Okièjfil bns Caufbns= Cujblokjtns k Lpafilçûks 9rb Kbfçén Vujus V ujus L. Ikjgka, Mndj Mndj O. Ifohlal Ifohlal OiGrlw-Dfaa,, 80<2 OiGrlw-Dfaa
Ilpïtuan ; K\[LÇÛKY BK OLYYL, HKXJN[AAF K KJKXGFL Yafbks Yaf bks bls lua luals ls bk
Okdokt Eljngau Yafbks ko Pnrtuguís pnr Ljtòjfn Xfilrbn Hnznaal Inpyrfgdt Inpyrfgdt © 80<2 Rdk OiGrlw-Dfaa OiGrlw-Dfaa Inopljfk Inopljfks, s, Fji. Pkrofssfnj Pkrofssfnj rkqufrkb rkqufrkb cnr rkprnbuitfnj rkprnbuitfnj nr bfspaly bfspaly.
‑Clzkjbls‟ bk turhfjls kùafils kstén skjbn injstruïbls ln rkbnr bn oujbn plrl kxtrlfr kjkrgfl ifjætfil bn vkjtn k injvkrtí-al ko kjkrgfl kaætrfil. Hlaljçns bk olssl, bk kjkrgfl, bl quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr k ljgualr sén utfafzlbns jl injikpçén bk uol turhfjl kùafil. L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf æ tlohæo ýtfa jl clsk bk prnmktn prkafofjlr.
Nhmktfvns • Lpafilr l kqulçén kqulçén bl injskrvlçén bk olssl plrl plrl hlaljiklr ls vlzûks bk kjtrlbl k slïbl bk uo sfstkol caufbn. • Xkinjdkikr ls bfvkrsls cnrols bk kjkrgfl okièjfil, k trlhladlr ino ls kcfifíjifls bk injskrvlçén bk kjkrgfl. • Kjtkjbkr n usn k ls afoftlçûks bl kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf, k lpafiì-al jl snauçén bk uol vlrfkblbk bk prnhakol bk ksinlokjtn bk caufbns. • Rrlhladlr ino l kqulçén bl kjkrgfl kxprkssl ko tkrons bk ilrgls k utfafzì-al plrl bktkrofjlr l pntíjifl rksuatljtk bk turhfjls k ns rkqufsftns bk pntíjifl plrl hnohklokjtn.
;’< ■ FJRXNB[IÉN Snií mì bkvk injdkikr laguols akfs bk injskrvlçén inon ls akfs bk injskrvlçén bk olssl, injskrvlçén bk kjkrgfl, k injskrvlçén bl quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn. Dfstnrfilokjtk, ls akfs bk injskrvlçén sén lpafilbls prfokfrn l uol quljtfblbk cfxl bk oltærfl idlolbl sfstkol ckidlbn nu lpkjls sfstkol, sfstkol, ko skgufbl, sén kstkjbfbls l rkgfûks jn ksplçn idlolbls vnauoks bk injtrnak. injtrnak. Ls rkalçûks bk injskrvlçén tlohæo sén idlolbls bk kqulçûks bk hlaljçn, hlaljçn , uol uol vkz vkz quk qulaqukr quljtfblbk injskrvlbl bkvk skr hlaljiklbl burljtk uo prnikssn.
Ouftns bfspnsftfvns bk ksinlokjtn bk caufbns, inon kssl turhfjl dfbrìuafil ino rnbl bk Pkatnj sén ljlafslbns ljlafslbns pkal pkal lpafilçén bns prfjiïpfns bk injskrvlçén bk olssl, quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr k kjkrgfl.
Injskrvlçén bk Olssl L rkalçén bk injskrvlçén injskrvlçén bk olssl olssl plrl uo sfstkol ckidlbn ckidlbn sncrkjbn uol oubljçl æ kxprkssl inon osfs ? injstljtk nr bo nr bosfs/bt ? 0, uo kjujiflbn ùhvfn bk quk l olssl bn sfstkol pkroljkik injstljtk burljtk uo prnikssn. N hlaljçn bk olssl plrl uo vnauok bk injtrnak (SI) æ kxprkssn jl cnrol bk vlzén inon=
vlzûks tntlfs bn ksinlokjtn bk olssl plrl bkjtrn k plrl cnrl bn vnauok bk injtrnak. tlxl bk vlrflçén bl olssl bkjtrn bls crnjtkfrls bn vnauok bk injtrnak.
Kqulçén bl injtfjufblbk= Ko okièjfil bns caufbns, l rkalçén bk injskrvlçén bk olssl plrl uo vnauok bk injtrnak bfckrkjifla æ idlolbl bk kqulçén bl injtfjufblbk.
Kqulçén bl \uljtfblbk bk Onvfokjtn Afjklr \uljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr= N prnbutn bl olssl k bl vkanifblbk bk uo inrpn æ idlolbn quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr nu lpkjls quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn bn inrpn. L quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn bk uo inrpn rïgfbn rïgfbn bk olssl o onvkjbn-sk jl vkanifblbk S S æ æ oS .
Ykgujbl akf bk Jkwtnj= L likakrlçén bk bk uo inrpn æ prnpnrifnjla à cnrçl rksuatljtk quk lgk snhrk kak, k æ fjvkrslokjtk prnpnrifnjla prnpnrifnjla à sul olssl, laæo bk quk l tlxl bk vlrflçén bl quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn bk uo inrpn æ fgula l cnrçl rksuatljtk quk lgk snhrk n inrpn.
Prfjiïpfn bk injskrvlçén bl quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn= L quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn bk uo sfstkol pkroljkik injstljtk quljbn l cnrçl rksuatljtk quk lgk snhrk kak æ zkrn k, lssfo, l quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn bk tla sfstkol æ injskrvlbl.
\uljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr= Ko okièjfil bns caufbns, l skgujbl akf bk Jkwtnj gkrlaokjtk æ idlolbl bk kqulçén bl quljtfblbk bk onvfokjtn afjklr.
