PERENCANAAN KOMPOR DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK JELANTAH LAPORAN TUGAS AKHIR Diajukan Untuk Persyaratan Mata Kuliah Tugas Akhir Program Pendidikan Diploma III Pada Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Oleh:
KHARIMUL AZIZ NIM. 3200702043
PROGRAM STUDI DIPLOMA III JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK NEGERI PONTIANAK 2010
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Laporan Tugas Akhir ini telah diterima dan disahkan sebagai syarat untuk mata kuliah tugas akhir pendidikan Diploma III pada Jurusan Teknik Teknik Negeri Pontianak Pont ianak..
Pontianak, Pont ianak, 27 Juli 2010 Dosen Pembimbing
Rusadi, ST NIP. 19700718 199303 1 001
Mengetahui : Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Pontianak Pont ianak
Hendro Cahyono, ST NIP. 19670918 199103 1 002
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LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PERSETUJUAN SEMINAR
Yang bertanda bertanda tangan dibawah dibawah ini dosen Pembimbing Tugas Akhir Akhir Jurusan Teknik Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, mennyatakan bahwa Tugas Akhir dari: Nama
: Kharimul Aziz
NIP
: 3200702043
Judul
: Perencanaan Kompor Dengan Bahan Bakar Minyak Jelantah
Telah diperiksa dan dinyatakan selesai serta siap untuk diajukan dalam seminar. Pontianak, 24 Juli 2010 Dosen Pembimbing,
Rusadi, ST NIP. 19720715 199903 1 001
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PELAKSANAAN SEMINAR
Laporan Tugas Akhir ini telah dipertahankan didepan Tim Penguji Jurusan Teknik Mesin pada tanggal tanggal 27 Juli 2010 dan dinyatakan memenuhi memenuhi persyaratan persyaratan untuk mata kuliah Tugas Akhir.
Tim Penguji: Ketua
Rusadi, ST NIP. 19720715 199903 1 001
Penguji I
M. Taufik Ibrahim, SST NIP. 19561112 198911 1 001
Penguji II
Topan Prihantoro, ST NIP. 19680120 99303 1 001
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ABSTRAK Penggunaan minyak jelantah sebagai bahan bakar penganti (minyak tanah)
berdampak positif, karena jika minyak jelantah dibuang di sembarang tempat bisa mencemari
lingkungan,
sebaliknya
jika
terus
dipakai
berulang-ulang
untuk
menggoreng, bahan gorengan yang dimakan manusia itu bisa menimbulkan penyakit kanker. Namun limbah minyak goreng ( waste of vegetable oil ), memiliki potensi sebagai alternatif energi bahan bakar nabati yang ramah lingkungan. Perancangan kompor dengan bahan bakar minyak jelantah ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan disamping dapat menjadi bahan nakar alternetif selain minyak tanah yang semakin mahal dan LPG yang harganya akan naik selain seringnya meledak. Prinsip kerja kompor ini yaitu dengan pemanasan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibakar. Bahan bakar yang berada di tabung bertekanan yang keluar melewati bahan bakar akan dipanasi selama 5 menit di pipa pemanasan. Setelah 5 menit, minyak jelantah keluar melewati spuyer semawar dan disulut api spiritus yang sebelumnya digunakan sebagai pemanasan. Selama pemanasan, kompor minyak jelantah ini memerlukan spiritus sebanyak 0,0196 l. Kata kunci : minyak jelantah, kompor, semawar, pemanasan awal.
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KATA PENGANTAR Assalamu’alaikum. Assalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb. Dengan
segala
kerendahan
hati
penyusun
mengucapkan
puji
syukur
Alhamdulillah kehadirat Allah S.W.T, atas segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini tanpa kendala yang berarti. Dalam proses penyusunan tugas akhir ini, penyusun mendapatkan masukan yang menunjang dari berbagai pihak, sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Untuk itu tidak lupa penyusun mengucapkan terima kasih kepada : 1. Ibu dari penyusun yang telah memberikan dorongan do’a serta moril dan materiil semenjak didalam kandungan sampai dengan detik ini. 2. Bapak Hendro Cahyono, ST selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin Politeknik Negeri Pontianak. 3. Bapak Rusadi, ST selaku pembimbing yang telah memberikan dorongan dan bantuan pemikiran sehingga memungkinkan terselesaikannya tugas akhir ini. 4. Bapak dan Ibu Dosen yang telah t elah membantu memberikan referensi terutama Bu Rina yang selalu membantu memberikan masukan dan solusi. 5. Adik dari penyusun, Tofa, Ambar, serta Mbah dan keluarga yang telah memberikan dorongan moril maupun materiil. 6. Reni Marantika, As My special girl friend. Juga expecially Mardalini yang selalu membantu penyusun baik moril. 7. Teman–teman angkatan 2007 yang telah memberikan dorongan moril. 8. Dan semua teman-teman yang telah memberikan dukungan terutama Ikhlas yang telah memberikan tempat untuk mencari mencari bahan diinternet. d iinternet.
