PLANNING AND URBAN
HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT
Ancient Times Natural factors that affect the development and growth of urban areas: Potential for natural calamities (fire, flood, volcano eruptions, etc.) presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and other natural resources slope and terrain and other forms of natural defenses climate Innovations that influenced the development of the earliest cities - The plow and rectilinear farming. -Circular and radiocentric planning -for herding and eventually for defense
Precursor of Linear City. - Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
2000-4000 2000-4000 B.C. - Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia.
-Eridu: acknowledged as the oldest city. -Damascus: oldest continually inhabited city -Babylon: the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
3000 B.C. -Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley - characterized by monumental architecture -cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple plazas and tombs cut from rock
B.C-A.D. - Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land. Teotijuacan and Dzibilchatun were the largest cities.
-worker’s communi ties were built in cells along narrow roads
800 B.C. Beijing- founded in approximately same location it’s in today -present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
700 B.C.
GREEK CLASSICAL CITIES:
7000 – 9000 b.c.
NEOLITHIC CITIES Jericho: early settlement in Israel 9000b.c. -A well-organized community of about 3000 people -Built around a reliable source of freshwater -Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall -Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts followed
-“polis” : defined as a “city -state”. Most famous is the Acropolis- a religious and defensive structure up on the hills, with no definite geometrical plan -Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T) -Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities)
Khirokitia: early settlement in Cyprus 5500 b.c -First documented settlement with streets -The main street heading uphill was narrow but had a wider terminal, which may have been a social spot
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Catalhoyuk: early settlement in Turkey (Asia Minor) -Circa 7000 b.c. -Largest neolithic city 13 hectares; 10,000 people -An intricately assembled complex without streets -Included shrines and quarters for specialized crafts, production of paintings, textile, metal, etc. -Rested on a new rationale for the city at that time- trade
- Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region – westward to France and Spain
Tel-el-Amarna -An example of a typical Egyptian city with the following:
Central Area North Suburb South City Custom’s House Worker’s Village
2500 B.C. Indus Valley (present day Pakistan) Cities of Mohenjo Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa: -administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
400 B.C. -Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace) Miletus (ancient Greek city) 3 sections: for artisans,farmers, and the military
ROMAN CLASSICAL CITIES:
-archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and sewage systems, etc.
1900 B.C. Yellow River Valley of China -“land within the passes”.
Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy -Roman Forums the Republican and Imperial Forum
-Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public baths, utility systems, fountains, -Developed housing variations and other spaces:
BASILICA- covered markets; later, law courts CURIA- the local meeting hall; later, the capitol DOMUS- traditional Roman house; with a central atrium INSULAE- 3 to 6- storey apartments with storefronts
-Romans incorporated public works and arts into city designs -Romans as conquerors- built forum after forum MEDIEVAL AGES: -Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over Europe where growth revolved around
-Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns - Sienna and Constantinople: signified the rise of the Church Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced views of cathedrals or military fortifications 11th century towns in Europe: Coastal port towns many of these coastal towns grew from military fortifications, but expansion was limited to what the city c ould support -Mercantilist cities: continuous increase in size World trade and travel created major population concentrations like Florence, Paris, and Venice Growth eventually led to congestion and slums THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS:
15th Century France: display of power Arts and architecture became a major element of town planning and urban design - Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
VIENNA emerged as the city of culture and the arts- the first “university town” Landscape architecture showcased palaces and gardens
KARLSRUHE- (GERMANY) VERSAILLES -(FRANCE)
SETTLEMENTS IN THE AMERICAS 1. Medieval Organic City - taken after the “boug” (military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of the medieval ages 2. Medieval Bastide - taken from the French bastide (eventually referred to as “new towns”) - came in the form of grids or radial plans reflecting flexibility 3. The Spanish “Laws of the Indies” town - King Philip II’s city guidelines that produced 3 types of towns- the pueblo (civil), the presidio (military), and the mission (religious)
4. The English Renaissance - “the European Planned City” – ex. SAVANNAH (designed by JAMES OGLETHORPE), Charleston, Annapolis, and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson) - Today, Savannah is the world’s largest officially recognized historical district
The “Machine Age” - change from manpower to assembly lines
- 2 schools of thought- the “reform movements” and the “specialists” The reform movements: Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills, Manchester, England) Designed for 800 to 1200 persons With agricultural, light industrial, educational, and recreational facilities The “Owenite Communities”: New Harmony, Indiana, USA by Owens, Jr. Brook Farm, Massachusetts, by a group of New England Planners Icarus, Red River, Texas, by Cabet (eventually, Cabet joined the Mormons in laying out Salt-lake City, Utah) Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle ) Locational features may have been a precursor to modern zoning Ideas and theories adopted by Dutch Architect JJP Oud in the design of Rotterdam.
