Polochic Biología

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OLKMKJÀF Mf rcgfhhlød gc cstc mlork, cstuvk f hfrjk gcm cqulpk rcgfhtkr gcm LHC_. Mf fgfptfhlød y rcvlslød pfrf Juftc`fmf cstuvk f hfrjk gcm cqulpk rcgfhtkr gcm LJC_. 66 Fvcdlgf 65-73, Hlugfg Ducvf, zkdf ? Hlugfg gc Juftc`fmf. YOU> ?76? 2222 Bfx> ?76? 2:97 Hkrrck cmchtrødlhk> ljcrIljcr.cgu.jt ljcrIljcr.cgu.jt Yæjldf wco> www.ljcr.cgu.jt Cglhlød ?99< L`prcsk cd mks tfmmcrcs gcm LJC_

Høgljk> 9?-69-97-6

_cscrvfgks tkgks mks gcrcheks. Vucgf rljurksf`cdtc prkelolgf mf rcprkguhhlød tktfm k pfrhlfm gc cstc `ftcrlfm cguhftlvk, pkr hufmqulcr `cglk k prkhcgl`lcdtk, sld mf futkrlzfhlød gcm Ldstltutk Juftc`fmtchk gc Cguhfhlød _fglkbødlhf, LJC_. Xcjþd frtàhumk 7? gc mf Hkdstltuhlød Ykmàtlhf gc Juftc`fmf quc sc rcbcrc f mf futkràf.











































































Yrcscdtfhlød Cm `ftcrlfm quc fquà mc prcscdtf`ks, dfhlø hk`k mfs krcs quc fpfrchcd cd cm hf`ldk>

«Cm vlcdtk trfnk mf sc`lmmf, hfyø cd mf tlcrrf, vldk mf mmuvlf, orlmmø cm skm y mucjk dfhlø mf bkr. Fmjudfs skd okdltfs, ktrfs ùy ùy ldtcrcsfdtcs pcrk tfòlìd, ktrfs ùy hkùdcs.± Cm vlcdtk gc mks fhkdtchl`lcd fhkdtchl`lcdtks tks trfnk mf sc`lmmf gc mf ldqulctug, mf pmfdtø cd tlcrrf bìrtlm, orlmmø cm cdtuslfs`k, hfyø mf mmuvlf gc mfs lgcfs y dfhlcrkd mfs krcs. Olcdvcdlgk fm mlork gc Olkmkjàf huyk konctlvk prldhlpfm cs quc ustcg scf cm prktfjkdlstf gcm prkhcsk gc mf cdscöfdzf y fprcdglzfnc.. Cspcrf`ks quc nudtks pkgf`ks hkdstrulr cm hkdkfprcdglzfnc

hl`lcdtk quc dks pcr`ltf hfòlfr gc fhtltug y gcsfrrkmmfr, hfgf vcz `æs, cm pcdsf`lcdtk. Glvlglrc`ks cm cstuglk gc OLKMKJÀF cd mfs sljulcdtcs udlgfgcs. v

Sdlgfg L> Mf vlgf y sus prkhcsks prkhcsks Cd cstf udlgfg efrc`ks ud rchucdtk gc mks fspchtks elstørlhks gc mf Olkmkjàf efstf fmhfdzfr udf vlslød `kgcrdf gc mf `ls`f. Koscrvfrc`ks mks hf`pks gc cstuglk quc fofrhf y cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk quc utlmlzf. _chkdkhcrc`ks _chkdkhcrc`k s mks glvcrsks fpkrtcs y mf utlmlgfg gc mks glstldtks tlpks gc `lhrkshkplks quc sc efd usfgk pfrf mkjrfr mks fvfdhcs. Cstuglfrc`ks mks hk`pkdcd hk`pkdcdtcs tcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf y mf cstruhturf hcmumfr.

v

Sdlgfg LL> Wkgk cs tkgk











































































v

SDLGFG LLL> _cprkguhhlød y gcsfrrkmmk gc mks krjfdls`ks _cvlsfrc`ks mf rcprkguhhlød hk`k ud prkhcsk þdlhk gc mks scrcs vlvks. Glstldjulrc`ks cdtrc rcprkguhhlød scxufm y fscxufm. Gcstf Gcstf-hfrc`ks fmjudks fspchtks l`pkrtfdtcs gc mf rcprkguhhlød y gcm cqulmlorlk eu`fdk u ek`ckstfsàf. Ldtcrprctfrc`ks Ldtcrprctfrc`k s fmjudks fspchtks skorc mf jcdìtlhf y sus fvfdhcs.

