JOXIPWJCK@JFOIP GID @YQPF GI
IGY@K@JÐO Z @FNYOJ@K@JÐO
¶\YIGI IGY@KQ DK WIDI —[YI OF IGY@K„6
›Gf`uniotf io dîoik′ ¶\uigi igu`kr dk tidi —qui of igu`k„6
Jovistjck`jfois gid `ursf gi Igu`k`jðo y @fnuoj`k`jðo Pi``jðo 8<; Hk`udtkg gi @fnuoj`k`jðo gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk @j`df 1<;0-1 \rfhisfr gi dk ksjcokturk2 Budjf @êskr Nktius (`fnp.) bnktiusLudjnk.igu.pi bnktiusLudjnk.igu .pi Dfs kutfris gi `kgk jovistjck`jðo istëo siûkdkgfs io id `kpîtudf `frrispfogjioti y sfo dfs rispfoskadis gid `fotiojgf gi sus rispi`tjvfs krtî`udfs.
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Rkppjoc joj`jkd Isti gf`uniotf of tjioi nës kspjrk`jfois qui dks gi `fnpkrtjr id hrutf gi uo `j`df gi kpriogjzkbis. @kgk sinistri, io id `ursf gi Igu`k`jðo y @fnuoj`k`jðo, prfpfoinfs y giskrrfddknfs prfyi`tfs gi jovistjck`jðo gjvirsfs. Minfs ixpdfrkgf ‐y df sicujrinfs mk`jiogf- dk pftio`jk igu`ktjvk gi dfs vjgifbuicfs, gi dfs gjkrjfs, gid `joi… Istk viz, io ouistrk si``jðo, ofs jotirisð trkakbkr `fo dk —tidi qui of igu`k„. Kquiddk qui, sjo tioir hjokdjgkg igu`ktjvk ixpdî`jtk, tjioi, `fnf (`ksj) tfgf prfgu`tf
nigjëtj`f, `fosi`uio`jks gjri`tks io dfs kpriogjzkbis. Isf qui kotis si ddknkak —kpriogjzkbi johfrnkd„ y mfy si trksdu`i akbf id prfvf`ktjvf rðtudf gi dfs —kpriogjzkbis jovjsjadis„.
\krtjnfs gi tris prinjsks2 (j) `kgk viz nës, id kpriogjzkbi f`urri huirk gid kudk, k trkvês gi dfs nigjfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo5 (jj) isi kpriogjzkbi prfvjioi nu`mks vi`is gi prfgu`tfs kugjfvjsukdis qui of pirsjcuio, io su frjcio, uo hjo igu`ktjvf5 y (jjj) id sjstink igu`ktjvf tjioi is`ksks mirrknjiotks pkrk ixpdftkr y vkdjgkr isi kpriogjzkbi. @fnf ajio gj`i \js`jtiddj (1<;12 ;<;), —kuoqui of ofs mkyknfs gkgf `uiotk, mk`i yk nës gi `jo`uiotk k dfs qui dk tidivjsjðo, io viz gi vfdvir k dk cioti nës istòpjgk ‐`fnf dfs skrtfrjkofs/pfppirjkofs si bk`tko gi mkairdf rividkgf ‐, df qui mk mi`mf io `knajf is pfoir uok prisjðo joniosk sfari istks `kpk`jgkgis `fcojtjvks, qui pfr kdcòo nftjvf josfogkadi `riîknfs joixtrj`kadinioti ksf`jkgks k dk di`turk„.
Dk njsjðo gid prfyi`tf hui, pkrtjiogf gid koëdjsjs gi kdcuok sirji tidivjsjvk y su `fosunf io uo pòadj`f gitirnjokgf, giskrrfddkr uok jovistjck`jðo qui ixpdfri sus pfsjajdjgkgis pigkcðcj`ks, gi nkoirk qui si prfpfock jo`frpfrkr isti prfgu`tf nigjëtj`f `fnf uok mirrknjiotk igu`ktjvk òtjd y ihi`tjvk io gjstjotfs `fotixtfs. Isti gf`uniotf prisiotk, `fo tfgks sus vjrtugis y gihi`tfs ‐qui ksunf tftkdnioti-, sjiti jovistjck`jfois sfari sirjis gi tidivjsjðo `fotinpfrëoiks. Wfgks ixjtfsks, gisgi id puotf gi vjstk `fnir`jkd, y, `fnf ddicko k prfpfoir dfs kutfris gi istfs krtî`udfs, tknajêo igu`ktjvf.
B`.Nktius / Gj` 1<;0.
\js`jtiddj, K. (1<;1) —Xjgif WX, ircf sun, `ukogf dk `udturk kugjfvjsukd tknajêo sjrvi pkrk pioskr(si) y mk`ir pioskr„. Io C.
Frfz`f (Ig.), Wvnfrhfsjs2 Dk tidivjsjðo kajirtk mk`jk dk sf`jigkg gi rigis. (p. :3 - ;<=). Nêxj`f G.H.2 \rfgu`tfrk gi @fotiojgfs @udturkdis.
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\rfcrknk`jðo Id Djgirkzcf io Dfst io Dfst. @ursf prfpuistf `fnf fadjcktfrjf pkrk Istugjfs Cioirkdis………………………………. 7 Wmi Cffg Sjhi y Sjhi y id giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg………………………………………………………………………………… ;3 Mfw J nit yfur nftmir………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 Wmi Oiwsrffn …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 07 Kpriogjiogf mjstfrjk uojvirskd `fo @fdg @ksi………………………………………………………………………………………..78 Arikejoc akg…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97 Kpriogjiogf id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f k trkvês gi Wmi Niotkdjst …………………………………………………………………..9:
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Id Djgirkzcf io Dfst. @ursf prfpuistf `fnf fadjcktfrjf pkrk Istugjfs Cioirkdis Hkarjzjf K`iraj Nigj`jok, Ëdvkrf Nfsquijrk Okzrk, Xirðoj`k Ofafk Mirrirk, Nkrîk @dkugjk Qknîriz Jturai y Xirk Xkdgjvjizf Pkdks
Qisunio Io isti istugjf si prisiotkrëo dfs risudtkgfs gi uok jovistjck`jðo `fo rispi`tf k dk utjdjzk`jðo gi dfs `fotiojgfs gi dk sirji Dfst pkrk hjois igu`ktjvfs. Id trkakbf gi `knpf hui rikdjzkgf io uok `dksi gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis Cioirkdis gi dk Yojvirsjgkg Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk. Pj ajio ouistrk ouistrk jovistjck`jðo istë istë `iotrkgk io istk uojvirsjgkg, id prfpðsjtf gi isti trkakbf, is skair sj is qui qui dfs `fotiojgfs gi dk dk sirji Dfst si puigio jnpdiniotkr io uo `ursf gid prjnir `j`df gi `ukdqujir uojvirsjgkg. K trkvês gi isti johfrni minfs pfgjgf gkrofs `uiotk qui dfs bðviois k`tukdis si nuistrko k hkvfr gi uok joofvk`jðo io dfs nêtfgfs gi iosiûkozk io dk igu`k`jðo supirjfr gi ouistrf pkîs. \kdkarks `dkvis2 Igutiojnjiotf, Igutiojnjiotf, djgirkzcf, ritðrj`k, kutfrrikdjzk`jðo.
;. Jotrfgu``jðo Io dfs òdtjnfs kûfs, si mk mi`mf ivjgioti qui dfs nigjfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo mko gispdkzkgf k dk is`uidk `fnf òoj`k jnpkrtjgfrk gi `fof`jnjiotf. @kgk viz is nës ivjgioti qui dks pirsfoks kpriogio `kotjgkgis y vkrjigkg gi `fsks k trkvês gi pirjðgj`fs, rivjstks, dk tidivjsjðo, dk rkgjf, id Jotiroit, iotri ftrfs. Jcukd gi `jirtf, kuoqui niofs favjf, is qui isti kpriogjzkbi of si ristrjoci k dfs `fotiojgfs prfgu`jgfs ispi`îhj`knioti pkrk johfrnkr f iosiûkr. Id `fo`iptf gi —igutiojnjiotf„ gk `uiotk gi isti hioðniof. Pi trktk gi dk `fnajok`jðo gi iotritiojnjiotf y igu`k`jðo, is gi`jr dk pfsjajdjgkg gi ixtrkir `fotiojgf kprfvi`mkadi pkrk dk vjgk gjkrjk, inf`jfokd, k`kgênj`k u ftrks, io prfgu`tfs nigjëtj`fs qui pkri`io sir sðdf gi iotritiojnjiotf. Io istk jovistjck`jðo ofs `iotrknfs io dk `fof`jgk sirji gi tidivjsjðo istkgfuojgiosi ddknkgk Dfst , `fo id fabitjvf fabitjvf gi ixpdfrkr sus pfsjadis usfs igu`ktjvfs y gis`uarjr sj êstfs puigio sir ixpdftkgfs gi nkoirk fhj`jkd io uok nkddk `urrj`udkr. Io isti `fotixtf, is jnpfrtkoti skair qui prfyi`tfs sjnjdkris yk si rikdjzko io gjvirsks uojvirsjgkgis gi Istkgfs Yojgfs, ksî `fnf io Ispkûk y Kustrkdjk. K`tukdnioti ixjstio `ursfs uojvirsjtkrjfs akskgfs io sirjis `fnf Wmi Skdejoc Gikg, Nkg Nio, Gf`tfr Smf, iotri ftrks. Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. Oftknfs vëdjgk. Oftknfs qui is uo hioðniof qui vk tfnkogf jnpfrtko`jk io dfs nigjfs2 —Dk jnpfrtko`jk qui mk `farkgf io dk k`tukdjgkg id uojvirsf sirjêhjdf io tfgf su ispdiogfr mk
io`fotrkgf su hfrnk gi k``igir kd nuogf k`kgênj`f. Z is qui vkrjks uojvirsjgkgis gid nuogf 9
mko gi`jgjgf kgkptkr id êxjtf gi sirjis qui trjuohko io dk piquiûk pkotkddk io ksjcokturks„ Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. Dfst is `fosjgirkgf uo grknk qui `fotjioi idiniotfs sfariokturkdis y gi `jio`jk hj``jðo, id `ukd okrrk
dks vjvio`jks gi uo crupf gi pirsfoks io uok jsdk io id Pur gid F`êkof \k`îhj`f trks sfarivjvjr k uo k``jgioti kêrif iotri Pygoiy y Istkgfs Yojgfs io id vuidf F`ikoj` =;9. Dfs pkskbirfs qui sfarivjvio hfrnko uok `fnuojgkg gfogi kpriogio k vjvjr io `fobuotf `fo ricdks y dîgiris io uok jsdk kpkriotinioti gisjirtk. \krk su supirvjvio`jk oi`isjtko frckojzkrsi y trkakbkr io iqujpf `fotrk gjvirsfs prfadinks qui io`uiotrko io dk jsdk. \fr isf njsnf, dk du`mk pfr dk supirvjvio`jk y skdjr gi dk jsdk is df qui aus`ko tfgfs dfs njinarfs gi dk `fnuojgkg. Dfs pirsfokbis gi Bk`e Pmipkrg y Bmfo Df`ei sirëo dfs nës trktkgfs y sirvjrëo gi koëdjsjs pkrk prfhuogjzkr io tinks gi djgirkzcf, `riktjvjgkg, ritðrj`k, iotri ftrfs. Io id `fotixtf pirukof, dk igu`k`jðo tjioi `kgk viz nkyfr kpirturk mk`jk dk ti`ofdfcîk y id Cfajirof dk `fosjgirk uok mirrknjiotk òtjd pkrk dk iosiûkozk. Pjo inakrcf, of giai ixjstjr id ti`ofhitj`mjsnf gi pioskr qui dk ti`ofdfcîk pfr sî sfdk puigi risfdvir dfs prfadinks gi dk igu`k`jðo, si oi`isjtk `kpk`jtk`jðo k dfs prfhisfris y uok ouivk nkoirk gi iosiûkr dfs `ursfs trkgj`jfokdis. Io dk k`tukdjgkg, dk ti`ofdfcîk f dfs `fotiojgfs kugjfvjsukdis sfo `fosjgirkgfs sfdf uo `fnpdiniotf. Nu`mks vi`is si ri`mkzk io dk igu`k`jðo kquiddf qui tiock uo `krë`tir dògj`f f gi iotritiojnjiotf Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk.. Kòo of si `fosjgirk id pftio`jkd gi `jirtfs prfgu`tfs kugjfvjsukdis, qui pfgrîko sir kafrgkgfs gi k`uirgf k uok pigkcfcîk y qui tjioio dk viotkbk gi sir ktrk`tjvfs y ofvigfsfs pkrk id pòadj`f. ¶[ujêo of qujsjirk kpriogir njiotrks si iotritjioi6 \fr ftrk pkrti, of pfginfs gibkr gi dkgf qui pkrk qui isti tjpf gi prfyi`tf sik ihi`tjvf si riqujiri gi uo nkr`f tiðrj`f, tiðrj`f, uo sicujnjiotf gi dfs tinks, uo gf`ioti giajgknioti pripkrkgf y uo trkakbf pigkcðcj`f qui rikdnioti skqui prfvi`mf gi dks pftio`jkdjgkgis igu`ktjvks gid prfgu`tf. \fr iddf, io istk jovistjck`jðo jgiotjhj`knfs prjnirf dfs prjo`jpkdis idiniotfs gi dk sirji Dfst pkrk pkrk dk idkafrk`jðo gi uo nkr`f tiðrj`f k`frgi qui arjogi rispkdgf k dfs `fo`iptfs k trkakbkr io id gjsiûf gi uo `ursf. Wknajêo prf`igjnfs k ixpirjniotkr ixpirjniotkr `fo uok `dksi pjdftf `fo uo crupf gi ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf y k `fosudtkr dk fpjojðo gid gjri`tfr gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk io uok iotrivjstk. K `fotjouk`jðo giskrrfddkrinfs dks itkpks nio`jfokgks.
1. Nkr`f tiðrj`f Id fabitjvf cioirkd gid `ursf prfpuistf is qui dfs kdunofs, kd tirnjokr id `ursf, sipko gisiovfdvirsi `fnf dîgiris io id ënajtf prfhisjfokd y k`kgênj`f. \krk dfcrkrdf, dfs tinks qui sirëo trktkgfs io id giskrrfddf gi dks `dksis sfo dfs sjcujiotis2 - Id djgirkzcf @riktjvjgkg y kutiotj`jgkg Wjpfs y `krk`tirîstj`ks gi uo dîgir Gjhirio`jks iotri uo bihi y uo dîgir Birkrqujzk`jðo gi pfgiris @fdi`tjvjsnf 8
- Akbk gjstko`jk gi pfgir @fohjkozk kgqujrjgk pfr nigjfs pirsfokdis - Kutfrrikdjzk`jðo y nftjvk`jðo nftjvk`jðo - Qitðrj`k2 Dfcfs Itmfs \ktmfs @riinfs qui dk sirji nio`jfokgk puigi kyugkr k kafrgkr uok `dksi gjgë`tj`k i jotirk`tjvk sfari id djgirkzcf, djgirkzcf, puis Bk`e, id prftkcfojstk gi dk sirji, ginuistrk istk `kpk`jgkg io gjstjotfs `kpîtudfs qui quirinfs nfstrkr pkrk qui dfs kdunofs tiocko ibinpdfs `fo`ritfs y ksî puigko kpdj`krdfs io su vjgk gjkrjk. Giainfs tioir io `uiotk qui ··id djgirkzcf is id prf`isf gi nftjvkr y kyugkr k dfs ginës k trkakbkr `fo iotusjksnf pkrk kd`kozkr fabitjvfs. Is id hk`tfr munkof gi`jsjvf qui `fotrjauyi k qui jogjvjgufs f crupfs jgiotjhjquio sus nitks y qui gispuês dfs nftjvk y ksjsti io id `unpdjnjiotf gi istks nitks istkadi`jgks··.Huioti istkadi`jgks··.Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. \krk tf`kr `fo prfhuogjgkg isti tink, io dk sunjddk gid `ursf si io`uiotrk dk di`turk ··Dk fribk io id pjsf··, is`rjtk pfr Bkvjir @kdvf \êriz, puis kakr`k id tink gid djgirkzcf io dks inprisks, df `ukd dis sirvjrë k dfs kdunofs gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis pkrk qui si gisinpiûio `fnf dîgiris io dks frckojzk`jfois. Istk di`turk tknajêo is fadjcktfrjk pkrk id `ursf gi ··@udturk @frpfrktjvk··, id `ukd is idi`tjvf io dk Hk`udtkg gi @fnuoj`k`jðo io dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk. Wknajêo `riinfs prfpj`jf qui dfs kdunofs diko —Dfstfdfcy„ f tknajêo `fof`jgf `fnf —Dfstfdfcîk„
is`rjtf pfr \js`jtiddj, puis ksî tiogrëo nës puotfs gi vjstk gi dk sirji y pfgrëo jotirjfrjzkrdk y kpriogir dfs `fo`iptfs prfpuistfs y ixpdj`kgfs pfstirjfrnioti. Kginës, aus`knfs kafrgkr id tink gi dk `riktjvjgkg y kutiotj`jgkg, kutiotj`jgkg, puis `fosjgirknfs qui knafs `fo`iptfs istëo istri`mknioti djckgfs kd tink gid djgirkzcf. Ouivknioti dk sirji Dfst ofs kyugkrë k nfstrkr ibinpdfs gi uo dîgir `riktjvf kd ixtrkir hrkcniotfs io gfogi si nuistrko dks jgiks gi Bk`e Pmipkrg pkrk trktkr gi `fosicujr kcuk f josunfs pkrk sfarivjvjr. Êd istë `fostkotinioti pioskogf io jgikr ouivks istrkticjks pkrk skdjr kgidkoti `fo dfs ginës pkskbirfs. —Pi trktk gi sir kutêotj`f, gi `fnpkrtjr dfs siotjnjiotfs gid ftrf, su gfdfr f su kdicrîk. Gi sir inpëtj`f.
\frqui dk cioti `fohîk io df s dîgiris qui sfo kutêotj`fs„. Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. Ksjnjsnf, piosknfs ixpdj`kr dfs dfs gjstjotfs tjpfs y `krk`tirîstj`ks gi uo dîgir. Ofs akskrîknfs io dk `dksjhj`k`jðo gi @yrjd Divj`ej, is`rjtfr gid djarf —Id cio gid djgirkzcf„2 Dîgir `krjsnëtj`f, `krjsnëtj`f, id `ukd arjogk sfdu`jfois koti sjtuk`jfois `rîtj`ks `fnf vinfs io id `fnpfrtknjiotf gi Bk`e Pmipkrg. Dîgir kutf`rëtj`f, id `ukd of si sjioti io dk fadjck`jðo gi mk`irdi pricuotks k dfs ginës, sjof qui is nës kutfrjtkrjf5 y pfr ftrf dkgf, id dîgir gi jotidjcio`jk supirjfr, id `ukd is kdtknioti `ukdjhj`kgf y ftfrck 3
`fof`jnjiotf k dfs ginës Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk., vëdjgk., `fnf is id `ksf gi Bmfo Df`ei y aus`knfs ridk`jfokrdf tknajêo `fo dfs gjstjotfs pirsfokbis qui si prisiotko io dk sirji. Gi isk nkoirk, n koirk, ixpdj`kogf dfs tjpfs gi dîgir, dîgir , di gkrîknfs dk fpfrtuojgkg k dfs kdunofs pkrk qui fptio pfr id qui nës si jgiotjhj`ko. Kginës, quirinfs prfhuogjzkr io dks gjhirio`jks qui ixjstio iotri uo bihi y uo dîgir . Giainfs k`dkrkr qui uo bihi of oi`iskrjknioti is uo dîgir. Ofsftrfs quirinfs iosiûkrdis k `fnuoj`krsi gi nkoirk ihj`kz `fo sus `fnpkûirfs gi `dksi, skair tfnkr dks rjiogks gi dfs ksuotfs jnpfrtkotis y ginës kspi`tfs, pirf sjo jnpfoirdis uok vkdfrk`jðo pfsjtjvk f oicktjvk gi sus gi`jsjfois. Yo bihi si io`krck gi kgnjojstrkr id frgio y gitirnjokr pdkois hfrnkdis, gjsiûkr istru`turks frckojzk`jfokdis rîcjgks y nfojtfrikr dfs risudtkgfs, tkd `fnf nio`jfok Efttir Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk. . Kquiddks sfo dks huo`jfois istkadi`jgks y qui si ispirko gi uo bihi. Pjo inakrcf, dks huo`jfois gi uo dîgir puigio mkajtkr giotrf gi `ukdqujir pirsfok y pkrk pfgir ixpdj`krdf piosknfs nio`jfokr qui uof of ok`i sjinpri sjiogf dîgir, sjof qui puigi hfrnkrsi `fo id tjinpf y dk ixpirjio`jk. Io `ukotf k dk birkrqujzk`jðo gi pfgiris, pfgiris, quirinfs ixpdj`krdis `uëdis sfo dfs rfdis qui si tfnko io gjstjotks sjtuk`jfois, puis nu`mks vi`is si gidicko dks tkriks y njsjfois pkrk dfcrkr uok nitk gihjojgk. [ujsjêrknfs pdkotikr dk sjnjdjtug iotri uo `ksf gi dk vjgk rikd, `fnf pfr ibinpdf io dk gjvjsjðo gi pkrtis —Dfst „. „. Dfs pirsfokbis `unpdio io uo trkakbf uojvirsjtkrjf `fo dks sjtuk`jfois qui fasirvknfs io dk sirji —Dfst gjstjotfs rfdis, dfs `ukdis puigio sir kgkptkgfs tkotf io dk vjgk `ftjgjkok `fnf uojvirsjtkrjk. \krk dfcrkr df nio`jfokgf dîoiks krrjak, gi`jgjnfs iohf`krofs prjo`jpkdnioti io dk prjnirk tinpfrkgk gi dk sirji, sirji, puis is io isfs `kpîtudfs gfogi si nuistrko gjstjotfs `fohdj`tfs iotri dfs pirsfokbis, dfs `ukdis sfo risuidtfs dk nkyfrîk gi vi`is pfr id prftkcfojstk, df `ukd ginuistrk qui êd dfs gjrjci sjinpri pioskogf io id ajio `fnòo y gëogfdis id nibfr ibinpdf pkrk gibkr gi dkgf dks pidiks y sicujr kgidkoti `fo su fabitjvf prjo`jpkd2 sfarivjvjr. Yof gi dfs prfadinks qui tjioio qui khrfotkr io dk jsdk gisjirtk is `ukogf dfs pirsfokbis gis`uario qui io id njsnf duckr mkajtko kojnkdis qui risudtko uo pidjcrf pkrk su vjgk. Ftrf prfadink qui pirsjsti k df dkrcf gi dk sirji is dk aòsquigk gi kdjniotf pkrk pfgir suasjstjr, pfr isf njsnf ofs pkri`i jnpfrtkoti kafrgkr id tink gid `fdi`tjvjsnf. Aus`knfs ixpdj`kr nigjkoti ibinpdfs kugjfvjsukdis pfrquê is jnpfrtkoti trkakbkr io iqujpf, tiojiogf io `uiotk qui sir uo dîgir of qujiri gi`jr gkr ðrgiois, sjof kpfykrsi y aus`kr dk nkoirk gi skdjr kgidkoti buotfs. \krk dfcrkr ixpdj`kr isti tink ri`fcirinfs gjëdfcfs gi dfs pirsfokbis qui jdustrio dk jnpfrtko`jk gid kpfyf y gid trkakbf io crupf, `fnf pfr ibinpdf io dk is`iok gid qujotf `kpîtudf gi `kpîtudf gi dk sirji gi dk prjnirk tinpfrkgk, giofnjokgf —Smjti Qkaajt„. @fo istfs gjëdfcfs gkrinfs k `fof`ir qui dk `dkvi gid êxjtf is kyugkrsi, k`tukr `fnf dîgir io `ukdqujir sjtuk`jðo io dk qui uok pirsfok si io`uiotri, puis k piskr gi qui dfs ibinpdfs istêo akskgfs io dk supirvjvio`jk gi dfs pirsfokbis, id djgirkzcf si puigi kpdj`kr io tfgks dks sjtuk`jfois. \krk qui istf si rikdj`i is oi`iskrjf qui ixjstk uok akbk gjstko`jk gi pfgir iotri id dîgir y dks ginës pirsfoks y ksî sik pfsjadi qui ixjstk uok ridk`jðo mfrjzfotkd y gi rispitf iotri iddfs.
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[uirinfs iosiûkrdis qui pkrk qui ixjstk uok akbk gjstko`jk gi pfgir, dks pirsfoks giaio mkairsi ckokgf dk `fohjkozk oi`iskrjk. Io su `fnpfrtknjiotf giaio rihdibkr dks ckoks gi trkakbkr io iqujpf, ksî `fnf si nuistrk `dkrknioti io dk sirji `ukogf Bk`e jotirk`tòk `fo dfs ginës pirsfokbis. Pu `fnpfrtknjiotf ginuistrk qui êd puigi gisgi gjrjcjr mkstk `kzkr, of si gigj`k sðdf k gidickr tkriks, oj tjioi uok k`tjtug sfairajk. Pi `fosjgirk jcukd k dfs ginës, pfr nës gi qui iddfs sj df `fosjgirio uo ibinpdf y kdcujio kgnjrkadi. \fr ftrf dkgf, tknajêo ofs pkri`i prfpj`jf kakr`kr id tink gi dk kutfrrikdjzk`jðo, dk kutfrrikdjzk`jðo, dk `ukd is `fosjgirkgk io dk pjrënjgi gi oi`isjgkgis gi Nksdfw. [uirinfs jo`iotjvkr k dfs kdunofs k qui si nftjvio k dfcrkr sus fabitjvfs y qui si io`uiotrio k iddfs njsnfs. \iosknfs qui id `ursf sirë gi crko kutfkyugk y risudtkrë tknajêo sjiogf uok `dksi nftjvk`jfokd, io gfogi tfgfs `fnpkrtko sus ixpirjio`jks y pdkois huturfs. Istf si puigi dfcrkr mk`jiogf gjoënj`ks pkrk qui ri`fofz`ko sus mkajdjgkgis y siko `kpk`is gi pftio`jkrdks. \krk kakr`kr id tink `fo prfhuogjgkg, prfpfogrinfs uok di`turk qui istë prisioti io ouistrf syddkaus2 —Nftjvk`jðo y pirsfokdjgkg„ is`rjtf pfr Karkmkn Nksdfw Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk.. \fr òdtjnf, ofs pkri`i jnpfrtkoti kafrgkr id tink gi dk dk ritðrj`k, puis pfgrîknfs kprfvi`mkr dfs gjs`ursfs gi dfs dîgiris qui fasirvknfs io dk sirji ris`ktkogf sus mkajdjgkgis pkrk `fovio`ir. \krk iddf, ofs akskrinfs io dk hknfsk fark gi Krjstðtidis ddknkgk —Qitðrj`k„, io dk `ukd ixpfoi tris idiniotfs
aësj`fs gi uo auio gjs`ursf2 Id dfcfs, dfcfs, qui `frrispfogi k dk krcuniotk`jðo5 id pktmfs, qui pktmfs, qui `fostjtuyi dk inf`jfokdjgkg qui trkosnjti id frkgfr, dfs siotjnjiotfs qui si nuistrko kd mkadkr, id tfof gi vfz, id diocukbi of virakd, iotri ftrfs y id itmfs, itmfs, qui riprisiotk dk mforkgiz y `rigjajdjgkg gi dk pirsfok qui rikdjzk id gjs`ursf. Istfs tris idiniotfs sfo jogjspioskadis y si johduyio nutuknioti. Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. \krk dfcrkr dk `fnpriosjðo gi isti tink, io id pdko gid istugjfs gid `ursf istkrë id krtî`udf gi rivjstk ddknkgf —Krcuniotk`jðo f ritðrj`k, uok gi dks pjizks `dkvis pkrk dk `fostru``jðo gi dk rikdjgkg sf`jkd„
is`rjtf pfr \igrf Hidjpi Gîkz Krioks. Istk rivjstk si io`uiotrk io dk Ajadjfti`k gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk. @riinfs qui istk johfrnk`jðo kyugkrë oftkadinioti k dfs kdunofs, puis iotiogirëo dk jnpfrtko`jk gi rikdjzkr uo auio gjs`ursf y gi `fnuoj`krsi ihi`tjvknioti pkrk ksî ddickr k dfs ginës y giskrrfddkrsi io id ënajtf prfhisjfokd y k`kgênj`f.
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs \krk ouistrk jovistjck`jðo, si rikdjzð uok `dksi pjdftf io uo `ursf gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis gid prjnir `j`df, giajgf k qui ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf sfo mfnaris y nubiris qui si io`uiotrko `urskogf id prjnir `j`df gi istugjf io dk Yojvirsjgkg. Kginës, gi`jgjnfs kpdj`kr ouistrf `ursf io isti kûf gi istugjfs, giajgf k qui ri`jiotinioti si mk idjnjokgf id `ursf gi Jotrfgu``jðo kd Wrkakbf Yojvirsjtkrjf (JWY) io dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk. Id gjri`tfr gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis khjrnð qui dk rkzðo gi istk idjnjok`jðo is qui id fabitjvf gi isti `ursf irk gkr frjiotk`jðo vf`k`jfokd y giajgf k qui dfs kdunofs qui mko iotrkgf ri`jiotinioti df mko mi`mf pfr dk nfgkdjgkg gi tir`jf supirjfr gi dfs `fdicjfs, pfr df `ukd iddfs yk tjioio nës `dkrf df qui qujirio istugjkr :
Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk.. Pjo inakrcf, id kspi`tf gi frjiotk`jðo vf`k`jfokd of irk df òoj`f qui si iosiûkak io isti `ursf, isti tknajêo kakr`kak dk tinëtj`k gi djgirkzcf qui ofsftrfs `fosjgirknfs jnpfrtkoti y qui pfr df tkotf sjcojhj`k uok pêrgjgk io id prfcrknk gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis. Wknajêo `kai nio`jfokr qui isti kspi`tf irk tf`kgf gi uok nkoirk nfoðtfok, k nkoirk gi `dksi tiðrj`k, df qui risudtkak tigjfsf pkrk dfs kdunofs. @fo ouistrf prfyi`tf aus`knfs ris`ktkr istk tinëtj`k pirf gi uok nkoirk nës gjoënj`k, ixpdfrkogf dks pfsjajdjgkgis gid —igutiojnjiotf„. Xinfs qui giotrf gi dfs fabitjvfs gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk si tjioi `dkrk dk jgik gi arjogkr —mëajtfs gi rihdixjðo„, y —`fof`jnjiotf gi sî njsnf„5 kginës, `fnf si pdkotik io dfs vkdfris, si ispirk qui dfs kdunofs kgqujirko —uok k`tjtug gi gjëdfcf, rispitf y tfdirko`jk„ Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk.. Istfs
mëajtfs y vkdfris risudtko jogjspioskadis pkrk id auio gisiovfdvjnjiotf gi dfs kdunofs k df dkrcf gi su vjgk k`kgênj`k. Qi`frginfs qui dk nkyfrîk gi dfs trkakbfs uojvirsjtkrjfs si rikdjzko io crupf, sjiogf oi`iskrjf uo auio gjëdfcf, gidick`jðo gi rispfoskajdjgkgis, joj`jktjvk, tfdirko`jk, iotri ftrfs5 df `ukd jo`iotjvkrinfs io ouistrf prfyi`tf gi `ursf. @fosjgirknfs qui dk `krio`jk gi uo `ursf qui arjogi istfs `fof`jnjiotfs y mkajdjgkgis risudtk rikdnioti uo gêhj`jt pkrk dk hfrnk`jðo gi dfs kdunofs. Ddivkr uo `ursf sfari djgirkzcf, id kutf`fof`jnjiotf, dk ritðrj`k y dk kutfrrikdjzk`jðo io id prjnir kûf gi istugjfs uojvirsjtkrjfs sjcojhj`krîk sjo gugk uo crko `knajf pkrk dfs kdunofs y dk nkoirk io qui ddivkrëo k huturf su vjgk k`kgênj`k y pfstirjfrnioti prfhisjfokd. Is pfr isf qui, io dk `dksi pjdftf, pjdftf, si tfnð io `uiotk id tink gid djgirkzcf `fo rispi`tf k dk sirji Dfst y y si kpdj`krfo dfs `fo`iptfs vjstfs privjknioti io id nkr`f tiðrj`f. Ouistrf fabitjvf fabitjvf `fo istk `dksi hui `fostktkr qui ouistrf nkr`f tiðrj`f pfgîk sir kpdj`kgf io uok `dksi prë`tj`k akskgk io dk sirji Dfst . \krk iddf, si iosiûð uo vjgif io gfogi si risunîko vkrjks is`ioks gi dk prjnirk tinpfrkgk gi tinpfrkgk gi dk sirji, io gfogi si ginuistrk id djgirkzcf gi dfs pirsfokbis nës riskdtkotis, Bk`e Pmipkrg y Bfmo Df`ei. Istf si rikdjzð `fo id hjo gi qui dfs kdunofs si hknjdjkrj`io `fo dk sirji y fasirvio `ðnf si gisiovuidvi uo dîgir io nfniotfs gi `fohdj`tf. Yok viz vjstf id vjgif, si rikdjzð uok gjoënj`k io gfogi dfs kdunofs tuvjirfo qui riuojrsi io crupfs gi `jo`f y gis`rjajr quê irk pkrk iddfs sir uo dîgir y `uëdis irko dks `krk`tirîstj`ks qui iddfs `riîko qui giaîk tioir uo dîgir. Yo riprisiotkoti gi `kgk crupf skdjð k ixpfoir kd hrioti gi sus `fnpkûirfs df qui si mkaîk `fo`dujgf. Istf ofs gjf k `fof`ir qui dk dfs kdunofs irko `kpk`is gi jgiotjhj`kr dk tinëtj`k gid djgirkzcf io dk sirji. Gispuês si ixpdj`ð k`ir`k gi dk gihjoj`jðo gid djgirkzcf, buotf `fo sus `krk`tirîstj`ks. Ksî tknajêo, si iosiûkrfo arivinioti dks gjhirio`jks qui mky iotri uo bihi y uo dîgir. Dk òdtjnk ixpdj`k`jðo qui si mjzf io dk `dksi pjdftf hui dk gi dfs tjpfs gi dîgir. Istk dkafr si rikdjzð sjinpri ri`frgkogf dk sirji y dfs hrkcniotfs vjstfs kotirjfrnioti. @kai riskdtkr qui kakr`knfs istfs 0 suatinks, giajgf k qui sfo aësj`fs k sir trktkgfs io ouistrf `ursf fhj`jkd y tknajêo, pfr dk gurk`jðo gi dk sisjðo qui hui gi uok mfrk. Dk gjoënj`k hjokd si rikdjzð io dfs njsnfs crupfs, gfogi `kgk uof gi iddfs ri`jajð uo `ksf ridk`jfokgf k dk vjgk uojvirsjtkrjk y uo tjpf gi dîgir `fo uok piquiûk gihjoj`jðo. @kgk crupf tioîk `fnf dkafr risfdvir id `ksf sicòo id tjpf gi dîgir ksjcokgf. Gispuês, uo njinarf gi `kgk crupf skdjð k ixpfoir sus ;<
rispuistks y ixpdj`ð sj si sjotjð jgiotjhj`kgf `fo id `ksf y `fo id tjpf gi dîgir. Istf pirnjtjð qui dfs kdunofs si pfocko io id rfd gi uo dîgir y tknajêo, dfs mjzf pioskr sfari `uëd irk dk nibfr nkoirk gi k`tukr koti uok sjtuk`jðo gi `fohdj`tf, `fo id hjo gi qui io uo huturf, `ukogf si dis prisioti kdcf hknjdjkr, puigko sfdu`jfokrdf gi dk nibfr nkoirk. Gi isk nkoirk, si k`kað dk `dksi `fo uok rihdixjðo k`ir`k gi df kpriogjgf y sfari dk jnpfrtko`jk gi tfnkr uok pfsj`jðo gi dîgir, buotf `fo dfs aioihj`jfs qui istk trki. Hjokdnioti, si ripkrtjirfo io`uistks koðojnks k dfs kdunofs, pkrk qui rispfogko pricuotks tkotf kajirtks `fnf `irrkgks. @fo istks dfcrknfs tioir uo —hiigak`e„ gi dk `dksi rikdjzkgk, buotf `fo sus ri`fniogk`jfois. Kginës, `fof`jnfs
sj dfs kdunofs istkako jotiriskgfs io qui isti `ursf si ddivi k `kaf io Istugjfs Cioirkdis y sj `riîko qui isti `ursf irk prfvi`mfsf pkrk su huturf.