Injskrvlçén bk Kjkrgfl N prfjiïpfn bk injskrvlçén bl kjkrgfl (hlaljçn bk kjkrgfl)= L kjkrgfl trljsckrfbl bk nu plrl uo sfstkol burljtk uo prnikssn æ fgula l vlrflçén bl kjkrgfl injtfbl jn sfstkol. Kjkrgfl pnbk skr trljsckrfbl bk nu plrl uo sfstkol ckidlbn pnr ilanr nu trlhladn. Snauoks bk injtrnak tlohæo kvnavko trljsckríjifl bk kjkrgfl pnr okfn bk ksinlokjtn bk olssl.
tlxls tntlfs bk trljsckríjifl bk kjkrgfl plrl bkjtrn k plrl cnrl bn vnauok bk injtrnak. tlxl bk vlrflçén bk kjkrgfl bkjtrn bls crnjtkfrls bn vnauok bk injtrnak. Ko okièjfil bns caufbns, gkrlaokjtk afoftlons jnssl injsfbkrlçén lpkjls às cnrols okièjfils bk kjkrgfl.
;’8 ■ INJYKXSLÇÉN BK OLYYL Injskrvlçén bk olssl= Injsfbkrlons olssl k kjkrgfl prnprfkblbks injskrvlbls, jén pnbko skr irflbls nu bkstruïbls burljtk uo prnikssn. Yfstkols ckidlbn = L olssl bk uo sfstkol pkroljkik injstljtk burljtk uo prnikssn. Snauoks bk injtrnak= Olssl pnbk iruzlr ls crnjtkfrls k, lssfo, bkvkons injtrnalr l quljtfblbk bk olssl quk kjtrl k slf bkaks.
Olssl æ injskrvlbl okson burljtk rklçûks quïofils. Olssl o k kjkrgfl K pnbko skr injvkrtfbls uol jl nutrl i æ l vkanifblbk bl auz jn vìiun, i ? 8,6676<04 o/s L vlrflçén bl olssl olssl bkvfbn à vlrflçén bl kjkrgfl kjkrgfl æ fjsfgjfcfiljtk. fjsfgjfcfiljtk.
Slzûks bk Olssl k Snauok Slzén bk olssl= L quljtfblbk bk olssl quk ksinl ltrlvæs bk uol skçén trljsvkrsla pnr ujfblbk bk tkopn. Slzén bk olssl bfckrkjifla
Cujçûks pnjtulfs tko bfckrkjiflfs kxltls
Cujçûks bk ilofjdn tko bfckrkjiflfs fjkxltls L vkanifblbk jnrola jnrola S j plrl uol supkrcïifk æ l inopnjkjtk bl vkanifblbk pkrpkjbfiualr à supkrcïifk.
Skanifblbk oæbfl=
Slzén bk olssl=
L vkanifblbk oæbfl oæbfl S okb æ bkcfjfbl inon l vkanifblbk ksilalr oæbfl ltrlvæs bk uol skçén trljsvkrsla.
Slzén vnauoætrfil=
L vlzén ko vnauok æ n vnauok bk caufbn ksinljbn ltrlvæs bk uol skçén trljsvkrsla pnr ujfblbk bk tkopn.
Prfjiïpfn bk Injskrvlçén bk Olssl N prfjiïpfn bk injskrvlçén bk olssl plrl uo vnauok bk injtrnak= injtrnak = L trljsckríjifl trljsckríjifl tntla bk olssl plrl bkjtrn nu plrl cnrl bk uo vnauok bk injtrnak burljtk uo fjtkrvlan bk tkopn t æ t æ fgula l vlrflçén tntla (luokjtn nu bfofjufçén) bl olssl tntla bkjtrn bn vnauok bk injtrnak burljtk t . Nu skml=
vlzûks tntlfs bk olssl plrl bkjtrn k plrl cnrl bn vnauok bk injtrnak. tlxl bk vlrflçén bk olssl bkjtrn bls crnjtkfrls bn vnauok bk injtrnak.
Hlaljçn bk olssl æ lpafiìvka l qulaqukr vnauok bk injtrnak plssljbn pnr qulaqukr tfpn bk prnikssn.
Prfjiïpfn bk injskrvlçén bk olssl plrl uol hljdkfrl inouo.
N vnauok bk injtrnak bfckrkjifla bS bS k k l supkrcïifk bk injtrnak bfckrkjifla bL uslbls jl bkbuçén bl rkalçén bk injskrvlçén bk olssl.
L tlxl bk vlrflçén jn tkopn tkopn bl olssl bkjtrn bn vnauok bk injtrnak olfs l vlzén tntla bk olssl ltrlvæs bl supkrcïifk bk injtrnak æ fgula l zkrn.
L kqulçén kqulçén bl injskrvlçén bk olssl æ nhtfbl pkal suhstftufçén bk H jn tknrkol bk trljspnrtk bk Xkyjnabs pkal olssl o, k h pnr < (o (o pnr ujfblbk bk olssl ? o/o ? <).
[ol supkrcïifk bk injtrnak bkvk skr skoprk skakifnjlbl jnrola ln ksinlokjtn ko tnbns ns anilfs njbk iruzlr n ksinlokjtn bn caufbn plrl kvftlr inopafilçûks.
Snauoks bk Injtrnak Oùvkfs nu Bkcnroìvkfs Bkcnroì vkfs
Hlaljçn bk Olssl plrl Prnikssns ino Ksinlokjtn Kstlifnjìrfn Burljtk uo prnikssn bk ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn, l quljtfblbk tntla bk olssl bkjtrn bk uo vnauok bk injtrnak jén sk latkrl ino n tkopn (o (oSI ? injstljtk). Lssfo, n prfjiïpfn bl injskrvlçén bk olssl kxfgk quk l quljtfblbk tntla bk olssl quk kjtrl ko uo vnauok bk injtrnak skml fgula l quljtfblbk tntla bk olssl quk slf bkak.
Plrl prnikssns bk ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn, kstlons fjtkrksslbns jl quljtfblbk bk olssl quk ksinl pnr ujfblbk bk tkopn, fssn æ, jl vlzén bk olssl ( ̇ ).
Oýatfpals kjtrlbls k slïbls Inrrkjtk ýjfil Ouftns bfspnsftfvns bk kjgkjdlrfl inon hnilfs, bfcusnrks, turhfjls, inoprkssnrks k hnohls kjvnavko uol ýjfil inrrkjtk (lpkjls uol kjtrlbl k uol slïbl). N prfjiïpfn bk injskrvlçén bk olssl plrl uo sfstkol bk ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn ino buls kjtrlbls k uol slïbl.
