CARRERA INGENIERÍA ELECTROMECÁNICA
CENTRALES DE GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA
Nivel: SEPTIMO
TEMA: REQUERIMIENTOS DE CENTRALES HIDRÁULICAS Y TÉRMICAS “
PARA EL SNI CON UN HORIZONTE A 10 AÑOS
”
GRUPO DEL PROYECTO
Rodríguez Chacón Carlos Edmundo
LATACUNGA - FEBRERO
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II
CERTIFICACION Se certifica que el presente trabajo fue desarrollado en su totalidad por el estudiante del Séptimo nivel de ING. Electromecánica de la universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas – ESPE ESPE extensión Latacunga Carlos Edmundo Rodríguez Chacón como requisito parcial para aprobar la asignatura de Centrales de Generación de Energía de la carrera de Ingeniería Electromecánica con NRC 3018, bajo nuestra supervisión, cumpliendo cumpliendo con normas normas establecidas establecidas por la ESPE en el reglamento de estudiantes de la Universidad De Las Fuerzas Armadas-Espe-Extensión Latacunga.
______________________ _________________________ ___ Ing. Pablo Mena Docente de la Asignatura
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III
DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo principalmente a Dios y a mis padres por haberme dado la vida y permitirme el haber llegado hasta este nivel en mi formación profesional. A mi familia, por ser el pilar más importante y por demostrarme siempre su cariño y apoyo incondicional sin importar nuestras diferencias de opiniones. A todas las personas y amigos que hicieron posible que me encuentre en este nivel de mi formación profesional y por por sus consejos consejos para poder continuar continuar sin desmayar. desmayar.
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IV
INDICE DE CONTENIDO CERTIFICACION ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ................ II DEDICATORIA .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... III RESUMEN ................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... .............. VII SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................. VIII CAPÍTULO I ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. TITULO DEL PROYECTO: ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 1 2. DEFINICIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................ ................................................................ 1 2.1. DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... 1 2.2. JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ................................................................................ ................................................................................ 1 3. OBJETO DE ESTUDIO ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................ 2 4. CAMPO DE ACTUACIÓN ................................................................................................... ................................................................................................... 2 4.1. OBJETIVOS ........................................................................... ................................................................................................................. ...................................... 2 5. HIPÓTESIS ........................................................................ ......................................................................................................................... ................................................. 3 6. METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ 3 7. ALCANCE .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 3 CAPÍTULO II .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 1 1. HISTORIA DEL ARTE ........................................................ .......................................................................................................... .................................................. 1 Introducción ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... 1 Centrales Hidroeléctricas ............................................................................................ ................................................................................................. ..... 2 Centrales Térmicas de Generación Eléctrica.................................................................... 2 Primera Central Hidroeléctrica del mundo ...................................................................... ...................................................................... 2 Primera Central Térmica de Generación Eléctrica ........................................................... 4 Primera Central Hidroeléctrica en el Ecuador ................................................................. 4 Primera Central Térmica de Generación Eléctrica ........................................................... 4 2. MARCO TEÓRICO.............................................................................................. TEÓRICO.............................................................................................................. ................ 4 Centrales de Generación Hidráulicas ............................................................................... ............................................................................... 4 Centrales de Generación Térmicas .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 4
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V
Demanda al sector industrial de Guayaquil ......................................................... ....................................................................... .............. 10 Validación costo actual de una central ................................................................... .............................................................................. ........... 10 Estudio de Cuencas Hidrográficas del Ecuador para la construcción de una central hidroeléctrica en el país ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... 10 Estudio del combustible para una central térmica ......................................................... ............................................................ ... 12 Propuesta para cubrir la demanda de Energía Eléctrica .................................................... 14 Construcción Hidroeléctrica Mira .................................................................................. .................................................................................. 