this report is for b.tech students undergoing summer training at indian railways.Full description
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KURUKSHETRA SUBMITTED BY: LALIT MEENA 108416(E1) ELECTRIC AL ENGINEERING CONTENT S.N o. 1 2 3 4 TOPIC About Indian Railways Acknowledgement Circuit Diag...
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The Transport Safety Board's report into the Lac-Mégantic disaster.
It is a fully electronics based report on railway training including the topics like railway signalling system, data logger, microwave communication, railnet, optical fiber communication(OFC), comp...
DR.B.R. AMBEDKAR NA NAT TIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JALANDHAR
INDUSTRIAL PRACTICAL TRAINING FINAL PROJECT REPORT
Construction o A!!ro"c#$s A!!ro"c#$s o %&.'( )$tr$ C"rri"*$+", Ro"- O$r Bri-*$ "t L$$/ Crossin* No. A0%& "t K"!urt#"/" K#o1$+"/ R"i/ S$ction o Nort#$rn R"i/+", on J"/"n-#"r0 K"!urt#"/" Ro"- N$"r Sci$nc$ Cit, in District K"!urt#"/"
Tr"in$$ D$t"i/s2 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar Jalandh ar N")$: Mitul Chopra Ro// No.: 1110200 Disci!/in$: Ci!il "n#ineerin#
INDE3 S$ction
D D$$scri!tion
Ac4no+/$-*$)$nt %
Intro-uction To Pro1$ct
%.%
A8out T#$ Pro1$ct
%.6
N$$- For T#is Pro1$ct
%.7
A8out T#$ Construction Sit$
6
Consi-$r"tions B$or$ St"rtin*
6.%
SOIL IN:ESTIGATION
6.6
Loc"tion O Bor$#o/$s
6.7
Di$rsion Ro"-
6.9
Di$rsion Rout$s
6.5
S$ric$ Ro"-
7
G$n$r"/ Out/in$ O T#$ Pro1$ct
7.%
:"//$, Cur$
7.6
Su))it Cur$
7.7
:oi- For)$rs
7.9
Anti0Cr"s# B"rri$rs
7.5
Dou8/$ M$t"/ Cr"s# B"rri$rs
7.&
B$"rin*s
7.;
E=!"nsion Joints
7.<
R$t"inin* E"rt# P"n$/s
7.'
G$o Str"!s
7.%(
S$is)ic R$str"in$rs
7.%%
M$-i"n
P"*$ No. 5 &0'
%(0%6
%&077
7.%6
Sc"o/-in*
7.%7
For)+or4 S#utt$rin*
9
C"stin* O S/"8
9.%
D$c4 S/"8 R$inorc$)$nt
9.6
B"tc#in* P/"nt
5
T$st
5.%
Co)!r$ssi$ Co)!r$ssi$ Str$n*t#
5.6
S/u)! T$st T$st
5.7
C$)$nt T$st
&
Construction M"t$ri"/s
&.%
C$)$nt
&.6
A**r$*"t$s
&.7
A-)i=tur$s
&.9
>"t$r
;.%
Conc/usion
;.6
R$$r$nc$s "n- 8i8/io*r"!#,
7907'
75099
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9'05(
ACKNO>LEDGEMENT It i$ %ith #reat plea$ure that I &ind m'$el& pennin# do%n the$e line$ to e(pre$$ m' $in)ere thank$ to !ariou$ people %ho ha!e helped me a lon# %a' in )ompletin# thi$ pro*e)t. I am hi#hl' indebted to Er. H"r8#"1"n Sin*#? Su8 Diision"/ En*in$$r@P>D + &or hi$ #uidan)e and )on$tant $uper!i$ion a$ %ell a$ &or pro!idin# ne)e$$ar' in&ormation re#ardin# the pro*e)t , al$o &or hi$ $upport in )ompletin# the pro*e)t. I %ould like to e(pre$$ m' #ratitude to%ard$ Er. N$$r"1 Gu!t"? Junior En*in$$r and Er. D$$!"4 4oc##"r? Junior En*in$$r &or their kind )o-operation and en)oura#ement %hi)h helped me in )ompletion o& thi$ pro*e)t. I %ould like to e(pre$$ m' $pe)ial #ratitude and thank$ to $ite per$on$ &or #i!in# me $u)h attention and time. I o%e a debt o& #ratitude to Department o& Ci!il "n#ineerin# NIT-J NIT-J and T, Cell /ead Dr Pr"t"! Sin*# &or #i!in# $u)h an opportunit' opportunit' to #et to kno% the real time pra)ti)e$ &ollo%ed in the indu$tr'. M' thank$ and appre)iation$ al$o #o to people %ho ha!e %illin#l' helped me
5|Page
%.% ABOUT THE PROJECT • ubli) %ork$ department pun*ab i$ )on$tru)tin# a o!er-brid#e at a )o$t o& R$. )rore.
