^HFRNWTFAJA IJVLW AN TJH JHAWNT BJD^@QJA BJD^@QJ A AN FHONHFNWFJ D^WTL GJTFDL ZID - :;1
[WJDQFDJ Hµ 4
Nstuafjhtn5 Qfdlh Qfdlhjj Zufspn N`fzjgntm Aldnhtn5 Fho. I. Td. Wlgnrtl [jrrj Ungj``ls Bndmj an rnj`fzjdfôh5 > an jgrf` an 7;:2 Bndmj an nhtrnoj5 :7 an jgrf` an 7;:2
7;:2
WNJDDFLHNT Z^FIFDJT FHLWOJHFDJT :. LGENQFRLT
Lgsnrvjr `js rnjddflhns qun blrijh `ls dlipunstls intê`fdls dlil `ls hl intê`fdls.
Wndlhldnr `ls nstjals an lxfajdfôh an `ls n`ninhtls qun pjrtfdfpjh pjrtfdf pjh nh uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj y antnrifhjr `ls jonhtns lxfajhtn y rnaudtlr, nh `ls afbnrnhtns inafls.
Blriu`jr y gj`jhdnjr `js ndujdflhns quéifdjs an `js afvnrsjs rnjddflhns.
7. B^HAJINHQL QNLWFDL Wnjddfôh quéifdj, ns tlaj trjhsblrijdfôh qun nxpnrfinhtj uhj sustjhdfj nh su nstrudturj il`ndu`jr plr jddfôh an ltrj l an uh jonhtn nhnroætfdl, pjrj blrijr ltrjs afbnrnhtns s `js fhfdfj`ns. Qjigfæh sn afdn qun nxfstn uhj trjhsblrijdfôh quéifdj dujhal sn prlaudn uh rnjeustn an êtlils nhtrn `js afbnrnhtns sustjhdfjs pjrj blrijr ltrjs sustjhdfjs qun tfnhnh blriu`js afbnrnhtns j `js sustjhdfjs fhfdfj`ns. Janiês `js rnjddflhns quéifdjs ldurrnh dujhal `ls n`ndtrlhns nh `js nsbnrjs an vj`nhdfj an `ls êtlils y il`ædu`js sn rnjorupjh an tj` jijhnrj qun sn rlipnh y/l blrijh nh`jdns. [lanils fanhtfbfdjr nxpnrfinhtj`inhtn `ls rnjdtfvls y sus prlaudtls plr sus prlpfnajans. Tfh nigjrol, dlh brndunhdfj planils prnandfr `l qun pjsjrj nh uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj sf dlh jhtnrflrfaja mnils vfstl uhj rnjddfôh sninejhtn hjturj`inhtn, n` rndlhldfifnhtl an uh pjtrôh onhnrj` an rnjdtfvfaja pjrj uhj d`jsn an sustjhdfj, prlplrdflhj uhj dliprnhsfôh iês jip`fj qun sl`l inilrfzjr uh orjh hõinrl an rnjddflhns sfh rn`jdfôh j`ouhj. @j tjg`j pnrfôafdj jyuaj nh nstn snhtfal, rn`jdflhjhal `js rnjddflhns an rnjdtfvls an `j ifsij bjif`fj y jsnineêhal`ls. Qjigfæh planils lgsnrvjr rnjddflhns djrjdtnréstfdjs an d`jsns pjrtfdu`jrns an dlipunstls. Onhnrj`inhtn `js rnjddflhns quéifdjs sn d`jsfbfdjh nh als tfpls5 `js qun subrnh rnafstrfgudfôh an n`ndtrlhns j inafaj qun `js sustjhdfjs rnjddflhjhtns blrijh prlaudtls, y jqun``js nh `js qun hl mjy rnafstrfgudfôh an n`ndtrlhns. @j ijylréj an `js rnjddflhns djnh anhtrl an `j prfinrj djtnolréj y sn `ns anhlifhj rnjddflhns an ôxfal-rnauddfôh.
