the site inspection. 6) End.
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NO IF If KWH sanctio san Low ctioned load consumption nedflag loadon>5 in the curre nt billing month<150 kW units
ALGO FOR DROP IN CONSUMPTION
1) Start 2) If any exception flag is ON go to step 10 else go to step 3.@ 2) If drop in consumption is greater than 90 % go to step 7 else go to step 4.@ 4) If 90% > drop in consumption consu mption > 50%,go to step 8 else e lse go to step 5.@ 5) If 50 % > drop in consumption for the current billing month > 25 %,go to step 6 else go to step 10.@ 6) If 50 % > drop in consumption for the previous month >25 %,go to step 8 else go to step 9.@ 7) Flag the case to zone & go to step 10.@ 33
8) Flag the case to ENF & go to step 10.@ 9) Flag the case to AMR & go to step 10.@ 10) END.
NO Checked If 90 Y Checke 50%< ES any D%> IC exception (If d(If for by drop D the AMR AIMR Ccurrent inFLAG for KWH KW the Hbilling is ON previous prev current Group consumption month) month iousbilling billing ) > for 90month) month the % month) current ) <75 < 75 billing <75 % % month)>50 month)>50% %
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ALGORITHM ALGORIT HM FOR AVERAGE AVERAGE VOLT VOLTAGE
1) START 2) CALCULATE CALCULATE THE AVERAGE VOLT VOLTAGE from Voltage Voltage Profile Profile 3) If Voltage Voltage Profile is < 205 Volts Volts Go to STEP 4 ELSE GOTO STEP STEP 5 4) Flag the case to ZONE/sy ZONE/system stem engineering. engineering. 5) END
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Calculate If average Aver Av voltage erage age
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ALGO FOR LOAD FACTO FACTOR R
1) start 2) Calc Calcul ulat atee load load fact factor or 3) If load load factor factor < 0.05 Go Go to Step Step 4 Else Go To To Step 5 4) Flag Flag the the cas casee to ENF ENF. 5) END
If load facto factorr < .05
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ALGORIT ALGO RITHIM HIM FOR HIGH KVARH KVARH (Exp ( Exp cj)
1) START 2) Calculate Calculate K=Tan K=Tan inverse inverse [KVARh [KVARh (export)/ (export)/KWH KWH (abs)] (abs)] 3) If K< K< 0.85 0.85 go to to step step 4 else else go to to step step 5. 4) Flag Flag the the case case to to MMG/ MMG/AM AMR. R. 5) END If Flag FlaKg < the 0.85 cases to MMG/AMR.@
ALGO FOR METER PARAMETERS
1) START 38
2) The The Check Check the the mete meterr mak makee 3) The If the the meter meter is of Secure Secure make Go to STEP STEP 4 Else Else Go to Step Step 8 4) The Check Check Meter Meter Program, Program, Curren Currentt Tarif Tariff. f. 5) The Maintai Maintain n the data Base of these these parameters parameters 6) The Compare Compare the parameter parameterss of the current current data data base with with the existing existing database database 7) The If misma mismatch tch is found found flag flag the cases cases to ENF ENF Else Else go to step step 10 8) If the meter meter is is of L&T L&T make go go to Step Step 9 Else Else go to Step Step 10 9) Check Check meter meter versi version on ,Go ,Go to STEP STEP 5 10) 10) END END
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If Check Maintain any the the meter meter mismatch ‘meter theispro of of found secure gram, gram,it current L&T database make make tariff
ALGO FOR POWER FACTOR
40
1) START 2) If Avg Power factor factor is greater greater than 1.1 go to step step 3 else go go to Step 4. 3) Chec Check k by AMR AMR Gro Group up.. 4) If 0.35 0.35 < average average power factor <0.55, go to step step 5 else else go to step step 6. 5) Flag Flag the the cas casee to MMG. MMG. 6) End.
If 0.35 average av load erage < avg av factor g power pf> < 10 0.55 facto % r>1.1 r>1 .1
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ALGO FOR REFERENCE METER
1) START 2) The Check Check all all the meter meterss under under particu particular lar DT 3) The Check Check the the meter meter with with highest highest billing billing on time 4) The Check Check the the meter meter with with highest highest sanctioned sanctioned load. load. 5) The Check Check the meter with highest highest consumpt consumption. ion. 6) The If the same same meter meter qualifies qualifies under under any other other exception exception go to step10 step10 else else go to step step 7. 7) The Estab Establis lish h it as refer reference ence mete meterr. 8) The If refere reference nce meter meter = 1, go to step step 11 else else go to to step 9. 9. 9) The The Flag Flag all all cas cases es to to zone. zone. 10) The Check next meter with next higher billing billing on period. 11) End. End.
