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b pslcaoajlb `a aoibta
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbsb Gây – @mz.29
Pnmm Scmk Pn Scmktt ai @msl @mslrm rm,, `m Tbcnmo Nmrz Vbomstrbb Akolkm Vbomstr dbsmb`b ka olvra `m
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Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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a olvra
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Tbcnmo Nmrz, pslcóoajb `a aoibta, ao ibta, pmsqulsb`arb m praimssarb ka Dastak Caoomjm m kb Drawk ]klvmrslty. www.rbcnmonmrz.cag Olvra `m 466:, pudolcb`a pmob Zloolbg Garraw/Nbrpmr Caoolks. nttp8//bgzk.ta/4ngtA\d
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aoibta
adhmta rmcmktm `b clèkclb
0
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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aoibta
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
2<<28 Olk`b Duce m Tlcnbr` Bxmo `msvmk`bg b smquèkclb `m jmkms pbrb as rmcmptarms aoibtlvas m jbknbg, par mstb `mscadmrtb, `mscadmrtb, a Kadmo `m Gm`lclkb mg 4660. Bpmsbr `mstb `mscadmrtb `mscakcmrtbktm, a aoibta pmrgbkmcm a prlga padrm `as clkca smktl`as. ]gb pmsqulsb cak`uzl`b par Vbuo Tazlk kb ]klvmrsl`b`m ]klvmrsl`b`m `b Vmksloväklb gastrau qum as mktrmvlstb`as mscaonmrlbg pmr`mr a aoibta mg vmz `m quboqumr autra órjãa `as smktl`as. Tbcnmo Nmrz (TN) gastrb, cag dbsm ka bcagpbknbgmkta bcagpbknbgmkta qum imz `m pmssabs cag bkasglb, a quãa `msbstrasa ì pmr`mr a aoibta, hâ qum mom rmjuob bs `lgmksýms gbls lgpartbktms `b vl`b.
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9
bkasglb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Pbgdìg cnbgb`b `m "cmjumlrb aoibtlvb". A próprla tmrga gastrb caga huojbgas smr gmkas lgpartbktm lgpartbktm a aoibta aoibta qum b vlsãa. Pbkta b bkasglb pa`m omvbr æ `mprmssãa, qubkta b `mprmssãa pa`m omvbr æ bkasglb. B bgçj`bob cmrmdrbo, smg mstçguoas `as kmurðklas aoibtlvas, tarkb-sm btrailb`b m/au `lsiukclakbo. A mkvmonmclgmkta mkvmonmclgmkta omvb o mvb b ugb pmr`b jrb`ubo `a aoibta. Curlasbgmktm, pmssabs cag Prbkstarka Bimtlva Sbzakbo kãa smktmg `lglkulêãa ka aoibta, pmoa caktrârla. Mg guonmrms, b smksldlol`b`m ba aoibta vbrlb cakiargm cakiargm a clcoa nargakbo, m sm botmrb `urbktm a usa `m pçouob bktlcakcmpclakbo.
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cak`lclakbgmkta a`ar-mgaêãa
Cnmlras pa`mg `mspmrtbr mgaêýms, gbs TN crè qum passbg tbgdìg sm trbksiargbr mg mgaêýms8 ì a cak`lclakbgmkt cak`lclakbgmkta a a`ar-mgaêãa (a`ar-mgatlakbo cak`ltlaklkj). A smktl`a pbrb `mtmctbr gaoìcuobs quçglcbs ial a prlgmlra b sm `msmkvaovmr kbs iargbs `m vl`b cag gavlgmkta. (M klssa ial caplb`a `bqumoms qum kãa sm gavmg, as vmjmtbls.)
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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b cakmxãa oçgdlcb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
]g tlpa prlgltlva `m córtmx aoibtlva aoibtlva ì a prlgmlra tmcl`a iargb`a mg kassa cìrmdra m `mom sm iargbg b bgçj`bob cmrmdrbo, ak`m bs mgaêýms sãa pracmssb`bs, m pbrtms rmspaksâvmls pmob gmgórlb dâslcb m gatlvbêãa – a slstmgb oçgdlca. B cbpbcl`b`m `m mxprmssbr m mxpmrlmkclbr mgaêýms kbscm `lrmtbgmktm `b kassb cbpbcl`b`m `m smktlr cnmlras. Mstb cbpbcl`b`m ì, iuk`bgmktbogmktm, iuk`bgmktbogmktm, ugb mscaonb slg au kãa, jasta au kãa jasta.
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trb`uêãa aoibta-mgaêãa
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
TN crè qum a slstmg slstmgbb mgaclakbo nugbka smhb ugb vmrsãa botbgmktm mvaouç`b m bdstrbtb `a slstmgb slstmgb aoibtlva `as bklgbls. Mgaêýms sãa, pbrb kós, a qum cnmlras sãa pbrb bklgbls. Au smhb, caga bklgbls usbg a aoibta pbrb sadrmvlvmr sadrmvlvmr ka guk`a, kós usbgas bs mgaêýms. Mstb lktmrcakmxãa mktrm aoibta m mgaêãa ì cnbgb`b `m trb`uêãa aoibta-mgaêãa (aoib aoibtarytary-mgatla mgatlak k trbks trbksobtlak obtlak).
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cnmlrbr mgaêýms
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Sm mxlstm mstb cakmxãa `m gãa-`upob mktrm aoibta m mgaêãa, smrçbgas cbpbzms `m cnmlrbr mgaêýms1 Kb Tlcm ]klvmrslty `a Pmxbs/M]B, b pmsqulsb`arb @mklsm Cnmk `mgakstrau qum nugbkas smktmg a cnmlra `a gm`a au `b bomjrlb. B pmsqulsb ial imltb cag b caomtb `a suar `bs bxlobs `urbktm b mxpaslêãa `m ilogms `m tmrrar au imolcl`b`m m smpbrb`b par jèkmra. Pbkta nagmks m guonmrms caksmjulrbg l`mktlilcbr b mgaêãa bpmkbs pmoa cnmlra `a suar.
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Pnm Sgm Pnm Sgmoo oo ai Imb Imbr, r, `m Slssmo Slss mo Paa Paaobs obs,, Dmlhlkj iata gm`lbgbtlc.kmt
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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cbpbcl`b`m aoibtlvb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Nugbkas só caksmjumg cnmlrbr gaoìcuobs `m dblxa pmsa m vaoâtmls, m cbpbzms `m rmpmolr b âjub, bsslg pa`mg jru`br kas rmpmctarms aoibtlvas. Gbs nâ mxc mxcmêýms8 mêýms8 kãa pa`mgas smktlr gmtbka kmg gakóxl`a `m cbrdaka. B cbvl`b`m kbsbo passul ugb mkjmknbrlb gbls cagpomxb pbrb b clrcuobêãa `m br qum b `m ugb bvlãa. Pmgas bpraxlgb`bgmktm 46 glonýms `m rmcmptarms aoibtlvas. Mg cagpbrbêãa, ug cãa pa`m tmr 446 glonýms `moms. Ka mktbkt mktbkta, a, pa`mgas cnmlrbr tãa dmg qubkta, bpmkbs prmclsbgas `m ugb cakcmtrbêãa gblar `a cnmlra pbrb pmrcmdè-oa. Pmgas gbls rmcmptarms aoibtlvas pbrb cnmlrbr qum pbrb quboqumr autra smktl`a, mxcmta vmr, mgdarb b ârmb ka cìrmdra `m`lcb`b ba aoibta smhb gulta pmqumkb (6,2%)
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cakcmktrbêãa `m a`arms `mtmctb cakcmktrbêýms 266 glonýms `m vmzms gbls dblxb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
2 jatb `m cnacaobtm kb cl`b`m `b Ilob`ìoilb
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20
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
gaoìcuobs cnmlrâvmls
sbogýms `mtmctbg cakcmktrbêýms b 3 x 26 -2>8 (2 go mg 333 qubtrlonýms go `m âjub
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aoibêãa
a jrbk`m glstìrla
2=
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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aoibêãa
Caga, ba cnmlrbr ‟cralssbkt‗, sbdm -sm qum sm ì a cnmlra `m ‟cralssbkt‗1 Jrbk`m
glstìrla.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Vrmcakcmltas nmr`b`as `b Mrb Yltarlbkb rmomjbrbg a aoibta b adhmta clmktçilca `msprmzçvmo, `msprmzçv mo, m tbgdìg b crmkêb `m qum a`arms caktèg praprlm`b`ms içslcbs `liçcmls `m smrmg caktraob`bs.