7. Qisudtkgfs Istknfs sicurfs gi qui isti `ursf si kgkptkrë k dfs custfs y mëajtfs gi dfs kdunofs, puis `fnf rividk id istugjf gi J\PFP kpfyf, dfs bðviois iotri dfs ;3 y ;= kûfs prihjirio vir sirjis y prfcrknks gi iotritiojnjiotf. (Jpsfs K\FZF Fpjojðo y nir`kgf P.K, 1<;;). Io isti `ksf, id 3< % gi dfs pkrtj`jpkotis `fof`îk y istkak hknjdjkrjzkgf `fo dk sirji Dfst . K `fotjouk`jðo nfstrknfs dfs risudtkgfs gi dk io`uistk rikdjzkgk. Pi pjgjð mfoistjgkg y istf hui df fatiojgf2 Qisudtkgf gi dks io`uistks2 ;. ¶[uê tkd ti pkri`jð dk `dksi pjdftf6 Qispuistk
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custf. 1. ¶Gid ; kd ;<, ;< , sjiogf ;< id puotkbi nëxjnf, qui tko jotiriskotis ti pkri`jirfo dks gjoënj`ks6 \uotkbi
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Picòo istfs risudtkgfs, dk tifrîk ixpdj`kgk io `dksi quigð `dkrk pkrk dk nkyfrîk gi pkrtj`jpkotis. Istf ginuistrk qui si puigi iosiûkr nigjkoti id usf gi dk sirji Dfst y istk puigi risudtkr jcukd f nës ixjtfsk qui uok `dksi trkgj`jfokd. Jo`dusf `riinfs qui dk sirji puigi dfcrkr uo kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf kd istkr k`fnpkûkgf gi ibinpdfs kugjfvjsukdis, qui vko k pirnjtjr qui iddfs ri`uirgio df kpriogjgf `fo nkyfr hk`jdjgkg. 7. ¶Wi custkrîk qui si jotrfguz`k id `ursf —Id Djgirkzcf io Dfst„ io dk nkddk `urrj`udkr gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis6 Qispuistk Pî Of
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\fr`iotkbi 39% 19%
Isti `ukgrf jogj`k qui k dk nkyfrîk gi dfs pkrtj`jpkotis di custkrîk io`fotrkr dk gjspfojajdjgkg gi isti `ursf io dk nkddk `urrj`udkr y istkrîko gjspuistfs k ddivkrdf. K `fotjouk`jðo virinfs dks rkzfois is`rjtks pfr dfs io`uistkgfs2 - \frqui is uok nkoirk gjoënj`k gi kpriogir. - \frqui kpriogirîknfs tinks qui ofs sirvjrëo gurkoti tfgk dk vjgk y of sfdf io dk prfhisjðo. - \frqui ddknkrîk dk ktio`jðo gi dfs kdunofs y dfs nftjvkrîk nës k kpriogir. ;1
- \frqui is uo auio `fnpdiniotf pkrk dfs `fof`jnjiotfs qui si kpriogio `fo uok prfhisjðo. Istf ginuistrk qui dks rkzfois gi dfs pkrtj`jpkotis `fjo`jgio `fo ouistrk bustjhj`k`jðo sfari pfr quê si pfgrîk jnpdiniotkr isti `ursf io dk nkddk `urrj`udkr. Id —igutiojnjiotf„ kyugk k kpriogir `fo ouivks mirrknjiotks qui pirnjtio k dfs pkrtj`jpkotis iotritioirsi y kpriogir njiotrks sfo nftjvkgfs y id 39 % gi dfs prisiotis si nfstrkrfo gjspuistfs i jotiriskgfs k ddivkr isti `ursf. Pjo inakrcf, kd 19% of di custkrîk y k `fotjouk`jðo virinfs dks rkzfois y ri`fniogk`jfois is`rjtks pfr dfs io`uistkgfs2 - \frqui sfo tinks t inks qui si kpriogio io dk vjgk gjkrjk sjo oi`isjgkg gi uok `dksi. - \frqui puigi sir ripitjtjvf uskr dk njsnk sirji. \fgrîk sir iosiûkgf `fo nës gi uok f `fo pidî`udks. Dk prjnirk bustjhj`k`jðo `rii jooi`iskrjf id `ursf, pirf istknfs sicurfs qui istfs `fo`iptfs nu`mks vi`is of si kpriogio io dk vjgk gjkrjk y risudtkrîk sir uok viotkbk `fnpitjtjvk pkrk dks pirsfoks qui df ddivio. \fr ftrf dkgf, dk sicuogk si pfgrîk tfnkr `fnf uok sucirio`jk pkrk iorjqui`ir id prfyi`tf. 9. ¶[uê is df qui nës ti custð gi dk `dksi pjdftf6 - Dks gjoënj`ks, pfrqui kyugkrfo k kpriogir gi hfrnk gjvirtjgk. - Dfs tinks, pfrqui ofs pirnjtjirfo rihdixjfokr sfari tinks pirsfokdis. - Id trkakbf io iqujpf. - Dk sirji. Istks rispuistks nuistrko qui dk gjoënj`k y dk sirji prfnuivio id jotirês pfr id `ursf y pfr id kpriogjzkbi gi dfs tinks prfpuistfs. Qisudtkgfs gi dks gjoënj`ks2
Gjoënj`k ;2 Istk gjoënj`k tuvf uo risudtkgf pfsjtjvf, puis dfs crupfs ri`fof`jirfo gjstjotks `krk`tirîstj`ks gi uo dîgir. Kginës, istks `krk`tirîstj`ks of si ripjtjirfo, sjof qui `kgk crupf prfpusf `krk`tirîstj`ks gjhiriotis `fo dk njsnk aksi tiðrj`k. Pfari istf `fo`dujnfs qui id djgirkzcf is uo tink qui dfs uojvirsjtkrjfs yk `fof`io y qui dk sirji Dfst is is uok auiok mirrknjiotk, pfrqui pirnjtjð qui dfs kdunofs jgiotjhjquio pkrti gi dk tifrîk. Kginës, id knajioti gi dk `dksi hui ðptjnf pkrk qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis puigko trkakbkr io crupf, puis si trkakbð io uo skdðo knpdjf. Gjoënj`k 12 Io istk gjoënj`k dfs kdunofs ginfstrkrfo qui dfs `fo`iptfs tiðrj`fs quigkrfo `dkrfs pfrqui supjirfo kpdj`krdfs io dk risfdu`jðo gi dfs prfadinks prfpuistfs. Kginës, dfcrkrfo utjdjzkr dks `krk`tirîstj`ks gid tjpf gi dîgir qui dis dis ksjcoknfs sjo jnpfrtkr qui istks of hfrnio pkrti gi su pirsfokdjgkg. \fr òdtjnf, pfginfs `fo`dujr qui id trkakbf io iqujpf sjrvjð pkrk qui si kpfrtio gjvirsfs puotfs gi vjstk y si gi uo ispk`jf gi giakti, ibir`j`jf io id `ukd pfgîko kpdj`kr dk tifrîk gi djgirkzcf qui istkako trkakbkogf. ;0
Io istk `dksi pjdftf kakr`knfs gfs suatinks gid tink djgirkzcf qui si io`uiotrk io ouistrf nkr`f tiðrj`f2 tiðrj`f2 tjpfs y `krk`tirîstj`ks gi uo dîgir y dk gjhirio`jk iotri uo bihi y uo dîgir. Dk sisjðo gurð uok mfrk y risudtð sir sktjshk`tfrjk, pfr df qui `riinfs qui io id giskrrfddf giskrrfddf gid `ursf fhj`jkd pfgrîk risudtkr jcukd gi gi aioihj`jfsk pkrk dfs kdunofs.
7. Gjs`usjðo Duicf gi rikdjzkr uo koëdjsjs prfhuogf gi dfs risudtkgfs gi istk jovistjck`jðo y k su viz ridk`jfoëogfdf `fo df prfpuistf io id nkr`f tiðrj`f, minfs pfgjgf jgiotjhj`kr jgiotjhj`kr kdcuoks `fo`dusjfois qui ofs k`dkrko k`dkrko id pkofrknk y ofs jnpudsko k giskrrfddkr giskrrfddkr isti prfyi`tf io uo huturf huturf y of gibkrdf sfdf io uok uok nirk jovistjck`jðo. Dk prjnirk `fo`dusjðo is qui mk quigkgf ginfstrkgf qui dk sirji Dfst sî sî tjioi uo pftio`jkd igu`ktjvf, is gi`jr istk sirji tjioi dk ihi`tjvjgkg pkrk iosiûkr gitirnjokgfs tinks. Dfs tinks qui k trkvês gi dk sirji si puigio iosiûkr io uo kudk sfo2 id djgirkzcf, dk kutfrrikdjzk`jðo y nftjvk`jðo, dk ritðrj`k, dk kutiotj`jgkg, dk akbk gjstko`jk gi pfgir y dk gjhirio`jk`jðo gjhirio`jk`jðo iotri uo bihi y uo dîgir. Duicf gi vir gjstjotfs `kpîtudfs gi dk sirji, minfs pfgjgf jgiotjhj`kr qui istfs tinks sfo ri`urriotis io dk nkyfrîk gi istfs, istk khjrnk`jðo dk sustiotko dfs risudtkgfs gi dk `dksi `dksi pjdftf qui rikdjzknfs, rikdjzknfs, io gfogi dfs bðviois kdunofs qui mkaîko vjstf kdcuok kdcuok viz dk sirji nkojhistkrfo istkr io `fo`frgko`jk `fo dk jgik jgik gi qui istk sirji si pristk pkrk id koëdjsjs gi dfs tinks yk nio`jfokgfs. n io`jfokgfs. Ftrk `fo`dusjðo jnpfrtkoti gi istk jovistjck`jðo is qui minfs gis`uajirtf y `fnprfakgf qui ixjsti uo vk`îf igu`k`jfokd io dfs kdunofs, id `ukd iddfs njsnfs istëo prigjspuistfs k `uarjr `fo dk `rik`jðo gi uo `ursf `fnf id qui prfpfoinfs io isti trkakbf. @riinfs qui ixjsti dk `krio`jk gi uo `ursf qui arjogi `fof`jnjiotfs y mkajdjgkgis nës kddë gi df trkgj`jfokdnioti k`kgênj`f, pfr df qui ddivkr uo `ursf sfari djgirkzcf, id kutf`fof`jnjiotf, dk ritðrj`k y dk kutfrrikdjzk`jðo io id prjnir kûf gi istugjfs uojvirsjtkrjfs sjcojhj`krîk sjo gugk uo crko crko `knajf y uok crko kyugk pkrk dfs kdunofs kdunofs y dk nkoirk io qui ddivkrëo k huturf su vjgk k`kgênj`k y pfstirjfrnioti io su vjgk prfhisjfokd. \fr ftrk pkrti, gispuês gi `fo`ritkr uok `jtk `fo id Gjri`tfr gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk, Bfsê Xkdgjzëo Kykdk, ofs khjrnð qui istks ouivks nitfgfdfcîks nitfgfdfcîks gi iosiûkozk sfo nuy ktrk`tjvks ktrk`tjvks y pftio`jkdnioti kprfvi`mkadis. Jo`dusf ofs `fniotð qui pkrk `jirtfs tinks gi kdcuoks ksjcokturks gi dk Yojvirsjgkg si mko kpfykgf io dk sirji Gf`tfr Mfusi pkrk mkadkr sfari prf`isfs gi jovistjck`jðo y io dk pidî`udk —Id pkgrjof„ pkrk kokdjzkr prf`isfs gi oicf`jk`jðo. Pjo inakrcf, Xkdgjzëo fpjok qui pfr id nfniotf, `rikr uo `ursf akskgf io uok sirji risudtk uo prfyi`tf nuy knaj`jfsf pfr dk vjkajdjgkg gi nkotioir k dkrcf pdkzf uo `ursf gi isti tjpf io dk nkddk `urrj`udkr. Df qui `fosjgirk pirtjoioti is kgkptkr istks nitfgfdfcîks pkrk id `ursf gi \sj`fdfcîk, qui yk ixjsti y qui kginës is fadjcktfrjf. Ksjnjsnf, ofs ixpdj`ð qui isti `ursf si gjvjgi aësj`knioti io `uktrf pkrtis2 uok mjstðrj`k, ftrk sfari pirsfokdjgkg, khi`tjvjgkg, y pfr òdtjnf, si tf`k id tink gi psj`fdfcîk sf`jkd Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.. vëdjgk.. @riinfs qui io isti òdtjnf ouistrf prfyi`tf puigi tioir `kajgk, yk qui si ixpdj`ko tinks `fnf id djgirkzcf, dks ridk`jfois gi crupf, dk prisjðo sf`jkd, iotri ftrfs. Id Gjri`tfr si nfstrð kajirtf k dk pfsjajdjgkg gi jnpdiniotkr isti prfyi`tf io uo huturf y ofs ri`fniogð mkadkr `fo dk `ffrgjokgfrk gid `ursf gi \sj`fdfcîk, \ktrj`jk Yrjai, pkrk prisiotkrdi dk prfpuistk, `fo dk `ukd nkotiogrinfs `fotk`tf. ;7
Gi jcukd nkoirk, of gis`krtknfs dk pfsjajdjgkg gi `rikr uo `ursf jogipiogjioti, gi gfs mfrks k dk sinkok, yk qui minfs `fo`dujgf qui sî ixjsti uok oi`isjgkg pfr pkrti gi dfs istugjkotis gi tioir `fof`jnjiotf sfari dfs tinks qui prfpfoinfs y istknfs sicurfs qui id Gjri`tfr puigi ri`fosjgirkrdf prisiotëogfdi isti johfrni. Yok `fo`dusjðo huogkniotkd, tkotf pkrk ofsftrfs `fnf pkrk id trkakbf io sî, is qui io`fotrknfs uok k`iptk`jðo y k`tjtug pfsjtjvk pfr pkrti gi tfgks dks pirsfoks `fosudtkgks2 id Gjri`tfr gi Istugjfs Cioirkdis y id prfhisfr gi I`fofnîk Bfrci Nigj`jok, ksî `fnf tknajêo gi dfs prfpjfs kdunofs rispi`tf k ouistrf fabitjvf, fabitjvf, qui is dk `rik`jðo gi uo `ursf akskgf io dk sirji Dfst y y su jnpdiniotk`jðo io dk nkddk `urrj`udkr gi istugjfs cioirkdis. Isti rispkdgf mk`jk ouistrf prfyi`tf of mk`i nës qui ginfstrkr qui id —igutiojnjiotf„ is uo têrnjof `kgk viz nës `fof`jgf pfr tfgfs y of sfdf pfr d fs ixpirtfs io id tink, df `ukd k dk viz ofs nftjvk, ofs jnpudsk y ofs `fnprfniti k sicujr jovistjckogf mkstk pfgir `fo`ritkr isti prfyi`tf y ginfstrkr qui dfs prfpjfs prfpjfs kdunofs pfginfs pfginfs kpfrtkr io dk ristru`turk`jðo gi dk igu`k`jðo supirjfr qui tkotf si mkadk io istfs òdtjnfs kûfs. \krk `fo`dujr quirinfs gibkr ajio io `dkrf qui sj ajio ofsftrfs `riinfs qui is oi`iskrjf uo `knajf io dk igu`k`jðo supirjfr y is pfr isf qui jo`iotjvknfs id —igutiojnjiotf„ k trkvês gi dk `rik`jðo gi dk sirji Dfst , `riinfs qui is jnpfrtkoti riskdtkr qui dk jnpdiniotk`jðo jnpdiniotk`jðo gi gi dk ti`ofdfcîk of vk k igu`kr pfr sî sî
sfdk, pkrk istf si oi`isjtk uok pdkojhj`k`jðo sirjk, uok `kpk`jtk`jðo pkrk dfs prfhisfris io gfogi si dis iosiûi `fnf is qui dk ti`ofdfcîk ti`ofdfcîk y gi quê nkoirk istk risudtk aioihj`jfsk pkrk dk igu`k`jðo. igu`k`jðo. Pfdf gi istk hfrnk, mk`jiogf dks `fsks `fo `kdnk y sirjigkg pfgrinfs gkr uo crko pksf io dk riistru`turk`jðo gi ouistrk tko kdj`kîgk y kr`kj`k igu`k`jðo supirjfr.
8. Qihirio`jks K`iraj, H., Nfsquijrk, Ë., Ofafk, X., Qknîriz, N. @., & Xkdgjvjizf, X. (1<;0). @kdvf-\êriz, B. (1<;1). Dk fribk io id pjsf. (Kcujdkr, Ig.) Djnk, \irò. Jakûiz, N. (0; gi F`tuari gi 1<;0). Id \kîs. Qi`upirkgf id 1< gi Ofvjinari gi 1<;0 hrfn mttp2//adfcs.idpkjs.`fn/qujotk-tinpfrkgk/1<;0/;
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Ydjnk. (1<;0). Qi`upirkgf id 17 gi Pitjinari gi 1<;0, gi
mttp2//www.udjnk.igu.pi/pricrkgf/istug mttp2//www.udjnk.igu.pi/pricrkgf/istugjfs-cioirkdis/fabi jfs-cioirkdis/fabitjvfs-gid-prfcrknk-gi-istug tjvfs-gid-prfcrknk-gi-istugjfsjfscioirkdis Xkdgjzëo Kykdk, B. (19 gi Ofvjinari gi 1<;0). (N. @. Qknîriz, & X. Xkdgjvjizf, Iotrivjstkgfrks)
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Wmi Cffg Sjhi y id giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg Pkogrk Aiokvioti , Aidjssk @kof , Hkajfdk Niogjcurio , Kdisskogrk Nfotisjofs y Nkrjkbfsê Xjddkvjsio`jf
Qisunio Id prisioti trkakbf prfpfoi k dk sirji gi tidivjsjðo istkgfuojgiosi Wmi Cffg Sjhi `fnf uok mirrknjiotk gi iosiûkozk kpdj`kadi k uo tkddir gi giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg. \risiotknfs id `fotixtf cioirkd gi dk johduio`jk gi dk tidivjsjðo io dk igu`k`jðo y `ðnf puigi sir uskgk pkrk iosiûkr y duicf, ofs `fo`iotrknfs io dk sirji. Wknajêo istkadi`infs id nkr`f tiðrj`f akbf id `ukd ofs cujknfs gurkoti dk `fostru``jðo gid sîdkaf gi dks `dksis. Hjokdnioti, ixpfoinfs dfs risudtkgfs gi dk `dksi pjdftf qui rikdjzknfs pkrk `fnprfakr sj ouistrfs pdkotiknjiotfs irko k`irtkgfs y dks `fo`dusjfois cioirkdis `fo`irojiotis k dk sirji `fnf mirrknjiotk igu`ktjvk. \kdkarks `dkvi2 `dkvi2 Joj`jktjvk, djgirkzcf, pirsfokdjgkg, sirjis, WX, Wmi Cffg Sjhi
;. Jotrfgu``jðo Dk sf`jigkg k`tukd is id rijof gi dks jnëciois. Io isti `fotixtf, dk tidivjsjðo `fostjtuyi uof gi dfs nigjfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo nës utjdjzkgfs io tfgf id nuogf. Is ksî qui nu`mfs ixpirtfs si mko vjstf io dk oi`isjgkg gi `iotrkr su ktio`jðo io jovistjckr dk johduio`jk qui isti nigjf ibir`i sfari dks pirsfoks. Dk nkyfrîk gi istfs istugjfs pdkotiko dfs ihi`tfs oicktjvfs qui tjioi dk tidivjsjðo sfari dks pirsfoks ;. Pjo inakrcf, id prisioti trkakbf pkrti gi dk jgik gi qui —dk WX tknajêo sjrvi pkrk pioskr„ (\js`jtiddj, 1<;12 ;<<), is gi`jr, qui dk tidivjsjðo is uok huioti gi kpriogjzkbi qui nu`mks vi`is of is ri`fof`jgk pfr dk sf`jigkg. K pkrtjr gi df kotirjfr, id fabitjvf prjo`jpkd gi isti krtî`udf is kokdjzkr sj is pfsjadi utjdjzkr uok sirji gi tidivjsjðo pkrk giskrrfddkr kpriogjzkbis io dks pirsfoks. \krk istf, ddivkrinfs k `kaf uo k`ir`knjiotf k gjhiriotis tifrîks gi djgirkzcf y gid giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg k pkrtjr gi dk rikdjzk`jðo gi uo tkddir pkrk nubiris iotri ;: y 17 kûfs akskgf io dk sirji gi tidivjsjðo istkgfuojgiosi Wmi Cffg Sjhi, `rikgk pfr Qfairt y Nj`middi Ejoc y istriokgk io id `kokd @AP io siptjinari gid 1<<:.
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Pi mk mkadkgf nu`mf k`ir`k gi `ðnf id `fosunf tidivjsjvf puigi cioirkr ihi`tfs vjfdiotfs io dks pirsfoks y `ðnf dk tidivjsjðo istë istupjgjzkogf k dk sf`jigkg. Mky nu`mk ajadjfcrkhîk kd rispi`tf2 pfr ibinpdf, id k rtî`udf gi Xkdirjk Qfbks, pigjktrk y oiurðdfck johkotjd, Johduio`jk gi dk tidivjsjðo y dfs vjgifbuicfs io id kpriogjzkbi y `fogu`tk johkotf-buviojd f id trkakbf `fdkafrktjvf gi gjvirsfs psj`ðdfcfs y pigjktrks nixj`kofs2 Dk Widivjsjðo y dfs Ojûfs5 iotri ftrfs.
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Dk sirji sjcui dk vjgk gi Kdj`jk Hdfrrj`e, uok nkgri qui si vi hfrzkgk k djgjkr `fo id io`kr`idknjiotf gi su ispfsf, uo ix dicjsdkgfr gid `fogkgf, gispuês gi qui êd si vi iovuidtf io uo is`ëogkdf gi `frrup`jðo y prfstjtu`jðo. Id grknk kdtirok dk vjgk pirsfokd gi Kdj`jk (su prfadinks nkrjtkdis, `fo sus mjbfs y dkafrkdis) `fo `ksfs bugj`jkdis io dfs qui pkrtj`jpk trks kgqujrjr uo inpdif `fnf `fdkafrkgfr buojfr io io uok hjrnk gi kafckgfs. K df dkrcf gid tkddir, uskrinfs dk hjcurk gi Kdj`jk `fnf nfgidf pkrk dks kdunoks, puis `fosjgirknfs qui dks k`tjtugis qui prisiotk gurkoti dk sirji gispriogio iosiûkozks qui puigio sir kgfptkgks pfr dks kdunoks, qujiois k piskr gi of tioir dk njsnk igkg qui dk prftkcfojstk, sî si vio sunircjgks akbf gjhj`udtkgis pkri`jgks. Id crupf gi nubiris kd `ukd kpuotknfs istkrîk io uok itkp k `rîtj`k gi sus vjgks, io id giaio gi`jgjr id `knjof gi su vjgk k`kgênj`k y prfhisjfokd, pkrk df `ukd is oi`iskrjf qui prjnirf kgqujirko k`tjtugis io id ënajtf pirsfokd qui ‐k ouistrf pkri`ir ‐ sfo jogjspioskadis pkrk duicf, pfgir giskrrfddkrsi io dfs ftrfs ënajtfs. Gi istk hfrnk, dfs fabitjvfs qui ofs minfs pdkotikgf kdrigigfr gid tkddir y qui ispirknfs si `unpdko k dkrcf pdkzf gurkoti tfgf id tkddir (y of io uok sfdk `dksi) sfo 02 qui dks kdunoks kpriogko dk tifrîk y dfs `fo`iptfs nës jnpfrtkotis io tfrof kd giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg y dks mkajdjgkgis adkogks (sfht sejdds), qui ksf`jko y kpdjquio istfs `fo`iptfs k gjhiriotis gjhiriotis sjtuk`jfois gi sus vjgks gjkrjks y qui giskrrfddio `fohjkozk io sî njsnks y io sus `fnpkûirks. Ksjnjsnf, `kgk `dksi tiogrë sus prfpjfs fabitjvfs, `fnf virinfs nës kgidkoti.
1. Nkr`f Wiðrj`f @fnf yk si nio`jfoð, id prisioti trkakbf cjrk io tfrof kd pdkotiknjiotf gi kutfris `fnf \js`jtiddj (1<;1) y Sjnnir, Niyirs, \frtir y Pmkw (1<;1) qui khjrnko qui dk tidivjsjðo is uo nigjf pfr id qui dks pirsfoks puigio kgqujrjr `fof`jnjiotfs y kpriogjzkbis k pkrtjr gi dfs `fotiojgfs gi istk. —Joticrkr
ti`ofdfcîk `fnf vjgifs io id skdðo gi `dksis puigi iorjqui`ir y nibfrkr dks k`tjvjgkgis gi iosiûkozk y kpriogjzkbi (Gumkoiy, 1<<<2 8:). Ksjnjsnf, io su s u jovistjck`jðo k`ir`k gi dk iosiûkozk gi dk psj`fdfcîk io uok `dksi uojvirsjtkrjk, Qfsefs-Iwfdgsio y Qfsefs-Iwfdgsio (1<<;) `fo`duyirfo qui utjdjzkr vjgifs dis pirnjtjð k dfs istugjkotis `fnpriogir nibfr dfs `fo`iptfs, puis pugjirfo kpdj`krdfs k uok sjtuk`jðo rikd qui si viîk pdksnkgk io dfs `djps. Ftrf ibi io tfrof kd `ukd cjrk dk prisioti jovistjck`jðo is id kpriogjzkbi vj`krjf gis`rjtf pfr Akogurk (;:33), id `ukd khjrnk qui nu`mks k`tjtugis puigio kpriogirsi k trkvês gi dk fasirvk`jðo. K pkrtjr gi istf, si puigi gispriogir qui dk utjdjzk`jðo gi uok sirji io id `fotixtf igu`ktjvf, puigi of sðdf kyugkr io id kpriogjzkbi gi `fo`iptfs sjof tknajêo pirnjti kgqujrjr gjvirsks k`tjtugis (isti puotf is nuy jnpfrtkoti io isti trkakbf giajgf k dk okturkdizk gid tkddir). Ksî, id prfpðsjtf sirë nigjr mkstk quê puotf is `jirtk istk khjrnk`jðo. \fr ftrf dkgf, ouistrf tkddir si `iotrk io id giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg. Cfozëdiz Qiy (1<<8) gihjoi dk pirsfokdjgkg `fnf dk uojðo gi gjhiriotis uojgkgis suabitjvks gi giskr rfddf, sjiogf isti òdtjnf —uo prf`isf vjkadi, `fotrkgj`tfrjf, `uyf siotjgf is oi`iskrjf gisiotrkûkr gisgi uok `fnpriosjðo gi dk suabitjvjgkg„. Id kgfdis`ioti, pkrti gi ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf, —is uo subitf `fohjcurkgf `fo tfgk uok
frckojzk`jðo suabitjvk qui mk jgf hfrnkogf io su mjstfrjk kotirjfr„ (Cfozëdiz Qiy, 1<<8). Wiojiogf io `uiotk istf, io id tkddir aus`knfs giskrrfddkr dk pirsfokdjgkg gi ouistrks kdunoks pfrqui, `fnf ;=
nio`jfok Cfozëdiz Qiy, —`ukogf uo kgfdis`ioti tjioi ajio gihjojgk su uojgkg gi gi skrrfddf y, `fnf
jogjvjguf, istë `ri`jiogf io iddk, fasirvknfs qui istë nftjvkgf, qui tjioi uok ixprisjðo `riktjvk y uok joticrk`jðo sf`jkd kgi`ukgk, y io isi `ksf of oi`iskrjknioti iotrk io `rjsjs„. Wknajêo tioinfs `fnf
fabitjvf qui kgqujirko mkajdjgkgis adkogks, dks `ukdis si rihjirio kd kpriogjzkbi gi dks `fnpitio`jks vjo`udkgks `fo id gisinpiûf `jugkgkof qui of rispfogio k dk gjniosjðo `fcojtjvk„ (Wigis`fo, 1<;02 ;).
@riinfs qui sfo `krk`tirîstj`ks oi`iskrjks pkrk uok vjgk pdiok, tkotf io id ënajtf pirsfokd `fnf io id k`kgênj`f y prfhisjfokd. Ksjnjsnf, ofs aksknfs io id pdkotiknjiotf gid nfgidf jotirk``jfojstk gi dk pirsfokdjgkg, qui gj`i qui —dk `fogu`tk istë gitirnjokgk pfr uo prf`isf `fotjouf gi jotirk``jðo iotri dfs hk`tfris pirsfokdis y
sjtuk`jfokdis, io uo `fotixtf ajgjri``jfokd.„ (Airnògiz5 \êriz Ckr`îk5 Qujz @kakddirf, 1<;;). Ofsftrks df qui mkrinfs is prisiotkrdis gjvirsks sjtuk`jfois k dks kdunoks2 prjnirf dks qui vjvi Kdj`jk io dk sirji y duicf ftrks qui iddks puigko ixpirjniotkr io sus vjgks5 k pkrtjr gi istf dis iosiûkrinfs gjvirsfs `fo`iptfs (`fnf gi joj`jktjvk, djgirkzcf, tfnk gi gi`jsjfois, it`.) qui giairëo kpdj`kr k dk sirji y nës kgidkoti, k sus vjgks pkrk dfcrkr dfs risudtkgfs gisikgfs.