THEORIES AND PRACTICES The Garden Cities EBENEZER HOWARD – author of “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path To Social Reform”
-ANNAPOLIS
–Government bldgs. Were focal points of the plan, though a civic square was also provided . -WILLIAMSBURG - plan was anchored by the Governor’s palace, the state capitol, and the College of William and Mary
5. The Speculators Town - developments were driven by speculation - Philadelphia – designed by WILLIAM PENN
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
GARDEN CITY PLANS - cluster with a
mother town of 58,000 to 65,000 with smaller garden cities of 30,000 to 32,000 each with permanent green space separating the cities with the towns
The Garden City Association-
established by Howard in 1899
Letchworth: first Garden City designed
by Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker in 1902 -Consisted of 4,500 acres (3000 for agriculture,1500 for city proper) - Welwyn, 1920 (by Louis de Soisson)
brought formality and Georgian taste
-Hampstead Garden Suburbs -
residential superblocks or sections
residential buildings with a greenbelt for
meant only for housing but with a
each based on the rectangle and
a population of 3,000,000 people
variety of housing types lined along
measuring 800x1200 meters
streets with terminating axes on
-
civic buildings in a large common
large scale application of the
towers along with Houston, Chicago,
green.
Radburn principle regularized by Le
Toronto
The whole plan represents a
Corbusier’s predilection for the
rectilinear and the monumental.
THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT:
-
Influenced by the world fairs of
the late 19th century, like the 1891
- New York City – present day city of
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
BROADACRE-FLW proposed that every
CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA IN 1901
family in the U.S.
Columbian Exposition, Chicago
- Canberra’s design taken from the
-
principles of the city beautiful
-live in one acre of land. Problems with
movement
lack of land lead to his de sign of the…
Emphasis was on grand formal
designs, with wide boulevards, civic spaces, arts, etc. DANIEL BURNHAM spearheaded
-design reflected the principles of the
-THE MILE HIGH TOWER- Proposed to
the movement with his design
city beautiful movement with a
house a significant amount of Manhattan
for Chicago and his famous words:
triangular formation of three important
residents to free up space for greenfield
“make no little plans…”
buildings: the Court of Justice, the
10 or more of these could possibly
-Also credited for the designs of San
Parliament House, and the Capitol
replace all Manhattan buildings
Francisco and Cleveland
Building, with each apex pointing to
- BARON HAUSMANN- worked on
another important building or
the reconstruction of Paris- linear
monument.
connection between the place de concord, arc de triomph, eiffel
NEW CAPITALS
-
THE ARCOLOGY ALTERNATIVE –
the 3D city by Paolo Soleri
Chambless
capital of Brazil and a completely
-
a large hexagonal space reserved for
rooftops of a continuous network of
palaces of the native princes.
buildings, while the streets will be for
DESIGNED BY LUCIO COSTA with
-
beyond a population of 57,000 was not
With two huge axes in the sign
of the cross, one for gov’t,
contemplated as low garden-city type
commerce, and entertainment, the
density was envisioned
other for the residential component Oscar Niemeyer was among the
architects employed to design the buildings
designers that proposed underwater cities, “biological” cities, cities in
pyramids, etc.