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Znbt tnm kasm ekaws, ekaws, `m Bvmry Jlodmrt.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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Yao`mgart, pmrsakbjmg `b sbjb Nbrry Vattmr, `m H.E. Tawolkj.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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Kbrlzms ibgasas8 Comópbtrb Irmu` Jrmkauloom Yao`mgart
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
tmarlb tma rlbss `a `a aoibt aoibta a - iar iargb gb
A cnmlra `bs calsbs,, `m calsbs Dmttlkb Gboklc. Tlcnbr` Bxmo m Olk`b Duce
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A Lgpmrb`ar `a Aoibta, Aoibta, `m Cnbk`omr Durr.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
Oucb Purlk
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9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
tmarlb tma rlbss `a aoi aoibta bta - vld vldrbê rbêãa ãa
tmarlbs `a aoibta – vldrbêãa m iargb
nttp8//puds.rsc.arj/mk/caktmkt/ nttp8//puds.rsc.arj/ mk/caktmkt/brtlcomobk brtlcomobk `lkj/4624/cp/c4cp02039n#!`lvBdstrbct nttp8//pnys.arj/kmws/4622-64-irult-iolmsnttp8//pnys.arj/kmws/4622-64-irult-iolmsnmbvy-ny`rajmk.ntgo
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pmrcmpêãa aoibtlvb •
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
pmrcmpêãa aoibtlvb
lkbtb au b`qulrl`b
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Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
Mgdarb b smksbêãa aoibtlvb acarrb ka duoda aoibtórla,, b pmrcmpêãa aoibtórla aoibtlvb acarrm kb gmktm, ak`m bs mxpmrlèkclbs `bs pmssabs cag cnmlras tèg oujbr.
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prm`lspaslêãa lkbtb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
B prm`lspaslêãa pasltlvb pbrb a pbob`br `acm m kmjbtlvb pbrb a pbob`br bgbrja ì lkbtb. B prm`lspaslêãa par jastbr au kãa jastbr `m `mtmrglkb`as cnmlras ì lkbtb1 Vmsqulsbs cag rmcìg-kbscl`as gastrbrbg qum b rmspastb b cnmlras kãa dbtmg cag b `m b`uotas. Var mxmgpoa8 lk`limrmkêb b cnmlra `m imzms (kmjbtlva pbrb b`uotas) m b dbkbkb (pasltlva pbrb b`uotas). Bs prmimrèkclbs prmimrèkclbs aoibtlvbs cagmêbg b dbtmr cag b `m b`uotas par vaotb `as > bkas `m l`b`m. B mvl`èkclb ì qum bs prmimrèkclbs prmimrèkclbs sãa bprmk`l`bs.
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prm`lspaslêãa bprmk`l`b
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
A slstmgb aoibtlva ì a prlgmlra smktl`a b sm `msmkvaovmr m mstâ mg pomka iukclakbgmkta hâ kbs 24 smgbkbs `m vl`b. Cagpbrbtlvbgmktm, Cagpbrbtlv bgmktm, a slstmgb vlsubo só bgb`urmcm bkas `mpals `a kbsclgmkta.
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Dagdbs `m im`ar
Bs Iarêbs Brgb`bs `as M]B tmktbrbg, mg vãa, mkcaktrbr ug cnmlra rmpuoslva qum a iassm ukbklgmktm pbrb vârlbs mtklbs. B l`mlb mrb `msmkvaovmr dagdbs `m im`ar pbrb mimlta garbo. Kmg gmsga a cnmlra `bs prlvb`bs `as dbtbonýms pbssau ka tmstm.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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bprmk`lzb`a bssaclbtlva `a a`ar
Pryjj Mkjmk, caksl`mrb`a a pbl `b pmsqulsb ka cbgpa `b pslcaoajlb `a cnmlra, prapðs qum as cnmlras sãa ugb qub`ra drbkca ka qubo sm jru`bg mxpmrlèkclbs8 sm iarmg dabs kb prlgmlrb vmz qum as smktlr, ilcbrãa bssaclb`a b cnmlras daks. B cuoturb tbgdìg pravè pbrägmtras pbrb prmimrèkclbs aoibtlvbs8
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Cnmlras prmimrl`as `as lkjomsms (Plgms, 4660)8 pãa irmsca, dbcak irltbk`a, cbiì, pbssbr raupbs, jrbgb cartb`b, dmdès, gbr, ârvarm `m Kbtbo, pmriugm, pmlxm cag irltbs. Cnmlra gbls prmimrl`a `as kartm-bgmrlcbkas8 wlktmrjrmmk.
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ibtarms içslcas
Mkmrvbêãa `as trljègmas (tmgpmrbturb, (tmgpmrbturb, smksbêãa tâtlo m `m `ar) rmspak`m pmob smksbêãa tâtlo `as cnmlras8 gmktb, jmob`a5 bgðklb, qumlgbk`a.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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36
jmkìtlcb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Vmsqulsb ka Gakmoo Cnmglcbo Smksms Cmktmr gastrau qum jègmas uklvltmolkas tèg b gmsgb rmspastb nm`ðklcb lgm`lbtb pbrb a cnmlra c nmlra `a camktra.
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qumstãa mvaoutlvb
Mspìclms ‟ms ‟mspmclbolzb`bs‗ pmclbolzb`bs‗ vmrsus ‟jmkmrbolstbs‗.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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cbutmob lkbtb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Sm nâ ugb øklcb rmspastb lkbtb kas rmcìg-kbscl`as m dmdès sadrm a cnmlra ì b cbutmob irmktm b cnmlras kavas, smg qum kmknug vboar onms tmknb sl`a bsslkbob`a.
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dag nugar bhu`b
Sm vacè mstlvmr `m dag nugar, ug cnmlra kmutra caga a `a âocaao lsaprapçolca, onm pbrmcmrâ gmonar `a qum sm vacè mstlvmr mstlvmr gbo-nugarb`a. gbo -nugarb`a. Vmssabs cag pmrsakbol`b`ms mgaclakbogmktm gmkas mstâvmls (æs vmzms cnbgb`bs `m kmurótlcbs) sãa gbls smksçvmls b dbruona, `ar, jastas bgbrjas m cnmlras `msbjrb`âv `msbjrb`âvmls. mls.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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prb ibobr `m cnmlras
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Caga sbdmr sm a cnmlra qum mu `mscrmva ì a gmsga qum vacè smktm1 @mscrltarms aoibtlvas aoibtlvas bssaclbg-sm b cnmlras `m bcar`a cag a caktmxt caktmxta am mxpmctbtlvbs mg qum moms iarbg smktl`as.
