1 : ABSTRACT
In the current railway systems, it is becoming ever more necessary to have safety elements in order to avoid accidents. One of the important causes that can provoke serious accidents is the existence of obstacles on the tracks, either fixed or mobile. This project deals about one of the efficient methods to avoid train collision and obstacle detection.
A GPS system is being used top in point the location of faults on tracks. The project presents a solution, to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service.
The solution is based on powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies and software. The inbuilt GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfer the information to the central system.
The availability of the information allows the train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the central system to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system.
2 : INTRODUCTION
In all transport systems, particularly in the case of railways, safety and reliability are highly considered. In recent years, with the development of high speed railway, speed and capability of the trains constantly improved, and traffic density gets more and more serious. As a result the requirements to the reliability and safety of the high speed train operation enhances increasingly. However, safety of high speed railway extremely relies on its surrounding environment. The number of collision connected railway accidents shows world-wide an increasing tendency year by year.
The ever increasing operation velocities cause an increasing degree of the grave consequences both in loss of human life and severe damage to the train and other railway equipment. In the technical literature very few number of publications can be found that are dealing with investigations into the train collision processes to predict the level of forces and deformations realizing in the course of accidental collisions/crashes.
The shortage of the literature sources can be explained by the extremely complicated character of the dynamics of train crashes. The paper takes an attempt to develop an iterative computation method for predicting the dynamics of train collisions/crashes.
The train safety has been an issue with the increasing number of incidents being reported that has caused death and injury. Majority of deaths on the railway involve third parties with the incursion onto the level crossings. Average train accident would cost millions of Indian rupees and these can be avoided if there is a mechanism to track the train location and speed and warn the locomotive drivers about possible safety issues.
The solution is a comprehensive GPS/GSM based train tracking system, which provides accurate, dependable and timely information to the controller. The inbuilt GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM.
The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Location data can be further processed to providevisual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the administration to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system.
Additionally, this project proposes a system which monitors the track in front of a train for obstacle detection using multi sensor setup. If an obstacle is detected, the inbuilt GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location.
Thus we have selected a project which is simple to use and it is very cheap to make this project. The other technology which is used by railway officers is quite handy ,but very complicate and it is costly. This will help railways to be in secure position and it always be needful in security purpose of our Indian Railway system.
3 : LITERATURE SURVEY
According to IEEE paper, A Survey on Railway Security in Wireless Network 2013 printed on 2013 in International Journal of Print Computer Science ed andonNetwork, Vol 2 and in International another paper, Innovative Railway Track Surveying with Sensors and Controlled by Wireless Communication printed on 2013 in International Journal of Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering,volume-2.
It is clear that main problem about a railway analysis is detection of cracks in the structure. If these decencies are not controlled at early stages they might cause huge economical problems affecting the rail network (unexpected requisition of spare parts, handling of incident and/or accidents)
These project relates to find the crack in the railway tracks. Project uses a microcontroller from 8051 series family. It is an 8-bit 40 pin microcontroller. It also uses an MAX232 dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage to supply TIA/EIA-232-f voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels to TIA/EIA-232-f levels.
This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play GSM 900 operating frequency modem for direct and easy integration RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user. Voice, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS, integrated TCP/IP stack, RTC and other features like the GSM / GPRS. It has Built-in TCP/IP Protocol Built-in RTC in the module. AT Command based system it has the signaling speed of 85.6 kbps.
Accelerometer sensor measure static (earth gravity) or dynamic acceleration in all three axis. Application of the sensor is in various fields and many applications can be developed using this sensor. By monitoring the three axis acceleration one can measure the level of tilt of any platform.
Accelerometer sensor measures level of acceleration where it is mounted this enable us to measure acceleration/deceleration of object like in hand movement in goniometer or tilt of a platform with respected to earth axis. Sensor provides 0G output which detect linear free fall. Sensitivity can be adjusted in two ranges.
Today, India possesses the fourth largest railway network in the world comprising 115,000km of track . The recent statistics reveal that approximately 60% of all the rail accidents have derailments as their cause, of which about 90% are due to cracks on the rails.
The project relates to find the crack in the railway tracks. According to a possible embodiment, the railway carriage carrying the control equipments is provided with sensor orientated to detect the crack.
4 : SCOPE OF PROJECT
Nowadays in the current railway systems, it is becoming necessary to have safety elements in order to avoid accidents. the causes that can provoke serious accidents is the existence of obstacles on the tracks, either fixed or mobile.This project deals about one of the efficient methods to avoid train collision and obstacle detection. So, this issue becomes our priority to solve it. The system which we are proposing helps to overcome this social problem faced in almost every city of India.