CHANDIGARH
-His first plan for high density living was
and the only realized plan of Le
Unite d’ Habitation,in Marseilles
Corbusier -A “super building with 337 dwellings in -Original Master Plan BY ALBERT MYER
A regular grid of major roads for
rapid transport surrounding
10 acres of land -He also conceptualized Le Contemporaine, high rise offices and
SCIENCE CITIES- Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary urban
Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his
book -“the Cities of Tomorrow”
Vehicular traffic will be along
pedestrian use only
THE CITY OF TOWERS
- Capital of Punjab province of India,
-
MOTOPIA - Proposed by Edgar
West end, and the eastern counterpoint
-covers 2650 hectares, yet growth
BRASILIA
a lot of influence from Le Corbusier
-
STALINGRAD -N.A Milyutin, 1930
Government House on a hilltop in the
new twentieth-century city -
-based on the great east-west axis of Kingsway, 1.5 miles long, with the
THE LINEAR CITY- proposed by
Spanish Engineer Soria Y Mata
NEW DELHI, INDIA
-Designed by Sir Edward Lutyens
tower and others -CHAMPS D’ ELYSEE
RADICAL IDEAS:
THE FLOATING CITY- Kiyonori Kikutake THE BARBICAN CITY – a 63 acre area. mixed used development that was built in response to the pressures of the automobile. An early type of Planned Urban development that had all amenities in one compound with multi-level circulation patterns. THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT by Clarence Perry and Clarence Stein
- Defined as the Physical E nvironment wherein social, cultural, educational, and commercial are within easy reach of each other concerns selfsustainability of smaller units - The elementary school as the center of development determines the size of the neighborhood
CONTEMPORARY WORLD URBANIZATION -“Millionaire” cities - large cities were the exception prior to the twentieth century, but a few did exist in antiquity. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - generated jobs, increased productivity, and opened up mass markets for goods.
Factors that contributed to urban growth: Transportation innovations, specially “farm to market” roads Improved infrastructure Iron and steel construction technology the electric elevator Improved medicine “MEGALOPOLIS” – concept coined by Jean Gottmann for urban complexes in the Northeastern United States. - The term means “Great City” in Greek. Today it is used to refer to massive urban concentrations created from strong physical linkages between three or more large cities.
Boston – New York – Philadelphia – Washington (U.S.A.) San Diego – Los Angeles – San Francisco (U.S.A.) Dortmund – Essen – Duesseldorf (Germany) The Hague – Rotterdam – Amsterdam (Netherlands) Tokyo – Yokohama – Nagoya – Osaka – Kobe (Japan)
SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
-Like other cities in the world the earliest Filipino communities developed out of the need for their inhabitants to band together. -They were formed for security, or to be close to critical resources like food and water. Most of the earliest towns were by the coast for the fisher folk or were where there was abundant agricultural land for the farmers. -The community unit was the barangay, consisting of 30 to 100 families. SPANISH COLONIAL TIMES Laws of the Indies
- In 1573, King Philip II proclaimed the Laws of the Indies that established uniform standards and planning procedures for colonial settlements. These laws provided guidelines for site selection, layout and dimensioning of streets and squares, the location of civic and religious buildings, open space, cultivation and pasturing lands, and even the main procedural phases of planning and construction. The Plaza Complex- a result of several ordinances of the Laws of the Indies.
The plaza is surrounded by important buildings such as the: -
Catholic church Municipal or town hall Marketplace and merchant’s stores Elementary school The homes of the “principalia” Other government buildings
INTRAMUROS The walled city of Manila -1.2 sq. KM in area; perimeter is 3.4 KM -home of the Spanish (except for the Friars & the high ranking officials)
- decentralization occurred and settlements were built in Malate, San Miguel, and Paco, among other areas AMERICAN PERIOD THE AMERICAN AGENDA -guide urban growth and physical development
-put more emphasis on other values such as sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements. DANIEL BURNHAM- Architect / planner who designed Chicago, San Francisco, and parts of Washington D.C. Burnham’s Design for Manila: Designed with grand avenues and a strong central civic core Included a civic mall to house national buildings (only the Finance & Agriculture buildings were built) Fronted Manila Bay like most Baroque plans fronted a large body of water. Manila as the first chartered city On July 31, 1903, by virtue of Act No. 183, the city of Manila was incorporated Manila encompassed Intramuros, and the towns of Binondo, Tondo, Sta. Cruz, Malate, Ermita, Paco, and Pandacan. The population then was 190,000 people GROWTH OF MANILA The Arrabales QUIAPO - the illustrado territory; the enclave of the rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk religiosity. BINONDO- the trading port developed by the Chinese and Arabs STA. CRUZ- the main commercial district with swirls of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc. SAN NICOLAS- also a commercial town built by the Spanish with streets of “specialized” categories (i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.) SAMPALOC- centered on two churches (Our Lady of Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known as the first “University Town”. LATER SUBURBS: SAN MIGUEL (Malacañang)- where resthouses were built for the Spanish government MALATE- the early “summer resort” of wealthy and cultured Filipinos. Then became the first fishing and salt-making town
ERMITA - early tourist belt (red-light district) PACO- first town built around a train station PANDACAN - town built by the Americans for Oil depots QUEZON CITY AS THE NEW CAPITOL CITY In 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 457, authorized the transfer of the capitol to an area of 1572 hectares A master plan of Quezon City was completed in 1941 by Architects Juan Arellano, Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft, and Eng. A.D. Williams “City beautiful” plan reflected the aspirations of an emerging nation and the visions of a passionate leader
a population nucleus, and seats the national government
PHILIPPINE HOMESITE AND HOUSING CORPORATION Precursor of the National Housing Authority Built homes for the masses (“the projects”, i.e. proj.4, proj. 6, etc.)