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs Id pòadj`f fabitjvf gid prisioti prfyi`tf sfo nubiris iotri ;: y 17 kûfs gi dfs ojvidis sf`jfi`foðnj`fs K y A qui si io`uiotrio istugjkogf io dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk y/f io sus prjnirfs kûfs gi vjgk dkafrkd. Kginës, pkrtjnfs gi uok gi dks `kticfrîks gi Qfdkogf Kriddkof io su istugjf gi dfs istjdfs gi vjgk2 —Dks Nfgiroks„. Istk si gjstjocui pfr kakr`kr k nubiris gigj`kgks k sus istugjfs y/f trkakbfs, puis aus`ko su
rikdjzk`jðo pirsfokd i jogipiogio`jk. Istf si kpdj`k k dks pkrtj`jpkotis gi ouistrf tkddir, qujiois istëo io igkg gi `fniozkr k gisdjckrsi gi dk gipiogio`jk k sus pkgris y inpizkr k hfrbkr su prfpjf `knjof. Id tkddir tiogrë uok `kpk`jgkg nëxjnk gi ;9 pirsfoks, pkrk dfcrkr `rikr `fohjkozk i dks pkrtj`jpkotis y pirsfokdjzkr dks iosiûkozks. Isti `ursf istë gjvjgjgf io ;1 `dksis qui si ddivkrëo k `kaf ; viz pfr sinkok, sjo `fotkr dks gfs prjnirks sinkoks gi `dksi gid joj`jf gi `j`df y dks sinkoks gi ixëniois pkr`jkdis y ixëniois hjokdis. hjokdis. Dks `dksis tiogrëo uok gurk`jðo gurk`jðo gi gfs mfrks y si akskrë io uo `kpîtudf gjhirioti `kgk viz. @kgk `dksi cjrkrë io tfrof k uok tinëtj`k gjhirioti (pirf qui puigio iocdfakrsi giotrf gi dfs `fo`iptfs gi giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg y mkajdjgkgis adkogks), qui giskrrfddkrinfs pkrtjiogf gid hfrnktf —mfw —mfw tf„ tf„ f —`ðnf„, pfr ibinpdf, ”`ðnf tfnkr dk joj`jktjvk‚. Id fabitjvf k dkrcf
pdkzf gid tkddir is qui dks kdunoks giskrrfddio mkajdjgkgis adkogks qui puigko kyugkrdks k nibfrkr sus vjgks `ftjgjkoks. Pjo inakrcf, kd sir isti fabitjvf nuy gjhî`jd gi ivkdukr, ispi`jkdnioti k `frtf pdkzf, ofs vinfs io dk oi`isjgkg gi pdkotikr fabitjvfs nës ispi`îhj`fs pkrk `kgk `dksi. Gi istk hfrnk, io `kgk `dksi dks kdunoks kpriogirëo gjhiriotis `fo`iptfs qui dis sirvjrëo pkrk giskrrfddkr pf`f k pf`f dks mkajdjgkgis adkogks privjknioti nio`jfokgks. Kginës, si rikdjzkrëo gjhiriotis ibir`j`jfs prë`tj`fs, qui pfgrëo sirvjr tkotf pkrk dk puistk io prë`tj`k gi dk tifrîk `fnf uok mirrknjiotk gi ivkduk`jðo pkrk dfcrkr nigjr sj si kd`kozkrfo f of dfs fabitjvfs.
;:
K `fotjouk`jðo, ixpdj`krinfs dk `dksi pjdftf qui ddivknfs k `kaf pkrk ri`fcir gktfs y nigjr sj si pfgrîko dfcrkr dfs fabitjvfs pdkotikgfs gi iosiûkr k trkvês gi dk sirji Kginës, prisiotkrinfs id sîdkaf gi dks sjcujiotis ;; `dksis gid tkddir2 @dksi \jdftf2 \jdftf2 @ðnf tfnkr dk joj`jktjvk (Ipjsfgjf 02 Zfu `ko‚t cf mfni kckjo)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks kpriogio id sjcojhj`kgf gi joj`jktjvk. ◆ Dks kdunoks `fof`io dfs pksfs pkrk tfnkr tfn kr dk joj`jktjvk. ◆ Dks kdunoks skdio gi su zfok gi `fohfrt. Io dk prjnirk pkrti, si rikdjzð dk jotrfgu``jðo iotri dk prfhisfrk y dks kdunoks, io dk `ukd `kgk uok si prisiotð koti dks ginës. K `fotjouk`jðo, si `fovirsð arivinioti sfari id tink2 ¶kdcuok viz mko jovjtkgf k uo `mj`f k skdjr6, pkrk rfnpir uo pf`f id mjidf. Dk prfhisfrk `fotð uok koê`gftk pirsfokd kd rispi`tf y duicf, kdcuoks kdunoks `fnpkrtjirfo sus prfpjks ixpirjio`jks. Id tjinpf gi gurk`jðo kprfxjnkgf hui gi nigjk mfrk. Io dk sicuogk pkrti si aus`ð ridk`jfokr id `kpîtudf gi dk sirji `fo dfs `fo`iptfs gi joj`jktjvk2 prjnirf si ixpdj`ð id sjcojhj`kgf gi joj`jktjvk, si vjf id `kpîtudf y duicf, dk prfhisfrk prf`igjð k jdustrkr dfs pksfs k sicujr `fo ibinpdfs gid ipjsfgjf. Dk tir`irk pkrti is uo ibir`j`jf ◆
prë`tj`f qui aus`k rihfrzkr dk tifrîk2 id buicf si ddknk —pkpidjtf„2 si hfrnko iqujpfs y si ixtrkio pkpidis
gi uo `fotioigfr `fo ofnaris gi pirsfokbis gi dk sirji y gi dk vjgk rikd y si giaio gis`rjajr sus pirsfokdjgkgis y dfcrkr qui tu iqujpf dfs kgjvjoi. Io dk pkrti hjokd, `kgk iqujpf giairë is`rjajr uok ixpirjio`jk gi sus vjgks ridk`jfokgk k dk joj`jktjvk y ftrf iqujpf tiogrë qui rikdjzkr —jnprf„ io dk qui si
kpdjquio dfs pksfs nio`jfokgfs. Isti ibir`j`jf sjrvjð `fnf mirrknjiotk gi ivkduk`jðo. Io id tkddir si ixpdj`ð qui dk `kpk`jgkg gi joj`jktjvk joj`jktjvk is dk prigjspfsj`jðo k inpriogir k``jfois, `rikr fpfrtuojgkgis y nibfrkr risudtkgfs sjo oi`isjgkg gi uo riquirjnjiotf ixtirof qui df inpubi, kpfykgf io dk kutfrrispfoskajdjgkg y dk kutfgjri``jðo. Dfs pksfs pkrk tfnkr joj`jktjvk sfo dfs sjcujiotis2 ;. Pi ti prisiotk uok sjtuk`jðo qui ti fadjck k `uistjfokrsi2 ¶mkrê kdcf kd rispi`tf f of6 (Wfnkr dfs ibinpdfs gi Crk`i, Eiooy y dk nkgri gi Eiooy). 1. Pj gi`jgis qui sî, giairës pdkotikrti fabitjvfs rispi`tf k iddk. ¶[uê gisif dfcrkr6 (Wfnkr dfs ibinpdfs gi Kdj`jk, Arjko y @kry). 0. Gispuês gi pdkotikrti fabitjvfs, giairës pdkotikrti k``jfois. ¶[uê giaf mk`ir pkrk dfcrkr njs fabitjvfs6 7. Hjokdnioti, giairës rikdjzkr istks k``jfois. Mky qui sir `fos`jiotis gi qui tfgk joj`jktjvk tknajêo tjioi `fosi`uio`jks pirf gi tfgf si kpriogi. Istks `fosi`uio`jks tknajêo dks vinfs io dfs pirsfokbis.
@dksi 12 @ðnf gjs`irojr df nfrkdnioti `frri`tf (Ipjsfgjf (I pjsfgjf 72 Hjxig)
Fabitjvfs2 ◆ ◆
Dks kdunoks `fof`io dk tifrîk aësj`k sfari dk gifotfdfcîk, id utjdjtkrjsnf y id icfîsnf nfrkd. nf rkd. Dks kdunoks skaio jgiotjhj`kr istk tifrîk io dks k`tjtugis munkoks. 1<
\rjnirf, si rivjsk dk tifrîk gi gifotfdfcîk, utjdjtkrjsnf y icfîsnf nfrkd y duicf si vi id ipjsfgjf. Gispuês, si mk`i uo ibir`j`jf prë`tj`f2 si prisiotk k dks `mj`ks uo cujðo gi uo `ksf gi dk sirji qui giaio `fnpditkr gi k`uirgf k df qui iddks `fosjgirko —`frri`tf„ y krcuniotkogf io aksi k dk tifrîk kpriogjgk.
Hjokdnioti, si mk`i ritrfkdjniotk`jðo2 `kgk kdunok prisiotk su risfdu`jðo y si giakti kd rispi`tf. @dksi 02 @ðnf trkakbkr io iqujpf (Ipjsfgjf 32 Yofrtmfgfx)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks `fof`io dk gihjoj`jðo gi trkakbf io iqujpf. ◆ Dks kdunoks `fof`io sijs idiniotfs `dkvi pkrk dfcrkr uo ihi`tjvf trkakbf io iqujpf. ◆ Dks kdunoks jgiotjhj`ko sus ktrjautfs pirsfokdis `fnf mirrknjiotks qui `fotrjauyio k uo auio trkakbf io iqujpf. Io dk prjnirk pkrti si ixpdj`k dk tifrîk t ifrîk i jotrfgu`io dks tris dîoiks gi trkakbf io iqujpf qui si virëo io id `kpîtudf y io dk sicuogk, si vi id `kpîtudf (sjo dk dîoik gi Rk`). Io dk tir`irk pkrti, si mk`i uo ibir`j`jf prë`tj`f2 uo `fobuotf gi ritfs dògj`fs qui dks `mj`ks giaio risfdvir io pkribk, kd istjdf gi prfcrknk `fo`ursf. Kquiddk pkribk qui pfock io prë`tj`k nës `fo`iptfs `fovirskgfs io `dksi sirë dk ckokgfrk. Ibinpdf2 tjioio qui jr pfr uok sirji gi pksfs `fo dks pjiroks ktkgks i jr `fnpditkogf piquiûfs buicfs. Io dk pkrti hjokd, si mk`i dk ivkduk`jðo gi `kgk pkribk y ritrfkdjniotk`jðo gi dk ixpirjio`jk. ◆
@dksi 72 @ðnf tfnkr gi`jsjfois (Ipjsfgjf 92 @rksm)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks kpriogio dk gihjoj`jðo gid `fo`iptf gi tfnk gi gi`jsjfois y dks gjhiriotis hfrnks gi tfnkrdks. ◆ Dks kdunoks jgiotjhj`ko dfs 8 pksfs gi dk tfnk gi gi`jsjfois k pkrtjr gid ipjsfgjf. Io dk prjnirk pkrti, si ixpdj`k id `fo`iptf gi tfnk gi gi`jsjfois, si vi id ipjsfgjf y duicf, si gjs`utio dfs `fo`iptfs gi tfnk gi gi`jsjfois, utjdjzkogf ibinpdfs gid ipjsfgjf. Pi ri`fnjiogk rikdjzkr uo ibir`j`jf prë`tj`f io qui kpdjquio dfs 8 pksfs. ◆
@dksi 92 @ðnf `fnaktjr id istrês (Ipjsfgjf ( Ipjsfgjf 1;2 Yopduccig)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks `fnpriogio df qui sjcojhj`k id nkoibf gid istrês. ◆ Dks kdunoks jgiotjhj`ko dfs 3 pksfs pkrk djgjkr `fo id istrês io aksi kd `kpîtudf. Io uo prjnir ibir`j`jf, dks kdunoks y prfhisfrks si sjiotko io uok rfogk. Yok gi dks kdunoks tjioi uok afdk gi dkok y gj`i io vfz kdtk uo nftjvf gi istrês qui sjiotk io isi nfniotf y duicf pksk dk afdk k ftrk kdunok. Iddk giai gkr kdcuok sfdu`jðo kd prfadink gi dk kotirjfr y duicf `fniotkr uok rkzðo prfpjk gi istrês y ksî su`isjvknioti, mkstk `fnpditkr uok rig iotri tfgks. Dk rihdixjðo is qui dfs prfadinks si knjofrko `ukogf uok ri`jai kyugk f `fosibf y `fnpkrti. Gi kquî si uoi k dk tifrîk gi dk wia —Aiddizk ◆
hin„ (3 pksfs pkrk djgjkr `fo id istrês). @dksi 82 @ðnf djgjkr `fo dks `rîtj`ks (Ipjsfgjf ;82 Hdiks)
1;
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks gjhirio`jko `rîtj`ks `fostru`tjvks y oicktjvks. ◆ Dks kdunoks ri`fof`io gjhiriotis hfrnks gi k`tukr hrioti k uok `rîtj`k. Pi prisiotko dfs `fo`iptfs y si jdustrko k trkvês gi dfs pirsfokbis io id ipjsfgjf. Gispuês, si ripkrtio gfs pirsfokbis pfr crupf y si dis pjgi qui `krk`tirj`io sus nfgfs gi ri`jajr `rîtj`ks. Duicf, dks kdunoks giaio jgiotjhj`kr 0 `rîtj`ks qui mko ri`jajgf y gjs`utjr `ðnf rik``jfokrfo koti iddks. Hjokdnioti, `kgk uok mk`i uok djstk gi 0 ktrjautfs gi su pirsfokdjgkg y si mk`i uok gjs`usjðo hjokd sfari `ðnf utjdjzkr istfs ktrjautfs pkrk djgjkr `fo dks `rîtj`ks. ◆
@dksi 32 @ðnf vfdvirsi nës ksirtjvk (Ipjsfgjf 102 Quoojoc)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks `fof`io id sjcojhj`kgf gi ksirtjvjgkg. ◆ Dks kdunoks ri`fof`io dks `krk`tirîstj`ks gi uok pirsfok sunjsk, kcrisjvk y ksirtjvk. ◆ Dks kdunoks kpriogio dks tê`oj`ks pkrk sir nës ksirtjvks. Io dk prjnirk pkrti, dks kdunoks vio id `kpîtudf i jgiotjhj`ko dfs pirsfokbis sunjsfs, kcrisjvfs y ksirtjvfs, k trkvês gi sus `krk`tirîstj`ks. \krk iddf dk `dksi si akskrë io id djarf2 Dk ksirtjvjgkg2 ixprisjðo gi uok skok kutfistjnk. kutfistjnk. Hjokdnioti, dks kdunoks okrrko uok f`ksjðo io dk qui of mkyko sjgf ksirtjvks, pkrk duicf kpdj`kr dks tê`oj`ks qui pugjirfo mkair uskgf (tê`oj`ks gi riistru`turk`jðo `fcojtjvk, iotrioknjiotf gi mkajdjgkgis sf`jkdis y rigu``jðo gi kosjigkg, tfgks pkrti gid njsnf djarf). ◆
@dksi =2 @ðnf skair quê tjpf gi dîgir iris (Ipjsfgjf :2 Wmriisfni)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks jgiotjhj`ko y kpriogi k`ir`k gi dfs gjstjotfs t jpfs gi dîgiris. ◆ Dks kdunoks si jgiotjhj`ko k sî njsnks `fo uo tjpf gi dîgir f `fo id tjpf gi dîgir qui qujirio sir. Pi utjdjzk `fnf tifrîk id djarf —¶[uê tjpf gi dîgir iris tò6„. Kd prjo`jpjf gi dk `dksi, si giaio prisiotkr `ukdis sfo dfs tjpfs gi dîgiris qui ixjstio y sus `krk`tirîstj`ks. Duicf si giai nfstrkr id `kpîtudf. Gi istk hfrnk, dks kdunoks pfgrëo ri`fof`ir dfs tjpfs gi dîgiris y ridk`jfokrdfs k pirsfokbis gi dk sirji. \fstirjfrnioti, si ri`fnjiogk mk`ir uo `fovirsktfrjf pkrk `fnprfakr sj si mko iotiogjgf pdioknioti dfs `fo`iptfs (sj dks kdunoks vjo`udko `frri`tknioti id tjpf gi dîgir `fo id pirsfokbi jogj`kgf) y pkrk qui dks kdunoks puigko `fnpkrtjr sus jgiks k`ir`k gi qui `dksi gi dîgir `fosjgirko qui sfo f qujirio ddickr k sir. ◆
@dksi :2 @ðnf skair is`u`mkr (Ipjsfgjf ;;2 Johkny)
Fabitjvfs2 ◆ ◆
Dks kdunoks kpriogio dks `fogj`jfois gi dk is`u`mk Dks kdunoks ri`fof`io dk jnpfrtko`jk gi is`u`mkr, mkadkr y `fnpriogir
11
\rjnirf si ixpdj`k dk tifrîk, ixtrkîgk gi —Id krti gi skair is`u`mkr„ y si vi id `kpîtudf. Hjokdnioti, si
cioirk uok gjs`usjðo `fo dks kdunoks k`ir`k gi dfs `fo`iptfs kpriogjgfs y `fnf si ridk`jfoko `fo dk sirji y sus prfpjks vjgks. @dksi ;<2 @ðnf ri`fof`ir uo buj`jf kotj`jpkgf (Ipjsfgjf 82 @fobuckd)
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks ri`fof`io `uëogf y `ðnf si buzck k dk cioti. ◆ Dks kdunoks jgiotjhj`ko dfs ihi`tfs gid buzckr k kdcujio. Kotis gi `fniozkr dk `dksi, dks kdunoks is`rjaio io uo pkpid dk prjnirk jnprisjðo qui tuvjirfo gi sus `fnpkûirks. K `fotjouk`jðo si vi id `kpîtudf y si ixpdj`ko dfs `fo`iptfs. Hjokdnioti, si ripkrtio dfs pkpidjtfs y si cioirk gjs`usjðo sfari dks jnprisjfois y id pfrquê gi istks. ◆
@dksi ;;2 @ðnf nibfrkr tus ridk`jfois jotirpirsfokdis (Ipjsfgjf =2 Gfuat)
Fabitjvf2
Dks kdunoks kpriogio dks 3 diyis gi dks ridk`jfois jotirpirsfokdis. Io prjnir duckr, si vi id ipjsfgjf y gi kmî si prf`igi k ixpdj`kr dks 3 diyis gi dks ridk`jfois jotirpirsfokdis.. Gispuês, si gjvjgi k dks kdunoks io pkribks y `kgk uok tjioi qui riprisiotkr uok diy y jotirpirsfokdis ixpdj`kr `ðnf Kdj`jk ginuistrk istk diy gurkoti id `kpîtudf, `ðnf of dk ginuistrk f `ðnf giajð mk`irdf5 giairëo krcuniotkr su pfsj`jðo. Hjokdnioti, si mk`i uo piquiûf tist `fnf ivkduk`jðo. ◆
@dksi ;12 @ðnf inpriogir uo prfyi`tf gi vjgk pirsfokd
Fabitjvfs2
Dks kdunoks dfcrko uojr dfs `fo`iptfs trktkgfs io dks fo`i `dksis privjks. ◆ Dks kdunoks si pdkotiko fabitjvfs pirsfokdis pkrk su vjgk. Io istk `dksi of si vi ojocòo ipjsfgjf, puis iocdfak tfgks dks kotirjfris. Df qui si pritiogi is qui `kgk kdunok `rii uo prfyi`tf pirsfokd k nigjkof pdkzf. Pi prfpfoi pigjrdi k dks kdunoks uok ritrfkdjniotk`jðo ridk`jfokgk ridk`jfokgk k tfgf df gjs`utjgf k df dkrcf gid tkddir, pkrk pfgir ivkdukr sj dfs fabitjvfs k dkrcf pdkzf huirfo `unpdjgfs. Is oi`iskrjf `fof`ir sj dks `dksis rikdnioti dks kyugkrfo io sus vjgks pirsfokdis. ◆
Id `fotixtf sf`jkd Dk sf`jigkg pirukok si `krk`tirjzk pfr prisiotkr rkscfs nk`mjstks. Is io isti `fotixtf qui id pkpid gi dk nubir si vi khi`tkgf y si io`uiotrk io uok pfsj`jðo gi gisviotkbk hrioti k dfs mfnaris, tkotf io id ënajtf hknjdjkr `fnf id dkafrkd. Pjo inakrcf, io dks òdtjnks gê`kgks istk hfrnk gi pioskr mk `knajkgf, df `ukd mk cioirkgf uok trkoshfrnk`jðo io id nuogf dkafrkd gi ouistrf pkîs2 dk nubir istë kuniotkogf su prisio`jk io isti knajioti. \fr istk rkzðo, quirinfs pripkrkr k dks bðviois pkrtj`jpkotis gi ouistrf tkddir pkrk qui kd josirtkrsi kd nuogf dkafrkd, sj is qui kòo of df mko mi`mf f ri`jêo `fnjiozko, sipko `ðnf k`tukr io uok sf`jigkg qui gk prihirio`jks k dfs mfnaris. Io dk k`tukdjgkg, dks nubiris istëo aus`kogf supirkr istk `fo`ip`jðo gi johirjfrjgkg y fatioir nkyfr kutfofnîk i jogipiogio`jk. Dfs 10
tinks trktkgfs io ouistrf tkddir of sfdf dis sirvjrëo io id ënajtf dkafrkd, sjof qui tknajêo si kpdj`ko io su vjgk `ftjgjkok, tkotf io df jotrkpirsfokd ‐k nkoirk gi rihdixjðo y koëdjsjs gi dk hfrnk gi prf`igir koti `ukdqujir iviotukdjgkg ‐ y df jotirpirsfokd ‐qui jovfdu`rk dks ridk`jfois qui si tjioio `fo dfs ginës. Id `fotixtf igu`ktjvf Giajgf k dk okturkdizk gi isti tkddir, is oi`iskrjf qui si ddivk k `kaf io uo duckr nës îotjnf y `irrkgf, pkrk qui dks kdunoks si sjiotko sicurks y `ðnfgks kd ixpriskrsi. K`tukdnioti, yk ixjstio tkddiris `iotrkgfs io id giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg, djgirkzcf y kutfofnîk, pirf istfs of aus`ko id giskrrfddf hiniojof io sî, sjof uof io cioirkd. Dk prisio`jk gi mfnaris puigi djnjtkr djnjtkr id gisiovfdvjnjiotf gi dks kdunoks, pfr df `ukd gi`jgjnfs `iotrkrofs sfdf io dks nubiris. Kginës, io ouistrk uojvirsjgkg of mky tkddiris qui si ixtjiogko gurkoti tfgf id `j`df y qui kpuotio kd giskrrfddf gi istks hk`udtkgis5 sfdf ixjstio tkddiris `frtfs gi dk `krrirk gi \sj`fdfcîk. Id `fotixtf igu`ktjvf sirë of hfrnkd, puis kuoqui is gj`tkgf io dk uojvirsjgkg `fnf pkrti gi uok k`tjvjgkg ixtrk`urrj`udkr, of `foddivk k uok `irtjhj`k`jðo f gjpdfnk.
7. Qisudtkgfs @fnf si nio`jfoð kotirjfrnioti, uof gi dfs fabitjvfs gid prfyi`tf irk dfcrkr qui dks kdunoks pugjirko iotiogir nibfr dfs `fo`iptfs iosiûkgfs nigjkoti dk ixpdj`k`jðo gi istfs io aksi k ibinpdfs gi uo `kpîtudf gi Wmi Cffg Sjhi , pkrk ginfstrkr gi istk nkoirk qui dk tidivjsjðo puigi `fovirtjrsi io uok mirrknjiotk igu`ktjvk ihi`tjvk y qui gi istk sirji si puigio gispriogir iosiûkozks f nktirjkd igu`ktjvf. Wrks mkair ddivkgf k `kaf dk `dksi pjdftf, pugjnfs gkrofs `uiotk qui, io cioirkd, dk nkyfrîk gi dks kdunoks sî dfcrkrfo `fnpriogir dfs `fo`iptfs pdkotikgfs (io isti `ksf, si mkadð k`ir`k gi dk joj`jktjvk y dfs pksfs pkrk pfoirdk io prë`tj`k) y pugjirfo kpdj`krdfs io dfs ibir`j`jfs prë`tj`fs. Pjo inakrcf, muaf kdcuoks `mj`ks qui of iotiogjirfo nuy ajio dk hjokdjgkg gi dks gjoënj`ks oj tknpf`f quê irk ixk`tknioti df qui si tioîk qui mk`ir. Istf prfakadinioti si giajð ‐io crko pkrti ‐ k uo irrfr gi dks jovistjckgfrks, puis giajnfs mkair mi`mf uok ixpdj`k`jðo nës ixmkustjvk gi df qui si ispirkak gi iddks y gi `uëdis irko ouistrfs fabitjvfs nigjkoti istks gjoënj`ks. Ksjnjsnf, trktknfs gi gispriogir id òdtjnf ibir`j`jf prë`tj`f ‐qui tknajêo sirvîk `fnf nêtfgf gi ivkduk`jðo ‐ gi dk sirji, pkrk qui pir`jako qui kquiddf qui pritiogîknfs iosiûkr irk kpdj`kadi k `ksfs qui dis prisiotkrko io dk vjgk rikd, pirf iddks (pfr df `fotrkrjf) ispirkako uok nkyfr n kyfr ridk`jðo `fo dk sirji. Yo puotf k hkvfr hui dk `rik`jðo gid ispk`jf2 huo`jfoð akstkoti ajio id prisirvkr uo ispk`jf io id qui si aus`kak `rikr `fohjkozk i jotjnjgkg pkrk/iotri dks kdunoks, puis dks kyugð k sfdtkrsi y rikdjzkr dfs ibir`j`jfs prë`tj`fs. Kginës, pugjnfs k`ir`krofs k iddks pkrk ksisfrkrdks gurkoti istfs ibir`j`jfs y dk ixpdj`k`jðo gi dk tifrîk5 `unpdjnfs `fo arjogkrdis uo `ursf pirsfokdjzkgf.
9. @fo`dusjfois
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Io cioirkd, `fosjgirknfs qui dks sirjis gi tidivjsjðo pfgrîko sirvjr `fnf mirrknjiotks igu`ktjvks, puis prisiotko sjtuk`jfois gi dk vjgk rikd qui id pòadj`f ‐qujzës akbf gjhiriotis `jr`uostko`jks ‐ pfgrîk vjvjr f k dks `ukdis si pfgrîk kpdj`kr dfs kpriogjzkbis ri`fcjgfs. Pjo inakrcf, pkrk qui uok sirji huo`jfoi `fnf uok mirrknjiotk igu`ktjvk ihj`jioti, is jogjspioskadi qui si di joticri k dfs `fotiojgfs gi dk `dksi y qui dfs nkistrfs si nkotiocko `fnf cuîks `fostkotis gi dfs kdunofs, cioirkogf gjs`usjðo y rihdixjðo sfari dk sirji. Gi istk hfrnk, io`fotrknfs qui Wmi Cffg Sjhi sî is uok sirji gi dk qui si gispriogi nktirjkd igu`ktjvf2 puigi sir uskgk pkrk ridk`jfokr `fo`iptfs tiðrj`fs gid giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg y kutfistjnk `fo sjtuk`jfois gi dk vjgk rikd, df qui pirnjti qui dfs `fo`iptfs siko nibfr iotiogjgfs y ri`frgkgfs nës hë`jdnioti pfr dfs kdunofs. Giti`tknfs qui is prihirjadi qui dks kdunoks mkyko vjstf privjknioti dk sirji f kd niofs, qui tiocko kdcuok of`jðo gi iddk, puis ksî pfgrëo `fo`iotrkrsi nibfr io dfs kspi`tfs `fo`irojiotis k dk `dksi y of si iohf`krëo tkotf io dfs kspi`tfs si`uogkrjfs. Dks k`tjtugis gi d fs pirsfokbis tknajêo si vjsukdjzkrëo nibfr sj uok yk tjioi uo `fof`jnjiotf cioirkd sfari iddfs. Ksjnjsnf, id pòadj`f fabitjvf io id qui ofs `iotrknfs (nubiris gi ;: k 17 kûfs) sî si pristk k dk `dksi gi tkddir qui prfpfoinfs, puis `fnf piosknfs, sî oi`isjtko gi istks mirrknjiotks pirsfokdis qui fhri`infs pkrk kpdj`krdks io gjstjotfs ënajtfs gi su vjgk.
8. Qihirio`jks Akogurk, K. (;:33). Pf`jkd dikrojoc tmifry. Iocdiwffg @djhhs, OB2 \riotj`i Mkdd. Airnògiz Nfriof, B., \êriz-Ckr`îk, K. N., Qujz @kakddirf, B. K. (1<;;) \sj`fdfcîk gi dk pirsfokdjgkg.. Ispkûk2 YOIG - Yojvirsjgkg Ok`jfokd gi Igu`k`jðo k Gjstko`jk. Ixtrkîgf id 1;<818<7=&ppc> djnksp/Gf`6jg>;<818<7=&ppc>3 3 @kstkoyir, F. (;::8). Dk ksirtjvjgkg2 ixprisjðo gi uok skok kutfistjnk. Igjtfrjkd Gis`dêi gi Arfuwir, P.K Cfozëdiz Qiy, H. (1<<8) Kgfdis`io`jk istugjkotjd y giskrrfddf gi dk pirsfokdjgkg . Nêxj`f2 Qig \irhjdis Igu`ktjvfs. Ixtrkîgf id 1;<;8=8=1&ppc> jnksp/Gf`6jg>;<;8=8=1&ppc>= = Dkpjg- Afgck, C. (1<;1) ¶[uê tjpf gi dîgir iris tò6. Ispkûk2 N`Crkw-Mjdd Jotirknirj`kok. Hkrfue Qkgwko, N. (17 gi Nkyf gi 1<;1). 1eofwnysidh. Qi`upirkgf id 11/;;/1<;0 gi www.1eofwnysidh.`fn/spkojsm/@fnfVdjgjkrV www.1eofwnysidh.`fn/sp kojsm/@fnfVdjgjkrV`foVpirsfoksVqui `foVpirsfoksVquiVtiV`rjtj`ko VtiV`rjtj`ko \js`jtiddj, K. (1<;1) Xjgif WX, ircf sun, `ukogf dk `udturk kugjfvjsukd tknajêo sjrvi pkrk pioskr(si) y mk`ir pioskr. Io C. Frfz`f (Ig.), Wvnfrhfsjs2 Dk tidivjsjðo kajirtk mk`jk dk sf`jigkg gi rigis. (p. :3 ;<=). Nêxj`f2 \rfgu`tfrk gi @fotiojgfs @udturkdis Pkckmðo Qipfdd. Qfsefs-Iwfdgsio, G. Q. & Qfsefs-Iwfdgsio, A. (1<<;). Ysjoc vjgif `djps tf tik`m sf`jkd psy`mfdfcy . Wik`mjoc fh \sy`mfdfcy, 1=(0), 1;1-1;9. Pkrk`mf, @. (1<;1) 3 hfrnks gi djgjkr `fo id istrês. Nêxj`f2 Aiddizk Hin. Ixtrkîgf id ;3/;;/1<;0 gi mttp2//www.k`tjtughin.`fn/aiddizk/krtj`ud mttp2//www.k`tjtughin.` fn/aiddizk/krtj`udf/`fnf-nkoibkr-id-i f/`fnf-nkoibkr-id-istris stris Mkajdjgkgis adkogks . Wigis`fo, B. @. (1<;0) Ixtrkîgf id 11/;;/1<;0 gi mttp2//rfsiraktddi.hjdis.wfrgpriss.`fn/1 mttp2//rfsiraktddi.hjdi s.wfrgpriss.`fn/1<<:/<1/inpdikajdjg <<:/<1/inpdikajdjgkg-y-kps.pgh kg-y-kps.pgh Wfrrkdak Qfsiddð, Qfsiddð, H. H. (1<<3) Id krti gi skair is`u`mkr. Igjtfrjkd Njdiojf. P.D
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Mfw J nit yfur nftmir Dfriok Kstiti, Irjek Akunkoo, Kdniogrk Iorjquiz, Hkajkok Hjof``mjkrjf y Wmkdîk Yckrti
Qisunio Istk jovistjck`jðo prisiotk dfs risudtkgf s gi dk kpdj`k`jðo gi uo tkddir akskgf io dk sirji —Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir„ gjrjcjgf k pkribks bðviois-kgudtks, iotri 19 y 0< kûfs. \krk dk rikdjzk`jðo gid njsnf hui huogkniotkd utjdjzkr uo `kpîtudf gi dk sirji yk qui ofs pirnjtjð prfakr sj istk sirji sjrvi `fnf uok mirrknjiotk igu`ktjvk. K trkvês gid tkddir aus`knfs fhri`ir, k `kgk pkribk, mirrknjiotks gi `fnuoj`k`jðo qui puigko sir kpdj`kgks io gjhiriotis sjtuk`jfois y qui k pkrtjr gi dfs `kpîtudfs puigko siotjrsi jgiotjhj`kgfs gi kdcuok nkoirk `fo dfs pirsfokbis, ksî kpriogir gi iddfs y gi sus ridk`jfois. Isti tink ofs pkri`jð jotiriskoti giajgf k qui ouo`k mkaîknfs rikdjzkgf uok `dksi pjdftf y niofs aksëogfofs io uok sirji gi tidivjsjðo. Idicjnfs —Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir„ yk qui `uktrf gi ofsftrks vi
dk sirji `fo hri`uio`jk y gi`jgjnfs iohf`krdk io dk `fnuoj`k`jðo iotri pkribks. Xjnfs kdcuofs `kpîtudfs y ofs gjnfs `uiotk qui dks ridk`jfois qui si prisiotko io dk sirji si pristko `fnf ri`ursfs igu`ktjvfs. \krk prfakr ouistrfs fabitjvfs rikdjzknfs uo tkddir akskgf io gjoënj`ks `fo dks `ukdis dks pkribks pugjirfo jotirk`tukr iotri iddks jotir`knajkogf jgiks, fpjojfois y ixpirjio`jks. Kd prfpfoir k dfs mfnaris qui si pfocko io id duckr gi —Nkrsmkdd„, pirsfokbi gi dk sirji, y k dks nubiris io id gi —Djdy„, su
ispfsk, pugjnfs vir qui huirfo `kpk`is gi jgiotjhj`krsi y prfpusjirfo auioks sfdu`jfois kd prfadink pdkotikgf. \fr ibinpdf, dfs mfnaris gjbirfo qui mkarîko prihirjgf mkadkr kotis `fo su ofvjk pkrk pfgir pkskr tjinpf k sfdks `fo sus knjcfs. Isti trkakbf cjrkrë io tfrof k tris ibis tinëtj`fs. Id prjo`jpkd is dk `fnuoj`k`jðo yk qui ouistrf tkddir, kd istkr akskgf io dk ridk`jðo iotri pkribks, aus`k prfpfoir ibinpdfs qui puigko sfdu`jfokrsi `fo uok auiok `fnuoj`k`jðo. Id sicuogf, dfs bðviois-kgudtfs giajgf k qui sfo ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf. Z hjokdnioti, dks ridk`jfois gi pkribks.