14 Justificación ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ... 17 Estudio de impacto ambiental ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... 20 CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES .................................................................. ........................................................................................... ......................... 21 CAPITULO VI ............................................................... ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................. 3 1. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES........................................................... ........................................................................... ................ 3 1.1. Conclusiones ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 3 2. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................. ................................................................................................................... ................................................. 4
ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS
Figura 1 Primera Central Hidroeléctrica del mundo ................................................................ ................................................................ 4 Figura 2 Sistemas Hidrográficos y Vertientes del Ecuador .................................................... 12 Figura 3 Ubicación Geográfica del río Mira............................................................................ 16 Figura 4 Ubicación Geográfica del río Mira............................................................................ 18 Figura 5 Consumo de Energía Sector S ector Industrial ..................................................................... 19
INDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1 Generación Hidroeléctrica .......................................................................................... 1 Tabla 2 Generación Térmica MCI .................................................................. ............................................................................................. ........................... 3 Tabla 3 Generación Térmica Turbogas .................................................................................... 5
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VI
TABLA 8 Potencial Teórico, Técnico y Económico de las cuencas Hidrográficas ................... 16
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VII
RESUMEN
Este Trabajo de Investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una investigación acerca de los requerimientos para la construcción de una Central de Generación Hidroeléctrica para que pueda ingresar en el SIN del Ecuador. Por lo que se necesita una investigación profunda acerca de la generación actual y los proyectos que se encuentran aún en estudio, basándonos basándonos en el Plan Maestro de Electrificación que se encuentra en el CONELEC con un horizonte desde 2013 hasta el año 2022 Esta Trabajo de Investigación tiene una metodología Teórica, por lo tanto al finalizar este Trabajo de investigación se puede tener de una forma alineada los requerimientos que son necesarios para el estudio y construcción de una Central Hidroeléctrica y/o Térmica que pueda aportar con energía al SIN del país. Con este Trabajo de Investigación se pretende que el estudiante de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Extensión Latacunga tenga un conocimiento profundizado acerca de estos requerimientos son necesarios para el diseño diseño de una unidad de generación generación de energía eléctrica. eléctrica.
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VIII
SUMMARY
This Research Project aims to conduct research about the requirements for the construction of a hydropower plant so you can enter the SIN of Ecuador. So a thorough investigation of the current generation and the projects are still under study, based on the Electrification Master Plan that is in the CONELEC with a horizon from 2013 to 2022 is needed. This Research Project has a Theoretical methodology, therefore the end of this research work can have a dress form requirements that are necessary for the study and construction of a hydroelectric plant and / or thermal t hermal energy that can contribute to the INS country. This Research Report is intended that the student at the University of the Armed Forces ESPE Extension Latacunga has an in depth knowledge of these requirements are necessary necessary for the design of a unit of electricity generation.
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CAPÍTULO I
1. TITULO DEL PROYECTO: “REQUERIMIENTOS DE CENTRALES HIDRÁULICAS Y TÉRMICAS PARA EL SNI CON UN HORIZONTE A 10 AÑOS” AÑOS ”
2. DEFINICIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA
2.1. DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA En el Ecuador analizando el plan maestro de electrificación el ectrificación en 10 años va a existir un aumento considerable en cuanto tiene que ver con la demanda máxima, con la demanda máxima proyectada a 10 años con la infraestructura actual en generación va a existir una déficit de aproximadamente 1000 MW.
2.2. JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA Este Proyecto de Investigación se va a encontrar como evidencia de la investigación, la actual generación del nuestro país es insuficiente para cubrir la demanda máxima proyectada en nuestro país con un horizonte a 10 años, la falta de infraestructura para la generación de energía eléctrica es la razón principal para este estudio, este proyecto proyecto pretender pretender dotar de una posible solución para cubrir el 100 % la demanda máxima del país proyectada en un horizonte de 10 años, basándonos en estudios hidrográficos de nuestro país
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2
3. OBJETO DE ESTUDIO
Poder cubrir hasta un 100% la demanda del Ecuador proyectada teniendo en cuenta la demanda máxima que nos presenta el PME 2013-2022, con esto llegara a determinar los requerimientos para una central eléctrica y poder aprobar el nivel en la asignatura de Centrales de Generación de Energía, para poder conocer conocer de alguna alguna forma el Plan Maestro de Electrificación y así aportar aportar al cambio de la matriz energética vigente en nuestro país.