PHILAMLIFE HOMES icon of middle class suburbanization Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner, Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban developments in California with modifications
MAKATI CBD- a business, financial, commercial, convention, and recreational center of theMetropolitan Region covering an area of 979 hectares. Begun by the Ayala conglomerate in 1948. ORTIGAS CBD- another business, financial, convention, shopping, and recreational node. Developed by the Ortigas conglomerate in the 1950s, it’s present configuration fully developed only in the late 80s. The a rea covers 600 hectares. CUBAO CBD- developed in the 1960s by the Araneta Family, Cubao was intended as an alternative business center in the Eastern side of the metropolis. This 37 hectare property now reflects more of a bazaar economy, though plans are now being developed to convert the area to a more modern commercial and recreational center.
EMERGING CBDS: Fort Bonifacio Global City - 500 ha of prime land Boulevard 2000 - 1167 ha of reclaimed land to revive Manila as a city of commerce and tourism Filinvest Corporate City - joint venture of government and private sector. Accessible to industrial estates and technological parks
BLISS (bagong lipunan sites and services) -Walk-up developments for government sector
METRO MANILA CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS:
MANILA CBD- this traditional CBD is a center of business and commerce, has
EDGES -Linear elements not used or considered as paths -Lateral references, not coordinate axes -May be barriers or seams -Not as dominant as paths but are important organizing features Strong edges are: - visually prominent - continuous - and impenetrable to cross movement -Edges can be disruptive to city form.
CONSTITUTION HILL In 1946, a search committee was formed to find a new site a 158 ha area in the Novaliches watershed was selected and called Constitution Hill and National Government Center The three seats of government were to form a triangle at the center of the complex It included a 20 hectare civic space referred to as the Plaza of the Republic
- are aligned with a larger system
KEVIN LYNCH Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City Physical elements that create the image of the city
PATHS -Channels along which the observer moves -Predominant element for many person’s image
Other elements are arranged and related through paths -Spatial extremes highlight paths Strong paths are: - easily identifiable - have continuity and directional quality
DISTRICTS -Medium to large sections of a city, conceived of as two-dimensional -Observer can mentally enter “inside of” -Recognizable as having some common, identifying character -Dominance depends upon the individual and the given district
NODES -Points, strategic spots by which an observer can enter -Intensive foci from which observer is traveling -Junctions and Concentrations -Directly related to the concept of paths and the concept of districts -May be thematic concentrations
LANDMARKS -Point references considered to be external to the observer -Physical elements that may vary widely in scale -Unique and special in place of the continuities used earlier -Sequential series of landmarks as traveling guides PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS HAVE A VARIETY OF COMPONENTS - activity and use - building types and detail - inhabitants (ethnic or class) - physical characteristics (topography, boundaries, age, etc.) IAN BENTLEY’S RESPONSIVE ENV’TS
PERMEABILITY - Places must be accessible to people to offer them choice
- Public and private access must be complementary -Physical and visual permeability depends on how the network of public space divides the environment into blocks
The design of small scale robustness depends on extra factors hard and soft spaces active and passive spaces VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS -Visual Appropriateness focuses on details -A vocabulary of visual cues must be found to communicate levels of choice Interpretations can reinforce responsiveness by : supporting the place’s legibility supporting the place’s variety supporting the place’ s robustness
