Michigan Proficiency
PRE-FINAL
Teacher’s Writer George Andreadis Peter Pappas Sarah Yu
ISBN 978-960-6606-89-2 978-960-6606-90-8
Παραγωγή - Copyright Supercourse Publishing
Πληροφορίες - Παραγγελίες Τηλ. Κέντρο: 23310 73777 Αθήνα: Τηλ.: 210 2383534 Πελοπόννησος: Τηλ.: 27240 71549 Κρήτη: Τηλ.: 28250 31301 Κύπρος: Τηλ.: 22357710
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CONTENTS LESSON
GRAMMAR THEORY & PRACTICE
Lesson 1 Tenses: A General Overview Lesson 2 Non-continuous / Stative Verbs Lesson 3 always + Pr./P. Continuous Question Tags Lesson 4 The Future Lesson 5 used to - would - be / get used to Lesson 6 Passive Voice Lesson 7 Causative form Lesson 8 More on Passive Voice Lesson 9 Transitive / intransitive verbs Lesson 10 It is believed that Glossary Lessons 1-10 Lesson 11 Reported Speech Lesson 12 Subjunctive Lesson 13 Countable & Uncountable Nouns Lesson 14 Determiners Lesson 15 Conditional Sentences Lesson 16 Conditionals - Inversion
PAGE 5 10 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 68 74 80 86 92 98
Lesson 17 Mixed Conditionals - Wishes Lesson 18 Would rather - It’s time Lesson 19 Adjectives / Adverbs Lesson 20 Comparisons Glossary Lessons 11-20 Lesson 21 Possession - Prefixes / Suffixes Lesson 22 Words easily confused (1) Lesson 23 Words easily confused (2) Lesson 24 Words easily confused (3) Lesson 25 Words easily confused (4) Lesson 26 Inversion (1) Lesson 27 Inversion (2) Lesson 28 Inversion (3) Lesson 29 Prepositions Lesson 30 Prepositional phrases / Phrasal Verbs Glossary Lessons 21-30 Lesson 31 Modals (1) Lesson 32 Modals (2) Lesson 33 Gerunds - Infinitives (1) Lesson 34 Gerunds - Infinitives (2) Lesson 35 Gerunds - Infinitives (3) Lesson 36 Clauses of Consession Lesson 37 Grammar Revision Lesson 38 Defining Relative Clauses Lesson 39 Non-defining Relative Clauses Lesson 40 Glossary Lessons 31-40 Listening
104 110 116 122 128 132 138 144 150 156 162 168 174 180 186 191 196 202 208 214 220 226 232 238 244 250 255 260
Writing Speaking Appendix Verbs / Adjectives / Nouns + Prepositions Preposition + Word Phrases List of Irregular Verbs Listening Transcripts
270 281 291 296 301 303 304
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WARM-UP This book is intended for students in the initial stage of preparation for the ECPE. It consists of:
40 pre-final GCVR lessons 10 pre-final listening units 10 pre-final writing units 10 pre-final speaking units
Each lesson comprises a vocabulary revision section for the preceding lesson, a grammar reference point and its corresponding multiple choice questions, two mini-cloze passages, two reading passages, twenty multiple choice vocabulary items and twenty multiple choice grammar items.
VOCABULARY An average or slightly above average score in the Vocabulary Section of the ECPE is usually enough to tip candidates into the PASS category of the exam. Thorough and diligent study throughout this book will ensure that candidates have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience to manage the complex vocabulary they will encounter in the Super Final Practice Test book.
GRAMMAR The grammar reference points briefly revise and consolidate previous grammar knowledge and lay the foundations for the increased complexity of grammar items that will be encountered in the Super Final practice test book.
CLOZE In total, there are eighty mini-cloze passages to build up the candidates’ understanding of the organizational features of written texts as well as grammar and pragmatic knowledge of vocabulary in specific contexts.
READING Eighty reading passages are also provided, all of which are based on contemporary topics that take into account the latest trends and stipulations of the ECPE.
WRITING This section guides candidates in developing the given topic in an organized manner placing emphasis on correct structure and paragraphing.
LISTENING Ten mini listening evaluation tests have been included, firstly to introduce newcomers to the ECPE format, and secondly to help candidates build up the listening skills required at this level.
SPEAKING This section focuses on the NEW ECPE speaking format and familiarizes candidates with the arts of summarizing and paraphrasing. It also accustoms students to the idea of supporting their opinions and interacting with each other in response to given prompts. It is imperative that candidates not attempt the ECPE immediately after completing this book, as it has been written with the sole aim of developing all the necessary ECPE skills up to a level where candidates will feel comfortable tackling the Super Final Practice Test book. With the correct guidance, there is little doubt they will manage this. George Andreadis Peter Pappas Sarah Yu
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LESSON 1 GRAMMAR - Tenses: A General Overview
• PRESENT SIMPLE Use: Repeated actions, habits, states, general truths, timetables, stative verbs (Lesson 2), after links referring to the future (when, as soon as, etc). The clock strikes every hour, on the hour. I usually go to a movie on Saturday. I’ll call you when Mary gets home. • PRESENT CONTINUOUS Use: Actions in progress at the time of speaking, temporary states, changing states, annoyance (Lesson 3), future plans (Lesson 4). I’m talking on the phone, so I can’t answer you now. I’m staying with Jill till I find an apartment. We’re going out tonight, if you want to come. • PAST SIMPLE Use: Actions/states that happened in the past and have ended, regardless of repetition or duration. When I was a child, I drank a pint of milk every day. • PAST CONTINUOUS Use: Actions that were in progress at a certain time in the past, past intention. We were having supper when you called. • FUTURE SIMPLE Use: Spontaneous decision, prediction based on belief, information about the future, refusal/agreement, warning, after specific verbs (hope, believe, know...) Are you leaving now? I’ll come with you then. They will probably win the elections. I’ll throw you out of this classroom if you don’t behave yourself! I expect he’ll be late. • FUTURE CONTINUOUS Use: An action in progress at a certain time in the future, a prearranged future action. I’ll be playing tennis at eight tomorrow. Will you be needing the car tomorrow?