v

Sdlgfg LR> Cvkmuhlød, Wfxkdk`àf y Olkglvcrsl Olkglvcrslgfg gfg _csu`lrc`ks mks fspchtks `æs jcdcrfmcs gc cstfs ærcfs gc mf Olkmkjàf tfmcs hk`k mfs cvlgcdhlfs gcm prkhcsk cvkmutlvk y fmjudfs gc mfs elpøtcsls skorc cm krljcd gc mf vlgf. _chkdkhcrc`ks _chkdkhcr c`ks cm hf`pk gc cstuglk gc mf Wfxkdk`àf y cm krgcd gc mks jrupks tfxkdø`lhks, fsà hk`k mks fpkrtcs echeks pkr Mlddck. Fgc`æs, gldstldjulrc` gldstldjulrc`ks ks mfs prldhlpfmcs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks rcldks hkd vlgf y gc fmjudks krjfdls`ks quc dks slrvfd hk`k cnc`pmks gc cmmks. Fsà hk`k mf uolhfhlød gcm scr eu`fdk cd cm rcldk fdl`fm y su dkòrc hlcdtàhk.

Cd sàdtcsls pkgc`ks gchlr quc cm mlork scræ udf oucdf ecrrf`lcdtf, pcrk dk kmvlgc quc cm prktfjkdlstf cs ustcg. Fm dfm gc hfgf tc`f cdhkdtrfræ cm rcsu`cd rcspchtlvk quc mc kbrchcræ udf vlslød hkdnudtf, pcrk sl`pmc, gc mks prldhlpfmcs fspchtks rcvlsfgks, fgc`æs mks cncrhlhlks mc pcr`ltlræd hk`prkofr su fprcdglzfnc cd rcmfhlød hkd fmjudks gc mks konctlvks. Yfrf kotcdcr ìxltk, cs l`pkrtfdtc udf oucdf mchturf mcht urf gcm tcxtk, mf rcvlslød gc mks rcsþ`cdcs, mf rcfmlzfhlød gc mks cncrhlhlks y mf hk`prkofhlød gc mks konctlvks. Hk`k ud rchursk `æs, mc kbrchc`ks ud jmksfrlk jmksfr lk quc hkdtlcdc tìr`ldks c`pmcfgks c`pmcf gks cd hfgf vkmu`cd, hkd cm fbæd gc quc pucgf hkdsumtfr y rcfr`fr fmjudks gc cstks hkdhcptks.











































































rrchtks, efhlcdgk usk gc mfs eknfs gc rcspucstfs quc fpfrchc fm dfm gc hfgf vkmu`cd. Bldfm`cdtc, tfòlìd efmmfræ mf olomlkjrfbàf, quc buc c`pmcfgf hk`k bucdtc pfrf mf prkguhhlød gc cstc `ftcrlfm. Gcscfdgk quc mf hkschef scf foudgfdtc, dks glspkdc`ks pfrf fhk`pföfrmk fhk`pföfrmk f trfvìs gc gc tkgf cstf cxpcrlcdhlf. cxpcrlcdhlf.

























































































































































Yrl`crf Sdlgfg MF RLGF \ XSX Y_KHCXKX

Dfturfmczf gc mf vlgf

”Wkgks ”W kgks ec`ks vlstk mf vlgf, dk dks fskòrf`ks fdtc mfs `fdlbcstfhlkdcs quc













































































Mks fdtljuks dfturfmlstfs cstuglfrkd f mks scrcs vlvks gcsgc cm pudtk gc vlstf gc mf Elstkrlf Dfturfm, cs gchlr, nudtk f mk dk vlvk k ldfdl`fgk, gc udf bkr`f `æs k `cdks `ctøglhf y cmfokrfdgk tckràfs mksøhfs. @kgcrdf`cdtc @kgcrdf`c dtc mf Olkmkjàf cs udf Hlcdhlf Cxpcrl`cdtfm. Cxpcrl`cdtfm. Mks cspchlfmlstfs usfd cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk. Efd `cnkrfgk mks ldstru`cdtks pfrf mf ldvcstljfhlød y hkdkhcd prkbudgf`cdtc mf `ftcrlf vlvf. Ykr tkgk mk fdtcrlkr, cd cstf prl`crf udlgfg rcvlsfrc`ks mks tc`fs sljulcdtcs>

Mf hìmumf y mfs sustfdhlfs gcm prktkpmfs`f L.

Mf Olkmkjàf.

LL.

Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàhk.

LLL. Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs. LR.. Cm `lhrkshkp LR `lhrkshkplk lk R.

Hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.

RL. Cstruhturf hcmumfr hcmumfr..













































































KONCWLRKX

6.6

Gcshrlolr huæm cs cm konctk gc cstuglk k hf`pk hf`pk gc ldtcrìs gc mf Olkmkjàf.

6.?

Cxpmlhfr cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk c`pmcfgk pkr mf Olkmkjàf y su l`pkrtfdhlf.

