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No. Urut : 1182/0305/D/2005
LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR ( TL – 400 ! P"R"N#ANAAN
P"R"N#ANAAN SIST"$ DRAINAS" KOTA %ARU PARAH&ANGAN
O') : PARIK PARIK SA%UNGAN SIRU$AP"A SIRU$ AP"A NI$ : 153 00 051
D"PART"$"N D"PART"$"N T"KNIK LINGKUNGAN *AKULTAS T"KNIK SIPIL DAN P"R"N#ANAAN INSTITUT T"KNOLOGI %ANDUNG 2005
DA*TAR DA*TAR ISI I SI DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................................2 DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................................4 DAFTAR GAMBAR...........................................................................................................5 Bab 1. PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN....... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ...................... .....................6 ......6 1.1. Latar Belakan..... Belakan............ .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ................ ...............6 ......6 1.2. Mak!"# #an T"$"an... T"$"an......... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ...........6 ....6 1.%. L&ka!' St"#'....... St"#'............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ....................... ..................6 .6 1.4. R"("!an R"("!an Ma!ala)..... Ma!ala)............ ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. .................* ...........* Bab 2. GAMBARAN GAMBARAN UMUM +ILA, +ILA,AH STUDI....... STUDI............. ............. .............. .............. ...................... .............................2.1. Ga(baran Ga(baran U("(....... U("(.............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ...........2.1.1. 2.1.1. L"a! L"a! +'la +'laa).. a)..... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... .......... .......... .......... .........2.1.2. 2.1.2. /"ra) /"ra) H"$an. H"$an.... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ......... ...........2.1.%. Sarana +'!ata.. +'!ata......... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ...........10 ....10 2.1.%.1 2.1.%.1.. Per"(a Per"(a)an. )an..... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ......... .......... .......... .......... ........10 ...10 2.1.%.2 2.1.%.2.. Sarana Sarana Pen"n$ Pen"n$an an... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... ........1 ...11 1 2.1.%.% 2.1.%.%.. L'(ba) L'(ba) Pa#at Pa#at #an Penel& Penel&laa laann nna... a...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ........ .......... .......... .........1 ....11 1 2.2. A'r Ber!')....... Ber!')............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............12 ......12 2.%. Pen&la)an Pen&la)an A'r A'r L'(ba)...... 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DASAR DASAR DASAR DASAR PEREN/AN PEREN/ANAAN AAN... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......1* ..1* 4.1. U("(........ U("(............... .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. ............................ .......................1* ..1* 4.2. Penert'an Penert'an Dra'na!e.... Dra'na!e.......... ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ..................... ....................1* ......1* 4.2.1. 4.2.1. S'!te( S'!te( Dra'na Dra'na!e !e M'n&r. M'n&r.... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ........ .......... .......... .......... .........20 ....20 4.2.2. 4.2.2. S'!te( S'!te( Dra'na Dra'na!e !e Ma&r. Ma&r..... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ......20 ..20 4.%. 4.%. Da!ar Da!arDa! Da!ar ar Peren3 Peren3anaa anaan n #an 7r'ter 7r'ter'a 'a De!a'n De!a'n... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... ......... ........20 ....20 4.%.1. 4.%.1. Per' Per'ee Ulan Ulan H"$an 8PUH9.... 8PUH9....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ......... .......... .......20 ..20 4.%.2. 4.%.2. L"a! L"a! Daera) Daera) Penal Penal'ra 'ran.. n...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ........ ......... ..........2 .....22 2 4.%.%. 4.%.%. 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DA*TAR DA*TAR ISI I SI DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................................2 DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................................4 DAFTAR GAMBAR...........................................................................................................5 Bab 1. PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN....... ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ...................... .....................6 ......6 1.1. Latar Belakan..... Belakan............ .............. ............. ............. .............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ............. ............. .............. ................ ...............6 ......6 1.2. Mak!"# #an T"$"an... 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@ 7e3a(atan /'atat? 7e3a(atan Pa#alaran
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T'("r @ 7e3a(atan /'(a)' Tena)? +a#"k Sa"l'n
1.4. Ruu+ $++'+)
A#a"n bata!an (a!ala) an akan #'ba)a! a#a t"a! ak)'r 'n' (el'"t' (enanal'!'! k&n#'!' ek!'!t'n #' laanan? e(b"atan $al"r !al"ran #ra'na!e #an k&la( reten!'>a#"k
an #'!e!"a'kan #enan k&n#'!' laanan 8#enan (e(ert'(bankan karakter'!t'k ;'!'k #an &ten!' #aera) eren3anaan9? e(b"atan alternat'; !'!te( #ra'na!e? e('l')an alternat'; an akan #'real'!a!'kan #ala( tata lak!ana r&ek eren3anaan.
%+, 2.
GA$%ARAN U$U$ 6ILA&AH STUDI
2.1. G+,+r+ Uu
7&ta Bar" Para)anan an #'ren3anakan (e("na' l"a! !ebe!ar 1250 Ha? terletak #' !ebela) barat kab"aten Ban#"n an (en3ak" 2 >'laa) ke3a(atan a't" 7e3a(atan Pa#alaran #an 7e3a(atan Bat"$a$ar an ter#'r' #ar' 5 #e!a a't" #e!a 7erta$aa? /'e"n#e"? /'(eran? B&$&n)ale"an #an /'kan#e. L&ka!' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan bera#a #' >'laa) ene(banan Ban#"n Barat an ber"!at #' 7&ta Pa#alaran #an #ar' !'!te( H'rark' k&tak&ta ter(a!"k ke #ala( H'rark' II ber!a(a #enan 7&ta S&rean #an 7&ta Ma$alaa. L&ka!' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan (e('l'k' bata!bata! !ebaa' ber'k"t @ Utara
@ 7e3a(atan /'atat? 7e3a(atan Pa#alaran
Selatan @ +a#"k Sa"l'n? 7e3a(atan Bat"$a$ar Barat
@ De!a Paneran? De!a G'r'("kt'
T'("r @ 7e3a(atan /'(a)' Tena)? +a#"k Sa"l'n 2.1.1. Lu+ 6'+7+)
Se3ara ke!el"r")an ka>a!an 7&ta Bar" Para)anan (e('l'k' l"a! !ebe!ar 1250 Ha an (en3ak" 2 >'laa) ke3a(atan a't" 7e3a(atan Pa#alaran #an 7e3a(atan Bat"$a$ar. 2.1.2. #ur+) Hu+
Data 3"ra) )"$an #'er&le) #ar' !ta!'"n enakar )"$an ter#ekat? a't" !ta!'"n enakar )"$an Pa#alaran. Dar' #ata !ela(a 15 ta)"n a't" #ar' ta)"n 1:-1 !a(a' ta)"n 1::6 (e(erl')atkan ba)>a $"(la) )"$an rata rata ta)"nan a#ala) 12-0?42 ((. B"lan b"lan ba!a) ter$a#'a#a b"lan kt&berAr'l #an b"lanb"lan ker'n ter$a#' a#a b"lan Me' Sete(ber. Ratarata 3"ra) )"$an t'a )ar' )"$an a#ala) 12?2 ((.
T+,' 1 ="(la) /"ra) H"$an #an Har' H"$an RataRata Ta)"nan
/"ra) H"$an
="(la) )ar' )"$an
Ratarata 8((9
ratarata
=an"ar'
250.**
1:
Febr"ar'
1*2.-*
14
Maret
241.*:
1*
Ar'l
15:.21
12
Me'
100.:1
-
="n'
%%.-:
5
="l'
25.-2
4
A"!t"!
4%.61
%
Sete(ber 61.-6
5
B"lan
G+,+r 1 ="(la) /"ra) H"$an Ratarata Ta)"nan 1:-11::6
2.1.3. S+r++ 6+t+
Sarana >'!ata an akan #'ban"n #' l&ka!' ke'atan a#ala) )&tel? a#an &l;? t)e(e ark? a!ar ;e!t'
'!ata ter!eb"t !ebe!ar %2?*- Ha ata" 26?22 #ar' l"a! t&tal l&ka!' ke'atan. 2.1.3.1.
Pru+)+
="(la) r"(a) an akan #'ban"n #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan #'ren3anakan !ebanak :.::4 "n't r"(a) er"(a)an an akan #'ban"n #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan #'kla!';'ka!'kan (en$a#' % t'e. T+,' 2 R'n3'an ="(la) T'a =en'! R"(a) #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan
N&
=en'! R"(a)
1
7ea#atan Ren#a) 8R19
2
%
="(la)
L"a! 8Ha9
Un't
2000 (2
464
4.64
221?-0
1500 (2
2-%
2.-%
*1?*0
1200 (2
2%2
2.%2
4*?10
600 (2
1141
11.41
10%?40
500 (2
24%
2.4%
1-?%0
400 (2
456
4.56
2*?50
%00 (2
12%0
12.%
60?40
200 (2
16*-
16?*:
5%?20
1-0 (2
6*1
6.*1
1:?20
7ea#atan Se#an 8R% 9
7ea#atan t'n' 8R6 9
2.1.3.2.
S+r++ Pu+
Sarana Pen"n$an an akan #'ban"n #' 7&ra Bar" Para)anan ber"a !arana!arana k&ta an akan (en"n$an kebera#aan 7&ta Bar" Para)anan 't" !en#'r' #ala( (elak"kan akt'<'ta! !e)ar')ar' !eert' erkant&ran? !arana en#'#'kan? !arana ke!e)atan? #an la'nla'n. Pra!arana 7&ta an #'ren3anakan akan #'ban"n #'antarana (enena' !!te( #ra'na!e #an enat"ran lal" l'nta! #an la'nna. 2.1.3.3.