• PRESENT PERFECT Use: An action that has happened up until now or at a time up until now, a state that is true up until now, an action that has happened very recently, to emphasize that the result is more important than the action, after links referring to the future to emphasize completion. I have worked at this company for two years. I have visited Tokyo twice. Bill has just sent you a fax. • PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use: To emphasize the duration or repetition of an action that has been happening until now, for actions that have been happening until now but are incomplete. They have been buying products from us for over a decade. • PAST PERFECT Use: For actions that happened before another past action that is mentioned or implied. When they arrived, most of the guests had already left. • PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use: To emphasize the duration or repetition of an action that had been happening until a point in the past, for actions that had been happening until a point in the past but were incomplete. I had been studying for an hour when the doorbell rang. My hands were dirty because I had been working on the car. • FUTURE PERFECT Use: For actions that will have happened by a point in the future. I will have gone out by the time you come back. • FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Use: For actions that will have been progress for a period of time by a point in the future. By next month, I’ll have been working for this company for eight years.
Practice 1.
“What happened to Jim?” “Someone into his apartment last night.” a. had broken c. broke b. will have broken d. has broken
7.
“Has Bob moved to his new apartment?” “Not yet. He with his parents.” a. lives c. is living b. has moved d. moved
2.
“Would you like another doughnut?” “No thanks. two.” a. I already had c. I’ve yet had b. I’ve already had d. I’ll have had
8.
“What are your plans for the weekend?” “Well, I my parents but I’m not so sure.” a. would visit c. am visiting b. was going to visit d. can visit
3.
“Didn’t you hear the doorbell ringing?” “I to loud music.” a. had been listening c. have been listened b. was being listening d. was listening
9.
“You seemed quite happy when you found that book.” “Yeah. I for it for a month.” a. am looking c. have been looking b. had been looking d. were looking
4.
“Does Mr. Smith still teach at NYU?” “No. But he for 15 years before he left.” a. has taught c. has been teaching b. teaches d. had been teaching
10. “What time shall we meet at the cinema?” “Well the movie at about 8.” a. is started c. started b. starts d. had started
5.
“Why is Jim so dirty?” “ on his car engine.” a. He worked b. He’s been repairing
6.
“Isn’t this the book you asked me about?” “Yeah. That’s the one I .” a. looked for c. had looked for b. was looking for d. look for
11. “Did you manage to clean up your room?” “Yes, I everything by lunch time.” a. have done c. have been doing b. had done d. was doing 12. “They when I walked in.” “That’s because John was telling them jokes.” a. laughed c. were laughing b. had laughed d. were laughed
c. He’s been working d. He had worked
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GLOSSARY LESSONS 1-10 .(by) συμμορφώνομαι abide ............................................ .εγκαταλείπω/διακόπτω abort ............................................ .αφθονώ abound ............................................ .απέχω abstain ............................................ .άφθονος abundant ............................................ acceleration .επιτάχυνση ............................................ .άνοδος σε εξουσία accession ............................................ acclamation .επιδοκιμασία ............................................ στέγη / εξυπηρετώ accommodate .παρέχω ............................................ .(τραπεζικός) λογαριασμός account ............................................ accumulate .συσσωρεύω ............................................ .(to) εξοικειωμένος accustom ............................................ .όξινη βροχή acid rain ............................................ acknowledge .αναγνωρίζω ............................................ .αθωώνω acquit ............................................ .προσαρμόζω, -ομαι adapt ............................................ .προσθήκη addition ............................................ .ειδήμων / έμπειρος adept ............................................ .(to) προσκολλημένος adhered ............................................ .(to) γειτονικός adjacent ............................................ .επιπλήττω admonish ............................................ .υιοθετώ adopt ............................................ .ερχομός, έλευση advent ............................................ .δυσμενής adverse ............................................ .υποστηρικτής advocate ............................................ .ταλαιπωρώ / βασανίζω afflict ............................................ .συμφορά / πλήγμα / affliction ............................................ . ασθένεια / αναπηρία ............................................ .αγωνιώ agonize ............................................ .ταλαιπωρώ ail ............................................ .ασθένεια ailment ............................................ .ξένος alien ............................................ .ισχυρίζομαι allege ............................................ .απαλύνω alleviate ............................................ .κατανέμω allocate ............................................ .κατανέμω allot ............................................ .υψόμετρο altitude ............................................ .διφορούμενη έννοια ambiguity ............................................ αμφίθυμος / αλληλοσυγκρουόμενος ambivalent . ............................................ .παγιδεύω σε ενέδρα ambush ............................................ .ποσό amount ............................................ .ενισχύω amplify ............................................ anaesthetize .αναισθητοποιώ ............................................ .ανέκδοτη ιστορία anecdote ............................................ .απαντώ answer ............................................ .καθησυχάζω appease ............................................ .κατανέμω / μοιράζω apportion ............................................ / αρκετός appreciable .αισθητός ............................................ .συλλαμβάνω (ύποπτο) apprehend ............................................ (-sion=σύλληψη) apprehensive .ανήσυχος ............................................ .διεγείρω arouse ............................................ .τεχνητός artificial ............................................ όπως λέει και το ρητό as the saying goes............................................ .ανέρχομαι ascend ............................................ .φιλοδοξία aspiration ............................................ assessment .υπολογισμός ............................................ .δέχομαι / υποθέτω assume ............................................ .επιτίθεμαι attack ............................................ .επιτυγχάνω attain ............................................ .αποδίδω attribute to ............................................ .αισθητός / που ακούγεται audible ............................................ .αυθεντικός authentic ............................................ authentically .αυθεντικά ............................................ .κακός bad ............................................ .(by) μπερδεμένος baffled ............................................ .αχυρώνας barn ............................................ .άγονος, στείρος barren ............................................ .αρχίζω begin ............................................ .αργοπορημένος belated ............................................
