Downfall of Pakistan Railway
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Dr. Tanveer Anjum Mudassar Sohail
17262
Abdullah Hanif
17776
Syed M.Sajjad Rizvi
17934
Course: Business English Program: MBA (Evening)
Table of Contents Research Objective ................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................... 2 Introduction........................................................................................... 3 Secondary Data ..................................................................................... 4 History .............................. .............................................. ............................... .............................. .............................. ................... .... 5 Role Played by Pakistan Railway After Its Establishment .................. 8 ............................ 12 Additional Additional Problems Faced Faced By Pakistan Pakistan Railway ............................ Primary Data............................... ............... ................................ ................................ ............................... ......................... .......... 13 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 30 Conclusion Conclusion from Secondary Data .......................................... ..................................................... ........... 30 Conclusion Conclusion from Primary Data .............................. ............................................. ........................... ............ 31 Recommendations Recommendation s .............................. .............. ............................... ............................... ................................ .................. .. 32 References ........................................................................................... 33 Appendix ............................................................................................. 34
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Availability of resources and its utilization by Pakistan Railway
What are the main hurdles faced by Pakistan Railway in delivering its efficient performance?
Which factors are responsible for these inefficiencies?
How to overcome these inefficiencies?
What are the different procedural steps for turnover of Pakistan Railway?
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Railway Industry plays a vital role in a country’s economic system. This industry i s a back bone for a country. If this industry is being used & operated effectively and proper polices are applied for its development then it could provide a very profitable business to its country which may bring in a positive change in a country’s econom y.
On the other side, if this industry is being operated under the supervision of ineligible authorities and not properly overlooked by the Government then not only Railway Industry Will Suffer from Losses also the country will also have to endure. Unfortunately, Pakistan Railway is also suffering from the reason mentioned above. It is an important source of transportation throughout Pakistan. It carries millions of passengers throughout the country. It is been used to carry huge freight in Pakistan. This cheap and safe mode for passengers is now facing a number of issues. A number of services of Pakistan Railways have been cancelled, suspended or terminated and many more will be suspended in near future because of mismanagement and shortage of locomotives, fuel and money. The chapter of all major services, from Lahore to Karachi, has been closed. The incompetent administration has failed to attain locomotives from any quarter of the world. Passengers are suffering due to mismanagement of administration. Pakistan Railways decision to suspend goods train service due to severe shortage of locomotives and fuel is another blow to this organization. The railway has retired 102 of 220 trains and relies on handouts of Rs. 2.2 billion a month just to pay salaries and pensions. It is also facing predictable losses of Rs. 35 billion in fiscal year July 2011 to June 2012. It is now basically financially bankrupt organization. In other words it is on the edge of financial collapse. Finally, we will determine major Factors responsible For Pakistan Railway’s Crises accordingly to people views and secondary data.
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INTRODUCTION Pakistan Railways is lifeline of the country. It is a national state-run transport service running under the administration of Pakistani Government's “Ministry of Railways”. Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in the farthest corners of the country and brings them closer for business, sightseeing and education. It has been a great integrating force and forms the life line of the country by catering to its needs for large scale movement of people and freight. It carries millions of passengers and carries huge freight in throughout the Pakistan. Thus it is the cheapest and safest mode of transportation throughout the Pakistan. Tough, Railway is the cheapest and safest mode of transportation throughout the Pakistan. Still, Government is not taking any interest to make some improvements in this industry. When Britain closed the curtain on its empire and Pakistan was born in 1947, the country inherited thousands of miles of track and trains provided the most popular and affordable transport for millions but instead of rising the condition of this industry is getting worse day by day. When we talk about Pakistan railways industry Pakistan Railway always comes into our mind with the view as the cheapest mode of transportation but no now is willing to use this except the poor people or the organizations. The current condition is worse. Today almost all government corporations of Pakistan are in worst shape but Pakistan Railways is in really bad condition and costing country huge loses every month. For more than a century the railroad was the dominant form of land transportation in much of the world. It was, and still remains the economic backbone of a country. Pakistan has a total of 220 passenger trains/locomotives and the department has decided to shut down 102 trains due to financial loses. Today Pakistan Railways with R.s.334 billion liabilities is at the verge of bankruptcy because of corruption, shortage of locomotives and losses incurred due to the running expenses. According to one report Rs 2.2 billion is spent on wages and pensions every month leaving the department less or nothing for maintenance of power and rolling stocks. We have tried to highlight major factors responsible for Pakistan Railway’s Current position. For this purpose, we have gathered and analyzed primary data from the students of Iqra University and residents of Muhammad Ali Society; by conducting a survey. We have also gathered secondary data from internet and newspapers. We will try to give a real picture of the about on which report is been written.