L,+) P++t + P'o'++7+
L'(ba) Pa#at an t'(b"l #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan bera!al #ar' berbaa' ke'atan antara la'n er("k'(an? ke'atan k&(er!'al? )&tel? !arana rekrea!'? ta(an? $alan #an
!ebaa'na. Perk'raan $"(la) l'(ba) a#at an akan #'t'(b"lkan #aat #'l')at #' table #'ba>a) 'n'. T+,' 3 Perk'raan T'(b"lan Sa(a)
N&
1 2
%
S"(ber L'(ba) Pa#at
Per("k'(an :%:4 "n't A!ra(a
Pela$ar
600
"n't P"!at k&ta? areal k&(er!'al? 3l"b )&"!e
A!"(!'
Stan#ar T'(b"lan
="(la) T'(b"lan 8()ar'9
46:*0 $'>a
2 L&ran)ar' 19
:%?:4
600 $'>a
2L&ran)ar' 19
1?2
1%5?2 Ha
0?1 L(C)ar' 29
1%5?2
4
Sarana Pen#'#'kan
1%?% Ha
0?05 L(C)ar' 29
6?65
5
Sarana 7e!e)atan
11 Ha
0.15 L(C)ar' 29
16?50
6
H&tel
5Lka(ar)ar' 29
1?50
*
Pa#an G&l; #an RTH
14%?: Ha
0?02L(C)ar' 29
2*?*-
-
=alan
2%?02 k(
526?:4Lk( 19
11?:0
2150 ka(ar
T&tal
2:5?6*
S"(ber @ 19 Stan#ar t'(b"lan !a(a) a#at PD 7eber!')an? 1::4 29 /&n3et"al De!'n S&l'# Pr&$e3t? PT In#"ren3& Internat'&nal? 1::6 2.2. Ar %r)
In!tala!' en&la)an a'r ber!') an #'ren3anakan akan #'ban"n (en"nakan +a#"k Sa"l'n !ebaa' !"(ber a'r bak"? #enan #eb't a'r bak" (ak!'("( an akan #'a(b'l a#ala) !ebe!ar 1000 L'ter#et'k 8ber#a!arkan !"rat er(&)&nan N& 1%*-1::69. S'!te( #'!tr'b"!' #'ba' ata! $ar'nan 'a r'(er? !ek"n#er? ter!'er? #an !a(b"nan ke )ala(an. =ar'nan 'a (en"nakan !'!te( L&& "nt"k (en)'n#arkan a#ana k&n!"(en an t'#ak terlaan' ket'ka a#a erba'kan #' !ala) !at" ba'an a#a $ar'nan "ta(a. 2.3. Po'+)+ Ar L,+)
A'r b"anan an t'(b"l #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan (er"akan a'r l'(ba) #&(e!t'k an bera!al #ar' ke'atan r"(a) tana? )&tel? area k&(er!'al. In!t't"!' an ber"a bla3k >ater a't" a'r l'(ba) an (er"akan b"anan #ar' t&'let #an re >ater an (er"akan b"anan #ar'? en3"3'an? #a"r #an ka(ar (an#'. A'r l'(ba) an #')a!'lkan #'ren3anakan akan #'&la) !e3ara 'n#'<'#" #an !e3ara ter"!at. Pen&la)an !e3ara 'n#'<'#" #'terakan #' l&ka!' an (e('l'k' t&&ra;' an t'#ak (e("nk'nkan "nt"k (elak"kan enal'ran a'r l'(ba) !e3ara ra<'ta!' ke In!tala!' Pen&la)an A'r L'(ba) 8IPAL9. Pen&la)an !e3ara 'n#'<'#" #' l&ka!' ke'atan (en"nakan b'&;'lter #an e;;l"en an #')a!'lkan lan!"n #' b"an ke !"na' !"na' ter#ekat !ebaa' ba#an a'r ener'(a. Set'k tank an (er"akan !ala) !at" $en'! &n !'te !an'tat'&n an "("(? t'#ak #'"nakan !ebaa' !'!te( en&la)an !e3ara 'n#'<'#" #'karenakan k&n#'!' tana) #' l&ka!' an (e("na' kan#"nan ka"r an 3"k" t'n' an (enak'batkan ke(a("an 'n;'ltra!'na ke3'l? !e)'na t'#ak (e("nk'nkanna (e(b"at #aera) !eraan an #'erl"kan &le) !'!te( !et'k tank "nt"k (enera e;;l"en an #')a!'lkan. Pen&la)an !e3ara ter"!at #'lak"kan #enan (en"nakan !eb"a) IPAL an $en'!na #''l') ber#a!arkan beberaa ert'(banan !eert' a!ek ek&n&('? a!ek tekn'! #an !ebaa'na. Penal'ran l'(ba) 3a'r #'lak"kan #enan (en"nakan 'a a'r k&t&r 8 !e>erae 9 an ter'!a) #ar' !al"ran #ra'na!e. P'a a'r k&t&r ter!eb"t ter#'r' #ar' 'a r'(er? 'a !ek"n#er #an ter!'er #enan !!te( enal'ran !e3ara ra<'ta!' (en"$" IPAL. Letak 'a r'(er a't" a#a $alan "ta(a an #'lenka' #enan (an)&le !et'a *5 100 (.
%+, 3.
$"TODOLOGI P"R"N#ANAAN
3.1. Uu
Dala( (eran3an !"at" !'!te( a#a al"r ker$a tertent" an )ar"! #''k"t'? !e)'na ran3anan an #')a!'lkan !e!"a' #enan kr'ter'a #e!a'n an berlak". Bab 'n' (e("at lanka)lanka) eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e an berlak" !e3ara "("( #' 7&ta Bar" Para)anan. 3.2. L++)L++) Pr9+++ St Dr++
Dala( eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e a#a beberaa lanka) ent'n an )ar"! #'lak"kan an #aat (en"n$an ke!el"r")an eren3anaan? antara la'n @ en"("lan #ata? anal'!a #ata? e('l')an alternat'; !'!te(? eren3anaan tekn'! ber#a!arkan !'!te( ter'l') (el'"t' #a!ar#a!ar eren3anaan #an kr'ter'a #e!a'n? en"l'!an #ra;t la&ran? #an en"l'!an la&ran ak)'r. A#a"n baan lanka)lanka) eren3anaan an leb') lenka #aat #'l')at a#a a(bar #'ba>a) #an !elan$"tna akan #'"ra'kan (enena' (ete an #'"nakan ter!eb"t a#a !"b bab ber'k"tna.
L'(a!an a'r )"$an an kel"ar #ar' k&la( reten!' rata rata a#ala) :6 #ar' #eb't l'(a!an a'r )"$an an (a!"k ke #ala( k&la( reten!'. 7&n#'!' t&&ra;' #' 7BP (e("nk'nkan l'(a!an a'r )"$an (enal'r !e3ara ra<'ta!'. Na("n? k&n#'!' tek!t"r er("kaan tana) an berel&(ban #an l&ka!' ba#an a'r ener'(a an (enebar (e("nk'nkan l'(a!an a'r )"$an #'al'rkan (en"$" ba#an a'r ener'(a an ter#ekat. L'(a!an a'r )"$an an kel"ar ke ba#an a'r ener'(a?ber#a!arka( anal'!'! !e#er)ana ba#an a'r ener'(a t'#ak akan (enebabkan ban$'r. le) karena 't" en"naan !'!te( #ra'na!e an #'ren3anakan #aat (enant'!'a!' ba)aa ban$'r . S'!te( #ra'na!e an #'ren3anakan akan #'"nakan a#a >'laa) eren3anaan !el"a! 600 )ektar an ter#'r' #ar' % 3l"!ter er"(a)an an terletak #' ka>a!an t'("r 7&ta Bar" Para)anan. Per)'t"nan #'(en!' !al"ran an #'ren3anakan (en"nakan (ete ra!'&nal. 3.3. P'++ + Ur++ $too'o Pr9+++ 3.3.1. T+)+ Puu'+ D+t+
Denan !"r
'laa) !e3ara lan!"n an ber"na #ala( (enent"kan bata!an >'laa) !t"#' #an r"an l'nk" ka$'an. Selan$"tna en"("lan #ata r'(er. Data r'(er (er"akan )a!'l ena(atan lan!"n #' ka>a!an 7&ta Bar" Para)anan. Data an #')a!'lkan (er"akan #ata an (ena(barkan k&n#'!' >'laa) #enan (enk)"!"!kan a#a 'n;&r(a!' an t'#ak #'#aatkan #ar' ')ak enel&la ka>a!an ata" #ata !ek"n#er. Data r'(er an #'k"("lkan antara la'n. 7&n#'!' #aera) eren3anaan k&n#'!' ba#an a'r ener'(a #' !ek'tar #aera) eren3anaan. La'nna en"("lan #ata !ek"n#er. Data !ek"n#er #'er&le) #ar' 'n!tan!' terka't an ber)"b"nan lan!"n #enan eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e #' ka>a!an 7&ta Bar" Para)anan? antara la'n @ #ata )a!'l te!t erk&la!' bert"$"an "nt"k (eneta)"' be!arna ke(a("an tana) (enab!&rb!' a'r )"$an an $at") ke er("kaan tana). 3.3.2. T+)+ A+' D+t+
Ta)aan #ala( (elak"kan anal'!'! )'#r&l&' a#ala) (elak"kan anal'!'! #ata 3"ra) )"$an an ter#'r' #ar' (elenka' #ata 3"ra) )"$an. (elak"kan "$' k&n!'!ten!'? (elak"kan "$' )&(&en'ta!? (elak"kan anal'!'! 3"ra) )"$an (ak!'("( #enan (en"nakan (ete G"(bel M';'ka!'? (ete L& Pear!&n T'e III? (ete I>a' 7e#&a? e('l')an
(ete anal'!a 3"ra) )"$an (ak!'("( #'lak"kan #enan (en"nakan (ete /)' 7"a#rat? (elak"kan anal'!'! 'nten!'ta! )"$an #enan (en"nakan? (ete an Breen (ete Ha!er Der +e#">en? (ete BellTan'(&t&? e('l')an (ete anal'!'! 'nten!'ta! )"$an #'lak"kan #enan (en"nakan !"b!t't"!' antar ket'a (ete a#a er!a(aan Talb&t? S)er(an? #an I!)'"r&. 3.3.3. T+)+ Pr9+++/D+
Dala( eren3anaan #e!a'n !"at" !'!te( #ra'na!e erl" #'lak"kan lanka)lanka) ber'k"t #a!ar#a!ar eren3anaan? te&r' an (en#"k"n eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e? kr'ter'a #e!a'n !'!te( #ra'na!e? eren3anaan tekn'!? er)'t"nan #eb't l'(a!an? ? Penent"an #eb't l'(a!an (en"nakan (ete ra!'&nal 8S&!rar!&n&?1:-*9 #enan 'n"t #ata l"a! #aera) enal'ran #an Inten!'ta! )"$an. Per)'t"nan #'(en!' ban"nan elenka 8&r&n&r&n? !treet 'nlet? ter$"nan? &"t;all9 U!a)a k&n!er
'laa) !t"#'.Se!';'ka!' tekn'! #an Ren3ana Anaran B'aa.De!a'n #an #eta'l a(bar
%+, 4.