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.μαγεμένος bewildered ............................................ .λογαριασμός bill ............................................ .τινάζω blast ............................................ .αναμιγνύω blend ............................................ .εκτονώνομαι, ξεθυμαίνω blow over ............................................ .σχέδιο / πλάνο blueprint ............................................ .σαματατζής boisterous ............................................ .σπάζω break ............................................ .θλιμμένος brooding ............................................ .κάνω προϋπολογισμό budget ............................................ .φουσκώνω bulge ............................................ .καμμένος burned ............................................ τη βοήθεια by means of .με ............................................ .καταστροφικός calamitous ............................................ .υπολογισμός calculation ............................................ .απαιτώ call for ............................................ .επισκέπτομαι για λίγο call on ............................................ .καλώ, φωνάζω call out ............................................ .καλώ κπ να έρθει, προσκαλώ call over ............................................ παίρνω στο τηλέφωνο / επιστρατεύω call up . ............................................ .ακυρώνω cancel ............................................ .ικανότητα capacity ............................................ .γοητευμένος captivated ............................................ .σαρκοφάγο carnivore ............................................ .λογοκρισία censorship ............................................ .σιγουριά certainty ............................................ .αλλάζω change ............................................ .απανθρακωμένος charred ............................................ check on sth .ελέγχω ............................................ από (ξενοδοχείο) check out of .φεύγω ............................................ chicken pox .ανεμοβλογιά ............................................ .διεκδικώ, ισχυρίζομαι claim ............................................ .ξεκαθαρίζω / “την κοπανάω” clear off ............................................ .ανοίγει (καιρός) clear up ............................................ .σβόλος (αίματος), θρόμβος clot ............................................ .συμπίπτω coincide ............................................ coincidence .σύμπτωση ............................................ .συνεργάζομαι collaborate ............................................ collaboration .συνεργασία ............................................ .κατάρρευση collapse ............................................ .αποικία colony ............................................ combustion .ανάφλεξη ............................................ come to power .εξουσία ............................................ .ξεκινώ commence ............................................ commonwealth .κοινοπολιτεία ............................................ comparable .εφάμιλλος ............................................ compensate .αποζημιώνω ............................................ .ικανός competent ............................................ competitive .ανταγωνιστικός ............................................ / αυτάρεσκος complacent .ικανοποιημένος ............................................ συμμόρφωση compliance .(with) ............................................ .συμμορφώνομαι comply ............................................ .συμπιέζω compress ............................................ compromise .συμβιβασμένος ............................................ .παραδέχομαι concede ............................................ εικάσιμος conceivable .πιθανός, ............................................ .έννοια concept ............................................ .ολοκληρώνω / συμπεραίνω conclude ............................................ .συμπυκνώνω condense ............................................ .που συντελεί σε conducive ............................................ .ομολογώ confess ............................................ confidential .εμπιστευτικός ............................................ .περιορίζω confine ............................................ .επιβεβαιώνω confirm ............................................ .σύγκρουση / διαφορά conflict ............................................ / αντιπαράθεση confrontation .διαμάχη ............................................ / αρμονία / ταίριασμα congruence .συμφωνία ............................................ conjunction .σύνδεσμος ............................................ .συμφωνία / ομοφωνία consensus ............................................
considerable constancy constant consumption contagious contained contaminate contemplative contemptuous contend contingent contrive controversy conundrum conversion converted coordinate corroborate counterfeit counterpart courteous cover covert crease crescent crevice crude crumble cure curtail cut off dart daunt deacon deadly deafen debilitate debris decay declare decline deficient deficit definitely delayed deluge demolish denote denounce dense dent denude dependant depict depleted deprive deranged deride derive describe designation detach detain deterioration determination detract detriment devour diagnosis
.αξιόλογος ............................................ .συνέπεια, σταθερότητα ............................................ συνεχής / σταθερός / (noun) σταθερά . ............................................ .κατανάλωση ............................................ .μεταδοτικός ............................................ .ήρεμος / ελεγχόμενος ............................................ .μολύνω ............................................ .σκεφτικός ............................................ .περιφρονητικός ............................................ .αγωνίζομαι ............................................ .ενδεχόμενος ............................................ .επινοώ / καταφέρνω ............................................ .διαμάχη ............................................ .γρίφος ............................................ .μετατροπή ............................................ .μετατρεπόμενος ............................................ .συντονίζω ............................................ .επιβεβαιώνω ............................................ .πλαστός ............................................ .ομόλογος / ισότιμος ............................................ .ευγενικός ............................................ .καλύπτω ............................................ .μυστικός/κρυφός ............................................ .τσακίζω, ζαρώνω ............................................ .μισοφέγγαρο ............................................ .σχισμή / χαραμάδα ............................................ .ακατέργαστος ............................................ .θρυμματίζω / καταρρέω ............................................ .θεραπεία ............................................ .περικόπτω ............................................ .αποκόπτω ............................................ .πετάγομαι ............................................ .αποθαρρύνω ............................................ .διάκονος ............................................ .φονικός, θανάσιμος ............................................ .κουφαίνω ............................................ .εξασθενίζω ............................................ .συντρίμμια ............................................ .αποσύνθεση / παρακμή ............................................ .δηλώνω / κηρύττω ............................................ .παρακμή ............................................ .(in) ελλιπής ............................................ .έλλειμμα (σε προϋπολογισμό) ............................................ .σίγουρα ............................................ .αργοπορημένος ............................................ .κατακλύζω ............................................ .κατεδαφίζω ............................................ .δηλώνω ............................................ .καταγγέλλω ............................................ .πυκνός ............................................ .βαθουλώνω ............................................ .απογυμνώνω ............................................ .εξαρτώμενος ............................................ .απεικονίζω ............................................ .εξαντλημένος /άδειος ............................................ .στερώ ............................................ .διανοητικά διαταραγμένος ............................................ .κοροϊδεύω ............................................ .προέρχομαι ............................................ .περιγράφω ............................................ .ορισμός ............................................ .αφαιρώ, αποκολλώ ............................................ .κατακρατώ ............................................ .επιδείνωση ............................................ .αποφασιστικότητα ............................................ .αφαιρώ / μειώνω αξία / αποσπώ ............................................ .ζημιά ............................................ .καταβροχθίζω, κατακαίω ............................................ .διάγνωση ............................................
