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Pali Text Society
Overcoming Doubts (Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī)
Vol. I THE BHIKKHU-PĀTIMOKKHA COMMENTARY
TRANSLATED BY
K.R. Norman, Petra Kieffer-Pülz, and William Pruitt
Published by
The Pali Text Society Bristol 2018
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First published
2018
© Pali Text Society 2018
ISBN-13
978 0 86013 517 3
Published by the Pali Text Society c/o CPI Antony Rowe – Melksham Unit 4 Pegasus Way Bowerhill Industrial Estate Melksham, Wilts SN12 6TR, U.K
www.palitext.com
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
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CONTENTS Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Translators’ Introduction 1. Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv 2. Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi 3. Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii 4. Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii 5. Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxviii 6. Arrangement of the text and parallels in Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii 7. Names of chapters (vagga) 7.1 Nissaggiya-Pācittiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiv 7.2 Pācittiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv 7.3 Sekhiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxv 8. Names of the rules 8.1. Supposed divergences between the names of the rules in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvii 8.2. Some divergences between the names of the rules in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii 8.2.1. Sgh 9 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxviii 8.2.2. Niss 4 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix 8.2.3. Niss 29 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl 8.2.4. Pāc 20 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xl 8.2.5. Pāc 67 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli 8.2.6. Pāc 79 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xli 8.2.7. Pāc 89 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii 8.2.8. Sekh 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii 9. Classification system 9.1. General statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlii 9.2. Differences between the terminology in Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . xlvi 9.3. Deviations in the classifications of Kkh and Sp . . . . . . . . . . . . xlvii 9.4. Faults in the classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlviii 10. Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix [I. The Commentary on the Bhikkhu Pātimokkha] [A. The Account of the Inception of the Book] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [B. The Commentary on the Introduction] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 [C. The Section of Rules Entailing Defeat] 1. The commentary on the first rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2. The commentary on the second rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3. The commentary on the third rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
v
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Overcoming Doubts 4. The commentary on the fourth rule entailing defeat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 [The commentary on the Pārājika conclusion] . . . . . . . . . . . 124 [D. The Section of Rules Entailing a Formal Meeting of the Saṅgha] 1. The commentary on the rule about the emission of semen . . . . . . . . . 127 2. The commentary on the rule about bodily contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3. The commentary on the rule about lewd speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 4. The commentary on the rule about ministering to his own sensual pleasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5. The commentary on the rule about [acting as] a go-between . . . . . . 139 6. The commentary on the rule about making a hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 7. The commentary on the rule about building a dwelling-place . . . . . . 150 8. The commentary on the rule about being corrupted and corrupting . . 150 9. The commentary on the rule about belonging to another category . . . 156 10. The commentary on the rule about a split in the saṅgha . . . . . . . . . . 160 11. The commentary on the rule about followers of [one creating] a split 163 12. The commentary on the rule about being difficult to speak to . . . . . 165 13. The commentary on the rule about a corrupter of families . . . . . . . . . 167 [The commentary on the Saṅghādisesa conclusion] . . . . . . . . 170 [E. The Section of Indefinite Rules] 1. The commentary on the first indefinite rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2. The commentary on the second indefinite rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 [F. The Section of Rules Entailing Expiation with Forfeiture] [a. The section about robes] 1. The commentary on the rule about kaṭhina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 2. The commentary on the storehouse rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 3. The commentary on the rule about untimely robe material . . . . . . . . . 206 4. The commentary on the rule about old robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 5. The commentary on the rule about formally accepting robes . . . . . . 219 6. The commentary on the rule about asking a non-relative . . . . . . . . . . 221 7. The commentary on the rule about more than that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 8. The commentary on the first rule about laid by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9. The commentary on the second rule about laid by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 10. The commentary on the rule about kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 [b. The section about sheep’s wool] 11. The commentary on the rule about silk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. The commentary on the rule about pure black [sheep’s wool] . . . . . 13. The commentary on the rule about two portions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. The commentary on the rule about six years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. The commentary on the rule about a sitting [rug] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16. The commentary on the rule about sheep’s wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. The commentary on the rule about having sheep’s wool washed . . .