DASAR – DASAR P"R"N#ANAAN
4.1. Uu
Sebel"( (enent"kan eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e !"at" >'laa) e("k'(an an al'n teat? #'erl"kan #a!ar#a!ar eren3anaan terleb') #"l". Hal 'n' ber"na !ebaa' ba)an e('k'ran #ala( enetaan alternat'; !al"ran #an eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e. Da!ar #a!ar eren3anaan an #'terakan (en3ak" ketent"anketent"an "("( #an r"("! r"("! #a!ar an #'aka' #ala( !"at" eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e. Peneraan #a!ar #a!ar eren3anaan 'n' )ar"! #'!e!"a'kan #enan k&n#'!' ek!'!t'n l&ka!' #aera) eren3anaan? !eert' ('!alna k&n#'!' t&&ra;'? kl'(at&l&'? e&l&'? tata "na la)an? 3"ra) )"$an? )'#r&e&l&'? #an !ebaa'na. Sela'n eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e? "nt"k (enan"lan' ban$'r an ("nk'n ter$a#' #' #aera) e("k'(an? #'erl"kan $"a !"at" eren3anaan !"("r re!aan #an k&la( reten!' an $"a #'#a!arkan ata! tata "na la)an l&ka!' eren3anaan? an nant'na akan (e(enar")' be!ar ke3'lna k&e;'!'en l'(a!an an ter$a#'.
Denan (e(ert'(bankan ;akt&r;akt&r #' ata!? #'ke(bankan beberaa alternat'; !'!te( #ra'na!e an (e(ert'(bankan a!ek tekn'! #an ek&n&('! Ha!'l an #')arakan #ar' alternat'; an #''l') a#ala) ter3aa'na eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e an bera!a!kan !'!te( #ra'na!e (ern? a't" !'!te( #ra'na!e an ber>a>a!an l'nk"nan. Se)'na? !ela'n ter)'n#ar #ar' ba)aa ban$'r ata""n enanan a'r an (er"'kan (a!arakat? l&ka!' er"(a)an $"a t"r"t !erta #ala( "aa k&n!er
Penert'an #ra'na!e #aat #'tent"kan ber#a!arkan l'nk" ata" bata!an #ar' !'!te( #ra'na!e 't" !en#'r' 8M"t&? 1::-9? antara la'n @ Dra'na!e er("kaan? a't" !"at" !'!te( #ra'na!e an (enanan' !e("a er(a!ala)an keleb')an a'r #' ata! ata" a#a er("kaan tana)? ter"ta(a (a!ala) keleb')an a'r )"$an. Dra'na!e ba>a) er("kaan? a't" !"at" !'!te( #ra'na!e an (enanan' er(a!ala)an keleb')an a'r #' ba>a) er("kaan tana) ata" #' ba>a) la'!an tana)? ('!alna "nt"k (en"r"nkan er("kaan a'r tana) an t'n' aar #aera) ter!eb"t terbeba! #ar' (a!ala) kele(baban an t'n'. Dra'na!e erk&taan? a't" !"at" !'!te( #ra'na!e an (enanan' er(a!ala)an keleb')an a'r #' >'laa) erk&taan an (el'"t' #ra'na!e er("kaan #an #ra'na!e ba>a) er("kaan. B'la #'l')at #ar' 3ara enal"ranna? !'!te( #ra'na!e #aat #'ba' (en$a#' t'a ba'an be!ar? a't" @ T+,' 4 /ara Penal"ran A'r H"$an
S'!te(
Penal'ran
Ter'!a) A'r
)"$an
Ter3a("r #an
Inter3et'n
Se>er
a'r A'r )"$an #an a'r ='ka #eb't be!ar?
l'(ba)
l'(ba)
!'!te(
ter'!a)
ter3a("r
ter3a("r ='ka
#eb't
ke3'l?
!'!te( ter'!a) Fl"kt"a!' Deb't
Be!ar
7e3'l
7e"nt"nan Ek&n&('! #ala( )al e('l')an
"nt"k karena #eb't
be!ar
#an
ke3'l
)ana 3eran #enan a'r
(ena("n
)"$an
#eb't a'r )"$an !a$a )"$an
!al"ran a'r b"anan Me(b"t")kan la)an ter!en#'r'
B'aa k&n!tr"k!' leb')
t'#ak ("ra) karena #eb't
(e(beban'
7er"'an
en3e(ar
enen
karena
A'r
7&n!entra!' B'!a #'"nakan
#'(en!' (en"r"n
!al"ran
Be!ar #an ke3'l
$a#' !at" Deb't an #'&la) Me(b"t")kan #ala(
la)an
BPAB be!ar
Ter!en#'r'
S"(ber @ M"t&. Dra'na!e Perk&taan? &l"(e I. 1::-
Mak!"# eren3anaan
#ra'na!e erk&taan
a#ala) "nt"k
(er3ar'
alternat'; k'at
enen#al'an ak"("la!' l'(a!an a'r )"$an an berleb')an #an enal"ran l'(ba) aar #ala( e(ban"nanna #aat tera#" #enan e(ban"nan !ekt&r la'n an terka't 8M"t&? 1::-9. Denan a#ana eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e 'n'? (aka !ebel"(na #aat #'!'akan 3a#anan la)an an 3"k"? !e!"a' #enan enataan l'nk"nan erk&taan. Dar' "ra'an #' ata!? (aka ke"naan #ra'na!e #aat #'!'("lkan !ebaa' ber'k"t 8M"t&? 1::-9 (ener'nkan #aera) be3ek #an enanan a'r? (enen#al'kan ak"("la!' l'(a!an a'r )"$an an berleb')an #an (e(an;aatkan !ebe!arbe!arna "nt"k '(b")an a'r tana)?