There is a decline in public permeability because of current design trends: Scale of development Hierarchical layout Segregation VARIETY -Variety offers users a choice of experiences - Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses, and meanings - Developers and planners are more concerned with economic performance and easier management, than with variety Variety of uses depends on three main factors: range of activities possibility of supply extent to which design encourages positive interactions
- Variety also depends on feasibility: economic, political, and functional LEGIBILITY - Degree of choice depends on how legible it is: how layout is understood - Legibility is important at two levels: physical form and activity patterns -Legibility in the old days: important buildings stood out -Legibility of form and use is reduced in the modern environment -Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces legibility -Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical elements of the city
ROBUSTNESS - Environments which can be used for many different purposes - There must be a distinction between large scale and small scale robustness
There are three key factors that support long term robustness: Building depth Access Building height
Personalization comes in two levels: Private Public Personalization is affected by three key factors: Tenure building type technology PERMEABILITY: designing the overall
layout of routes and development blocks VARIETY: locating uses on the site
RICHNESS -The variety of sense experiences that users can enjoy There are two ways for users to choose from different sense experiences: focusing their attention on dif ferent sources of sense experience moving away from one source to another
LEGIBILITY: designing the massing of
- The basis of visual richness depends on the presence of visual contrasts
RICHNESS: developing the design for
The sense of motion: gained through movement The sense of smell: cannot be directed The sense of hearing: user has limited control The sense of touch: voluntary and involuntary The sense of sight: most dominant in terms of information input and is the one easiest to control
PERSONALIZATION: making the design
the buildings and the enclosure of public space ROBUSTNESS: designing the spatial and
constructional arrangement of individual buildings and outdoor spaces VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS: designing
the external image
sensory choice
encourage people to put their own mark on the places where they live and work
PERSONALIZATION -allows people to achieve Personalization an environment that bears the stamp of their own tastes and values -makes a person’s pattern of acti vities more clear Users personalize in two ways: to improve practical facilities and to change the image of a place
-Users personalize as an affirmation of their own tastes and values and because they perceive existing image as inappropriate
URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION LANDFORM
Topography
- Flat - Hilly
Relationship with Nature
CONSTELLATION - a series of nearly equal sized cities in close proximity
RADIOCENTRIC- a large circle with radial corridors of intense development emanating from the center
-
RECTILINEAR- usually with two corridors of intense development crossing the center; usually found in small cities rather than in large
-
STAR - radio centric form with open spaces between the outreach corridors of development RING- a city built around a large open space
DENSITY FORMULAS- number of inhabitants with respect to physical size; can be computed in several ways: number of people per sq. KM or hectare number of families per block (residential density) number of houses per sq. KM or hectare amount of building floor area per section automobile population, Floor Area Ratio (FAR), etc.
SHEET - a vast urban area with little no articulation ARTICULATED SHEET-a sheet accented by central clusters and sub clusters
- Coarse-grain and uniform texture
-Coarse-grain and uneven texture DETAILS
traffic signs, billboards, store signs, etc. sidewalks, street furniture, urban landscaping, pavers, etc. street vendors, traffic enforcers, entertainers, etc.