;. Jotrfgu``jðo Ouistrk jovistjck`jðo si aksk io dk sirji — Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir„, dk `ukd ` ukd trktk sfari uo crupf gi knjcfs
qui vjvio ixpirjio`jks jogjvjgukdis y crupkdis, dks `ukdis pfgrinfs ridk`jfokr hë`jdnioti yk qui sfo sjtuk`jfois `fnuois io dk vjgk gi `ukdqujir pkribk. @kgk `kpîtudf gibk uo siotjnjiotf gi nfrkdibk y is pfr istf qui id pòadj`f si puigi jgiotjhj`kr hë`jdnioti, kginës qui dfs pirsfokbis2 Wig, Nkrsmkdd, Djdy, Qfajo y Akroiy `kio ajio jonigjktknioti. jonigjktknioti. Dfs tinks qui tf`ko io dk sirji vko gisgi dfs dfs `fohdj`tfs sf`jkdis f gi ridk`jðo mkstk `fohdj`tfs `fohdj`tfs jotirofs. Io cioirkd, trktko gi nfstrkr dk jnpfrtko`jk gi dk knjstkg y `ðnf êstk y dks ridk`jfois qui jovfdu`rk, johduyio io dk vjgk gjkrjk. Id prfadink prjo`jpkd qui io`fotrknfs k dk mfrk gi mk`ir dk jovistjck`jðo is qui dks pkribks suidio iohriotkr gjstjotfs prfadinks io su vjgk vjgk `ftjgjkok, istf giajgf k dk hkdtk gi uok auiok `fnuoj`k`jðo. `fnuoj`k`jðo. @fo istk jovistjck`jðo aus`knfs prfakr sj is qui dk sirji Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir sjrvi `fnf uok mirrknjiotk qui arjogi ibinpdfs `fo`ritfs `fo dfs `ukdis si puigko ridk`jfokr dfs pkrtj`jpkotis gid 18
tkddir y gjstjotks sfdu`jfois pkrk dfs prfadinks qui puigko iohriotkr. Kginës aus`knfs `fnpdiniotkr dk sirji `fo kdcuofs `fosibfs qui ofsftrks fhriz`knfs. K piskr qui dk sirji si gi io ftrf tjpf gi `fotixtf, io dk `jugkg gi Ouivk Zfre, vkrjks gi dks sjtuk`jfois qui vjvio sfo riprfgu`jgks y tfnkgks pfr dk OPI K y A gi ouistrk sf`jigkg, `fohfrnkotis gid crupf fabitjvf gi ouistrf tkddir. Io `ukotf k dfs fabitjvfs gid tkddir io cioirkd, piosknfs gjvjrdf io `uktrf tinks qui tjioio crko jnpfrtko`jk io dk k`tukdjgkg2 hknjdjk, hjoko`jknjiotf, knjcfs y prjvk`jgkg. Ouistrf tkddir pjdftf hui sfari dfs knjcfs. Ouistrf fabitjvf prjo`jpkd irk qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis skdcko `fo mirrknjiotks oi`iskrjks pkrk hfrtkdi`ir su ridk`jðo y gkrdis `jirtfs `fosibfs sfari `ðnf of gibkr qui uok ridk`jðo si jotirpfock f `kusi `fohdj`tf `fo dks knjstkgis. \krk id sicuogf tkddir tioîknfs io nioti mkadkr sfari id tink gi dk prjvk`jgkg io uok pkribk. \risiotkrîknfs uo `kpîtudf io id qui si vik k Djdy y Nkrsmkdd `fnf uok pkribk qui si `uiotk kasfdutknioti tfgf. Gi istk nkoirk quirîknfs prfhuogjzkr sfari sj is oi`iskrjf qui uok pkribk sipk tfgf f sj is jnpfrtkoti qui `kgk uof nkotiock kdcf gi prjvk`jgkg. \krk id tir`ir tkddir id tink k trktkr jak k sir id gi hjoko`jknjiotf. Yo prfadink `fnòo io dks pkribks gi kmfrk. Ouistrf fabitjvf jak k sir qui dks pkribks kpriogko `ðnf nkoibkr isti prfadink, yk siko nuy piquiûfs `fnf gjvjgjr dk `uiotk. \fr òdtjnf, pkrk id `ukrtf tkddir, id tink prjo`jpkd jak k sir id gi dk hknjdjk. Gi istk nkoirk quirîknfs prfpfr`jfokr mirrknjiotks qui dfs kyugio k skair nkoibkr dfs `fohdj`tfs qui puigk mkair iotri tu prfpjk hknjdjk f dk gi tu pkribk, yk qui `fo isti tink sjinpri suidio mkair `jirtfs `fohdj`tfs yk siko niofris f nuy crkogis. Qispi`tf k dks jovistjck`jfois privjknioti mi`mks, ridk`jfokgks kd tink gi `fnuoj`k`jðo io dk pkribk io`fotrknfs iotri dks nës jnpfrtkotis dks sjcujiotis2 Io id djarf —Dk `fnuoj`k`jðo io dk pkribk2 irrfris psj`fdðcj`fs nës hri`uiotis„ gi gi \igrf Kqujojdf si mkadk
nës sfari pkribks `kskgks, pirf si trktk io crko nkoirk id tink gi dk crko jnpfrtko`jk gi dk `fnuoj`k`jðo, `fnf si jogj`k i o dk sjcujioti `jtk2 —Dk `fnuoj`k`jðo jotirpirsfokd, io id ënajtf nktrjnfojkd, is uok `fogj`jðo qui, pfr sir isio`jkd pkrk dk pkribk, risudtk joidugjadi i jrriouo`jkadi. (…) Id knfr qui uoi k gfs pirsfoks of is ftrk `fsk qui gjëdfcf„. Isti kutfr tknajêo is tkadi`i qui pkrk qui
mkyk gjëdfcf iotri gfs pirsfoks y su`igk `fnuoj`k`jðo io dk pkribk, is oi`iskrjf qui df qui si gjck sik virgkgirf. Wknajêo istkadi`i qui isti tjpf gi `fnuoj`k`jðo si puigi gkr gi vkrjks nkoirks, tkotf virakd `fnf of virakdnioti, pfr nigjf gi cistfs, cistfs, ixprisjfois, it`. (\fdkjof-Dfrioti & Nkrtîoiz Nkrtîoiz @kof, ;:::) Ftrk jovistjck`jðo qui io`fotrknfs kd rispi`tf is dk gid djarf —\ktrfois y istjdfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo gi dk pkribk2 gjsiûf gi uo joviotkrjf„. Io id djarf si mkadk sfari id trkakbf utjdjzkgf io pkribks nixj`koks nigjkoti nitfgfdfcîks itofpsj`fdðcj`ks. Pi aus`kak giskrrfddkr uo jostruniotf gi nigjgk gi dfs istjdfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo qui k dk viz sik `udturkd. Picòo dfs risudtkgfs gi istk jovistjck`jðo sî mky gjniosjfois 13
`fohjkadis io gjstjotfs istjdfs qui dks pkribks, io Nêxj`f, usko pkrk `fnuoj`krsi. Kdcuofs ibinpdfs sfo2 inpëtj`f y sf`jkd ixprisjvf, ixprisjvf, sf`jkd kutfnfgjhj`kgfr, sjnpëtj`f sjnpëtj`f y sf`jkd ofrnktjvf, iotri ftrfs. (Pëo`miz Krkcðo & Gîkz Dfvjoc, 1<<0)
1. Nkr`f tiðrj`f Dk sirji —Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir„ mk sjgf utjdjzkgk pkrk gjstjotfs usfs igu`ktjvfs, pirf `riinfs sir gi
dfs prjnirfs io uskrdk io tfrof kd tink gi ridk`jfois gi pkribk. \krk `fnpriogir nibfr istk jovistjck`jðo giainfs gihjojr `jirtfs `fo`iptfs i jovistjck`jfois sfari dks ridk`jfois gi pkribk. Io prjo`jpjf `fosjgirknfs qui dk `fnuoj`k`jðo is dk aksi gi tfgk ridk`jðo. Istk is nuy jnpfrtkoti io uok pkribk y giai ivjtkrsi qui si gitirjfri. —Gi istk nkoirk, dk `fnuoj`k`jðo riprisiotk id nigjf jgðoif pkrk qui uok pirsfok ixprisi kpirturk y
fatiock k dk viz ritrfkdjniotk`jðo k`ir`k gi sî njsnk, kpfyf, k`iptk`jðo y `fohjrnk`jðo gi qui is uo jogjvjguf gjcof pkrk istkadi`ir uok ridk`jðo îotjnk ixjtfsk. Isti ni`kojsnf, k`tòk `fnf uok iotjgkg hk`jdjtkgfrk io dk injsjðo gi `jirtfs `fnpfrtknjiotfs gjrjcjgfs k frckojzkr dk ridk`jðo (tfnk gi gi`jsjfois, nkoibf gi `fohdj`tf), puis k trkvês gi iddk, si ksjcoko huo`jfois y pkpidis y `fo iddf si `rik uok vjsjðo `fobuotk gid nuogf. (Hjtzpktrj`e, ;::=)„ (Pko`miz Krkcðo & Gîkz Dfvjoc, Dfvjoc, 1<<0) —Dk `fnuoj`k`jðo kakr`k uok knpdjk cknk gi sjcofs qui riprisiotko `fsks, siotjnjiotfs i jgiks, df qui
pfr ibinpdf pirnjti k dks pkribks uskr dfs aisfs, dk `fnjgk ispi`jkd y arfnikr `fnf sînafdfs gi knfr5 f id sjdio`jf (…) `fnf iofbf.„ iofbf.„ (Pko`miz Krkcðo & Gîkz Dfvjoc, 1<<0) Pkainfs qui `fostkotinioti surcio `fohdj`tfs giajgf k uok nkdk `fnuoj`k`jðo. Is jnpfrtkoti `fof`ir k qui si giai y ksî pfgir io`fotrkr mirrknjiotks pkrk sfdu`jfokrdf. —Io dk `fnuoj`k`jðo iotri gfs pirsfoks ixjstio rujgfs i jotirhirio`jks. @ukogf kquiddf qui uof qujiri
gi`jr of is df njsnf qui iotjiogi id jotirdf`utfr, iotfo`is dk `fnuoj`k`jðo mk hkddkgf. \krk ivjtkr isti tjpf gi nkdfs iotiogjgfs is jnpfrtkoti of gkr dks `fsks pfr supuistks y mk`ir pricuotks, rihfrzkogf id hiigak`e pkrk `fnprfakr qui id nioskbi mk sjgf `fnuoj`kgf gi uok hfrnk pfsjtjvk.„ (Oj`uisk Cuidaiozu, 1<;0) Picòo uo istugjf gi J\PFP Kpfyf rikdjzkgf io id 1<;;, dk pfadk`jðo gi kgudtfs bðviois gi 1; k 09 kûfs riprisiotk id 19% gi dk pfadk`jðo djniûk5 gi istfs id 0;% df `fohfrnko id crupf gi 19 k 1: kûfs y uo 1<% sfo gi dfs OPI K y A. Kginës, si `fo`duyi qui —id 9;% gi dfs qui of istëo `kskgfs oj `fovjvjiogf, tjioio uok pkribk siotjniotkd„. Kd nfniotf io qui huirfo io`uistkgfs, 0=% gid OPI K y 79% gid OPI A
tioîk ioknfrkgf. Ksî njsnf, aksëogfsi io dk igkg si io`uiotrk qui id 73% gi dfs kgudtfs bðviois iotri 19 y 1: kûfs gi igkg tioîk ioknfrkgf y id ;0% ofvjf. Dk nkyfrîk gi isti crupf, id ==%, vjvi io `ksk gi kdcòo hknjdjkr y sfdf 00% tioîk pioskgf nugkrsi io dfs prðxjnfs nisis. Wiojiogf io `uiotk id rkocf gi igkg, si io`uiotrk qui id 90% sfdf trkakbk, pirf kuo ksî ixjsti uo kdtf pfr`iotkbi (0;%) gi subitfs qui of istugjko oj trkakbko. Kuoqui vjêogfdf gisgi id ëocudf gi dfs OPI K y A dfs pfr`iotkbis vkrîko2 vkrîko2 7<% y 7:% sfdf trkakbko y sfdf ;<% y ;:% of istugjko oj trkakbko. Dk crko nkyfrîk gi dfs qui trkakbko tjioi t jioi uo trkakbf hjbf y gipiogjioti. \fr df `ukd, fasirvknfs 1=
qui iotri dfs OPI qui vknfs k kokdjzkr, dk nkyfrîk (89%) ri`jai jocrisfs gi gj`mf trkakbf hjbf. Id jocrisf niosukd prfnigjf gi dfs kgudtfs bðviois iotri 19 y 0: is gi ;<81 ouivfs sfdis. —Dk vjgk gid kgudtf bfvio is dk êpf`k io qui dk nkyfrîk gi dk cioti jocrisk io sus prjnirfs trkakbfs gi
tjinpf `fnpditf y dkarko ksî uo kspi`tf jnpfrtkoti gi su jgiotjgkg, kd dfcrkr dk jogipiogio`jk hjoko`jirk hjoko`jirk y nfstrkr su mkajdjgkg pkrk ksunjr rispfoskajdjgkgis gi kgudtf„ (Hiroëogiz, 1<<8)
Gi dfs gktfs qui minfs prisiotkgf, pfginfs `fo`dujr qui nu`mfs gi dfs kgudtfs bðviois iotri 19-0< kûfs gi dfs OPI K y A, sfo pirsfoks qui tfgkvîk vjvio `fo sus pkgris yk qui kòo of sfo ;<<% jogipiogjiotis i`foðnj`knioti y pfr isf prihjirio ckstkr io iotritiojnjiotf. Pjo inakrcf, of is dk rikdjgkg gi tfgfs, yk qui tknajêo mky auiok pkrti gi dfs jogjvjgufs gi istks igkgis qui yk of vjvio `fo sus pkgris, `fovjvio `fo su pkribk f yk tjioio uo pdko gi nugkrsi io dfs prðxjnfs nisis, f istëo `kskgfs. Pfo jogjvjgufs qui tjioio uok pkrtj`jpk`jðo k`tjvk io dks rigis sf`jkdis y ëvjgfs `fosunjgfris gi nigjfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo. Wfgf istf puigi giairsi k dk igkg io dk qui si io`uiotrko, yk qui sî trkakbko pirf kòo of io`uiotrko istkajdjgkg y tjioio gisifs gi `fosirvkr su buviotug nigjkoti isti tjpf gi k`tfs y `fosunfs. Isti istugjf sfari dks `krk`tirîstj`ks gi dfs kgudtfs bðviois tjioi ridk`jðo k df qui vinfs io Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir yk qui dfs prftkcfojstks of vjvio `fo sus pkgris, si iohriotko k sjtuk`jfois sjnjdkris k dks gi dfs kgudtfs bðviois io id \irò2 skdio `fo sus knjcfs, tjioio prfadinks i`foðnj`fs, gi trkakbf y prjo`jpkdnioti trktko prfadinks gi pkribks y ftrks ridk`jfois siotjniotkdis. \fr ftrf dkgf, pkrk qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis pugjirko ksjstjr k ouistrf tkddir giaîko sir pkribks istkadis qui tiocko uok ridk`jðo gisgi mk`i yk uo tjinpf. Nu`mks vi`is istks ridk`jfois gi pkribk si puigio vir khi`tkgks pfr gjstjotks sjtuk`jfois y k dk viz dk ridk`jðo `fo id pksf gid tjinpf ktrkvjisk gjstjotks itkpks. Dk igkg gi ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf irk gi 19 k 0< kûfs, mfy io gîk id `fo`iptf gi ridk`jðo is nuy gjhirioti y dfs fabitjvfs giotrf gi dk njsnk pkribk tknajêo mko `knajkgf. \fr uo dkgf istë id mi`mf gi qui dks nubiris mfy sfo nës djaris y puigio ibir`ir uok `krrirk y sir dks inpriogigfrks gid mfckr y k dk viz pfr dk `rjsjs qui khrfotk id nktrjnfojf. Istfs gfs hk`tfris mk`io qui dks ridk`jfois k`tukdis tiocko `krk`tirîstj`ks gjhiriotis y puigi qui su fabitjvf of sik id gi `kskrsi rëpjgknioti, sjof `fof`irsi i jotiotkr `fovjvjr io krnfoîk prjnirf. —Kotirjfr k dks gê`kgks gi dfs kûfs 8<, uof gi dfs fabitjvfs prjo`jpkdis y nës jnpfrtkotis pkrk uo
nktrjnfojf irk joj`jkr dks ridk`jfois sixukdis, df `ukd irk `ksj jnpfsjadi sjo tioir uo nktrjnfojf hfrnkd. Io dfs tjinpfs k`tukdis dk crko nkyfrîk gi dks ridk`jfois gi pkribk `fnjiozko `fo dks ridk`jfois sixukdis y duicf si istkadi`i dk gjoënj`k gi pkribk, io dk `ukd surcio fabitjvfs gjhiriotis. Yok viz dk oi`isjgkg sixukd si mk sktjshi`mf, kpkri`io dks pricuotks qui oi`isjtko gihjojr dfs fabitjvfs gi dk ridk`jðo. Isti puotf istë ridk`jfokgf `fo id `fnprfnjsf, y `fo dks gugks qui k vi`is surcio k`ir`k gid vîo`udf qui uoi k dk pkribk.„ (Qidk`jfois gi \kribks | Ofvjkzcf | Nktrjnfojf, 1<;;) Ksî njsnf, pkrk pfgir `fosjgirkr uok ridk`jðo gi pkribk `fnf kdcf skdugkadi giai jo`frpfrkr gjstjotks `krk`tirîstj`ks qui riprisiotko id jgikd gi dk istkajdjgkg inf`jfokd. Iotri iddks si io`uiotrk dk `fnuoj`k`jðo nio`jfokgk kotirjfrnioti, `fnf ricdk aësj`k y isio`jkd pkrk giskrrfddkr `ukdqujir tjpf gi ridk`jðo. Duicf si io`uiotrk dk inpktîk, id mi`mf gi pfgir pfoirsi io id puistf gid ftrf ofs pirnjti 1:
skdjr gi ouistrf puotf gi vjstk pkrk `fnpriogir id gid `fotrkrjf5 tknajêo dk ri`jprf`jgkg, dk pkribk si `fnpfoi gi gfs pirsfoks `fnpditknioti jcukdis, istf qujiri gi`jr, qui uof `ujgk k su pkribk y dk pkribk giai `ujgkr gi nî. Kginës uok gi dks aksis gi dk ridk`jðo is id rispitf, dk djairtkg gi pfgir `fohjkr io id ftrf y skair qui knafs puigio rikdjzkr sus prfpjfs fabitjvfs y tioir sus prfpjks jgiks. —Mky qui vir k dk pkribk `fnf uok pirsfok, of `fnf ouistrk pkribk. Kpri`jkr fabitjvknioti tkotf sus
`ukdjgkgis `fnf sus gihi`tfs, ouo`k njrëogfdi k trkvês gid hjdt rf gi ouistrfs siotjnjiotfs.„ (Frkoci, 1<;0)
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs \krk dk prjnirk sisjðo prfcrknknfs uo tkddir io id qui si fhri`jirfo mirrknjiotks gi `fnuoj`k`jðo k dks pkribks, aksëogfofs io dk sirji —Mfw J Nit Zfur Nftmir.„
\krk dk `dksi pjdftf pdkoiknfs dk sjcujioti istru`turk2 Fabitjvf
K``jðo
Wjinpf
Fatioir johfrnk`jðo gi dk pirspi`tjvk gi `kgk jogjvjguf.
Xir id `kpîtudf y duicf rihdixjfokr kd rispi`tf. Xir dks pirspi`tjvks gi `kgk uof gispuês gi prisiotkr id `kpîtudf. ¶[uê `riio qui mko kpriogjgf6 [ui `uiotio io pkribk sj mko tiojgf ixpirjio`jks pkri`jgks y `ðnf k`tukrfo kd rispi`tf.
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Ixpfoir dfs 9 tjps
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\risiotkr `ksfs qui tiogrëo qui sfdu`jfokr (si hfrnko io pkribks gi mfnaris/nubiris)
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@fo`dusjðo, gjs`usjðo hjokd hjokd y kcrkgi`jnjiotf. ¶[uê dis pkri`jð id tkddir6 ¶[uê `knajkrîko6 ¶Pj ixjstjirk uof ksî rikdnioti, si nitirîko
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Xir sj pfgrîko kpdj`kr kdcf gi df qui vjirfo io id `kpîtudf pkrk mkair sfdu`jfokgf isks ixpirjio`jks. [ui `fnpriogko kdcuofs gi dfs tjps y vir sj dfs puigio kpdj`krdfs k dfs `ksfs y ksî tknajêo k su vjgk gjkrjk.
Xir sj `fnpriogjirfo y kpdj`krfo `frri`tknioti dfs tjps y sus `fniotkrjfs sfari id tkddir.
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\krk istk `dksi pjdftf, utjdjzknfs id `kpîtudf —Rjp, zjp, zjp„, id qujotf `kpî tudf gi dk qujotk tinpfrkgk. Io
isti `kpîtudf Wig y Nkrsmkdd gi`jgio mk`ir uo rfkgtrjp pkrk ri`frgkr sus êpf`ks uojvirsjtkrjks `ukogf rikdjzkako istfs vjkbis, pirf id gîk qui vko k skdjr Wig si gk `fo dk sfrprisk qui Djdy, ispfsk gi Nkrsmkdd, si dis mk uojgf sjo privjf kvjsf. Wig si sjioti uo pf`f jo`ðnfgf.
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@riînfs pirtjoioti isti `kpîtudf gi dk sirji pfrqui io êd si rihdibk `ðnf dks pkribks giaio nkotioir uo iqujdjarjf iotri su prfpjk ridk`jðo y sus ridk`jfois knj`kdis. Df jnpfrtkoti gi istk sirji is qui dfs pirsfokbis sfo tko gjhiriotis qui pirnjtio k uok crko vkrjigkg gi ispi`tkgfris pfgir jgiotjhj`krsi `fo iddfs. Gi`jgjnfs pdkoikr dk `dksi kdrigigfr gi isti `kpîtudf yk qui df mkrîk nu`mf nës gjoënj`f y iotritiojgf. Kginës `fosjgirknfs qui sirîk nës ihj`jioti sj is qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis puigko hjdtrkr df vjstf y ri`fof`ir pfr iddfs njsnfs dks iosiûkozks `dkvis qui fhri`i id `kpîtudf. \fr istf tknajêo, dfs `ksfs qui pdkotiknfs huirfo uo pf`f nës `fotixtukdjzkgfs `fo dk rikdjgkg k dk qui istkrîko k`fstunarkgfs dfs pkrtj`jpkotis. Dfs `ksfs qui dis prisiotknfs huirfo dfs sjcujiotis2 -
@ksf pkrk dfs mfnaris2 mfnaris2 Wi mks ckokgf uok iotrkgk pkrk uo pkrtjgf nuy jnpfrtkoti kd qui jrîks `fo tus 0 nibfris knjcfs k dfs `ukdis of vis mk`i akstkoti tjinpf. \irf bustf id gîk gid pkrtjgf, is dk `iok gi `fnprfnjsf gi dk prjnk gi tu ioknfrkgk, iddk yk ti mkaîk gj`mf dk hi`mk mk`i uo nis. ¶[uê di gjrîks k iddk6
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@ksf pkrk dks nubiris2 nubiris2 Is dk hjistk gi `unpdikûfs gi uok gi tus knjcks. Istëo jovjtkgks tfgks dks pkribks gi tus knjcks, pirf bustf of puigi jr ojocuof gi sus ioknfrkgfs, ix`iptf id tuyf. \fr istf prihjiris jr sfdk pkrk pkskr id rktf `fo iddks, pfrqui skais qui sj êd vk of vks k pfgir istkr tkotf tjinpf `fo tus knjcks oj gi dk nkoirk qui prihirjrîks. ¶[uê di gjrîks k êd6
Aus`ëaknfs qui pugjirko risfdvir istfs `ksfs tiojiogf io nioti dfs tjps qui dis mkaîknfs nfstrkgf privjknioti. Dfs `ukdis sfo dfs sjcujiotis2 k) @fnpriogir qui kuoqui uof istê io pkribk tjioi id njsnf giri`mf qui kotis k `fnpkrtjr
gitirnjokgfs nfniotfs `fo sus knjcfs. a) Istkadi`ir uok ispi`ji gi k`uirgfs f trktfs io dfs qui si giai hjbkr `uëotf tjinpf puigio
gigj`kr k sus knjcfs sjo qui isf vkyk k pirbugj`kr dk `fovjvio`jk `) @fovirskr `fo tus knjcfs k`ir`k gid gjstko`jknjiotf, pkrk ivjtkr qui tus knjcfs/ks
rispfoskajdj`io k tu pkribk gi istk ouivk sjtuk`jðo. g) Of is k`fosibkadi ddivkr `fotjcf k tu pkribk io tfgfs dfs pdkois tiocks `fo tu crupf. i) Ksicòrkti qui dfs gîks skcrkgfs gi dk pkribk of si tf`ko2 kojvirskrjfs, hi`mks `dkvis, Pko Xkdiotîo,
`unpdikûfs gi knafs. h)
Qikdjzkr buotfs uo `kdiogkrjf sinkokd f niosukd, io id `ukd istjpudinfs dfs gîks io ouistrk kciogk, puigi sir uok tkrik gjvirtjgk y qui pirnjtk sjinpri kgidkotkrsi k dfs jnprivjstfs.
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7. Qisudtkgfs Io prjnir duckr, dfs pkrtj`jpkotis sî `unpdjirfo ixjtfsknioti dfs fabitjvfs qui pdkotiknfs pkrk dk `dksi. Kd `fniozkr id tkddir, ofs iotirknfs qui ojocòo pkrtj`jpkoti mkaîk vjstf dk sirji kotis. K piskr gi istf gis`uarjnfs qui dks pkribks sî si jgiotjhj`ko `fo id prfadink gi iqujdjarkr su ridk`jðo siotjniotkd `fo sus ridk`jfois knj`kdis. Pi pugjirfo ri`fof`ir io dfs pirsfokbis gid `kpîtudf y dk sjtuk`jðo qui vjvjirfo, yk qui k piskr gi of mkair istkgf ixk`tknioti io dk njsnk sjtuk`jðo, jgiotjhj`krfo idiniotfs sjnjdkris y `fo dks iosiûkozks gid `kpîtudf pugjirfo risfdvir `jirtfs `fohdj`tfs qui tioîko. \rfpfojêogfdis k dfs mfnaris quê mkrîko iddfs sj huirko Nkrsmkdd f sj istuvjirko io su sjtuk`jðo rispfogjirfo quê2 prjnirf mkadkrîko `fo iddks pkrk qui iotjiogko qui yk mkaîko pdkoikgf mk`irdf sfdf iotri knjcfs, of si giskpkri`irîko sfdfs. Njiotrks qui dks nubiris, pfojêogfsi io id `ksf gi Djdy rispfogjirfo qui2 —oj sjqujirk jotiotkrîk gi`jrdi yf vfy„. Z sj muajirko istkgf kmî tknpf`f si muajirko jo`fnfgkgf.
Ofs gjnfs `uiotk qui dfs mfnaris huirfo nës prë`tj`fs k dk mfrk gi risfdvir dfs `ksfs prfpuistfs, irko nës `fnpriosjvfs y rk`jfokdis. Njiotrks Njiotrks qui dks nubiris si cujkako nës qui okgk pfr sus inf`jfois y hrioti k kdcuoks rispuistks gi dfs mfnaris nfstrkako su gjscustf. Yok ri`fniogk`jðo qui ofs mj`jirfo hui qui ixpdj`ërknfs dfs tjps gi uok nkoirk uo pf`f nës k`tjvk. [ui gispuês gi `kgk uof, kpdjquinfs kdcuok gjoënj`k qui mkck nës hë`jd id kpriogjzkbi y ri`frgk`jðo.
9. Gjs`usjðo [uirinfs `fo`dujr qui id tkddir, sj ajio hui ixjtfsf io istk kpdj`k`jðo, tiogrîk qui aus`kr kdcuok nkoirk gi sir nës ktrkyioti pkrk id pòadj`f fabitjvf. Pj ofs muajêrknfs kdjkgf `fo QINK, tkd viz muajirk sjgf nës hë`jd ri`dutkr k dks pirsfoks jogj`kgks, yk qui istk frckojzk`jðo si ispi`jkdjzk io gkr isti tjpf gi 01
tkddiris pfr df qui is nës hë`jd id ri`dutknjiotf. ri`dutknjiotf. Pjo inakrcf, inakrcf, aksëogfofs io dfs `fniotkrjfs `fniotkrjfs gi dfs joticrkotis, skainfs qui id crupf gi igkg kd qui ofs gjrjcjnfs sî pkrtj`jpkrîk gid tkddir sj is qui df ddicknfs k kpdj`kr io kdcuok fpfrtuojgkg. \fr tkotf, risunjnfs qui sî sirîk uo tkddir vjkadi gkgf qui id pòadj`f sî istkrîk jotiriskgf io ri`jajr mirrknjiotks qui dfs kyugio k nibfrkr sus ridk`jfois siotjniotkdis. @fo`dujnfs tknajêo qui uskr istk sirji `fnf `fnpfoioti prjo`jpkd gi ouistrf tkddir is kdcf aioihj`jfsf yk qui ixjstio sjtuk`jfois qui si ksinibko k dk vjgk `ftjgjkok pfr df qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis puigio siotjrsi jgiotjhj`kgfs hë`jdnioti. Kginës si puigi mk`ir nës gjoënj`f pfr id njsnf mi`mf gi istkr vjiogf uok sirji qui is `fnigjk y qui gjvjirti k dfs pkrtj`jpkotis. Yof gi dfs riqujsjtfs qui pdkotiknfs k dk mfrk gi mk`ir id tkddir, irk qui sik `fo pkribks qui ddivko `jirtf tjinpf gi istkajdjgkg, kuoqui gispuês gi isti pjdftf `riinfs qui pfgrîk huo`jfokr jcukd `fo pkribks qui of ddivio tkotf tjinpf buotks. Dk rkzðo pfr dk qui id tkddir huo`jfokrîk is qui mky sjtuk`jfois sjtuk`jfois qui tfgfs `fnpkrtio, pfr df qui of si siotjrîko ix`dujgfs kd nfniotf gi mk`ir dks gjoënj`ks. Gi jcukd nkoirk `fo id tink gi dk igkg, ofsftrks istkadi`jnfs uo rkocf pkrk qui dks pkribks puigko pkrtj`jpkr, gi 19 k 0< kûfs, yk qui piosknfs qui gi istk nkoirk tknajêo dis sirîk nës hë`jd ridk`jfokrsi `fo dfs pirsfokbis y sjtuk`jfois gi dk sirji, pirf duicf gi uo koëdjsjs gi dfs risudtkgfs ri`fof`infs qui id tkddir pfgrîk huo`jfokr tknajêo pkrk pkribks nës bðviois f uo pf`f nkyfris, yk qui id munfr gi dk sirji is ktrkyioti pkrk crko `kotjgkg gi pòadj`f y dk `kotjgkg gi sjtuk`jfois gi dks `ukdis si puigi fatioir kdcòo tjpf gi `fof`jnjiotf is nuy vkrjkgk.