GLOSSARY LESSONS 1-10 .διασκορπίζω diffuse ............................................ .αξιοπρέπεια dignity ............................................ .βρώμικος dingy ............................................ .αναπηρία / μαθησ. δυσκολία disability ............................................ .πετάω / ξεφορτώνομαι discard ............................................ .διακρίνω discern ............................................ .ορατός discernible ............................................ .αποσυνδέω disconnect ............................................ .απορρίπτω / “παραβλέπω” discount ............................................ discrepancy .ασυμφωνία ............................................ .μεταμφιέζω disguise ............................................ .απολύω, επιτρέπω αναχώρηση, dismiss ............................................ . απορρίπτω ............................................ .διαταραχή disorder ............................................ .διαλύω / εξαφανίζω dispel ............................................ .διανέμω dispense ............................................ .μετατοπίζω displace ............................................ .ψυχική διάθεση disposition ............................................ .διαλύω dissolve ............................................ .διαστρεβλώνω distort ............................................ .ταραγμένος, ενοχλημένος disturb ............................................ .χαντάκι ditch ............................................ .παρεκκλίνω diverge ............................................ .ποικίλος diverse ............................................ .ποικιλία diversity ............................................ .δόγμα doctrine ............................................ .ιδιοκτησία, τομέας domain ............................................ domesticate .εξημερώνω ............................................ .κυριαρχώ dominate ............................................ don’t have . ............................................ χωρίς στήριγμα/αποδείξεις a leg to stand on ............................................ .κοιμώμενος dormant ............................................ down and out .φτωχός ............................................ down to earth .προσγειωμένος ............................................ .νεροποντή downpour ............................................ .γεώτρηση drilling ............................................ .ξεσκονίζω dust ............................................ .χρήματα που βγάζει κάποιος earnings ............................................ .πλησιάζω σιγά και απειλητικά edge ............................................ .εξάγω / εκμαιεύω elicit ............................................ .ασαφής, άπιαστος elusive ............................................ .εξέχων eminent ............................................ .καταπατώ encroach ............................................ απασχολημένος / αρραβωνιασμένος engaged . ............................................ .που απασχολεί engaging ............................................ .με φθόνο envious ............................................ .επιδημία epidemic ............................................ .ξερίζωμα eradication ............................................ .διαβρωμένος eroded ............................................ .διάβρωση erosion ............................................ .εσφαλμένος errant ............................................ .εκρήγνυμαι erupt ............................................ .ιδρύω establish ............................................ .εκτίμηση estimate ............................................ .χαραγμένος etched ............................................ .κανόνες καλής συμπεριφοράς etiquette ............................................ evaporation .εξάτμιση ............................................ .προφανής evident ............................................ .κακός / ανήθικος / κακία / δεινό evil ............................................ .εξέλιξη evolution ............................................ .εξελίσσομαι evolve ............................................ .αποκλειστικός exclusive ............................................ .εξαντλημένος exhausted ............................................ .επεκτείνω expand ............................................ (ζωής) expectancy .διάρκεια ............................................ .ακριβός expensive ............................................ .ρητός, σαφής explicit ............................................ .προεκτείνω, επεκτείνω extend ............................................ .εκχύλισμα extract ............................................
extravagant .σπάταλος ............................................ .ατενίζω, παρατηρώ έντονα eying ............................................ .μύθος fable ............................................ .ανεπάρκεια failure ............................................ .ψεύτικος, λανθασμένος false ............................................ .θύμα δυστυχήματος fatality ............................................ .εφικτός feasible ............................................ .κατόρθωμα feat ............................................ .αγανακτισμένος fed up with ............................................ .περιτειχισμένος, οχυρωμένος fenced ............................................ .γονιμότητα fertility ............................................ .λιπάσματα fertilizers ............................................ .θέρμη, ενθουσιασμός fervor ............................................ .κουνιέμαι νευρικά fidget ............................................ .πτερύγιο fin ............................................ .σταθερά firmly ............................................ .στερεώνω fix ............................................ .ψεγάδι flaw ............................................ .συνετός, προνοητικός foresighted ............................................ .προλαμβάνω forestall ............................................ .προλέγω foretell ............................................ .στερούμαι forfeit ............................................ .παραιτούμαι forgo ............................................ .επίσημος formal ............................................ .πετρελαιοειδή fossil fuels ............................................ .απολιθωμένος fossilized ............................................ .ενθαρρύνω, υιοθετώ foster ............................................ .φορτωμένος, γεμάτος fraught ............................................ friendliness .φιλικότητα ............................................ .σύνορα / μεθόριος frontier ............................................ .κατσουφιάζω frown ............................................ .ψαχουλεύω fumble ............................................ .πόροι funds ............................................ .μύκητες fungi ............................................ .μικροσυσκευή gadget ............................................ .κερδίζω οφέλη κλπ gain ............................................ .βηματισμός gait ............................................ .θύελλα gale ............................................ .αλλοιώνω garble ............................................ .βενζίνη gasoline ............................................ .συγκεντρώνω gather ............................................ .μετρώ, “εκτιμώ” gauge ............................................ (μυστικό) gave it away .αποκαλύπτω ............................................ .γονιδίου genome ............................................ εκτός ελέγχου get out of hand .βγαίνω ............................................ .θερμοπίδακας geyser ............................................ .βράγχιο gill ............................................ .(at)ρίχνω γρήγορη ματιά glance ............................................ .καυχιέμαι gloat ............................................ θερμό. γης global warming .άνοδος ............................................ .λάμπω glowing ............................................ .(συγ)κολλώ glue ............................................ .τραγανίζω/ ροκανίζω gnaw ............................................ .καταβροχθίζω gobble ............................................ .καταβροχθίζω gorge ............................................ .αρπάζω grasp ............................................ .βαρύτητα / σοβαρότητα gravity ............................................ .χαμογελώ ειρωνικά grin ............................................ .τραχύς gruff ............................................ .ρεματιά gully ............................................ .αναβλύζω gush ............................................ .βλάβη, ζημιά harm ............................................ .θερίζω, τρύγος harvest ............................................ .άφθονος / εγκάρδιος hearty ............................................ herbivorous .φυτοφάγο ............................................ .βόσκω herds ............................................ κι εκεί here and there .εδώ ............................................ πετυχαίνω διάνα hit the nail on the head ..................................... .συγκεντρώνω (προμήθειες), hoard ............................................