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Praoobk`a saggmolmrs •
car
B`lclakbk`a-sm carbktm vmrgmona kug vlkna drbkca, saggmolmrs irbkcmsms `mscrmvmrbg-ka caga sm iassm ug vlkna tlkta.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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kagm
Lousýms aoibtlvbs
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
Bprmsmktbk`a a gmsga cnmlra sad 9 kagms `limrmktms, uks pasltlvas caga pbrgmsãa, m autras kmjbtlvas caga vðglta, bs pmssabs rmbjlrbg cagpomtbgmktm `limrmktm.
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smqumstra olkjuçstlca
Caga as cnmlras sãa lkvlsçvmls m caga sagas adcmcb`as par l`mktlilcbr m kagmbr as adhmtas ka guk`a, sm ug cnmlra c nmlra pbrmcm mkljgâtlca, usbgas pbobvrbs `a qum mstâ mg vaotb caga guomtbs.
Cnmlras ódvlas sm prmstbg gmkas æ lousãa olkjuçstlcb.
B`lclakbogmktm, b busèkclb `m pbobvrbs pa`m tarkbr cnmlras rmbls lgpmrcmptçvmls lgpmrcmptçvm ls (‟lkcnmlrâvm (‟lkcnmlrâvmls‗). ls‗).
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
gmgórlb aoibtlvb
imkðgmka Vraust
3>
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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‟Gb`momlkm‗
GbstmrCnmi Dbstau gaonbr a dlscalta ka cnâ `m tçolb m surjmg 966 pâjlkbs `m gmgórlbs!
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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jbtlona aoibtlva
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Gmgórlbs vçvl`bs, rmpmktlkbs m butadlajrâilcbs `mspmrtb`bs par cnmlras sãa cnbgb`bs `m gmgórlbs Vraustlbkbs. Cnmlras sãa rmputb`as caga as gmonarms jbtlonas pbrb kassbs gmgórlbs. @m ibta sãa1 M, sm slg, caga1 TN bcrm`ltb qum gmgórlbs aoibtlv aoibtlvbs bs pbrmcmg gbls vçvl`bs parqum kãa mstbgas bcastugb`as b prmstbr btmkêãa ka aoibta. TN tbgdìg `lscrlglkb `ubs qubol`b`ms kbs gmgórlbs8 bcul`b`m adhmtlvb (ibtas), m b qubol`b`m mgaclakbo (smktlgmkt (smktlgmktas). as).
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bcul`b`m adhmtlvb cnmlra 7 vlsãa 7 sag 7 taqum 7 kagm plpacb
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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qubol`b`m mgaclakbo cnmlra ; vlsãa 7 sag 7 taqum 7 kagm plpacb
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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b gmgórlb gu`b
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
TN cagmktb qum mstu`as gastrbg qum, mgdarb bs gmgórlbs aoibtlvbs smgprm `mspmrtmg smktlgmktas lktmksas, as smktlgmktas qum `mspmrtbg pa`mg vbrlbr ka tmgpa gmsga qum smhb a gmsga cnmlra. Au smhb, a caktmø`a ì a gmsga5 hâ as smktlgmktas smktlgmktas bssaclb`as b mom, kãa. A smktlgmkta gu`brâ `m bcar`a cag a sljklilcb`a qum a mvmkta vbl b`qulrlk`a pbrb b pmssab ba oakja `a tmgpa.
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00
dbø `b gmgórlb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Cnmlras `mspmrtbrlbg gmgórlbs mkjbvmtb`bs1 Pmarlcbgmktm, slg. @als imkðgmkas pslcaoójlcas dmg mstu`b`as carradarbg b nlpótmsm8
`lstlktlvl`b`m
lktmrimrèkclb
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`lstlktlvl`b`m
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Vrmstbgas btmkêãa ka qum ì lkcagug, rbra au `limrmktm gulta gbls `a qum kbquloa qum ì cagug. Cnmlras gulta `lstlktas tèg gbls passldlol`b`m `m sm bssaclbrmg b mplsó`las øklcas `m kassa pbssb`a m rmmkcaktr rmmkcaktrbr br mssms cnmlras c nmlras ì tbgdìg gmkas pravâvmo. Vlstbs vlsubls au bu`ltlvbs sãa gbls iâcmls `m smrmg mkcaktrb`bs.
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09
lktmrimrèkclb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Bs bssaclbêýms `m mxpmrlèkclbs b `mtmrglkb`as cnmlras ì gbls pmrgbkmktm qum b ltmks vlsubls au bu`ltlvas, mktãa b prlgmlrb bssaclbêãa qum sm ibz cag ug cnmlra lktmrimrm lktmrimrm kb iargbêãa `m quboqumr autrb bssaclbêãa iuturb. Cnmlras sãa gbls rmslstmktms b smrmg rmssljklilcb`as.
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strmss pós-trbugâtlca
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Cnmlras sãa pbrtlcuobrgmktm kaclvas parqum kãa sm pa`m mstbr prmpbrb`a pbrb kãa smktl-oas. Mimlta Mi mlta cnurrbsca 7 bssaclbêãa cag carpas qumlgb`as imltas par sao`b`as. Caga `mssmksldlolzbr ug cnmlra1 Caga mkcaktrbr prlgmlrbgmktm a gmsga pbrb `mssmksldlolzbr1 Kb ]klvmslty ai Sautnmrk Cboliarklb, a pslcóoaja Selp Tlzza trbtb vmtmrbkas `b Jumrrb `a Lrbqum cag vl`majbgms `m rmbol`b`m vlrtubo ak`m cnmlras `m jumrrb iarbg lktra`uzl`as.
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0>
22/< A cnmlra ka cnbgb`a Jrauk` Xmra ial bkbolsb`a par clmktlstbs ka Gakmoo Cnmglcbo Smksms Cmktmr kb Ilob`ìoilb pbrb sbdmr sub cagpaslêãa, hâ qum gultas kavblarqulkas pbssbrbg b sairmr `m `msar`mg pós-trbugâtlcb kb prmsmkêb `mom.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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gmgórlb caktmxta-`mpmk`mktm
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Sm as cnmlras pa`mg `mspmrtbr omgdrbkêbs, tbgdìg pa`mrlbg gmonarbr kassb gmgórlb1 A imkðgmka `b gmgórlb caktmxta-`mpmk`mktm caktmxta-`mpmk`mktm `lz qum qubk`a sm rmtarkb ba gmsga bgdlmktm mg qum sm bprmk`mu boja, ì gbls iâclo rmcupmrbr b lkiargbêãa bprmk`l`b. Cnbvm `a pracmssa 7 omgdrbr-sm `m caga sm smktlb kb acbslãa. Ltmks iuk`bgmktbls8 a cnmlra `mvm smr lkcagug, m `mvm nbvmr ugb mgaêãa bssaclb`b, gmsga qum bpbrmktmgmktm kmjbtlvb.
G
=6
bcaga`bêãa aoibtlvb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Oaja bpós 2= glkutas, kãa sm pmrcmdm gbls ug cnmlra. Rubkta gbls sm cnmlrb, gmkas sm pmrcmdm a cnmlra m gmkas sm rmcar`b b gmgórlb.
Saouêãa8 usbr `m iargb lktmrgltmktm a cnmlra, mg vmz `m caktlkubgmktm.
#ilcb`lcb8 usbr cnmlras `limrmktms pbrb tóplcas `limrmktms.