Dujhal ldurrn uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj, `ls prlaudtls lgtnhfals prnsnhtjh afbnrnhtns djrjdtnréstfdjs dlh rn`jdfôh j `ls rnjdtfvls, `j nstrudturj il`ndu`jr djigfj, an tj` ilal qun nxfstnh djigfls an dl`lr, l`lr, anhsfaja, ntd.3 nh iudmjs an nstjs trjhsblrijdflhns punanh ldurrfr djigfls an nstjal an `j ijtnrfj, ns andfr blrijdfôh an ojsns, `équfals l sô`fals. Tn afdn qun ldurrn uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj dujhal sn blrijh l rlipnh `ls nh`jdns quéifdls u ldurrnh jigjs dlsjs nh uh prldnsl an djigfl prlbuhal nh `js djrjdtnréstfdjs an `j ijtnrfj. @j rnprnsnhtjdfôh nsdrftj an uh djigfl quéifdl sn anhlifhj rnjddfôh quéifdj, y sn rnj`fzj plr inafl an` usl an séigl`ls an `ls n`ninhtls y bôriu`js an `ls dlipunstls tjhtl pjrj `ls rnjdtfvls dlil pjrj `ls prlaudtls. Ansan uh puhtl an vfstj an `j quéifdj fhlroêhfdj sn punanh plstu`jr als orjhans ilan`ls pjrj `js rnjddflhns quéifdjs an `ls dlipunstls fhlroêhfdls5 rnjddflhns jdfal gjsn l rnjddflhns an hnutrj`fzjdfôh (sf djigfls an nstjal an lxfajdfôh) y rnjddflhns rnalx (dlh djigfls an nstjal an lxfajdfôh). J`ouhls an `ls bjdtlrns qun jbndtjh `j vn`ldfaja an uhj rnjddfôh slh5 `j hjturj`nzj an `j rnjddfôh, `j dlhdnhtrjdfôh, prnsfôh nh rnjddflhns ojsnlsjs, n` lranh, `j tnipnrjturj, n` sl`vnhtn, `j rjafjdfôh n`ndtrlijohætfdj n fhtnhsfaja an `j `uz, djtj`fzjalr, `js supnrbfdfns an dlhtjdtls y n` inzd`jal. Nh uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj `j djhtfaja qun sn sun`n lgtnhnr an uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj ns inhlr qun `j djhtfaja tnôrfdj. Rnrfbfdjdfôh n fanhtfbfdjdfôh an uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj [lr lgsnrvjdfôh an `ls djigfls qun sn prlaudnh nh n` jspndtl bésfdl an `js sustjhdfjs rnjddflhjhtns5 djigfl an l`lr, ansprnhafifnhtl an uh ojs l an prlaudtls dlh afbnrnhtn sl`ugf`faja. Lgsnrvjr n` fhtnrdjigfl an nhnroéj, ns andfr sf `j rnjddfôh sn prlaudn dlh `fgnrjdfôh l jgslrdfôh an nhnroéj (nhaltærifdj l nxltærifdj). @j vn`ldfaja an `j rnjddfôh, ns andfr `j vn`ldfaja dlh `j qun `j trjhsblrijdfôh sn vnrfbfdj y `ls bjdtlrns qun `j jbndtjh qun slh5 tnipnrjturj, dlhdnhtrjdfôh y prnsnhdfj an ltrjs sustjhdfjs (djtj`fzjalrns). D`jsfbfdjdfôh an `js rnjddflhns quéifdjs
j) [lr `j hjturj`nzj an `js sustjhdfjs -
An dligfhjdfôh, jafdfôh l séhtnsfs5 dujhal als sustjhdfjs rnjddflhjh pjrj ajr
lrfonh j uhj sl`j. J + G ↗ D -
An ansdliplsfdfôh5 dujhal uhj sustjhdfj sn ansdliplhn nh als l ijs an ss
dliplhnhtns. J ↗ G + D -
An sustftudfôh l ansp`jzjifnhtl sfip`n5
dujhal uhj an `js sustjhdfjs
rnjddflhjhtns ansp`jzj j ltrj sustjhdfj an uh dlipunstl, qunajhal n` n`ninhtl nh blrij `fgrn. J + GD ↗ JD ↗ JD +G -
An
sustftudfôh
l
ansp`jzjifnhtl
alg`n5 dujhal
`js uhfajans quéifdjs
fhtnrdjigfjh plsfdflhns, ijhtnhfnhal su fanhtfaja quéifdj. JG +DA ↗ JD JD + GD g) [lr `j blrij an an fhtnrdjigfl fhtnrdjigfl an nhnroéj -
Nxltærifdjs5 rnjddflhns alhan nxfstn uhj `fgnrjdfôh an nhnroéj.
-
Nhaltærifdjs5 rnjddflhns alhan nxfstn uh nhbrfjifnhtl l jgslrdfôh an nhnroéj.
d) [lr n` snhtfal an `j rnjddfôh -
Wnvnrsfg`ns5 dujhal punan rnjddflhjr nh jigls snhtfals.
-
Frrnvnrsfg`ns5 dujhal rnjddflhjh nh uh sl`l snhtfal.
a) [ lr `j trjhsbnrnhdf trjhsb nrnhdfj j an n`ndtrlhns n`ndtrlhns
Wnjddflhns dlh trjhsbnrnhdfj an n`ndtrlhns. Dujhal mjy trjhsbnrnhdfj an n`ndtrlhns l rnjddflhns rnalx.