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Wassalamu’alaikum.Wr.Wb.
Pontianak, Juli 2010 Penyusun
(Kharimul Aziz)
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DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................
i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................................
ii
HALAMAN PERSETUJUAN SEMINAR ................................................ ................................................ ............
iii
HALAMAN PENYATAAN PELAKSANAAN SEMINAR ..................... ............
iv
ABSTRAK................................................................................................................
v
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................
vi
DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................
viii
DAFTAR SIMBOL.................................................................................................
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................
xii
DAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................................
xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN..........................................................................................
xiv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang.............................. Belakang........................................................ ................................................... ........................... ..
1
1.2 Perumusan Masalah dan Batasan Masalah........................................ Masalah........................................
3
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat
BAB II
1.3.1. Tujuan Umum............................................ Umum...................................................................... ............................ ..
3
1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus......................................... Khusus............................................................. .............................. ..........
3
1.3.3. Manfaat........................................... Manfaat.................................................................... ............................ ..............
3
1.4 Metode Pemecahan Pemecahan Masalah..................................... Masalah............................................................. ........................
4
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan....................... Penulisan.............................................. ................................................. ..........................
4
DASAR TEORI
2.1. Pengenalan Alat Dan Komponen......................................... Komponen...................................................... .............
6
2.2. Proses Pembakaran.................………… Pembakaran.................…………...……….... ...………............................ ........................
8
2.3. Bahan Bakar........................
8
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2.6.3. Perhitungan Perencanaan Perencanaan Jumlah Lilitan Pemanasan...........
15
2.6.4. Perhitungan Volume Pemakaian Spiritus Untuk Pemanasan Awal............................ Awal............................... ... .................................. ..................................
16
2.7. Alat dan Bahan yang Digunakan 2.7.1. Alat yang yang Digunakan.......................................... Digunakan............................................................ ..................
16
2.7.2. Bahan yang Digunakan............................................ Digunakan........................................................ ............
16
BAB III GAMBAR RANCANGAN
3.1. Gambar Rancangan Alat...................................................... Alat.................................................................. ............
17
3.2. Prinsip Kerja Alat...................................................... Alat............................................................................ ......................
18
BAB IV PERHITUNGAN PERENCANAAN
4.1. Flow Chart Perencanaan Kompor Dengan Bahan Bakar
BAB V
Minyak Jelantah……….......................... Jelantah………........................................... ......................................... ........................
19
4.2. Perhitungan Perencanaan Perencanaan Pemanasan Awal.................................... Awal....................................
21
4.3. Perhitungan Perencanaan Perencanaan Panjang Pipa Pemanasan........................ Pemanasan........................
22
4.4. Perhitungan Perencanaan Perencanaan Jumlah Lilitan Pipa Pemanasan.............. Pemanasan..............
22
4.5. Perhitungan Pemakaian Spiritus Untuk Pemanasan Pemanasan Awal...............
23
4.6. Perhitungan Pemakaian Minyak Jelantah Selama 1 Jam................. Jam.................
23
4.7. Perhitungan Biaya Perencanaan................................. Perencanaan....................................................... ......................
24
PENUTUP
5.1. Kesimpulan......................................................................................
26
5.2. Saran................................................................................................
26
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...........................................................................................
xv
LAMPIRAN
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DAFTAR SIMBOL Simbol
Arti
Satuan
q
= laju aliran kalor
(W)
k
= konduktifitas termal bahan
(W/m².°C)
A
= luas penampang
(m²)
dT/dx
= gradient suhu terhadap penampang tersebut, yaitu laju perubahan suhu T terhadap jarak dalam arah aliran panas x.