INHABITANTS
ROUTES
ethnic background, social Inhabitants class, sex, etc. activities
MOVEMENT
LINEAR- usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine BRANCH - a linear span with connecting arms
-Fine-grain and uniform texture
PHYSICAL EXTENT – measured in KMs across, or center to outskirts, or square KM
SHAPE
- SCALE - CHARACTER/ THEME - GRAIN/ TEXTURE
SATELLITE – constellation of cities around a main center
SIZE & DENSITY
- cities within nature - cities and nature - nature within the cities
ARCHITECTURE
URBAN SPACES
PEDESTRIAN VEHICULAR
CITY FUNCTIONS
URBAN MODELS
1. ECONOMICS -A basic and continuing function. The city acts as producers and marketplaces -Locating cities at strategic points is important for the exchange of goods
1. CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY -the geographer E.W. BURGESS -includes transition zone for eventual CBD expansion -has some deficiencies but simplicity has stood the test of time
2. DEFENSE AND PROTECTION -Historic urban functions of the city, though quite obsolete at present -Cities were once built to withstand sieges from migrating tribes, or frequent raids from enemies
URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS
FLOOR AREA RATIO -the proportions between the built area and the lot a rea also referred to as ‘Plot Ratio’
3. WORSHIP AND GOVERNMENT -The prime function of the city throughout history -Cities were built around temples, shrines, and pyramids in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome The medieval cathedral was the center of the city, as were renaissance palaces and castles
4. TRANSPORTATION -Greatly influences the location of cities since they are dependent on geography -New means of transportation have enabled people to live in much la rger more spread out cities
EDUCATION AND CULTURE -Cities have always been the seat of academy and scholarship and is a continuing function -Due to the diversity of people, ideas, jobs, etc., the city is seen as an educator. -Ancient theaters, religious festivals, city beautification, etc. is a reflection of cultural pride.
2. SECTOR MODEL -the economist HOMER HOYT -developed under the premise that other uses grow with the CBD -consistent with the observation that most cities grow in the direction of the higher income
3. MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL -by CHAUNCY HARRIS & EDWARD PULLMAN (geographers) -uses do not evolve around a single core but at several nodes and focal points
HOUSING -The largest and simplest function of a city -Through the years, housing functions of the inner city have shifted to outlying areas
FLOOR SPACE INDEX (FSI)
LAND USE PLANNING AND ZONING -Defined as the legal regulation of the use of land -Allocating types of uses based on growth patterns -An application of the police power for the protection of the public health, welfare, and safety INCENTIVE ZONING Allowing builders and developers more space if they provide certain desirable features and amenities such as plazas, arcades, and other open spaces
CLUSTER ZONING -Creating special zoning policies and regulations for medium to large sized controlled developments
URBAN DESIGN GUIDELINES -Building heights, setbacks, building bulk, -Architectural character
4. URBAN REALMS - by JAMES VANCE -presents the emergence of selfsufficient sectors -independent urban realms brought by the impact of the automobile
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT For large projects developers are required to outline possible effects of the project on the environment. The outline includes the following: 1. Description of the project 2. Description of existing environments (physical, social, economic, historical, and aesthetic) 3. Impact on the environment (conditions evaluated)
4. Adverse environmental effects 5. Alternatives to proposed action taken Long range impacts 6. Irreversible and irretrievable communities of resources likely to result from implementation of proposed project ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION Protecting the environment from urban growth by restricting development in certain areas, especially in sensitive areas such as wetlands, coastal areas, and mountain environments
CONSERVATION, RESTORATION & ADAPTIVE REUSE -Conservation- a term used interchangeably with preservation but having the rather more positive connotation of adaptation of parts of buildings while retaining the essential spirit of the original
cases converting, existing structurally sound property to a standard compatible with modern requirements of amenity and health INVASION A type of urban ecological process defined as the entrance of a new population and / or facilities in an already occupied area
BLOCK-BOOSTING “forcing” the old population out of the area because of social or racial differences
Conservation area—an area containing a group of buildings of special architectural or historical significance, which a Local Authority may designate. URBAN RENEWAL A general term to describe the idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas of towns and cities; covers most aspects of renewal, including both redevelopment and rehabilitation
“The process of cleaning slum areas which are economically & physically beyond repair, rehabilitation areas where houses & neighborhood facilities can be restored to come up to health, safety, & good living standards, & protective measures in order to prevent enrichment of undesirable in fluences” – (exam question)
ADAPTIVE REUSE Converting old, usually historic buildings, sections of, or entire districts to new uses other than their original purpose. In many U.S. cities adaptive reuse is encouraged by special tax incentives
REHABILITATION term used to describe the idea of repairing, redecorating and in some
CENTRALIZATION An urban ecological process in city land use patterning referring to an increase in population at a certain geographic center
GENTRIFICATION Improving the physical set-up and consequently affecting the market for previously run-down areas
EMERGING THEORIES
PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENTS - Sometimes referred to as CLUSTER ZONING - used in areas that are being intensively developed for the first time - Ordinary zoning regulations can be suspended for this particular property - usually consists of a variety of uses, anchored by commercial establishments and supported by office and residential space
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS -A mixed use community with an average 670 METER distance of a tr ansit stop and commercial core area. TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses in a walkable environment, making it convenient for residents and employees to travel by transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
600 – 700M DIST. = 5 MINS WALK • Most TODs place residents within 600 to 700m of transit stations. • This is equivalent to an average walking time of about 5 minutes.