The data is divided into two parts. First part contains Secondary data and the second part consists of Primary data 3
SECONDARY DATA
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History The idea of a rail network was first thought of in 1847, with the possibility of Karachi becoming a major seaport. Sir Henry Frere, as chief commissioner of Sindh, sought to improve the trade links of the newly developed port of Karachi with the rest of the province and beyond and proposed the import of something which was still a new concept in Britain — the railway. Thus, Sir Henry Frere became the father of the railway network in the Indian Empire, just as he had founded the modern postal system in India in 1858.The proposed railway line would be laid from Karachi (city) to Kotri. A steamboat service on the Indus and Chenab rivers would connect Kotri to Multan and from there another railway line would be laid to Lahore and beyond. On May 13th, 1861 the first railway line was opened for the public, between Karachi (city) and Kotri, with a total distance of 105 miles (169 km).
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By 1886, there were four railway companies operating in what would become Pakistan. The Scinde (Sindh) Railways , Indian Flotilla Company, Punjab Railway and Delhi Railways . These were amalgamated into the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railways Company
and purchased by the Secretary of State for India in 1885 and in January 1886 formed the North Western State Railways, which was later on renamed as North Western Railway (NWR). This would eventually become Pakistan Railways in 1947. Another railway line between Karachi and Keamari was opened on June 16th, 1889. In 1897, the line from Keamari to Kotri was doubled. By 1898 as the network began to grow, another proposed railway line was in the works from Peshawar to Karachi. It closely followed the route taken by Alexander the Great and his army while marching through the Hindu Kush to the Arabian Sea. During the early 20th century, railway lines were also laid down between Peshawar and Rawalpindi and Rawalpindi to Lahore. Different sections on the existing main line from Peshawar and branch lines were constructed in the last quarter of 19th century and early 20th century. In 1947, after Pakistan became an independent state, 8,122 of North Western Railways were transferred to Pakistan from British India. In 1954, the railway line was extended to Mardan and Charsada, and in 1956 the Jacobabad-Kashmore 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge line was converted into broad gauge. In 1961, the Pakistani portion of North Western Railways was renamed Pakistan Railways. The Kot Adu-Kashmore line was constructed between 1969 and 1973 providing an alternative route from Karachi to northern areas.
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Role Played by Pakistan Railway After Its Establishment
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In 1947, Pakistan inherited almost the whole of the North Western Railways, with 8,122 km of route track, hundreds of locomotives and a sprawling network of railway schools, hospitals and recreation facilities. The North Western Railways was not just a railway network; it was a holistic organization which provided for every need of its employees. However, like a number of other institutions we inherited from the British, we have ruined this ideal organization into the ground. It will not surprise anyone that, according to the 2011 yearbook of Pakistan Railways, the route kilometers have come down to 7,791. No surprise again that the Pakistan Railways yearbook only notes four instances of track extension and improvement since 1947 and obviously does not mention the scores of line closures. Pakistan Railways lost over Rs5.6 billion last year and, at the moment, does not even have the money to pay salaries to its employees The political interference, corruption, poor maintenance of tracks & bridges and mismanagement in almost every field are the major causes of failure of Pakistan Railways. Pakistan Railways purchased 69 completely built locomotive units from China under 2003 agreement. These are about 37% cheaper than the European locomotives but considered to be faulty. It is stated that 32 of these have already been scrapped. Dong Fang Electric Corporation has been severely criticized for producing low quality locomotives. The other viewpoint is that misuse of the machinery was the major cause of the failure of Chinese locomotives. According to Sheikh Rashid, the former railway minister, crankshafts of locomotives worth Rs10 million were damaged because of the use of substandard lubrication oil. It may be mentioned here that normally a locomotive consists of six traction motors while the Pakistan Railways is operating them with only three or four motors. This is the major cause of mid-way breakdown of trains. The passengers, in such a case, have to wait for a long time till repair or replacement of faulty engine takes place. Naturally trains are too late and passengers can be seen sitting at platforms with their luggage. A number of trains lack facility of light