4. CAMPO DE ACTUACIÓN 4.1. OBJETIVOS 4.1.1. Objetivo general
Determinar los requerimientos y parámetros necesarios para determinar posible Centrales de Generación Eléctrica para abastecer la demanda máxima proyectada hasta el año 2022, para poder de esta manera ingresar al SIN del Ecuador cumpliendo con las condiciones del PME
4.1.2. Objetivos específicos
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3
Calcular la demanda máxima del país proyectada hasta el año 2022 que se encuentra estipulado en el PME 2013-2022.
Realizar un estudio hidrológico, energético y de recurso que pueden ser utilizados en la ubicación estratégica estratégic a de una unidad de generación eléctrica.
Establecer los requerimientos para una unidad de generación y establecer su ubicación geográfica para poder ingresar en el SNI con su producción de energía.
5. HIPÓTESIS
Con esta investigación de los requerimientos de una central de generación podemos dar una solución viable al país, para poder cubrir la demanda que se proyecta en un horizonte de 10 años, con la posible ubicación de estas unidades de generación y así poder cubrir el 100% de esta demanda y por consecuencia dar nuestro aporte como estudiantes al cambio de la matriz energética.
6. METODOLOGÍA
Para realizar de este Proyecto de investigación se utilizó el método teórico investigativo y método deductivo, deductivo, ya que partimos desde desde el conocimiento de datos generales de las centrales de generación, para dar una solución viable de
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4
que consta de utilizar la energía primaria necesaria para la generación de energía eléctrica, estas centrales pueden ser de los siguientes tipos: Hidráulica, Térmica, además de proponer su ubicación geográfica de las mismas en el territorio Ecuatoriano, además de cumplir con las condiciones de barra infinita que deben tener estas unidades y como se refiere a un lugar estratégico que facilite una posible solución, por lo cual nos guiamos en el PME 2013-2022.
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1
CAPÍTULO II 1. HISTORIA DEL ARTE
Introducción
El estudio del presente capitulo sirve para determinar las características para el diseño y estudio de la ubicación ubicación de posibles unidades de generación, generación, la consideración de la disponibilidad de suficientes reservas energéticas para garantizar garantizar el normal abastecimiento abastecimiento de la demanda nacional nacional proyectada proyectada al 2022, todo todo con la finalidad finalidad de contribuir contribuir al incremento incremento de la confiabilidad y seguridad del sistema eléctrico en su conjunto, ayudando al desarrollo sostenible del país. Las centrales eléctricas son las diferentes plantas encargadas de la producción producción de energía energía eléctrica y se sitúan, generalmente generalmente,, en las cercanías cercanías
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2
Centrales Hidroeléctricas
Las plantas hidroeléctricas funcionan en base a una caída de agua, proveniente proveniente de un río o de un embalse, embalse, que a su vez puede puede ser alimentado alimentado por uno o varios ríos. La capacidad generadora es proporcional a la masa y caída de agua. Es decir, entre más grande es el flujo de agua y la altura desde donde inicia su deslizamiento hacia el cuatro de máquinas, mayor será la capacidad generadora. La energía hidráulica se basa en aprovechar la caída del agua desde cierta altura. La energía potencial, durante la caída, se convierte en cinética. El agua pasa por las turbinas turbinas a gran gran velocidad, velocidad, provocand provocandoo un movimiento movimiento de rotación que finalmente, se transforma en energía eléctrica por medio de los generadores. Es un recurso natural disponible en las zonas que presentan suficiente cantidad de agua, y una vez utilizada, es devuelta río abajo. Su desarrollo requiere construir pantanos, presas, canales de derivación, y la instalación de grandes turbinas y equipamiento para generar electricidad. Todo