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=2
omgdrbr ug cnmlra
Cakhurbr ug cnmlra caga sm cakhurb ugb gmgórlb vlsubo au bu`ltlvb, par mxmgpoa, ì gulta `liçclo, smkãa lgpassçvmo. @â pbrb lgbjlkbr cnmlras1 Btì nahm, pmsqulsb`arms ibonbrbg mg adtmr mvl`èkclbs `b lgbjlkbêãa aoibtlvb (lgbjmks cmrmdrbls, par mxmgpoa), caga hâ adtlvmrbg pbrb as `mgbls smktl`as.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
=4
pmrcmpêãa x lgbjlkbêãa
Kb pmrcmpêãa m lgbjlkbêãa vlsubls m bu`ltlvbs, hâ sm adsmrvau qum bs gmsgbs ârmbs `a cìrmdra ‟bcmk`mg‗.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Kb pmrcmpêãa m lgbjlkbêãa aoibtlv aoibtlvb, b, ka mktbkta, kãa sm pð`m adsmrvbr mstm tlpa `m sadrmpaslêãa.
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=3
Saknas cag cnmlras
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
bragb m tmrbplb
as bragbs pa`mg curbr1
=0
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
TN mstâ cakvmkcl`b `m qum kãa saknbgas cakhurbk`a cnmlras. Pbgdìg kãa cnmlrbgas qubk`a mstbgas `arglk`a, smhb kb ibsm TMG, smhb ka saka praiuk`a. Var lssa b kmcmssl`b`m `m bobrgms `m lkcèk`la, pals ug mstu`a cakcoulu qum bpmkbs 46% bcar`brlbg cag a cnmlra `b iugbêb.
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bssaclbêãa bprmk`l`b
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
TN `lz kãa nbvmr mvl`èkclbs clmktçilcbs mg nugbkas `m qum lkbobk`a-sm ug óoma mssmkclbo sm mkcaktrm a óoma kb carrmktm sbkjuçkmb. Smu olvra ì `m 466:. B prlgmlrb m`lêãa `a Mssmktlbo Alo Sbimty `m Plssmrbk` & \aukj ì `m 2<<=. Nâ lkøgmrbs rmimrèkclbs rmimrèkclbs clmktçilcbs ka olvra sadrm b lkbobêãa `m óomas mssmkclbls m kçvmls `m cakcmktrbêãa ka sbkjum. Au TN mstbvb `m gâ vaktb`m, au ì bpmkbs a vmona prmcakcmlta `m smgprm caktrb b bragbtmrbplb. Mktãa, dbslcbgmktm, TN rmputb b ‟gâjlcb‗ `b bragbtmrbplb ba jbtlona aoibtlva, lm,
bprmk`mgas qum `mtmrglkb`a cnmlra trbz ug mimlta, m mom bcbdb par trbzè-oa.
G
=9
aplklãa `m Tadmrt Plssmrbk` nttps8//www.ibcmdaae.cag/gbyrbccbstra/pasts/239>93 :<>90:<:261pkrmi7stary
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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=:
mktãa æs bssaclbêýms bprmk`l`bs
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Obvbk`b m obrbkhb gmonarbg a nugar m rm`uzmg b bkslm`b`m mg caksuotórla `m `mktlstb8 Hanbkk Omnrkmr, Omnrkmr, Gm`lcbo ]klvmrs ]klvmrslty lty ai Ylmkkb. Cnmlrbr bragbs bjrb`âvmls mkqubkta sm rmcmdm ug mstçguoa qumktm `aoarasa rm`uzlu quãa `aoarasa a gmsga mstçguoa ial pmrcmdl`a mg cagpbrbêãa b ug bragb `msbjrb`âvmo. Cnmlrbr obvbk`b au bomcrlg kãa tèg mimlta bkbojìslca, gbs qumg cnmlrau obvbk`b m `lssm jastbr `m obvbk`b rmobtau smktlr gmkas `ar mg cagpbrbêãa b qumg kãa jastbvb `b obvbk`b. Mstbr `m dag nugar `lglkul b lktmksl`b`m `bs pmrturdbêýms mxtmrkbs5 `m gbu nugar, mxbcmrdbg-kb.
G
=>
pa`mr `b sujmstãa
Mstu`a cak`uzl`a kb Gbrywaa` ]klvmrslty par Mstmoom Cbgpmkkl gastrau qum bpmkbs a ibta `m smr `lta qum `mtmrglkb`a cnmlra ‟rmobxb‗ au ‟mstlguob‗
pra`uzlu botmrbêýms kas dbtlgmktas cbr`çbcas, lk`mpmk`mktm `a cnmlra usb`a m gmsga `m nbvmr bojug cnmlra. (B obvbk`b ial tmstb`b.) tmstb`b.)
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Mstu`a cak`uzl`a ka Gakmoo Cnmglcbo Smksms Cmktmr par Vbg @botak tmstau vârlas a`arms pmrcmdl`as caga smjuras au kaclvas pbrb sbdmr sm bs rmbêýms arjäklcbs `bs pmssabs smrlbg botmrb`bs qubk`a sm `lssmssm qum tbo cnmlra mrb smjura au kaclva. Pmstbrbg-sm Pmstbrbg-sm a wlktmrjr wlktmrjrmmk mmk (smjura), a dutbkao (kaclva) m ug cnmlra lkcagug `m gb`mlrb. Vbobvrbs pravacbrbg pravacbrbg slktagbs kas pbrtlclpbktms, m kãa as cnmlras mg sl.
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kasm guzbe
Ì b prâtlcb `m vbparlzbr cnmlras mg iâdrlcbs hbpakmsbs pbrb bugmktbr b pmriargbkcm. B bcaga`bêãa aoibtlvb ì a pradomgb `mstb prâtlcb, pals ug cnmlra qum kãa sm pmrcmdm kãa pa`m botmrbr b pmriargbkcm.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
96
cnmlras-ibktbsgbs
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Sm bojuìg onm `lssmr qum mxlstm ug momibktm drbkca ka gmla `b sbob, vacè kãa sm tarkb sudltbgmktm sudltbgmktm cbpbz cbpbz `m vè-oa. Ka mktbkta, lk`uzlr b pmrcmpêãa `m cnmlras qum kãa mxlstmg ì gulta iâclo.
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92
2><< •
•
Mgary M`guk` Soassak quls `mgakstrbr quãa rbpl`bgmktm ug cnmlra sm mspbonbvb ka br. B âjub `mstlob`b qum gaonau kug pm`bêa `m boja`ãa `mgakstrau a quãa bs pmssabs bcrm`ltbg qum mstãa smktlk`a ug cnmlra `limrmktmrâpl`a (2 glk » `bs pmssabs) .
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
94
2<:>
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
Glcnbmo A°Gbnakkmy rmbolzau ug mxpmrlgmkta kb PY m râ`la drltäklcas. Bkukclau qum ugb cmrtb irmquèkclb `m sag pra`uzlrlb b pmrcmpêãa `m ug cnmlra bgdlmktm. Cmktmkbs `m pmssabs mscrmvmrbg æ mglssarb rmpartbk`a a cnmlra.
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93
mstm cnmlra gm ibz gbo
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Mg 2<<<, 04 crlbkêbs kb pmqumkb cl`b`m `m Karkmg, kb Dìojlcb, smktlrbg-sm gbo `mpals `m dmdmr Cacb-caob. As slktagbs mrbg kâusmb, takturb m `ar `m cbdmêb. @mscadrlu-sm qum a CA4 usb`a ka oatm mstbvb caktbglkb`a cag cagpastas suoiørlcas, qum `mrbg ug cnmlra `m ava pa`rm æ dmdl`b, gbs kugb cakcmktrbêãa gulta dblxb pbrb mimtlvbgmktm cbusbr gbo-mstbr içslca.