4. [WLDNAFIFNHQL N][NWFINHQJ@
1. DÊ@D^@LT V WNT^@QJALT 1.:. QF[LT AN WNJDDFLHNT
Nxpnrfinhtl :
Wnjddflhns5
[g (HL4)7 + Hj7TL1
7 [gTL1 + HjHL4
[gTL1 + 7 HM1DM4DLL ↗ [g (DM4DLL) 7 + (HM1)7TL1 [g (DM4DLL) 7 + 7 MD` ↗ [gD`7 + DM4DLLM [g (DM4DLL) 7 + C7DrL1 ↗ 7 DM4DLLC + [gDrL1 Lgsnrvjdfôh5 Jigls rnjdtfvls nh prfhdfpfl slh fhdl`lrls pnrl j` mjdnr`ls rnjddflhjr sn
tlrhj an dl`lr g`jhdl `ndmn j` jújafr`n HM1DM4DLL andl`lrjdfôh j trjhspjrnhtn, j
uhj an `js als snpjrjdflhns j` jújafr`n C 7DrL1 sn vun`vn j uh dl`lr jijrf``l g`jhqundfhl, y j `j ltrj iftja `n jornojils MD` y puafils lgsnrvjr sô`fals nh suspnhsfôh.
Nxpnrfinhtl 7
Wnjddflhns5
Io + 7 MD` ↗ IoD`7 + M7 IoD`7 + 7 Hj (LM) ↗ Io (LM) 7 + 7 HjD` Io (LM)7 + 7 + 7 MD` ↗ IoD`7 + 7 M7L
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` ijohnsfl intê`fdl prnsnhtj grf``l intê`fdl dlil duj`qufnr intj`, j`
mjdnr`l rnjddflhjr dlh sl`udfôh dlhdnhtrjaj an MD` sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr g`jhqundfhl dlh ansprnhafifnhtl an ojs mfarlonhl, J` jújafr`n mfarôxfal an slafl sn blrij uh prndfpftjal g`jhdl on`jtfhlsl. V j` afvfafr nstj inzd`j nh als pjtns sf j `j prfinrj `n jornojils êdfal d`lrméarfdl sn prlaudn uhj rnjddfôh rêpfaj, sn prlaudn uhj sl`udfôh fhdl`lrj. J `j snouhaj plrdfôh `n jornojils mfarôxfal an slafl y planils lgsnrvjr qun `j rnjddfôh ns `nhtj, l nh nstn djsl hl nxfstn rnjddfôh. Qjigfæh sn pual hltjr qun `j rnjddfôh ns nxltærifdj.
Êdfal d`lrméarfdl ijs Ijohnsfl intê`fdl
Nxpnrfinhtl 4
Wnjddflhns5
7 HjMDL4 ↗ Hj7DL4 + DL7 + M7L DL7 + Dj (LM)7 ↗ DjDL4 + M7L
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` gfdjrglhjtl an slafl sn ansdliplhn j` jp`fdjr`n dj`lr nh ojs afôxfal an
djrglhl, vjplr an jouj y djrglhjtl an slafl sô`fal. [uafils hltjr n` ansprnhafifnhtl an` ojs afôxfal an djrglhl j` vnr qun sn prlauel uh gurguenl nh n` jouj an dj` `l duj` prlvldl su nhturgfjifnhtl, sj`fnhal jsé uh ojs mõinal.
Ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns an` dj`nhtjifnhtl an` gfdjrglhjtl an slafl
Nxpnrfinhtl 1
Wnjddfôh5
Bn + DuTL1 ↗ BnTL1 + Du
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` mfnrrl intê`fdl rnjddflhl dlh `j sl`udfôh an su`bjtl dõprfdl qun ns an
dl`lr dn`nstn, tlrhêhalsn anspuæs an uh dl`lr jijrf``nhtl blriêhalsn uh sô`fal nh suspnhsfôh qun rnjddflhl dlip`ntjinhtn anspuæs an dj`nhtêhal`l mjstj djsf ngu``fdfôh.
Wnjddfôh an` su`bjtl dõprfdl y Mfnrrl intê`fdl, sn lgsnrvj `j blrijdfôh an uh sl`fal nh suspnhsfôh.
1.7. WNJDDFLHNT NH INAFL JDFAL
Nxpnrfinhtl :
Wnjddfôh5
7 CIhL1 + 4 M7TL1 + M7L7 ↗ 7 IhTL1 + 4 L7 + 1 M7L + C7TL1
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
CIhL1
Jo nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
M7L7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 Nh prfhdfpfl n` pnrijhojhjtl an pltjsfl prnsnhtj uhj dl`lrjdfôh purpurj,
ifnhtrjs qun n` êdfal su`bõrfdl ns fhdl`lrl, j` rnjddflhjr n` êdfal su`bõrfdl dlh n`
pnrijhojhjtl an pltjsfl sn vun`vn an uh dl`lr purpurj jzu`jal y j` jornojr`n j` jornojr`n oltjs an pnrôxfal an mfarlonhl `j sl`udfôh sn andl`lrl vl`vfæhalsn fhdl`lrj.
