Port & Harbor Engineering Radianta Triatmadja Lecture note 2
Ship Movement • sway waying (s (swing wingiing), ng), • yawing (a. to swing back and forth across its course, as a ship pushed by high waves waves or b. to swing swing to the left or right on the vertical vertical axis axis so that the longitudinal longitud inal axis axis forms an an angle angl e with with the t he line of flight; flight ; esp., to rotate or oscillate about the vertical axis: said of a projectile, aircraft, spacecraft, etc.)
• pitching (to plunge or toss with the bow and stern rising and falling abruptly: said of a ship )
• rolling (due to wave) • heaving (moving up and down, due to wave) • squat (due to ship movement)
Ship Movement
Heaving and Squating swaying
yawing
Pitching
rolling
Harbor’s Main Facilities • Waterway The Waterway serve as the road for the vessel to enter the harbor. A harbor may be located in a shallower water than vessel’s draft. For this reason the area should be dredged for harbor basin. Consequently, to enable a vessel to arrive in the basin, certain area should be dredged connecting the basin with the deeper water. Waterway
Deeper water
Harbor basin
Harbor’s Main Facilities • Waterway The Waterway should be designed so that it performs well to serve the traffic. Some factors that may affect the ability of vessels to go through the channel chann el are as follows: foll ows: 2. Width Width (cha (channe nnell and and the ship) ship) 3. Length (cha (channe nnell and and the ship) ship) 4. Depth Depth (cha (channe nnel) l) Weight Weight (the ship), ship), 5. Spee peed (th (the e shi ship) p) 6. Wind 7. Waves
Waterway
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning
1. Waterway Waterway should allow safe safe and smooth smooth use use of ship movem movement. ent. 2. Waterway Waterway should be kept kept calm, calm, must must be provided provided with facilities facilities to prevent unwanted influence by waves. 3. Waterway Waterway should be facilitate facilitated d with facilities facilities to prev prevent ent sedime sedimentation ntation or otherwise regular maintenance is required. 4. Water Waterway ways s should should be designed designed so so that the slope slope is stab stable. le.
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning Lay out of waterway 1. Inters Intersec ection tion angle angle should should less less than than 30 30o 2. When When an an inter interse sect ction ion is > 30 30o, the centerline of the curve should be circular with R > 4 times the length of the ship. 3. The above above princ principles iples are are not not apply for for ships ships of high turning turning capabilit capability y such as motor boat, yacht, and if sufficient traffic control, marks and signals are provided.
R=4L
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning
< 30o
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning
> 30o
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning Lay out of waterway 1. It is better better to have have one long curve curve rather rather than many many short short curves curves.. 2. If dredging dredging can be done easily easily and relat relatively ively cheap, cheap, a straight straight waterwa waterway y is better.
R=4L
The Width of Waterway In designing the width of the Waterway, one should remember remember that • Waterway is not visible above water • waves and current may divert ships from their courses • changing the direction of a ship is not as easy as changing the direction of a car • It takes more time to change the speed of a ship
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Can you see any waterway ??
Ships navigat nav igation ion
o n i t c e r i d i n d W
Harbor
The Width of Waterway The above reason suggests that the width of a Waterway should be relatively wider than normal road needed for land transpo tr ansportation. rtation. In fact, in some reference the width of the channel is at least equals the length of the ship (which normally > 5 times the width). For comparison the width of two way traffic of land transportation is less than 8 m or less than twice that of normal vehicle. vehicle.
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning W idth of waterway waterway 1. Stan Standa dard rd wat water erwa way y (OCD (OCDI) I)
Length of Waterway Relatively long waterways
Waterways other than above
Condition of Navigation Navigation
Width
Ships pass each other frequently
2L
Ships pass each other infrequently
1.5 L
Ships pass each other frequently
1.5 L
Ships pass each other infrequently
L
Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning W idth of waterway waterway 1. Standard Standard water waterway way (comparison (comparison betwee between n OCDI OCDI and Per Per Brunn)
Length of Waterway Relatively long waterways
Waterways other than above
Normal L/B > 5
Condition of Navigation Navigation
Width
Ships pass each other frequently
2 L/ 7.6B
Ships pass each other infrequently
1.5 L
Ships pass each other frequently
1.5 L
Ships pass each other infrequently
L/ 4.8 B
Ratio between Width and Length of Bulk ships ) r e t e m ( h t g n e L p i h S
350 y = 7.5432x
300
R2 = 0.6607 0.6607
250 200 150 100 50 0 0
10
20
Ship Width (meter) (meter)
L>7B
30
40
50
Ratio between Width and Length of Passenger ships 350
) r e t e m ( h t g n e L p i h S
y = 8.46x
300
R2 = 0.7844
250 200 150 100 50 0 0
10
20
Ship Width (meter) (meter)
L>8B
30
40
Ratio between Width and Length of General Cargo ships 200 180
) r e t e m ( h t g n e L p i h S
y = 7.3719x
160
R2 = 0.6431
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
5
10
15
Ship Width (meter) (meter)
L>7B
20
25
30
• The Width of waterways according to Brunn is the minimum minim um requirement. For For design purpose use us e OCDI standard.
OCDI
Per Brunn
The effect of Wind Wind and Current • The Width of waterways according to Brunn is the minimum minim um requirement. For For design purpose use us e OCDI standard.
OCDI
Per Brunn
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning W idth of waterway. waterway. The cross section of waterway
Ship Sloping to ensure slope stabil stability ity
Width = B Should not be counted for Width (channel, ship), Length (channel, ship), Depth, Weight (ship), Speed (ship), Wind, Waves
Principle Principle of W aterway Planning Planning Design Des ign the layout of wate rway by consider considering ing minimal minimal dredging, ease and safety of navigation. The required width of the waterway 15 meter. The length of the largest ship is 200 m. (please note that there are many alternatives)
Water depth 5 10 15
h i p S 15 n g i o m 10 c I n
o n o i t c e e d i r harbor 200 m
5 Scale:
International • PIANC : Permanent International Association of Navigational Navigational Congresses Congresses
