Pjkgj ier dhh dhhjojkc jojkcfe fe Ydsode) ZCKG BUCFJ]C_ AJKZCB C]_JYJ @CLE ( Pjkgji MJLC_JFBCK MCYJ XCYJC_J ^EKGEOJFCK UBUYCK UB UYCK MCK AE]DME ME_]JFC_J
SUCFJ SUCFJ ]J E _ E __E K]J CF DJ F GJ KGE Y (Pjkgji (Pjkgjie er dhhjo dhhjojk jkc cfe Yds Ydsode)YE _UF]J KG H YDA XCYJ C]J DK MJ AJ KU]JDK _J PE C KM AE A E ]L DM DM_ _ DH MJ M J _]J _] J F F C] J DK Kefy _ekmy ^.L. ^.L. 3, Ofcumjc Cyu Y. 3, Hermjcktd Ct ]cuhjqj 3, ]rjskc Crjs _. 3 ^rdgrca _tumj ]ebkdfdgj Lcsjf ^ertckjck, Hcbuftcs ]ebkdfdgj ^ertckjck Ukjversjtcs @eaier, @cfck Bcfjacktck ?7, @eaier 8<393
CI_]YCB
@cle (Pjkgjier dhhjojkcfe Ydsode) Ydsode) aeapukycj bckmukgck sekycwc aetcidfjt sebukmer terutcac mcrj gdfdkgck hfcvdkdjm, hekdf, ter pekdjm mck ajkycb ajkycb ctsjrj. Ajkycb ctsjrj cmcfcl ajkycb yckg aumcl aekgucp bcrekc termjrj ctcs ocapurck bdapdkek yckg aumcl aekgucp mekgck bdapdsjsj mck tjtjb mjmjl yckg ieriemc. _cfcl sctu iclck pertckjck yckg aekgckmukg ajkycb ctsjrj cmcfcl `cle. ^ekefjtjck jkj mjfcbubck uktub aekgetcluj pekgcrul pekgeojfck uburck mck aetdme mestjfcsj yckg ieriemc terlcmcp rekmeaek, crdac, mck wcrkc yckg mjlcsjfbck. ^cmc pekefjtjck jkj, mjfcbubck tjgc perfcbuck yckg ieriemc uktub aeaiuct ajkycb ctsjrj ycjtu bepreb mestjfcsj reius, rc`ckg mestjfcsj reius, mck rc`ckg mestjfcsj bubus. Mcrj perfcbuck terseiut, peaiuctck ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck aetdme rc`ckg mestjfcsj reius aeajfjbj rekmeaek tertjkggj. Uktub crdac yckg pcfjkg aekmebctj `cle segcr cmcfcl ajkycb ctsjrj ct sjrj mekgck aetdme rc`ckg mestjfcsj bubus. Wcrkc ajkycb ctsjrj pcfjkg icjb cmcfcl pcmc perfcbuck rc`ckg mestjfcsj bubus. _eocrc besefurulck, ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck bucfjtcs yckg tericjb cmcfcl mekgck perfcbuck mjrc`ckg mck aekggukcbck aetdme mestjfcsj bubus. Bctc Bukoj 0 Ajkycb Ctsjrj, mestjfcsj bubus, mest jfcsj reius
CI _]Y _] Y CO] CO ] Gjkger (Pjkgjier dhhjojkcfe Ydsode) lcve seodkmcry aetcidfjte odapdukms acjkfy hrda tle hfcvdkdjms, plekdfs, terpekdjms ckm essektjcf djfs. Essektjcf djfs cre vdfctjfe djf ieocuse jt odksjsts dh c ajxture dh vdfctjfe odapdkekts odapdsjtjdk ckm wjtl mjhherekt idjfjkg pdjkts. Dke dh cgrjoufturcf acterjcfs tlct odktcjk essektjcf djf js gjkger. ]ljs resecrol odkmuotem td meterajke ehheot dh mjajkutjdk sjze ckm mjhherekt mjstjffctjdk aetldms cgcjkst yjefm, hfcvdr, ckm odfdr. Jk tljs resecrol, ocrrjem dut tlree mjhherekt trectaekt td acbe tle essektjcf djf
suol cs oruslem gjkger wjtl idjf mjstjffctjdk, sfjoe gjkger wjtl idjf mjstjffctjdk, ckm sfjoe gjkger wjtl steca mjstjffctjdk. ]le acbjkg dh essektjcf djfs wjtl tle hdffdwjkg idjf mjstjffctjdk aetldm lcs tle ljglest yjefm. Wljfe tle hfcvdr dh tle essektjcf djf wljol cpprdcoljkg wjtl hresl gjkger js tle sfjoe gjkger steca mjstjffctjdk aetldm. Essektjcf djf odfdr js iest dk tle trectaekt tle hdffdwjkg steca mjstjffctjdk. Dvercff, tle essektjcf djf wjtl tle iest qucfjty js iy usjkg tle aetldm dh sfjoe gjkger wjtl steca mjstjffctjdk.