. συσσωρεύω ............................................ .κουτσαίνω hobble ............................................ .χόμπι hobby ............................................ .ιδιοποιούμαι (informal) hog ............................................ .κούφιος hollow ............................................ .έντιμος honest ............................................ .ειλικρίνεια honesty ............................................ .οπλή hoof ............................................ .αιωρούμαι, κοντοστέκομαι hover ............................................ .με υγρασία humid ............................................ .αγράμματος illiterate ............................................ .διαφωτίζω illuminate ............................................ .επικείμενος imminent ............................................ .αθανασία immortality ............................................ .με ανοσία immune ............................................ immunization to .ανοσοποίηση ............................................ .εξασθένηση impairment ............................................ .απρεπής impertinent ............................................ .εφαρμόζω implement ............................................ .επίπτωση, συνενοχή implication ............................................ .επιβολή imposition ............................................ .εντύπωση impression ............................................ .ακατάλληλα improperly ............................................ .βελτιώνομαι improve ............................................ .σε ισχύ in force ............................................ σε κοινή θέα in full view . ............................................ .στη μόδα in vogue ............................................ incandescent .πυρακτωμένος ............................................ .συμπεριλαμβάνω included ............................................ incongruous .αταίριαστος ............................................ incorporates .ενσωματώνω ............................................ .αόριστος indefinite ............................................ indifference .αδιαφορία ............................................ .αγανακτισμένος indignant ............................................ .αγανάκτηση indignation ............................................ inexplicably .ανεξήγητα ............................................ .συμπεραίνω infer ............................................ .κατακλυσμένος infested ............................................ / φλεγμονή inflammation .ανάφλεξη ............................................ .καταφέρω πλήγμα inflict ............................................ infrastructure .υποδομή ............................................ infrequency .σποραδικότητα ............................................ .ευφυής / εφευρετικός ingenious ............................................ .αμίμητος inimitable ............................................ .εισάγω initiate ............................................ .πρωτοβουλία initiative ............................................ .κάνω ένεση / ψεκάζω inject ............................................ .έμφυτος innate ............................................ .καινοτομία innovation ............................................ .ερευνώ inquire ............................................ .υπαινιγμός insinuation ............................................ .εγκαθιστώ install ............................................ .εγκατεστημένος installed ............................................ .δίνω οδηγίες instruct ............................................ .μόνωση insulation ............................................ .προσβάλλω-προσβολή insult ............................................ .ενσωματώνω, -ομαι integrate ............................................ .ευφυία intellect ............................................ .εντατικός intensive ............................................ .υποκλέπτω / ανακόπτω intercepted ............................................ .διακοπτόμενος intermittent ............................................ .οικειότητα intimacy ............................................ intoxicating .μεθυστικός ............................................ .περίπλοκος intricate ............................................ introduction .εισαγωγή ............................................ .κατακλυσμένος inundated ............................................ .εφευρίσκω invent ............................................ .επένδυση investment ............................................ .μη αναστρέψιμος irreversible ............................................