• With TOD, the city and the transit system “meet in the middle” • Allows residents to have easy access t o transit stations, lessening dependence on the automobile. • Boosts transit ridership and revenue
URBAN TOD - are located directly on the trunk line transit network: at light rail, heavy rail, or express bus stops. They should be developed with high commercial intensities, job clusters, and moderate to high residential densities NEIGHBORHOOD TOD- on a local or feeder bus line within 10 minutes transit travel time (no more than 3 miles) from a trunk line transit stop. They should place an emphasis on moderate density residential, service, retail, entertainment, civic, and recreational uses. STREET AND CIRCULATION SYSTEM • The local street system should be recognizable and interconnected, converging to transit stops, core commercial areas or open spaces • Streets must be pedestrian friendly DISTRIBUTION OF TODS -TODs should be located to maximize access to core commercial areas without relying solely on arterials. TODs with major competing retail centers should be spaced a minimum of 1 mile apart and should be distributed to serve different neighborhoods. When located on fixed rail transit systems, they should be located to allow efficient station spacing
-Developments that take the form of traditional neighborhoods, while still accommodating the automobile and -These are finely amenities. integrated, walkable communities with a strong local identity and with convivial public places -The ideas of TNDs ar e further illustrated in “New Urbanism”
THE STREET, THE BLOCK, AND THE BUILDING The form of New Urbanism is realized by the deliberate assembly of streets, blocks, and buildings 1. STREETS - are not the dividing lines within a city, but are to be communal rooms and passages 2. BLOCKS - are the field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm of the city 3. BUILDINGS - are the smallest increment of growth in the city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to each other determines the character of each settlement
landscaping elements and street furniture that will invite p edestrians to sit.
NEW ORBANISM BACKGROUND OF NEW URBANISM
SPRAWL Creates landscapes dominated by parking lots and undefined edges, aesthetically unpleasing characteristics of the urban fabric
-Suburban Sprawl brought about by: the automobile development conspiracies the “American Dream”
THE CONTEXT OF NEW URBANISM The neighborhood has a discernible
center or a focal point
THE CONGRESS FOR NEW URBANISM (CNU) - founders- Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, Daniel Solomon, among others
HIERARCHY OF SPACES
Most of the dwellings are within a
five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 600 to 700 meters (2,000 feet) There is a variety of dwelling types
Storefronts are also built close to the
sidewalk, with wide window openings and visible entrances that are inviting to the pedestrian Buildings in the neighborhood center
are placed close to the street, creating a well-defined “outdoor room”. Prominent sites at the termination of
street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. Parking lots and garage doors rarely
front the street. Parking is relegated to underground, to multi-level structures, or to the rear of buildings, usually accessed by alleys. In areas with bodies of water of
significant size, buildings will be built facing the water, rather than having the water in its backyard
There are mixed uses The neighborhood is organized to be
THE REGION
(Region, City, Neighborhood, District, Block, Street)
-urbanism, defined by its diversity, pedestrian scale, public space & structure of bounded neighborhoods , should be applied throughout a metropolitan region regardless of location. NEIGHBORHOOD, THE DISTRICT, & THE CORRIDOR These three are the fundamental organizing elements of New Urbanism: 1. NEIGHBORHOODS - are urbanized areas with a balanced mix of human activity 2. DISTRICTS - are areas dominated by a single activity 3. CORRIDORS - are connectors and separators of Neighborhoods and districts
Streets within the neighborhood are a connected network, preferably a grid pattern, which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination
There are small playgrounds near
every dwelling – not more than 200 meters away.
self-governing. A formal association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security and physical change NEW URBANISM STRATEGIES:
An elementary school is close
enough so that most children can walk from their home .
