PORT and Harbor Engineering 5

Port and Harbor Engineering Radianta Triatmadja Lecture note 5

Basin Design Basin Design Resume of the 4 th Lecture

Tidal constants N = 200, 9 are normally used Phase

 2t        A cos    1   T    n

i

i

i

i

Amplitude

Period

Phase : change with time and place p lace Amplitude : change with location location but bu t not with time t ime Period : Doesn’t change with time and location

Most Important Tidal Constants • • • •

S2 M2 O1 K1

MWL MW L = Mean Mean Wat W ater er Lev Level HWL HW L = High High Wat W ater er Lev Level LWL LW L = Low W ater ater Lev Level CDL = Chart Datum Level CDL = MWL-Amplitude of (S2+M2+O1+K1)

An Example of Water level Fluctuation 40.Air Pelayaran Sebelah Barat Surabaya (Karang Jamuang)

Spring

Neap

24

20

    m16      d       i      s      a      v 12      e       l       E

8

4

0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Time

700

hours

800

900

1000

1100

1200

Tidal Constant No

Symb ol

Period Remark (hrs)

Semi diurnal

1 2 3

M2 S2 N2

12.42 12.00 12.66

Main lunar semi-diurnal component Main Solar semi-diurnal component Lunar component due to monthly variation in moon’s distance from earth

Diurnal

4

K2

11.97

Soli-lunar constituent due to changes in declination of sun and moon throughout their orbital cycle

5 6 7

K1 O1 P1

23,93 25.82 24.07

Soli-lunar component Main lunar l unar diurnal component Main solar diurnal component

Type of Tides

Long period

8

327.86 Moon’s biweekly component

Ship : 8000 DWT MSL = 0,0 ; Amplitude of S1 = 0.2; M2 = 0.3, O1 = 0.4 ; K1 =0.6. Dredging 0.5; Sounding tolerance = 0.5, Sediment = 0.5 m Volume of Dredging ? CDL = 0.0- (0.2+0.3+0.4+0.6) = - 1.50 m Draft = 8.0 m Basin Depth = 8.0x 1.14= 9.1 m Depth required for dredging = 9.1+1.5=10.6 m Bottom level = -1.50 -10.6 = -12.10 m

Example Ship : 8000 DWT (2 ships maximum at a time) 1000 DWT (12 Ships at a time) MSL = 0,0 ; Amplitude of S1 = 0.2; M2 = 0.3, O1 = 0.4 ; K1 =0.6 Volume of Dredging ?

-20

200 m

-15 -10

-6 -4

Harbor 

-2 -0

1500 m

1000 m

Size of Basin Basin area should accommodate: f or Berthing (loading (loading & unloading) • Space for • Space for ships anchored • Space for ships maneuver (Waterway should be clear all time)

Size of Wharf and area of berth Passenger ships Size (GT)

Length of  Ship (LOA)

Length Of  Berth

2000

88

100

1.14

3000

99

120

1.21

5000

120

150

1.25

8000

142

170

1.20

10000

154

190

1.23

15000

179

220

1.23

20000

198

240

1.21

30000

230

280

1.22

Average LOB/LOA = 1.21

LOB/LOA

Size of Wharf and area of berth Cargo Ships Size (DWT) 1000

Length of  Ship (LOA) 64

Length Of  Berth 80

3000

92

110

1.20

5000

109

130

1.19

8000

126

160

1.27

10000

137

170

1.24

30000

186

240

1.29

50000

216

280

1.30

100000

259

330

1.27

Average LOB/LOA = 1.25

LOB/LOA 1.25

Wharf and Pier 

LOB LOA

LOA

Wharf and Pier 

LOB

LOA

Example analysi s it was was found f ound that the • After some analysis wharf should be able to serve serv e 3 passanger ships at the same time. All of  them are 3000 GT. How long is the total Wharf length? length? Answ Ans wer : According to table >> Each ships should have 120 meter of berth. The total berthing space is 360 meters.

Area of Basin for Anchorage Objective

Mooring Mooring Type

Offshore waiting Swinging or Cargo Cargo handling handl ing mooring

Sea bed, Soil, or  Wind

Radius

Good anchoring

L +6D

Bad anchoring

L+6D+30 m

Mooring with 2 Good anchoring Anchors

Mooring during Storm

L+4.5D

Bad anchoring

L+4.5D +25 m

Wind Velocity 20m/s

L+3 D +90 m

Wind Velocity 30m/s

L+4 D +145 m

Area of Basin for Ship Maneuvering Turning Basin • At least equals the area of circle with R =1.5 L

Calmness of the Basin Size of Ship

Maximum Wave Height (H33)

Small Vessel

0.3 meter 

( < 500 GT) Intermediate Intermediate and Large Large Vessels

0.5 meter 

Very Large Vessel

0.7 ~ 1.5

(> 50 000 GT)

Example • The amplitude of M2, S2, O1 and K1 are 0.5 m, 0.3 m, 0.1 m and 0.2 m respectively. W hat is the quay wall wall crown crown level lev el for f or large ships?

Length of Berth  L P  d  b

 nL  (n  1)15  50





OA

 L P  2e 3 A /( d  

 2e ) Lp

15 m

25 m

e d

Size of Wharf and area of berth Passenger ships (one) Size (GT) Length of  Length Of  Length Of  LOB/LOA Ship Berth Berth (OCDI/BT) (LOA) (OCDI) (BT) 2000

88

100

133

0.75

3000

99

120

149

0.80

5000

120

150

170

0.88

8000

142

170

192

0.88

10000

154

190

204

0.93

15000

179

220

229

0.96

20000

198

240

248

0.96

30000

230

280

280

1.0

Size of Wharf and area of berth Passenger ships (three ships) Size (GT) Length of  Length Of  Length Of  LOB/LOA Ship Berth Berth (BT) (LOA) 2000

88

300

344

1.14

3000

99

360

377

1.21

5000

120

450

440

1.25

8000

142

510

506

1.20

10000

154

570

542

1.23

15000

179

660

617

1.23

20000

198

720

674

1.21

30000

230

840

770

1.22

OCDI

900

Berth Length

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0

50 00

1 0 0 00

150 00

20 000

2 5 00 0

Gross Ton

3 00 0 0

35000

Example of Wharf 

Crown Height of QuayWalls Above Above HWL HW L

For Large Ship (Draft > 4.5 m) For Small ship (Draft < 4.5 m)

Tidal Range >=3.0 meter  0.5 ~ 1.5 m

Tidal Range < 3.0 meter  1.0 ~ 2.0 m

0.3 ~ 1.0 m 0.5 ~ 1.5 m

Crown Elevation

Problems of Appron Elevation

Floating Floating Wharf  Wharf 

W idth of Pier  B

LOB

LOA

Small Pier 

Office

Office

Small Passenger pier  Water depth sufficie suf ficient nt no dredging require required d

Office

Space beteween ships 35 – 50 m