at nights because of the failure of the generators and ill attitude of management. Another reason that prevents people to go by train is increase in corruption by the ticketing officials. The reservation of birth is an uphill task. There are complaints that reservation is confirmed after receiving bribe of hundred or more rupees by passengers. Pakistan Railways is no more the best choice to travel for the passengers. Haji Ghulam Ahmed Bilour, federal minister for Pakistan Railways, is a very controversial figure. He is considered to be somewhat responsible for the deteriorating situation of Pakistan Railways. Railways Minister Ghulam Ahmad Bilour has no illusions about the situation. “The state of railways is very bad,” he said. “It can never become a profitable organization, if we reduce its deficit, it would be an achievement.” He blam es previous governments for decades of failure to invest, but recognizes that the current administration is just as guilty. Haji Ghulam Ahmed Bilour said; “The cabinet approved
emergency funding of $125 million for the railways in January but it has yet to be released by the finance ministry” He says “the ministry requested 300 new engines to return to normal operations but they did not give us a single penny.” His viewpoint is that the whole railway system is obsolete. He complains that half of the total locomotives are out of order. Almost 86 % bridges are more than 100 years old. The trains, tracks and machinery are outdated or faulty. He says that Pakistan needs 25 to 30 engines annually. He is now making a plan to repair, hire or lease locomotives in collaboration with the private sector. Moreover, he believes that a bailout package can be helpful to overpower the crisis. According to him delay in funds to Railways is the root cause of the crisis. He accuses the federal government for not releasing remarkable funds for the betterment of Pakistan Railways. All his plans may end in failure because of corruption in the management, financial problems, his ill-advised attitude and lack of vision. The efficiency of the railway minister is evident from its almost nil performance. He believes that two mafia gangs are very strong in Pakistan Railways but finds himself incapable to take any action against them. He seems to be too weak to solve the issues and problems faced by his ministry. The Chief Justice has expressed his disapproval for the high-ups of Railways in the following comments: “Ninety metric tons of silver worth millions was sold for mere Rs28,000 as scrap, while a light bulb worth Rs60 is being purchased at Rs400, whereas absence of maintenance turned expensive locomotives into junk one by one, besides a Grade-18 officer, a blue-eyed boy of the railways minister, is promoted to hold a Grade20 post of secretary purchase.” In the words of Chief Justice “the electricity wires meant for electric trains fr om Lahore to Khanewal have been stolen.” Moreover, he observed that “tickets were sold in advance outside ticket counters and tickets were not available at railway stations.” It is also in the notice of the apex court that land mafia has grabbed Pakistan Railways land in different areas of the country. He has already ordered the railways to approach the Sindh administration in this connection. Nonetheless, everybody knows the efficiency of the present Sindh government. Railways needed Rs2.2 billion to pay the salaries and pension to its protesting employees but the government has not released enough money to overpower the deep financial crisis. The economy of the country is under severe pressure and the poor administration seems to be unable to solve the problem. The apex court has already remarked “Railways should take steps to make it functional as early as possible.” Sheikh Rashid Ahmad, Ex-former railway minister, blames corrupt officers of the department for the present situation in Pakistan Railways. According to him only 156 locomotives out of 500 are in normal working condition. According to his statement 15,000 freight wagons are not playing in the country and the business has gone in the hands of the private sector. He claims that 200 coaches and several locomotives, imported from China, could have been manufactured in the local Carriage Factory in Islamabad. Due to imported coaches and machinery several laborers have lost their jobs
or sent on forced leave. A limited number of loaders have been appointed by the administration on the platforms to carry the luggage of the passengers. It is stated that a particular amount of money is received by the administration as a bribe from these poor loaders. In return they are allowed to receive hundred rupees from the passenger to carry the luggage. Flying from Islamabad to Karachi takes two hours, which is quite expensive for a normal salaried person. A network of luxury coaches is considered more comfortable, which means that today only the poorest of Pakis tan travel by train. “There is corruption and mismanagement at every level,” said former railways minister Sheikh Rashid Ahmed. “The workers don’t work, mechanics don’t change the oil and the officials wait for destruction of the machinery to buy new