ℎ △T
= Laju perpindahan perpindahan kalor secara konveksi
(W)
= koefisien perpindahan kalor konveksi
(W/m².°C)
= Beda antara suhu suhu permukaan Tw dan dan suhu fluida T~
(°C)
Q
= Laju Aliran Panas
(watt)
ε σ
= Emisitas
T dan T
= Suhu Absolut Benda
(R)
q
= Panas Yang Digunakan Untuk Menaikkan Temperatur
(J)
m
= Berat Minyak Jelantah
(kg)
Cp
= Panas Spesifik Minyak Jelantah
(J/kg.ºC)
̇
= Suhu Pembakaran
(ºC)
= Suhu Awal Jelantah
(ºC)
= Laju Aliran Volumetrik
(m³/dtk)
= Kecepatan Aliran Fluida
(m/dtk)
= Aliran Massa
(kg/dtk)
= Perpindahan Panas Yang Terjadi
(Watt)
= Konstanta Stefan Boltzman = 0,173 x 10
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D
= Diameter Lilitan
(m)
H
= Tinggi Lilitan
(m)
= Massa Spiritus
(kg)
= High Heat Value
( kJ/kg)
= Volume
(m³)
= Massa Jenis
(kg/m³)
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar
Hal.
2.1 Tabung Tabung Bahan Bakar................................................. Bakar............................................................................. ............................... ...
6
2.2 Semawar.................................. Semawar............................................................. ................................................... ................................ .............. ......
7
2.3 Rangka/ Rangka/ Dudukan Kompor........................................ Kompor.................................................................... .............................. ..
7
2.4 Segitiga Api............................................... Api......................................................................... .............................................. ....................
8
2.4 Perpindahan Perpindahan Kalor Secara Konduksi Pada Suatu Plat............................. Plat.............................
12
2.3 Perpindahan Perpindahan kalor secara konveksi pada suatu plat................................. plat.................................
12
2.4 Perpindahan Perpindahan kalor secara radiasi............................................ radiasi.............................................................. ..................
14
3.1 Gambar Gambar Rancangan Alat.................................................... Alat.......................................................................... ......................
17
3.2 Gambar Gambar Penampang Tabung.................................. Tabung............................................................ .................................. ........
18
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel
Hal
Tabel 4.1 Biaya Bahan Baku dan Material............................ Material...................................................... ................................ ......
24
Tabel 4.2 Biaya Penyewaan Alat................................................. Alat........................................................................... ..........................
24
Tabel 4.3 Biaya Upah Pekerja............................................... Pekerja........................................................................ ................................. ........
24
Tabel 4.4 Total Biaya Keseluruhan............................. Keseluruhan......................................................... ........................................... ...............
25
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1. Tabel Konduktivitas Termal Berbagai Material Lampiran 2. Tabel Kapasitas Panas Spesifik Lampiran 3. Lower and Higher Heating Values of Hydrogen and Fuels Lampiran 4. Spesifikasi Ethanol Atau Spiritus Lampiran 5. Common Row Velocities in Commercial Practice Lampiran 6. Orde Besaran Perpindahan Panas Konveksi
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1.
Latar Belakang
Kompor telah digunakan untuk memasak semenjak dulu. Di Eropa, sejarah mengenai kompor dimulai abad ke-18. Sebelumnya, masyarakat Eropa memasak menggunakan tungku. Pada abad pertengahan, tungku dibuat lebih tinggi sehingga orang tidak harus berjongkok saat memasak. Kemudian, kompor mulai dikembangkan sampai akhirnya tidak dipergunakan sejak tahun 1753, karena banyak menghasilkan banyak asap dan berbahaya. Lalu, pada tahun 1922 muncul kompor gas yang disebut AGA Cooker temuan Gustaf Dalen yang berkebangsaan Swedia dan masih popler sampai saat ini. ( Kompas, 2010) Kompor yang masih mudah kita temui dan dipakai masyarakat adalah kompor minyak tanah. Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu minyak tanah semakin langka dan mahal karena persediaan minyak bumi semakin menipis, apalagi dengan adanya program konversi energi dari minyak tanah ke LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) yang saat ini sedang dilakukan pemeritah. Oleh karena itu, harus adanya bahan bakar alternatif sebagai pengganti pengganti minyak tanah disamping LPG. Salah satu bahan bakar alternatif yang
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saluran pembuangan.
Minyak ataupun lemak yang mencemari perairan pera iran juga dapat
mengganggu ekosistem perairan karena dapat menghalangi masuknya sinar matahari yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh biota perairan dan tidak dapat terurai oleh tanah ataupun air. Minyak goreng yang telah digunakan, akan mengalami beberapa reaksi yang menurunkan mutunya. Pada suhu pemanasan sampai terbentuk akrolein . Akrolein adalah sejenis aldehida yang dapat menimbulkan rasa gatal pada tenggorokan. Minyak yang telah digunakan untuk menggoreng akan mengalami peruraian molekul-molekul, sehingga titik asapnya turun. Bila minyak digunakan berulang kali, semakin cepat terbentuk akrolein . Yang membuat batuk orang yang memakan hasil gorengannya. Jelantah juga mudah mengalami reaksi oksidasi sehingga jika disimpan cepat berbau tengik.