Ilsn Kspkifla= Ksinlokjtn Fjinoprkssïvka Ls rkalçûks bk injskrvlçén injskrvlçén bk olssl pnbko skr sfopafcfilbls sfopafcfilbls lfjbl lfjbl olfs quljbn n caufbn æ fjinoprkssïvka, n quk gkrlaokjtk linjtkik jn ilsn bns aïqufbns.
Kstlifnjìrfn fjinoprkssïvka Kstlifnjìrfn fjinoprkssïvka (inrrkjtk ýjfil) Jén kxfstk lagn inon n prfjiïpfn bl ‑ injskrvlçén bn vnauok‟. vnauok‟. Plrl ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn bk aïqufbns, ls vlzûks bk vnauok k ls vlzûks bk olssl, pkroljkiko injstljtks, uol vkz quk ns aïqufbns sén suhstèjifls ksskjiflaokjtk ksskjiflaokjtk fjinoprkssïvkfs. Burljtk uo prnikssn ino ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn, ls vlzûks bk vnauok jén sén jkiksslrflokjtk injskrvlbls, kohnrl ls vlzûks bk olssl skmlo.
;’9 ■ KJKXGFL OKIÈJFIL K KCFIFÍJIFL Kjkrgfl okièjfil= L cnrol bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfl quk pnbk skr injvkrtfbl bfrktl k inopaktlokjtk ko trlhladn okièjfin pnr uo bfspnsftfvn okièjfin fbkla inon, pnr kxkopan, uol turhfjl fbkla. Kjkrgfl okièjfil bk uo caufbn ko ksinlokjtn pnr ujfblbk bk olssl= kjkrgfl bn ksinlokjtn + kjkrgfl ifjætfil + kjkrgfl pntkjifla. Slrflçén bl kjkrgfl okièjfil=
• L kjkrgfl okièjfil bk uo caufbn jén jén oubl burljtk burljtk n ksinlokjtn ksinlokjtn sk sul prkssén, bkjsfblbk, vkanifblbk k kakvlçén pkroljkiko injstljtks. •
Jl lusíjifl bk pkrbls, l vlrflçén bl kjkrgfl okièjfil rkprkskjtl n trlhladn okièjfin cnrjkifbn ln caufbn (sk kokid : 0) nu kxtrlïbn bn caufbn (sk kokid 1 0).
L kjkrgfl okièjfil æ uo injikftn ýtfa plrl ksinlokjtns ksinlokjtns quk jén kjvnavko trljsckríjifl bk ilanr nu injvkrsén bk kjkrgfl sfgjfcfiltfvls, inon n ksinlokjtn bk glsnafjl bk uo tljquk suhtkrrèjkn plrl uo ilrrn.
L kjkrgfl okièjfil okièjfil æ faustrlbl pnr uol uol turhfjl dfbrìuafil dfbrìuafil fbkla linpalbl linpalbl l uo gkrlbnr fbkla. Jl lusíjifl bk pkrbls frrkvkrsïvkfs, l kjkrgfl oìxfol prnbuzfbl æ prnpnrifnjla (l) l latkrlçén jl kakvlçén bl supkrcïifk bl ìgul bn rkskrvltùrfn l onjtljtk plrl n rkskrvltùrfn l musljtk nu (h) (vfstl prùxfol) l qukbl bk prkssén bl ìgul lpkjls kjtrk l onjtljtk k l musljtk bl turhfjl.
L kjkrgfl okièjfil jl plrtk fjckrfnr fjckrfnr bk uo injtífjkr æ fgula à kjkrgfl okièjfil ko qulaqukr prncujbfblbk, fjiaufjbn l supkrcïifk afvrk bn injtífjkr.
Rrlhladn bk kfxn= L kfxn= L trljsckríjifl bl kjkrgfl kjkrgfl okièjfil, ko gkrla, æ rklafzlbl rklafzlbl pnr uo kfxn rntltfvn, pnrtljtn, n trlhladn okièjfin æ qulsk skoprk idlolbn bk trlhladn bk kfxn. kfxn.
[ol hnohl nu uo vkjtfalbnr rkikhko n trlhladn bk kfxn (gkrlaokjtk bk uo ontnr kaætrfin) k n trljsckrko plrl n caufbn inon kjkrgfl okièjfil (okjns pkrbls pnr ltrftn).
[ol turhfjl injvkrtk l kjkrgfl okièjfil bk uo caufbn ko trlhladn bk kfxn.
Kcfifíjifl okièjfil bk uo bfspnsftfvn nu prnikssn N grlu bk pkrckfçén bn prnikssn bk injvkrsén kjtrk n trlhladn okièjfin cnrjkifbn nu kxtrlïbn k l kjkrgfl okièjfil bn caufbn æ kxprkssn pkal kcfifíjifl bl hnohl k pkal kcfifíjifl bl turhfjl.
L kcfifíjifl okièjfil bk uo vkjtfalbnr æ l rlzén kjtrk l kjkrgfl ifjætfil bn lr jl slïbl bn vkjtfalbnr k l pntíjifl okièjfil cnrjkifbl.
Kcfifíjifl bn ontnr= Kcfifíjifl bn gkrlbnr= Kcfifíjifl inohfjlbl Hnohl-Ontnr= Kcfifíjifl inohfjlbl Rurhfjl-Gkrlbnr= Rurhfjl-Gkrlbnr=
L kcfifíjifl ganhla bk uol inohfjlçén turhfjl-gkrlbnr æ n prnbutn kjtrk l kcfifíjifl bl turhfjl k l kcfifíjifl bn gkrlbnr, k rkprkskjtl l crlçén bl pntíjifl okièjfil bn caufbn injvkrtfbl ko kjkrgfl kaætrfil.
Ls kcfifíjifls bkcfjfbls bkcfjfbls vlrflo kjtrk 0 k <00%. 0% inrrkspnjbk à injvkrsén bk tnbl kjkrgfl kaætrfil nu okièjfil cnrjkifbl ko kjkrgfl tærofil, k n bfspnsftfvn jkssk ilsn cujifnjl inon uo lqukikbnr pnr rksfstíjifl. <00% inrrkspnjbk ln ilsn bk uol injvkrsén pkrckftl sko ltrftn nu frrkvkrsfhfafblbks, k pnrtljtn jén ninrrk jkjduol injvkrsén bk kjkrgfl okièjfil nu kaætrfil ko kjkrgfl tærofil (sko pkrbls). Plrl sfstkols quk kjvnavko lpkjls cnrols okièjfils bk kjkrgfl k sul trljsckríjifl inon trlhladn bk kfxn, kfxn , n prfjiïpfn bl injskrvlçén bk kjkrgfl æ=
K oki, pkrbl= L injvkrsén bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfl okièjfil plrl kjkrgfl tærofil bkvfbn l cltnrks frrkvkrsïvkfs inon n ltrftn. Ouftns prnhakols bk ksinlokjtn bk caufbns kjvnavko lpkjls cnrols okièjfils bk kjkrgfl k tlfs prnhakols sén snauifnjlbn snauifnjlbns s bk oljkfrl injvkjfkjtk ino n usn bn hlaljçn bl kjkrgfl okièjfil.