and g et commissions.” But the government is now trying to stave off total ruin. It has released a Rs. 600 million subsidy to repair engines and the board is hoping the private sector can become its knight in shining armor. “We have devised a strategy to rehabi litate 360 locomotives with the help of the private sector and bring all of them back to working condition in the next three years,” Shafiq Ullah, the secretary of the Pakistan Railways board said. “By August, we will get all these 69 Chinese locomotives o n the track,” said, adding that only six freight trains are operational—a fraction of the 100 cargo trains that once used to run. Independent analysts estimate it will take at least five years and millions of dollars to haul the infrastructure into the 2 1st century. “Constant neglect has led Pakistan Railways into such bad shape,” A. B. Shahid, an economy expert and former banker said. “They need at least three to five years to revive the department, and inject at least Rs. 25 billion, for infrastructure and locomotive repair. They should privatize local trains and improve signaling,” he said. Saqib Sherani, a former adviser to the finance ministry, said the government should remove interest from central bank loans and end political appointments. “It shouldn’t be fully privatized but investment in a few sectors like goods trains and some passenger trains will be really fruitful,” he said. Pakistan Railways losses have reached billions of rupees. It seems difficult to bring trains back on tracks in the present circumstances. The situation may not change unless corrupt high-ups are removed, suspended and dismissed from the services. To restructure and modernize Pakistan Railways under the present administration seems to be the dream of a mad man. Pakistan Railways is sinking in the sea of corruption as no serious efforts are being made to eradicate it from this department.
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Additional Problems Faced By Pakistan Railway Pakistan Railways is already facing a serious financial crisis, which led to the discontinuation of services on many routes. Furthermore; Following are the additional hurdles and problems faced by Pakistan Railway
According to the National Disaster Management Authority, the heavy floods have caused a loss of Rs.6.7 billion to the railway network as several hundred kilometers of lines were washed away The department has a total of 590 engines, out of which 290 are out of service being obsolete, and the remaining are extremely unreliable for haulage of rolling stock over long distances. For many years, the redundant railway line and other bits of infrastructure lay badly guarded; as a result some steel fittings and a considerable length of track had been plundered by steel hungry thieves. The railway coaches were also the targets of angry mobs and arson attacks after Benazir Bhutto’s assassination resulting in huge losses Remaining tracks and steel fittings were uprooted by the PR and sold as scrap in 2008. The whole plan fizzled out with the passage of time. Bunch of narrow gauge passenger coaches of ZVR are still parked at Bostan railway station
The addition into problems of railways began on January 2011 when a cheaque For Rs 700 million issued by Pakistan Railways to Pakistan State Oil was not honored. The PSO subsequently stopped the supply of fuel to Railways. According to a senior officer at Railways headquarters in Lahore some 30 freight trains had to be stationed in yards near major railway stations across the country and only one freight train left for Muzaffargarh on Sunday. On an average, eight freight trains leave for Sindh for various destinations daily. Their are not enough funds for payment to PSO for high speed diesel to keep all freight trains running. The Railways have also not received a single penny from the Rs 11.1 billion package approved by the cabinet.
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Primary Data Q1. Income
According to above chart, different income classes have include in our survey. Blue slice shows that the major income class is 11,000 to 25,000 with 53% 13
Q2. Occupation
Persons related to different occupations somewhere uses Railway as their mode of transportation. So, we mentioned it in our questionnaire. Red slice shows that Job related persons are 42%, purple slice shows Students engaged with jobs are 27%, students 19% and business persons are 12% out of total respondents 14
Q3. Have you ever traveled via Pakistan Railway?
Above chart shows that out of 100 peoples 96% have used services of Railway Pakistan which is shown in Blue color slice.
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Q4. How often do you travel via Pakistan railway?
In this chart we conclude that, out of 100 people, more than 15% have very closely engaged with Railway Pakistan and around 40% have rarely used this mode of transport.
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Q5. Reason(s) for using railways as a mean of transportation:
Blue slice shows that more than 60% people prefer Pakistan Railway due to its cheap rates and only 2% have agreed with its comfort which is shown in red color.