A key aspect of our project is to identify a crack in a track, and to alert the office at the very same movement. The system sets an example on how to use sensors and gps efficiently for railway track crack detection and the technology can be used at domestic and at commercial places with future vision.
Instead of using manual method of crack detection, the use of this method helps in efficient and fast management of crack detection in track. Also the respective monitoring office will gets instant information about crack detection which will also reduce unwanted workload on them. And then key aspect to keep our city secured from the accidents caused by improper and unmaintained track.
5: ADOPTED METHODOLOGY
5.1 : PROJECT PLANNING
a. Analysis of the exiting situation and the exact nature of problem faced through discussions with the project guide.
b. Study of process of different technologies used in the system.
c. With the help of the guide the specifications of the program were decided and then implemented in the project.
d. Use of Accelerometer sensor to interface the computer and embedded system meant for process and control.
e. Testing, development and troubleshooting still underway to enhance user interface.
5.2 : BLOCK DIAGRAM
Transform er
Accelerometer
Bridge Rectifier
Voltage Regulator
Display
Micro-Controller 8051 Series
MAX 232
GSM Modem
Motor Driver
DC Motor
GPS Modem
ASM/C Programming
5.3 : PROPOSED HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Hardware Requirement:
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Power Supply Micro-Controller Accelerometer Sensor GSM & GPS Modem MAX 232 Buzzer DC Motor LCD
5.4 : PROPOSED SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Software Requirement:
I. II.
Compiler:-Keil Compiler Language:-Embedded C or Assembly
5.3.1 : POWER SUPPLY
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.
TRANSFORMER: Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. RECTIFIER: There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). SMOOTHING: Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies . Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC. REGULTOR: Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V. They include a hole for attaching a heat sink if necessary. For low current power supplies a simple voltage regulator can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in reverse.Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).
The resistor limits the current (like an LED resistor). The current through the resistor is constant, so when there is no output current all the current flows through the zener diode and its power rating Pz must be large enough to withstand this.
WORKING:
In this project circuits, sensors & motor are used which require +12V & +5V (DC) supply, to fulfill this requirement we have used following circuit of power supply which provides regulated +12V & +5V(DC). As shown above Transformer (15V/1A) is used to down convert the AC upto 15V. 4 diodes (IN4007) are connected to secondary of transformer in bridge for rectifying AC into DC. Capacitor 1000 µf & 1µf are used as a filter red led shows that rectification and filtering is ok. 7812 IC is used as a 12V regulator it converts 15V into regulated +12V DC, yellow led shows that output of 7812 is ok. 7805 IC is used as a 5V regulator it converts 12V into regulated +5V DC, green led shows that output of 7805 is ok. Thus the microcontroller works on the voltage of 5V DC which is provided by the power supply from 230 AC mains to 5V regulated DC volage. Hence, our project works starting from this conversion of 230v AC to 5V DC voltage for the running of our railway track crack detector machine.
5.3.2 : MICRO CONTROLLER
INTODUCTION TO MICRO CONTROLLER 89S52:
The 8051 is an 8-bit microprocessor originally designed in the 1980's by Intel that has gained great popularity since its introduction. Its standard form includes several standard on-chip peripherals, including timers, counters, and UART's, plus 8kbytes of on-chip program memory and 128 bytes (note: bytes, not Kbytes) of data memory, making singlechip implementations possible. Its hundreds of derivatives, manufactured by several different companies (like Philips) include even more on-chip peripherals, such as analog-digital converters, pulse-width modulators, I2C bus interfaces, etc. Costing only a few dollars per IC, the 8051 is estimated to be used in a large percentage (maybe 1/2?) all embedded system products. The 8051 memory architecture includes 128 bytes of data memory that are accessible directly by its instructions. A 32-byte segment of this 128 byte memory block is bit addressable by a subset of the 8051 instructions, namely the bit-instructions. External memory of up to 64 Kbytes is accessable by a special "movx" instruction. Up to 4 Kbytes of program instructions can be stored in the internal memory of the 8051, or the 8051 can be configured to use up to 64 Kbytes of external program memory.The majority of the 8051's instructions are executed within 12 clock cycles. We developed a VHDL synthesizable model of the 8051 and a C++ based 8051 instruction-set simulator, both found below, on which we've based some research directions. One of those directions is a tuning environment, also found below, to assist a designer who wants to modify the 8051 architecture to be more power efficient for a particular program You see, a particular 8051 will probably execute the same program over and over for its lifetime, so it would be nice to orient the 8051 towards that program.