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GLOSSARY LESSONS 1-10 .άρδευση irrigation ............................................ .μπερδεύω, ανακατώνω jumble ............................................ .διασταύρωση junction ............................................ .διατηρώ keep ............................................ .δεν πλησιάζω keep out of ............................................ keep track of .παρακολουθώ ............................................ .κτυπώ knock ............................................ .εργάτης labor ............................................ .κατολίσθηση landslide ............................................ .αργοπορημένος / μακαρίτης late ............................................ .γεωγραφικός πλάτος latitude ............................................ .πλέγμα lattice ............................................ .κοροϊδεύω laugh at ............................................ .μη ειδήμονας layman ............................................ .προβάδισμα lead ............................................ διακεκριμένος / με προβάδισμα leading . ............................................ .διαρροή leak ............................................ .άλμα leap ............................................ .λουρί σκύλου leash ............................................ .νομοθεσία legislation ............................................ .μακραίνω lengthen ............................................ .επιρρεπής / υπεύθυνος liable ............................................ .κουτσαίνοντας / υποτονικός limp ............................................ .χρονοτριβώ linger ............................................ little by little .λίγο-λίγο ............................................ .υψηλός, αλαζονικός lofty ............................................ .(at) κοιτάζω look ............................................ .ξυλεία lumber ............................................ .μεγεθύνω magnified ............................................ .σκαρφίζομαι make ............................................ τα προς το ζην make my living .κερδίζω ............................................ .θηλαστικό mammal ............................................ .εντολή / εξουσιοδότηση mandate ............................................ .υποχρεωτικός mandatory ............................................ .εκδηλώνω manifest ............................................ .βαδίζω march ............................................ .περιθώριο margin ............................................ .γαμήλιος marital ............................................ .ωριμάζω, μεγαλώνω mature ............................................ .ώριμος, γλυκός mellow ............................................ .ευχάριστος / χαλαρωτικός mellowing ............................................ .μεσημβρινός, ζενίθ meridian ............................................ .σημαντικό γεγονός, ορόσημο milestone ............................................ .νους, μυαλό mind ............................................ miscarriage .αποβολή ............................................ .στενάζω moan ............................................ .εμπαιγμός, γελοιοποίηση mockery ............................................ .συγκρατημένα moderately ............................................ .τροποποιώ modify ............................................ .υγρασία moisture ............................................ .μόριο molecule ............................................ .λιωμένος molten ............................................ .θνησιμότητα mortality ............................................ .δίνω κίνητρο motivate ............................................ παγετώνες move glaciers .(κινώ) ............................................ .ανιαρός, μονότονος mundane ............................................ .μουρμούρισμα mutter ............................................ .αφηγούμαι narrate ............................................ .απαίσιος / αντιπαθής nasty ............................................ .ναυσιπλοΐα / πλοήγηση navigation ............................................ .χρειάζομαι need to ............................................ .αμελητέος negligible ............................................ .τσιμπολογώ nibble ............................................ .νεύω καταφατικά nod ............................................ και που now and then .που ............................................ .βλαβερός, επιζήμιος noxious ............................................ .λησμονιά oblivion ............................................ χωρίς επίγνωση / χωρίς συναίσθηση oblivious . ............................................ .στενόμακρος oblong ............................................
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obnoxious obscure observation obsolete occupied odious offset oil spill ominous omnipotent operation opinions opportunities oppressive orator ordinary oriented outburst outgoing overall overboard overcharge overload overrun overshadow pace packed pact pass pass away pass off pass out pass up pay its price payment pebble peddler permanency perpetuate perseverance pertinent pesticide pick pierce pillar pioneer pitched poacher ponder popular possessive postpone potable potential praise precisely predatory premiere preoccupied prerogative prescription preserved pressed presume prevalent primate proceed proficient profit
απεχθής .αποκρουστικός/ ............................................ θολός .άσημος, ............................................ .παρατήρηση ............................................ .απαρχαιωμένος ............................................ κατεχόμενος .κατειλημμένος, ............................................ .απεχθής ............................................ .αντισταθμίζω ............................................ .πετρελαιοκηλίδα ............................................ .δυσοίωνος ............................................ .παντοδύναμος ............................................ .λειτουργία ............................................ .γνώμη ............................................ .ευκαιρία ............................................ .καταπιεστικός ............................................ .ρήτορας ............................................ .συνηθισμένος ............................................ .προσανατολισμένος ............................................ .ξέσπασμα ............................................ .εκδηλωτικός ............................................ σύνολο .στο ............................................ θάλασσα .στη ............................................ .υπερχρεώνω ............................................ .υπερφορτώνω ............................................ εισβάλλω .καταλαμβάνω, ............................................ .επισκιάζω ............................................ ρυθμός .βήμα, ............................................ φίσκα .γεμάτος, ............................................ (διεθνές) σύμφωνο .συνθήκη, ............................................ .περνώ ............................................ .πεθαίνω ............................................ .διεξάγομαι ............................................ .λιποθυμώ ............................................ να μου ξεφύγει .αφήνω ............................................ το τίμημα .πληρώνω ............................................ .πληρωμή ............................................ .χαλίκι ............................................ .μικροπωλητής ............................................ .μονιμότητα ............................................ .διαιωνίζω ............................................ .εμμονή ............................................ .σχετικός ............................................ .ζιζανιοκτόνα ............................................ .διαλέγω ............................................ .τρυπάω ............................................ .κολώνα ............................................ .πρωτοπόρος ............................................ .προσαρμοσμένος ............................................ .λαθροκυνηγός ............................................ / συλλογίζομαι .μελετώ ............................................ .δημοφιλής ............................................ / ατομιστής .κτητικός ............................................ .αναβάλλω ............................................ .πόσιμος ............................................ .ενδεχόμενος ............................................ .επαινώ ............................................ .ακριβώς ............................................ .αρπακτικό ............................................ .πρεμιέρα ............................................ .απορροφημένος ............................................ / δικαίωμα .προνόμιο ............................................ γιατρού .συνταγή ............................................ .διατηρημένος ............................................ .πιέζω ............................................ .υποθέτω ............................................ / διαδεδομένος .επικρατών ............................................ πρωτεύον .πιθηκοειδές/ ............................................ .προχωρώ ............................................ .ικανός ............................................ .κερδίζω ............................................