• The o!er-brid#e %ill pro!ide a tra&&i) route &rom ho*e%ala to Man$ur%al Dona and %ould help in )opin# %ith the )on#e$tion in the area. • The 13-km Jalandhar-apurthala road+ on %hi)h u$hpa 4u*ral 5)ien)e Cit'+ un*ab Te)hni)al 6ni!er$it' and 5%aran 5in#h In$titute o& NonRene%able ener#' are lo)ated+ %itne$$e$ hea!' )on#e$tion durin# train timin#$. • D"TAI75 89 MAIN ACA4" 89 T/" R8J"CT : A76" 89 A;ARD"D ;8R NAM" 89 A4"NC<
%.6 NEED FOR THIS PROJECT • A R8B >rail%a' o!er brid#e? needed to be )on$tru)ted o!er rail%a' )ro$$in# to )hanneli@e the tra&&i) and to redu)e in all time o& tra!el on MDR 2>no% national hi#h%a'?. • Rail%a' )ro$$in# i$ one o& the hea!ie$t in term o& rail tra&&i) a$ it &a)ilitate$ RC9 >rail%a' )oa)h &a)tor'?. • A$ a 13.0 metre )arria#e%a' %ill keep the $peed on the hi#h%a' uni&orm and %ould $a!e a lot o& pre)iou$ time .
>Rail%a' route o& RC9 to ho*e%ala $tation?
7|Page
%.7 ABOUT CONSTRUCTION SITE GPS A--r$ss 121 .3N+ E23 2."
- R"i/+", Crossin* 0 ROB
8|Page
6.% SOIL IN:ESTIGATION • 5oil In!e$ti#ation Done in late 2012 • ;ork %a$ )arried out b' /olte) Con$ultin# ri!ate 7td • 8b*e)t F to obtain $eGuen)e and e(tent o& $ub-$oil to ma(imum depth o& 2m • 2 borehole$ %ere u$ed • 5T>$tandard penetration te$t?%a$ u$ed • Bored and )a$t-in $itu pile$ %ere u$ed &or determination • Cir)ular diameter o& pileH1.0m u$in# 5hell and au#er method • ile ma' re$t at a depth o& 1E.m &rom N47>13.m %.r.t )ut-o&& le!el? • 5a&e pile load H 2T>&or len#th o& 13.m depth?
• 5olid 9ill 7en#th H 1.E0m >8!erall %idth o& )arria#e %a' i$ 13.0m )ompri$in# o& 1.00 meter )arria#e %a' >2E.0?+ 0.0m %ide anti )ra$h barrier on both $ide$ and 0.0m %ide )entral median?
7.% :ALLEY CUR:E
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alle' )ur!e or $a# )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith )on!e(it' do%n%ard$. The' are &ormed %hen t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in# 9our %a'$: 1. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure aK. 2. ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK. . ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ an a$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K. . ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ another a$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
7.6 SUMMIT CUR:E 5ummit )ur!e$ are !erti)al )ur!e$ %ith #radient up%ard$. The' are &ormed %hen t%o #radient$ meet a$ illu$trated in &i#ure in an' o& the &ollo%in# &our %a'$: 1. ;hen a po$iti!e #radient meet$ another po$iti!e #radient &i#ure aK. 2. ;hen po$iti!e #radient meet$ a at #radient &i#ure bK. . ;hen an a$)endin# #radient meet$ a de$)endin# #radient &i#ure )K. . ;hen a de$)endin# #radient meet$ another de$)endin# #radient &i#ure dK.