Beywdrms 0 Essektjcf djfs, steca mjstjffctjdk, idjf mjstjffctjdk ^EKMCLUFUCK Jkmdkesjc terbekcf seicgcj pekglcsjf reapcl ‟ reapcl, lcapjr seicgjck
iescr bdtckyc aekckca tuaiulck jkj. Yeapcl ‟ reapcl cmcfcl icgjck tuaiulck yckg iercrdac ctcu iercsc buct yckg ijcsckyc mjgukcbck mcfca `uafcl beojf mcfca acbckck seicgcj pekgcwet ctcu pekcaicl rcsc mcfca acscbck. Aekurut ]crwjycl mck Beacf (9>3>), sjhct terseiut mjseicibck bckmukgck zct cbtjh crdactjs mjmcfcakyc. @jbc zct ctcu bdapdkek cbtjh terseiut mjpjsclbck mekgck ocrc mjebstrcb, icjb mekgck pefcrut tertektu (ajscfkyc etckdf) acupuk pekyufjkgck (mestjfcsj) lcsjfkyc acsjkg ‟ acsjkg mjbekcf mekgck kcac dfedresjk ctcu ajkycb ctsjrj. Ajkycb ctsjrj cmcfcl ajkycb yckg aumcl aekgucp bcrekc termjrj ctcs ocapurck bdapdkek yckg aumcl aekgucp mekgck bdapdsjsj mck tjtjb mjmjl yckg ieriemc. _eicgjck ajkycb ctsjrj mjperdfel mekgck ocrc pekyufjkgck ctcu ljmrdmjstjfcsj. Ajkycb ctsjrj serjkg mjseiut mekgck esseksjcf djf, ajkycb etjrjs ctcu ajkycb (M`chcr,mbb, 9>3>). _cfcl sctu tckcack pekglcsjf ajkycb ctsjrj cmcfcl `cle ( Pjkgjier dhhjojkcfe Ydsode) tefcl fcac mjbekcf mck tuaiul icjb mj Jkmdkesjc. @cle mekgck vcrjetcs ukgguf aeapukycj sjhct ‟ sjhct sepertj, mcyc lcsjf tjkggj, bckmukgck iclck blcsjct dict (ajkycb ctsjrj) tjkggj, mck tclck terlcmcp serckgck lcac mck pekycbjt (Zufjcktd mck ^cr`cktd, 9>3>). _eocrc uaua, scapcj scct jkj mjbekcf tjgc acoca `ekjs `cle, ycbkj `cle aercl, `cle putjl iescr (`cle gc`cl), mck `cle putjl beojf (`cle Eaprjt). Aekurut Lerkckj (9>>3), `cle aercl aeapukycj bckmukgck pctj (59,:%), ajkycb ctsjrj (?,:%) mck ebstrcb yckg fcrut mcfca cfbdldf (:,:?%) feijl tjkggj mjickmjkgbck `cle eaprjt (=3,=<, ?,5 mck 7,9:%) mck `cle gc`cl (==,95, 9,5 mck 5,<3%). Cmckyc vcrjcsj bdapdkek bjajc mcfca ajkycb ctsjrj `cle iubck sc`c mjbcrekcbck vcrjtcskyc, tetcpj bdkmjsj cgrdbfjact (jbfja, ausja, gedgrchj) fjkgbukgck, tjkgbct betucck, cmcptcsj aetcidfjt mcrj tckcack, bdkmjsj mestjfcsj mck icgjck yckg mjckcfjsc. Mcfca pekefjtjck jkj prdses pereiusck mck bubus mekgck perfcbuck perc`ckgck mck bepreb feijl mjtuk`ubbck uktub aeaiemcbck prdses mekgck
perfcbuck yckg ackc yckg mcpct aekglcsjfbck bucfjtcs ajkycb ctsjrj yckg seicgcjackc tefcl mjtetcpbck mcfca _KJ Ajkycb @cle Kdadr >8 ‟ 3?39 ‟ 3:<:. _efcjk jtu, pekefjtjck jkj mjfcbubck uktub aekgetcluj pekgcrul prdses mekgck perfcbuck yckg ieriemc terlcmcp rekmeaek, crdac, mck wcrkc yckg mjlcsjfbck. ICLCK MCK AE]DME Iclck-iclck yckg mjgukcbck mcfca prcbtjbua jkj mjcktcrckyc cmcfcl `cle
vcrjetcs gc`cl, mck cjr. Cmcpuk cfct yckg mjgukcbck aefjputj cfct mestjfcsj, bdkmeksdr, pjscu, tcfekck, bdapdr, adrtcr, kercoc, mck idtdf gefcp. Fckgbcl pertcac uktub aeaiuct ajkycb ctsjrj `cle cmcfcl muc bjfdgrca `cle vcrjetcs gc`cl mjouoj mekgck cjr aekgcfjr uktub aekgljfckgbck tckcl yckg aekeapef. Beaumjck mjfcbubck pekgeojfck uburck uktub aeaperfucs per aubcck `cle seljkggc ajkycb ctsjrj aumcl befucr. _etefcl jtu mjfcbubck mestjfcsj uktub aekmcpctbck ajkycb ctsjrj. ^erfcbuck pekgeojfck uburck mck aetdme mestjfcsj pcmc mestjfcsj jkj cmc tjgc acoca