.βαθύς / έντονος profound ............................................ .πολλαπλασιάζομαι proliferate ............................................ .παρατείνω prolong ............................................ .προαχθής promoted ............................................ .προφέρω pronounce ............................................ proportionately .αναλογικά ............................................ .ευπρέπεια, κανονισμός, τύπος propriety ............................................ .προσωρινός provisional ............................................ .συνετός prudent ............................................ ανασυγκροτούμαι pull oneself together. ......................................... .σταματάω το αυτοκίνητο pull up ............................................ .αντλώ pump ............................................ .επιτιμώ, ταπεινώνω put down ............................................ .αναβάλλω, “απωθώ”, δημιουργώ put off ............................................ . αρνητικές εντυπώσεις ............................................ .ξεβολεύω put out ............................................ .ανέχομαι put up with ............................................ .γραφικός quaint ............................................ .με τάση για εμετό queasy ............................................ .ξεδιψασμένος / σβησμένος quenched ............................................ .γρήγορος quick ............................................ .ακτινωτός radial ............................................ .που ακτινοβολεί radiant ............................................ .βγάζω για κλήρωση raffle ............................................ .ανυψώνω raise ............................................ .ανασυντάσσω, συλλαλητήριο rally ............................................ ramifications .περιπλοκές ............................................ .τυχαίος random ............................................ .ταχύς rapid ............................................ .σπανιότητα rarity ............................................ .εξάνθημα rash ............................................ .αναλογία ratio ............................................ .χαράδρα ravines ............................................ .λόγος, αιτία reason ............................................ .υποχωρώ recede ............................................ .δέκτης / ακουστικό receiver ............................................ .δοχείο/θήκη receptacle ............................................ .αισθητήρας receptor ............................................ .συνταγή μαγειρικής recipe ............................................ .παραλήπτης recipient ............................................ .απρόσεκτος reckless ............................................ .οπισθοχωρώ recoil ............................................ .καταγράφω record ............................................ recurrence of .επανεμφάνιση ............................................ .μειώνω reduce ............................................ .αναφορά reference ............................................ .βελτιώνω, τελειοποιώ refine ............................................ .κάνω πρόβα rehearse ............................................ .αξιοπιστία reliability ............................................ .απομεινάρι, λείψανο relic ............................................ .υπόλειμμα remnant ............................................ .ερμηνεία, απόδοση rendition ............................................ .απαρνούμαι renounce ............................................ .απωθώ repel ............................................ .αντιπροσωπεύω represent ............................................ .αυταρχικός, καταπιεστικός repressive ............................................ .ερπετό reptile ............................................ .ανακαλώ rescale ............................................ .διασώζω rescue ............................................ .ερευνώ research ............................................ .κρατημένος / επιφυλακτικός reserved ............................................ .κατακάθι residue ............................................ resistance to .αντίσταση ............................................ .απόφαση / αποφασιστικότητα resolution ............................................ .(last ~) έσχατη λύση resort ............................................ .αποθέματα resources ............................................ .αναπνευστικός respiratory ............................................ .ανταποκρίνομαι respond ............................................ .αποκαθιστώ restore ............................................
GLOSSARY LESSONS 1-10 .αναχαιτίζω / συγκρατούμαι restrain ............................................ .περιοριστικός restrictive ............................................ .καθυστερημένος retarded ............................................ .ανακαλώ / αναιρώ retract ............................................ .αποκαλύπτω reveal ............................................ .αποκάλυψη revelation ............................................ .βρίζω revile ............................................ .γελοιοποίηση ridicule ............................................ .δύσκαμπτος rigid ............................................ .ωριμάζω ripen ............................................ .κυματάκι ripple ............................................ .τελετουργία rite ............................................ .τρωκτικό rodent ............................................ .χώρος room ............................................ .σαπίζω rot ............................................ .στοιχειώδη rudiments ............................................ .αναστατώνω, ανακατώνω ruffle ............................................ .διαποτισμός / κορεσμός saturation ............................................ .λέπια scales ............................................ .άχρηστο υλικό scrap ............................................ .ενσυνείδητος scrupulous ............................................ .ασφάλιση security ............................................ segregation .διαχωρισμός ............................................ .διαχωρίζω separate ............................................ .ακολουθία sequence ............................................ .κήρυγμα sermon ............................................ .στήνω, ρυθμίζω set ............................................ .αποκόπτω sever ............................................ .αποχετεύσεις/ ακαθαρσίες sewage ............................................ .υπόνομος sewer ............................................ .σκιάζω shade ............................................ .ψεύτικος, ψευδής sham ............................................ .ντροπή shame ............................................ .ρίχνω φως shed light ............................................ .προσφέρω καταφύγιο shelter ............................................ .έλλειψη shortage ............................................ .εμφανίζομαι show up ............................................ .οξύς / διαπεραστικός shrill ............................................ .μαραίνομαι shrivel ............................................ .ανακατεύω (τράπουλα) shuffle ............................................ .κοσκινίζω sift ............................................ .όραση, αξιοθέατο sight ............................................ simultaneously .ταυτόχρονα ............................................ .κατάσταση situation ............................................ .περικόπτω δραστικά slash ............................................ .ευλογιά smallpox ............................................ .σιγοκαίω smolder ............................................ .ομαλά smoothly ............................................ .σπάζω με κρότο snap ............................................ .παγιδεύω snare ............................................ .τρυπώνω sneak ............................................ .ύπουλος sneaky ............................................ (at) σαρκάζω / περιφρονώ / χλευάζω sneer . ............................................ .φταρνίζομαι sneeze ............................................ .φαντασμένος snob ............................................ .πετάω soar ............................................ .εκλιπαρώ solicit ............................................ .πόνος soreness ............................................ .χώρος, διάστημα space ............................................ .αραιός sparse ............................................ .ωοτοκώ spawn ............................................ .στίγμα, κηλίδα φωτός speckle ............................................ .φάσμα φωτός spectrum ............................................ .φτυστός spitting ............................................ .θρυμματίζω, -ομαι splinter ............................................ .καθαρίζω με σπόγγο sponge ............................................ spontaneously .αυθόρμητα ............................................ .σταθερότητα stability ............................................ .παραπατάω stagger ............................................