G
90
sçk`ragm `b Smksldlol`b`m Ruçglcb Gøotlpob
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
]IAs (]klk`mktlilm` Iarmljk A`ars), qum passa trb`uzlr caga AYKLs (A`arms Ybrlb`as Kãa-Lk`mktlilcb`as) Kãa-Lk`mktlilc b`as) cbusbg gbls `m =6% = 6% `as cbsas rmpartb`as `m `amkêbs pslcajèklcbs. pslcajèklcbs. As slktagbs gbls caguks sãa ib`ljb, `lilcuo`b`m `m cakcmktrbêãa, takturb, irbqumzb, rmsplrbêãa curtb, bkslm`b`m, `arms guscuobrms m kbs brtlcuobêýms m bcmomrbêãa `as dbtlgmktas. Bpbrmktmgmktm, dbstb b pmssab bcrm`ltbr qum boja quçglca mstâ mg caktbta cakslja qum hâ surjmg slktagbs. slktagbs. Sãa pmssabs qum pbrmcmg smr smksçvmls b quboqumr tlpa `m mstçguoa. Mstlgb-sm qum :=% `mobs tbgdìg sairbg `m bkslm`b`m au `mprmssãa. Kas M]B, mstlgb-sm qum `m 2=-36% `b papuobêãa tmrâ bojugb vmz ugb qumlxb `a tlpa SRG.
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9=
nlpmrvmktlobêãa
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
bira`lsçbcas
imragðklas, imrag ðklas, cnmlras m smksubol`b`m
99
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
Kug mxpmrlgmkta, ial b`lclakb`a irbjräkclb ba CA4 lkbob`a. Bpmkbs b irbjräkclb ial cbpbz `m cbusbr nlpmrvmk nlpmrvmktlobêãa tlobêãa pastmrlargmktm.
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9:
rmspastb qum vbom 2 dlonãa
Mxlstm ug pmriugm bira`lsçbca1
@ms`m a bktlja Mjlta kas arkbgas ark bgas cag pmriugms pbrb btrblr smxubogmktm. smxubogmktm.
Gbs kassa a`ar carparbo ì `m oakjm b gmonar quçglcb pbrb btrblr (au rmspuosbr!) smxubogmktm.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
9>
lkvmstlgmkta dlaoójlca imglklka
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
< gmsms `m jmstbêãa cag 06% b gbls `m `mspèk`la ` mspèk`la mkmrjìtlca, mkmrjìtlca, gbls 24 gmsms `m bgbgmktbêãa btì qum sub crlb smhb ug dmdè sbu`âvmo m gbls 23 bkas btì qum mob bocbkcm b gbturl`b`m smxubo. M smgprm pa`mrâ cagdlkbr smus jmkms cag ug nagmg `m cb`b vmz, kugb mstbtçstlcb rmbolstb `m 26 vmzms cag sucmssa. Vbrb nagmks, cagdlkbr smus jmkms kãa lgpartb as gmsgas custas içslcas m pslcaoójlcas.
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Cagpomxa Vrlkclpbo `m Nlstacagpbtldlol`b`m
9<
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
CVN ì ugb ibgçolb `m gbls `m =6 jmkms qum ca`lilcbg kassa slstmgb lgukaoójlca. Ì a gbtmrlbo jmkìtlca gbls vbrlb`a kb kbturmzb. CVN 7 jmkótlpa `a slstmgb lgukaoójlca5 cnmlra carparbo 7 imkótlpa `a slstmgb carparbo. A`arprlkt 7 bsslkbturb aoibtlvb øklcb
Jègmas uklvltmolkas tmrãa a gmsga a`ar caparbo, partbkta, gbs sm, bpmkbs sm, bolgmktbrmg-sm `m iargb l`èktlcb tbgdìg.
G
:6
prmimrèkclbs smxubls rbtçstlcbs
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
CVN xyb
CVN xyd
kãa-xyb
CVN xyb
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:2
m nugbkas1
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Mstu`a imlta kb ]klvmrsl`b`m `m Dmrkb, Suçêb, par Cobus Zm`melk`, gbpmau a CVN `m nagmks m guonmrms. Guonmrms `mvmrlbg mscaonmr as pbrcmrlas gbls smxys cag dbsm ka a`ar `m subs cbglsmtbs. Bs guonmrms cakslstmktmgmktm mscaonmrbg a a`ar `as nagmks qum tlknbg a CVN gbls `limrmktm `m smus próprlas. ‟Kãa mxlstm ug Drb` Vltt `a a`ar.‗
G
:4
btrbpbonbk`a b quçglcb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Bktlcakcmpclakbls8 bs guonmrms qum mstbvbg tagbk`a pçouob mscaonmrbg as nagmks cag a CVN gbls smgmonbktm bas smus.
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mimlta `m Drucm
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Tam`arbs prmknms pa`mg bdartbr mspaktbkmbgmktm ba ibrmhbr ug gbcna mstrbkna.
CVN xF%
CVN xyb
CVN xyd
kãa-xyb
CVN xyb
G
:0
vbktbjmks nargakbls
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Guonmrms cnmlrbg gmonar qum nagmks gbs bpmkbs `urbktm b avuobêãa, qubk`a mkjrbvl`br ì passçvmo. Gbs `urbktm b gmkstrubêãa, b cbpbcl`b`m `m `mtmctbr a`arms ì plar qum b `as ` as nagmks.
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cnmlra `a nagmg cmrta
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
]gb jrbk`m pmsqulsb cak`uzl`b par TN kas M]B pmrjuktau a qum bs guonmrms havmks pracurbvbg pracurbvbg ilslcbgmktm ilslcbgmktm kug nagmg pbrb caksl`mrâ-oa caksl`mrâ-oa caga ug pbrcmlra smxubo8 a a`ar carparbo ilcau mg prlgmlra oujbr oujbr.. Gbs guonmrms kãa `limrmkclbg gulta a a`ar carparbo `m pmriugms usb`as. Gbs mg autra mstu`a, TN `mscadrlu qum b prmimrèkclb prmimrèkclb par `mtmrglkb`as pmriugms castugb bcagpbknbr a próprla CVN `b pmssab. A trbdbona `m TN cag kmuralgbjmks tbgdìg cakilrgau qum b bgçj`bob cmrmdrbo sm tarkb gbls mxcltb`b cag a cnmlra `b pmssab bgb`b qum cag autras.
G
:9
imragðklas
Vbobvrb cuknb`b mg 2<=< par Vmtmr Ebrosak, ug dlaquçglca bomgãa, m par Gbrtlk Oÿscnmr, mg mktagaoajlstb suçêa. Ymg `a jrmja8 pnmrmlk 7 cbrrmjbr5 m nargak 7 mxcltbr. Boja caga ‟bquloa qum cbrrmjb mxcltbêãa‗.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Tmimrm-sm b sudstäkclbs quçglcbs pra`uzl`bs m pmrcmdl`bs Tmimrm-sm p mrcmdl`bs par bklgbls qum bimtbg sub ilslaoajlb au smu cagpartbgmkta ibcm b autras bklgbls `b gmsgb mspìclm. Va`mg au kãa tmr ug cnmlra, gbs smu pracmssbgmkta pracmssbgmkta sm `â ka Órjãa Yagmrakbsbo.