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3
capitalismo moderno, tal y como lo conocemos ahora, aunque con diferente matiz. Se dice que para 1920 ya se producía en el mundo una considerable cantidad de energía a base del agua (ENEL, 2013). La primera central hidroeléctrica se construyó en 1880 en Northumberland, Northumberland, Gran Bretaña. El principal principal impulso de la energía hidráulica se produjo por el desarrollo del generador eléctrico, seguido del perfeccionamiento perfeccionamiento de la turbina hidráulica y debido al aumento aumento de la demanda de electricidad a principios del siglo XX. A principios de la década de los noventa, las primeras potencias productoras productoras de energía hidroeléctrica hidroeléctrica eran Canadá y Estados Unidos. Unidos. (Alfonzo, 2000) La primera central hidroeléctrica del mundo inicio su operación el 30 de septiembre de 1882, fué construida en el río Fox en Appleton, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos de Norteamérica. La planta hidroeléctrica, más tarde llamada la Compañía de Luz Appleton Edison, fue iniciada por el fabricante de papel de Appleton el
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Figura 1 Primera Central Hidroeléctrica del mundo
Primera Central Térmica de Generación Eléctrica Primera Central Hidroeléctrica en el Ecuador
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1
CAPITULO III Potencia Total Instalada en el país
El parque generador disponible en el Ecuador consta de 16 centrales hidroeléctricas hidroeléctri cas estatales de pequeña, mediana y gran capacidad (1 - 1.100 MW) y 39 centrales pequeñas pertenecientes a las empresas de distribución eléctrica, a municipios y a empresas privadas; más de un centenar de centrales térmicas con diferentes combustibles y pertenecientes a diferentes empresas, entre generadoras, distribuidoras, industria privada y petroleras en general
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2 Hidroabanico Hidroabanic o
37.5
5 unidades 5 u de 7.5MW
Nayón
29.7
2 unidades
1974
2 u de 14.85 MW Ocaña
26
2 unidades
2012
2 u de 13 MW Saucay
24
4 unidades
1978
2 u de 4 MW 2 u de 8 MW Guangopolo
20.92
6 unidades 3 u de 2 MW 2 u de 1,7 MW 1 u de 11.56 MW
1977
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3 Esperanza
6
1 unidad
1976
1 u de 6MW Vindobona
5.86
3 unidades 2 u de 2.93 MW
Pasochoa
4.5
2 unidades
2013
2 u de 2.25 MW Poza Honda
3
1 unidad
1986
1 u de 3 MW Río Blanco
3
1 unidad
1997
1 u de 3 MW Perlabí
2.46
1 unidad
2004
1 u de 2.46 MW Carlos Mora
2.4
3 unidades
1957
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4 Santa Elena 3
41.70
2 unidades 2 u de 113 MW
Jaramijó
140
La Propicia Propici a
10.50
2012 3 unidades 2 u de 4 MW 1 u de 2.5 MW
Manta 2
20.40
12 unidades 12 u de 1.7 MW
Pedernales
2
Campo Alegre
0.36
Celso Castellanos
5.70
Guangopolo
31.80
2008 1977 6 unidades 6 u de 5.2 MW
2009
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5 1 u de 20 MW Lligua
3.3
2 unidades 2 u de 2 MW
Gualberto Hernandez
31.20
6 unidades 6 u de 5.2 MW
Catamayo
17.17
10 unidades
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6 4 u de 40 MW Victoria
115.00
1 unidad 1 u de 115 MW
Alvaro Tinajero
94.80
3 unidades 1 u de 40 MW 1 u de 35 MW
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7 Tabla 5 Generación con Energía Renovable no Convencional
Central con Energía Renovable no Convencional Ecoelectric Ecoelectr ic
Potencia Efectiva (MW)
Número de unidades (# de unidades potencia)
35.20
3 unidades 2 u de 73 MW
Año de instalación
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í í = 20 2029 29 = 30 3011 11 á á = 33 3397 97
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á = 58 5802. 02.56 56
La demanda máxima proyectada para el país calculado en un horizonte de 10 años es de 5802.56 MW, para lo cual calculamos el déficit que existiría si el gobierno seccional no hubiera acciones para dicha demanda.
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