;’2 ■ L K\[LÇÉN BK HKXJN[AAF Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf= [ol rkalçén lprnxfolbl kjtrk prkssén, vkanifblbk k kakvlçén, vìafbl ko rkgfûks bk ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn fjinoprkssïvka njbk ls cnrçls bk ltrftn sén bksprkzïvkfs. Lpkslr bl sul sfopafifblbk, kstl kstl prnvnu skr uol ckrrlokjtl ouftn pnbkrnsl jl okièjfil bns caufbns. L lprnxfolçén bk bk Hkrjnuaaf æ gkrlaokjtk gkrlaokjtk ýtfa ko ko rkgfûks bk ksinlokjtn cnrl bls ilolbls-afoftk k kstkfrls, njbk n onvfokjtn bn caufbn æ gnvkrjlbn pkans kckftns inohfjlbns bls cnrçls bk prkssén k grlvfblbk. L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf æ uol kqulçén lprnxfolbl quk æ vìafbl lpkjls ko rkgfûks bk ksinlokjtn jén vfsinsn, njbk ls cnrçls vfsinsls rksuatljtks sén bksprkzïvkfs sk inoplrlbls às cnrçls bk fjærifl, grlvfblbk nu prkssén. Rlfs rkgfûks ninrrko cnrl bls ilolbls-afoftk k kstkfrls.
Likakrlçén bk uol Plrtïiual bk Caufbn Ko uo ksinlokjtn hfbfokjsfnjla, l likakrlçén pnbk skr bkinopnstl ko buls inopnjkjtks= likakrlçén jl bfrkçén bl afjdl bk inrrkjtk (l s ) ln anjgn bl afjdl bk inrrkjtk. likakrlçén jnrola (l j ) jl bfrkçén jnrola à afjdl bk inrrkjtk, quk æ blbl pnr lj ? S 8/X . L likakrlçén jl bfrkçén bl afjdl bk inrrkjtk ninrrk bkvfbn l uol vlrflçén bl vkanifblbk ln anjgn bl afjdl bk inrrkjtk, kjquljtn l likakrlçén jnrola æ bkvfbn l uol oubljçl jl bfrkçén. Plrl plrtïiuals quk sk onvko ln anjgn bk uol trlmktùrfl rktl, lj ? 0 uol vkz quk n rlfn bl iurvlturl æ fjcfjftn fjcf jftn k pnrtljtn jén dì vlrflçén jl bfrkçén. L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf bkinrrk bk uo hlaljçn bk cnrçl ln anjgn bk uol afjdl bk inrrkjtk.
L likakrlçén likakrlçén jn ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn æ bkvfbn à vlrflçén bl vkanifblbk ino l pnsfçén.
Burljtk n ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn, uo caufbn jén pnbk likakrlr jn tkopn ko uo pnjtn cfxn, ols pnbk likakrlr jn ksplçn.
Bkbuçén bl Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf
Ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn
Ls cnrçls quk ltulo ltulo snhrk uol plrtïiual bk caufbn ln anjgn bk uol afjdl bk inrrkjtk. L snol bls bls kjkrgfls ifjætfil, pntkjifla k bk ksinlokjtn bk uol plrtïiual bk caufbn æ injstljtk ln anjgn bk uol afjdl bk inrrkjtk burljtk uo ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn quljbn ns kckftns bl inoprkssfhfafblbk k bn ltrftn sén bksprkzïvkfs.
Ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn, fjinoprkssïvka
L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf kjtrk bnfs pnjtns qulfsqukr jl oksol afjdl bk inrrkjtk
L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf æ bkbuzfbl supnjbn uo ksinlokjtn fjinoprkssïvka k pnrtljtn, jén bkvk skr uslbl plrl ksinlokjtns ino kckftns bk inoprkssfhfafblbk sfgjfcfiltfvns.
• L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf pnbk skr vfstl inon n ‑ prfjiïpfn prfjiïpfn bl injskrvlçén injskrvlçén bl kjkrgfl okièjfil.‟ okièjfil.‟ •
Kal æ kqufvlakjtk ln prfjiïpfn gkrla bl injskrvlçén bk kjkrgfl plrl ns sfstkols quk jén kjvnavko injvkrsén kjtrk kjkrgfl okièjfil k kjkrgfl tærofil, njbk ls kjkrgfls okièjfil k tærofil sén injskrvlbls skplrlblokjtk skplrlblokjtk..
• L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf lcfrol quk quk burljtk L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf uo ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn ino ltrftn lcfrol quk l snol bls bksprkzïvka, ls bfvkrsls cnrols bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfls ifjætfil, pntkjifla okièjfil sén injvkrtfbls kjtrk sf, ols k bk ksinlokjtn (tnbls pnr sul snol pkroljkik injstljtk. ujfblbk bk olssl) bk uol • Jén dì bfssfplçén bk kjkrgfl okièjfil plrtïiual bk caufbn æ burljtk tlfs ksinlokjtns, pnfs jén dì injstljtk ln anjgn bk uol ltrftn quk injvkrtl kjkrgfl okièjfil ko afjdl bk inrrkjtk burljtk n kjkrgfl tærofil skjsïvka (fjtkrjl). ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn. • L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf æ inouokjtk inouokjtk uslbl jl prìtfil, pnfs uol vlrfkblbk bk prnhakols prìtfins bk ksinlokjtn caufbn pnbk skr ljlafslbl ino kxltfbén rlznìvka.
Hlaljçn bk Cnrçls Rrljsvkrsla às Afjdls bk Inrrkjtk N hlaljçn bk cnrçls jl bfrkçén j jnrola à afjdl bk inrrkjtk rksuatl jl skgufjtk rkalçén quk sk lpafil trljsvkrslaokjtk às afjdls bk inrrkjtk plrl uo ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn k fjinoprkssïvka.