8. Qihirio`jks \fdkjof-Dfrioti, K., & Nkrtîoiz @kof, \. (;:::). Dk `fnuoj`k`jðo io dk pkribk2 irrfris psj`fdðcj`fs nës hri`uiotis. Okvkrrk2 Igj`jfois Qjkdp. Oj`uisk Cuidaiozu, N. (;9 gi Budjf gi 1<;0). Sia `fosudtks . Qi`upirkgf id 1<;0 gi Ofvjinari gi ;8, gi @ðnf nibfrkr dk `fnuoj`k`jðo io dk pkribk2 mttp2//www.wia`fosudtks.`fn/nioti-y-i mttp2//www.wia`fosudtks.`fn/nioti-y-inf`jfois/hknjdjknf`jfois/hknjdjky-pkribk/`fnf-nibfrkr-dk-`fnuoj`k`jfo-i y-pkribk/`fnf-nibfrkr-dk-`fnuoj`k`jfo-io-dk-pkribk-;;3;: o-dk-pkribk-;;3;: Frkoci. (18 gi Budjf gi 1<;0). Qi`upirkgf id ;9 gi Ofvjinari gi 1<;0, gi
mttp2//nubir.frkoci.is/ridk`jfois mttp2//nubir.frkoci.is/ridk`jfois/sfdtirfs/`krk`tirjs /sfdtirfs/`krk`tirjstj`ks-uok-auiok-ridk`j tj`ks-uok-auiok-ridk`jfo-pkribk.mtnd fo-pkribk.mtnd Qidk`jfois gi \kribks | Ofvjkzcf | Nktrjnfojf. (;1 gi Karjd gi 1<;;). Qi`upirkgf id ;= gi Ofvjinari gi
1<;0, gi Qidk`jfois gi \kribks | Ofvjkzcf | Nktrjnfojf2 mttp2//ajioistkrinf`jfokdd.wfrgpriss. mttp2//ajioistkri nf`jfokdd.wfrgpriss.`fn/1<;;/<7/;1/ridk`jfo `fn/1<;;/<7/;1/ridk`jfois-gi-pkribk-k`tukdis-; is-gi-pkribk-k`tukdis-;// Hiroëogiz Pëo`miz , O. (1<<8). @krk`tirîstj`ks gi giskrrfddf psj`fdðcj`f gid kgudtf. Hk`udtkg gi \sj`fdfcîk . Nêxj`f2 Yojvirsjgkg Ok`jfokd Kutðofnk gi Nêxj`f. Pëo`miz Krkcðo, Q., & Gîkz Dfvjoc, Q. (1<<0). \ktrfois y istjdfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo gi dk pkribk 2 gjsiûf gi uo joviotkrjf. Nur`jk2 Nur`jk2 Yojvirsjgkg gi Nur`jk, Pirvj`jf gi \uadj`k`jfois. Jpsfs Kpfyf. (1<;;). \irhjd gid kgudtf bfvio. \irò. 00
Wmi Oiwsrffn Ektjk Aiuzivjddi, Nj`middi Gi Ksjo, Ekrio Gid Ëcujdk, Qkjssk Biriz, Pkogrk Qfnkoî y \kudk Qfo`kd
;. Jotrfgu``jðo ¶@ðnf uo ojûf puigi k`frgksi gi tfgfs dfs ·\feinfo· y of gi `uëdis huirfo dks `krk`tirîstj`ks gi dks `udturks gi ouistrf pkîs6 ¶@ðnf kdcujio puigi tioir `fof`jnjiotf gi têrnjofs nêgj`fs y pfdj`jkdis, sjo mkair jgf k is`uidk gfogi df iosiûko y sfdf kgqujrjrdfs kgqujrjrdfs vjiogf @PJ6 Nu`mfs pirukofs tjioio dk `riio`jk `riio`jk qui dk tidivjsjðo is uo têrnjof fpuistf kd gi igu`k`jðo y nës ajio ridk`jfoko id jostrujrsi `fo jr k uok jostjtu`jðo igu`ktjvk. Io dk k`tukdjgkg istf mk `knajkgf pfr `fnpditf. Pj ajio dk huo`jðo prjo`jpkd gi dks is`uidks, uojvirsjgkgis, jostjtutfs y ginës is arjogkr gktfs y cujkr k dks pirsfoks k cioirkr `fof`jnjiotfs, istks of sfo dks òoj`ks huiotis k dks qui, mfy gîk, dk cioti puigio ri`urrjr pkrk johfrnkrsi. Nu`mks vi`is prfgu`tfs `fnuoj`ktjvfs qui of mko sjgf `rikgfs `fo id hjo gi igu`kr k su pòadj`f, sfo dfs qui trkosnjtio nës johfrnk`jðo k dfs njsnfs y, io vkrjks f`ksjfois, sjo qui iddfs si pir`ktio. fs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo `riko uok ouivk hfrnk gi k``isf kd skair, qui of is pfsjadi —Dfs nigj fs gispri`jkr, kuoqui si trkti gi uok johfrnk`jðo gi `krë`tir `fyuoturkd y sjo nkyfr rihirio`jks gid
pkskgf.„ Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk. Wrks istk sjtuk`jðo tko `ftjgjkok io ouistrf iotfrof, vjnfs dk pfsjajdjgkg gi aus`kr id giskrrfddf gi `jirtfs tinks qui tjioio dks sirjis y qui puigio arjogkr uo kspi`tf igu`ktjvf io dk vjgk gi dks pirsfoks. Id prfyi`tf Wmi Oiwsrffn, aus`k nfstrkr id dkgf igu`ktjvf y tfgf df qui istf puigi trkir sj is qui si ddickrk k jnpdiniotkr `fnf mirrknjiotk gi iosiûkozk. Yskr dk sirji —Wmi Oiwsrffn„ `fnf ibi gi isti
prfyi`tf y qui istê gjrjcjgk k bðviois qui ri`jêo `fnjiozko su `krrirk uojvirsjtkrjk puigi qui suioi `fnpdj`kgf giajgf k dfs tinks tko giosfs y `fnpdibfs qui si trktko io id prfgu`tf kugjfvjsukd. Wrktkr gi iosiûkr kspi`tfs sf`jkdis, pfdîtj`fs, i`foðnj`fs i`foðnj`fs y nës sj sfo gi ftrf pkîs, puigi qui of `fosjck `kptkr id `fnpditf jotirês gid bfvio. Istk sirji, `fnf tink gi hfogf, trktk k`ir`k gid pirjfgjsnf, gi dks `krk`tirîstj`ks y dk gjoënj`k qui tjioio dfs qui tjioio istk prfhisjðo. Ofs `uiotk dks gjvirsks sjtuk`jfois qui si vjvio io uo oftj`jirf, dk hfrnk io qui ddicko dks oftj`jks, `ðnf ridk`jfoko gktfs, `ðnf aus`ko huiotis, iotri ftrfs kspi`tfs. —Wmi Oiwsrffn„, kuoqui trktk tinks `fnpdibfs, is uo prfgu`tf nuy ajio trkakbkgf qui `unpdi `fo id
fabitjvf gi `kptkr dk ktio`jðo gid tidivjgioti gisgi uo `fnjiozf. @riinfs qui sj ixpdftknfs dfs gjvirsfs kspi`tfs pfsjtjvfs qui ixjstio io id pirjfgjsnf io isti prfyi`tf, pfginfs mk`ir qui dfs bðviois qui ri`jako isti tkddir dfcrio, of sfdf `fof`ir y gjhirio`jkr id pirjfgjsnf jgikd `fo id qui is prk`tj`kgf io ouistrf pkîs5 sjof jr nu`mf nës kddë y pfgir giskrrfddkr id siotjgf `rîtj`f, rihdixjvf y qui puigk puigk sir `kpkz gi trkakbkr io iqujpf. iqujpf.
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Nigjkoti isti prfyi`tf, aus`knfs of sfdf akskrofs io supfsj`jfois pkrk vir sj dk tidivjsjðo, qui is uok mirrknjiotk gi iotritiojnjiotf y gjstrk``jðo, puigi ddickr k tioir uo dkzf istri`mf `fo dk igu`k`jðo.
1. Nkr`f tiðrj`f k) Oktjvfs gjcjtkdis2 Dk njcrk`jðo gjcjtkd tjioi `fnf pirsfokbis prjo`jpkdis k gfs tjpfs gjhiriotis gi subitfs. Io prjnir duckr istëo dfs qui trktko jogustrjks y hfrnktfs, qujiois istëo k `krcf of sfdf gi dfs prfgu`tfris oj gi dfs `fosunjgfris k`tukdis, oj nu`mf niofs dfs qui prigfnjokrëo giotrf gi gfs gê`kgks5 si trktk gi dfs jonjcrkotis gjcjtkdis qui tfroko iotri dfs 09 y 99 kûfs. \irsfoks qui si mko tiojgf qui kgkptkr k trkvês gid tjinpf k dks ouivks ti`ofdfcîks y hfrnks gi vir dk vjgk. Io sicuogf duckr, istëo dfs `fosunjgfris y prðxjnfs prfgu`tfris gi `ksj tfgf df qui ixjsti y tfgk dk joofvk`jðo qui ixjstjrë k trkvês gi dfs kûfs gi kmfrk io kgidkoti. Istfs sfo dfs oktjvfs gjcjtkdis, qujiois yk ok`jirfo `fo dk ti`ofdfcîk y tjiois gjhiriotis hfrnks gi vir dk vjgk, sfo joofvkgfris, `riktjvfs y nudtjhk`êtj`fs, puigio gisinpiûkrsi io `ukdqujir k`tjvjgkg y mk`ir vkrjks `fsks k dk viz sjo ojocòo prfadink `fnf pfr ibinpdf, is`u`mkr nòsj`k njiotrks diio, iotri ftrks `fsks. Io istk ouivk irk gi dfs oktjvfs gjcjtkdis, dfs vjgifbuicfs, id usf gi jotiroit y dk `fnputk`jðo io rig sfo dfs ouivfs diocukbis. Kuoqui nu`mf istêo io gisk`uirgf `fo istf y sjcko pioskogf qui id diocukbi giai sir uskgf tkd y `fnf df mk`îko df jonjcrkotis gjcjtkdis, giaio k`iptkr qui is uo ouivk irk, ouivk cioirk`jðo, gfogi si tjioi qui kprfvi`mkr dk ti`ofdfcîk qui of sfdf `foi`tkrë k dks pirsfoks gi uo njsnf pkîs, sjof `fo tfgf id nuogf y ksî si pfgrë kgqujrjr nkyfr kpriogjzkbi gi nkoirk rëpjgk. a) Gjhiriotis jotidjcio`jks Picòo Ckrgoir, of tfgks dks pirsfoks tjioio dks njsnks mkajdjgkgis, uofs tjiogio nës mëajdis qui ftrfs io gjhiriotis kptjtugis. Ixjstio = mkajdjgkgis gjhiriotis2 gjhiriotis2 j. Okturkdizk2 pfgir `fof`ir tu iotfrof okturkd. jj. Ispk`jkd2 gfogi ixjsti hk`jdjgkg gi gjaubkr `fo gjniosjfois. jjj. @frpfrkd `joêtj`k2 pfr ibinpdf dk gi uo krtiskof. jv. Jotrkpirsfokd2 iotiogirsi k sî njsnf. v. Jotirpirsfokd2 hk`jdjgkg gi cioirkr ridk`jfois knj`kdis. vj. Okturkdjstk2 `ujgkr gi nkoirk `frri`tk id nigjf knajioti. vjj. Dðcj`f nktinëtj`k2 risfdvir prfadinks dðcj`fs y `jiotîhj`fs. vjjj. Djocôîstj`k2 rigk`tkr, ixpriskrsi gi nkoirk `frri`tk. `) Widivjsjðo igu`k Dk tidivjsjðo is id nigjf nës prihirjgf pfr dfs ojûfs y kgfdis`iotis pkrk iotritioirsi. Dk tidivjsjðo of sfdf kakr`k id tjinpf djari gi dfs is`fdkris, sjof tknajêo id kspi`tf khi`tjvf. Nu`mfs prfcrknks gi tidivjsjðo pfr `kadi sfo vjstfs `fnf huiotis gi kpriogjzkbi pfr dfs 09
istugjkotis, yk qui kpriogir kpriogir nu`mf `fo vir y is`u`mkr. Nu`mfs istugjkotis giaktio sfari tinks vjstfs io istfs `kokdis qui sfo trkosnjtjgfs pfr `kadi, sfo igu`ktjvfs of sfdf pkrk cioti gi isk igkg sjof pkrk dk hknjdjk io cioirkd. Iotfo`is isti is uok nkoirk gi vir qui dk tidivjsjðo igu`k. Pjo inakrcf, ixjstio prfcrknks qui of iosiûko okgk y qui pfr df `fotrkrjf tfgf is nfraf y sjtuk`jfois giskcrkgkadis sfdf pkrk iotritjioio pfr uo nfniotf, is kmî gfogi dk cioti si quibk gi qui dk tidivjsjðo of igu`k. \irf, id sir uo tidivjgioti jnpdj`k sir rispfoskadi, of tfgf df qui viks df vks k pdksnkr io tu vjgk. Z sfari tfgf, id prfadink qui pksk `fo dfs niofris gi igkg. Kmî of sfdf tjioi dk `udpk dfs prfcrknks qui trkosnjtio isi tjpf gi `fsks, sjof id tidivjgioti y dfs pkgris qui pirnjtio qui sus mjbfs viko isf. —Dks rispfoskajdjgkg giaio sir, puis, `fnpkrtjgks. Z of sðdf iotri dk hknjdjk y dk tidivjsjðo. Wknajêo dks kutfrjgkgis pfdîtj`ks sfo rispfoskadis pfr fnjsjðo, pfr mk`ir dk vjstk cfrgk kdk trkoscrisjfois gi dks `kgioks k dks ixjcio`jks gid mfrkrjf prfticjgf, pfr of mkair puistf io nkr`mk uo @fosibf gid Kugjfvjsukd ispkûfd, pfr of mkair jotrfgu`jgf d k igu`k`jðo gi `fnuoj`k`jðo io dfs pdkois gi istugjf…„ Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.
Ksjnjsnf, gko k `fof`ir qui dk tidivjsjðo is uo ispibf ispi`jkd. Pj si skai utjdjzkr gi nkoirk dò`jgk, si vi qui of fhri`i ·sfdf dk `krk knkadi- \foi io nkojhjistf `fotrkgj``jfois ioti df qui of si pjiosk oj si sjioti, f iotri df qui si sjioti gi virgkg y df qui si qujiri siotjr. g) @fof`jnjiotf k`unudktjvf @fof`jnjiotf qui vks kgqujrjiogf k trkvês gi dfs kûfs, yk sik pfr dks ixpirjio`jks f pfr djarfs diîgfs. i) Igutiojnjiotf Wrktk gi ixpdfrkr dks ouivks hfrnks gi iosiûkozk ksjstjgk. Dk trkosj`jðo qui ixjsti gi jr gisgi dk tidigu`k`jðo kd igutiojnjiotf is `fo uok hjokdjgkg igu`ktjvk, qui k dk njsnk viz qui igu`k, iotritjioi k dks pirsfoks y is kmî gfogi id ispi`tkgfr ksjnjdk nkyfr johfrnk`jðo y tjioi uo kpriogjzkbi nkyfr. h) Kpriogjzkbi ksjo`rðoj`f Kcrickr uo ouivf nêtfgf gi kpriogjzkbi k dk `dksi, yk of sfdf nigjkoti djarfs oj sipkrktks, oj `fo gjkpfsjtjvks oj ixpdj`k`jðo sfdf gi dk `dksi5 sjof kdcf gfogi si ausqui dk jotirk``jðo gi dk pirsfokbis pfr ibinpdf, uok `dksi `fo dk jotirk``jðo pfr Hk`iaffe f Wwjttir, gfogi dks rigis sf`jkdis, adfcs siko dfs prjo`jpkdis puotfs gfogi id istugjkoti puigk gkr k `fof`ir sus jgiks. Zk qui `fnf tfgf bfvio kgfdis`ioti, vjvi id gîk k gîk io rigis sf`jkdis y sfo yk pkrti gi sus vjgks. \fr quê of kprfvi`mkr istf i jr k gfogi io virgkg dfs kdunofs puigko kpriogir gi nkoirk gjvirtjgk y gjgë`tj`k. c) Igu`k`jðo njxtk Igu`k`jðo qui kakr`k df prisio`jkd y df vjrtukd io uo sfdf `fotixtf.
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m) @foi`tjvjsnf Picòo Pjinios is dk `foixjðo qui tjioio dfs subitfs `fo dk `fnputkgfrk u ftrf kpkrktf idi`trðoj`f. Istf mk`i qui mkyk uok jotirk``jðo iotri dks pirsfoks y qui istêo `foi`tkgfs pirnkoiotinioti. Ixjsti uo kpriogjzkbi `fdi`tjvf, id `ukd pirnjti skair k`ir`k gi dk `udturk gi ftrfs, kgqujrjr nkyfr johfrnk`jðo y pfgir skair gi ftrfs io tjinpf prisioti.
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs (vir `ukgrf)
03
PINKOK
I\JPFGJF
@DKPI
FABIWJXF
WINK
PYAWINKP
[ui dfs kdunofs iotjiogko id fabitjvf gi dk sirji y su `fotixtf.
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—Si bust gi`jgig tf„
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[ui si iocko`mio `fo dk sirji.
Jotrfgu``jðo k Wmi Oiwsrffn
Ixpdj`kr id sjdkaf2 dfs tinks k trktkr, dks ivkduk`jfois y trkakbfs
¶[uê is id pirjfgjsnf6 Ivfdu`jðo ti`ofdðcj`k gid pirjfgjsnf.
0 1
Oiws ojcmt 1.<
Kpriogir k gkr uo nkyfr y nibfr usf k dks ti`ofdfcîks. @fof`ir dk ivfdu`jðo gid pirjfgjsnf k trkvês gi dfs nigjfs y dk ti`ofdfcîk.
Wkrik pkrk dk sjcujioti `dksi2 Picòo df vjstf io id prjnir `kpîtudf, ixpdj`kr quê is id pirjfgjsnf pkrk id kdunof.
Qivjsjðo gi dk tkrik io crupf Xir is`iok io dk qui Nk`eiozji ixpdj`k id Oiws 1.<.
\irjfgjsnf y ti`ofdfcîk
Wwjttir, Hk`iaffe y dfs adfccirs. ¶@ðnf k``igio dfs bðviois k dks oftj`jks6
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Wmi ;;1tm `focriss 8
Kokdjzkr y `fnpriogir dk jotirk``jðo iotri dk pfdîtj`k y dfs ispk`jfs pirjfgîstj`fs Ibinpdjhj`kr dk jotirk``jðo gi knafs iotis `fo mi`mfs df`kdis f riprisiotktjvfs k ojvid nuogjkd.
@fairturk2 kotis gurkoti y gispuês gi dks idi``jfois \riosk, idi``jfois y pfdîtj`k
Hfrnk`jðo gi crupfs pkrk id hjokd.
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J·dd try tf hjx yfu
3
Jgiotjhj`kr dfs tjpfs gi pirjfgjsnf y dks oicdjcio`jks gid pirjfgjsnf df`kd buotf `fo sus prfs y `fotrks.
Xjgif gid prjnir `kpîtudf, prfyi`tfr, kudk `fo `fotrfd gi jdunjok`jðo.
Wkriks io pkpid. @kritk gi dk sirji y vjgif gid `kpîtudf 1.
\risiotk`jðo gi \fwir\fjot sfari id tink. Hdubf gi johfrnk`jðo pfr dk wia.
Ytjdjzkr dk `kritk gi dk sirji `fnf ibinpdf y prfpfoir uo koëdjsjs. Giaktjr sfari dk nkoirk io qui si nkoibk dk johfrnk`jðo io istfs sfpfrtis.
7
9
NKWIQJKDIP
\rfyi``jðo gi tfgf id prjnir `kpîtudf. ¶[uê is id pirjfgjsnf pkrk id kdunof6
[ui skquio uok jgik gi df qui si trk tk id pirjfgjsnf. 1
NIWFGFDFCÎK
Ixpdj`k`jðo gi trkakbf hjokd
[uê suidio puadj`kr dfs bðviois io istfs sfpfrtis. Jgiotjhj`kr id prf`isf pirjfgîstj`f pfr id qui pksk dk johfrnk`jðo sfari dks `knpkûks.
@fnputkgfrk `fo prfyi`tfr.
@idudkris, dkptfp, jpkg. K``isf k jotiroit.
Gjoënj`k qui pirnjtk `fof`irsi iotri iddfs (custfs y `kpk`jgkgis)
@rik`jðo gi crupf.
\riosk pirukok
\riosk siosk`jfokdjstk, gipfrtjvk, gi ispi`të`udfs, k`tukdjgkg, `mj`mk, it`. Pkair pfrquê dks `fdunoks gi `mjsnis of sfo oftks pirjfgîstj`ks pkrk Sjdd N`Kvfy.
Qitfnkr dk is`iok io qui Sjdd di ri`rjnjok k dk pirjfgjstk gi `mjsnis id pfrquê iddk of is pirjfgjstk.
Xjgif gid `kpîtudf, tifrîk,
@fnpkrk`jðo gi uok njsnk oftj`jk io dfs gjstjotfs pirjðgj`fs y prfcrknks.
0=
Êtj`k pirjfgîstj`k =
Qi`fof`ir dk jnpfrtko`jk gi dks huiotis y dk êtj`k pirjfgîstj`k
Pkair quê `fsks giaio nibfrkrsi io id pirjfgjsnf pirukof
Istugjkr dfs krtî`udfs y `rjtj`krdfs. Kokdjzkr id pirjfgjsnf pirukof y giaktjr sfari su êtj`k.
\irjðgj`fs gi gjvirsfs pri`jfs y tjpfs.
Knkoi`ir ërkai
Knio
:
\irjfgjsnf gi cuirrk
@frrispfoskdis Êtj`k
@fniotkr `ksfs gi pirjfgjstks `fnf prjsjfoirfs gi cuirrk, nuirtfs io `fnakti, it`. Wirrfrjsnf io id \irò (@ksf Sjddy Qitf)
Wirrfrjsnf io id \irò
9
Ivkdukr kspi`tfs k`kgênj`fs, tê`oj`fs y gi buj`jf `rîtj`f. \rë`tj`k ;
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8
Qi`fof`ir dfs rjiscfs y rispfoskajdjgkgis gi uo pirjfgjstk io ftrfs pkîsis y gurkoti mi`mfs aêdj`fs.
Pkair sj dfs kdunofs mko `fnpriogjgf dfs tinks trktkgfs, skair `ðnf df ridk`jfoko `fo dk sirji sirji y `fnf df ridk`jfoko `fo id `fotixtf df`kd. Pkair `ðnf rik``jfok uo pirjfgjstk koti mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs, skair qui nfstrkr y quê of, io uo oftj`jirf qui trkti k`ir`k gi isti tink.
Auddjis
\irjfgjsnf, ti`ofdfcîk y pfdîtj`k
\irjfgjsnf io mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs
Huiotis ;1
Kpriogir `ðnf rik``jfokr koti `ukdqujir johfrnk`jðo ri`jajgk, skair
@ðnf dk ti`ofdfcîk y dk rig hk`jdjtko dk fatio`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo
Qik`tfr gi Hueusmjnk2 ivkdukr rjiscfs gurkoti uok `ktëstrfhi Qispfoskajdjgkgis io
Pi ivkdukrë id usf y `fof`jnjiotf gi pkdkarks tê`oj`ks, `fof`jnjiotfs i dfs k`foti`iris ok`jfokdis i jotirok`jfokdis y dk nkoirk kòo qui istks sfo ridk`jfokgks `fo id tink.
Qigk`tkr uok oftj`jk gfogi jovfdu`ri mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs y mk`ir uo isquink gi qui nfstrkrîko y qui of.
Mk`ir uo seit`m gfogi ixjstk tfgf uo knajioti pirjfgîstj`f, gitirnjokr qujêo sirë id prisiotkgfr, igjtfr, prfgu`tfr y is`iojhj`kr uok
Ixëniois
Pkdðo gi `dksi `fo `fnputkgfris i jnprisfrks pkrk prisiotk`jðo gid njoj krtî`udf.
@ënkrks, crkakgfrk, sfpfrti gi sfojgf y uo
Êtj`k pirjfgîstj`k =
Qi`fof`ir dk jnpfrtko`jk gi dks huiotis y dk êtj`k pirjfgîstj`k
Pkair quê `fsks giaio nibfrkrsi io id pirjfgjsnf pirukof
Istugjkr dfs krtî`udfs y `rjtj`krdfs. Kokdjzkr id pirjfgjsnf pirukof y giaktjr sfari su êtj`k.
\irjðgj`fs gi gjvirsfs pri`jfs y tjpfs.
Knkoi`ir ërkai
Knio
:
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Pkair sj dfs kdunofs mko `fnpriogjgf dfs tinks trktkgfs, skair `ðnf df ridk`jfoko `fo dk sirji sirji y `fnf df ridk`jfoko `fo id `fotixtf df`kd. Pkair `ðnf rik``jfok uo pirjfgjstk koti mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs, skair qui nfstrkr y quê of, io uo oftj`jirf qui trkti k`ir`k gi isti tink.
Auddjis
Ksisfrîks
\irjfgjsnf, ti`ofdfcîk y pfdîtj`k
Êtj`k
;0 ;7 ;9
\kr`jkdis
@ðnf dk ti`ofdfcîk y dk rig hk`jdjtko dk fatio`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo
\irjfgjsnf io mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs
Huiotis ;1
=
@frrispfoskdis
Ivkdukr kspi`tfs k`kgênj`fs, tê`oj`fs y gi buj`jf `rîtj`f. \rë`tj`k ;
3
\irjfgjsnf gi cuirrk
@fniotkr `ksfs gi pirjfgjstks `fnf prjsjfoirfs gi cuirrk, nuirtfs io `fnakti, it`. Wirrfrjsnf io id \irò (@ksf Sjddy Qitf)
Wirrfrjsnf io id \irò
9
8
Qi`fof`ir dfs rjiscfs y rispfoskajdjgkgis gi uo pirjfgjstk io ftrfs pkîsis y gurkoti mi`mfs aêdj`fs.
Kpriogir `ðnf rik``jfokr koti `ukdqujir johfrnk`jðo ri`jajgk, skair `ðnf gi`jrdk.
Qik`tfr gi Hueusmjnk2 ivkdukr rjiscfs gurkoti uok `ktëstrfhi Qispfoskajdjgkgis io tfnks gi gi`jsjfois kd kjri (Ibinpdf gi Pdfko y su `fovirsk`jðo io bkpfoês kd kjri)
Nfojtfrikr id kvko`i gid trkakbf y prfpfoir nibfrks y `frri``jfois
Ksisfrîk pkrk id pkr`jkd
Ivkdukr dfs `fof`jnjiotfs cioirkgfs io `dksi ddivkgfs k dk prë`tj`k.
Ivkduk`jðo gid trkakbf pkr`jkd
;8
Wrkakbf is`rjtf qui risunk dks oftj`jks pfstikgks io id adfc y qui ixpdjquio id pfrquê y/f `fnf si ridk`jfok `fo id
Pi ivkdukrë id usf y `fof`jnjiotf gi pkdkarks tê`oj`ks, `fof`jnjiotfs i dfs k`foti`iris ok`jfokdis i jotirok`jfokdis y dk nkoirk kòo qui istks sfo ridk`jfokgks `fo id tink.
Ixëniois
Qigk`tkr uok oftj`jk gfogi jovfdu`ri mi`mfs `ktkstrðhj`fs y mk`ir uo isquink gi qui nfstrkrîko y qui of.
Pkdðo gi `dksi `fo `fnputkgfris i jnprisfrks pkrk prisiotk`jðo gid njoj krtî`udf.
Mk`ir uo seit`m gfogi ixjstk tfgf uo knajioti pirjfgîstj`f, gitirnjokr qujêo sirë id prisiotkgfr, igjtfr, prfgu`tfr y is`iojhj`kr uok oftj`jk qui tiock tinks huirtis, `ðnf df pdksnkrîko kd pòadj`f.
@ënkrks, crkakgfrk, sfpfrti gi sfojgf y uo knajioti djari.
Dk prjnirk `dksi gi dk sinkok sirë dk ksisfrîk gi dk njtkg gid skdðo y dk frk njtkg dk sjcujioti `dksi. @rik`jðo gi uo adfc. Gi k`uirgf kd `kpîtudf vjstf si mkrë uo krtî`udf `kgk sinkok. Pi ivkdukrë dk johfrnk`jðo y dk virk`jgkg gi istk.
Wioir uok `uiotk io uo adfc.
0:
tink gid ipjsfgjf.
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;3
Qi`fof`ir id pftio`jkd gi dks oftj`jks.
;=
Xir quê `fsks sfo jnpfrtkotis ri`kd`kr io uok oftj`jk.
9/;
Wmi adk`efut pkrt J2 Wrkcigy \fro Wmi adk`efut pkrt JJ2 Nf`e Giakti
Xjsjtk
;:
Qi`fof`ir `ukd is id fabitjvf `fnf iqujpf kd nfniotf gi tioir uok nitk qui dfcrkr.
Kpkrj`jðo gi oftj`jks joispirkgks Nuirti gi Ajo Dkgio
Qi`ip`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo y dk jnpfrtko`jk gi mkadkr `fo dk virgkg.
Giaktis prisjgio`jkdis Êtj`k dkafrkd \irjfgjsnf djcmt
1< 1; 1<
1;
\rë`tj`k 1
11
Gjoënj`k io id skdðo gfogi risuidvko `ksfs gi dk vjgk rikd.
Pkair qui `fnpfrtknjiotf tioir io id knajioti dkafrkd io id qui si gisinpiûi io uo huturf id kdunof.
Giaktis pfdîtj`fs
Êtj`k
Jotrfgu``jðo k dk êtj`k, ixpdj`kr tifrîk y prfhuogjzkrdf. \foir sjtuk`jfois qui pksko io uo knajioti dkafrkd y qui ixpfocko `ðnf rik``jfokrîko io `kgk `ksf.
Iotrivjstkr k uo `focrisjstk
Wrkakbf gi `knpf
Winks gi k`tukdjgkg, pfdîtj`k, `focrisf, diyis.
Xjsjtkr id `focrisf y iotrivjstkr k uo `focrisjstk sfari `ukdqujir tink qui istê ridk`jfokgf `fo su trkakbf hjokd. Istf tjioi qui sir crkakgf y nfstrkrdf io id hjokd `fnf uok ivjgio`jk.
Ivkdukr kspi`tfs k`kgênj`fs, tê`oj`fs y gi buj`jf `rîtj`f.
;1
Qi`fof`ir dks òdtjnks oftj`jks qui istëo pkskogf io dk k`tukdjgkg y kokdjzkrdks. [ui `kgk kdunof ausqui uo ipjsfgjf gi su vjgk gfogi mk sjgf oi`iskrjf gi`jr uok niotjrk, pfr quê of gi`jr dk virgkg. Mkadkr sfari `uëo jnpfrtkoti is virjhj`kr johfrnk`jðo kotis gi `fotkrdk. @ksf gfogi ixjstk uo trkakbf io iqujpfs y oi`isjtkrëo gispdkzkrsi pfr dk uojvirsjgkg. Wfgf df crkakgf f io hftfs `fdckrdf k crupf io Hk`iaffe.
Pkair sj dfs kdunofs mko `fnpriogjgf dfs tinks trktkgfs, skair `ðnf df ridk`jfoko `fo dk sirji sirji y `fnf df
@ðnf dk ti`ofdfcîk y dk rig hk`jdjtko dk fatio`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo
Pi ivkdukrë id usf y `fof`jnjiotf gi pkdkarks tê`oj`ks, `fof`jnjiotfs i dfs k`foti`iris ok`jfokdis i jotirok`jfokdis y dk nkoirk kòo qui istks sfo ridk`jfokgks `fo id tink.
Kpkrktfs idi`trðoj`fs, mfbks afog y vjgif gid `kpîtudf.
Kpkrktfs idi`trðoj`fs qui ausquio dk ivjgio`jk. Xjgifs ridk`jfokgfs, crkakgfrk gi vfz y pëcjok gi Hk`iaffe f Wwjttir. \fwir pfjot gid tink. Z vjgif gi dk sirji. \kpidðcrkhf pkrk dk ixpfsj`jðo. @ënkrk, ri`ursfs pkrk tfnkr kpuotis, aus qui gjrjbk k dfs kdunofs kd `focrisf y cistjfokr dk iotrkgk kd `focrisf.
Ixëniois
tink gid ipjsfgjf.
:
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;3
Qi`fof`ir id pftio`jkd gi dks oftj`jks.
;=
Xir quê `fsks sfo jnpfrtkotis ri`kd`kr io uok oftj`jk.
9/;
Wmi adk`efut pkrt J2 Wrkcigy \fro Wmi adk`efut pkrt JJ2 Nf`e Giakti
Xjsjtk
;:
1; 1<
1;
11
10
;9
Qi`ip`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo y dk jnpfrtko`jk gi mkadkr `fo dk virgkg.
Giaktis prisjgio`jkdis Êtj`k dkafrkd \irjfgjsnf djcmt
Wmi criktir hffd
17
18
Gjoënj`k io id skdðo gfogi risuidvko `ksfs gi dk vjgk rikd.
Giaktis pfdîtj`fs
Êtj`k
Jotrfgu``jðo k dk êtj`k, ixpdj`kr tifrîk y prfhuogjzkrdf. \foir sjtuk`jfois qui pksko io uo knajioti dkafrkd y qui ixpfocko `ðnf rik``jfokrîko io `kgk `ksf.
Iotrivjstkr k uo `focrisjstk
Wrkakbf gi `knpf
Winks gi k`tukdjgkg, pfdîtj`k, `focrisf, diyis.
Xjsjtkr id `focrisf y iotrivjstkr k uo `focrisjstk sfari `ukdqujir tink qui istê ridk`jfokgf `fo su trkakbf hjokd. Istf tjioi qui sir crkakgf y nfstrkrdf io id hjokd `fnf uok ivjgio`jk.
Pkair sj dfs kdunofs mko `fnpriogjgf dfs tinks trktkgfs, skair `ðnf df ridk`jfoko `fo dk sirji sirji y `fnf df ridk`jfoko `fo id `fotixtf df`kd. Giaktjr sfari dfs giri`mfs idi`tfrkdis io id nuogf. Kokdjzkr id tink gid `mupfoif io id \irò y io id nuogf.
Giri`mfs `îvj`fs y `mupfoif
@ðnf dk ti`ofdfcîk y dk rig hk`jdjtko dk fatio`jðo gi johfrnk`jðo
Pi ivkdukrë id usf y `fof`jnjiotf gi pkdkarks tê`oj`ks, `fof`jnjiotfs i dfs k`foti`iris ok`jfokdis i jotirok`jfokdis y dk nkoirk kòo qui istks sfo ridk`jfokgks `fo id tink.
Giri`mfs idi`tfrkdis
Ixpdj`kr dfs giri`mfs idi`tfrkdis qui ixjstio io id \irò.
@mupfoif Êtj`k
19 Ksisfrîks Ksisfrîks
Qi`fof`ir dks òdtjnks oftj`jks qui istëo pkskogf io dk k`tukdjgkg y kokdjzkrdks. [ui `kgk kdunof ausqui uo ipjsfgjf gi su vjgk gfogi mk sjgf oi`iskrjf gi`jr uok niotjrk, pfr quê of gi`jr dk virgkg. Mkadkr sfari `uëo jnpfrtkoti is virjhj`kr johfrnk`jðo kotis gi `fotkrdk. @ksf gfogi ixjstk uo trkakbf io iqujpfs y oi`isjtkrëo gispdkzkrsi pfr dk uojvirsjgkg. Wfgf df crkakgf f io hftfs `fdckrdf k crupf io Hk`iaffe.
Pkair qui `fnpfrtknjiotf tioir io id knajioti dkafrkd io id qui si gisinpiûi io uo huturf id kdunof.
Ivkdukr kspi`tfs k`kgênj`fs, tê`oj`fs y gi buj`jf `rîtj`f. \rë`tj`k 1
;7
Nuirti gi Ajo Dkgio
1<
;1
;0
Qi`fof`ir `ukd is id fabitjvf `fnf iqujpf kd nfniotf gi tioir uok nitk qui dfcrkr.
Kpkrj`jðo gi oftj`jks joispirkgks
@fosicujr kugjfs gi `mupfoif y `fniotkrdfs io `dksi.