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Q6. Kindly rate the following for the railway industry, (1 to 5, 5 being the highest) A: Safety
Chart shows that only 10% people give high ratings to Safety. 30% people are not satisfied with the safety measures of Pakistan Railway 18
B: Comfort
Pakistan railway is not successful in taking high ratings in comfort. It takes mostly 1, 2 or 3 ratings in comfort. Only 8% people Gave full rating to comfort
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C: Punctuality
Above chart shows that 46% people give lowest rating in punctuality because people bearing a lot of problems due to its unpunctuality
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D: Customer Care
People are not satisfied with customer care services provided by Pakistan Railway 35% people give minimum rating to customer care as showed in Red slice 21
Q7. Kindly rate your overall traveling experience through Pakistan Railway:
Around 50% people have bad travelling experience, 35% have good, 11% have worst and only 4% have very good experience with Pakistan Railway
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Q8. How do you compare the current railway condition of Pakistan with those 10-20 years ago?
Above chart shows the comparison of condition between current and 20 years ago, more than 50% people thinks that it is in bad condition, and 39% people thinks that currently it is in worst condition. 23
Q9. In your opinion, what is/are the main reason(s) for downfall of Pakistan Railway?
Above chart shows that 56% person thinks that corruption is the main reason behind the downfall of Pakistan railway 24
Q10. In your view, which transport service, is railway’s biggest competitor?
As above chart shows87% people respond that Bus service is the biggest competitor of the railway and after thi s civil aviation service is 2 nd big competitor of railway. 25
Q11. A minister of Pakistan Railway owns Private Bus transportation Network which is one of the competing industry against Pakistan Railway, Do you think is it right to give Ministry to such person?
As per findings of our survey, above chart highlighted that it is not right to give Railway ministry to such person who owned private bus network 26
Q12.Which department according to you should be given the First priority in improving Railway Industry:
In this chart, green slice shows that more than 55% people reply that Administration department needs to be improved first. 27% people thought that Finance department should improve on priority basis. 27
Q13. The best method for improvement of the Pakistan Railway according to you:
Above chart indicates that according to 42% respondents, privatization is the best solution for improvement of Pakistan Railway 28
Q14. Should new trains be introduced?
From the above chart we conclude that new trains should introduced after Administration department
improvement
of
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Conclusion Conclusion from secondary Data The political interference, corruption, poor maintenance of tracks, locomotives, couches, bridges, stations and mismanagement in almost every field are the major causes of failure of Pakistan Railways. Locomotives purchased from China had been broken down may be mentioned here that normally a locomotive consists of six traction motors while the Pakistan Railways is operating them with only three or four motors. This is the major cause of mid-way breakdown of trains. The state of railways is very bad. It can never become a profitable organization, if we reduce its deficit, it would be an achievement Current Government blames previous governments for decades of failure to invest, but recognizes that the current administration is just as guilty. The cabinet approved emergency funding of $125 million for the railways in January but it has yet to be released by the finance ministry. The ministry requested 300 new engines to return to normal operations but they did not gave a single penny The whole railway system is obsolete. Half of the total locomotives are out of order. Almost 86 % bridges are more than 100 years old. The trains, tracks and machinery are outdated or faulty. Pakistan needs 25 to 30 engines annually. Pakistan Railway is trying to repair, hire or lease locomotives in collaboration with the private sector. According to Haji Ghulam Ahmed Blour delay in funds to Railways is the root cause of the crisis. He accuses the federal government for not releasing remarkable funds for the betterment of Pakistan Railways. The efficiency of the railway minister is evident from its almost nil performance. He seems to be too weak to solve the issues and problems faced by his ministry. Only 156 locomotives out of 500 are in normal working condition. 15,000 freight wagons are not playing in the country and the business has gone in the hands of the private sector. 200 coaches and several locomotives, imported from China, could have been manufactured in the local Carriage Factory in Islamabad. Due to imported coaches and machinery several laborers have lost their jobs or sent on forced leave.. Independent analysts estimate it will take at least five years and millions of dollars to haul the infrastructure into the 21st century. Constant neglect has led Pakistan Railways into such bad shape. An economy expe rt and former banker said. “Pakistan Railway needs at least three to five years to revive the department, and inject at least Rs. 30 25 billion, for infrastructure and locomotive repair.
Pakistan Railways losses have reached billions of rupees. It seems difficult to bring trains back on tracks in the present circumstances. The situation may not change unless corrupt high-ups are removed, suspended and dismissed from the services. To restructure and modernize Pakistan Railways under the present administration seems to be the dream of a mad man. Pakistan Railways is sinking in the sea of corruption as no serious efforts are being made to eradicate it from this department.