FEATURES:
Compatible with MCS-51 Products. 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory. Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock. 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM. 32 Programmable I/O Lines. Two 16-bit Timers/Counters. Six Interrupt Sources. Programmable Serial Channel. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
5.3.3 : ACCELEROMETER SENSOR
Accelerometer sensor can measure static(earth gravity) or dynamic acceleration in all three axis. Application of the sensor is in various fields and many applications can be developed using this sensor. Accelerometer sensor measures level of acceleration where it is mounted this enable us to measure acceleration/deceleration of object like in hand movement in goniometer or tilt of a platform with respected to earth axis,. Sensor provides 0G output which detect linear free fall. Sensitivity can be adjusted in two ranges. Acceleration is a vector force which has direction and measured in meters per second. Earth produces gravitational acceleration on all objects on earth. By monitoring the three axis acceleration one can measure the level of tilt of any platform. Acceleration is a measure of how fast the speed of something is changing It is used as an input to control systems. Sensor voltage output should be determined as a percentage of voltage input for consistency .
FEATURES: Simple to use Analog output for each axis +5V operation @1ma current High Sensitivity (800mV/g @ 1.5g) Selectable Sensitivity (+- 1.5g, +- 6g) 0g detect for free fall detection Robust design, high shock survivability Low Cost
5,3,4: GSM & GPS Modem
The GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play GSM 900 operating frequency modem for direct and easy integration RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user. Voice, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS, integrated TCP/IP stack, RTC and other features like the GSM / GPRS. NMEA 0183 (or NMEA for short) is a combined electrical and data specification for communication between marine electronic devices such as echo sounder, sonars, anemometer (wind speed and direction), gyrocompass, autopilot, GPS receivers and many other types of instruments. It has been defined by, and is controlled by, the U.S.-based National Marine Electronics Association. It has Built-in TCP/IP Protocol Built-in RTC in the module. AT Command based system it has the signaling speed of 85.6 kbps. Interfaces user can connect the GSM modem and initializes the modes like speed and incoming and outgoing by connecting to the following connectors RS-232 through DTYPE 9 pin connector .
Power Supply: Input voltage: 9V-12V Input current: 15mA in idle mode, 110mA in communication Temperature range : Operating -20 to +55 degree Celsius; Storage -25 to +70 degree Celsius Output DC Voltage : 12V Output DC Current : 2A Serial port baud rate : 1200 to 115200 bps
5.3.5 : MAX 232
Design of MAX-232 circuit
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply a 5V supply. The MAX232 IC contains the necessary drivers and receivers , to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. The MAX232 was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels.
FEATURES:
Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 Operates from a single 5-V Power Supply with 1.0-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors Operates up to 120 k bit/s Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V input levels Low supply current 8 mA ESD Protection Exceeds JESD 22 - 2000-V Human-Body Model (A114-A) Upgrade with improved ESD (15-kV HBM) and 0.1-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors is available with the MAX202 Applications : TIA/EIA-232-F, Battery-Powered Systems, Terminals, Modems, and Computers
5.3.6 : DC MOTORS
The direct current (DC) motor is one of the first machines devised to convert electrical power into mechanical power. Permanent magnet (PM) direct current convert electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interaction of two magnetic fields. One field is produced by a permanent magnet assembly, the other field is produced by an electrical current flowing in the motor windings. These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor. As the rotor turns, the current in the windings is commutated to produce a continuous torque output. That output is given to ADC which will further generate the signal . The stationary electromagnetic field of the motor can also be wire-wound like the armature (called a wound-field motor) or can be made up of permanent magnets (called a permanent magnet motor). In either style (wound-field or permanent magnet) the commutator. acts as half of a mechanical switch and rotates with the armature as it turns. The commutator is composed of conductive segments (called bars), usually made of copper, which represent the termination of individual coils of wire distributed around the armature. The second half of the mechanical switch is completed by the brushes. These brushes typically remain stationary with the motor's housing but ride (or brush) on the rotating commutator. As electrical energy is passed through the brushes and consequently through the armature a torque force is generated as a reaction between the motor's field and the armature causing the motor's armature to turn. As the armature turns, the brushes switch to adjacent bars on the commutator. This switching action transfers the electrical energy to an adjacent winding on the armature which in turn perpetuates the torque motion of the armature. Motor speed control of DC motor is nothing new. A simplest method to control the rotation speed of a DC motor is to control it's driving voltage. The higher the voltage is, the higher speed the motor tries to reach.