Wnjddfôh an [nrijhojhjtl an pltjsfl ijs Jdfal su`bõrfdl
Tl`udfôh an pnrijhojhjtl an pltjsfl dlh êdfal su`bõrfdl y êdfal lxê`fdl
Nxpnrfinhtl 7
Wnjddfôh5
7 CIhL1 + 4 M7TL1 + > M7D7L1 ↗ 7 IhTL1 + :; DL7 + = M7L + C7TL1 J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
CIhL1
Jo nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
M7D7L1
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 J` rnjddflhjr n` pnrijhojhjtl an pltjsfl dlh n` êdfal su`bõrfdl sn blrij
uhj sl`udfôh j `j duj` plstnrflrinhtn sn `n jornojh j`ouhls drfstj`ns an M7D7L1 `unol `j
sl`udfôh sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr hjrjhej d`jrl.
Nxpnrfinhtl 4
Wnjddfôh5
7 CIhL1 + :2 MD` ↗ 7 IhD`7 + > D`7 + = M7L + 7 CD`
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
CIhL1
Jo nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
MD`
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` pnrijhojhjtl an dl`lr purpurj j` mjdnr`l rnjddflhjr dlh n` êdfal
d`lrméarfdl, hl sn punal hltjr n` ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns, `j sl`udfôh bfhj` prnsnhtl uhj dl`lrjdfôh tjigfæh purpurj.
Nxpnrfinhtl 1
Wnjddfôh5
CFL4 + 4 M7TL1 + > CF ↗ 4 F7 + 4 M7L + 4 C7TL1
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn5
CFL4
J o nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
CF
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 n` ylajtl an pltjsfl rnjddflhô dlh n` êdfal su`bõrfdl n flaurl an pltjsfl,
rnjddflhjhal an blrij nxltærifdj, y `j sl`udfôh bfhj` prnsnhtjgj uh dl`lr vnran jijrf``nhtl, dlh `j nxfstnhdfj an prndfpftjal hnorl.
Nxpnrfinhtl >
Wnjddfôh5
Du + 1 MHL4 ↗ Du (HL4)7 + 7 HL7 + 7 M7L
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
MHL4
J o nhtn W naudtlr 5
Du
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` dlgrn intê`fdl prnsnhtj uh dl`lr rlefzl lsdurl qun j` mjdnr rnjddflhjr
dlh n` êdfal hétrfdl fhdl`lrl, sn pual lgsnrvjr n` ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns orfsns,
tlrhêhalsn jsé `j sl`udfôh an uh dl`lr turqunsj j` prfhdfpfl, `unol vl`vfæhalsn j hjrjhejal y bfhj`inhtn sn vfl an uh dl`lr dn`nstn.
Nxpnrfinhtl 2
Wnjddfôh5
C7DrL1 + M7TL1 + M7L7 ↗ Dr 7 (TL1)4 + L7 + M7L + C7TL1
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
C7DrL1
J o nhtn nhtn W naudt naudtlr5 lr5
M7L7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 N` drlijtl an pltjsfl an uh dl`lr jijrf``nhtl rnjddflhô dlh n` êdfal
su`bõrfdl fhdl`lrl, `j sl`udfôh sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr hjrjhej vfvl y j` jornojr`n n` pnrôxfal an mfarôonhl sn blriô uhj sl`udfôh an dl`lr jzu` ijrfhl j` prfhdfpfl y anspuæs an joftjr`l an uh dl`lr vnran nsinrj`aj.
Nxpnrfinhtl ?
Wnjddfôh5
DL (HM7)7 + 7 HjHL7 + 7 MD` ↗ 7 H7 + DL7 + 4 M7L + 7 HjD`
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
HjHL7
J o nhtn nhtn W naudt naudtlr5 lr5
DL (HM7)7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 j` mjdnr rnjddflhjr nstls dlipunstl puafils hltjr n` ansprnhafifnhtl an
ojsns, `j sl`udfôh hl prnsnhtl prndfpftjal y bun fhdl`lrj, hltêhalsn tjigfæh qun nstj rnjddfôh bun nxltærifdj.
Nxpnrfinhtl =
Wnjddfôh5
6 D2M>DM7LM + 7 C7Dr 7L? + > M7TL1 ↗ 6 D2M>DML + Dr 7 (TL1)4 + :1 M :1 M7L + 7 C7TL1 J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
C7Dr 7L?