Conclusion from Primary Data
Mostly People Uses Train as their primary mode of transportation
Cost effectiveness is the major reason for choosing railway as a mode of transportation
People use to travel via railway on occasionally or rarely basis
People are not satisfied from safety arrangements, punctuality , customer care and comfort
Mostly peoples are not having good travelling experience through Pakistan Railway as in past it was.
The current condition Of Pakistan Railway is worst Corruption is the major Reason responsible for Pakistan Railway’s Crises
B us service is the biggest competitor of Pakistan Railway
It is not right to give Railway’s Ministry to such person who is a stake -holder of a
competitive industry
For improvement of Pakistan Railway’s industry, high priority sh ould be given to
administration department.
Privatization is the only solution to save Pakistan railway, according to people opinion
New trains should be introduced
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Recommendation Followings are some of the suggestions to improve the condition for railway system of Pakistan: 1- First of all government should eliminate corruption in railways sector. Corruption is the hazard that is destroying many sectors of Pakistani society. 2- Pakistan Railways should be privatized. This is also the possible solution of problem because currently government of Pakistan has to bear the huge losses monthly. Other benefits of privatization of Pakistan Railways include the increase in service quality and expansion of Railways because government has nothing to invest in Pakistan Railway. 3- Government should ask Chinese for help in order to make it profitable organization because China has made wonderful progress in railway industry. As China did in several other sectors including coal and nuclear power generation and manufacture of automobiles it has granted access to its enormous market by insisting on the transfer of technology. It has managed to develop its railway industry to the point at which it was able to out-compete the established systems in Europe and North America in winning the contract to build a high speed line connecting Mecca with Medina. 4- India is also making impressive strides in the railway sector. The underground system in Delhi has won the admiration of many foreign experts for its engineering as well as management. The inter-city system is being modernized in terms of both the quality of service on offer as well as the new equipment being used. The Indian and Chinese systems are by far the largest in the world and the two countries as a result of the advances they are making will come to dominate the world railway industry and business. Pakistan being a neighbor of these two rapidly growing and giant economies could benefit enormously from the development of the two systems. 5- Pakistan is blessed with coal reserves and a single Thar coal reserve of Sindh is about 850 Trillion Cubic feet which is more than oil reserves of KSA and Iran put together i.e. 375 billion barrels. Chinese and other companies had not only carried out surveys and feasibilities of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in last 7 to 8 years but the “Petroleum Gang” always discouraged them in a very systematic way. If these reserves are exploited properly then the deficiency of fuel can be catered for the railways.
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The best solution of this problem is the privatization of Pakistan Railway. We can take the example of PTCL; before privatization PTCL's monthly losses were in billions. Today it is not only a profitable organization but also providing excellent services to the customers. Corruption in Pakistan Railways can only be removed by privatization of Pakistan Railways.
References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Railways article Published in The Express Tribune, December 6 th , 2011.
http://newsweekpakistan.com/scope/704
http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=125216
http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2011/11/dead-mans-switch
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Appendix The questionnaire is prepared to get analysis about factors responsible for P akistan railway’s crises. Your Co-operation, by mean of filling up these questions will be highly appreciated Q.1 Age _____________ Q.2 Income A: 11,000-25,000 D: 56,000-70,000
B: 26,000-40,000 E: Above 70,000
C: 41,000-55,000
Q3. Occupation: A: Student
B: Job
C: Business
D: Other
Q.4 Have you ever traveled via Pakistan Railway? A: Yes
B: No
Q.5.How often do you travel via Pakistan railway? A: Once in a Year C: Once in a month
B: twice in a year D: Occasionally / Rarely
Q.6 Kindly rate the following for the railway industry, (1 to 5, 5 being the highest) A: Safety C: Punctuality
B: Comfort D: Customer Care
Q.7 Kindly rate your overall traveling experience through railways. A: Very Good C: Bad
B: Good D: Worst
Q.8 Reason(s) for using railways as a mean of transportation: (You may select more than one option) A: Cost Effective B: Comfortable C: Convenience D: Route flexibility Q.9.How do you compare the current railway condition of Pakistan with that 10-20 years ago? A: Very Good
B: Good
C: Bad
D: Worst
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