ycjtu 0 C 0 mjbepreb (mjpubuf scapcj aeacr mck peocl tcpj tjmcb scapcj lckour), mestjfcsj reius I 0 mjrc`ckg (mjjrjs tjpjs-tjpjs), mestjfcsj reius O 0 mjrc`ckg (mjjrjs tjpjs-tjpjs), mestjfcsj bubus ^rdses yckg ter`cmj pcmc aetdme mestjfcsj ycjtu ajkycb ctsjrj cbck aekgucp ierscac ucp cjr beaumjck mjfewctbck aefcfuj bdkmeksdr uktub bdkmekscsj. Beaumjck ajkycb ctsjrj mck cjr yckg sumcl aek`cmj ocjr cbck turuk be mcfca pekcapukg. _etefcl jtu mjpjsclbck cktcrc ajkycb mck cjr seljkggc mjmcpctbck ajkycb ctsjrj mcrj rjapckg `cle. Ckcfjsc bucfjtcs ajkycb ctsjrj aefjputj rekmeaek, crdac, mck wcrkc ajkycb ctsjrj. Ckcfjsc rekmeaek mekgck perljtukgck sjsteactjs, semckgbck uktub ckcfjsc crdac mck wcrkc mjfcbubck u`j drgckdfeptjb. LC_JF MCK ^EAICLC_CK
Yekmeaek Yekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj mjmcpct mcrj lcsjf perljtukgck sjsteactjs ycjtu perickmjkgck cktcrc ierct ajkycb mekgck ierct iclck cwcf, beaumjck mjbcfjbck 3>>%. Yekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj `cle yckg mjmcpct pcmc pekefjtjck jkj mcpct mjfjlct pcmc Gcaicr 3.
>.35% >.3355%
>.3>%
>.>:33%
>.3>?5%
>.>5%
>.>>% Bepreb, mestjfcsj reius
Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj reius
Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus
Gcaicr 3. Mjcgrca pekgcrul periemcck aetdme mestjfcsj telcmcp rekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck
Mcrj Gcaicr 3, mcpct mjfjlct iclwc rekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck ieriemc-iemc uktub setjcp perfcbuckkyc. ^erfcbuck C (bepreb, mestjfcsj reius) aeajfjbj rekmeaek ajkycb seiescr. ^erfcbuck I (rc`ckg, mestjfcsj reius) aekglcsjfbck ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck rekmeaek 9,? af. ^cmc perfcbuck O (rc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus) aekglcsjfbck ajkycb ctsjrj seiescr 9,= af. Lcf jkj aekuk`ubbck periemcck aetdme mestjfcsj aeapekgcrulj rekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck. ^erc`ckgck pcmc `cle seiefua mjmestjfcsj aekyeicibck rekmeaek ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck aek`cmj feijl ickycb. Lcf jkj sesucj mekgck pekmcpct Futdky (3::=) iclwc ieiercpc `ekjs iclck tckcack suaier ajkycb ctsjrj perfu mjrc`ckg terfeijl mclufu seiefua mjsufjkg. Lcf jkj uktub aeaumclbck prdses pekgucpck ajkycb yckg termcpct mj mcfcakyc bcrekc perc`ckgck jkj aekyeicibck befek`er ajkycb mcpct teriubc sefeicr aukgbjk. ]u`uck fcjkkyc ycjtu cgcr rekmeaek ajkycb aek`cmj feijl tjkggj mck wcbtu pekyufjkgck feijl sjkgbct. Aekurut Futdky mck Yclacyctj (3::=), pekyufjkgck mekgck ocrc reius jkj mcpct aekyeicibck ickycbkyc rekmeaek ajkycb yckg ljfckg (tjmcb tersufjkg) mck ter`cmj pufc pekurukck autu ajkycb yckg mjperdfel. Kcauk pcmc pekefjtjck jkj, pekyufjkgck ctcu mestjfcsj mekgck ocrc reius (perfcbuck I) aeaierjbck rekmeaek yckg feijl tjkggj mjickmjkgbck mestjfcsj ocrc bubus (perfcbuck O). _efjsjl rekmeaek perfcbuck I mck O lckyc semjbjt. ^ekyjapckgck jkj mjseicibck bcrekc cmckyc bescfclck perljtukgck sjsteactjs ctcu ijsc mjseicibck bcrekc bescfclck prcbtjbck scct aeaicoc sbcfc ubur.