In many applications simple voltage regulation would cause lots of power voltage control circuit, so a pulse width modulation method (PWM)is used in many DC motor controlling applications. In the basic Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) method, the operating power to the motors is turned on and off to modulate the current to the motor. The ratio of "on" time to "off" time is what determines the speed of the motor. Sometimes the rotation direction needs to be changed. In normal permanent magnet motors, this rotation is changed by changing the polarity of operating power (for example by switching from negative power supply to positive or by interchanging the power terminals going to power supply). This direction changing is typically implemented using relay or a circuit called an H bridge. There are some typical characteristics on "brush-type" DC motors. When a DC motor is straight to a battery (with no controller), it draws a large surge current when connected up. The surge is caused because the motor, when it is turning, acts as a generator. The generated voltage is directly proportional to the speed of the motor. DC motor has three main parts: current-carrying conductors called an armature; a circuit for magnetic field provided by permanent magnets; and a commutator that switches the direction of current in the armature as it passes a fixed point in space.
5.3.7 : BUZZER
Buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off. In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system," because when one person signals ("buzzes in"), all others are locked out from signaling. Several game shows have large buzzer buttons which are identified as plungers. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.
5.3.8 : LCD
LCD creates images on a flat surface by shining light through a combination of liquid crystals and polarized glass. The technology differs from CRT because a CRT uses a beam of electrons projected through a large glass tube to create images.
Advantages :
Smaller size Less eyestrain Lower power consumption Less heat generation Lighter weight Better image contrast
Energy Savings: LCD monitors can offer the consumer considerable savings over the product's total lifetime. In some cases, the energy-consumption of an average LCD display can be half to two-thirds of that for an average CRT. ENERGY STAR labeled LCD monitors can save even more. Some ENERGY STAR partner companies have helpful web-based calculators that can compute the possible savings of buying an LCD monitor in a matter of moments. One such calculator is listed below. Visit the URL provided for a sample calculation.
Other Benefits : Less monitor heat generation-meaning lower air-conditioning bills in the summer months. Less monitor bulk-meaning more desk space is left clear. For an office or business, this means more room for additional staff or storage.
6 : DISADVATAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM AND ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
Disadvantages of Existing System: Existing systems are not able to predict the cracks properly on the railway track. Existing systems are not able to manage when the cracks are small or the speed at which the train can pass safely on the crack.
Advantages of Proposed System: Establish management structure based on performance evaluation and monitoring process. Enhance the percentage of efficiency. Facility to send alerts/warnings to particular train drivers on possible collisions, derailment through the system.
7 : CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
7.1: CONCLUSION
This project discusses the critical safety techniques for high-speed train operation environment based on the train control system. In order to ensure safe operation of trains, we propose a wireless network access framework according to the monitoring network of surrounding environment and the deployment of transition network to avoid collision of trains and obstacle detection. System has ability to pin point the location and other attributes of an operational train in an economical accurate manner. The goal of this work is to design and implement a cost effective and intelligent full-fledged and wireless based Train Anti Collision and detection System to avoid accident.
7.2: FUTURE SCOPE
The system sets an example on how to use wireless network efficiently for Railway Track Crack detection and the technology can be used at domestic and at commercial places with future vision. Instead of manual method of crack detection a more advanced accelerometer sensor are compatible technology can be used.
8 : REFERENCES
High speed detection of broken rails, rail cracks and surface faults, Prof M Dhanasekar, Wirtu, & L Bayissa. L. Beales,-Track system requirements, Railway group standards, railway safety,London,oct.2003. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER, From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICROCONTROLLER. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM. E.Gülal and B. Akpinar, ―Applications of GSM based machine guid- ance systems in open pit mining, Mine Producing, Geology Environ. Protect., Varna, Bulgaria,Jun. 9-13, 2003. H. R. Dong, B. Ning, B. G. Cai. Zh. Sh. Hou. Automatic Train Control System Development and Simulation for High-Speed Railways. IEEE Circuits and Systems. 2010.10(2): 6-18. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACCELEROMETER
The most advanced system for broken rail detection http://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/railsafety/technologies.pdf http://www.seeedstudio.com/depot/images/product/sr-92.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM http://www.wvshare.com/datasheet_html/ LPC2148-PDF.html