J o nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
D2M>DM7LM
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 Nh nstj rnjddfôh sn pual lgsnrvjr uhj rnjddfôh iuy pldl hltlrfj yj qun
hl vfils ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns hf puafils hltjr `j blrijdfôh an hfhoõh prndfpftjal, tjipldl sf `j rnjddfôh bun nxltærifdj l nhaltærifdj.
1.4. WNJDDFLHNT NH INAFL J@DJ@FHL
Nxpnrfinhtl :
Wnjddfôh5
7 CIhL1 + M7L7 ↗ 7 IhL7 + 7 L7 + 7 CLM
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
CIhL1
Jo nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
M7L7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 Nh nstj rnjddfôh puafils lgsnrvjr `j blrijdfôh an als bjsns nh `j sl`udfôh
an dl`lr djbæ drfstj`fhl y uh prndfpftjal an dl`lr pjral.
Nxpnrfinhtl 7
Wnjddfôh5
Dl (HL4)7 + HjLM + M7L7 ↗ Dl (LM)4 + L7 + M7L + HjHL4
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
Dl (HL4)7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 @j sl`udfôh an Dl (HL 4)7
Jo nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
M7L7
prnsnhtl uhj dl`lrjdfôh rlsjaj y j` mjdnr
rnjddflhjr dlh n` mfarôxfal an slafl fhdl`lrl, sn lgsnrvô qun sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr vfl`ntj
dlh j`ouhls sô`fals nh suspnhsfôh, dlh n` pnrôxfal an mfarlonhl sn blriô uhj sl`udfôh djbæ dlh uh prndfpftjal an uh dl`lr lsdurl. 1.1. WNJDDFLHNT NH INAFL HN^QWL
Nxpnrfinhtl :
Wnjddfôh5
7 CIhL1 + 7 HjHL7 + M7L ↗ 7 IhL7 + 4 HjHL4 + 7 CLM
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
CIhL1
J o nhtn W naudtlr5 naud tlr5
HjHL7
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 n` dl`lr an` ijhojhjtl an pltjsfl purpurj j` rnjddflhjr dlh n` hftrftl an
slafl nh sl`udfôh jdulsj sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr purpurj iês lsdurl.
Nxpnrfinhtl 7
Wnjddfôh5
DuTL1 + 1 CF ↗ DuF 7 + F7 + 7 C7TL1
J o nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5 CF DuTL1 Lgsnrvjdfôh5 @j sl`udfôh an su`bjtl an dlgrn ns an dl`lr dn`nstn turqunsj qun j` J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
rnjddflhjr dlh `j sl`udfôh an ylaurl an pltjsfl, sn tlrhj an uh dl`lr ijrrôh dlh prndfpftjal, tjigfæh sn hltô uh l`lr iuy bunrtn sfif`jr j` an uh j`dlml`.
Wnjddfôh an` su`bjtl an dlgrn dlh d lh n` flaurl an pltjdfôh, jhtns y anspuæs.
Nxpnrfinhtl 4
Wnjddfôh5
MoD`7 + Du ↗ Mo + DuD` 7
J o nhtn Lx fajhtn fa jhtn55
MoD`7
J o nhtn nhtn W naudtl naudtlr5 r5
Du
Lgsnrvjdfôh5 J` fhtrlaudfr n` trlzl an dlgrn j `j sl`udfôh an d`lrurl inrdõrfdl, n` dlgrn sn
tlrhj an uh dl`lr p`lil lsdurl. >. FHQNW[WNQJDFLH AN WNT^QJALT @ls rnsu`tjals sn lgtuvfnrlh `j ijylréj nspnrjals plr dlhldfifnhtls tnôrfdls, yj qun nh `j ijylréj an `ls djsls puafils lgtnhnr prndfpftjals l ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns dlil sn fhafdjgj nh `j ouéj. Fhvnstfojhal slgrn j`ouhjs an `js rnjddflhns sn lgtuvfnrlh rnsu`tjals sfif`jrns sfif`jr ns n fouj`ns nh `j ijylréj an `ls djsls, y juhqun hl sfniprn sn `lorjh `ls lgentfvls dlh uh rnhafifnhtl fanj` yj snj plr `js fipurnzjs, `js djhtfajans an `ls rnjdtfvls nhtrn ltrls, sn punanh hltjr `ls djigfls bésfdls y tjigfæh quéifdls, n` lgentfvl ns hltjr n` djigfl an nstjal, ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns, l prnsnhtjdfôh an prndfpftjals, an `js afbnrnhtns rnjddflhns rnalx, pjrj hltjr `js prlpfnajans an djaj uhl an `ls n`ninhtls l dlipunstls an `js afvnrsjs bjif`fjs an `j tjg`j pnrfôafdj.