Cr dac Crdac ajkycb ctsjrj `cle mjtektubck mekgck u`j drckdfeptjb. _ekycwc zjkgeierek, aerupcbck sekycwc yckg sckgct pektjkg aekgjkgct cbck aeaierjbck crdac pemcs pcmc `cle (Aulcaem mcfca _uprjycktd, 9>39). Aekurut _upcrmck (9>>:), Pjkgjiereke aerupcbck sekycwc sesquj-terpek blcs ajkycb ctsjrj Pjkgjiercoece blususkyc `cle yckg aeaierjbck crdac ajkycb `cle. _ekycwc blcs ajkycb ctsjrj `cle fcjkkyc cmcfcl zjkgjierdf, gerckjdf, mck
hefckmrek. Mctc aekgekcj lcsjf u`j drgckdfeptjb crdac ajkycb ctsjrj `cle mjsc`jbck pcmc Gcaicr 9. =
?
? 9
9 3
3
> Bepreb, mestjfcsj reius
Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj reius
Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus
Gcaicr 9. Mjcgrca pekgcrul periemcck aetdme mestjfcsj telcmcp crdac ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck
Mcrj Gcaicr 9, terfjlct iclwc ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck crdac `cle pcfjkg aekmebctj `cle segcr cmcfcl perfcbuck rc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus. Uktub ajkycb ctsjrj `cle perfcbuck bepreb, mestjfcsj reius, crdackyc pcfjkg tjmcb mjsubcj bcrekc sckgct aekyekgct mck tjmcb sepertj crdac `cle segcr. Crdac pcmc `cle mjpekgcrulj dfel bcmcr sjekdf pcmc rjapckg `cle. Crdac `cle pcmc perfcbuck bepreb, mestjfcsj reius aekyekgct bcrekc ickycb bdapdkek `cle yckg jbut befucr cbjict mjbepreb. Cmckyc bdapdkek yckg tjmcb mjiutulbck jkj aeapekgcrulj crdac mcrj ajkycb ctsjrj `cle. Uktub perfcbuck rc`ckg, mestjfcsj reius, crdac `cle tjmcb terfcfu aekyekgct bcrekc `cle jbut terekmca mekgck cjr, seljkggc ieiercpc bdapdkek pekyusuk ajkycb ctsjrj jbut fcrut mcfca cjr mck pekgucpckkyc burckg dptjacf.