.στάσιμος stagnant ............................................ .(leave a ~) σπιλώνω stain ............................................ .μπαγιάτικος stale ............................................ άτακτη φυγή φοβισμένων ζώων stampede . ............................................ .άποψη standpoint ............................................ .ατενίζω, (at=κοιτάω επίμονα) stare ............................................ .αόρατος/ύπουλος stealthy ............................................ .(from) πηγάζω stem ............................................ κολλώ, ευσταθώ stick . ............................................ .απαιτητικός stickler ............................................ .σκληραίνω stiffen ............................................ .διεγείρω stimulate ............................................ .τσιμπάω sting ............................................ .τσιγκούνης stingy ............................................ .απόθεμα (σε αποθήκη) stock ............................................ .συσσωρεύω, στοιβάζω stockpile ............................................ .δύσπεπτος stodgy ............................................ .ισιώνω straighten ............................................ σοβαρή έκφραση straight-faced .με ............................................ straightforward .ευθύς ............................................ .καταπονώ strain ............................................ .νήμα / πλεξούδα strand ............................................ .(σωματική) δύναμη strength ............................................ .λωρίδα strip ............................................ .οχυρό stronghold ............................................ .μελετώ study ............................................ / συναντώ τυχαία stumble across .σκοντάφτω ............................................ .τρόπος ζωής style ............................................ .επιχορηγώ subsidize ............................................ .υποκύπτω succumb ............................................ .προτείνω, υπονοώ suggest ............................................ .αντικαθιστώ supplant ............................................ supplement .συμπληρώνω ............................................ supposedly .υποτιθέμενα ............................................ .βεβαιότητα surety ............................................ .(ορμητικό) κύμα surge (n) ............................................ .ξεχύνομαι surge (v) ............................................ τάση susceptibility to .ευπάθεια, ............................................ susceptible .επιρρεπής ............................................ .αναρτώ / αναβάλλω suspend ............................................ .καταπίνω swallow ............................................ .σκουπίζω, παρασύρω sweep ............................................ .πρήξιμο swelling ............................................ .ταχύς swift ............................................ .εξαπάτηση swindle ............................................ .(in full ~) στο φόρτε swing ............................................ .συνθετικός synthetic ............................................ .διακριτικότητα tact ............................................ .κηλίδα taint ............................................ .αναλαμβάνω take over ............................................ .αποκτώ συνήθεια take to ............................................ επιπτώσεις/στοιχίζω taken its toll .έχω ............................................ .εξημερωμένος tame ............................................ .αργός tardy ............................................ .(with) ξεχειλίζω teem ............................................ temporization .χρονοτριβή ............................................ .πειρασμός temptation ............................................ .υφαντό textile ............................................ the Milky Way .Γαλαξίας ............................................ .λεπτός thin ............................................ .ευημερώ thrive ............................................ .ρολόι timepiece ............................................ .δειλός timid ............................................ .(with) επιδιορθώνω πρόχειρα tinker ............................................ .μαστροχαλαστής tinkerer ............................................ .υποφερτός tolerable ............................................ .ανεκτικός tolerant ............................................ .τοξικός toxic ............................................ .χαρακτηριστικό γνώρισμα trait ............................................
.ήρεμος, γαλήνιος tranquil ............................................ .παροδικός transient ............................................ .μετάβαση transition ............................................ .θεραπεύω, νοσηλεύω, treat ............................................ περιθάλπω ασθένεια /αναπηρία . ............................................ .συνθήκη treaty ............................................ .προξενώ trigger ............................................ προκαλώ ρίψη απορριμμάτων trigger waste disposal.......................................... .ψαλιδίζω, κουρεύω trim ............................................ .όγκος tumor ............................................ .στρίβω turn ............................................ .απορρίπτω turn down ............................................ .καταλήγω / παράγω turn out ............................................ .παραδίδω turn over ............................................ .τορναδόρος turner ............................................ .πανταχού παρών ubiquitous ............................................ μη διαθέσιμος unavailable . ............................................ .τονίζω, υπογραμμίζω underscore ............................................ .κατανοώ understood ............................................ .αδικαιολόγητα, υπερβολικά unduly ............................................ ομοιόμορφα uniformly . ............................................ unmistakable .χαρακτηριστικός ............................................ .χωρίς σχέση unrelated ............................................ .ανεκπαίδευτος untrained ............................................ up and coming .ανερχόμενος ............................................ .αναβαθμίζω / αναβάθμιση upgrade ............................................ .αναβαθμισμένος upgraded ............................................ .που έχει καταναλωθεί used up ............................................ .εμβόλιο vaccine ............................................ .ασαφής vague ............................................ .αξία value ............................................ .σε μεγάλο βαθμό vastly ............................................ .ταχύτητα velocity ............................................ .εκδίκηση vengeance ............................................ .αγγείο vessel ............................................ .βιώσιμος viable ............................................ .σθένος vigor ............................................ .αηδιαστικός vile ............................................ .παραβιάζω violate ............................................ .όραμα vision ............................................ .οραματιστής, διορατικός visionary ............................................ .ζωηρός / ζωντανός vivid ............................................ .ημερομίσθιο wage ............................................ .ξαγρυπνώ περιμένοντας wait up ............................................ .περιπλανιέμαι wander ............................................ .με υμένα webbed ............................................ .παράξενος / αλλόκοτος weird ............................................ συγκολλώ weld . ............................................ άπειρος wet behind the ears . ........................................ .μοχθηρός, κακός wicked ............................................ .νικάω win ............................................ .ολοκληρώνω, ανακεφαλαιώνω wind up ............................................ κέρδη σε λαχείο winnings . ............................................ .σπιρτάδα / wit ............................................ at. ............................................ one’s wits end=σε απόγνωση .αποσιωπημένος withheld ............................................ .πνευματώδης witty ............................................ .αξία worth ............................................ .τραύμα wound ............................................ .ρυτιδιάζω / τσαλακώνω wrinkle ............................................ σφαδάζω writhe . ............................................ .ουρλιάζω, απαιτώ yell for ............................................ .παράγω yield ............................................
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