6.8

Gcshrlolr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf ldvcstljfhlød hlcdtàhf purf k oæslhf y mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf gc mf Olkmkjàf y mf l`pkrtfdhlf gc cmmfs pfrf mf vlgf `kgcrdf.

6.7

Hkdstrulr udf orcvc rcscöf elstørlhf skorc mks fpkrtcs echeks f mf Olkmkjàf, efstf mmcjfr f mf bkrùmfhlød gc mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

6.3

Cxpmlhfr mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

6.2

Hltfr fmjudks fpkrtcs pkstcrlkrcs f mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.

6.:

_cfmlzfr udf sàdtcsls skorc cm gcsfrrkmmk gc mf Olkmkjàf pkstcrlkr f mf ldvcdhlød gcm `lhrkshkplk.

6.5

Gcshrlolr mks glvcrsks `lhrkshkplks usfgks pkr mf Olkmk- jàf f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk, su budhlkdf`lcdtk c l`pkrtfdhlf cd cm gcsfrrkmmk gc csf hlcdhlf.

6.<

Gcshrlolr mfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs slhk-quà`lhfs gcm prktk - - pmfs`f.

6.69 Fdfmlzfr mfs budhlkdcs y hk`pkslhlød gc mfs glvcrsfs sustfdhlfs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf (hk`pkdcdtcs (hk`pkdcdtcs krjædlhks, fjuf y `ldcrfmcs). 6.66 Cxpmlhfr cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr pfslvk y fmjudks bcdø`c-













































































6.6: Cxpmlhfr mf glbcrcdhlf quc efy cdtrc mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs vcjctfmcs y mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs. 6.65 Gcshrlolr mf cstruhturf cstruhturf,, hk`pkslhlød y budhlød gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr, hltkpmfs`f y mfs glvcrsfs krjfdcmfs hltkpmfs`ætlhfs. 6.6< Fdfmlzfr mf cstruhturf y mf slkmkjàf gc mks glbcrcdtcs glbcrcdtcs hk`pkdcdtcs gcm dþhmck h cmumfr.

FHWLRLGFGCX FHWLRLGFGC X

6.

Hk`prucoc fmjudfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks hk`pkdcdtcs gc mf `ftcrlf vlvf.

?.

Cmfokrc `kgcmks gc fmjudks tlpks gc hìmumfs.

8.

Fdfmlhc mf Wckràf Hcmumfr.















































































L

Mf Olkmkjàf Mf hlcdhlf cs ud `ìtkgk pfrf kotcdcr hkdkhl`lcdtk fhcrhf

gc mks fdl`fmcs, mfs pmfdtfs, cm scr eu`fdk, mf tlcrrf, cs gchlr pfrf kotcdcr ldbkr`fhlød gc mf dfturfmczf. Mf Olkmkjàf cs cm cstuglk gc mf vlgf. Mf pfmforf Olkmkjàf sc glvlgc cd gks pfrtcs olk olk -- vlgf y mkjlf - cm cstuglk gc. Mf Olkmkjàf cs cs udf hlcdhlf quc quc trftf gc mf vlgf. Sdf hlcdhlf, pkrquc gcshuorc udf scrlc gc prkhcsks vltfmcs f trfvìs gc mf koscrvfhlød y mf cxpcrl`cdtfhlød. Cstks prkhcsks, gcsgc mks dlvcmcs `æs pcqucöks efstf mks dlvcmcs `æs jrfdgcs, ldhmuycdgk tkgfs mfs cstruhturfs cstruhturfs quc `fdlcstcd `fdlcstcd cstfr mljfgfs hkd cmmks. Mf Olkmkjàf cstfomchc hfrfhtcràstlhfs hfrfhtcràstlhfs prkplfs prkplfs gc mks scrcs vlvks gc fhucrgk hkd sus cstruhturfs y budhlkdcs1 budhlkdcs 1 hkd mks fnustcs k `chfdls`ks gc hkdtrkm quc mks `fdtlcdc `fdtl cdc cd cm `cglk cd cm hufm skorcvlvcd k quc mks cxtldjuc y hfrfhtcràstlhfs rcmfhlkdfgfs hkd sus fdhcstrks, k gc hfòlks prkguhlgks f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk.















































































Hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks Yfrf quc ud krjfdls`k sc `fdtcdjf vlvk,

rcqulcrc gcm

hkdsu`k gc jrfdgcs hfdtlgfgcs gc cdcrjàf. Mks prkhcsks quà`lhks pkr `cglk gc mks hufmcs mks scrcs vlvks rcfmlzfd mf hfpturf gc mf cdcrjàf, khurrcd f dlvcm hcmumfr y cd mf `fykràf gc mfs vchcs, cs sl`lmfr pfrf tkgks mks krjfdls`ks. _chkrgc`ks, pkr cnc`pmk, quc cm prkhcsk gc mf bktksàdtcsls cs bucdtc gc cdcrjàf prl`frlf gc tkgks mks scrcs vlvks y gcpcdgc gc mf muz skmfr. Mks `chfdls`ks gc hkdtrkm k rcjumfhlød gc mks scrcs vlvks gctcr`ldfd ktrf hfrfhtcràstlhf l`pkrtfdtc quc hkdkhc`ks hkd cm dkòrc gc

lrrltfolmlgfg1 ud cnc`pmk gc csf hfrfhtcràstlhf cs

hufdgk udf f`lof sc cdqulstf gcolgk f quc cm `cglk gcnf gc scr fgchufgk k hufdgk ud dlök mmkrf m mkrf pkrquc tlcdc efòrc y bràk. Cstks tlpks gc `chfdls`ks skd rcjumfgks cd fmjudks hfsks `cglfdtc cm slstc`f dcrvlksk, quc pcr`ltc fm krjfdls`k rcspkdgcr f mks cstàùmks gcm `cglk.















































































LL

Cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàbhk »Hø`k cdhkdtrfr rcspucstfs; Fmjudfs prcjudtfs k prkomc`fs quc sc efd pmfdtcfgk mks

olømkjks, fþd dk tlcdcd udf rcspucstf dfm y ùhefs ktrfs cstæd sunctfs f pkslomcs pkslomcs hfòlks, yf quc mf vlgf cs ud prkhcsk gldæ`lhk. Xld còfrjk, mks jrfdgcs fvfdhcs fvfdhcs gc mf Olkmkjàf `kgcrdf skd mf rcspucstf f ùhefs prcjudtfs rcsucmtfs. Fvfdhcs quc sc efd fmhfdzfgk pkr `cglk gc ud `ìtkgk k udf scrlc gc bfscs slstc`ftlzfgfs slstc`ftlzfgf s c`pmcfgfs pkr mks olømkjks. Mf fpmlhfhlød gcm `ìtkgk vfràf gc fhucrgk hkd hfgf sltufhlød, cs gchlr, dk pucgc scr udf rchctf gc hkhldf quc cm olømkjk gcsfrrkmmf pfsk f pfsk, sldk quc hfgf prkomc`f k ldvcstljfhlød `frhfræ mf pfutf scjþd scf dchcsfrlk. Cm `ìtkgk gc cstuglk c`pmcfgk pkr mf Olkmkjàf cs cm `ìtkgk hlcdtàbhk. Mk rcsu`lrc`ks gcshrlolcdgk udks hufdtks pfsks, fudquc















































































»Yfrf quì oushf`ks rcspucstfs; Mfs pcrskdfs cd cm ùdgk `kgcrdk efhc`ks usk præhtlhk gc mks hkdhcptks oæslhks gc mf Olkmkjàf Olkmkjàf pkrquc gcpcdgc`k gcpcdgc`ks s gc mks cspchlfmls tfs gc mf fjrlhumturf, gc mf `cglhldf, gc mf hkdscrvfhlød cspchlfmlstfs gcm `cglk y gc ùheks ktrks hf`pks. Mf cspchlfmlzfhlød gc ùhefs pcrskdfs cd mf `cglhldf, mf fjrlhumturf y mf hkdscrvfhlød gcm `cglk, hkdslstc prchlsf`cdtc, cd mf fpmlhfhlød gcm hkdkhl`lcdtk hkdkhl`lcdtk gc mf Olkmkjàf, Olkmkjàf, pkr `cglk gc mf hufm fyugfd f rcskmvcr mks m ks prkomc`fs olkmøjlhks quc fbrkdtfd mfs skhlcgfgcs `kgcrdfs, cdtrc cmmks, mf fml`cdtfhlød, mf sfmug, mf hkdtf`ldfhlød hkdtf`ldfhlød gcm `cglk (flrc, fjuf fjuf y ktrks). Xld còfrjk, ùheks gc cstks cstks prkomc`fs prkomc`fs fþd dk cstæd cstæd rcsucmtks. Gcoc`ks efhcr mf glbcrcdhlf cdtrc mf m f ldvcstljfhlød hlcdtàhf purf k oæslhf y mf ldvcstljfhlød fpmlhfgf. Sd olkquà`lhk, pkr cnc`pmk, sc ldtcrcsf pkr ud tlpk gc sustfdhlf quc mlocrfd hlcrtks ldschtks. Yrkplf`cdtc, mf ldvcstljfhl ldvcstljfhlød ød sc hkdhcdtrf cd ud bcdø`cdk slkmøjlhk, pcrk sld ldtcrcsfrmc su fpmlhfhlød præhtlhf. præhtlhf. Cm ldtcrìs gcm gcm olkquà`lhk cs mf hk`prcdslød hk`prcdslød















































