Plrl uo ksinlokjtn ln anjgn bk uol afjdl rktl, X ↘ k l kqulçén æ rkbuzfbl plrl P / + gz ? injstljtk nu P ? gz gz + injstljtk,, uol kxprkssén bl vlrflçén bl injstljtk prkssén dfbrnstìtfil ino l bfstèjifl vkrtfila ko uo inrpn bk caufbn kstlifnjìrfn. L prkssén bfofjuf bfofjuf jl bfrkçén bn ikjtrn bk iurvlturl quljbn ls afjdls bk inrrkjtk sén iurvls (l) (l),, ols l vlrflçén bl prkssén ino l kakvlçén ko uo ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn k fjinoprkssïvka ln anjgn bk uol afjdl rktl (h) æ l oksol quk ko uo caufbn kstlifnjìrfn.
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Ksinlokjtn Inoprkssïvka jén Kstlifnjìrfn L kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf plrl ksinlokjtn inoprkssïvka jén kstlifnjìrfn=
Prkssûks Kstìtfil, Bfjèofil k bk Kstlgjlçén Ls kjkrgfls ifjætfil ifjætfil k pntkjifla bk uo caufbn pnbko pnbko skr injvkrtfbls ko kjkrgfl bk ksinlokjtn (k vfik vkrsl) burljtk n ksinlokjtn, ilusljbn vlrflçén bl prkssén. Ouatfpafiljbn l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pkal bkjsfblbk ( ό) ό) , tkons=
P æ l prkssén kstìtfil= jén fjinrpnrl jkjduo kckftn bfjèofin5 rkprkskjtl l prkssén tkronbfjèofil rkla bn caufbn. Kssl prkssén æ fgula àqukal uslbl ko tkronbfjèofil k jls tlhkals bk prnprfkblbk. S 8 /8 æ l prkssén bfjèofil= bfjèofil= rkprkskjtl n luokjtn bk prkssén quljbn n caufbn ko onvfokjtn æ plrlbn bk cnrol fskjtrùpfil. gz æ l prkssén dfbrnstìtfil= jén æ uol prkssén jn skjtfbn rkla, uol vkz quk sku vlanr bkpkjbk bn jïvka bk rkckríjifl skakifnjlbn5 rkprkskjtl ns kckftns jl laturl, nu skml, bn pksn bn caufbn jl prkssén.
Prkssén tntla= l snol bls prkssûks kstìtfil, bfjèofil k dfbrnstìtfil. Pnrtljtn l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf lcfrol quk l prkssén tntla ln anjgn anjgn bk uol afjdl afjdl bk inrrkjtk æ injstljtk. injstljtk.
kstìtfil k bfjèofil. Xkprkskjtl Xkprkskjtl l Prkssén bk kstlgjlçén= L snol bls prkssûks kstìtfil prkssén jn pnjtn njbk n caufbn æ plrlbn tntlaokjtk bk cnrol fskjtrùpfil.
Bktladk bk uol snjbl kstìtfil bk Pftnt, onstrljbn n nrfcïifn bk prkssén bk kstlgjlçén k bnfs bns ifjin nrfcïifns ifriujckrkjiflfs bk prkssén kstìtfil.
Ls prkssûks kstìtfil, bfjèofil bfjèofil k bk kstlgjlçén okbfbls utfafzljbn
tuhns pfkznoætrfins.
L pkrcurlçén bksiufblbl bl tnolbl bk prkssén kstìtfil pnbk rksuatlr ko krrns bk akfturl bl prkssén kstìtfil. Afjdls bk kofssén prnbuzfbls pnr uo caufbn inanrfbn fjtrnbuzfbn l onjtljtk bk uo lkrncùafn. Inon n ksinlokjtn æ kstlifnjìrfn, ls afjdls bk kofssén sén fgulfs às afjdls bk inrrkjtk k bk trlmktùrfls. L afjdl bk inrrkjtk bk kstlgjlçén kstì olrilbl.
Afoftlçûks bn [sn bl Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf <. Ks Ksin inlo lokj kjtn tn kstl kstlif ifnj njìr ìrfn fn== L kqulçén kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf æ lpafiìvka lpkjls l ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn.
8. Ksinlo Ksinlokjtn kjtn ino kckftn kckftnss vfs vfsinsns insns bkspr bksprkzïv kzïvkfs= kfs= Ilbl ksinlokjtn kjvnavk laguo ltrftn, jén fopnrtljbn quén pkqukjn skml, k ns kckftns bk ltrftn pnbko nu jén skr bksprkzïvkfs.
9. Jk Jkjd jduo uo tr trlh lhla ladn dn bk kfx kfxn= n= L kqulçén kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf jén sk lpafil l uol skçén bk ksinlokjtn kjvnavkjbn uol hnohl, turhfjl, vkjtfalbnr, nu qulaqukr nutrl oìqufjl nu prnpuasnr, uol vkz quk tlfs bfspnsftfvns bkstrnko ls afjdls bk inrrkjtk k bkskjvnavko trnils bk kjkrgfl ino ls plrtïiuals bn caufbn. \uljbn kssks bfspnsftfvns kxfstko, l kqulçén bl kjkrgfl bkvk skr uslbl plrl akvlr ko injtl l kjtrlbl nu slïbl bn trlhladn bk kfxn.
2. Ksi Ksinlo nlokjt kjtn n fji fjinop noprks rkssïv sïvka= ka= L bkjsfblbk ό) æ injsfbkrlbl injstljtk jl bkjsfblbk ( ό) bkbuçén bl kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf. N ksinlokjtn æ fjinoprkssïvka plrl aïqufbns k glsks ino jýokrn bk Oltid okjnrks quk 0,9.
;. Rrlj rljsck sckríj ríjifl ifl bk ilanr ilanr bkspr bksprkzï kzïvk vka= a= L bkjsfblbk bkjsfblbk bk uo gìs æ fjvkrslokjtk prnpnrifnjla l tkopkrlturl k, pnrtljtn l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf jén bkvk skr uslbl ko skçûks bk ksinlokjtn quk kjvnavko vlrflçén sfgjfcfiltfvl bk tkopkrlturl, inon skçûks bk lqukifokjtn k rkscrflokjtn. r kscrflokjtn. kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pnbk 3. Ksi Ksinlo nlokjt kjtn n ln anjgn anjgn bk uol uol afjdl afjdl bk inrrk inrrkjtk jtk== L kqulçén skr lpafilbl ln anjgn bk uol afjdl bk inrrkjtk. Jn kjtljtn, quljbn uol rkgfén bn ksinlokjtn æ frrntlifnjla k frrntlifnjla k jén dì vnrtfifblbk jn ilopn bk ksinlokjtn, l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pnbk skr lpafilbl trljsvkrslaokjtk às afjdls bk inrrkjtk.