2. DLHD@^TFLHNT Tn
gj`jhdnjrlh `js ndujdflhns quéifdjs p`jtnjajs pjrj djaj uhj an `js rnjddflhns
qun nxpnrfinhtjils nh n` `jglrjtlrfl. Tn
puafnrlh rndlhldnr `ls nstjals an lxfajdfôh an `ls n`ninhtls qun pjrtfdfpjrlh
nh uhj rnjddfôh quéifdj y sn antnrifhjrlh `ls jonhtns lxfajhtn y rnaudtlr, nh `ls afbnrnhtns inafls tjhtl jdfal, gêsfdl dlil hnutrl.
Tn lgsnrvjrlh `js rnjddflhns qun blrijh `ls dlipunstls intê`fdls dlil `ls hl intê`fdls, nh `ls inafls jdfal, gêsfdl y hnutrl.
^hj
vnz iês sn puafnrlh hltjr `js prlpfnajans bésfdjs y quéifdjs an `ls afvnrsls
n`ninhtls an `j tjg`j pnrfôafdj, yj nstuafjals nh prêdtfdjs jhtnrflrns. Tn
pual hltjr vjrfnaja an rnjddflhns quéifdjs dlil n` ansprnhafifnhtl an ojsns
j`ouhls tôxfdls, y n` djigfl an dl`lrjdfôh jsé dlil tjigfæh `j prnsnhdfj an prndfpftjal nh j`ouhjs an `js rnjddflhns.
[uafils
antnrifhjr sf j`ouhj rnjddfôh nrj nhaltærifdj l nxltærifdj plr inafl an
dlhtjdtl dlh n` tugl an nhsjyl, hltjhal jsé n` nhbrfjifnhtl y dj`nhtjifnhtl an` ifsil. ?. D^NTQFLHJWFL :) Anbfhfr nh blrij rnsuifa `ls sfoufnhtns dlhdnptls5 Flh5 Ns uhj pjrtédu`j djrojaj n`ædtrfdjinhtn dlhstftufaj plr uh êtlil l
il`ædu`j qun hl ns n`ædtrfdjinhtn hnutrl. Djtfôh5 Flh qun tfnhn djroj plsftfvj y prldnan an uh n`ninhtl
n`ndtrlplsftfvl. Jhfôh5 Ns uh flh dlh djroj n`ædtrfdj hnojtfvj, ns andfr qun mj ojhjal
n`ndtrlhns. Rj`nhdfj5 Ns n` hõinrl an n`ndtrlhns qun tfnhn uh n`ninhtl nh su õ`tfil
hfvn` an nhnroéj.
Huinrl an lxfajdfôh5 Ns uh hõinrl nhtnrl qun rnprnsnhtj n` hõinrl an n`ndtrlhns qun uh êtlil plhn nh eunol dujhal blrij uh dlipunstl antnrifhjal. N` hõinrl an lxfajdfôh ns plsftfvl sf n` êtlil pfnran n`ndtrlhns.
Wnauddfôh5 Ns Wnauddfôh5 Ns `j ojhjhdfj an n`ndtrlhns plr pjrtn an duj`qufnr nspndfn
quéifdj. Lxfajdfôh5 Ns Lxfajdfôh5 Ns uh prldnsl quéifdj qun prlaudn `j trjhsblrijdfôh an uh
dunrpl dlil dlhsndunhdfj an `j jddfôh an lxfonhl l an uh lxfajhtn.
Inafl Jdfal5 ^h inafl êdfal ns jqun` nh n` qun `j dlhdnhtrjdfôh an prltlhns (M+) an `j sl`udfôh ns ijylr, y plr `l tjhtl n` pM ns inhlr j ?
Inafl Gêsfdl5 ^h inafl gêsfdl ns jqun` nh n` qun `j afsl`udfôh jdulsj jplrtj LM j` inafl y tfnhn uh pM inhlr qun ?.
Inafl Hnutrl5 ^h inafl hnutrl ns jqun` nh n` qun n` pM ns ?.
Jonhtn Wnaudtlr5 Ns jqun` qun dnan n`ndtrlhns j uh jonhtn lxfajhtn.
Jonhtn Lxfajhtn5 Ns `j nspndfn quéifdj qun nh uh prldnsl jdnptj n`ndtrlhns y afsifhuyn su hõinrl an lxfajdfôh
7) Inhdflhjr `js rjzlhns plr `js duj`ns sn rndlifnhaj dlhsnrvjr j`ouhjs sl`udflhns vj`lrjajs nh brjsdls lsdurls.
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[lrqun j`ouhls dlipunstls subrnh rnjddflhns an ansdliplsfdfôh ansdliplsfdfôh l fhtnrjddflh dlh n` sl`vnhtn nh prnsnhdfj an `j `uz (prndfpftjdfôh, lsdurndfifnhtl, pl`finrfzjdfôh, pl`finrfzjdfôh, ntd.)