42
Is Find thethe same meter meter meter with quali highest highest fyingbilling MDI. on Ref Meter =with 1 qualifying ? underfrom time any other the segregated exceptionlist
43
ALGO FOR TIME CORRECTION
1) Start. 2) the Check MRI (while read time). 3) the Check PC (while dump time). 4) the Calculate k= MRI (while read time) – PC (while dump time) 5) If the k > 24 hours, go to step 6 else go to step 7. 6) the Flag the case to MMG GROUP. GROUP. 7) END
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If K > 24 hours
ALGO FOR
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
1) Start. 2) the Check maximum voltage in any phase from the tamper events. 3) If the maximum voltage > = 290 volts, go to step 4 else go to step 10. 4) the Check minimum voltage in the same tamper event. 5) the If minimum voltage < = 190 volts, go to step 6 else go to step 10. 6) Compare with the reference metering 45
7) If the similar condition persists, go to step 8 else go to step 9. 8)flag the case to zoning. 9) Flag the case to ENF. 10) End.
If maximum max minimum minim similar imum um condition voltage vvoltage voltage oltage persisting is >< ==2 90 190 1 90volts VOLTS
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Algo for checking check ing the type of meter.
1. Start 2. Is the manufac manufacturer turer code 1 then then it is SECURE SECURE then go to step step 5 else proceed proceed.. 3. Is the manufac manufacturer turer code 2 then then it is ABB then then go to step step 5 else else proceed.. proceed.. 4. Is the the manufac manufactur turer er code code 3 then then it is L&T. L&T. 5. Check the the meter meter type type if the 3P3W 3P3W then then HT meter else proceed. proceed. 6. Is the primary primary voltage voltage 11KV 11KV then 3P3W HT HT meter else else 3P4W LT LT meter. meter. 7. Go to conc concer erned ned Algo Algori rith thm. m. 8. Stop.
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Algo for LNT /Secure 3P4W
Note: - Leading values are taken as –ve. In case of LNT values used for calculations are KVAr, KVAr, KW and pf. In case of Secure values used for calculation are I active, I reactive and pf.
1. Start 2. Set Count Count =0 and CR flag flag =’NO =’NO’. ’. 3. Chec Check k of ofcoun count. t. 4. If count count =0 take take all of values for R-Phase R-Phase and and go to step step 9 else else go to step 5. 5. If count =1 =1 take all of of values for for Y-Phas Y-Phasee and go to step step 9 else go to step step 6. 6. If count count =2 take take all of values for B-Phase B-Phase and and go to step step 9 else else go to step 7. 7. If count count =3 then then check check of of CR flag flag and and procee proceed. d. 8. If CR flag flag =’yes’ =’yes’ referof referof case to AMR group group and stop else else stop. stop. 9. Check Check if if phas phasee curr current ent ≥ 10% 10% Ib. 10. If no, increment count by 1 and go to step 3else go to step 11. 11. Check if KVAR=0. KVAR=0. 12. If yes then then Ø ph =0˚ incremen incrementt count by 1 and and go to step 3 else else Ø΄=cos Ø΄=cos¹ | ־pf| |pf| and go to to step13.@ 13. If KVAr KVAr ph <0 then go to step 14 else go to step 16.@ 14. Check if KW≥0.@ KW≥0.@ 15. If yes then Ø = - Ø@΄ and go to step 18 else Ø= Ø= - (| Ø΄|+90) ˚ and go to step 18. 16. Check Check if KW≥ KW≥ 0. 17. If yes the Ø = + Ø΄and go to step 18 else set CR flag = Yes and go to step 19. 18. Is Ø <-120 ˚ or >60 ˚ then set CR flag =’Yes’. =’Yes’. 19. Check Check CR flag. flag.
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20. If CR flag =’Yes’ =’Yes’ flag the case to AMR AMR Group and Stop else increment count by 1 and go to step 3.