Ns kckftns bk ltrftn, trljsckríjifl bk ilanr k ns inopnjkjtks quk pkrturhlo l kstruturl bls afjdls a fjdls bk inrrkjtk bk uo ksinlokjtn, tnrjlo fjvìafbl l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf. Kal jén bkvk skr utfafzlbl ko jkjduo bns ksinlokjtns onstrlbns lquf. \uljbn n ksinlokjtn æ frrntlifnjla , l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pnbk skr lpafilbl kjtrk 8 pnjtns qulfsqukr ln anjgn bn ksinlokjtn (k jén lpkjls jl oksol afjdl af jdl bk inrrkjtk).
Afjdl Pfkznoætrfil (DGA) k Afjdl bk Kjkrgfl (KGA) Ino crkquíjifl æ injvkjfkjtk rkprkskjtlr n jïvka bk kjkrgfl okièjfil grlcfilokjtk usljbn laturls plrl clifaftlr l vfsulafzlçén bns bfvkrsns tkrons bl kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf. Bfvfbfjbn ilbl tkron bl kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pnr g tkons=
P / g æ l ilrgl bk prkssén= rkprkskjtl l laturl bk uol inaujl bk caufbn quk prnbuz l prkssén kstìtfil P . S 8 /8g æ l ilrgl bl vkanifblbk= rkprkskjtl l kakvlçén jkikssìrfl plrl quk uo caufbn ltfjml l vkanifblbk S burljtk l qukbl afvrk sko ltrftn. z æ l ilrgl bk kakvlçén= rkprkskjtl l kjkrgfl pntkjifla bk uo caufbn.
[ol cnrol latkrjltfvl bl kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf æ kxprkssl ko tkrons bk ilrgl inon= L inon= L snol bls ilrgls bk prkssén, vkanifblbk, k kakvlçén æ injstljtk ln anjgn bk uol afjdl bk inrrkjtk.
rkprkskjtl l snol bls Afjdl Pfkznoætrfil (DGA), P / g + z= L afjdl quk rkprkskjtl ilrgls bk prkssén kstìtfil k bk kakvlçén. rkprkskjtl l ilrgl Afjdl bk Kjkrgfl (KGA), P / g + S 8 /8g + z= L afjdl quk rkprkskjtl tntla bn caufbn. laturls bl KGA k DGA. Ilrgl Bfjèofil, S 8 /8g= L bfckrkjçl kjtrk ls laturls
L afjdl pfkznoætrfil pfkznoæ trfil (DGA) k l afjdl bk kjkrgfl (KGA) plrl l bksilrgl afvrk bk uo rkskrvltùrfn ltrlvæs bk uo tuhn dnrfznjtla ino uo bfcusnr.
Jntls snhrk l DGA k l KGA •
Plrl inrpns ko rkpnusn inon rkskrvltùrfns nu algns, l KGA k l DGA infjifbk ino l supkrcïifk afvrk bn aïqufbn.
• L KGA kstì skoprk l uol bfstèjifl bfstèjifl S 8/8g /8g lifol bl DGA. Kssls buls afjdls sk lprnxfolo à okbfbl quk l vkanifblbk bfofjuf k bfvkrgko à okbfbl quk l vkanifblbk luokjtl. •
Ko uo ksinlokjtn bn tfpn Hkrjnuaaf fbklafzlbn , l KGA æ dnrfznjtla k sul laturl pkroljkik injstljtk.
•
Plrl uo ksinlokjtn bk iljla lhkrtn, lhkrtn , l DGA infjifbk ino l supkrcïifk afvrk bn aïqufbn, k l KGA kstì l uol bfstèjifl S 8/8g /8g lifol bl supkrcïifk afvrk.
•
Jl slïbl bk uo tuhn, tuhn, l ilrgl bk prkssén æ zkrn (prkssén ltonscærfil) k, pnrtljtn, l DGA infjifbk ino l slïbl bn tuhn.
• L pkrbl L pkrbl bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfl okièjfil bkvfbn lns kckftns bk ltrftn (injvkrsén ko kjkrgfl tærofil) clz ino quk l KGA k l DGA sk fjiafjko plrl hlfxn jl bfrkçén bn ksinlokjtn. L fjiafjlçén æ uol okbfbl bk pkrbl bk ilrgl jn tuhn. [o inopnjkjtk quk gkrl kckftns bk ltrftn sfgjfcfiltfvns, inon uol vìavual, ilusl uol qukbl rkpkjtfjl jl KGA k jl DGA jlqukak anila. •
[o slatn lhruptn ninrrk jl KGA k jl DGA skoprk quk l kjkrgfl okièjfil æ lbfifnjlbl nu rkonvfbl bk uo caufbn (hnohl, turhfjl).
• L prkssén (oljnoætrfil) (oljnoætrfil) bk uo caufbn æ zkrn jns anilfs njbk l DGA fjtkrikptl n caufbn. L prkssén bk uol skçén bk ksinlokjtn lifol bl DGA æ jkgltfvl, k l prkssén bk uol skçén lhlfxn bl DGA æ pnsftfvl.
Ko uo ksinlokjtn bn tfpn Hkrjnuaaf fbklafzlbn, l KGA æ dnrfznjtla k sul laturl pkroljkik injstljtk. Kssk pnræo, jén æ n ilsn bl DGA quljbn l vkanifblbk vlrfl ln anjgn bn ksinlokjtn.
[o slatn lhruptn ninrrk jl KGA k jl DGA skoprk quk kjkrgfl okièjfil æ lbfifnjlbl ln caufbn pnr uol hnohl, k uol qukbl lhruptl ninrrk skoprk quk kjkrgfl okièjfil æ rkonvfbl bn caufbn pnr uol turhfjl. L prkssén (oljnoætrfil) (oljnoætrfil) bk uo caufbn æ zkrn jns anilfs njbk l DGA fjtkrikptl n caufbn k l prkssén æ jkgltfvl (vìiun) ko uol skçén bk ksinlokjtn quk kstì lifol bl DGA.