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Angfal j qun `js sustjhdfjs slh jgslrgnhtns an nhnroéj, angfal j sus nh`jdns, y j` jgsl`vnr nhnroéj an `j `uz jigfnhtj`, prlvldj lxfajdfôh.
4) ¼snrê plsfg`n j`ijdnhjr uhj sl`udfôh an su`bjtl an dlgrn, nh uh rndfpfnhtn intê`fdl an Ufhd l an [`jtj< Nxp`fqun su rnspunstj. Hl, yj qun ldurrfrê uhj rnjddfôh an sfip`n sustftudfôh y n` dlgrn rndugrfréj `j supnrbfdfn an dlhtjdtl dlh n` rndfpfnhtn. 1) Nsdrfgj `js ndujdflhns quéifdjs an` prldnsl an prlauddfôh pjrj n` êdfal su`bõrfdl, êdfal d`lrméarfdl, êdfal hétrfdl y urnj j hfvn` fhaustrfj` j pjrtfr an ijtnrfjs prfijs y/l fhsuils. -
An `j pfrftj lgtnhnils TL7 anspuæs5 7 TL7 + L7 ↗ 7 TL4 TL4 + M7L ↗ M7TL1
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[lr rnjddfôh afrndtj an jigls dliplhnhtns5 MD` + D`7 + M7 ↗ 7 MD` + DJ@LW
-
J pjrtfr an` jilhfjdl5 1 HM4 + > L7 ↗ 1 HL + 2 M 7L 7 HL + L7 ↗ 7 HL7 4 HL7 + M7L ↗ 7 MHL4 + HL
-
J pjrtfr an jilhfjdl y afôxfal an djrglhl5 7 HM4 + DL7 ↗ M7HDLLHM1 (Djrgjijtl) M7HDLLHM1 ↗ DL (HM7)7 + M7L
>) Fouj`jr `js sfoufnhtns rnjddflhns plr n` iætlal an` flh n`ndtrôh5 j) = MHL4 + 4 DaT ↗ 4 Da (HL4)7 + 7 HL + 4 T + 1 M7L >n + 2 M +: + HL4 -: ↗ HL + 4 M7L T-7 ↗ T + 7n
*7 *>
:;n + :;n + :7 M +: + 7 HL4 -: + > T-7 ↗ 7 HL + 2 M 7L + > T + :;n
g) 7 CIhL1 + :2 MD` ↗ 7 CD` + 7 IhD`7 + = M7L + > D`7 >n + = M +: + IhL1 -: ↗ Ih+7 + 1 M7L 7 D`-: ↗ D`7 + 7n
*7 *>
:;n + :;n + :2 M +: + 7 IhL 1 -: + :; D`-: ↗ 1 Ih+7 + = M7L + > D`7 + :;n d) 7 BnD`4 + M7T ↗ 7 BnD`7 + T + 7 MD` :n + Bn+4 ↗ Bn+7
*7
T-7 ↗ T + 7n
*:
7n + 7 Bn+4 + T-7 ↗ 7 Bn+7 + T + 7n a) 7 C7Dr 7L? + = M7TL1 ↗ 7 C7TL1 + 7 Dr 7 (TL1)4 + = M7L + 4 L7 2n + :1 M +: + Dr 7L?-7 ↗ 7 Dr +4 + ? M7L Dr 7L?-7 ↗ ? L7 + 7 Dr +4 + =n
*1 *4
71n + 71n + >2 M +: + 1 Dr 7L?-7 + 4 Dr 7L?-7 ↗ = Dr +4 + 7= M7L + 7: L 7 + 71n 2) Fhafdjr duê` an `js sfoufnhtns rnjddflhns slh an tfpl rnalx5 j) Uh + MD` ↗ UhD` 7 + M7
Tf, ns uhj rnjddfôh an lxfajdfôh-rnauddfôh.