The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of trees and other landscaping elements that provide shade to pedestrians and an overall pleasant environment
Parallel parking will also be allowed
along the streets, with trees in between each designated space
Sidewalks are wide, at least 3.0 meters, and will be free from dangerous obstructions except for
REDEVELOPMENT INFILL NEW TOWNS SEASIDE - Famous Case Studies: 1. Walton County, Florida, 1981 - proj area. 80 acres - Fosters a strong sense of community with of community with a variety of dwelling units built close to each other, complete neighborhood amenities, open spaces, terminating vistas, etc.
2.
Laguna West - Sacramento County, California, 1990 - proj area. 1,045 acres - Peter Calthorpe and Associates -The system of public spaces is the organizing structure of the community of the community -The town center is located at the terminus of radial boulevards which originate in neighbor hood parks
3.
Kentlands,Gaithersburg, Maryland - proj area: 355 acres - Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater- Zyberk (DPZ) - High-end residential units built up to the sidewalk and close to one another
MAYER, ALBERT - Believed that housing developments should blend in with the neighboring city to produce a change of character, but not a shock -Thus proposed the planning concept of “differentiation without division”
4.
Jackson Taylor - San Jose, California, 1991 - proj area. 75 acres - Peter Calthorpe and Associates - Presents three different block types: BLOCK 1: mixed use commercial-officeresidential BLOCK 2: high density residential BLOCK 3: lower density residential
FAMOUS PLANNERS: ABERCROMBIE, SIR LESLIE PATRICK
(1874- 1957) -In 1913 he won a competition for the replanning of Dublin -In 1944 he published his Greater London Plan and founder of the Town Planning Review
BACON, EDMUND NORWOOD
(1910-Bacon’s Design of Cities (1967) -Architect designer in Shanghai
GARNIER, TONY (1869-1948) -Cité Industrielle , designed between 1898 and 1904 -Distinct functional zoning throughout
GEDDES, SIR PATRICK (1854-1932 ) -In planning circles, his indelible mark is made by his extensive contribution to fresh thought on the shape and location of contemporary human communities -The author of Cities in Evolution (1915)
GROPIUS, WALTER (1883-1969) -owes his place in any account of the history of planning to his invention of the residential
-Conceptualized the original plan for Chandigarh
MUMFORD, LEWIS (1895-) -An influential American writer on planning and sociology. -His first book on planning, The Story of Utopias, was published in 1922.
NASH, JOHN -Believed in curving forms, rather than formal grid patterns - Designer of London’s Park Crescent and Regent’s Park
OSBORN, SIR FREDERIC JAMES (1885-) -Author, planner and propagandist, Sir Frederic Osborn has acquired an international reputation for his sustained and tireless espousal of the principles behind Howard’s Garden Cities
SILKIN. LEWIS -Earned his place in the history of planning by the legislation which he introduced into Parliament while minister of Town and Country Planning from 1945 to 1950 -New Towns Act of 1946 and the Town and Country Planning Act of 1947
SITTE, CAMILLO (1843-1903) -Austrian art historian and writer of the book Der Städtebau nach seinen künstlerischen Grundsätzen (City Planning According to Artistic Principles)
TANGE, KENZO -Architect and planner who analyzed major cities of the world’s industrialized countries, finding that characteristically they comprise only about 15% of a country’s population
layout in which slab blocks of flats are placed laterally or obliquely to a street rather than parallel with it.
GRUEN, VICTOR (1903-) planner and author who has pioneered the development in America of both regional and city centre pedestrian shopping areas
JACOBS, JANE (1916-) -American author and former associate editor of Architectural Forum whose book the Death and Life of Great American Cities was published in 1962.
KAHN, LOUIS (1901) -
American architect noted for his
imaginative sequence of plans for the redevelopment of Philadelphia , designed
intermittently between 1952 and 1961.
VITRUVIUS (1ST CENTURY B.C.) -the 4th to 7th chapters of his first book are concerned generally with town planning and embody fundamental principles for the layout and form of whole towns
WOOD, JOHN -An early advocate of formalism in town planning highlighted by simple curved buildings -Designer of the Royal Circus and the Royal Crescent in Bath, England
WREN, CHRISTOPHER -Credited for rebuilding London after the fire of 1966 -The stock exchange building was the symbolic focal point of his plan, instead of the traditional palace or cathedral