Wcrkc Aekurut Jrhck (9>><), ajkycb ctsjrj `cle ierupc ocjrck ierwcrkc bukjkg oercl sertc aeajfjbj bcrcbterjstjb crdac `cle. Mcrj lcsjf peaiuctck ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck periemcck aetdme mestjfcsj, wcrkc yckg mjcactj iermcscrbck u`j drgckdfeptjb mcpct mjfjlct pcmc ]cief 3. ]cief 3. ^ekgcrul periemcck aetdme mestjfcsj telcmcp wcrkc ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck ^erfcbuck
Wcrkc
Bepreb, mestjfcsj reius Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj reius Yc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus
Feijl pebct mck berul Feijl pebct @erkjl
^cmc pekefjtjck jkj, `cle yckg mjierj perfcbuck mjbepreb aeajfjbj wcrkc yckg pebct mck berul. Lcf jkj mjseicibck bcrekc `cle yckg mjbepreb aeaiuct ieiercpc `crjkgckkyc ruscb mck peocl, seljkggc bdapdkek-bdapdkek fcjk jbut befucr mck ierocapur mekgck ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck. Uktub ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjierj perfcbuck rc`ckg, wcrkckyc feijl `erkjl bcrekc perc`ckgck lckyc
aeadtdkg `crjkgck tjmcb scapcj peocl, seljkggc scct pekgucpck, yckg ijsc mjbefucrbck lckyc ajkycb ctsjrj sc`c. Uktub ajkycb ctsjrj `cle yckg aekggukcbck mestjfcsj reius, wcrkc ajkycb yckg mjlcsjfbck feijl gefcp. Lcf jkj ter`cmj bcrekc prdses pereiusck yckg mjseicibck bcrekc pcmc scct pereiusck mekgck cjr pckcs, bcmcr cjr `cle cbck aekjkgbct seljkggc prdses ebstrcbsj aek`cmj feijl fcac. Aekurut _upcrmck (9>>:), pekggukcck teaperctur yckg tjkggj pcmc prdses pereiusck cbck aekyeicibck bdapdkek ‟ bdapdkek yckg seksjtjh terlcmcp pckcs cbck aumcl ruscb seljkggc bucfjtcs ajkycb ctsjrj yckg mjlcsjfbck aek`cmj rekmcl. BE_JA^UFCK Mcrj perfcbuck terseiut, peaiuctck ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck aetdme rc`ckg,
mestjfcsj reius aeajfjbj rekmeaek tertjkggj. Uktub crdac yckg pcfjkg aekmebctj `cle segcr cmcfcl ajkycb ctsjrj mekgck aetdme rc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus. Wcrkc ajkycb ctsjrj pcfjkg icjb cmcfcl pcmc perfcbuck rc`ckg, mestjfcsj bubus. _eocrc besefurulck, ajkycb ctsjrj yckg aeajfjbj bucfjtcs pcfjkg icjb cmcfcl mekgck perfcbuck mjrc`ckg, mck aekggukcbck aetdme mestjfcsj bubus. MCH]CY ^U_]CBC M`chcr, Hjtrjckc. A. Mckj _upcrmck, mck Csrj Gckj. 9>3>. ^ekgcrul Uburck ^crtjbef, _H Ycsjd mck Wcbtu ^rdses ]erlcmcp Yekmeaek ^cmc Ljmrdmjstjfcsj Ajkycb @cle. Coel0 Icfcj Yjset mck _tckmcrjscsj Jkmustrj Ickmc Coel.
Jrhck, Aul. 9>><. Bc`jck Bcrcbterjstjb Dfedresjk @cle Iermcscrbck Uburck mck Fcac ^erekmcack _eriub @cle Mcfca Etckdf . _urcbcrtc 0 Ukjversjtcs Kegerj _eiefcs Acret Lerkckj mck Olrjstjkc Wjkcrtj. 9>>3. Bckmukgck Iclck Cbtjh @cle mck ^eackhcctckkyc Mcfca Ijmckg Beselctck. Idgdr0 Icfcj Iescr ^ekefjtjck mck ^ekgeaickgck ^csocpckek ^ertckjck. _upcrmck, Aulcacm Mckj,. Yusfck,. _ctrjckc,. mck Kdracfjkc Crpj. 9>>:. Ljmrdmjstjfcsj Ajkycb @cle (zjkgjier dhhjojkcfe Ydso.) Aekggukcbck Gefdaickg Uftrcsdkjb. Coel0 Ukjversjtcs _yjcl Bucfc. _uprjycktd mck Icaickg Oclydkd. 9>39. ^erickmjkgck Bckmukgck Ajkycb Ctsjrj Cktcrc @cle _egcr Mck @cle Berjkg . _eacrckg0 Fcidrctdrjua Bjajc Drgckjb, @urusck Bjajc Hcbuftcs _cjks mck Acteactjbc, Ukjversjtcs Mjpdkegdrd. ]crwjycl, Beacf. 9>3>. ]ektckg ^ekgdfclck ^ckgck . @cbcrtc0 Bcktdr Meputj Aekegrjsteb Ijmckg ^ekmcycgukcck mck ^eacsycrcbctck Jfau ^ekgetcluck mck ]ebkdfdgj. Zufjcktd, Hcjzcf Busuac mck ^cr`cktd. 9>3>. Ckcfjsjs Brdadsda @cle (Pjkgjier dhhjojkcfe vcr. dhhjojkcfe). _urcbcrtc0 Ukjversjtcs Kegerj _urcbcrtc.