(enen#al'kan er&!'? ker"!akan $alan #an ban"nanban"nan? !arana enel&laan k"al'ta! a'r. Pe(ba'an Sal"ran Dra'na!e terba' (en$a#' #"a? a't" #ra'na!e >'laa) erk&taan 8#ra'na!e k&ta9 #an #ra'na!e >'laa) re'&nal 8#ra'na!e re'&nal9. Dra'na!e k&ta #'ba' (en$a#' l'(a 8M"t&? 1::-9 @ Sal"ran Dra'na!e In#"k Uta(a 8DPS 100 )a9 Sal"ran Dra'na!e In#"k Ma#a 8DPS 50100 )a9 Sal"ran Dra'na!e /aban Uta(a 8DPS 2550 )a9 Sal"ran Dra'na!e /aban Ma#a 8DPS 525 )a9 Sal"ran Dra'na!e Ter!'er 8DPS 05 )a9 Sal"ran #ra'na!e 'n#"k 8"ta(a #an (a#a #enan DPS 50 )a9 #aat #'kate&r'kan ke #ala( !'!te( #ra'na!e (a&r karena ak'bat ker"!akan ban$'r #'ana be!ar? !e#ankan !al"ran #ra'na!e 3aban "ta(a #an !eter"!na 8DPS 50 )a9 #aat #'kate&r'kan ke #ala( !'!te( #ra'na!e ('n&r karena ak'bat ker"!akan ban$'r #'ana ke3'l. 4.2.1. St Dr++ $or
S'!te( #ra'na!e ('n&r (er"akan ba'an #ar' !'!te( #ra'na!e an (ener'(a #eb't l'(a!an (ak!'("( #ar' ("la' al'ran a>al? (el'"t' @ 'nlet l'(a!an er("kaan $alan? !al"ran #an ar't #ra'na!e te'an $alan? &r&n&r&n? &t a'r )"$an? !al"ran a'r terb"ka #an la'nla'n? an #'#e!a'n "nt"k (enanan' l'(a!an ban$'r ('n&r !a(a' DPS !a(a #enan 50 )a. Sal"ran #ra'na!e ('n&r #'#e!a'n "nt"k Per'e Ulan H"$an 8PUH9 210 ta)"n? terant"n #ar' tata "na la)an #' !ek'tarna. 4.2.2. St Dr++ $+7or
Sela'n "nt"k (ener'(a l'(a!an ban$'r ('n&r? !arana #ra'na!e )ar"! #'lenka' #enan !"at" !al"ran an #aat (enant'!'a!' ter$a#'na ker"!akanker"!akan be!ar ak'bat l'(a!an ban$'r an ("nk'n ter$a#' !et'a 25100 ta)"n !ekal'. Sarana !'!te( #ra'na!e (a&r (el'"t' @ !al"ran ala(' #an b"atan? #aera) ban$'r #an $al"r !al"ran #ra'na!e e(ba>a al'ran l'(a!an be!ar !erta ban"nan elenkana. 4.3. D++rD++r Pr9+++ + Krtr+ D+
4.3.1. Pro U'+ Hu+ (PUH!
PUH #ala( #e!a'n #')'t"n #enan (en"nakan r"("! 8M"t&? 1::-9 @
1 1 − µ 2
T = N
#'(ana @ T
E. 1
J PUH !et'a T ta)"n 8ta)"n9
N
J U("r ban"nan e;ekt'; 8ta)"n9
K
J ;akt&r re!'k&? b'a!ana bern'la' 1%
PUH #e!a'n !'!te( !al"ran #an ban"nanban"nan #ra'na!e k&ta "nt"k berbaa' tata "na la)an. T+,' 5 PUH De!a'n R'n3' 8ta)"n9
T N&.
Tata G"na La)an
1
Sal"ran a>alan a#a #aera) @
8ta)"n9
la)an r"(a)? ta(an? keb"n? k"b"ran? la)an tak
2
terban"n
2
er#aanan? erkant&ran #an 'n#"!tr'
5
Sal"ran ('n&r DPS 5 )a 8!al"ran ter!'er9 re!'k& ke3'l
2
re!'k& be!ar
5
DPS 525 )a 8!al"ran !ek"n#er9 tana re!'k&
2
re!'k& ke3'l
5
re!'k& be!ar
10
DPS 2550 )a 8!al"ran r'(er9 tana re!'k&
5
re!'k& ke3'l
10
re!'k& be!ar
25
%
Sal"ran (a&r DPS 50100 )a tana re!'k&
5
re!'k& ke3'l
10
re!'k& be!ar
25
DPS 100 )a
4
5
tana re!'k&
10
re!'k& !e#an
25
re!'k& be!ar
50
enen#al'an ban$'r k'r'(an
100
G&r&n&r&n$e(batan $alan b'a!a
510
$alan ba!!
1025
$alan beba! )a(batan
2550
Sal"ran te' $alan $alan l'nk"nan
25
$alan k&ta
510
$alan ba!!
1025
$alan beba! )a(batan
2550
S"(ber @ M"t&. Dra'na!e Perk&taan? &l"(e I. 1::4.3.2. Lu+ D+r+) P+'r+
Hal)al an erl" #'er)at'kan #ala( !"at" l"a! #aera) enal'ran a#ala) tata "na la)an ek!'!t'n #an ene(bananna #' (a!a (en#atan? karakter'!t'k tana) #an ban"nan #' ata!na? ke('r'nan tana) #an bent"k #aera) en al'ran. 4.3.3. P+ru) DPS P+r+'
M';'ka!' (ete ra!'&nal ber#a!arkan a!"(!' ba)>a )a!'l #eb't "n3ak #ar' !"at" )"$an #enan #"ra!' #'(ana !el"r") DPS #' ata! t't'k r&;'l !al"ran an #'t'n$a" tela) (e(ber'kan k&ntr'b"!'. Mak'n $a") !al"ran? DPS akan (ak'n berta(ba)? >akt" k&n!entra!' akan berta(ba)? !e)'na 'nten!'ta! )"$anna (en"r"n 8 $'ka t3 te 9.
Penar") 't" !e("a #aat (enak'batkan erbe#aan a#a #eb't "n3ak an #')'t"n #enan a!"(!' ba)>a !el"r") DPS !"#a) (e(ber'kan k&ntr'b"!'. 7ea#aan 'n' #'!eb"t enar") DPS ar!'al #an )ar"! #'3ek a#a te(atte(at !ebaa' ber'k"t @ Perte("an #"a !al"ran 7el"aran #ar' DPS an be!ar #enan >akt" k&n!entra!' en#ek 7el"aran DPS an ke3'l #enan >akt" k&n!entra!' an$an. Unt"k enent"an #eb't "n3ak ak'bat enar") DPS ar!'al 'n'? #'aka' e#&(an !ebaa' ber'k"t @ ='ka ke#"a t3 !al"ran te? (aka #eb't "n3ak !al"ran !a(a #enan $"(la) #eb't #ar' ke#"a !al"ran ='ka t'#ak? )ar"! #')'t"n #"a kal' #'(ana !el"r") r"a! #enan t3 terke3'l #an terbe!ar? #enan )ara terbe!ar #'"nakan "nt"k #eb't #e!a'n. Per)'t"nan an #'lak"kan "nt"k e#&(an an ke#"a a#ala) 8M"t&? 1::-9@ Unt"k t3 terbe!ar? !e("a #aera) (e(ber'kan k&ntr'b"!' @ Q
=
1
( ∑ C
si
%60
. Ai .C i ) I tcterbesar
E. 2
Unt"k t3 terke3'l? t'#ak !e("a DPS (e(ber'kan k&ntr'b"!' @ Q
=
1 %60
( ∑ C
si
. Ai .C i ) I tcterkecil
E. %
Se#ankan ;akt&r #')'t"n #enan @ y =
t dkecil t dbesar
E. 4
4.4. Krtr+ Hro' 4.4.1. K++t+ S+'ur+
Unt"k (en)'t"n kaa!'ta! !al"ran? #'er"nakan er!a(aan k&nt'n"'ta! #an r"("! Mann'n 8/)&>? 1::29@ Q A.v
E. 5
#'(ana @
J #eb't enal'ran 8(%#et'k9
=
<
J 7e3eatan ratarata #ala( !al"ran
A
J L"a! ena(an ba!a) 8(29
4.4.2. A,+ %,+
A(ban beba! a#ala) $arak
(C f .d )
E. 6
#'(ana @ #
J 7et'n'an ("ka a'r 8(9
/;
J 7&e;'!'en a(ban beba!
Be!arna k&e;'!'en a(ban beba! an #'"nakan #aat #'l')at a#a tabel ber'k"t 'n'. 4.4.3. Pr'++ S+'ur+
Perlenkaan !al"ran (er"akan !arana elenka an #aat (en"n$an k'ner$a enal"ran a'r )"$an. Pa#a "("(na erlenkaan !al"ran a#a !'!te( enal"ran a'r )"$an ter#'r' #ar' @ Street Inlet Street 'nlet (er"akan l"ban ata" b"kaan #' !'!'!'!' $alan an ber;"n!' "nt"k (ena("n #an (enal"rkan l'(a!an a'r )$an an bera#a #' !ean$an $alan (en"$" ke !al"ran. Pa#a $en'! en"naan !al"ran terb"ka t'#ak #'erl"kan !treet 'nlet karena a(ban !al"ran an a#a (er"akan b"kaan beba! 8ke3"al' "nt"k $alan #enan tr&t&ar terban"n9. Perletakan !treet 'nlet (e("na' ketent"anketent"an !ebaa' ber'k"t @ D'letakkan a#a te(at an t'#ak (e(ber'kan an"an ter)a#a lal" l'nta! $alan (a""n e$alan kak' D'te(atkan a#a #aera) an ren#a) #'(ana l'(aan a'r )"$an (en"$" ke ara) ter!eb"t A'r an (a!"k !treet 'nlet )ar"! !e3eatna (en"$" ke #ala( !al"ran D
=
2-0 S W
E. *
#'(ana @ D
J =arak antar !treet 'nlet 8(9? D 50 (
S
J 7e('r'nan 89
+
J Lebar $alan 8(9
G"tter Inlet G"tter 'nlet a#ala) b"kaan )&r'!&ntal #'(ana a'r $at") ke #al(na. 7aa!'ta! "tter 'nlet #aat #')'t"n #enan (en"nakan (';'ka!' er!a(aan Mann'n "nt"k al'ran #ala( !al"ran an !anat #ankal 8M"t&? 1::-9? a't" @ Q = 0.56
z n
1 2
S
-%
d
#'(ana @
E. J 7aa!'ta! "tter 'nlet 8(%#et'k9
J 7e('r'nan &t&nan (el'ntan $alan 8((9
n
J 7&e;'!'en keka!aran Mann'n J 0.016
S
J 7e('r'nan l&n't"#'nal "tter 8((9
#
J 7e#ala(an al'ran #' #ala( "tter 8(9
G"tter #'#e!a'n !e#e('k'an r"a !e)'na lebar al'ran #' ata! er("kaan $alan t'#ak leb') #ar' #"a (( !ela(a ter$a#'na )"$an. /"rb Inlet /"rb 'nlet a#ala) b"kaan
= 0.2 gd % 2
= 0.%6 gd % 2
E. :
8Metr'3 Un't9
#'(ana @
J 7aa!'ta! 3"rb 'nlet 83;!? (%#et'k9
L
J Lebar b"kaan 3"rb 8;t? (9
J Gaa ra<'ta!'