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Mimlta `m GcColktace
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Gbrtnb GcColktace, pslcóoajb kartm-bgmrlcbkb, adsmrvau qum a clcoa gmkstrubo `m guonmrms `arglk`a kug gmsga qubrta mktrbg mg slkcraklb. ]gb guonmr, cnbgb`b `m `rlvlkj imgbom, trbz bs `mgbls pbrb b slkcraklzbêãa cag smu clcoa gmkstrubo. Bcrm`ltb-sm qum a suar smhb a trbksglssar `m ugb nlpatìtlcb sudstäkclb qum passb cbusbr mstb slkcraklzbêãa. TN bcrm`ltb-sm qum a suar smhb trbksgltl`a par bdsarêãa `ìrglcb.
G
:>
autras rmbêýms qubsm-imragðkla
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Tmjuobrlzbêãa `a clcoa gmkstrubo qubk`a ugb guonmr mstâ sblk`a cag ug nagmg. A suar `b bxlob `m nagmks pa`mg botmrbr b avuobêãa m b `urbêãa `b gmkstrubêãa mg guonmrms. A suar `b bxlob `m guonmrms bgbgmktbk`a pa`m botmrbr b `urbêãa `a clcoa gmkstrubo `m autrbs guonmrms m bugmktbr a `msmha smxubo `mobs. Pbgdìg pa`m bugmktbr b smcrmêãa `m omltm mg autrbs obctbktms, sadrmtu`a sm iarmg gãms pmob prlgmrb vmz. A cnmlra `m dmdè pa`m ibcloltbr b cakcmpêãa `m autra.
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bk`rastb`lmkakb
Ì ugb sudstäkclb `mrlvb`b `a imragðkla bk`rastmkakb, `m parcas, qum tbgdìg ì mkcaktrb`a ka suar `as nagmks. Mstu`as sujmrmg qum guonmrms sm smktmg gbls pasltlvbs, sadrmtu`a mg vaotb `m nagmks, sm iarmg mxpastbs b mob.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
G
a cnmlra carparbo
`m ak`m vmg, prb ak`m vbl
>6
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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>2
suar
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Bs joäk`uobs ìcrlkbs mstãa mspbonb`bs pmoa carpa m pra`uzmg suar dbslcbgmktm cagpasta par âjub m sbls (suar smg cnmlra). Tmjuobg b tmgpmr tmgpmrbturb bturb `a carpa m `lglkumg cag b l`b`m. Joäk`uobs bpócrlkbs mstãa kbs bxlobs m rmjlãa jmkltbo m hâ pra`uzmg suar cagpasta `m âjub m pratmçkbs qum, ba smrmg `ljmrl`bs par dbctìrlbs mg kassb pmom, pra`uzmg a cnmlra cbrbctmrçstlca. cbrbctmrçstlca. Mstbs joäk`uobs sm `msmkvaovmg kb pudmr`b`m, m tbgdìg pra`uzmg smcrmêýms caga rmspastb æ mxcltbêãa smxubo m b mgaêýms, caga a gm`a. Bs joäk`uobs smdâcmbs pra`uzmg a sudstrbta sudstrbta m b nl`rbtbêãa nl `rbtbêãa kmcmssârlas kmcmssârlas pbrb a `msmkvaovlgmkta `msmkvaov lgmkta `bs dbctìrlbs kb pmom. Sub smcrmêãa kãa tmg cnmlra.
G
>4
suar
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Bs joäk`uobs ìcrlkbs mstãa mspbonb`bs pmoa carpa m pra`uzmg suar dbslcbgmktm cagpasta par âjub m sbls (suar smg cnmlra). Tmjuobg b tmgpmr tmgpmrbturb bturb `a carpa m `lglkumg cag b l`b`m. Joäk`uobs bpócrlkbs mstãa kbs bxlobs m rmjlãa jmkltbo m hâ pra`uzmg suar cagpasta `m âjub m pratmçkb qum, ba smrmg `ljmrl`bs par dbctìrlbs mg kassb pmom, pra`uzmg a cnmlra cbrbctmrçstlca. cbrbctmrçstlca. Mstbs joäk`uobs sm `msmkvaovmg kb pudmr`b`m, m tbgdìg pra`uzmg smcrmêýms caga rmspastb æ mxcltbêãa smxubo m b mgaêýms, caga a gm`a. Bs joäk`uobs smdâcmbs pra`uzmg a sudstrbta sudstrbta m b nl`rbtbêãa nl `rbtbêãa kmcmssârlas kmcmssârlas pbrb a `msmkvaovlgmkta `msmkvaov lgmkta `bs dbctìrlbs kb pmom. Sub smcrmêãa kãa tmg cnmlra.
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>3
cctmrbplb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Prbstarka `m Bkslm`b`m par Smpbrbêãa mg crlbkêbs8 pbtmktm crlb`b par ugb mkimrgmlrb mg Aeobnagb/M]B ì ugb cbglsmtb qum sm trbksiargb kug cadmrtar lkibktlo. Mob `mvm smr usb`b pmob gãm narbs bktms `m smr pbssb`b pbrb b crlbkêb, pbrb bcbogâ-ob. Kb ]klvmrslty ai Aeobnagb, Tmjlkb Suoolvbk m Vbuo Padbs Padbs pmsqulsbrbg rmcìgkbscl`as lkcudb`as m `mscadrlrbg qum qubk`a usbvbg b raupb qum subs próprlbs gãms nbvlbg usb`a ka naspltbo, pbrbvbg `m cnarbr. cnarbr.
G
>0
obêa suar gãm m ilona
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Dmdès caksmjumg l`mktlilcbr a cnmlra `b próprlb gãm 3 narbs bpós tmrmg kbscl`a, gbs `ms`m qum tmknbg tl`a caktb caktbta ta cag mob. Dmdès D mdès bgbgmktb`as bprmk`mg-ka cag gbls rbpl`mz qum bqumoms qum usbg gbgb`mlrbs. TN bcrm`ltb qum b rmspastb ì parqum a cnmlra `b gãm ì gulta pbrmcl`a cag smu próprla cnmlra (oçqul`a bglklótlca). A cnmlra `a pbl ì gbls omktbgm omktbgmktm ktm bprmk`l`a, b gmkas qum a dmdè pbssm gbls tmgpa cag a pbl. Kug mstu`a, >6% `m gãms cmsbrlb`bs rmcaknmcmrbg rmcaknmcmrbg a cnmlra `m smus próprlas dmdès `m 4 `lbs bpmkbs cnmlrbk`a b cbglsmtb qum vmstlrbg. Autra mstu`a kb Nmdrmw ]klvmrslty mg Hmrusbomg gastrau qum <6% `bs gãms qum `lspmk`mrbg `m gmlb-narb b 26 glkutas cag smus dmdès rmcìg-kbscl`as pu`mrbg lk`mktlilcâ-oas bpmkbs pmoa cnmlra.
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a próprla cc
Guonmrms iarbg gbls nâdmls mg rmcaknmcmr a cnmlra `a próprla suar qum nagmks mg mstu`a kb S]K\ Bodbky. Lrgãas tbgdìg iarbg cbpbzms `m sm l`mktlilcbr pmoa suar mg autra mstu`a.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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>9
`lmtb m a`ar carparbo
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Mgdarb a CVN smhb iuk`bgmktbo kb cagpaslêãa `a a`ar carparbo, b `lmtb ì cbpbz `m tarkbr rmcaknmcçvmls as gmgdras `m ugb gmsgb ibgçolb. B lkjmstãa `m bona ì a gmonar mxmgpoa `m caga b `lmtb botmrb a a`ar carparbo.