236 237 238 239 240 241 243
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18. The commentary on the rule about gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 19. The commentary on the rule about money transactions . . . . . . . . . . 247 20. The commentary on the rule about buying and selling . . . . . . . . . . . 248 [c. The section about bowls] 21. The commentary on the rule about bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 22. The commentary on the rule about less than five mends . . . . . . . . . . 252 23. The commentary on the rule about medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 24. The commentary on the rule about rains robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 25. The commentary on the rule about taking robes away . . . . . . . . . . . 265 26. The commentary on the rule about asking for thread . . . . . . . . . . . 267 27. The commentary on the rule about the great weaver . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 28. The commentary on the rule about special robes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 29. The commentary on the rule about dangerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 30. The commentary on the rule about apportioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 [G. The Section of Rules Entailing Expiation] [a. The section about lying] 1. The commentary on the rule about lying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. The commentary on the rule about abusive speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The commentary on the rule about malicious speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. The commentary on the rule about [reciting] the Doctrine word by word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. The commentary on the first rule about lying down together . . . . . . . 6. The commentary on the second rule about lying down together . . . . . 7. The commentary on the rule about teaching the Doctrine . . . . . . . . . 8. The commentary on the rule about announcing what is true . . . . . . . 9. The commentary on the rule about announcing a gross offence . . . . . 10. The commentary on the rule about digging the earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . [b. The section about the plant category] 11. The commentary on the rule about the plant category . . . . . . . . . . . 12. The commentary on the rule about one replying evasively . . . . . . . . 13. The commentary on the rule about disparaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. The commentary on the first rule about furnishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. The commentary on the second rule about furnishings . . . . . . . . . . 16. The commentary on the rule about encroaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. The commentary on the rule about throwing out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. The commentary on the rule about a lofty hut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19. The commentary on the rule about a large dwelling place . . . . . . . 20. The commentary on the rule about containing living beings . . . . . .
280 281 283 285 287 289 290 292 294 297 300 304 306 309 313 317 320 322 325 330
[c. The section about instruction] 21. The commentary on the rule about instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 22. The commentary on the rule about sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
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Overcoming Doubts 23. The commentary on the rule about bhikkhunīs’ quarters . . . . . . . . . 24. The commentary on the rule about material gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. The commentary on the rule about giving robe material . . . . . . . . . . 26. The commentary on the rule about sewing robe material . . . . . . . . . 27. The commentary on the rule about arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. The commentary on the rule about embarking on a boat . . . . . . . . . 29. The commentary on the rule about prepared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. The commentary on the rule about sitting in secret . . . . . . . . . . . . .
336 338 339 340 341 344 345 348
[d. The section about food] 31. The commentary on the rule about meals in public rest houses . . . . . 32. The commentary on the rule about food [accepted] by a group . . . . . 33. The commentary on the rule about food in [irregular] sequence . . . 34. The commentary on the rule about Kāṇā’s mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. The commentary on the first rule about invitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36. The commentary on the second rule about invitations . . . . . . . . . . . 37. The commentary on the rule about eating at the wrong time . . . . . . 38. The commentary on the rule about storing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39. The commentary on the rule about fine foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40. The commentary on the rule about tooth sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
348 350 353 356 358 369 371 372 379 382
[e. The section about naked ascetics] 41. The commentary on the rule about naked ascetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 42. The commentary on the rule about dismissing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 43. The commentary on the rule about with [its] food” (or: “with [its] sexual enjoyment [going on]”) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 44. The commentary on the rule about sitting down in secret on a screened [seat] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 45. The commentary on the rule about sitting down in secret . . . . . . . . 393 46. The commentary on the rule about visiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 47. The commentary on the rule about Mahānāma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 48. The commentary on the rule about an army in array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 49. The commentary on the rule about staying with an army . . . . . . . . . 400 50. The commentary on the rule about battlefields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 [f. The section about drinking alcoholic drinks] 51. The commentary on the rule about drinking alcoholic drinks . . . . . . 52. The commentary on the rule about tickling with fingers . . . . . . . . . . 53. The commentary on the rule about sporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54. The commentary on the rule about disrespect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55. The commentary on the rule about frightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56. The commentary on the rule about fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. The commentary on the rule about bathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58. The commentary on the rule about discolouring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
402 404 405 407 408 409 411 412