Algo for 3P3W meters
1. Start 2. Set V ry ry = -30˚ -30˚.. 3. Set count count =0 and faul faulty ty condi conditio tion n flag flag =’No’. =’No’. 4. Is count =0 =0 then take values values for for R-Phase R-Phase and to calculat calculatee Ø r and go to step step 8 else go to to step 5. 5. Is count = 2 then then take values values for B-Phas B-Phasee and to calculate calculate Ø b and and go to step 8 else else go to step 6. 6. If count count = 2 then check check Faulty Faulty Condition Condition Flag Flag (FCF). (FCF).@ @ 7. If FCF =Y =Yes flag the the case to AMR group group and stop else else go to step step 24.@ 8. If Iph ≥ 5% Ib then then go to step step 9 else else increase increase count count by one one and go to to step 4. 9. Ifs V seq. seq. = forwar forward d then go to step step 10 else go to step step 18.@ 18.@ 10. Ø ph = tan ¹ | ־KVAr / KW|.@ KW|.@ 11. If count =0 then Ø ph = Ø r and go to step 12 else Ø ph = Ø b and go to step 15.@ 12. Check if KVAr KVAr > 0 then then go to step 13 else go to step 14.@ 13. Check if KW ≥ 0 then Ø r = (Ø ph - 30) ˚ increment count by 1 and go to step 4 else set @faulty condition flag to ‘Yes’ ‘Yes’ and go to step 7. 14. Check KW ≥ 0 then Ø r = - (Ø ph + 30) ˚ increment count by 1 and go to step 4 else set FCF = Yes and go to step 7. 15. If KVAr KVAr = 0 the Ø b = -90 ˚ else got o step 16. 16. If KW <0 then set FCF = ‘Yes’ ‘Yes’ and go to step 7 else go to step 17. 49
17. If KVAr KVAr < 0 then Ø b = - (90 + Ø ph) ˚ else Ø b = - (90 - Ø ph) ˚. 18. Ø ph = tan ¹ | ־KVAr / KW|. KW|. 19. If count =0 then Ø ph = Ø r and go to step 20 else Ø ph = Ø b and go to step 22. 20. If KW < 0 then set FCF =’Yes’ =’Yes’ and go to step 7 else proceed. 21. If KVAr KVAr < 0 then Ø r = - (Ø ph +30) ˚ increment count by 1 and go to step 4 else Ø r = - (30Ø ph) ˚ increment count by 1 and got to step 4. 22. If KW < 0 then set FCF =’Yes’ =’Yes’ and go to step 7 else proceed. 23. If KVAr KVAr < 0 then Ø b = (30- Ø ph) increment count by 1 and go to step 4 else Ø b = (30+ Ø ph) ˚ increment count by 1 and go to step 4. 24. If V seq= forward forward then θ= (Ør- Øb) else θ= (Ø b- Ø r). 25. If 117.6 ≤ θ ≤ 122.4 then go to step 26 else flag the cae to Amr group and stop. 26. If Vseq = forward and Ør > 90˚ then flag the case to AMR group else proceed. 27. If Vseq = forward and Øb > -30˚ then set flag to yes yes and refer the case to AMR group else proceed. 28. 28. Stop Stop
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FORMAT FORMAT FOR FEEDBACK FROM ENFORCEMENT
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Enforcement Feedback Site Findings Condition Condition S.No.
Events
AMR
of meter
of meter
Other
Finding
before
after
s
opening the
opening
seal
the seal
accuracy check PROLONGED VOLTAGE
1
FAILURE INTERMITTANT VOLTAGE
2 3 4 5
FAILURE CT REVERSAL CT OPEN MDI > 100 KW
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CONCLUSION
•
AMR is the future of the advanced metering practices which will definitely intrude in india.
•
In our analysis of UPCL it is evident that AT and loss can be reduced incredibly.
•
Meters need to be more robust
•
Several improvements needs to be taken care of in the management of various distribution systems.
•
AMR is helpful in i mproving billing efficiency efficiency as well
•
We take a leaf out from the books of western countries.
•
This analysis definitely can help the other states to look towards this direction.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
•
Various algorithm techniques used
•
Various flowcharting techniques used
•
Hypothesis testing
•
Financial analysis of the data of UPCL
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Techniques like NPV , IRR used
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Payback period
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Others
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