#
J 7e#ala(an t&tal a'r #ala( "tter 8;t? (9
T'n' a'r a#a er("kaan $alan #ekat "tter ata" 3"rb #aat #'#ekat' #enan r"("! 8M"t&? 1::-9@ d =
(
)
0.5
0.04*4 D. I
S
#'(ana @ #
0.2
E. 10 J 7e#ala(an a'r 8((9 a#a lebar $alan D
J =arak antara !treet 'nlet
I
J Inten!'ta! )"$an 8(($a(9
S
J 7e('r'nan $alan
Dala( eren3anaan? kaa!'ta! "tter (a""n 3"rb 'nlet )ar"! #'t"r"nkan 8!ek'tar 10%0 9 "nt"k (e(er)'t"nkan an"an en"(batan #'(ana en"r"nan 'n' terant"n a#a k&n#'!' $alan !erta $en'! 'nletna. Be!arna ;akt&r re#"k!' #ala( enent"an kaa!'ta! 'nlet #aat #'l')at a#a tabel ber'k"t 'n'. Perlenkaan !al"ran (er"akan !arana elenka an #aat (en"n$an k'ner$a enal"ran a'r )"$an. Pa#a "("(na erlenkaan !al"ran a#a !'!te( enal"ran a'r )"$an ter#'r' #ar' @ D'te(atkan a#a #aera) an ren#a) #'(ana l'(aan a'r )"$an (en"$" ke ara) ter!eb"t A'r an (a!"k !treet 'nlet )ar"! !e3eatna (en"$" ke #ala( !al"ran. D
#'(ana @ D
=
2-0 S W
E. 11
J =arak antar !treet 'nlet 8(9? D 50 (
4.4.3.1.
S
J 7e('r'nan 89
+
J Lebar $alan 8(9
Tru+ T+
Pa#a ter$"nan teak 'n' a'r akan (enala(' $at") beba! a#a el'(a) ter$"nan? ke("#'an akan terbent"k !"at" l&n3atan )'#r&l'! a#a )'l'r. 7etent"an an berlak" a#ala) @ Unt"k 2.5 (%#et'k? t'n' ter$"n (ak!'("( J 1?5 ( Unt"k 2?5 (%#et'k? t'n' ter$"n (ak!'("( J 2?5 ( Unt"k (enent"kan ter$"nan teak #'"nakan r"("! 8/)&>? 1::29@ Y c Q
q
= 2 %h =
E. 12
b.q
E. 1%
= Y c ( Y c . g )
#'(ana @ ,3
E. 14
J 7e#ala(an a'r kr't'! 8(9
)
J 7e#ala(an a'r n&r(al 8(9
J Deb't al'ran 8(%#et'k9
b
J Lebar !al"ran 8(9
J Deb't er !at"an lebar a(ban 8(%#et'k9
J Gaa ra<'ta!' 8(#et'k29
4.4.3.2.
Tru+ $r
Ter$"nan ('r'n #'aka' "nt"k t'n' ter$"n 2 (. M"la' #ar' a>al ter$"nan ('r'n? a'rna (en#aat ta(ba)an ke3eatan !e)'na !ean$an ter$"nan ('r'n ter!eb"t beran!"ran!"r ter$a#' en"r"nan ("ka a'r. S"aa er"ba)an ke3eatan a'r #ar' ke3eatan n&r(al ke ke3eatan (ak!'("( ber$alan !e3ara terat"r #an t'#ak !e3ara (en#a#ak? #'b"atla) !"at" ba'an eral')an. T'e an "("( #'"nakan a#ala) t'e l"t)er.
7e3eatan (ak!'("( a#a ak)'r ba'an eral')an be!arna terant"n a#a keta)anan #a!ar #an #'n#'n#'n#'n !al"ranna ter)a#a ener"!an 8er&!'9. ='ka #'b"at #ar' a!anan bat" kal' #enan !e!' !e(en an ba'k? ke3eatan (ak!'("(na berk'!ar antara 510 (#et'k. ='ka #'b"at #ar' bet&n? tent"na n'la' an #'3aa' akan leb') be!ar la'. D'(en!' ban"nan ter$"nan ('r'n #aat #')'t"n #enan (en"nakan er!a(aan l"t)er 8D'r$en Pena'ran?1:-69@ v
H = h1 +
h2
=
2 %
2
2 g
E. 15
h1
E. 16
H z
S = C . H
#'(ana @ /
E. 1* J 0?4
Unt"k 1% H 4%? (aka D J 0?6.H 1?1. a J 0?2.H8H9 4
% H 10? (aka D J H 1?1.
0?15.H8H9 H
J T'n' ener' 8(9
)1
J 7e#ala(an a'r #' )'l'r 8(9
)2
J 7e#ala(an kr't'! 8(9
S
J 7et'n'an a'r a#a ba'an an ('r'n 8(9
J Be#a t'n' a'r !ebel"( #an !e!"#a) ter$"nan 8(9
<
J 7e3eatan al'ran 8(9
4.4.3.3.
Ptu Ar
a J
P'nt" a'r ata" kle (er"akan ban"nan en"n$an !'!te( #ra'na!e #' #aera) #ataran. P'nt" a'r #';"n!'kan ter"ta(a a#a !aat ter$a#' )"$an #an a!an na'k. Hal 'n' #'lak"kan "nt"k (en3ea) al'ran bal'k 8ba3k>ater9 an #aat ter$a#' ak'bat ban$'r (akr&? !e)'na t'#ak (enan" kelan3aran a'r kel"ar #ar' #aera) eren3anaan an #aat (enebabkan ban$'r ('kr&. P'nt" a'r b'a!ana #'letakkan a#a l&ka!' &"t;all #' te' !"na' #an a#a te' #'(ana ak"("la!' a'r #ala( !al"ran #ra'na!e k&ta (en"$" ("ara 3"k" t'n' 4.4.3.4.
%+u+ P,u++
Ban"nan e(b"anan ata" &"t;all (er"akan "$"n !al"ran an #'te(atkan a#a !"na' ata" ba#an a'r ener'(a la'nna. Str"kt"r &"t;all 'n' )a('r !a(a #enan !tr"kt"r ban"nan ter$"nan la'n karena b'a!ana t't'k "$"n !al"ran terletak a#a ele
? 1::29 @ Q
v 2 2 g = 0.%5b1 h + 2:
v
2
2 g
E. 1-
4.5. Pro;' A'r+
Dala( eren3anaan !al"ran #ra'na!e !elal" #'a!"(!'kan ba)>a #ala( !at" $al"r !al"ran ket'n'an a'rna !elal" !a(a karena #'ana ba)>a a'r #ar' #aera) tankaan lan!"n #'l'(a!kan !e3ara ber!a(aan ke #ala( !al"ran. T"$"an e(ba)!an r&;'l al'ran 'n' a#ala) "nt"k (en"n$"kkan r&;'l al'ran !ebenar na an ter$a#' #ala( !al"ran #ra'na!e aar #ala( eren3anaanna t'#ak ter$a#' ke!ala)an enert'an tentan ke#ala(an a'r #ala( !al"ran. Deb't l'(a!an (e(enar")' e(bent"kan r&;'l al'ran karena @ T'#ak !e("a a'r terl'(a!kan ke !al"ran !e3ara ber!a(aan A#a an (eraa a#a (e#an l'(a!an terleb') #a)"l" A#a (a!"kan #ar' !al"ran er!'l ke !ean$an !al"ran an #'t'n$a"
A#ana ena(ba)an #eb't l'(a!an #ar' $al"r !al"ran !e!"#a)na an #'ak'batkan a#ana al'ran bal'k. R"("!r"("! ent'n an #'"nakan #ala( er)'t"nan r&;'l al'ran a#ala) er)'t"nan #eb't #an er)'t"nan en"r"nan ("ka a'r. Per!a(aan an #'"nakan @ Q
=
q. L
4.5.1. Pro;' A'r+ A,+t P+ru) P+ru) P++ S+'ur+
Pena(an !al"ran (e(enar")' e(bent"kan r&;'l al'ran karena @ Sal"ran t'#ak !elal" (e("na' #'(en!' an !a(a karena #ala( eren3anaanna terant"n a#a #eb't an (a!"k ke #ala(na? !e#ankan #eb't an (a!"k bel"( tent" !a(a be!arna. A#ana ener' #ala( !"at" al'ran? !eert' t'n' tekan? t'n' ke3eatan #an ke)'lanan tekanan. Ener' 'n' akan !e(ak'n ek!tr'( $'ka ter$a#' er"ba)an k&n#'!'k&n#'!' !al"ran? er"ba)an ke('r'nan #a!ar !al"ran? er"ba)an keka!aran !al"ran? !erta er"ba)an bent"k ena(an !al"ran. A#ana al'ran bal'k #ar' $al"r !al"ran !e!"#a)na. 4.5.1.1.