Kpkrktfs idi`trðoj`fs, mfbks afog y vjgif gid `kpîtudf.
Kpkrktfs idi`trðoj`fs qui ausquio dk ivjgio`jk. Xjgifs ridk`jfokgfs, crkakgfrk gi vfz y pëcjok gi Hk`iaffe f Wwjttir. \fwir pfjot gid tink. Z vjgif gi dk sirji. \kpidðcrkhf pkrk dk ixpfsj`jðo. @ënkrk, ri`ursfs pkrk tfnkr kpuotis, aus qui gjrjbk k dfs kdunofs kd `focrisf y cistjfokr dk iotrkgk kd `focrisf.
Ixëniois
Kugjfs.
Ksisfrîk pkrk dfs vjgifs Nfojtfrikr id kvko`i gid trkakbf y prfpfoir nibfrks y `frri``jfois
Ksisfrîk pkrk id pkr`jkd
Ksisfrîks pkrk dfs pirjðgj`fs f rivjstks.
13
Ksisfrîk pkrk dfs vjgifs
Nktirjkd trkîgf pfr dfs
7<
1=
Ksisfrîks pkrk dfs pirjðgj`fs f rivjstks. \irjðgj`f f rivjstk2 arivi ixpdj`k`jðo sfari idiniotfs gid nktirjkd.
;8
1:
Hjokdis
Iotrick gid trkakbf hjokd
Xjsjðo gid nktirjkd gid trkakbf hjokd.
Oftj`jirf2 Arivi prisiotk`jðo gid trkakbf y vjsjfokgf gid nktirjkd kugjfvjsukd.
kdunofs
1=
Ksisfrîks pkrk dfs pirjðgj`fs f rivjstks.
kdunofs
\irjðgj`f f rivjstk2 arivi ixpdj`k`jðo sfari idiniotfs gid nktirjkd. ;8
1:
Hjokdis
Iotrick gid trkakbf hjokd
Xjsjðo gid nktirjkd gid trkakbf hjokd.
Oftj`jirf2 Arivi prisiotk`jðo gid trkakbf y vjsjfokgf gid nktirjkd kugjfvjsukd.
7;
7. Qisudtkgfs Duicf gi iotrivjstkr k dk prfhisfrk Njrf quiskgk y kd prfhisfr Isdkvk, ofs siotjnfs io dk fadjck`jðo gi `knajkr id pòadj`f fabitjvf gi ouistrf tkddir. \fr uo dkgf, Njrf quiskgk riskdtð id mi`mf gi qui dk sirji `uiotk `fo `fotiojgf ginksjkgf giosf, tjioi uo ojvid gi johfrnk`jðo akstkoti kdtf, pfr df qui si `fovirtjrîk io kdcf oicktjvf pkrk kdunofs tko bðviois. Is uok sirji nuy auiok y rikdnioti iosiûk gi quê si trktk id pirjfgjsnf. Jo`dusf pfoi io gjs`usjðo quê tinks sfo jnpfrtkotis pkrk uo pirjfgjstk y `uëd is id fabitjvf gi isti, pirf pkrk tioir êxjtf is oi`iskrjf trkakbkrdk `fo pirsfoks nkyfris qui tiocko fbf `rîtj`f y kuoqui sik `uiotio `fo `fof`jnjiotfs nîojnfs sfari pfdîtj`k ofrtiknirj`kok, puis isi is id ibi `iotrkd gid smfw. Io `ksf gi`jgjêrknfs nkotioir ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf joj`jkd, ofs ri`fniogð `fotixtukdjzkr kd nëxjnf dk sirji io dk rikdjgkg pirukok y utjdjzkr sfdf kdcuofs hrkcniotfs gi dk sirji io duckr gi pkskr tfgf id `kpjtudf. Wknajêo ofs ri`fniogð sirjis nës djcirks `fnf —Bust smfft ni„ qui trktk gi pirjfgjsnf gi nfgk f jo`dusf dk pidî`udk —Wmi oitwfre„.
7. Qisudtkgfs Duicf gi iotrivjstkr k dk prfhisfrk Njrf quiskgk y kd prfhisfr Isdkvk, ofs siotjnfs io dk fadjck`jðo gi `knajkr id pòadj`f fabitjvf gi ouistrf tkddir. \fr uo dkgf, Njrf quiskgk riskdtð id mi`mf gi qui dk sirji `uiotk `fo `fotiojgf ginksjkgf giosf, tjioi uo ojvid gi johfrnk`jðo akstkoti kdtf, pfr df qui si `fovirtjrîk io kdcf oicktjvf pkrk kdunofs tko bðviois. Is uok sirji nuy auiok y rikdnioti iosiûk gi quê si trktk id pirjfgjsnf. Jo`dusf pfoi io gjs`usjðo quê tinks sfo jnpfrtkotis pkrk uo pirjfgjstk y `uëd is id fabitjvf gi isti, pirf pkrk tioir êxjtf is oi`iskrjf trkakbkrdk `fo pirsfoks nkyfris qui tiocko fbf `rîtj`f y kuoqui sik `uiotio `fo `fof`jnjiotfs nîojnfs sfari pfdîtj`k ofrtiknirj`kok, puis isi is id ibi `iotrkd gid smfw. Io `ksf gi`jgjêrknfs nkotioir ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf joj`jkd, ofs ri`fniogð `fotixtukdjzkr kd nëxjnf dk sirji io dk rikdjgkg pirukok y utjdjzkr sfdf kdcuofs hrkcniotfs gi dk sirji io duckr gi pkskr tfgf id `kpjtudf. Wknajêo ofs ri`fniogð sirjis nës djcirks `fnf —Bust smfft ni„ qui trktk gi pirjfgjsnf gi nfgk f jo`dusf dk pidî`udk —Wmi oitwfre„. \fr ftrf dkgf, Isdkvk gjri`tknioti ofs ri`fniogð qui sj quirîknfs uskr —Wmi oiwsrffn„ tioîknfs
qui `knajkr ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf gi tfgks nkoirks, puis k dfs `mj`fs gi tir`irf y `ukrtf gi si`uogkrjk sfdf dis jotirisko tinks trjvjkdis y hrîvfdfs qui si giskrrfddko io dfs adfquis gi ispi`të`udfs y gipfrtis. Pirîk uok pêrgjgk gi tjinpf pkskrdis uok sirji tko sfhjstj`kgk, puis isf of dfs iotritjioi. Io `knajf, sj suajnfs dk igkg gi dfs ksjstiotis kd tkddir, tiogrîknfs nës fp`jfois gi uo nibfr giskrrfddf, puis sfo pirsfoks `fo nës fbf `rîtj`f, qui yk si io`uiotrko josirtkgfs io dk rikdjgkg, huirk gi dk auraubk gid `fdicjf, io gfogi yk tjioio jotirês io df qui su`igi k ojvid ok`jfokd y sjiotio dk rispfoskajdjgkg gi sir pkrtj`jpis gi istf. Gi tfgks nkoirks gi`jgjnfs prfakr id tkddir `fo uo pri tist io \k`mk`uti`. —Id pri-tist, tknajêo giofnjokgf pjdftkbi f ioskyf privjf, si rihjiri k dk hksi gi ixpirjniotk`jðo gi uok pruiak ouivk qui tfgkvîk of istë k`kakgk gi idkafrkr„ Huioti ispi`jhj`kgk of vëdjgk.
Of tuvf dk rik``jðo oj id êxjtf qui ispirknfs, puis kd sir ixtrinkgknioti nës bðviois qui ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf, of muaf prfhuogjgkg io id trktknjiotf gid tink. Hui uok ixpirjio`jk gjvirtjgk y dfs `mj`fs istuvjirfo nuy kajirtfs y gjspuistfs k `fdkafrkr, pfr df qui df pkskrfo ajio, pirf kmî si ginfstrð dk hkdtk gi pripkrk`jðo pkrk tf`kr tinks gi prfhuogjgkg, dk hkdtk gi johfrnk`jðo, gi jotirês, gi fbf `rîtj`f. Dfs òoj`fs tinks qui nkoibkako k dk pirhi``jðo irko dfs qui fhri`i dk tidivjsjðo gi ispi`të`udfs (knkrjddjstk/djcmt). Dfs oftj`jirfs qui rikdjzkrfo si akskr fo io pidiks iotri —krtjstks„ qui skdio io dk tidivjsjðo y io gjvirsfs rikdjtjis, f io dfs is`ëogkdfs qui prftkcfojzko dfs gipfrtjstks gi ouistrf pkîs, sjiogf nës ispi`îhj`fs, dfs hutafdjstks. Istfs `mj`fs si io`uiotrko tko piogjiotis gi dk tidivjsjðo —aksurk„, qui sus jotirisis of tjioio nkyfr prfhuogjgkg, sfdf ripjtio df qui is`u`mko io dfs
adfquis gi ispi`të`udfs. @fo istf `fohjrnknfs dks prinjsks qui ofs gjirfo tkotf Njrfquiskgk `fnf Isdkvk. Gihjojtjvknioti is uo pòadj`f qui of istë pripkrkgf. Gi tfgks nkoirks, of si gis`krtk mk`ir
uo tkddir ouivf sfari pirjfgjsnf, pirf `fo uok aksi djcirk, qui di arjogi nës jnpfrtko`jk k dk pkrti dògj`k y of k dk `fcojtjvk. \fr òdtjnf, rikdjzknfs id pjdftf frjcjokd gi ouistrf tkddir `fo kdunofs gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk qui si io`uiotrko io id prjnir kûf gi su `krrirk (iotri ;3 y ;= kûfs kprfxjnkgknioti). Dis pksknfs hrkcniotfs gid prjnir `kpîtudf gi dk sirji i jonigjktknioti si iocko`mkrfo `fo dk trknk. Dis mj`jnfs kdcuoks pricuotks pkrk skair sus fpjojfois y istf cioirf uo giakti, io gfogi sus fpjojfois joj`jkdis ddickrfo k `fotrkrjkrsi k df dkrcf gid tkddir. Istf ofs kyugð k `fnpriogir qui io rikdjgkg tjioio nu`mks quibks sfari id pirjfgjsnf ok`jfokd, pirf qui `ukogf si giai siûkdkr k uo rispfoskadi, iotrko io `fohdj`tf. Dk nkyfrîk fpjokak qui irk rispfoskajdjgkg gi dfs `kokdis qui pfr rktjoc trksnjtîko oftj`jks djcirks i jo`dusf jrridivkotis, io duckr gi mk`ir qui dk cioti nigjti y si prif`upi pfr df qui di istëo `fnuoj`kogf, pirf kd hjokd si gjirfo `uiotk qui id rktjoc si df gko dks pirsfoks qui `fosunio isi tjpf gi pirjfgjsnf y si sjotjirfo rispfoskadis pfr kdiotkr istf gi nkoirk jo`fos`jioti. Ftrf puotf jnpfrtkoti hui karjrdis dfs fbfs k df qui su`igi rikdnioti gitrës gi uo auio oftj`jirf. Nu`mfs kgnjtjirfo of skair `uëotks pirsfoks trkakbkako gitrës gi dk pkotkddk y kginës, of di gkako nu`mk jnpfrtko`jk k dks huiotis, `ukogf io dk sirji si ginuistrk tfgf df `fotrkrjf. Pi quigkrfo sfrpriogjgfs `fo id trkakbf io iqujpf y `fo dk vidf`jgkg `fo dk qui si krnk uo oftj`jirf. Duicf gi rihdixjfokr uo pf`f sfari df ixpirjniotkgf, gi`jgjnfs qui is oi`iskrjf prfyi`tkr id `kpîtudf `fnpditf io `kgk `dksi puis kyugk k dk ktio`jðo `fdi`tjvk, k qui si hfnioti uo giakti iotri iddfs `fo id jotir`knajf gi fpjojfois i johfrnk`jðo, k dk ksjstio`jk kd tkddir y kd `fnprfnjsf `fo dk sirji. Kd hjokd gid tkddir, nu`mfs kcrkgi`jirfo id mkairdfs jovjtkgf puis io virgkg dis custð, kpriogjirfo kdcf ouivf y prfnitjirfo
`fotjoukr `fo id vjsjfokgf io sus `ksks.
9. Gjs`usjðo Io aksi k dfs risudtkgfs gi dk `dksi pjdftf rikdjzkgk id gîk vjirois 11 gid prisioti nis, `fo kdunofs gi sicuogf `j`df gi ouistrk `ksk gi istugjfs, dfcrknfs ddickr k dks sjcujiotis `fo`dusjfois2 Pfari `fof`jnjiotfs2 Dfs bðviois qui ksjstjirfo kd tkddir sfo `fos`jiotis gi qui id pirjfgjsnf io id \irò is sunknioti pkr`jkdjzkgf5 sjo inakrcf, `fnpriogio qui isti kspi`tf of is sfdf `krk`tirîstj`f gi ouistrf pkîs, sjof qui si gk `ukdqujir ok`jðo io dk qui si giskrrfddi istk prfhisjðo. Io sunk, 70
skaio qui id pirjfgjsnf pirjfgjsnf is uok prfhisjðo gfogi gfogi is jnpfsjadi sir sir `fnpditknioti fabitjvf, pirf tknajêo skaio qui si giai ddivkr kd nîojnf istk suabitjvjgkg i jr gjri`tknioti k dfs mi`mfs. Dfs bðviois of istkako kd tkotf gi `ðnf si ddivkak k `kaf id prf`isf gi prisiotk`jðo gi uok oftj`jk io uo `kokd gi tidivjsjðo, oj tknpf`f gi quê pirsfoks `fohfrnkako id iqujpf gi isti prfcrknk. Qi`fof`infs qui istf si giai k dk hkdtk gi igu`k`jðo sfari dfs nigjfs johfrnktjvfs io id `fdicjf, y tknajêo k qui si trktk gi kdunofs gi prjnirfs `j`dfs gi hk`udtkg qui pfsjadinioti of gi`jgio tfgkvîk io quê ispi`jkdjzkrsi, pfr tkotf of `fof`io tkotf sfari id pirjfgjsnf. Dfs bðviois ri`fof`io qui of tfgf df qui si trksnjti io dfs nigjfs johfrnktjvfs is johfrnk`jðo virîgj`k, y qui nu`mks vi`is puigi sir tircjvirskgk pfr dfs prfpjfs `kokdis. @riinfs qui istf, nës qui giairsi k dk igu`k`jðo io dk is`uidk sfari dk riprisiotktjvjgkg io dfs nigjfs, si giai kd `fotixtf sf`jf`udturkd io id qui istëo jonirsfs, gfogi pioskr qui dk johfrnk`jðo prisiotkgk pfr dfs nigjfs is `fnpditknioti virîgj`k risudtk jdusfrjf. Dfs bðviois buzckrfo id pirjfgjsnf ok`jfokd, df tk`mkrfo gi —siosk`jfokdjstk„, —knkrjddjstk„ y —pkr`jkdjzkgf„, kginës, `rjtj`krfo id mi`mf gi qui dfs `kokdis sfdf si prif`upio pfr id rktjoc y
gibio gi dkgf dfs `fotiojgfs. Pjo inakrcf, `ukogf si prfhuogjzf io id tink gi rispfoskajdjgkgis sfari dfs `fotiojgfs, `kyirfo io `uiotk qui dfs prfcrknks trkakbko io huo`jðo gi df qui id pòaj`f dis ginkogk, y io isi `ksf, dfs ispi`tkgfris tknajêo tjioio `jirtf crkgf gi rispfoskajdjgkg. Ksî, si `rik uok `fos`jio`jk k`ir`k gi dfs `fotiojgfs nës vjstfs y dfs prfcrknks gi tidivjsjðo qui —niri`io„ id r ktjoc arjogkogf pfr dfs bðviois.
Dfs bðviois sfo `fos`jiotis gi qui sj dfs oftj`jirfs of si nfstrkrko tko grknktjzkgfs, niofs pirsfoks dfs virîko. @riinfs qui istf si giai k qui gis`fof`io ftrfs `fotixtfs gi nigjfs johfrnktjvfs nës kddë gid jotirok`jfokd, gfogi of sjinpri is oi`iskrjf grknktjzkr f —siosk`jfokdjzkr„ uok oftj`jk pkrk qui dks pirsfoks dk viko.
Dfs bðviois ri`fof`io uok gi dks rkzfois pfr dks `ukdis si trkosnjtio oftj`jks siosk`jfokdjstks is qui mky crkogis sunks gi gjoirf jovfdu`rkgf5 of fastkoti, of nio`jfokrfo dk Johrkistru`turk gitrës, is gi`jr, dk ridk`jðo iotri id pfgir pfdîtj`f, pfgir i`foðnj`f y dfs nigjfs. Qi`fof`infs qui dfs ksjstiotis kd tkddir tfgkvîk sfo nuy bðviois pkrk `fof`ir istk Johrkistru`turk gitrës gi dfs nigjfs, giajgf k qui pfsjadinioti ojocòo prfhisfr f pirsfok kbiok k dk igu`k`jðo si df mk nio`jfokgf. Pfari k`tjtugis2 Dfs bðviois tjioio uok k`tjtug `rîtj`k k`ir`k gi dk hkdtk gi sirjigkg y `fnprfnjsf pfr pkrti gi dfs nigjfs io igu`kr k dk pfadk`jðo, nks of prfpfoio sfdu`jfois `fo`ritks k isti prfadink. Dfs bðviois nuistrko siotjr ks`f f gjscustf gi dks oftj`jks prisiotkgks ofrnkdnioti pfr dfs oftj`jirfs, kginës, `fosjgirko qui sfo oftj`jks jrridivkotis y dis prfgu`i piskr qui sfdf si nuistrio gj`mfs `fotiojgfs pkrk tioir rktjoc, nës of pkrk johfrnkr k dk pfadk`jðo. Kd sir istugjkotis gi @fnuoj`k`jfois, sfo `fos`jiotis gi qui uok gi dks njsjfois gi dfs nigjfs is igu`kr k dk pfadk`jðo `fo johfrnk`jðo virîgj`k y `rîtj`k, nks ri`fof`io qui isf of si ddivk k `kaf io isti pkîs. 77
Pfari prë`tj`ks2 Wfgfs dfs bðviois ksjstiotis kd tkddir gi pirjfgjsnf kgnjtjirfo qui ouo`k vio oftj`jks io dk tidivjsjðo oj tknpf`f pfr nigjfs gjcjtkdis, jo`dujgf id Hk`iaffe. @riinfs qui istf si giai kd gisjotirês gi dfs bðviois, nio`jfokgf pfr Bfrci Isdkvk, sfari dk rikdjgkg ok`jfokd. K tfgfs dis pkri`jð —ofrnkd„ of vir dks oftj`jks, kuoqui duicf gi gjs`utjr sfari id tink, si ix`uskrfo
gj`jiogf qui dks oftj`jks sfo nuy pkr`jkdjzkgks, —nfrafsks„ y of niri`io sir vjstks. K nkoirk gi `fo`dusjðo cioirkd, ri`fof`infs qui dfs prfcrknks gi tidivjsjðo, io ispi`jkd dfs qui trktko gi kcio`jks gi oftj`jks, sfo gi crko prfvi`mf pkrk `rikr uok `fos`jio`jk y buj`jf `rîtj`f sfari dfs nigjfs johfrnktjvfs. Kginës, pirnjti kmfogkr io tinks piskgfs k`ir`k gi dfs nigjfs sjo qui si sjiotk dk piskgiz gi istfs. Id nkyfr prfvi`mf fatiojgf gid prfcrknk si gk io dks gjs`usjfois qui si `riko io tfrof k isti io dks kudks, su `fotixtukdjzk`jðo io dk rikdjgkg ok`jfokd, gjhirio`jks `fo id pirjfgjsnf gi ouistrf pkîs, prë`tj`ks qui si pfgrîko —tfnkr pristkgks„ gi dfs prfcrknks ixtrkobirfs, it`.
8. Qihirio`jks @muo, Sio. Mkadinfs sfari `fostru`tjvjsnf. Buojf 17, 1<;<. mttp2//mkadinfssfari`fostru`tjvjsnf.adfcspft.`fn/1<;
79
Kpriogjiogf Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd `fo dk sirji
—@fdg @ksi„ Gjkok @mko Dio`j5 Aërakrk Ispibf \kbuidf5 \k buidf5 Bjniok Nfotkûêz Krj`k, Bkznjo Xkdioti Krrfyf y Kdisskogrk Xjddkouivk Gjkz
Qisunio Isti trkakbf gi jovistjck`jðo kokdjzk kokdjzk dk nkoirk io qui si puigi utjdjzkr uok sirji gi tidivjsjðo `fnf `fnf ibinpdf gi kpriogjzkbi of hfrnkd pkrk rihfrzkr tinks sfari id `ursf gi Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd. Nigjkoti uok `dksi pjdftf, si prisiotð uo `kpîtudf gi dk sirji @fdg @ksi, io id `ukd dfs pkrtj`jpkotis pfr nigjf gid buicf gi rfdis, trkakbkrfo dfs pirhjdis gi dfs pirsfokbis `fo id fabitjvf gi jotirjfrjzkr dk johfrnk`jðo prfpfr`jfokgk pfr dk sirji y ftrfs gktfs tiðrj`fs. Ofs minfs akskgf io dk kpdj`k`jðo gi nfgidfs gi kpriogjzkbi pfr gis`uarjnjiotf y kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf, puis id fabitjvf prjo`jpkd is cioirkr uo buj`jf `rîtj`f io dfs uojvirsjtkrjfs hrioti k `jirtfs `fotiojgfs. Z hjokdnioti, ginfstrkr `fo istk ixpirjio`jk dk utjdjgkg gi dk WX `fnf `fosi`uio`jk igu`ktjvk.
\kdkarks `dkvi2 kpriogjzkbi of hfrnkd, buicf gi rfdis, kpriogjzkbi pfr gis`uarjnjiotf, kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf, iohfqui `fostru`tjvjstk, —WX `fnf `fosi`uio`jk igu`ktjvk„.
;. Jotrfgu``jðo Df qui isti tkddir prfpfoi kd utjdjzkr dk sirji @fdg @ksi, is mk`ir qui dfs kdunofs gis`krtio kpri`jk`jfois supirhj`jkdis y qui si djnjtio k ripitjr johfrnk`jðo, pkrk pkskr k uo koëdjsjs y kpri`jk`jðo `rîtj`k sfari dfs `fof`jnjiotfs qui ri`jaio. Isti tkddir si pdkotik `fnf uo —tkddir gi virkof„, qui tiogrë `fnf fabitjvf giskrrfddkr y ibir`jtkr id buj`jf `rîtj`f gi dfs pkrtj`jpkotis, nigjkoti dk gjs`usjðo gi jgiks y id buicf gi rfdis, prfpuistf `fnf uok mirrknjiotk `riktjvk pkrk iotiogir dfs `fotiojgfs gi dk sirji y gi dk `dksi. Isti prfyi`tf gi jovistjck`jðo tiogrë `fnf pòadj`f fabitjvf k istugjkotis gi `fdicjf gi 7tf y 9tf gi si`uogkrjk. Dfs koti`igiotis gid tkddir si `iotrko io kdcuoks kpri`jk`jfois qui ris`ktknfs gi ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf, io uo sfogif privjf. Oftknfs qui nkyfrnioti io io id `ursf gi Mjstfrjk dfs kdunofs si djnjtkako k ri`jajr dk johfrnk`jðo nës of k rihdixjfokr sfari iddk, io`fotrkogf id `ursf tigjfsf y kaurrjgf. \fr df `ukd, isti tkddir arjogkrë arjogkrë dk pfsjajdjgkg gi ksjstjr k uok `dksi gjhirioti, gjhirioti, pkrk qui dfs kdunofs tiocko uok pkrtj`jpk`jðo nës k`tjvk y qui gi istk nkoirk puigko gkrsi `uiotk qui dk igu`k`jðo of is uo prfgu`tf —uskr/gismk`ir„, sjof nks ajio qui si `krk`tirjzk pfr sir k`unudktjvk y qui is vjkadi su gjs`usjðo gisgi uok pirspi`tjvk pirsfokd. Of si io`fotrkrfo trkakbfs privjfs sfari dk sirji —@fdg @ksi„ io id ënajtf igu`ktjvf5 sjo inakrcf, sj si
mko rikdjzkgf prfyi`tfs f `dksis pjdftf gi sirjis qui pirtioi`io kd cêoirf pfdj`jkd. Yo ibinpdf gi iddf, 78
is id `ksf gid gid —Wkddir gi `rjnjofdfcîk„ rikdjzkgf pfr
dk is`uidk gi gi \sj`fdfcîk gi gi dk uojvirsjgkg
\koknirj`kok gi Nêxj`f. Id fabitjvf gid nio`jfokgf tkddir is id koëdjsjs gid `ksf gisgi dk pirspi`tjvk gi dk psj`fdfcîk `rjnjokd5 ksjstjirfo bðviois jotiriskgfs io dk `krrirk buotf `fo pkgris gi hknjdjk. \krk giskrrfddkr id tkddir, prfyi`tkrfo dk sirji knirj`kok knirj`kok —@rjnjokd Njogs„ gid 1<<9 `fo id `kpîtudf —Arfeio —Arfeio
Njrrfr„ , io id `ukd si pdkotik uok sjtuk`jðo gi si`uistrf y uok sfdu`jðo ksirtjvk, crk`jks kd giskrrfddf gid pirhjd gi dk vî`tjnk y vj`tjnkrjf. Fabitjvfs Cioirkd Giskrrfddkr id buj`jf `rîtj`f gi dfs kdunofs k trkvês gi uok sidi``jðo gi `kpîtudfs gi dk sirji @fdg @ksi. Ispi`îhj`fs Pir `kpkz gi sustiotkr uo puotf gi vjstk f kpri`jk`jðo sfari kdcòo k`foti`jnjiotf mjstðrj`f gi nkoirk sðdjgk i johfrnkgk. @fo`jiotjzkr k dfs kdunofs gi qui id kpriogjzkbi is uo prf`isf k`unudktjvf y of uo prfgu`tf qui tjioi hi`mk gi `kgu`jgkg.
1. Nkr`f tiðrj`f Id iohfqui `fostru`tjvjstk y id kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf —Id kdunof is id rispfoskadi òdtjnf gi su prfpjf prf`isf gi kpriogjzkbi. Êd is qujio `fostruyi (f nës ajio ri`fostruyi) dfs skairis gi su crupf `udturkd y isti puigi sir uo subitf k`tjvf `ukogf nkojpudk, ixpdfrk, gis`uari f joviotk, jo`dusf `ukogf dii f
is`u`mk dk ixpfsj`jðo gi ftrfs„ (Gjkz ftrfs„ (Gjkz Akrrjck Kr`if y Miroëogiz Qfbks ;::=) Id kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf pkrti gisgi dks aksis gid iohfqui `fostru`tjvjstk. Yok gi isks aksis gi gj`mk `frrjioti is dk ixpuistk io id përrkhf kotirjfr, puis ixjsti uok prif`upk`jðo pfr dk `fostru``jðo gid `fof`jnjiotf pfr id njsnf kdunof, qui is`kpk gi uok ri`ip`jðo pksjvk y mk`i uo ddknkgf k dk `fnpriosjðo y rihdixjðo. Iotfo`is uo isquink gi `dksi giai pritiogir kyugkr k qui id kdunof istkadiz`k ridk`jfois `fcofs`jtjvks iotri df qui istë kpriogjiogf y df qui yk skai (`fostru`tjvjsnf), pkrk nkotioirdf io uo istkgf k`tjvf qui ibir`jti dk `fnpriosjðo y ivkduk`jðo gi dk johfrnk`jðo `fo su prfpjk nkoirk gi pioskr y ixpirjio`jks (kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf). @fnf nio`jfok Kusuaid, sfari id kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf2 —U…^ id kpriogjzkbi jnpdj`k uok riistru`turk`jðo k`tjvk gi dks pir`ip`jfois, jgiks, `fo`iptfs y isquinks qui id kpriogjz pfsii io su istru`turk `fcojtjvk. U…^ Kusuaid tknajêo `fo`jai kd kdunof `fnf prf`iskgfr k`tjvf gi johfrnk`jðo, y gj`i qui id
kpriogjzkbi is sjstinëtj`f y frckojzkgf, puis U…^ of si rigu`i k sjnpdis ksf`jk`jfois ninfrîstj`ks (Gjkz Akrrjck Kr`if y Miroëogiz Qfbks ;::=) 73
\fr tkotf, dk nitfgfdfcîk gi isti iohfqui si aksk io prfpfoir uok `dksi qui si `iotri io utjdjzkr mirrknjiotks qui nftjvio kd kdunof k ri`jajr johfrnk`jðo pkrk ivkdukrdk y kokdjzkrdk, puis sj ajio is `jirtf dk prfpuistk `fostru`tjvjstk ofs `fogu`i pfr uo `knjof io id `ukd si utjdjzk uok nitfgfdfcîk qui iohktjzk uo —kpriogir `fnpriogjiogf„ , is jnpfrtkoti qui id kdunokgf tknajêo istê gjspuistf. @fnf nio`jfok Gîkz y Miroëogiz5 —Id pkpid gi dk nftjvk`jðo io id dfcrf gid kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf si ridk`jfok `fo dk oi`isjgkg gi jogu`jr io id kdunokgf id jotirês y ishuirzf oi`iskrjf.„ (Gjkz Akrrjck Kr`if y Miroëogiz Qfbks ;::=). Is kmî gfogi id usf gi WJ@s, pfr ibinpdf, is `dkvi pkrk `fostrujr uo knajioti gjhirioti kd qui si rispjrk io dks kudks gi `dksi y uojvirsjgkgis, pkrk qui si jotirisio pfr gis`uarjr quê tjpf gi aioihj`jf igu`ktjvf puigio sk`kr gi uok ixpirjio`jk yk of tko trkgj`jfokd. Kginës, si aus`krë qui id pkrtj`jpkoti tknajêo rihuir`i isi jotirês pfr gjs`utjr y `fotrkstkr dk johfrnk`jðo qui istë ri`jajiogf. Kpriogjzkbi pfr gis`uarjnjiotf Yo idiniotf nuy jnpfrtkoti giotrf gi istk `frrjioti is dk pkrtj`jpk`jðo k`tjvk gid kdunof. —Giotrf gi dk prfpuistk idkafrkgk pfr Aruoir, isti ixpfoi qui id kpriogjzkbi of giai djnjtkrsi k uok ninfrjzk`jðo ni`ëoj`k gi johfrnk`jðo f gi prf`igjnjiotfs, sjof qui giai `fogu`jr kd igu`kogf kd giskrrfddf gi su `kpk`jgkg pkrk risfdvir
prfadinks y pioskr sfari sfari dk sjtuk`jðo k dk qui si di iohriotk.„ iohriotk.„ (@muo (@muo 1<;<) Aruoir hui uo jotidi`tukd qui kpfrtð nu`mf k isti tjpf gi kpriogjzkbi, dks aksis qui siotð tknajêo vuidvio k iohktjzkr id jotirês pfr gis`krtkr uo kpriogjzkbi ninfrîstj`f pkrk pkskr k uof qui riqujirk uo pf`f nës gi ishuirzf pfr pkrti gid kdunof. Koti dk prfpuistk gi kpriogjzkbi pfr gis`uarjnjiotf, dfs kdunofs puigio pfoirsi io dk sjtuk`jðo qui si istë jovistjckogf, df `ukd kyugkrë k qui of sfdf siko `kpk`is gi io`fotrkr rispuistks `riktjvks, sjof tknajêo siko `kpk`is gi cioirk uok nkyfr pkrtj`jpk`jðo io id prf`isf gi kpriogjzkbi y uok vkdfrk`jðo pfsjtjvk gid prf`isf, kd têrnjof gi dk ixpirjio`jk. Buj`jf `rîtj`f —Id fabitjvf gid buj`jf `rîtj`f is k`dkrkr id tink, ridk`jfokrdf `fo ftrfs tinks, jotrfgu`jr `uistjfoknjiotf y ouivks pricuotks qui pfocko k pruiak dks khjrnk`jfois, of tkotf pkrk rihutkrdf sjof pkrk fatioir uo nkyfr `fof`jnjiotf gid
fabitf io `uistjðo.„ (Dk `uistjðo.„ (Dk Cujk 1<<3) Isti `fo`iptf io`jirrk df qui nu`mks vi`is si gisik dfcrkr io `dksi, pirf io dk prë`tj`k is uo pf`f `fnpdj`kgf gi ibir`jtkr. Id buj`jf `rîtj`f risudtk sir uo `fo`iptf y uo idiniotf jogjspioskadi pkrk dfcrkr qui uok `dksi sik ixjtfsk y, sfaritfgf qui gibi io dfs kdunofs uo `fof`jnjiotf qui vkyk nës kddë gi dk ninfrjk. @fo id buj`jf `rîtj`f id kdunof dfcrk `fotrkstkr su prfpjk nkoirk gi vir dks `fsks y kokdjzk dfs `fotiojgfs prfpuistfs gi uok hfrnk nës prfhuogk y sjcojhj`ktjvk.