»Vuì mc pfrchc sl efhc`ks ud fmtk pfrf rccxlkdfr;

FMWK

6. »Hø`k sc pucgc gcdlr mf vlgf;

?. Hltc hldhk hfrfhtcràstlhfs gc mks scrcs vlvks.

















































































LLL Fpkrtcs prldhlpfmcs Fdtcs gc mf tckràf hcmumfr Mf supcrstlhlød y mf ljdkrfdhlf, ùhefs vchcs, bucrkd ofrrcrfs cd mf oþsqucgf gcm sfocr. sfocr. Csf sltufhlød sc supcrø hkd cm dfhl`lcdtk gc mf hlcdhlf, mf hufm glk sus prl`crks pfsks gcsgc mks kràjcdcs gc mf eu`fdlgfg.

































































































































































_cvlsc`ks fmjudfs bchefs v

Cd 659< Nufd Ofutlstf Mf`frha cxprcsø> ”Dldjþd hucrpk pucgc tcdcr vlgf, sl sus pfrtcs hkdstltutlvfs dk skd tcnlgk hcmumfr.‐

v

Cd 65?7 cm olømkjk brfdhìs Gutrkhect gcdlø, ”Wkgks mks tcnlgks krjædlhks skd cd rcfmlgfg hìmumfs jmkoumksfs cxtrc- `fgf`cdtc pcqucöfs, pcqucöfs, quc pfrchcd udlgfs sømk pkr sl`pmcs bucrzfs fgecslvfs1 pkr mk tfdtk tkgks mks tcnlgks y ørjfdks gc ud fdl`fm skd tcnlgk hcmumfr quc efd subrlgk `kglhfhlkdcs

glvcrsfs.‐

Mf`frha

















































































WCK_ÀF HCMSMF_ 6. Wkgk scr vlvk (fdl`fmcs, pmfdtfs y ofhtcrlfs ofhtcrlfs)) cstæ bkr`fgk pkr hìmumfs y prkguhtks hcmumfrcs. ?. Mfs hìmumfs ducvfs sc bkr`fd pkr glvlslød gc hìmumfs prccxlstcdtcs prccxlstcdtcs.. 8. Mfs fhtlvlgfgcs gc ud krjfdls`k skd mf su`f

gc mfs fhtlvlgfgcs c ldtcrfhhlkdcs gc sus udlgfgcs hcmumfrcs ldgcpcdglcd ldgcpcdglcdtcs. tcs.

















































































LR Cm `lhrkshkplk »Huæmcs skd mfs ecrrf`lcdtfs; Mf Olkmkjàf ljufm quc ktrfs hlcdhlfs rcqulcrc gc ldstru`cdtfhlød cspchlfmlzfgf pfrf mf ldvcstljfhlød. Krljldfm`cdtc,, cm ldstru`cdtk quc pcr`ltlø gfr mks prl`crks Krljldfm`cdtc pfsks f mf Olkmkjàf, buc cm `lhrkshkplk. Cm prldhlplk gcm `lhrkshkplk rfglhf cd mfs mcdtcs scdhlmmfs quc

sc usfrkd cd mf Cgfg @cglf.



















































































Cm `lhrkshkplk f trfvìs gcm tlc`pk v

Cd cm fök 899 f. H., Cuhmlgcs, `ftc`ætlhk jrlcjk, fgcmfdtø ldvcstljfhlkdcs skorc mfs supcrhlcs quc rccnfd konctks (cspcnks).



















































































v

Cd 629< Jfmlmck Jfmlmcl, ltfmlfdk, bforlhø cm prl`cr tcmcshkplk

pfrf koscrvfr cm Sdlvcrsk. v

Cdtrc 628? y 6:?8 cm ekmfdgìs Fdtkdy Rfd Mccuwcdekca, ldvcdtø ud `lhrkshkplk hkd mupfs quc usfof pfrf vcr mf hf -

mlgfg gc mfs tcmfs.



















































































Cm `lhrkshkplk øptlhk

L`fjcd

Khumfr L`fjcd



















































































?. Xkpkrtc k pfrtc `chædlhf> Xkstlcdc fm tuok øptlhk y efhc `æs hø`kgf mf koscrvfhlød.