Gotr S+'ur+
Un!"r"n!"r e&(etr' !al"ran a#ala) !';at!';at !"at" ena(an !al"ran an #aat #'"ra'kan !el"r")na ber#a!arkan bent"k ena(an #an ke#ala(an al'ran. Pena(an !al"ran b"atan b'a!ana #'ran3an ber#a!arkan bent"k e&(etr' an "("(. 4.5.1.2.
"r S;
Ener' !e!';'k #ala( !"at" ena(an !al"ran #'natakan !ebaa' ener' a'r !et'a &n a#a !et'a ena(an !al"ran? #'er)'t"nkan ter)a#a #a!ar !al"ran. Per"("!anna a#ala) !ebaa' ber'k"t 8/)&>? 1::29@ = y + α
v2 2 g
#'(ana @ E
= y + α
Q
2
2 gA
2
E. 1:
J Ener' !e!';'k 8;t9
J 7et'n'an ("ka a'r #ar' #a!ar !al"ran 8;t9
O
J 7&e;'!'en ener'
<
J 7e3eatan al'ran 8;t#et'k9
J Per3eatan ra<'ta!' 8;t#et'k 29
J Deb't al'ran 8(%#et'k9
A
J L"a! ena(an ba!a) 8(29 4.5.1.3.
Pro;' A'r+
Pr&;'l al'ran (en"n$"kkan lenk"n er("kaan al'ran. =en'! lenk"n an "("( ter$a#' a#a !al"ran terb"ka a#ala) @ Lenk"n A'r Bal'k Pr&;'l 'n' ter$a#' b'la "$"n )'l'r #ar' !al"ran an$an an lan#a' teren#a( a#a !"at" k&la( an ke#ala(anna leb') be!ar #ar'a#a ke#ala(an n&r(al? !e)'na r&;'l 'n' ter$a#' a#a &na ke#ala(an #' ata! ar'! ke#ala(an n&r(al 8G7N9. Lenk"n S"r"t M"ka A'r Lenk"n 'n' ter$a#' $'ka #a!ar !al"ran a#a "$"n )'l'r teren#a( a#a !"at" k&la( an ke#ala(anna leb') ke3'l #ar'a#a ke#ala(an n&r(al. 4.-. U+)+ Kor<+ Su,r D+7+ Ar 4.-.1. Pr++ %u+t+
Dala( "aa (en$aa kele!tar'an a'r k)"!"!na #' ka>a!an e("k'(an? erl" #'er)at'kan ;"n!' #ra'na!e !ebaa' ra!arana ka>a!an e("k'(an an #'lan#a!kan a#a k&n!e #ra'na!e erk&taan an ber>a>a!an l'nk"nan. 7&n!e 'n' antara la'n berka'tan #enan "aa k&n!er
a#"k? an !ekal'"! #aat ber;"n!' "nt"k b"#'#aa 'kan #an !ebaa' te(at
>'!ata ata" rekrea!'. n !'te retent'&n #'lak"kan ('!alna #enan reten!' a#a ata ban"nan? ta(an te(at ark'r? laanan terb"ka #an a#a )ala(an r"(a) ata" ban"nan la'nna. 4.-.2. Suur R++
Pa#a #a!arna !"("r re!aan a'r )"$an (er"akan !"("r an ber;"n!' "nt"k (ere!akan a'r )"$an ke #ala( tana). le) karena 't"? a#a beberaa er!aratan "("( an )ar"! #'en")' antara la'n. S"("r re!aan a'r )"$an #'b"at a#a la)an an l"l"! a'r #an ta)an l&n!&r. S"("r re!aan a'r )"$an )ar"! beba! #ar' k&nta('na!'en3e(aran l'(ba). A'r an (a!"k ke #ala( !"("r re!aan a#ala) a'r )"$an. Unt"k #aera) #enan !an'ta!' l'nk"nan an b"r"k? !"("r re!aan a'r )"$an )ana (ena("n a'r l'(a!an #ar' ata #an #'!al"rkan (elal"' talan. Me(ert'(bankan a!ek )'#r&l&'? e&l&' #an )'#r&e&l&'. 4.-.3. Ko'+ Rt
7&la( reten!' #aat #'"nakan "nt"k (ere#"k!' #an (e(erla(bat #eb't an akan (a!"k ba#an a'r ener'(a #an #aat #';"n!'kan !ebaa' ener' !t&ra!' ala(' an #aat #'"nakan e(an;aatanna. Lanka)lanka) er)'t"nan <&l"(e k&la( reten!' a#ala) !ebaa' ber'k"t @ G+,+r 2 Lanka)lanka) er)'t"nan <&l"(e k&la( reten!'
4.-.3.1.
P'+) S+
Peren3anaan "nt"k (a!"kan k&la( reten!' !ala) !at"na a#ala) #enan el'(a) !a('n. Mete an #'"nakan "nt"k (en#e!a'n el'(a) !a('n a#ala) (ete b'lanan ber#a!arkan ata! e(e3a)an (a!ala) &le) De Mar3)'? #enan (enan#alkan ba)>a al'ran a#ala) !"bkr't'!? an$an ban"nan el'(a) #aat #')'t"n !ebaa' ber'k"t @ D' #ekat "$"n ban"nan el'(a)? #enan be!arna ke#ala(an a'r )& #an #eb't & !a(a #enan ke#ala(an #an #eb't &t&nan !al"ran #' belakan el'(a) #enan H& J )& <22? t'n' ener' #' "$"n el'(a) #aat #')'t"n. Pa#a $arak #' "$"n )"l" #an )'l'r el'(a)? t'n' ener' $"a H& karena !"#a) #'an#a'kan ba)>a t'n' ener' #' !ean$an el'(a) a#ala) k&n!tan. 4.-.3.2.
P'+)/$r9u Tt+
Peren3anaan kel"aran k&la( re!aan !ala) !at"na a#ala) #enan (er3" teta. R"("! #eb't kel"aran an #'er"nakan a#a (er3" teta 'n' a#ala) @ Q
= C d
2
2
%
%
1.5
gbH 1
E. 20
#'(ana @ J #eb't 8(%#et'k9 /# J 7&e;'!'en #eb't? "nt"k alat "k"r a(ban lebar? /# J 1?0% "nt"k alat "k"r (er3" b"lat? /# J 1?4
J Per3eatan ra<'ta!' 8(#et'k 29
b
J Lebar (er3" 8(9
H1 J T'n' #' ata! (er3" 8(9
%+, 5.
ANALISIS HIDROLOGI
5.1. Prt+ A+' Hro'o
Dala( (eren3anakan #ra'na!e #an enel&laan a'r )"$an? !anat ent'n "nt"k (eneta)"' #eb't lar'an a'r )"$an an akan #'kel&la. Deb't ban$'r 'n' a#a "("(na t'#ak lan!"n ter!e#'a? teta' (elal"' anal'!a )'#r&l&' (elal"' t'n' )"$an (ak!'("( an #'#aat #ar' &!&! ena(atan )"$an an ter!ebar? #aat #'keta)"' 'nten!'ta! )"$anna lal" #aat #'3ar' n'la' #eb't ban$'rna. Data 3"ra) )"$an an #'erl"kan a#ala) 3"ra) )"$an $anka >akt" an en#ek. Inten!'ta! 3"ra) )"$an $anka >akt" an !'nkat #aat #'"nakan "nt"k (en)'t"n <&l"(e #eb't ber#a!arkan r"("! ra!'&nal. Inten!'ta! 3"ra) )"$an 'n' #'aka' karena a#a "("(na? (ak'n en#ek $anka >akt" 3"ra) )"$an? (ak'n be!ar 'nten!'ta!na? #an !ebal'kna? $'ka $anka >akt" 3"ra) )"$an 't" an$an? (aka 'nten!'ta!na ke3'l. Beraa be!ar ketel't'an an #aat #'a3aa' &le) !"at" $ar'nan ena(atan #enan keraatan tertent". Setela) ter$a#' re!''ta!'? a'r )"$an #aat terta)an a#a beberaa te(at !ebel"( (en$a#' a'r lar'an? a't"@ 7e)'lanan ak'bat 'nter!e!' 8 'nter3et'&n l&!!e! 9. 7e)'lanan 'n' b'a!ana ak'bat a'r )"$an an terta)an &le)
Dar' &!&! )"$an an ter!e#'a ter!ebar #' !ek'tar >'laa) !t"#'? erl" #'tent"kan &! )"$an an akan #'$a#'kan !ta!'"n "ta(a !ebaa' #a!ar er)'t"nan ber'k"tna. Penent"an !ta!'"n "ta(a 'n' #'lak"kan #enan (ete &l&n T)'e!!en. Mete P&l&n T)'e!!en 'n' #'an#an 3"k" ba'k karena (e(ber'kan k&rek!' ter)a#a ke#ala( )"$an !ebaa' ;"n!' #aera) an #'ana #'>ak'l'. H't"nan #enan &l'&n T)'e!!en #'lak"kan !ebaa' ber'k"t@
Se("a !ta!'"n an ter#aat #' #ala( ata" #' l"ar DAS #')"b"nkan #enan ar'!? !e)'na terbent"k $ar'nan !e't'a!e't'a. Hen#akna #')'n#ar' !e't'a #enan !"#"t !anat t"("l. Pa#a (a!'n(a!'n !e't'a #'tar'k ar'! !"(b"na? #an !e("a ar'! !"(b" ter!eb"t (e(bent"k &l'&n L"a! #aera) an )"$anna #'ana #'>ak'l' &le) ar'!ar'! &l'&n ter!eb"t. L"a! relat'; #aera) #enan l"a! DAS (er"akan ;akt&r k&rek!'na. Ber#a!arkan $arak !ta!'"n ena(atan #ar' l&ka!' #an keter!e#'aan #ata an #'k"("lkan #ar' berbaa' !"(ber? ter"ta(a BMG Ban#"n? #an P"!l'tban S"(ber Daa A'r 8 PUSAIR Ban#"n 9? (aka #''l') beberaa !ta!'"n an akan #'(an;aatkan #ata 3"ra) )"$anna? a't" !ta!'"n Pa#alaran 8 150 9? /'(a)' 8 15% 9? Sa"l'n 8 %22102 9? Ban#"n /e(ara 8 16% 9? Ban#"n H"!e'n Sa!traneara 8 16% 9? S'n#ankerta 8 151a 9? Pan)e&tan 8 142 9? #an S"ka>ana 8 14* 9. 5.2.2. Kor Ku+'t+ + Ku+tt+ D+t+
Data )"$an #ar' 'n!t't"!' enel&la erl" (en#aatkan er)at'an a#a k"al'ta! #an k"ant'ta!na. Beberaa kek"ranan an #aat? #an "("(na ter$a#'? #'k&rek!' #an #'lenka' #a)"l" !ebel"( #'"nakan #ala( anal'!a !elan$"tna. 5.2.2.1.