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cakiarta aoibtlva
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
@ak GcDurkmy, GcDurkmy, `b ]klvmrslty ai Vlttsdurjn, rmbolzau pmsqulsb pbb cakstbtb cakstbtbrr qum `m ibta guonmrms castugbg `arglr cag ugb pmêb `m raupb `m ug mktm qumrl`a pbrb sm smktlrmg gmkas sazlknbs, qubk`a moms mstãa busmktms, busmktms, m nagmks ibzmg a gmsga, mxcmta qum nagmks só a ibzmg cag pmêbs `b cagpbknmlrb, kukcb `m autras mktms. Autrb pmsqulsb kb Tlcm ]klvmrslty `a Pmxbs, cak`uzl`b par @mklsm Cnmk, cnmjau æ cakcousãa `m qum mktrm as a`arms carparbls `m crlbkêbs `m = bkas, havmks `m 46 bkas, m l`asas bclgb `m :2 bkas, a a`ar carparbo `m l`asbs ial a qum gbls trauxm gmonarb ka nugar `as pbrtlclpbktms, kãa kmcmssbrlbgmktm a gbls bjrb`âvmo8 as pbrtlclpbktms bpmkbs a smktlrbg caga a gbls ibglolbr.
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qumstãa `m rbêb1
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Bslâtlcas tèg gmkas joäk`uobs bpócrlkbs qum cbucbslbkas, m tbgdìg gmkas pmoas ka carpa. Gbs lssa kãa qumr `lzmr qum kãa cnmlrmg, bpmkbs qum trbksplrbg gmkas kbs bxlobs.
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dbia `m akêb
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
A tmrga nboltasm ial cuknb`a mg 2<42 pmoa Obgdmrt Vnbrgbcmutlcbos, crlb`ar `a Olstmrlkm. Arljlkbogmktm cakcmdl`a caga ug bktlssìptlca pbrb cbsbs m naspltbls, ial rmiarguob`a caga mkxujbtórla ducbo m gbu-nâolta vlrau `amkêb.
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<6
Sçk`ragm `a A`ar `m Vmlxms
Prlgmtlobglkurlb ì ugb `amkêb ak`m a lk`lvç`ua ì lkcbpbz `m qumdrbr b
sudstäkclb trlgmtlobglkb, qum bcbdb cakimrlk`a-onm a`ar `m ` m pmlxm carparbo. Ì ugb `amkêb jmkìtlcb rmcmsslvb.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
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<2
gbu-cnmlra bgdlmktm
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
@ms`m b Tmiargb Nljlmklstb rmbolzb`b ka sìcuoa ^L^, bpós b `mscadmrtb `m qum gbus nâdltas `m nljlmkm ibvarmclbg b caktbglkbêãa par glcraarjbklsg glcraarjbklsgas, as, outbgas caktrb a gbu-cnmlra kbs cl`b`ms m bgdlmktms pødolcas. Gbscbrâ-oas ì b prlgmlrb tmktbtlvb. Vbrb tmr milcâclb mg gbscbrbr ug gbu-cnmlra, `mvm-sm sbdmr mxbtbgmktm qubo sub cagpaslêãa quçglcb8 par mxmg mxmgpoa, poa, b vbklolkb kmutrbolzb a a`ar `a coara, gbs kãa a cnacaobtm.
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<4
2<46
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
Bka `b prlgmlrb tmktbtlvb `m pmriugbr a gmtrð mg Vbrls. Bpós `ìcb`bs, ugb pmsqulsb `m = bkas ka vboar `m 3 glonýms `m `óobrms `mscadrlu qum a `lóxl`a `m tltäkla, lrrb`lb`a cag ouz uotrbvlaomtb, `mstról cagpastas arjäklcas vaoâtmls.
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<3
=6 glonýms Mstb ì b clirb qum as M]B jbstbg pbrb `lglkulr a gbu cnmlra kb rm`m `m msjata. Ibzmg lssa dbslcbgmktm usbk`a cbrvãa, pmriugms m cnmglcbo scruddlkj.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
<0
ImLLL Çak `m imrra m ugb dbctìrlb mspmcçilcb mstãa smk`a usb`as pbrb `msa`arlzbr a mstmrca pra`uzl`a kbs ibzmk`bs `m crlbêãa `m suçkas.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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A`arScrmmk @msmkvaovl`a pmob mgprmsb lsrbmomksm Vbtus Lkc., ì `m usa tóplca m lktmrimrm ka aoibta m a tarkb lksmksçvmo b cagpastas prì-`mtmrglkb`as. Ial usb`a pmoas sacarrlstbs kbs rmjlýms btlkjl`bs pmoa Ebtrlkb.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
äkslbs
`msmha `m cagmr bquloa m bquloa só
<9
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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vçcla `acm
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Bs mstruturbs cmrmdrbls mkvaovl`bs kb äkslb par ugb cagl`b mspmcçilcb sãa bs gmsgbs btlvb`bs ka vçcla par `rajbs8 bgçj`bob cmrmdrbo, nlpacbgpa, oada `b çksuob m a córtmx ardltairaktbo. ardltairaktbo. Guonmrms castugbg tmr gbls äkslbs par `acms, m nagmks par pmtlscas (bsb `m jbolknb, par mxmg mxmgpoa). poa). Bs äkslbs tmk`mg b `lglkulr bpós as 9= bkas `m l`b`m, tbovmz parqum b nbdlol`b`m aoibtlvb tbgdìg cblb.
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sbdar
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Glsturb `m jasta + tmxturb + tmgpmrbturb + cnmlra, gulta, gulta cnmlra. = pbob`brms8 sbojb`a (coarmta `m só`la), bzm`a (âcl`a cçtrlca), `acm (cbrdal`rbtas m bojuks bglkaâcl`as caga bspbrtbgm), bgbrja (bocboal`ms) m ugbgl (joutbgbta gakassó`lca). Lktmrbêýms8 a sbo doaqumlb a bgbrja, lkcrmgmktb a `acm. Lkjrm`lmktms `b pbstb Lktmrbêýms8 `m `mktm doaqumlbg rmcmptarms `a `acm. Pa`b b dacb smktm sbdarms m kãa bpmkbs b oçkjub. B dacb ta`b tmg cmrcb `m 26 glo pbplobs, smk`a gmtb`m kb oçkjub. Tmspastbs ba pbob`br sãa lkbtbs.
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artakbsbo m rmtrakbsbo
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Rubk`a cnmlrbgas b cagl`b, smktlgas cag a cnbgb`a aoibta artakbsbo. Rubk`a mob mstâ kb dacb, a cnmlra qum cagpýmg a sbdar ì cbptb`a pmoa qum sm cnbgb `m aoibta rmtrakbsbo. Bgdas `mpmk`mg `b pbssbjmg `a br kb cbvl`b`m kbsbo, `m iargb qum qubk`a a kbrlz mstâ mktupl`a, kãa ì passçvmo pmrcmdmr `lrmlta a sbdar `a bolgmkta. Irbjräkclb m bragb – a`ar m sbdar ( iobvar ). ).