Cm skpkrtc tlcdc ud plc `ctæmlhk gkdgc sc frtlhumf hkd ud orfzk1 cstc orfzk cs udf plczf `ctæmlhf gc bkr`f hurvf quc skstlcdc



















































































Sdf vcz echef mf prcpfrfhlød mf hkmkhf`ks cd mf pmftldf, gc bkr`f quc qucgc skorc cm krlhlk quc tlcdc cd su hcdtrk pfrf

pcr`ltlr cm pfsk gc mf muz. ?. Jlrf`ks cm glshk cd cm cm quc vfd `ctlgks `ctlgks mks konctlvks. konctlvks. C`pczf`ks pkr cm gc `cdkr pkgcr f`pmlhfgkr (cm `æs hkrtk).











































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Cstruhturf gc mf hìmumf fdl`fm y mf hìmumf vcjctfm Mks fdl`fmcs tfòlìd cstæd bkr`fgks pkr hìmumfs. Cd mks tcnlgks fdl`fmcs pkgc`ks koscrvfr hìmumfs. Ykr cnc`pmk, cd mks `þshumks, cd mks vfsks sfdjuàdcks, cd mf plcm y cd mks eucsks. Mfs hìmumfs gc mks fdl`fmcs sc glbcrcdhlfd bæhlm`cdtc gc mfs gc mks vcjctfmcs. vcjctfmcs. Mfs fdl`fmcs dk pksccd hmkrkpmfstks hmkrkpmfstks dl tf`pkhk mf jrucsf pfrcg hcmumfr quc scpfrf udfs hìmumfs gc ktrfs. Cm mà`ltc gc mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs mk hkdstltuyc ud df `còrfdf.

Fgc`æs, mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs dudhf tlcdcd csf jrfd vfhukmf quc cs brchucdtc cdhkdtrfr cd mfs vcjctfmcs.

Mf lmustrfhlød dks ldglhf mfs cstruhturfs hkùdcs f tkgfs mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs, yf sc trftc gc dcurkdfs, hìmumfs jmfdgumfrcs, ùshumfrcs, scxufmcs k gc ktrk tlpk. Xc glstldjucd cd mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs trcs hk`pkdcdtcs prld-











































































eknf

pmfdtf gc ùsjk

Eknf gc ùsjk vlstf fm `lhrkshkplk.

Hk`k cm ùsjk, tkgks mks vcjctfmcs cstæd hk`pucstks gc hìmumfs y pkgc`ks cdhkdtrfr glbcrcdhlfs cdtrc cmmfs.











































































f. @còrfdf hcmumfr Mf hìmumf cstæ rkgcfgf pkr udf ofrrcrf, cs mf `còrfdf hcmumfr y sømk pucgc scr gctfmmfgf hkd cm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk. Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr hu`pmc budhlkdcs ùy l`pkrtfdtcs, cdtrc cmmfs, scmchhlkdfr mk quc cdtrf k sfmc gc mf hìmumf, pkr csk gchl`ks quc pkscc mf hfrfhtcràstlhf gc scr scmchtlvf y sc`lpcr`cfomc. Xc ef pkglgk koscrvfr quc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cstæ hk`pucstf pkr trcs hfpfs, hk`k sl sc trftfrf gc ud pfd hkd brlnkmcs, cd cm quc mks màplgks cdvucmvcd udf hfpf gc prktcàdfs quc sc cdhucdtrf cdtrc cmmks.

»Ykr quì cs sc`lpcr`cfomc; Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs sc`lpcr`cfomc pkrquc pcr`ltc mf cdtrfgf y sfmlgf gc fmjudfs sustfdhlfs cd mf hìmumf. Gc cstf `fdcrf, pucgc hrchcr y `fdtcdcrsc hkd vlgf, tk`fdgk gcm `cglk k gcm











































































»Ykr quì cs scmchtlvf;

Mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs scmchtlvf pkrquc scmchhlkdf k cshkjc mfs sustfdhlfs quc pcdctrfd k sfmcd gc cmmf, scjþd sus dchcslgfgcs. Cd rcsu`cd, glrc`ks quc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cs mf cstruhturf gc mf hìmumf quc sc cdhfrjf gc rcjumfr cm trfdspkrtc k `kvl`lcdtk gc mfs sustfdhlfs quc cdtrfd y sfmcd. Fmjudfs vchcs, mf `còrfdf sc hkdvlcrtc cd udf ofrrcrf pfrf cm trfdspkrtc hcmumfr, pcrk gc cmmf gcpcdgc cd jrfd `cglgf, quc mf hìmumf pucgf hkdscrvfrsc vlvf.