P'++ D+t+ Hu+
7ek&!&nan #ata #aat? #an !er'n? #'te("kan #ar' #ata an #'kel"arkan &le) !ta!'"n ena(atan )"$an. Hal 'n' #aat ter$a#' karena ket'#ak)a#'ran ena(at (a""n ker"!akan alat. 7ek&!&nan #ata 'n' #aat #'lenka' beberaa 3ara? a't"@ ="(la) )"$an #')'t"n #ar' ena(atan #' t'a !ta!'"n ter#ekat #an !e#aat ("nk'n ber$arak !a(a ter)a#a !ta!'"n an ke)'lanan #ata ter!eb"t.. B'la )"$an ta)"nan n&r(alna a#a (a!'n(a!'n !ta!'"n 'n#ek! bera#a #ala( 10 #ar' !ta!'"n!ta!'"n an ke)'lanan 3atatan ter!eb"t? ratarata ar't(et'k !e#er)ana #ar' )"$an #' !ta!'"n!ta!'"n 'n#ek! #aat (e(ber'kan $"(la) an #'erk'rakan.B'la )"$an ta)"nan n&r(al #' !e(baran !ta!'"n 'n#ek! berbe#a #ar' !ta!'"n "an #'natakan !ebe!ar leb') #ar' 10? (aka #'"nakan (ete ra!'& n&r(al an #'ke(bankan &le) L'n!le? et al? 1:5-. /ara 'n' )ana b&le) #'"nakan b'la
In#&ne!'a Dala( (ete 'n'? $"(la) a#a !ta!'"n!ta!'"n 'n#ek! #'t'(ban #enan ra!'& n'la'n'la' )"$an ta)"nan n&r(alna? !e)'na )"$an #' !ta!'"n ter!eb"t a#ala)@ Per)'t"nan #ata )"$an an )'lan 'n' "("(na 3"k" ak"rat "nt"k )"$an lebat t'e "("( #' ata! (e#an an #atar ata" #' ata! leren e"n"nan an ara) an'nna relat'; )al"!. 5.2.2.2.
U Hoot+
S"at" arra #ata #aat ber!';at t'#ak )&(&en. 7et'#ak)&(&enan 'n' #aat ter$a#' karena@ Per"ba)an k&n#'!' at(&!;er karena en3e(aran A#ana )"$an b"atan an ber!';at 'n!'#ent'l Men"r"t M"t&? 1::-? QU$' 3&ba )&(&en'ta! )'#r&l&' )"$an#eb't b'a!ana "nt"k DPS re'&nal an l"a! ata" !e3ara re'&nal? a't" b'la #ata#ata &k&k "nt"k r&ek 't" #'er&le) #ar' !ek'tar leb') #ar' !e"l") !ta!'"n ena(at )"$an#eb't. Unt"k DPS ke3'l? t'#ak erl" #'a#akan "$' 3&ba )&(&en'ta! )'#r&l&'. Na("n "nt"k (ene("rnakan er)'t"nan #an "nt"k (en'k"t' r&!e#"r an berlak"? (aka "$' )&(&en'ta! erl" #'lak"kan. 5.2.3. A+' #ur+) Hu+ $+u
Melal"' al'ka!' (ete anal't'!? #ata 3"ra) )"$an (ak!'("( #ar' &!&! ena(atan )"$an? #aat #')'t"n (en$a#' n'la' 3"ra) )"$an (ak!'("( #enan er'e "lan tertent". Per'e "lan )"$an 'n' (er"akan 'nter
a' 7a#&a? #an G"(bel M';'ka!' t'e 1. Data 3"ra) )"$an an akan #'"nakan? #'3&3&kan #enan !ala) !at" #'!tr'b"!' r&bab'l'ta! an a#a. Pa#a Anal'!a )'#r&l&' 'n'? #'!tr'b"!' an akan #'"$' a#ala) D'!tr'b"!' G"(bel M';'ka!'? D'!tr'b"!' L& Pear!&n III #an D'!tr'b"!' I>a' 7a#&a.
5.2.3.1.
Dtr,u Nor+'
Sala) !at" #'!tr'b"!' r&bab'l'ta! terent'n a#ala) #'!tr'b"!' n&r(al. Per!a(aan #ar' #'!tr'b"!' 'n' a#ala)@
f 8 !9 = σ
1 ! − µ eD4− 2 σ 2π
1
2
E. 21
D'(ana@ J Stan#ar De<'a!' µ
J ratarata !a(el 5.2.3.2.
Dtr,u Lo Nor+'
D'!tr'b"!' #ar' beberaa #ata terka#an #aat !ke> ke k'r'. Hal 'n' #aat ter$a#' a#a #ata #eb't ('n"an ratarata. Unt"k #aat ter#'!tr'b"!' #enan n&r(al? #ata#ata ter!eb"t )ar"! #'l&ar't(akan #a)"l"? (aka #'!tr'b"!' #ar' n'la' l&ar't(a #ata ter!eb"t akan n&r(al. Per!a(aan #'!tr'b"!'na a#ala)@ f 8 !9
=
1 ln ! − µ 2 eD4− 2π 2 σ
1 σ !
%+, -.
SP"SI*IKASI T"KNIS
-.1. Uu
Se!';'ka!' tekn'! 'n' (er"akan er!aratan an )ar"! #'en")' e(b&r&n #ala( (elak!anakan k&n!tr"k!'. +ala""n #e('k'an? !e!';'ka!' tekn'! 'n' #aat #'!e!"a'kan #enan kea#aan #an k&n#'!' #' laanan. 7&e;'!'en l'(a!an )"$an an t"r"n lan!"n ke er("kaan 'n' bern'la' 1. Na("n #eb't l'(a!an )"$an an #')a!'lkan ak'bat )"$an an t"r"n lan!"n ke er("kaan !al"ran #ra'na!e an terb"ka 'n' !anat ke3'l? !e)'na #'ana t'#ak berenar") ter)a#a er)'t"nan #eb't l'(a!an a'r )"$an !ebel"(na. -.2. Lu Pr++
Ma3a( eker$aan (el'"t' elak!anaan e(a!anan &r&n&r&n? !al"ran? &"t;all? #an k&la( reten!' !e!"a' #enan !e!';'ka!' la'nna tentan eker$aan ter!eb"t? #an #ala( bata!bata! ke#"#"kan? ke('r'nan #an #'(en!' !eert' an ter3ant"( #ala( a(bar elak!anaan -.2.1. P+'+ Pr++
Pe(b&r&n )ar"! (enat"r eker$aan #ra'na!e !e#e('k'an !e)'na al'ran )"$an !ela(a #an !e!"#a) eker$aan !ele!a' #aat ber$alan #enan ba'k #an lan3ar. Unt"k (en)'n#arkan ker"!akan eker$aan? e(b&r&n )ar"! (en"!a)akan a#a !aat an ara(eterara(eter ter!eb"t #'erban#'nkan #enan 3ara (e(ber'kan b&b&t antara ara(eter an #'#a!arkan a#a t'nkat keent'nan ;akt&r #ala( r&!e! ena(b'lan ke"t"!an. -.2.1.1.