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59. The commentary on the rule about assigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 60. The commentary on the rule about hiding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 [g. The section about living beings] 61. The commentary on the rule about intentionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 62. The commentary on the rule about containing living beings . . . . . . 422 63. The commentary on the rule about re-opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 64. The commentary on the rule about gross offences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 65. The commentary on the rule about less than twenty years . . . . . . . . 426 66. The commentary on the rule about a caravan of thieves . . . . . . . . . . 428 67. The commentary on the rule about arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 68. The commentary on the rule about Ariṭṭha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 69. The commentary on the rule about common enjoyment together with one who is suspended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 70. The commentary on the rule about Kaṇṭaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 [h. The section about legitimately] 71. The commentary on the rule about legitimately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72. The commentary on the rule about perplexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73. The commentary on the rule about deception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74. The commentary on the rule about a blow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75. The commentary on the rule about the palm of the hand . . . . . . . . . 76. The commentary on the rule about unfounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77. The commentary on the rule about intentionally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78. The commentary on the rule about eavesdropping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79. The commentary on the rule about objecting to procedures . . . . . . . 80. The commentary on the rule about going not having given [his] consent (proxy vote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81. The commentary on the rule about weak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82. The commentary on the rule about apportioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [i. The section about treasures] 83. The commentary on the rule about the bedchamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84. The commentary on the rule about treasures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85. The commentary on the rule about entering a village at the wrong time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86. The commentary on the rule about needle-cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87. The commentary on the rule about beds and seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88. The commentary on the rule about covered with cotton . . . . . . . . . . 89. The commentary on the rule about a sitting cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90. The commentary on the rule about an itch-covering cloth . . . . . . . . 91. The commentary on the rule about a rains cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92. The commentary on the rule about Nanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
439 441 442 445 446 447 448 449 451 462 464 481 481 483 486 488 490 491 493 494 494 495
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Overcoming Doubts [H. The Section of Rules Entailing Confession] 1. The commentary on the first rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 2. The commentary on the second rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . 499 3. The commentary on the third rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 4. The commentary on the fourth rule entailing confession . . . . . . . . . . . 503 [I. The Section of Rules of Training] [1. The commentary on the twenty-six rules on proper behaviour] 1. The commentary on the rule about even all round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 2. The commentary on the second rule about even all round . . . . . . . . . 513 3–4. The commentary on the rules about being well covered . . . . . . . . 514 5–6. The commentary on the rules about being well restrained . . . . . . . 515 7–8. The commentary on the rules about downcast eyes . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 9–10. The commentary on the rules about [robes] hitched up . . . . . . . . . 516 11–12. The commentary on the rules about a loud laugh . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 13–14. The commentary on the rules about a loud sound . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 15–20. The commentary on the rules about swaying the body, etc. . . . . . 518 21–22. The commentary on the rules about “with arms akimbo” . . . . . . 519 23–24. The commentary on the rules about with head covered . . . . . . . . 520 25. The commentary on the rule about walking on toes or heels . . . . . . 520 26. The commentary on the rule about with [legs] enclosed . . . . . . . . . . 521 [2. The commentary on the thirty rules connected with food] 27 (1). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting appreciatively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 28 (2). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting with attention to the bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 29 (3). The commentary on the rule about formally accepting curry in proportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 30–32 (4–6). The commentary on the rule about level with the edge, etc. 523 33–34 (7–8). The commentary on the rule about in regular order, etc. . . 525 35 (9). The commentary on the rule about having crushed a heap (or having crushed [it] in a heap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 36 (10). The commentary on the rule about hiding with rice . . . . . . . . . 527 37 (11). The commentary on the rule about asking for curry and rice . . 527 38 (12). The commentary on the rule about one having the idea of fault-finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 39 (13). The commentary on the rule about a mouthful . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 40 (14). The commentary on the rule about a morsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 41 (15). The commentary on the rule about not [yet] brought . . . . . . . . 529 42 (16). The commentary on the rule about while eating . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 43 (17). The commentary on the rule about [filled] with mouthfuls . . . . 529 44 (18). The commentary on the rule about lifted balls [of food] . . . . . . 530 45 (19). The commentary on the rule about biting off a mouthful . . . . . 530