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supmr pbob`br
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
]gb gutbêãa jmkìtlcb ka cragassaga : cakimrm smksldlol`b`m gblar au gmkar ba bgbrja8 mg tarka `m 36% `b papuobêãa tmg as `als jmkms `aglkbktms, mktãa passumg ugb supmr smksldlol`b`m pbrb a bgbrja5 autras, ug jmkm `aglkbktm m autra rmcmsslva5 m qubk`a tèg `als rmcmsslvas sãa pauca smksçvmls. A supmr pbob`br ì gbls cagug mg guonmrms qum mg nagmks, m gbls mg bslâtlcas qum mg qublsqumr autrbs rbêbs. Pbgdìg sm katau qum nâ gultas supmr pbob`brms mktrm pbclmktms cag póolpas ka cóoak. B mxpolcbêãa ì qum b `lmtb ì gbls padrm pals tu`a pbrmcm gulta bgbrja. Bocóaobtrbs tmk`mg b smr rmcmsslvarmcmsslva.
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a b`aêbktm pmrimlta
Bspbrtbgm8 466x gbls `acm qum bêøcbr, bêøcbr, gbs kãa pa`m smr bqumcl`a parqum sm `mslktmjrb. Kmatbgm8 `b gmsgb KutrbSwmmt, ugb vmrsãa `a bspbrtbgm qum pa`m smr
cazl`b, > glo vmzms gbls `acm qum a bêøcbr, gbs `mgarb pbrb smr rmcaknmcl`a pmobs pbplobs.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Bpastb btubo ì cnmjbr kug domk` `m bêøcbrms kbturbls m brtlilclbls qum passbg btlvbr gbls a jasta `acm kb dacb cag gmkas cboarlbs. Sudstbkcm <=28 pra`uzl`b pmob mgprmsb Smkagyx ì ug patmkclb`ar `a pbob`br
`acm qum bjm btlvbk`a gbls rmcmptarm rmcmptarmss pbrb a `acm, `ac m, `m iargb qum paucb qubktl`b`m `m bêøcbr pbrmêb gulta.
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sbo `a dmg
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Rubkta gbls sbo sm cagm, gbls sbo sm qumr. Rubk`a gmkas sbo sm cagm, gbls sm pmrcmdm a sbo. Ì `liçclo mkcaktrbr ug sudstltuta pbrb a sbo parqum, ba caktrârla `as rmcmptarms pbrb a `acm, as rmcmptarms pbrb a só`la kbs pbplobs blk`b kãa iarbg `mscadmrtas.
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kbrlz iuturçstlca
tmckaoajlbs aoibtlvbs
263
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra Cbstra (T) - 4629
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m-kbrlzms
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Hâ mxlstmg nâ pmoa gmkas 46 bkas. B smksldlol`b`m `m ug m-kbrlz pa`m smr `m 26 b 26 glo vmzm vmzmss gbls bcurb`b qum ug kbrlz nugbka. Lk`østrlb `m bolgmktbêãa as usbg pbrb `mtmctbr cagpastas vmkmkasas kb cagl`b pracmssb`b au brgbzmkb`b. Pbgdìg hâ sãa tmstb`as pbrb `lbjkóstlca `m `amkêbs. Pbgdìg pa`mg smr usb`as pbrb cnmcbr brgbs quçglcbs btgasiìrlcbs, m as M]B qumrmg gbpmbr a CVN `m tmrrarlstbs cag kbrlzms momtrðklcas. momtrðklcas. M-Il`a ì ug kbrlz momtrðklca qum cnmlrb cbgpas glkb`as. Bdmonbs tbgdìg tèg sl`a trmlkb`bs pbrb lssa. Ymspbs tbgdìg tèg sl`a mstu`b`bs pbrb `mtmctbr quçglcas mg bmrapartas, dbjbjmks m caktèlkmrms.
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bgdlmktms aoibtlvas
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
Cakjruèkclb tmgâtlcb8 a cnmlra `mvm tmr b vmr cag a bgdlmktm au pra`utas vmk`l`as ka bgdlmktm, m tbovmz tbgdìg cag a jèkmra `as caksugl`arms. Mstu`a cak`uzl`a par Mrlc Spbkjmkdmrj `b Zbsnlkjtak Stbtm ]klvmrslty `mgakstrau caga cnmlras pa`mg lkioumkclbr a cagpartbgmkta `m cagprb kugb oahb `m raupbs pbrb nagmks m guonmrms. Kas `lbs `m dbuklonb, guonmrms cagprbrbg gbls m bvbolbrbg gmonar b oahb5 kas k as `lbs `m rasb, acarrmu a gmsga cag nagmks.
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2<96 Glem Paa` Hr. Hr. lkvmktb a Sgmoo-AYlslak, mqulpbgmkta qum pmrgltlu bragbtlzbr sbobs `m clkmgb. A prlgmlra ilogm ka clkmgb ial Scmkt ai Glstmry . Ial a prlgmlra m øotlga ilogm ka slstmgb.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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Sgmoo-A-Ylslak
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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2<>2 Hukta cag a ilogm Vaoymstmr , a pødolca jbknbvb ugb cbrtmob, a`arbgb,, cag ‟scrbtcn & cnbgb`b a`arbgb sklii‗ pbrb bsslstlr ba ilogm.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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26<
4669 A ilogm Pnm Kmw Zaro` caag Caolk Ibrrmoo jbknb ugb vmrsãa aoibtlvb ka Hbpãa. B mgprmsb KPP Cagguklcbtlaks cagdlkb cmkbs gbls mgatlvbs cag cnmlras m as bspmrjm kbs øotlgbs très ilomlrbs `b sbob `m clkmgb.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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Drbvmglk`, Ylrtubo Tmbolty Mxpasurm Pnmrbpy ]g caksórcla mktrm a @mpbrtbgmkta `m @mimsb `as M]B, b ]klvmrslty ai Sautnmrk Cboliarklb, Naoywwa`, m Pnm Lkstltutm iar Crmbtlvm Pmcnkaoajlms crlau ug vl`majbgm `m rmbol`b`m bugmktb`b pbrb trmlkbr m tmrbpmutlzbr sao`b`as. Mom utlolzb cnmlras mgltl`as pmoa Scmkt Caoobr.
Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra (T) - 4629
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mg duscb `as cnmlras prlgârlas
B `lilcuo`b`m mg crlbr `mvlcms aoibtlv aoibtlvas as ì qum kãa sm `mscadrlu, kmg sm sbdm sm tmarlcbgmktm smrlb ug cakcmlta vâol`a, ‟cnmlras prlgârlas‗, bsslg caga nâ ‟carms ‟car ms prlgârlbs‗, prlgârlbs‗, b pbrtlr `as qubls ta`as surjlrlbg.
Boìg `lssa, `limrmktmgmktm `b vlsãa, a aoibta ì gbls clkmstìslca.
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b
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gmksbjmg ilkbo
9 2 6 4 ) T ( a r t s b C m b è r r a C b r y b G
Kassa smktl`a `a aoibta ì ug tmsaura qum irmqumktmgmktm tagbgas caga cmrta m glknb mspmrbkêb ì qum, smg b `mvbstb`ar `mvbstb`arbb olêãa `m pmr`è-oa, mstm olvra passb tmr bhu`b`a vacè b sm mkjbhbr kmom m bprmclâ-oa. Tmcaknmcmrr quãa mssmkclbls sãa as cnmlras Tmcaknmcm pbrb bquloa qum kas tarkb nugbkas – mgaclakbo, içslcb, smxubo m saclbogmktm –, m a qubkta b mxpmrlèkclb aoibtlvb mkrlqumcm, gmonarb m bpraiuk`b kassbs vl`bs mg smus vârlas m gøotlpoas bspmctas trbz ug sljklilcb`a katâvmo pbrb kassbs vl`bs.
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Bjrb`mêa! Gbyrb Carrèb m Cbstra gbyrb4Fcbsbgby.cag.dr www.cbsbgby.cag.dr