7=
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs Isti tkddir si gj`tkrë io aksi k gjhiriotis tinëtj`ks ridk`jfokgks `fo k`foti`jnjiotfs `dkvi io dk mjstfrjk uojvirskd gurkoti id P.]]. Dfs kdunofs, `fo uo `fof`jnjiotf privjf gi dk nktirjk (`fof`jnjiotfs kgqujrjgfs io id `fdicjf), sirëo `kpk`is gi prfhuogjzkr nës io dks tinëtj`ks prfpuistks, pfr nigjf gid trkakbf io crupf y id buicf gi rfdis. Istks k`tjvjgkgis si rikdjzkrëo io gfs sisjfois, njêr`fdis y vjirois, io dks jostkdk`jfois gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk. @kgk sinkok si giskrrfddkrë uo tink gjhirioti, sjiogf dk prjnirk sisjðo gi `krë`tir tiðrj`f y dk sicuogk, gi `krë`tir kpdj`ktjvf. Kd hjokd gi `kgk nis si rikdjzkrë uok piquiûk prë`tj`k pkrk nigjr dk `fnpriosjðo gi dks `dksis. K `fotjouk`jðo, si prisiotkrë dk istru`turk gi dk `dksi y gis`rjp`jðo gi `kgk k`tjvjgkg2 Wkadk ;. Isquink gi dk `dksi pjdftf \rjnirk Pisjðo K`tjvjgkg
Fabitjvfs
Gis`rjp`jðo
Duckr
\rfyi``jðo gi dk sirji
\risiotkr gi uok nkoirk ktrk`tjvk id `fotiojgf gi dk `dksi Qipkskr `fotiojgfs gid `ursf gi Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd. Jgiotjhj`kr mi`mfs nës riskdtkotis gi dk sirji
Io uo knajioti gjhirioti kd gi uo skdðo gi `dksi, si prfyi`tkrë id `kpîtudf gi dk sirji ridk`jfokgf `fo id tink gi dk `dksi.
Xiotkok jogjs`ritk
Nigjkoti uo \fwir \fjot si jotrfgu`jrë id tink k trktkr io dk dk `dksi.
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
9 njoutfs
Nigjkoti jotirvio`jfois jogjvjgukdis, `kgk kdunof jogj`krk `ukdis huirfo dfs nfniotfs nës jotiriskotis gid `kpîtudf. Duicf si prfpfogrë ridk`jfokr kquiddks kpri`jk`jfois `fo dfs mi`mfs mjstðrj`fs rikdis.
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
9 njoutfs
Id skdðo si gjvjgjrë io 9 crupfs gi 7 pirsfoks `kgk uof. Dk hfrnk`jðo sirë gi nkoirk kdiktfrjk. K `kgk uof gi dfs crupfs si di ksjcokrk uo pirsfokbi gid `kpîtudf, id `ukd si ridk`jfok `fo uo tink sfari dk Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd.
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
9 njoutfs
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
09 njoutfs
Jotrfgu``jðo gid tink
Kpri`jk`jfois sfari dk sirji
Hfrnk`jðo gi crupfs
Ixpdj`k`jðo gid prfyi`tf
Gurk`jðo kprfxjnkgk 79 njoutfs
Kdj`i (id ouivf rfd gi dk nubir io dk sf`jigkg knirj`kok)
Ispfsf (pirspi`tjvk pfdîtj`k gi dk cuirrk)
Bihi (pirspi`tjvk i`foðnj`k gi dk cuirrk)
Knjck gi Kdj`i (sf`jigkg `fosirvkgfrk gi dk êpf`k)
7:
Auggy (`fosi`uio`jks sf`jkdis gi dk 1CN2 Niotkdjgkg gi dfs bðviois)
Nigjkoti gi Buicf gi Qfdis , dfs kdunofs giairëo krnkr uo pirhjd gi kquid pirsfokbi `fo johfrnk`jðo sfari (0 jgiks pfr puotf)2 Ofnari Igkg Ajfcrkhîk (9 dîoiks) Xjgk prfhisjfokd Xjgk sf`jkd Kspjrk`jfois f jgikdis io dk vjgk Duicf, dfs kdunofs si frckojzkrëo pkrk gisjcokr rispfoskajdjgkgis gi `kgk joticrkoti, y `ffrgjokrko dk prisiotk`jðo gid trkakbf. (Wrkakbf gi jovistjck`jðo si rikdjzkrk io `ksk)
Dk prisiotk`jðo hjokd giairë gurkr ;< njoutfs pfr crupf y dk pdktkhfrnk gi prisiotk`jðo sirë is`fcjgk pfr dfs kdunofs (\\W, \rizj, Adfc, it`)
Picuogk Pisjðo K`tjvjgkg
Fabitjvfs
\risiotk`jfois gi dfs pirhjdis
Giakti
Kpri`jk`jfois sfari dfs trkakbfs.
Gis`rjp`jðo
Duckr
@kgk uof gi dfs crupfs prisiotk sus pirsfokbis k tfgf id skdðo.
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
Pi trkakbkrë gjs`utjrë sfari df mi`mf dfs prisiotkgf io dfs trkakbfs.
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
Gurk`jðo kprfxjnkgk ;< njoutfs pfr crupf 9< njoutfs io tftkd ;< njoutfs
Dk gjs`usjðo si cujkrë gi dks sjcujiotis pricuotks2 ¶[uê `knajfs jnpfrtkotis f`urrjirfo pkrk dk sf`jigkg gispuês gi dk Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd6 ¶Pj ti muajirko gkgf k is`fcir k tj `fnf nubir jr k dk cuirrk, jr k dk hëarj`k f sir knk gi `ksk, quê muajirks is`fcjgf6 ¶\fr quê6 Gi k`uirgf k df gjs`utjgf, ¶k quê `fo`dusjfois ddicks6 Qidk`jfok dk k`tukdjgkg `fo dks `fosi`uio`jks gi dk cuirrk
9<
Hjokd gi sisjðo
Idkafrkr `fo`dusjfois pkrk `fosfdjgkr id tink gjs`utjgf io `dksi
\risiotk`jðo gi `fo`dusjfois
Pkdðo gi `dksis (\kaiddðo I)
1< njout fs
@rfofcrknk gid tkddir
Isti tkddir gi virkof tiogrë uok gurk`jðo gi gfs nisis io su tftkdjgkg. Pi trkosnjtjrë uo ipjsfgjf pfr sinkok, id `ukd si trkakbkrë k df dkrcf gi istk. Dks `dksis si gj`tkrëo dfs njêr`fdis y vjirois, dk hfrnk`jðo gi crupfs sirë gjhirioti mkstk dk sicuogk sinkok, k pkrtjr gi dk sjcujioti k istk pirnkoi`irëo tkd `ukdis. Ioirf 1<;7 \rjnirk Pinkok Njêr`fdis =2 Jotrfgu``jðo kd tkddir. Nfvjnjiotf Hinjojstk gi prjo`jpjfs gi dk gê`kgk gi dfs :<. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Wfro (P<7 ‐ I\ I\ 1;). Xjirois ;<2 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. Picuogk Pinkok Njêr`fdis ;92 Nfvjnjiotf rk`jstk2 Eu Edux Edko. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Wmi dittir (P<; ‐ I\;0). I\;0). Xjirois ;32 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. Wir`irk Pinkok Njêr`fdis 112 Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd ‐ \irspi`tjvk Hiniojok. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Hk`tfry Cjrds (P<1 ‐ I\1). I\1). Xjirois 172 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. @ukrtk Pinkok Njêr`fdis 1:2 Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd ‐ \irspi`tjvk gid njcrkoti. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Hknjdy =;<= (P<9 ‐ I\;;). I\;;). Xjirois 0;2 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf.
Hiarirf 1<;7 [ujotk Pinkok Njêr`fdis 92 Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd ‐ \irspi`tjvk okzj/bugîk. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Wmi mio mfusi (P<0 ‐ I\1;). I\1;). Xjirois 32 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. @fo`dusjfois sfari id `j`df gi dk Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd. Pixtk Pinkok Njêr`fdis ;12 Nfvjnjiotf pfr dfs giri`mfs `jvjdis ‐ Nkrtmjo Dutmir Ejoc. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Ptrkoci Hrujt (P<1 ‐ I\;:) I\;:). Xjirois ;72 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. Pêptjnk Pinkok Njêr`fdis ;:2 Cuirrk gi Xjitokn. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Mfofr (P<0 ‐ I\=). I\=). Xjirois 1;2 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. 9;
F`tkvk Pinkok Njêr`fdis 182 Nfvjnjiotfs Oifokzjs. Xjsjfokrjf gid `kpîtudf Ppjgirs (P<9 ‐ I\;0) I\;0). Xjirois 1=2 \risiotk`jðo crupkd gid trkakbf gi rfdis sfari id ipjsfgjf vjsjfokrjf. Wkadk ;.;. @rfofcrknk gi tinks k kafrgkr pfr `dksi
7. Qisudtkgfs Gispuês gi dk `dksi gkgk, si puigi `fo`dujr qui dfs kdunofs dfcrkrfo jrsi `fo uok pirspi`tjvk gi dk Picuogk Cuirrk Nuogjkd Nuogjkd gjhirioti, puis tuvjirfo dk fpfrtuojgkg gi gi kokdjzkr k prfhuogjgkg y giaktjr. @fnf ofs nio`jfokrfo, nu`mks vi`is id prfhisfr gid `ursf gi Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd sfdîk mk`irdf gi uo nfgf tigjfsf, y ninfrîstj`f kd kpdj`kr dfs ixëniois. Iddfs njsnfs khjrnkrfo qui dks hi`mks, dks `ukdis kotis irko tko gjhî`jdis gi kpriogir kmfrk pfgîko sir ridk`jfokgks `fo nkyfr hk`jdjgkg y of si dis jako k fdvjgkr, `fnf su`igîk `ukogf si dks kpriogîko gi ninfrjk. Id buicf gi rfd gi pirsfokbis sfari dk sirji dfcrð io dfs pkrtj`jpkotis uo k`ir`knjiotf nës `rîtj`f y inf`jfokd `fo id tink y dk mjstfrjk okrrkgk, y of gi uok nkoirk tko supirhj`jkd `fnf suidi su`igir io uok `dksi gj`tkgk f io uo djarf gi tixtf. Gi dk njsnk njsnk nkoirk, dis pkri`jð jotiriskoti jotiriskoti kpriogir sfari Mjstfrjk k trkvês gi uo `kpîtudf gi @fdg @ksi, f gi uok sirji io sî, yk qui io rikdjgkg of si mkaîko puistf k pioskr io df igu`ktjvf qui nu`mks sirjis gi tidivjsjðo pfgîko risudtkr, dfcrkogf ksî uok rispuistk pfsjtjvk sfari id `ðnf df mj`jirfo (kpfrti gi dk pirspi`tjvk gi kpriogjzkbi sjcojhj`ktjvf) y uok nkyfr vkdfrk`jðo y ktio`jðo kd prf`isf gi kpriogjzkbi. Dfs pkrtj`jpkotis khjrnkrfo qui kmfrk pfsiîko uok vjsjðo nës `fnpditk gi gi df qui jnpdj`ð isti pirjfgf pirjfgf io dk Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd Yojvirskd y kginës gi ftrfs tinks qui si girjvko gi êd, y huirfo favjkgks io dks `dksis tiðrj`ks tkotf gid `fdicjf `fnf gi dk uojvirsjgkg. Hjokdnioti, `fo istk ixpirjio`jk pfginfs `fo`dujr qui dfs nigjfs gi `fnuoj`k`jðo, tkdis `fnf dk tidivjsjðo, sj puigio kyugkr k cioirkr uo knajioti istjnudkoti y hkvfrkadi pkrk id giskrrfddf gi uok `dksi. \fr nigjf gi prfgu`tfs kugjfvjsukdis, si puigf dfcrkr qui dfs pkrtj`jpkotis si vjirko nës jovfdu`rkgfs, df qui pirnjtjð uok hknjdjkrjzk`jðo `fo dfs `fotiojgfs gi dk `dksi y uo koëdjsjs nës `fosjioti sfari dfs njsnfs. Kd prfpfoirdis uok sjtuk`jðo `fo`ritk, nigjkoti dk mjstfrjk qui si `fotkak io id `kpîtudf gi @fdg @ksi, dfcrkrfo ri`frgkr `fo nkyfr hk`jdjgkg `kusks, `fosi`uio`jks y mi`mfs `dkvis, ksî `fnf, gkr uok kpri`jk`jðo nës prfhuogk kd nfniotf gi `fotrkstkr sus jgiks `fo sus `fnpkûirfs5 `krk`tirîstj`ks jnpfrtkotis gid buj`jf `rîtj`f kotis nio`jfokgks y, qui `fnf si mk ivjgio`jkgf, dfs kdunofs pugjirfo dfcrkr.
9. Gjs`usjðo Pj ajio kd prjo`jpjf piosëaknfs frjiotkr ouistrf tkddir pkrk kdunofs gi qujotf kûf gi Pi`uogkrjk, si vjf prfpj`jf `knajkr ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf k bðviois iotri ;= k 19 kûfs. ¶\fr quê6 Gispuês gi dk ixpirjio`jk vjvjgk, ofs gjnfs `uiotk qui dk `dksi irk nës vjkadi pkrk pirsfoks qui istêo nës giskrrfddkgfs inf`jfokdnioti pkrk qui si tiock uo puotf gi vjstk nës `rîtj`f y niofs johduio`jkadi, y
91
ksî dfcrkr giaktjr y `fnpkrtjr `fo nkyfr kpirturk fpjojfois, ixpi`tktjvks y kpri`jk`jfois qui tknajêo si ridk`jfokako `fo dk prfpjk ixpirjio`jk gid pkrtj`jpkoti. Kmfrk ajio ¶\fr quê uo tkddir fp`jfokd y of uof fadjcktfrjf6 Dk rispuistk is sjnpdi, kquiddf k df qui si ksjsti `fo jotirês si dfcrkrë rikdjzkr `fo nkyfris ckoks y dk pkrtj`jpk`jðo pfr pkrti gi dfs istugjkotis sirë nu`mf nës k`tjvk. Pj ajio istf hui `fotrkgj`mf crk`jks k ouistrk `dksi pjdftf, io dk `ukd kd prjo`jpjf dfs ksjstiotis si vjirfo kpëtj`fs pkrk gispuês ginfstrkr jotirês pfr id tink. Dks gisviotkbks gi uo tkddir fadjcktfrjf is qui tiogrîk qui istkr jo`rustkgf io uo prfcrknk yk ixjstioti, y df qui si qujiri dfcrkr `fo isti tkddir, y mkadknfs gi nkoirk utðpj`k, is qui kdunofs gi gjhiriotis uojvirsjgkgis puigko ksjstjr, puistf qui of io tfgks iosiûko id `ursf gi Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd `fnf io id `ksf gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk, df `ukd io rikdjgkg is uo prjvjdicjf, puis gk dk fpfrtuojgkg gi ixpdfrkr `fof`jnjiotfs jnpfrtkotis. Nu`mfs bðviois tjioio uo `fof`jnjiotf nuy aësj`f gi dk Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd, y df jgikd sirîk iosiûkrdis gi uok nkoirk sjcojhj`ktjvk y `riktjvk, pkrk gispirtkr io iddfs jotirês y nftjvkrdfs k giaktjr y ixpfoir su puotf gi vjstk pkrk `rikr uo buj`jf `rîtj`f. @fnf prfpuistk io id crupf si piosð gjsiûkr ouistrf prfcrknk `fnf pkrti gi dk @dksi gi Mjstfrjk Yojvirskd pkrk dfs istugjkotis gi prjnirfs `j`dfs gi dk Yojvirsjgkg gi Djnk, sj ajio istf pfgrîk sir vjkadi, of `riknfs qui si puigk gkr gi nkoirk kasfdutk, puistf qui tfgfs dfs tinks pdkotikgfs pfr dk sunjddk gi dk Yojvirsjgkg of dfcrko sir kakr`kgfs pfr dfs `kpîtudfs `kpîtudfs gi @fdg @ksi, @ksi, sfdf si puigio ris`ktkr kdcuofs. Pjo inakrcf, df qui si mk pioskgf is qui, k`fnpkûkgf gi gj`mk sirji pfgrîk jr ftrk qui `fnpditi kquiddfs tinks qui istk of tf`k f sjof tknajêo uok pidî`udk5 gi of gkrsi id `ksf, kdcuoks `dksis pfgrîko gj`tkrsi `fnf dk gjoënj`k pdkotikgk df ixjci y ftrks gi nkoirk ricudkr, istf prjnirf tiogrîk qui pfoirsi k pruiak pfr uo `j`df k vir sj is qui tjioi uok rispuistk vjkadi pfr pkrti gid crupf gi istugjkotis.
8. Qihirio`jks @muo, Sio. Mkadinfs sfari `fostru`tjvjsnf. Buojf 17, 1<;<. mttp2//mkadinfssfari`fostru`tjvjsn mttp2//mkadinfssfari`fostru`tjvjsnf.adfcspft.`fn/1<;
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Arikejoc Akg Gjicf Kcujdkr, Nkrjkok Austknkoti, Du`jkok @kssjoiddj, Kotfojitk @mjrjofs @mjrjofs y @rjstjok Gi dk \jigrk
Ofsftrfs minfs utjdjzkgf dk sirji gi tidivjsjðo Arikejoc Akg pkrk iosiûkr id `ursf gi \irsfok, Hknjdjk y Qidk`jfois Munkoks qui, sj ajio ixjsti io id gjsiûf `urrj`udkr ok`jfokd (G@O), of si gj`tk io id `fdicjf \istkdfzzj, id `ukd sidi``jfoknfs io uo prjo`jpjf pkrk kpdj`kr istk prfpuistk. @kgk joticrkoti gid crupf si pusf `fnf nitk vir kd niofs uok tinpfrkgk gi dk sirji idicjgk pkrk `fof`ir dk mjstfrjk y sk`kr pfsjadis tinks qui puigko sir gjs`utjgfs io dk `dksi pjdftf. Idicjnfs id `fdicjf \istkdfzzj giajgf k qui gfs gi ouistrfs joticrkotis sfo ix kdunofs, is njxtf, dkj`f (df `ukd sjnpdjhj`k nu`mf nës dks `fsks io `ukotf kd tink qui quirîknfs trktkr sfari hjdfsfhîk, grfcks, sixf, it`.). @ukogf hujnfs k istk jostjtu`jðo pkrk prfpfoirdis id prfyi`tf pugjnfs mkadkr `fo id gjri`tfr Cujddirnf Ckr`îk, id `ukd ofs gjf su kprfak`jðo `ksj gi jonigjktf y si nfstrð nuy jotiriskgf5 sjo inakrcf ofs jogj`ð qui giaîknfs mkadkr `fo id prfhisfr gi tutfrîk qui k su viz is bihi gid gipkrtkniotf gi psj`fdfcîk pkrk pfgir `ffrgjokr uok `dksi y mfrk io dk `ukd si ddivkrîk k `kaf id `ursf pjdftf. Êd ofs gjbf qui bustf mkaîko joj`jkgf uo prfyi`tf ddknkgf —Kgfdis`iotis `fo pirsfokdjgkg„ qui `fosjstîk io dk
utjdjzk`jðo gi hrkcniotfs gi pidî`udks `fo id hjo gi iosiûkr vkdfris y kspi`tfs gi dk vjgk `ftjgjkok. Bustknioti df qui ofsftrfs istknfs mk`jiogf io igu`k`jðo y `fnuoj`k`jðo. `fnuoj`k`jðo. \fr ftrk pkrti, ofsftrfs tioîknfs pdkoikgf rikdjzkr ouistrk `dksi pjdftf id njêr`fdis gi dk sinkok `ktfr`i. Pi prisiotð uo jo`foviojioti yk qui dfs kdunofs `fo dfs qui `fotëaknfs giaîko riogjr ixëniois gid ak`mjddirktf jotirok`jfokd isi njsnf gîk. Iotfo`is ofs vjnfs fadjckgfs k io`fotrkr uok sfdu`jðo kd prfadink, gi`jgjnfs qui io viz gi qui sik uok `dksi qui si gj`ti gfs mfrks k dk sinkok, io mfrkrjf is`fdkr y fadjcktfrjk, sik uo tkddir gi `krë`tir idi`tjvf, puis io id \istkdfzzj puigio idicjr `ursfs gi istk îogfdi, io id qui dfs kdunofs puigko jos`rjajrsi gi nkoirk fp`jfokd. \fr df tkotf riuojnfs k kdunofs gi `ukrtf gi si`uogkrjk gi isti `fdicjf y knajiotknfs uo ispk`jf io dk `ksk gi Gjicf sjnudkogf uo kudk `fo pjzkrrk, nisk `fnpkrtjgk y uok dkptfp. Id tkddir, io tifrîk, si gj`tk uok mfrk k dk sinkok gispuês gi `dksis gurkoti tfgf id kûf is`fdkr. @kgk ajnistri si uskrîk uok sirji gjstjotk pirf qui istê io afck pkrk qui dfs kdunofs si iocko`mio, favjknioti kgi`ukgk pkrk su igkg y qui nkotiocko ridk`jðo `fo dfs fabitjvfs gid `ursf. [uirinfs qui istfs `mj`fs, `ukogf skdcko gid gid tkddir, siko `kpk`is gi gjstjocujr gjstjocujr df `frri`tf gi df jo`frri`tf kotis gi k`tukr y sir `fos`jiotis gi dks gi`jsjfois qui tfnko y `fnf pfgrîko khi`tkr k f trks pirsfoks. —Isti ajnistri„ gi`jgjnfs utjdjzkr dk sirji Arikejoc Akg, ckokgfrk gid prinjf Inny k dk nibfr sirji
grknëtj`k. Wknajêo ofs hkvfri`jð qui dk nkyfrîk gi dfs kdunofs istêo sjcujiogf dk sirji, istf kyugk k dk gjs`usjðo y hfniotk`jðo gid giakti io dk `dksi, gi istk nkoirk si vuidvi nës jotiriskoti y iotritiojgk pkrk iddfs yk qui pfgrëo nkojhistkr sus puotfs gi vjstk. 97
@fo rispi`tf kd nkr`f tiðrj`f, minfs ris`ktkgf uo djarf nuy jotiriskoti tjtudkgf —Wfgf df qui sê df kpriogî io dk tidi„. Yo tink k tf`kr is sfari dk knjstkg virgkgirk vir gkgirk y `ðnf si ddick k êstk. ê stk.
—…dk nfgirojgkg cioirk uok `jirtk giskzðo io `ukotf k dk pfsjajdjgkg gi qui ixjstko dk virgkgirk knjstkg f id kutêotj`f knfr. ¶Is pfsjadi, gi virgkg, ddickr k sir knjcf gi kdcujio, f dk knjstkg sfdf si
rigu`i k uo nutuf kprfvi`mknjiotf6...„ (Qfwdkogs, kprfvi`mknjiotf6...„ (Qfwdkogs, 1<<3) Nës kgidkoti virinfs `ðnf istf si vi rihdibkgf io dk sirji Arikejoc Akg iotri dfs prftkcfojstks. Io id tkddir si uskrfo gfs hrkcniotfs gi `kpîtudfs, êsti cjrð io tfrof k iddfs. Id prjnir hrkcniotf tjioi `fnf tink prjo`jpkd k dk hknjdjk. Pi prisiotk uo hdksmak`e gfogi si vio k dfs prjnfs gi Wu`f Pkdknko`k `ukogf irko piquiûfs buckogf hrioti k su tîf qujio mkadk pfr tidêhfof. Yof gi dfs ojûfs di rfnpi id nuûi`f k ftrf y isti sicuogf di gisik dk nuirti, id tîf dfs ddknk y kmfck kd ojûf kcrisfr io uok `uaitk ddiok gi kcuk y `irvizks. Id ftrf di pick kd tîf io dk `krk y isti suidtk kd ojûf. Id tîf dis gj`i2 —dk hknjdjk is tfgf„ `fnf nioskbi hjokd. Id sicuogf hrkcniotf is uof gi dfs prjnirfs `kpîtudfs `ukogf Nr. Smjti
k`fnpkûk k Mkoe k ktrkpkr k uo pkr gi trkhj`kotis gi nitkohitknjoks. Yof gi iddfs risudtk sir ix kdunofs Smjti. Io dk of`mi Skdtir vk gfogi Bissi, id trkhj`koti gi nitm, y di prfpfoi mk`ir oicf`jfs. @fo isti `kpîtudf aus`knfs mkadkr sfari id tink k`ir`k gi —id hjo bustjhj`k dfs nigjfs„ y quê is mk`ir df `frri`tf. Dk istru`turk gi dk sisjðo pjdftf `fosjstjð io df sjcujioti2 ;. Knajiotkr dk skdk gi istkr gi uok `ksk k uo skdðo gi `dksis. Ytjdjzknfs uok pjzkrrk, pdunfois, uok nisk y uok dkptfp gfogi prfyi`tknfs dfs vjgifs y pkrdkotis. 1. Duicf jotrfgu`jnfs ouistrf tink y dk ridk`jðo qui vk k tioir ouistrk `dksi `fo dk sirji idicjgk. Yok viz ixpdj`kgf istf y rispfogjiogf k dks gugks qui tiocko dfs kdunofs inpizknfs ouistrf tkddir. 0. \ksknfs id prjnir hrkcniotf qui trktk sfari id tink gi hknjdjk. Dfs kdunofs pristko ktio`jðo, dfs prfhisfris fasirvko ouivknioti id vjgif. Wirnjok id hrkcniotf. 7. Dfs prfhisfris prfpfoio uo giakti `fo sjtuk`jfois pkri`jgks pirf `ir`koks k dk rikdjgkg gi dfs kdunofs. Dfs kdunofs ixprisko sus gugks y êstks sfo k`dkrkgks. 9. Inpjizk uof pfr uof, vfduotkrjknioti, k pdkotikr su sfdu`jðo koti id prfadink k`ir`k gi dk hknjdjk ¶Mkstk quê puotf sirîks `kpkz gi ddickr `fo tkd gi skdvkr k kdcòo hknjdjkr6 8. Dfs kdunofs si gjirfo `uiotk y ri`kpk`jtkrfo k`ir`k gi dks niotjrks pjkgfsks y mkstk gfogi puigio ddickr `fo êstks. Ksicurkrfo qui pfgrîko niotjrk io f`ksjfois io dks qui of sik crkvi pfr ibinpdf io`uarjr k uo mirnkof qui si quigk mkstk tkrgi io dk `kddi, sjo inakrcf of pfgrîko niotjr `fo uo prfadink gi grfcks `fnf df virinfs io id sjcujioti `kpîtudf. 99
3. \ksknfs id sicuogf hrkcniotf qui is nës nkqujkvêdj`f nkqujkvêdj`f qui id kotirjfr io `ukotf k `fotiojgf io `ukotf k `fotiojgf yk qui tf`k id tink gi id hjo bustjhj`k dfs nigjfs. n igjfs. =. Ouivknioti cioirknfs uo giakti, pirf ofs gjnfs `uiotk gi qui dfs kdunofs `knajkako su piosknjiotf y gi`jgîko gidktkr k sus knjcfs, mirnkofs f cioti `ir`kok pkrk qui of si nitko io nkdfs `knjofs, iotfo`is dis pricuotknfs pfr quê `fo isti `kpîtudf sî dfs gidktkrîko y rispfogjirfo ri`tjhj`krfo id tink gid hrkcniotf df `ukd cioirð uo nkyfr giakti qui si vfdvjð io uok ispi`ji gi `fovirsktfrjf. Dfs kdunofs ofs kcrkgi`jirfo yk qui huirfo djaris gi ixpriskrsi gi uok nkoirk `fnf io ojocuok ftrk ftr k `dksi is pfsjadi. :. \krk `udnjokr dk sisjðo, mj`jnfs qui prfpfocko io uok mfbk uok sjtuk`jðo io dk qui si puigko vir jovfdu`rkgfs y qui tiocko qui tfnkr uok gi`jsjðo jonigjktk qui dk sfdu`jfoi io id nibfr gi dfs `ksfs. K`ë dis gibknfs uo ibinpdf2 —Jnkcîokti qui tjiois uo mirnkof niofr y io tu `ksk si mk k`kakgf dk pdktk y tus pkpks nurjirfo io uo k``jgioti 7 nisis kotis. \krk tfgf istf vjvis is uof gi dfs duckris nës pfaris gid \irò, gfogi `fosicujr kcuk y `fnjgk is kdcf nuy `fnpdj`kgf. Yo gîk kpkri`io uo crupf gi mfnaris io uo `krrf y ti prfpfoio pkckrti df suhj`jioti pkrk vjvjr trkoqujdf. Id trkakbf `fosjsti
io rfakrdi johfrnk`jðo k uo vjibf iohirnf qui k iddfs dis jotirisk pkrk ksisjokrdf„ Qptk2 Pj df mkrîk pfrqui gkrîk tfgf pfr nj mirnkof
;<. Duicf niz`dknfs tfgks dks prfpuistks y dks ripkrtjnfs kdiktfrjknioti pkrk qui ftrf dk rispfogk y cioiri inpktîk koti dk sjtuk`jðo pdkotikgk. ;;. Dks rispuistks huirfo diîgks io vfz kdtk, kdcuoks cioirkrfo `fotrfvirsjk y ftrks rjsks. ;1. Pi gjf pfr hjokdjzkgf id tkddir. Istuvjnfs sktjshi`mfs y `riinfs qui dk nitk hui `unpdjgk, of `fnf si pdkotið io uo joj`jf pirf gi uok nkoirk `riktjvk. Qikdjzknfs uoks io`uistks k dfs kdunofs gid `fdicjf \istkdfzzj `fo id hjo gi fatioir johfrnk`jðo sfari sus custfs `fo rispi`tf k dks sirjis gi tidivjsjðo, k sus `ursfs, y `ðnf pkrk iddfs sirîk uo `ursf jgikd, quê is df qui hfniotkrîko y quê koudkrîko gi uok `dksi `fnòo y `frrjioti. Ofs sfrpriogjnfs kd vir df pfsjtjvf qui irko dfs kdunofs y dks vkrjkgks rispuistks. Iotri dks pricuotks dks nës jnpfrtkotis irko2 ¶@uëd is tu sirji hkvfrjtk6 ¶@uëd is tu `ursf hkvfrjtf6 ¶[uê `knajkrîks gi isi `ursf6 ¶[uê `fsk of `knajkrîks gi isi `ursf6 Dfs risudtkgfs, gi uo tftkd gi 7< kdunofs, huirfo dfs sjcujiotis.
98
0<
19
1<
Arikejoc Akg / Krti / \rfhisfris / Dk ti`ofdfcîk
;9
Wmi Skdejoc Gikg / Mjstfrjk / Pjddks / Wrkakbfs crupkdis
;<
Mfw j nit yfur nftmir / Nktinëtj`ks / Ixëniois / Giaktis
9
< Pirjis gi WX
@ursfs hkvfrjtfs
[uê [uê of `knajkrîks io `knajkrîks dfs `ursfs
Qisudtkgfs Duicf gi kokdjzkr dfs risudtkgfs pugjnfs gkrofs `uiotk qui dfs kdunofs oi`isjtko uo ouivf nêtfgf gi iosiûkozk pfrqui yk istëo kaurrjgfs gi dk rutjok, gid tîpj`f nêtfgf gi iosiûkozk. Kginës, `riinfs qui is oi`iskrjf qui id `fdicjf tfni io `uiotk dk fpjojðo gi sus kdunofs pfrqui iddfs sfo dfs qui vjvio gîk k gîk id sjstink igu`ktjvf. Wknajêo oftknfs uok crko k`fcjgk k `ukdqujir tjpf gi tkddir f `dksi iotritiojgk y gjhirioti, qui jovfdu`ri vjgifs, giaktis, `fovirsktfrjfs y k`tjvjgkgis gjvirsks.
@fo`dusjðo Io `fo`dusjðo, `fosjgirknfs qui io dk k`tukdjgkg of pfginfs gibkr gi dkgf id usf gi prfcrknks f sirjis gi tidivjsjðo yk qui sfo kdcf qui istë josirtf io dk vjgk gi tfgfs y ispi`jkdnioti gi dfs kgfdis`iotis qui pksko dk nkyfrîk gi su tjinpf djari hrioti k uo tidivjsfr f `fnputkgfrk (Oithdjx). \fr ftrk pkrti, id sjstink igu`ktjvf si mk quigkgf `focidkgf io `ukotf k dks hfrnks gi iosiûkr y gi ivkdukr k dfs kdunofs. Jo`dusf pfgrîknfs gi`jr qui dk gjstrjau`jðo gi dk `dksi is jcukd gisgi mk`i `jiotfs gi kûfs. Is pfr istf qui `riinfs qui knaks `fsks giaio `fixjstjr pkrk dfcrkr qui dfs bðviois gi mfy io gîk, qui sfo nu`mf nës ti`ofdðcj`fs, prigjspuistfs k istînudfs kugjfvjsukdis. Giainfs kprfvi`mkr istk ouivk mirrknjiotk qui sfo dks sirjis gi tidivjsjðo pkrk kpdj`kr `fo`iptfs y tinks qui pfgknfs iosiûkr gi 93
uok nkoirk nës iotritiojgk y qui id `fotiojgf sik kcrkgkadi pkrk dfs istugjkotis y kd njsnf tjinpf puigko ridk`jfokrdf `fo kdcòo tink igu`ktjvf. Ksî si dis mkrë nës hë`jd ri`frgkr dfs `fo`iptfs yk qui dfs ridk`jfokrëo `fo kdcf qui dis custk y gjshrutko vir.
Qihirio`jks Qfwdkogs, N. (1<<3). Wfgf df qui sê df kpriogî gi dk tidi. Nkgrjg2 Igkh.
9=
Id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f k pkrtjr gi dk sirji
Wmi Niotkdjst Quaî @kakddirf5 Nk`kriok @fiddf5 Kogrik \kdk`jf y Kgrjkok Rickrrk
Qisunio Dk sjcujioti jovistjck`jðo trktk gi ginfstrkr qui dk sirji —Wmi Niotkdjst„ puigi sir utjdjzk gk gi nkoirk
ihj`jioti pkrk iosiûkr id nêtfgf nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f `jiotîhj`f gi uok nkoirk nkoirk kpdj`ktjvk, qui of si riguz`k k uo dkafrktfrjf. Ouistrf pòadj`f pòadj`f fabitjvf is `mj`fs `mj`fs gi `fdicjfs pkrtj`udkris pkrtj`udkris gi Djnk gi ;7 y ;9 kûfs. Qikdjzknfs 9< io`uistks qui gjirfo gfs tjpfs gi risudtkgfs2 dfs qui of si k`frgkako gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f, y dfs qui sî pirf df ri`frgkako nuy tiðrj`f f rigu`jgf k uo dkafrktfrjf. @fo istk johfrnk`jðo, rikdjzknfs uok `dksi tkddir, io dk `ukd pksknfs uo `kpîtudf gi dk sirji, pigjnfs qui dfs `mj`fs jgiotjhjquio dks pkrtis gid nêtfgf y hjokdnioti dis pigjnfs qui prfpfocko dfs `jo`f pksfs gid nêtfgf k `ksfs `ftjgjkofs pdkotikgfs pfr ofsftrfs. Ivkduknfs dks rispuistks gi dfs `mj`fs y `fo`dujnfs qui dk sirji sî dfs kyugð kyugð k ri`frgkr id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f `jiotîhj`f y k istru`turkr sus pksfs pksfs pkrk pfgir risfdvir risfdvir prfadinks gi dk vjgk gjkrjk.