Kxkopan= Bksilrgl bk Ìgul bk uo Rljquk Grljbk
Kxkopan= Ìgul Lspkrgfbl jn Lr
Kxkopan= Xktfrljbn glsnafjl bk uo tljquk bk inohustïvka ino uo sfcén.
Kxkopan= Okbfçén bl vkanifblbk pnr uo tuhn bk Pftnt
Kxkopan= L kakvlçén bn nikljn ko vfrtubk bk uo curlçén
N nadn bn curlién Afjbl (<667 jn Nikljn Plifcfin, pkrtn bl Hlfxl Ilafcùrjfl) æ ialrlokjtk vfsïvka jkssl cntn pnr sltæaftk.
;’; ■ K\[LÇÉN GKXLA BL KJKXGFL
L prfokfrl akf bl tkronbfjèofil (prfjiïpfn bl injskrvlçén bk kjkrgfl)= L kjkrgfl jén pnbk skr irflbl nu bkstruïbl burljtk uo prnikssn5 kal sù pnbk oublr bk cnrol.
L vlrflçén bl kjkrgfl bk uo sfstkol burljtk uo prnikssn æ fgula ln trlhladn k l trljsckríjifl bk ilanr aïqufbns kjtrk n sfstkol k l sul vfzfjdljçl.
Rrljsckríjifl bk Kjkrgfl pnr Ilanr, \ Kjkrgfl tærofil= Ls cnrols skjsïvka k altkjtk bk kjkrgfl fjtkrjl, inon n ilanr .
Rrljsckríjifl bk ilanr= L trljsckríjifl bk kjkrgfl bk uo sfstkol plrl nutrn inon rksuatlbn bk uol bfckrkjçl bk tkopkrlturl. L bfrkçén bl trljsckríjifl trljsckríjifl bk bk ilanr æ skoprk bn inrpn bk tkopkrlturl olfs latl plrl àqukak bk tkopkrlturl olfs hlfxl.
Prnikssn lbflhìtfin= [o prnikssn burljtk n qula jén dì trljsckríjifl bk ilanr.
Rlxl bk trljsckríjifl bk ilanr= L tlxl bk vlrflçén bl trljsckríjifl bk ilanr jn tkopn.
L bfckrkjçl bk tkopkrlturl æ l cnrçl ontrfz bl trljsckríjifl bk ilanr ilanr.. \uljtn olfnr l bfckrkjçl bk tkopkrlturl, olfs latl l tlxl bk trljsckríjifl bk ilanr.
Rrljsckríjifl bk Kjkrgfl pnr Rrlhladn, W •
Rrlhladn= kjkrgfl trljsckrfbl lssniflbl l uol cnrçl lgfjbn pnr
•
uol bfstèjifl. [o pfstén quk snhk, uo kfxn gfrltùrfn k uo cfn kaætrfin quk iruzl l crnjtkfrl bk uo sfstkol kstén tnbns lssniflbns ino fjtkrlçûks bk trlhladn.
•
Pntíjifl= l tlxl bk rklafzlçén bk trlhladn ino n tkopn.
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Ontnrks bk lutnoùvkfs k turhfjls dfbrìuafils l vlpnr k l gìs prnbuzko trlhladn5 inoprkssnrks, hnohls, vkjtfalbnrks k ofsturlbnrks injsnoko trlhladn.
W kfxn N trlhladn trljsoftfbn pnr uo kfxn rntltfvn. W prkssén N trlhladn rklafzlbn pkals cnrçls bk prkssén snhrk l supkrcïifk bk injtrnak. W vfsinsfblbk N trlhladn rklafzlbn pkans inopnjkjtks jnrolfs k bk ifsladlokjtn bls cnrçls vfsinsls snhrk l supkrcïifk bk injtrnak. W nutrns N trlhladn rklafzlbn pnr nutrls cnrçls inon kaætrfil, olgjætfil k bk tkjsén supkrcfifla.
Rrlhladn bk b k Kfxn Rrlhladn bk kfxn L pntíjifl trljsoftfbl trljsoftfbl ltrlvæs bk uo kfxn æ n trlhladn kxkiutlbn kxkiutlbn pkan kfxn pnr ujfblbk bk tkopn
L trljsofssén bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfl ltrlvæs bk uo kfxn rntltfvn æ uol sftulçén inouo kjinjtrlbl jl prìtfil.
L pntíjifl trljsoftfbl trljsoftfbl pnr okfn bk uo kfxn gfrltùrfn æ prnpnrifnjla ln tnrquk bn kfxn k n jýokrn bk rkvnauçûks pnr ofjutn bn kfxn
Rrlhladn Xklafzlbn pnr Cnrçls bk Prkssén
L cnrçl bk prkssén lgfjbn snhrk (l ( l) l crnjtkfrl oùvka bk uo sfstkol ko uo ifafjbrn ino pfstén, k (h ( h) n bfckrkjifla bl ìrkl bk uol supkrcïifk bk uo sfstkol ino cnrol lrhftrìrfl.
L kqulçén bl injskrvlçén injskrvlçén bl kjkrgfl æ nhtfbl nhtfbl pkal suhstftufçén bk H jn tknrkol bk trljspnrtk bk Xkyjnabs pkal kjkrgfl K k h pnr k.
Ko uo tïpfin prnhakol bk kjgkjdlrfl, n vnauok bk injtrnak pnbk injtkr ouftls kjtrlbls k slïbls5 l kjkrgfl ksinl plrl bkjtrn ko ilbl kjtrlbl k ksinl plrl cnrl ko ilbl slïbl. L kjkrgfl tlohæo kjtrl jn vnauok bk injtrnak i njtrnak ltrlvæs bl trljsckríjifl aïqufbl bk ilanr k bn trlhladn aïqufbn bk kfxn.
;’3 ■ LJÌAFYK BK KJKXGFL KJKX GFL BK KYINLOKJRNY KYRLIFNJÌXFN L tlxl aïqufbl bk trljsckríjifl trljsckríjifl bk kjkrgfl kjkrgfl plrl uo vnauok bk injtrnak pnr trljsckríjifl bk ilanr k trlhladn burljtk uo ksinlokjtn kstlifnjìrfn æ fgula l bfckrkjçl kjtrk ns cauxns bk kjtrlbl k slïbl bk kjkrgfl pkan ksinlokjtn bk olssl.
Bfspnsftfvns bk inrrkjtk ýjfil=
[o vnauok bk injtrnak ino lpkjls uol kjtrlbl k uol slïbl k fjtkrlçûks bk kjkrgfl.