Ktrf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtc hcmumfr Koscrvc`ks cm csquc`f sljulcdtc>

»Vuì hrcc ustcg quc rcprcscdtf cstc glounk; _cprcscdtf f udf f`lof hfpturfdgk cm fml`cdtk. Ìstf cs ktrf ktrf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtfr mfs sustfdhlfs sustfdhlfs f trfvìs gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr y sc gcdk`ldf bfjkhltksls. Yfrf cmmk mf f`lof bkr`f gks k `æs scugøpkgks, mks hufmcs rkgcfd ud trkzk gc fml`cdtk, prktkzkfrlk k ldhmusk ud pcqucök `ctfzkfrlk. Cm fml`cdtk, fsà rkgcfgk, qucgf ldhmulgk cd udf vfhukmf fml`cdtlhlf











































































Cd cm hfsk fdtcrlkr koscrvf`ks hø`k ud sømlgk gcoc ftrfvcsfr mf `còrfdf (bfjkhltksls), pcrk tfòlìd mf f`lof pucgc ldjcrlr màqulgks (pldkhltksls). Hufdgk mfs sustfdhlfs pcdctrfd mf `còrfdf hcmumfr sc glhc quc khurrc trfdspkrtc fhtlvk, cm hufm rcqulcrc jfstk gc cdcrjàf pkr pfrtc gc mf hìmumf. F mf bkr`f gc trfdspkrtc fhtlvk pcrtcdchcd mf foskrhlød gc mks fml`cdtks gljcrlgks cd cm ldtcstldk eu`fdk. Mf cxhrchlød gc mf krldf tfòlìd khurrc gc cstf `fdcrf. Cd mks vcjctfmcs mf `còrfdf hcmumfr cstæ rchuolcrtf pkr ktrf cstruhturf mmf`fgf pfrcg hcmumfr. Mf pfrcg hcmumfr prktcjc y gf rljlgcz f mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs.

o. Hltkpmfs`f Gctræs gc mf pfrcg hcmumfr cstæ mf `còrfdf y gcspuìs gc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr, efhlf cm ldtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf, cdhkdtrf`ks udf sustfdhlf hkmklgfm. Mf sustfdhlf hkmklgfm cs cm hltkpmfs`f. Cstæ mkhfmlzfgk cdtrc mf `còrfdf hcmumfr y cm dþhmck. Cd cm hltkpmfs`f sc pucgcd koscrvfr cstruhturfs cd bkr`f gc jktltfs, jrædumks, mf`cdtks k ofstkdhltks quc sc mmf`fd krjfdcmks hltkpmfs`ætlhfs. Fudquc skd ùy pcqucöfs, hu`pmcd

budhlkdcs vltfmcs pfrf mf hìmumf, hk`k sl sc trftfrf gc ørjfdks helqultltks quc sc hkdkhcd hkd cm dkòrc gc krjfdcmks hltkpmæs`lhks.













































































h. Cm rctàhumk rctàhumk cdgkpmfs` cdgkpmfs`ætlhk ætlhk F trfvìs gcm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk, sc ef pkglgk koscrvfr cd cm hltkpmfs`f udf scrlc gc `còrfdfs `còrfdfs quc sljucd ud ud rchkrrlgk vfrlfomc cd bkr`f gc tuoks pmfdks hk`k sl sc trftfrf gc gcks

gkomfgks quc rchkrrcd cm ldtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf. Cd fmjudfs schhlkdcs gc cstf `còrfdf, mf supcrhlc prc -

scdtf udf fpfrlcdhlf rujksf gcolgk f ud slddþ`crk gc hkrpþshumks fgecrlgks mmf`fgks rloksk`fs . Gcolgk f cstf hfrfhtcràstlhf, sc pucgc glbcrcdhlfr cm rctàhumk rujksk gcm rctàhumk mlsk, quc skd ktrfs schhlkdcs quc hfrchcd gc rloksk`fs. Mfs budhlkdcs gcm rctàhumk mlsk dk cstæd olcd gcdlgfs pcrk

sc hrcc quc tlcdcd rcmfhlød hkd mf schrchlød hcmumfr. hcmumfr. Fm rctàhumk hltkpmfs`ætlhk sc mc rchkdkhc, cd jcdcrfm, hk`k ud `cglk gc trfdspkrtc cdtrc mf `còrfdf duhmcfr y cm cxtcrlkr gc mf hìmumf.

g. Mks rloksk`fs Xkd pcqucöks jrædumks fgecrlgks fm rctàhumk cdgkpmfs`ætlhk1 mf budhlød quc hu`pmcd cs sl`lmfr f mf gcm ærcf gc prkguhhlød cd udf bæorlhf. Mks rloksk`fs skd udf cspchlc gc tfmmcrcs, gkdgc sc sldtctlzfd prktcàdfs k sustfdhlfs oæslhfs pfrf mf vlgf. Mks rloksk`fs skd pfrtàhumfs suo`lhrkshøplhfs quc glrljcd mf sàdtcsls gc mfs sustfdhlfs sustfdhlfs prktclhfs. Ykr csk cstæd prcscdtcs prcscdtcs cd tkgfs mfs hìmumfs. Cstæd hkdstltulgks cscdhlfm`cdtc cscdhlfm`cdtc pkr F_D













































































c. Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs Xc cdhucdtrfd cdhucdtrfd cd tkgfs mfs hìmumfs hìmumfs vlvfs. Fmjudfs tlcdcd bkr`f gc mf`cdtks, mf`cdtks, ofstkdcs k csbcrfs. csbcrfs. Cm dþ`crk y mf bkr`f

gc ìstfs cd mfs hìmumfs cs ùy vfrlfomc.

Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs trfdsbkr`fd hlcrtfs sustfdhlfs cd cdcrjàf `cglfdtc mf kxlgfhlød. Wfòlìd sc mc mmf`fd hkdgrlksk`fs. Cstæd bkr`fgfs pkr gks `còrfdfs, udf cxtcrdf mlsf y ktrf quc sc gkomf cd cm ldtcrlkr bkr`fdgk hrcstfs. Fgecrlgks f mfs hrcstfs cdhkdtrf`ks mks hltkhrk`ks huyf budhlød cs rcfmlzfr mf rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr fcrøolhf quc vl`ks fdtcs. Mfs `ltkhkdgrlfs hkdtlcdcd jrfd hfdtlgfg gc cdzl`fs, cdtrc cmmfs gcstfhfd mfs gc tlpk kxlgftlvk, cs gchlr, quc pcr`ltcd mks prkhcsks gc rcsplrfhlød hcmumfr (mlocrfhlød gc cdcrjàf).













































































b. Cm hk`pmcnk hk`pmcnk gc Jkmjl Jkmjl Wfòlìd sc gcdk`ldf fpfrftk gc Jkmjl. Xc uolhf hcrhf gcm dþhmck hcmumfr y su prldhlpfm budhlød cs mf gc fm`fhcdfr tc`pkrfm`cdtc mfs prktcàdfs sldtctlzfgfs pkr mks rloksk`fs cd cm rctàhumk cdgkpmfs`ætlhk. Dk sc mc cdhucdtrf cd mks cspcr`ftkzklgcs `fgurks, dl cd mks jmøoumks rknks.

Fpfrftk gc Jkjl

Ykgràf`ks hk`pfrfr cstf krjfdcmf hkd `ldþshumfs okgcjfs.

j. Mks mlsksk`fs mlsksk`fs Xkd udf cspchlc gc sfqultks quc hkdtlcdcd fmjudfs cdzl`fs gljcstlvfs. Xc pucgcd cdhkdtrfr cd mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs. Cd cmmks sc mkhfmlzfd fmjudfs cdzl`fs quc fyugfd f mf gcsldtcjrfhlød gc sustfdhlfs. Cd rcsu`cd pkgc`ks gchlr quc mks mlsksk`fs skd hkrpþshumks k hucrpks pcqucöàsl`ks quc hu`pmcd budhlkdcs gc gljcstlød hcmumfr.

Mlsksk`fs













































































khurrc mf bktksàdtcsls yf quc hkdtlcdcd hmkrkmf, cm plj`cdtk vcr-

gc, pkr cm hufm sc hfptf pfrtc gc mf cdcrjàf gc mf muz skmfr pfrf trfdsbkr`frmf cd cdcrjàf quà`lhf. F trfvìs gcm `lhrkshkplk cmchtrødlhk sc ef pkglgk koscrvfr hk`k udf cstruhturf mf`ldfr. Cd udf `ls`f hìmumf pucgcd hkdtfrsc efstf 699 hmkrkpmfstks. Ktrks pmfstlglks skd mks mcuhkpmfstks, mks hufmcs hkdtlcdcd fm`lgød y skd ldhkmkrks. Mks hrk`kpmfstks hkdtlcdcd sustfdhlfs hkmkrfdtcs (plj`cdtks) rcspkdsfomcs gcm hkmkr gc mfs krcs y gc mks brutks.

l. Mfs vfhukmfs Ktrks krjfdcmks hltkpmfs`ætlhks skd mfs vfhukmfs. Xc cdhucdtrfd hkd brchucdhlf cd mfs hìmumfs vcjctfmcs. Xkd sc`cnfdtcs f ourounfs gc flrc. Hu`pmcd fmjudfs budhlkdcs gc fm`fhcdf`lcdtk,, gc gljcstlød y gc cxhrchlød. fm`fhcdf`lcdtk Rfhukmf

n. Cm hcdtrksk`f hcdtrksk`f Cstc krjfdcmk sc cdhucdtrf cd cm hltkpmfs`f gc mfs hìmumfs fdl`fmcs y vcjctfmcs, vcjctfmcs, ùy hcrhf hcrhf gcm dþhmck. Cd ìm sc pucgcd pucgcd koscrvfr trfdsbkr`fhlkdc trfdsbkr`fhlkdcs. s.





























































Polochic Biología

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