\kdkarks `dkvi2 nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f, `jiotîhj`f, `ksfs `ftjgjkofs `ftjgjkofs
;. Jotrfgu``jðo Id prfadink gi jovistjck`jðo pdkotikgf is dk djnjtk`jðo gi dfs `mj`fs iotri ;7 y ;9 kûfs gi `fdicjfs pkrtj`udkris gi Djnk pkrk kpdj`kr dfs `fof`jnjiotfs ri`jajgfs io id kudk k`ir`k gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f giotrf gid `ursf gi @jio`jk y Knajioti, gj`tkgf io sicuogf gi si`uogkrjk sicòo id gjsiûf `urrj`udkr gid Njojstirjf gi Igu`k`jðo (Igu`k`jðo, 1<;0). @fosjgirknfs kgi`ukgf isti crkgf gi igu`k`jðo giajgf kd ojvid gi `fnpdibjgkg y koëdjsjs qui riqujiri dk sirji, yk qui istk of aus`k iosiûkr gjri`tknioti id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f, sjof iotritioir k su pòadj`f risfdvjiogf `ksfs gi `rîniois gid Gipkrtkniotf gi Jovistjck`jðo gi @kdjhfrojk. Id `fotixtf gi kpdj`k`jðo gi ouistrk jovistjck`jðo is id crkgf gi tir`irf gi nigjk gid `fdicjf njxtf prjvkgf Pkotk Nkrckrjtk, uaj`kgf io id gjstrjtf gi Pkotjkcf gi Pur`f. Kdcuofs gi istfs `mj`fs `fotistkrfo dks io`uistks rikdjzkgks, gfogi `kdjhj`kako kd nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f gi tigjfsf y pf`f kpdj`ktjvf. Giotrf gi dfs fabitjvfs qui nftjvko ouistrk jovistjck`jðo istë ginfstrkr qui is pfsjadi qui dfs `mj`fs gi ;7 y ;9 kûfs gid `fdicjf Pkotk Nkrckrjtk kpriogko nibfr y gi uok nkoirk nës gjoënj`k id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f k pkrtjr gi dk sirji —Wmi Niotkdjst„ y `fnprfakr qui dfs `mj`fs gi ;7 y ;9 kûfs gid njsnf
9:
`fdicjf sfo `kpk`is gi kpdj`kr io su vjgk gjkrjk dfs `fof`jnjiotfs kgqujrjgfs k pkrtjr gi dk sirji —Wmi Niotkdjst„ pkrk tioir uok nibfr risfdu`jðo gi prfadinks.
Kginës, dks pricuotks gi jovistjck`jðo qui ofs pdkotiknfs huirfo ¶`ðnf kpdj`k ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f6, ¶quê istë hkddkogf io id nêtfgf inpdikgf k`tukdnioti pfr dfs prfhisfris io dfs `fdicjfs pkrtj`udkris gi Djnk6 y ¶is pfsjadi qui ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf kgfpti uok sirji gi tidivjsjðo `fnf idiniotf huogkniotkd pkrk id giskrrfddf gi dk `dksi, sjo qui uo idiniotf kugjfvjsukd sik sjoðojnf gi pêrgjgk gi tjinpf/ridkbf6 @fo ridk`jðo k jovistjck`jfois privjks ridk`jfokgks `fo id tink pfginfs `jtkr id prfyi`tf —Wmi Gkjdy \rfpmit„, uok frckojzk`jðo qui si mk gigj`kgf gi gkrdi vjgk kd nuogf gi dk djtirkturk `rikogf uo —pirjðgj`f„ vjrtukd io id qui si nuistrko krtî`udfs gfogi id nuogf hj`tj`jf gi Mkrry \fttir si vuidvi
rikd k trkvês gid buicf gi rfdis. @fnf ajio khjrnk Bioejos2 Id buicf gi rfdis `unpdi gfs huo`jfois jnpfrtkotis2 @fnf uo nigjf pkrk ixpdfrkr uo nuogf hj`tj`jf y `fnf uo nigjf pkrk giskrrfddkr uok `fnpriosjðo nës rj`k gi uof njsnf y gi dk `udturk qui ti rfgik. (Bioejos, 1<<=)
\fr df qui quigk `fnprfakgf pkrk Bioejos, qui of sðdf dk djtirkturk si quigk io dfs djarfs sjof tknajêo si puigi ddivkr k ispk`jfs khjois qui fhriz`ko fpfrtuojgkgis gi kpriogjzkbi y ksî `kgk kdunof/pkrtj`jpkoti isti `fotkotinioti nftjvkgf pkrk kgqujrjr ouivf `fof`jnjiotf y nibfrkr sus mkajdjgkgis ixjstiotis. (Bioejos, 1<<=)
1. Nkr`f tiðrj`f Iosiûkr k pkrtjr gi nigjfs qui of mky sjgf gjsiûkgfs pkrk igu`kr, is tknajêo uo tink ridivkoti jovistjckgf pfr Kdibkogrf \js`jtiddj. \js`jtiddj khjrnk qui dk `udturk tidivjsjvk si istë vfdvjiogf `kgk viz nës ixjcioti `fcojtjvknioti, is gi`jr, si tjioi qui pristkr nkyfr ktio`jðo k df qui f`urri io id `kpîtudf gi dk sirji, mk`ir ridk`jfois iotri dfs pirsfokbis qui `kgk viz si vio iovuidtfs io gjhiriotis `fohdj`tfs y fasirvkr gitkddkgknioti dks ridk`jfois sf`jkdis qui tknajêo mky iotri iddfs. Is pkrtjr gi istk fasirvk`jðo qui id `fo`iptf prfpuistf pfr Ptivio Bfmosfo, y tknajêo `fnpkrtjgf pfr \js`jtiddj, vk k sir dk aksi pkrk ouistrk jovistjck`jðo2 —Dk @urvk gid Gfrnjdðo„, isti `fo`iptf `fosjgirk
qui dk tidivjsjðo gi mfy io gîk gi hfrnk jo`fos`jioti ofs istë vfdvjiogf nës jotidjciotis giajgf kd `knajf `fcojtjvf io dk nioti kugjvjsukd gi dks pirsfoks. Pj ajio is `jirtf, dk igu`k`jðo igu`k`jðo krjstftêdj`k qui si arjogk arjogk k dfs kdunofs dfs ddivk k sfarivkdfrkr id djarf y su `fotiojgf5 sjo inakrcf, dk tidivjsjðo k puistf uok prisjðo joniosk sfari istks `kpk`jgkgis `fcojtjvks k trkvês gi dks sirjis jotidjciotis. Z is qui k pkrtjr gi dk `fnpdibjgkg `ri`jioti qui nuistrko 8<
si ridk`jfok `fo tris idiniotfs `iotrkdis2 ridktfs nòdtjpdis, siûkdknjiotf jotirnjtioti y rigis sf`jkdis. Is gi`jr, tfgf jnpfrtk y tfgf tjioi su vkdfr prfpjf. Gi istk nkoirk, dfs `mj`fs istëo fadjckgfs k pioskr `fnf crkogis mk`jiogf nkyfr koëdjsjs y fasirvk`jðo io df qui vio io dk tidivjsjðo. (\js`jtiddj, (\js`jtiddj, 1<;1)
0. Nktirjkdis y nêtfgfs \krk ddivkr k `kaf id tkddir, si usð id sjcujioti prf`igjnjiotf prf`igjnjiotf nitfgfdðcj`f2 \rjnirf, kotis gi qui inpizkrk dk `dksi, si dis ripkrtjð k dfs kdunofs dk jnkcio gi uof gi dfs pirsfokbis prjo`jpkdis gi dk sirji —Wmi Niotkdjst„ pkrk qui `ukogf si dis jogjqui, puigko buotkrsi `fo
kquiddfs qui dis tf`ð id njsnf pirsfokbi (buicfs gi rfdis). @ukogf yk istkako siotkgfs io sus sjtjfs, si aus`ð rihris`krdis dk ninfrjk pricuotëogfdis k`ir`k gi dk sirji, sj is qui dk mkaîko vjstf f of, qui skaîko gi iddk, it`. Wknajêo si dis pricuotð k`ir`k gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f2 kdcuofs of ri`frgkako ajio dfs pksfs y dfs qui sî df ri`frgkrfo, kutfnëtj`knioti df ridk`jfokrfo `fo ixpirjniotfs io id dkafrktfrjf. @ukogf tfgfs tioîko uok jgik cioirkd gi dk sirji si dis pksð uo `kpîtudf gid njsnf. Kd tirnjokr gi virdf si dis ripkrtjð uok mfbk pkrk qui rispfogjirko io qui nfniotfs vjirfo qui si utjdjzð id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f ispi`jhj`kogf io qui pksf yk sik fasirvk`jðo, mjpðtisjs, ixpirjniotk`jðo, it`., y si `fovirsð gid tink. Picujgf si dis pjgjð k dfs kdunofs qui si buotkrko io crupfs (yk gihjojgfs pfr id pirsfokbi qui dis mkaîk tf`kgf) y qui `ukogf yk istêo riuojgfs, risuidvko utjdjzkogf id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f uo `ksf gi dk vjgk gjkrjk qui si dis sirîk prfpfr`jfokgf pfr ofsftrfs. Kd hjokdjzkr `fo isi ibir`j`jf, tioîko qui crkakrsi k sî njsnfs utjdjzkogf kdcuof gi sus snkrtpmfois `fotkogf sus rispuistks pkrk qui puigko `fnpkrtjrdks `fo dfs ginës k trkvês gi uo crupf io Hk`iaffe ispi`jkdnioti ispi`jkdnioti `rikgf pkrk id tkddir. Istk sirîk uok hfrnk nës gjoënj`k, jotiriskoti y gjvirtjgk pkrk dfs `mj`fs gi vir dks rispuistks gi dfs ginës qui `fo uok sjnpdi ixpfsj`jðo. 8;
@riinfs qui kpdj`kogf id tkddir gi istk nkoirk si puigi ddickr k dfs kdunofs gi nkoirk nës jotirk`tjvk y gi hfrnk knjckadi k dks ouivks ti`ofdfcîks, ti`ofdfcîks, gfogi of si ix`duyio `fnf `fnf io uok tîpj`k `dksi gi `fdicjf, sj of, sfo utjdjzkgks `fnf mirrknjiotks qui kyugko k `rikr uok ixpirjio`jk nës `fnpditk pkrk id qui qujiri kpriogir. Wknajêo `fosjgirknfs qui dk sirji Wmi Niotkdjst si pristk pkrk mk`ir isti tjpf gi tkddiris yk qui trktk k`ir`k gi tinks jnpfrtkotis pkrk uok nibfr `fnpriosjðo gi ouistrk rikdjgkg y dk gi dfs ginës, `fnf df is id diocukbi `frpfrkd, dk ejoêsj`k, dks ridk`jfois jotirpirsfokdis, iotri ftrfs tinks qui tf`k dk sirji.
Crupf io Hk`iaffe2 Hk`iaffe2
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@ksfs2
Fasirvk`jfois gurkoti dk `dksi tkddir K dk `dksi tkddi ksjstjirfo 01 kdunofs, qui kd io`fotrkrsi hrioti k uok sjtuk`jðo ouivk (uo tkddir gjrjcjgf pfr `mj`ks uojvirsjtkrjks) io viz gi uok tîpj`k `dksi gi quînj`k, si viîko nuy `urjfsfs kd rispi`tf. \ristkrfo ktio`jðo k dk sirji pirf pkrk id hjokd gid `kpîtudf mkaîko kdcuofs `mj`fs qui istkako `fniozkogf k gjstrkirsi uo pf`f. pf`f. Duicf gi vir dk sirji, dis `fstkak pjskr tjirrk y inpizkr k is`rjajr k`ir`k gi df qui k`kakako gi vir y `urjfsknioti irko dks `mj`ks dks qui tfnkako dk joj`jktjvk gi trkakbkr, nu`mf nës qui dfs `mj`fs. K dk mfrk gi hfrnkr dfs crupfs, dfs `mj`fs si gjspfoio k `fovirskr sfari id tink prfpuistf, io viz gi mkadkr k`ir`k gi ftrfs tinks y `ukogf yk tioîko sus rispuistks kd `ksf is`rjtks, si gjvjrtjirfo kd pfgir utjdjzkr sus `idudkris pkrk crkakrsi k sî njsnfs. Df io`fotrkako `fnf uok hfrnk ouivk gi utjdjzkr kdcf `fo df qui `uiotko io tfgf nfniotf pirf qui ouo`k mkaîk tiojgf isi tjpf gi prfpðsjtf. Of quirîko qui id tkddir k`kai y si tirnjoð ixpkogjiogf k `ksj dk njtkg n jtkg gi dk mfrk sjcujioti gi `dksi.
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0.; Iotrivjstks k prfhuogjgkg Wknajêo rikdjzknfs iotrivjstks k prfhuogjgkg pkrk pfgir `fof`ir nibfr y nës gitkddkgknioti dk rispuistk gi ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf giajgf k qui 0< kdunofs of is uok `kotjgkg jonkoibkadi, of pfgrinfs `fof`ir dfs ihi`tfs gid tkddir io `kgk kgfdis`ioti ispi`îhj`knioti. Dks iotrivjstks gjð uok nkyfr pirspi`tjvk gi dfs risudtkgfs giajgf k qui si rikdjzkrfo gi nkoirk jogjvjgukd, io isti `ksf2 tris kgfdis`iotis `urskogf tir`irf gi si`uogkrjk `fo igkgis hdu`tukotis iotri ;7 y ;9 kûfs. 0.;.; Giskrrfddf gi dks iotrivjstks2 \rjnirf si rikdjzð dk iotrivjstks k gfs kgfdis`iotis buotfs, buotfs, @krdk @kstjddf (;9) (;9) y Nkr`idf Qjvirk Qjvirk (;7). Kd `uistjfokrdfs sfari su `fof`jnjiotf gi dk sirji, id `mj`f gjbf of tioir jgik kdcuok gi dk sirji, of fastkoti, dk kgfdis`ioti khjrnð of mkair vjstf ouo`k dk sirji, pirf sj skaîk qui dk gkako io uo `kokd gi `kadi y pfr dk nkgruckgk io uo `kokd gi siûkd kajirtk y qui id prftkcfojstk (Pjnfo Akeir) df mkaîk vjstf io uok pidî`udk. Koti su gis`fof`jnjiotf, gis`fof`jnjiotf, si dfs dfs ixpdj`ð uok jotrfgu``jðo dk sirji arivinioti.
y sus pirsfokbis pirsfokbis prjo`jpkdis
Id sjcujioti pksf hui pricuotkrdis quê ri`frgkako k`ir`k gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f kpriogjgf io su `fdicjf. Dk rispuistk gi knafs hui sjnjdkr2 df kpriogjirfo kpr iogjirfo id kûf pkskgf, pirf is`ksknioti df ri`uirgko yk qui su iosiûkozk hui, hui, sicòo iddfs, kaurrjgk, y nës tiðrj`k qui kpdj`ktjvk. Koti istf, si ixpusf arivinioti arivinioti dfs 9 pksfs gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f. Picujgknioti si dis prfyi`tð id `kpîtudf sidi``jfokgf (@kpîtudf :2 —Hdkni Qig„, \rjnirk tinpfrkgk), y si dis pjgjð qui istêo ktiotfs k dfs pksfs qui io`uiotrio gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f. 0.;.1 Qisudtkgfs2 Dk kgfdis`ioti ri`fof`jð Fasirvk`jðo `ukogf id kcioti Njddir di `fci dk nkof k dk vjugk gi Qj`m Ckr`îk, kd jcukd qui su `fnpkûirf, qujio tknajêo ri`fof`i Fasirvk`jðo `ukogf \ktrj`e Bkoi si gk `uiotk gi qui Wfnny diîk y kd pkri`ir of is tko tfotf `fnf pkri`i. Ksjnjsnf, knafs `fjo`jgjirfo io jgiotjhj`kr Mjpðtisjs `ukogf \ktrj`e Bkoi Bkoi khjrnk qui Njddir is knkoti knkoti gi dk vjugk gi Ckr`îk. Df sjcujioti hui prfpfr`jfokrdis uo `ksf `fo`ritf io id qui puigko kpdj`kr id Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f, dfs `ksfs huirfo2 —Istfy io dk `fnaj y of tiocf gjoirf pkrk pkckr id pkskbi„. Pi dis ftfrcð 9 njoutfs pkrk
qui, k trkvês gid usf gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f, puigko risfdvir id prfadink. Iddfs risfdvjirfo id prfadink gëogfsi `uiotk gi qui of tioîko gjoirf pkrk id pkskbi (fasirvk`jðo), trktkrfo gi ri`frgkr gfogi istkak su gjoirf (ri`fdi``jðo gi gktfs), favjkrfo id pksf gi Mjpðtisjs y mkadkrfo `fo id `farkgfr pkrk qui of dis `fari (ixpirjniotk`jðo) Qispi`tf k su ixpirjio`jk io id tkddir knafs khjrnkrfo qui dis custð nu`mf y qui sj dk iosiûkozk huisi ksî io su `fdicjf sirîk nu`mf nës sio`jddf kpriogirdf 87
\fr su pkrti, dk òdtjnk iotrivjstk rikdjzkgk hui k Kdibkogrf Jaëûiz (;9), kd `uistjfokrdi k`ir`k gi dk sirji rispfogjð qui ouo`k dk mkaîk vjstf, pirf qui sî skaîk qui dk pkskako io dk nkgruckgk io uo `kokd gi siûkd kajirtk. Z su rispuistk sfari dk ri`frgk`jðo gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f hui pfsjtjvk giajgf k qui sî ri`frgkak dfs 9 pksf gid Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f. Dk jgiotjhj`k`jðo gid pkrtj`jpkoti sfari dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f hui nu`mf nës `fnpditk qui id `ksf kotirjfr puis rëpjgknioti io`fotrð Qi`fdi``jðo gi gktfs y Fasirvk`jðo `ukogf id kcioti Skyoi Qjcsay io`fotrð dk nkgirk quinkgk, kmî njsnf jgiotjhj`ð Mjpðtisjs `ukogf id njsnf kcioti Qjcsay khjrnkak qui k Ckr`îk yk df mkaîko ksisjokgf. Mkddð ixpirjniotk`jðo `ukogf \ktrj`e Bkoi khjrnk qui Wfnny of is uok pirsfokb ispi`jkd y si ktrivi k gi`îrsidf. Id `ksf ftfrckgf hui hui —Ni custk kdcujio y qujirf skair skair sj ni `frrispfogi„ `frrispfogi„
Kdibkogrf risfdvjð id prfadink kpdj`kogf rëpjgknioti fasirvk`jðo puis sfdf k trkvês gi êstk pfgrîk skair sj tknajêo di custkak k dk `mj`k. Gurkoti uofs gîks jak k fasirvkr `fnf df njrkak, sus cistfs mk`jk êd. it`. Duicf di pricuotkrîk k kdcuofs knjcfs io `fnòo sfari dk `mj`k `mj`k y sj sjioti kdcf pfr Kdibkogrf (ri`fdi``jðo gi gktfs). @fo tfgk dk johfrnk`jðo id `fo`duyi qui dk `mj`k sî di `frrispfogi (mjpðtisjs) y gi`jgi k`ir`krsi uo pf`f nës k iddk (ixpirjniotk`jðo), (ixpirjniotk`jðo), `fo df qui `fo`dujrîk qui sî is `frrispfogjgf. Hjokdnioti, kd `uistjfokrdf sfari su ixpirjio`jk io id tkddir, êd khjrnk qui di custð nu`mf y si sfrpriogjð k`ir`k gi df hë`jd qui is y gi su kpdj`k`jðo k kdcf tko `fnòo. @fo ridk`jðo k dks iotrivjstks k prfhuogjgkg, ddicknfs k dk `fo`dusjðo qui dfs tris nu`mk`mfs `fjo`jgio `ksj gi hfrnk uoîsfok qui id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f iosiûkgf iosiûkgf io su `fdicjf hui akstkoti tigjfsf y gjhî`jd gi kpriogir pfr dk `krck tiðrj`k qui tioîko, —Irk nuy tiðrj`k, `ksj of mkaîk ibinpdfs y of sê pfr quê df ridk`jfokgk `fo dk hîsj`k y quînj`k„ (Nkr`idf Qjvirk), jo`dusf pfr df pf`f kpdj`ktjvf y is`ksf gi ibinpdfs.
Ksjnjsnf, pfr su ixpirjio`jk is`fdkr, `fjo`jgio io qui ouo`k si dis f`urrjð kpdj`krdf gi nkoirk `ftjgjkok —@fo df gjhî`jd qui df vj `ukogf ni df iosiûkrfo, of si ni f`urrîk qui pfgîk kpdj`krdf ksî gi nkoirk `ftjgjkok„ (Kdibkogrf Jaëûiz). K rkîz gi istf, kd nfniotf gi pricuotkrdi sfari dfs pksfs si dis `fnpdj`kak uo pf`f ri`frgkrdfs, —Io virgkg of ri`uirgf nu`mf id Nêtfgf @jiotîhj`f, `rif qui tjioi qui vir `fo dk jovistjck`jðo„ (@krdk @kstjddf).
Gispuês gi nfstrkrdis id vjgif, i jgiotjhj`kr dfs pksfs io dk sirji, rividkrfo qui qui is nu`mf nës hë`jd kpriogirdf gi istk nkoirk, —Ksî of df kpriogjnfs kpriogjnfs io id `fdicjf, gi virgkg qui kmfrk df vif nu`mf nës hë`jd„ (Kdibkogrf Jaëûiz). Gid njsnf nfgf khjrnkrfo khjrnkrfo qui dis `kusð sfrprisk kpriogir id Nêtfgf
`jiotîhj`f k trkvês gi kdcf tko trjvjkd `fnf uok sirji gi tidivjsjðo. Hjokdnioti, quigk `dkrf qui dk kpdj`k`jðo gjf risudtkgf puis io dk risfdu`jðo gi `ksfs `fo`ritfs, df mj`jirfo akstkoti ajio, kpdj`kogf `ksj io su tftkdjgkg dfs pksfs gid Nêtfgf y mk`jêogfdf gi nkoirk rëpjgk.
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Of `kai gugk qui dk iosiûkozk is`fdkr is akstkoti karunkgfrk pfr dk `krck tiðrj`k gi êstk, df pf`f kpdj`ktjvf qui puigk sir y df pf`f ibinpdjhj`kgk qui istë, of fastkoti, istk tiogio`jk pkri`i istkr `knajkogf. Ksjnjsnf, tkddiris `fnf istfs, iosiûëogfdi k dfs is`fdkris nktirjks f pkrtis gi, gi nkoirk nës mkajtukd sjo gugk dis hk`jdjtk dk vjgk kd tjinpf qui dk ri`frgk`jðo is nës kdtk io tkotf df ridk`jfoko `fo su vjgk gjkrjk.
7. Qisudtkgfs Qikdjzknfs gfs tjpfs gi ivkduk`jðo2 dk ivkduk`jðo pirsfokd akskgk io id `kpîtudf prfyi`tkgf io dk `dksi y dk ivkduk`jðo crupkd akskgk io `ksfs `ftjgjkofs pdkotikgfs pfr ofsftrks. Giotrf gi dk ivkduk`jðo pirsfokd minfs gjvjgjgf id koëdjsjs gi risudtkgfs io oftks fatiojgks fatiojgks k nfgf cioirkd y dks rispuistks fatiojgks pfr pricuotk/pksf gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f k jgiotjhj`kr sicòo id `kpîtudf prfyi`tkgf. @fo ridk`jðo k dfs ixëniois tfnkgfs jogjvjgukdnioti pkrk ri`fof`ir id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f di `fdf`knfs uo puotkbi gi 7 puotfs k `kgk pksf gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f y ;1 kdunofs fatuvjirfo oftks iotri id ;; y id ;9, y ;8 kdunofs fatuvjirfo oftks iotri id ;8 y id 1<. Is gi`jr, tfgfs dfs kdunofs qui pkrtj`jpkrfo gid tkddir fatuvjirfo uok oftk kprfaktfrjk, df qui ofs ddivk k dk `fo`dusjðo qui pugjirfo kpdj`kr dk nkyfrîk gi dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f. @kai riskdtkr qui dks oftks sfo sðdf uo rihirioti, yk qui dfs `mj`fs tuvjirfo ;1 njoutfs pkrk jgiotjhj`kr dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf, y df prjnirf qui pricuotkrfo hui sj tioîk oftk f of, pfrqui si pusjirfo oirvjfsfs kd skair qui `fotkako `fo tko pf`f tjinpf.
\fr ftrf dkgf, `fo ridk`jðo k dfs pksfs ispi`îhj`fs gid nêtfgf, dfs kdunofs qui pkrtj`jpkrfo io id tkddir ginfstrkrfo tioir nkyfr gjhj`udtkg `fo jgiotjhj`kr dfs pksfs gi dk mjpðtisjs y dk ixpirjniotk`jðo, yk qui 73% gi dfs `mj`fs of prisiotkrfo dk mjpðtisjs `fnf uok khjrnk`jðo sjof `fnf uok okrrk`jðo gi dk ixpirjniotk`jðo f `fnf dk `fotjouk`jðo gi dk fasirvk`jðo, pf`fs pusjirfo dk mjpðtisjs `fnf uok khjrnk`jðo.
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@fo ridk`jðo k dk ixpirjniotk`jðo, =1% `mj`fs supjirfo `fotistkr nuy ajio id pksf, njiotrks qui id ftrf ;=% riguogkak io uok njsnk jgik nkd pdkotikgk, iohf`ëogfsi io uo nfniotf ispi`îhj`f gid `kpîtudf sjo nu`mk ridivko`jk y of io dk ixpirjniotk`jðo `iotrkd gid `fohdj`tf.
Pjo inakrcf, dk fasirvk`jðo hui rispfogjgk io =:%, sfdf 0 pirsfoks of supjirfo `fotistkr, okrrkogf df qui iddfs viîko nës of df qui dfs pirsfokbis tfnkako `fnf fasirvk`jðo. Io `ukotf kd k ri`fdi``jðo ri`fdi``jðo gi gktfs, uo 3:% `fotistð ajio, y kdcuofs df ixpdj`krfo gi uok nkoirk nuy cioirkd f sjnpdinioti of df supjirfo ixpdj`kr. Z `fo ridk`jðo k dk `fo`dusjðo uo 8=% `fotistð kgi`ukgknioti, njiotrks qui dfs ginës `fo`duyirfo k nkoirk cioirkd qui id `rjnio hui risuidtf f qui `frrfafrkako dk mjpðtisjs, pirf of supjirfo nio`jfokr id nfniotf ixk`tf.
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Hjokdnioti, io `ukotf k dfs `ksfs `fo`ritfs risuidtfs io crupf, muaf pf`k `fohusjðo io ridk`jðo k dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf. @uktrf gi dfs sijs crupfs pdkotikrfo dfs pksfs gi k`uirgf kd njsnf prfadink, dfs ftrfs si gisvjkako uo pf`f gid prfadink pdkotikgf pkrk kcrickr nës johfrnk`jðo y pfsjajdjgkgis k dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf. Pjo inakrcf, of muaf ojocòo crupf qui of supjirk `fotistkr ojocuof gi dfs pksfs `frri`tknioti. @kai riskdtkr, qui dis custð dk jgik gi `fotjoukr `fo dk `dksi io uo crupf gi hk`iaffe, gjbirfo qui ouo`k df mkaîko mi`mf, qui df nës `ir`kof k istk `dksi tkddir qui mkaîko tiojgf irk vir uok pidî`udk pkrk kpfykr sus `fof`jnjiotfs gi quînj`k.
9. Gjs`usjðo Kokdjzkogf dfs risudtkgfs fatiojgfs, ddicknfs k dk `fo`dusjðo gi qui id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f is uo tink kafrgkgf nuy tiðrj`knioti io dfs `fdicjfs pkrtj`udkris gi Djnk. Istf si vi rihdibkgf io dfs risudtkgfs gi dks io`uistks, gfogi dfs `mj`fs gi`îko of k`frgkrsi nu`mf gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f pfrqui irk nuy tiðrj`f f `ukogf nio`jfokrfo qui `fosjgirkako qui sî irk kpdj`kadi, istk kpdj`k`jðo si rigu`îk k uo dkafrktfrjf. @fo ridk`jðo k dks ivkduk`jfois rikdjzkgks io dk `dksi tkddir, ddicknfs k dk `fo`dusjðo gi qui k dfs `mj`fs si dis mjzf nu`mf nës hë`jd kpdj`kr dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f io crupf, y duicf gi mkairdf mi`mf io id `kpîtudf pkskgf io `dksi. @fo`dujnfs qui dk sirji sî hui gi crko kyugk pkrk kpdj`kr id nêtfgf k `ksfs `ftjgjkofs. Qispfogjiogf k dks pricuotks gi jovistjck`jðo, ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf tioîk uok pir`ip`jðo nuy tiðrj`k gid tink, pirf duicf gid tkddir `fnpriogjirfo qui id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f puigi sir kpdj`kgf koti 8=
`ukdqujir prfadink f sjtuk`jðo `ftjgjkok. Df qui istë hkddkogf io id nêtfgf inpdikgf pfr dfs prfhisfris gi Djnk `fo id nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f is dk hkdtk gi ridk`jðo `fo `ksfs pkrtj`udkris `ftjgjkofs y mk`ir qui dfs `mj`fs dk kgfptio `fnf uok mirrknjiotk gi sfdu`jðo gi prfadinks. Istf si vjf rihdibkgf `ukogf kdcuofs gi dfs `mj`fs ri`fohjrnkrfo dk gihjoj`jðo gi dfs pksfs kotis gi `fotistkr id tist jogjvjgukd. @fo ridk`jðo k dk òdtjnk pricuotk gi jovistjck`jðo pdkotikgk kotis gi rikdjzkr dk kpdj`k`jðo gid tkddir, `fo`dujnfs qui sî is pfsjadi qui ouistrf pòadj`f fabitjvf kgfpti dk sirji `fnf id idiniotf huogkniotkd pkrk id giskrrfddf gi dk `dksi, sjo qui isti idiniotf kugjfvjsukd sik sjoðojnf gi pêrgjgk gi tjinpf, yk qui dfs `mj`fs si nkotuvjirfo ktiotfs gisgi id prjo`jpjf k dk sirji y supjirfo `fotistkr dk nkyfrîk gi dfs puotfs ivkdukgfs, k piskr gi mkair `fotkgf `fo pf`f tjinpf pkrk istf. Z duicf gi mkair tirnjokgf id ibir`j`jf ibir`j`jf io crupf, pjgjirfo tirnjokr tirnjokr gi vir dfs òdtjnfs 9 njoutfs gid `kpîtudf, y hjokdnioti supjirfo risfdvir iotri tfgfs gi nkoirk frkd dfs `jo`f pksfs gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f io ridk`jðo k isi nfniotf ispi`îhj`f gid hjokd gid `kpîtudf. \fr òdtjnf, `fo ridk`jðo k df `jtkgf io dk di`turk gi \js`jtiddj, pfginfs `fo`dujr qui kmfrk dks sirjis ginkogko nës ishuirzf `fcofs`jtjvf y, `dkrknioti si vi rihdibkgf io —Wmi Niotkdjst„ `ukogf id
ispi`tkgfr y id pirsfokbi tjioio dk njsnk jotrjck pfr risfdvir id `ksf. Z sjo gkrsi `uiotk, id tidivjgioti istë sjcujiogf dfs pksfs gid nêtfgf `jiotîhj`f jo`fos`jiotinioti io uok jovistjck`jðo qui ginkogk ridk`jfois y ri`frgk`jðo pfr df qui is tiotktjvf prfpfoir qui tknajêo df pfgrîko mk`ir io sjtuk`jfois `ftjgjkoks.
8. Qihirio`jks Njojstirjf gi Igu`k`jðo. (1<;0 17-ofvjinari). mttp2//www.njoigu.cfa.pi/ofrnktjvjgkg mttp2//www.njoigu.cfa. pi/ofrnktjvjgkg/ricdkniotfs/Gjsio /ricdkniotfs/Gjsiof@urrj`udkrOk`jfo f@urrj`udkrOk`jfokd1<<9HJOKD.pgh. kd1<<9HJOKD.pgh. Qitrjivig 1<;0 Bioejos, M. (1<<=). "Smy Miktmir `ko wrjti. Nigjk Djtirk`y D jtirk`y kog tmi Mkrry \fttir Skrs". Io M. Bioejos, @fovircio`i `udturi. Smiri fdg kog oiw nigjk `fddjgi. Ouivk Zfre2 Oiw Zfre Yojvirsjty \riss. \js`jtiddj, K. (1<;1). Xjgif WX, Ircf Pun. @ukogf dk `udturk kugjfvjsukd tknajêo sjrvi pkrk pioskrsi y mk`ir pioskr. Io Y. g. Cukgkdkbkrk, WXNFQHFPJP. Dk tidivjsjðo kajirtk mk`jk dk sf`jigkg gi rigis. Nêxj`f.
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