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46 (20). The commentary on the rule about stuffing [the cheeks] full . . . 530 47 (21). The commentary on the rule about shaking the hand to and fro 531 48 (22). The commentary on the rule about scattering rice grains about 531 49 (23). The commentary on the rule about sticking out the tongue . . . . 531 50–51 (24–25). The commentary on the rule about making a smacking sound, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 52–54 (26–28). The commentary on the rule about licking the hand, etc. 532 55 (29). The commentary on the rule about soiled by food . . . . . . . . . . 533 56 (30). The commentary on the rule about “with rice grains” . . . . . . . 533 [3. The commentary on the nineteen rules connected with teaching the Doctrine] 57 (1). The commentary on the rule about one with an umbrella in his hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 58–59 (2–3). The commentary on the rules about one with a staff in his hand, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 60 (4). The commentary on the rule about one with a weapon in his hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 61–62 (5–6). The commentary on the rule about [non-leather] footwear, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 63 (7). The commentary on the rule about vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 64 (8). The commentary on the rule about couches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 65 (9). The commentary on the rule about sitting with [legs] enclosed 539 66 (10). The commentary on the rule about wrapped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 67 (11). The commentary on the rule about covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 68 (12). The commentary on the rule about on the ground . . . . . . . . . . 540 69 (13). The commentary on the rule about low seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 70 (14). The commentary on the rule about standing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 71 (15). The commentary on the rule about going behind . . . . . . . . . . 541 72 (16). The commentary on the rule about going beside a path . . . . . . 541 73 (17). The commentary on the rule about defecating while standing up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 74 (18). The commentary on the rule about defecating on green plants 542 75 (19). The commentary on the rule about defecating in water . . . . . 543 [J. The Commentary on the Settlement of Legal Cases] . . . . . 546 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Sigla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 References: Primary Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 References: Secondary Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
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PREFACE A first rough translation of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī was prepared by Kenneth Roy Norman while working on the new edition of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī (Kkh Ee 2003) together with William Pruitt. It was based on the first Pali Text Society edition of this text made by Dorothy Maskell (Kkh Ee 1981). The translation served as a means for editing the text, that is, it was a simple translation to roughly understand the contents. This translation has been thoroughly revised, heavily annotated, and adjusted to the new Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī edition (Kkh Ee 2003). For this revised translation the parallel passages in the Samantapāsādikā have been taken into account, as well as statements in other legal Pāli texts, especially the commentarial literature. There exist two subcommentaries on the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī, an older one, the anonymous Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī-purāṇaṭīkā which most probably originated in the tenth century CE, and Buddhanāga’s Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī-abhinavaṭīkā, called Vinayatthamañjūsā Līnatthappakāsanī Mātikaṭṭhakathā, written probably between 1165 and 1186 CE. The first of these ṭīkās is quite short and often does not contain comments on specific rules ; the second is not very genuine. Buddhanāga frequently borrows his explanations from the Samantapāsādikā. Since the Pātimokkha is not only transmitted extra-canonically, but also as the core of the Suttavibhaṅga — the first part of the monastic code (Vinaya) — the subcommentaries on the Samantapāsādikā can also be taken into account with success, as can the commentaries to the various Vinaya condensations (Mūlasikkhā, Khuddasikkhā, and Vinaya-vinicchaya as well as Uttara-vinicchaya) which originated after the Samantapāsādikā.1 Concerning the responsibilities for the translation, the credit for the first complete translation goes to K.R. Norman. Although this translation has been completely revised, in cases of explanations of compounds, of grammatical matters, etc., as well as in lists of everyday objects, it could often be taken over with only minor adjustments. Due to problems associated with old age, Mr Norman was not able to help 1
The relationship of these condensations to the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī have not yet been investigated.
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Overcoming Doubts
with the revision of this translation. Thus, the responsibility for the final translation lies with Petra Kieffer-Pülz and William Pruitt : the former thoroughly revised and annotated the translation, the latter checked her translation, turned clumsy expressions and incomprehensible passages into readable English, hinted at inconsistencies, etc. This was again checked by Kieffer-Pülz, and then again by Pruitt. In sending the portions back and forth and discussing translations which did not convince the one or the other, the translation took its final shape. Petra Kieffer-Pülz systematically searched the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī for parallels it has with the Samantapāsādikā. Such parallels are mentioned in the first layer of footnotes. A complete list will be published in the second volume. The decision about which explanations should be included as appendices because they were too long to be included in footnotes was William Pruitt’s. He also suggested the inclusion of a glossary in order to avoid the many repetitions of constantly reappearing terms. The Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī does not include the entire text commented on, i.e. the Pātimokkhas, but only the catchwords explained. In order to present the text commented on together with the commentary a translation of each Pātimokkha rule is prefixed to the respective commentary. Likewise the headings of the rules are inserted before the rules, although they actually appear as subheadings in the text. We thus follow the presentation of the 2003 edition of the Kaṅkhāvitaraṇī. We decided to publish the translation in two volumes : volume one with the commentary on the entire Bhikkhu Pātimokkha, and volume two containing the commentary on the Bhikkhunī Pātimokkha as well as various indices to both volumes. The latter will be published in the not too distant future. Petra Kieffer-Pülz, Weimar
William Pruitt, Calne