Ksinlokjtn fbkla (sko pkrbl bk kjkrgfl okièjfil)=
Ksinlokjtn rkla (ino pkrbl bk kjkrgfl okièjfil)= okièjfil) =
L kjkrgfl okièjfil okièjfil pkrbfbl pnr uo sfstkol ino ksinlokjtn bk caufbn rksuatl ko uo luokjtn bl kjkrgfl fjtkrjl bn caufbn k, pnrtljtn, jl kakvlçén bl sul tkopkrlturl.
[ol usfjl tïpfil tko juokrnsn tuhns, intnvkans, vìavuals, hnohls k turhfjls, tnbls ino pkrbls frrkvkrsïvkfs.
Kqulçén bl kjkrgfl ko tkrons bk ilrgl=
N grìcfin bn cauxn bk kjkrgfl okièjfil bk uo sfstkol ino ksinlokjtn bk caufbn kjvnavkjbn uol hnohl k uol turhfjl. Ls bfokjsûks vkrtfilfs onstrlo ilbl tkron bk kjkrgfl kxprkssn inon uol laturl bk inaujl kqufvlakjtk bn caufbn, nu skml, l ilrgl inrrkspnjbkjtk l ilbl tkron bl kqulçén ;-72 (safbk ljtkrfnr).
(;-72)
Ilsn Kspkifla= Ksinlokjtn fjinoprkssïvka sko bfspnsftfvn bk trlhladn okièjfin k ino ltrftn bksprkzïvka. \uljbn ls pkrbls bl tuhualçén sén bksprkzïvkfs, dì uol bfssfplçén bksprkzïvka bk kjkrgfl okièjfil ko cnrol bk kjkrgfl tærofil, k pnrtljtn dA ? koki pkrbl, pkrbl, tuhualçén tuhualçén /g ≋ 0. Bl oksol cnrol, dhnohl,u hnohl,u ? dturhfjl,k turhfjl,k ? 0 quljbn jén dì jkjduo bfspnsftfvn bk trlhladn okièjfin inon vkjtfalbnrks, hnohls, nu turhfjls. Lssfo l Kq. ;’72 sk rkbuz l=
Kssl æ l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf bkrfvlbl ljtkrfnrokjtk usljbn l Ykgujbl Akf bk Jkwtnj bn onvfokjtn. Lssfo, l kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf pnbk pnbk skr pkjslbl inon uol cnrol cnrol bkgkjkrlbl bl kqulçén bl kjkrgfl.
Cltnr bk inrrkçén bl kjkrgfl ifjætfil, L kjkrgfl ifjætfil bk uol inrrkjtk bk caufbn nhtfbl bk S 8/8 jén æ fgula à kjkrgfl ifjætfil rkla bl inrrkjtk bk caufbn, pnfs n qulbrlbn bk uol snol jén æ fgula l snol bns qulbrlbns bk suls inopnjkjtks. Kssk krrn pnbk skr inrrfgfbn suhstftufjbn n tkron bl kjkrgfl ifjætfil S 8/8 pnr S lvg8 /8 jl kqulçén bl kjkrgfl, njbk æ l cltnr bk
inrrkçén bl kjkrgfl ifjætfil. N cltnr bk inrrkçén æ 8.0 plrl uo ksinlokjtn alofjlr, k vlrfl kjtrk <.02 k <.<< plrl uo ksinlokjtn turhuakjtn ko uo tuhn rkbnjbn.
L bktkrofjlçé bktkrofjlçén n bn cltnr bk inrrkçén bl kjkrgfl ifjætfil usljbn l bfstrfhufçén rkla bl vkanifblbk S (r ) k l vkanifblbk oæbfl S lvg ko uol skçén trljsvkrsla.
Kxkopan= Gkrlçén bk Pntíjifl Dfbrkaætrfil bk uol Xkprksl
Kxkopan= Ksinadl bk uo Skjtfalbnr plrl n Xkscrflokjtn bn Lr ko uo Inoputlbnr Kqulçén bl kjkrgfl kjtrk 9 k 2
Kqulçén bl kjkrgfl kjtrk < k 8
Kxkopan= Hnohkljbn Ìgul bk uo Algn plrl [o Xkskrvltùrfn
Kqulçén bl kjkrgfl kjtrk < k 8.
Plrl l hnohl
Yuoìrfn • Fjtrnbuçén
Injskrvlçén bk Olssl
Injskrvlçén bl \uljtfblbk bk Onvfokjtn
Injskrvlçén bl Kjkrgfl
• Injskrvlçén bk Olssl
Slzûks bk Olssl k Snauok
Prfjiïpfn bk Injskrvlçén bk Olssl
Snauoks bk Injtrnak Oùvkfs nu Bkcnroìvkfs
Hlaljçn bk Olssl plrl Prnikssns ino Ksinlokjtn Kstlifnjìrfn
Ilsn Kspkifla= Ksinlokjtn Fjinoprkssïvka
• Kjkrgfl Okièjfil k Kcfifíjifl
• L Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf Hkrjnuaaf
Bkbuçén bl Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf
Hlaljçn bk Cnrçls Rrljsvkrsla às Afjdls bk Inrrkjtk
Ksinlokjtn Inoprkssïvka jén Kstlifnjìrfn
Prkssûks Kstìtfil, Bfjèofil k bk Kstlgjlçén
Afoftlçûks bn [sn bl Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf
Afjdl Pfkznoætrfil (DGA) Afjdl bk Kjkrgfl (KGA)
•
Likakrlçén bk uol Plrtïiual bk Caufbn
Lpafilçûks bl Kqulçén bk Hkrjnuaaf
Kqulçén Gkrla bl Kjkrgfl
Rrljsckríjifl bk Kjkrgfl pnr Ilanr, \
Rrljsckríjifl bk Kjkrgfl pnr Rrlhladn, W
Rrlhladn bk Kfxn
Rrlhladn Xklafzlbn pnr Cnrçls bk Prkssén
• Ljìafsk bk Kjkrgfl bk Ksinlokjtns Kstlifnjìrfn
Ilsn Kspkifla= Ksinlokjtn Fjinoprkssïvka sko Bfspnsftfvn bk Rrlhladn Okièjfin k ino Ltrftn Bksprkzïvka
Cltnr bk Inrrkçén bl Kjkrgfl Ifjætfil,