%+)+ %+)+
Sel"r") ba)an an #'er"nakan #ala( elak!anaan )ar"! #ar' !"(ber!"(ber an #'''nkan 7&n!"ltan Pena>a! #an )ar"! (e(en")' !tan#ar an anta!. Pene(a!an "nt"k ba)an )ar"! "t")? ba'k #an tert"t" raat #enan ba)an ke#a a'r !ebel"( #'"nakan #an a#a !aat #'#atankan. Ba)an an #'"nakan "nt"k eker$aan bet&n @ Se(en $en'! P"&lan# SNI 150%021::4? t'e A Areat? areat Hal"! 8Pa!'r9
B"t'rb"t'r a!'r t'#ak (enan#"n tana)? ka#ar l"("r t'#ak b&le) (eleb')' 5 B"t'rb"t'r )ar"! #aat (elal"' aakan berl"ban 8% (en't9 Areat 7a!ar 87er'k'l #an Bat" Pe3a)9 Har"! ter#'r' #ar' b"t'rb"t'r an kera!? t'#ak ber&r'? ber!';at kekal !ebaa' )a!'l #'!'ntera!' ala(' #ar' bat"an ata" ber"a bat" e3a) S"!"nan b"t'rb"t'rna )ar"! (e(en")' !arat!arat an #'tetakan Be!ar b"t'r (ak!'("( t'#ak b&le) leb') #ar' 15 $arak terke3'l antara b'#anb'#an !a('n #ar' 3etakan? 1% #ar' tebal elat? #ar' $arak ber!') ('n'("( antar batan batanberka!berka! t"lanan Pen'(anan #ar' bat"an t!b #aat #'lak"kan #enan !e'$'n tenaa a)l' Bat" 7al' Bat" an #'aka' "nt"k a!anan t'#ak b&le) berbent"k bl&n#&! (ela'nkan )ar"! #'e3a). Bat" )ar"! 3"k" kera!? t'#ak ("#a) retak? ba)kan e3a). 7a"r T'#ak berbent"k b&nka)an ta' !erb"k. A'r -.2.1.2.
S
Hana !at" (erek #ar' t'e !e(en an )ar"! #'aka' "nt"k eker$aan bet&n. Se(en #'ank"t ke alanan #ala( kea#aan tert"t" #ala( kant&n an ter$a)'t #ala( $"(la) an !e3"k"na "nt"k #aat #'er"nakan a#a elak!anaan >akt" 't" #'$aa aar !e(en t'#ak (en$a#' le(bab. Sebel"( #'aka'? !e(en )ar"! terl'n#"n' #ar' enar") 3"a3a !ean$an >akt" #an )ana #'er"nakan a#a !aat #'erl"kan "nt"k elak!anaan Pa#a e(aka'an !e(en an #'b"nk"!? en'(anan !e(en an bar" t'#ak b&le) #'t'(b"n #' ata! t'(b"nan an !"#a) a#a #an e(aka'an !e(en )ar"! #'lak"kan (en"r"t "r"tan en'r'(anna
Aab'la !e(en tela) #'!'(an la(a #anata" ("t"na #'ra"kan? (aka !ebel"( b&le) #'aka' )ar"! #'b"kt'kan terleb') #a)"l" ba)>a !e(en ter!eb"t (a!') (e(en")' !arat Se(en 3"ra) t'#ak b&le) #'aka' -.2.1.3.
Ar
A'r "nt"k e(b"atan #an era>atan bet&n t'#ak b&le) (enan#"n ('nak? a!a(? alkal'? ara(ara(? ba)anba)an &ran'!? ata" ba)anba)an la'n an #aat (er"!ak bet&n ata" t"lanan ba$a. A'r )ar"! ber!')? $ern') #an ta>ar. Hal la'n (enena' a'r #'!e!"a'kan #enan erat"ran NI2. -.2.2. Pr++ T++)
Gal'an Tana)? at&kat&k r&;'l )ar"! #'a!an !ebel"( enal'an #'("la' (enal' ata" (e(ber!')kan !eala k&t&rank&t&ran !eert' !a(a) #an !'!a ban"nan la'nna t'#ak (er"!ak ban"nan #an k&n!tr"k!' la'nna? l"ban al'an #ala( kea#aan ker'n? t'(b"nan Tana). Pa#a tana) an ba'k? #a!ar tana) an akan #'t'(b"n )ar"! terleb') #a)"l" #'al'#'3a3a) !e#ala( 10 3( !# 15 3( !e!"a' #enan l"a! ena(an t'(b"nan an akan #'b"at? aar ter3aa' )&(&en'ta! an ba'k antara tana) #a!ar #enan t'(b"nan an bar". Ber)"b"n t'(b"nan (enala(' en"!"tan? (aka t'(b"nan )ar"! #'b"at leb') t'n' 110 T 8#'(ana T J t'n' t'(b"nan9 #arn leb') lebar 110 B. -.3. R9++ A+r+ %+7+
Ren3ana anaran b'aa #')'t"n ber#a!arkan )ara k&n!tr"k!' #an Ban"nan 7ab"aten Ban#"n? Pr&'n!' =a>a Barat? 200%. Per)'t"nan #'lak"kan #a)"l" ter)a#a )ara er !at"an "nt"k (a!'n(a!'n "ra'an eker$aan? lal" #')'t"n ke!el"r")an anaran b'aa ber#a!arkan <&l"(e ban"nan an akan #'ban"n . T+,' - Ran3anan Anaan #an B'aa
Hara N&
=en'! Peker$aan
I
Per!'aan Pen"k"ran Pe(at&kan
Un't
&l"(e
Sat"an
="(la)
#an %44*5*6
tana)
II
Sal"ran
1
Gal'an Tana) B'a!a
1156%1.%
2
Ur"an Tana) 7e(bal'
1-501.01 54*0
101200541
%
Ur"an Pa!'r
1%60.%6: 4:420
6*22:416.2
4
Pa!anan Bat"
1:11*.*1
160%%0
%065142:--
5
Pla!teran 1 @ 1
%5%:-
1*110
60565:*-0
III
G&r&n G&r&n
1
Gal'an Tana) B'a!a
%2200
10:00
%50:-0000
2
Ur"an Pa!'r
6%0
4:420
%11%4600
%
Ple!teran 1 @ 1
5%:
1*110
:2222:0
4
Bet&n bert"lan
56
%5%%20
1:*-5:20
10:00
1260%-150-
0 I
"t;all
0
1
Gal'an Tana) B'a!a
16*.2
10:00
1-224-0
2
Ur"an Tana) 7e(bal'
%5.-4
54*0
1:6044.-
%
Ur"an Pa!'r
%.6
4:420
1**:12
4
Pa!anan Bat"
42.04
160%%0
6*402*%.2
5
Pla!teran 1 @ 1
60.56
1*110
10%61-1.6
Street Inlet
1
Pe(b"atan 3"rb 'nlet
-40*
%0000
252210000
I
7&la( Reten!' Gal'an Tana) B'a!a
500
10:00
5450000
Pa!anan Bat"
:0
160%%0
1442:*00
Ple!teran 1 @ 1
120
1*110
205%200
S"b t&tal
5*:-%00411
Pn 10
5*:-%0041
T&tal
%+, =.
6%*-1%0452
P"NUTUP
Dar' "ra'an tentan "!"lan tekn'! eren3anaan !'!te( #ra'na!e 7&ta Bar" Para)anan a#a bab bab !ebel"(na? beberaa )al ent'n an #aat #'ar'!ba>a)' #ala( eren3anaan ter!eb"t a#ala) @ Sta!'"n Uta(a #aera) eren3anaan a#ala) Sta!'"n Pa#alaran 8 150 9 F&r("la 'nten!'ta! )"$an an #'aka' a#ala) (ete an Breen #enan N'la' 'nten!'ta! )"$an !ebe!ar 6%?24 (($a( "nt"k #"ra!' )"$an ter)'t"n !ebe!ar 4-?1% (en't. Deb't ban$'r ren3ana #')'t"n #enan PUH an !e!"a' #enan er"nt"kan ka>a!an #enan (en"nakan Mete Ra!'&nal D'lak"kan "!a)a k&n!er
ter;&k"! !ebaa' ena)an a'r !ebel"( (a!"k ke ba#an a'r ener'(a. Deb't an kel"ar #ar' k&la( reten!' rata rata a#ala) :6 #ar' #eb't l'(a!an )"$an an (a!"k ke#ala( k&la( reten!'. Penal'ran l'(a!an a'r )"$an !e3ara "("( (en'k"t' ke('r'nan tana). L'(a!an a'r )"$an an #'al'rkan ke ba#an a'r ener'(a? ber#a!arkan anal'!'! !e#er)ana ba#an a'r ener'(a? t'#ak akan (enebabkan ban$'r. le) karena 't" en"naan !'!te( #ra'na!e an #'ren3anakan #aat (enant'!'a!' ba)aa ban$'r.
DA*TAR PUSTAKA Ban#"n Urban De
elnDa<'e! 7'n)'ll. 1:*-. /)&>? en Te. A&&lied Hydr#l#gy. M3Gra>H'll B&&k /&. S'na&re. 1:--. /)&>? en Te. Hidr#lika Sal%ran Terb%ka. Erlana. =akarta. 1::2. Ste)en!&n? D. De
ater H#r&l& an# Dra'nae. El!e<'er S3'ent';'3 P"bl'!)'n /&. 1:-1. 7'n&r'? B. 'an%al #f S%rface Drainage ngineering (#l%)e *. El!e<'er P"bl'!)'n /&. A(!ter#a(. 1:*0. S"r''n? Dr.? Ir.? M. En. Siste) Drainase +erk#taan yang $erkelan,%tan. ,&akarta @ An#'. 2004. D'rekt&rat =en#eral Pena'ran? Dearte(en PU. Standar +erencanaan Irigasi- .riteria +erencanaan $agian $ang%nan .+/012 Ba#an Penerb't PU. =akarta. 1:-6.
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