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Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, penulis merencanakan kompor dengan bahan bakar minyak jelantah sebagai pengganti kompor minyak tanah yang selama ini dipakai masyarakat disamping kompor gas. Kompor ini menggunakan prinsip tekanan untuk menginjeksikan bahan bakar agar dapat terbakar dengan sempurna. 1.2. Perumusan Masalah dan Batasan Masalah
Adapun rumusan masalah yang penulis hadapi dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini adalah bagaimana membuat kompor bahan bakar minyak jelantah sesuai dengan perencanaan. Agar alat yang direncanakan tidak terlalu luas dan umum, sehingga akan menimbulkan kesulitan diluar kemampuan penulis, maka dalam pembuatan tugas akhir menitik beratkan pada efisiensi bahan bakar dan kualitas api yang dihasilkan.
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1.4. Metode Pemecahan Masalah
Metode yang digunakan dalam pembuatan Proyek Tugas Akhir ini adalah sebagai berikut :
Studi Literatur Metode literatur digunakan untuk memperoleh informasi, dasar teori yang diperoleh dari buku, internet, maupun majalah sebagai studi pustaka yang yang akan mendukung pembuatan proyek akhir, serta analisa dan perhitungan data yang diperoleh.
Wawancara dan Diskusi Metode wawancara dilakukan untuk menambah masukan serta tambahan pengetahuan dari dosen pembimbing dan pihak lain yang berpengalaman dalam bidang ini agar lebih terarah. Serta diskusi dengan rekan-rekan
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang 1.2 Perumusan Masalah dan Batasan Masalah 1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat 1.4 Metode Pemecahan Pemecahan Masalah 1.5 Sisematika Penulisan BAB VI DASAR TEORI
2.8. Pengenalan Alat Dan Komponen 2.9. Proses Pembakaran 2.10.
Bahan Bakar
2.11.
Pengertian Panas dan Temperatur Te mperatur
2.12.
Proses Perpindahan Panas
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BAB II DASAR TEORI 2.1. Pengenalan Alat dan Komponen
Kompor dengan bahan bakar minyak jelantah ini terdiri dari beberapa bagian pokok antara lain: tabung bahan bakar, pipa bahan bakar, semawar, dudukan semawar. 1. Tabung Bahan bakar
Tabung bahan bakar digunakan sebagai penampung minyak jelantah sementara sebelun dialirkan melalui pipa dan digunakan untuk pembakaran. Tabung ini menggunakan mekanisme tekanan udara yang dimampatkan. Tekanan tabung yang diijikan berkisar antara 0,1 – 0,4 mPa. 1
3
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pembakaran. Pipa disini menggunakan bahan tembaga karena faktor penghantar panas yang baik. 3. Semawar/ Burner
Semawar disini digunakan sebagai burner atau tempat pembakaran yaitu tempat keluarnya bahan bakar minyak jelantah yang telah dipanaskan pada pemanasan awal. Semawar ini dililiti pipa tembaga yang berfungsi untuk
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2.2. Proses Pembakaran
Pembakaran adalah suatu urutan
reaksi kimia antara suatu bahan bakar dan
suatu oksidan oksidan,, disertai dengan produksi panas yang kadang disertai cahaya dalam bentuk pendar atau api api..
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dengan minyak mentah atau crude oil. Hasil dari pengolahan minyak mentah ini akan menghasilkan bermacam bahan bakar yang memiliki kualitas yang berbeda-beda. Minyak dalam hal ini merupakan bahan bakar yang diIndonesia pemakaianya telah lama kita pergunakan dalam kehidupan sehari–hari. Sebelumnya, lebih banyak di gunakan orang dengan istilah minyak tanah, yang artinya minyak yang di hasilkan dari dalam tanah.
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3. Minyak Solar Minyak solar adalah bahan bakar minyak hasil sulingan dari minyak bumi mentah, bahan bakar ini mempunyai warna kuning cokelat yang jernih. Minyak solar ini biasanya digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pada semua jenis motor Diesel dan juga sebagai bahan bakar untuk pembakaran langsung di dalam dapur–dapur kecil yang menghendaki hasil pembakaran yang bersih. Minyak ini sering di sebut
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(heat) dan Temperatur (suhu). Sebenarnya terdapat perbedaan yang mencolok diantara keduanya. Temperatur adalah sebuah ukuran dari jumlah energi yang terkandung didalam
molekul sebuah subtansi. Temperatur adalah ukuran relatif seberapa panas atau dingin suatu zat dan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi arah perpindahan panas (heat transfer) . Simbol dari temperatur adalah T dan skala yang dipakai untuk mengukur
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