g) JoHL4 + HjD` ↗ HjHL4 + JoD` Hl, hl ns uhj rnjddfôh rnalx yj qun hfhouhl an `ls dliplhnhtns sn rnaudn l sn lxfaj. d) M7TL1 + DjDL4 ↗ DjTL1 + M7DL4
Hl, tjipldl ns uhj rnjddfôh rnalx yj
qun hfhouhl an `ls dliplhnhtns sn lxfaj l sn rnaudn. ?) Wnsun`vn n fouj`j `js sfoufnhtns rnjddflhns plr n` iætlal flh n`ndtrôh5 j) Êdfal d`lrméarfdl + Mfnrrl ↗ D`lrurl bnrrlsl + Mfarlonhl
7 MD` + Bn ↗ BnD` 7 + M7 Bn ↗ Bn+7 + 7n *: +: :n + 7 M ↗ M7 *7 +: +7 7n + Bn + 1 M ↗ Bn + 7 M7 + 7n g) Hftrjtl an p`jtj + Mfnrrl ↗ Hftrjtl bnrrlsl + [`jtj
7 JoHL4 + Bn ↗ Bn (HL 4)7 + 7 Jo Bn ↗ Bn+7 + 7n *: +: :n + Jo ↗ Jo *7 +: +7 7n + 7 Jo + Bn ↗ Bn + 7 Jo + 7n d) Tu`bjtl dõprfdl + J`uifh J`uifhfl fl ↗ Tu`bjtl an j`uifhfl + Dlgrn
4 DuTL1 + 7 J` ↗ J`7 (TL1)4 + 4 Du J` ↗ J`+4 + 4n *7 +7 7n + Du ↗ Du *4 2n + 4 Du +7 + 7 J` ↗ 7 J`+4 + 4 Du + 2n a) Êdfal hétrfdl hétrfdl + [ltjsfl [ltjsfl ↗ Hftrjtl an pltjsfl pltjsfl + Mfarlonhl Mfarlonhl
7 MHL4 + 7 C ↗ 7 CHL4 + M7 C ↗ C+: + :n *7 +: 7n + 7 M ↗ M7 *: +: +: 7n + 7 M + 7 C ↗ 7 C + : M7 + 7n n) Tu`bjtl dõprfdl + Mfnrrl ↗ Tu`bjtl bnrrlsl + Dlgrn
DuTL1 + Bn ↗ BnTL1 + Du Bn ↗ Bn+7 + 7n *: +7 7n + Du ↗ Du *: +7 +7 7n + Du + Bn ↗ Bn + Du + 7n b) Êdfal su`bõrfdl su`bõrfdl + Dj`dfl ↗ Tu`bjtl an Tu`bjtl an dj`dfl + Mfarlonhl
M7TL1 + Dj ↗ DjTL1 + M7 Dj ↗ Dj+7 + 7n *: +: 7n + 7 M ↗ M7 *: +: +7 7n + 7 M + Dj ↗ Dj + M7 + 7n o) Hftrjtl p`uiglsl + Ufhd ↗ Hftrjtl an zfhd + [`lil
[gTL1 + Uh↗ UhTL1 + [g Uh ↗ Uh+7 + 7n *: +7 7n + [g ↗ [g *: +7 +7 7n + [g + Uh ↗ Uh + [g + 7n m) Jdfal grliméarfdl + Uf Ufhd hd ↗ Grliurl an zfhd + Mfarlonhl
7 MGr + Uh↗ UhGr 7 + M7
Uh ↗ Uh+7 + 7n *: +: 7n + 7 M ↗ M7 *: 7n + 7 M+: + Uh ↗ Uh+7 + M7 + 7n f) D`lrurl dõprfdl + J`uifhfl ↗ D`lrurl an j`uifhfl + Dlgrn
4 DuD`7 + 7 J` ↗ 7 J`D`4 + 4 Du J` ↗ J`+4 + 4n *7 +7 7n + Du ↗ Du *4 2n + 4 Du +7 + 7 J` ↗ 7 J`+4 + 4 Du + 2n e) Tu`bjtl an ijohnsfl + Tlafl ↗ Tu`bjtl an slafl + Ijohnsfl
IoTL1 + 7 Hj ↗ Hj7TL1 + Io Hj ↗ Hj+: + :n *7 +7 7n + Io ↗ Io *: +7 +: 7n + Io + 7 Hj ↗ 7 Hj + Io + 7n c) Êdfal su`bõrfdl su`bõrfdl + [nrijhojhj [nrijhojhjtl tl an pltjsfl pltjsfl ↗ Tu`bjtl Tu`bjtl an pltjsfl pltjsfl + Tu`bjtl Tu`bjtl an ijhojhnsl + jouj + Lxfonhl hjdfnhtn 2 M7TL1 + 1 CIhL1 ↗ 7 C7TL1 + 1 IhTL1 + 2 M7L + > L7 >n + = M +: + IhL1 -: ↗ Ih+7 + 1 M7L IhL1-: ↗ 7 L7 + Ih+7 + 4n
*4 *>
:>n + 71 M +: + = IhL1 -: ↗ :7 M7L + :; L 7 + = Ih+7 + :>n
:7 M+: + 1 IhL1 -: ↗ 2 M7L + > L 7 + 1 Ih+7 =. GFG@FLOWJBFJ
Ouéjs nxpnrfinhtj`ns an Zuéifdj Fhlroêhfdj — Fhlroêhfdj — Wlgnrtl [jrrj Ungj``ls Z^FIFDJ — Z^FIFDJ — Wjyilha Dmjho mttp5//www.tnxtlsdfhntlbfdls.dli mttp5//ns.i.wfcfpafj.lro