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7.7 :OID FORMERS Abo!e the $pan o& 10m+ the dead %ei#ht o& a $olid $lab brid#e be)ome$ e()e$$i!e. 8ne o& the )ommone$t %a'$ o& li#htenin# a $olid $lab i$ to u$e !oid &ormer$ o& $ome $ort. The )ommone$t &orm i$ )ir)ular pol'$t'rene !oid &ormer$. The S#$"r Str$ss$s are likel' to be)ome e()e$$i!e near $upport$+ parti)ularl' i& di$)rete pier$ are u$ed. /o%e!er+ thi$ problem )an be a!oided b' $impl' $toppin# the !oid$ o&&+ lea!in# a $olid $e)tion in the$e )riti)al $e)tion$.
• In the )on$tru)tion en#ineer$ al%a'$ $tri!e to make their de$i#n$ and $tru)ture$ better and $tron#er+ not ne)e$$aril' hea!ier be)au$e bein# hea!' ha$ other impli)ation$ on the $tru)tural inte#rit'. A hea!ier $tru)ture $u$pended on $teel beam$ and pole$ ha!e a #reat )han)e o& )a!in# in due to the %ei#ht be)au$e no matter ho% $tron# the $tru)ture i$+ there are $till )han)e$ o& that be)omin# hea!ier due to additional %ater )ontent in the $tru)ture. No en#ineer de$ire$ their brid#e$ and buildin#$ to )a!e in %ith a lot o& people on it+ $o the' make it li#hter F %ith !oid &ormer$. • oid 9ormer$ are made o& pol'$t'rene+ %hi)h i$ !er' li#ht%ei#ht and ha$ Guite appre)iable load bearin# )apa)it'+ no% %e do not mean that &oam blo)k$+ %hi)h i$ %hat the$e !oid &ormer$ are+ %ill %ith$tand the load o& hu#e )ar$ and tru)k$ mo!in# on the road+ but it i$ $tron# enou#h to bear the load o& )on)rete on it until it $ettle$ and $olidi&ie$.
>#"t M"4$s Fo") :oi- For)$rs B$tt$r T#"n M$t"/ S#$$t A/t$rn"ti$s • It %a$ &ound that )on)rete $lab$+ )on$tru)ted )ompletel' o& )ement %ere too hea!' and did not make an'thin# better. "n#ineer$ %ere able to a)hie!e the $ame de#ree o& $tren#th and durabilit' %ith hollo% $tru)ture$ %ith the u$e o& pretended $teel )able$ and &oam oid 9ormer$. A$ a matter o& &a)t+ en#ineer$ &ound t%o entirel' di&&erent %a'$ o& &ormin# !oid$+ one that )ould be remo!ed %hen the $tru)ture took $hape and another t'pe that )ould be le&t in pla)e %ithout )au$in# an' ri$k to the brid#e or the buildin# or %hate!er it 16 | P a g e
%a$ that the' %ere buildin#. Be&ore "5 >"(panded ol'$t'rene? %a$ u$ed &or the *ob+ builder$ relied primaril' on &le(ible metal $heet that )ould be rolled in )'linder$ and pla)ed %here!er ne)e$$ar'. But that had a hu#e do%n$ide to it. 5teel )ould not be $haped at %illL !oid maker$ ba)k then %ere mo$tl' )'lindri)al F and hea!'. 5oon it be)ame apparent that there %a$ the need &or $omethin# better+ li#hter+ $tron#er and $omethin# that %a$ den$e enou#h to )arr' lar#e load$ de$pite bein# $uper li#ht%ei#ht $o "5 &oam !oid &ormer$ %ere u$ed.
• Not *u$t that there %a$ more to that. 9oam !oid maker$ are o&ten le&t behind in$tead o& bein# de$tro'ed or remo!ed+ %hi)h in)identall' add$ to the $tren#th o& the monolith. Durin# $i#ni&i)ant $hi&t$ and mo!ement$ in $tru)ture an entirel' hollo% $tru)ture ha$ a #reater )han)e o& breakin# in+ but add a &iller to it and the ri$k$ are $ome%hat lo%ered. 5o in addition to makin# buildin#$ and brid#e$ li#hter+ en#ineer$ are u$in# !oid maker$ to $tabili@e them.
• The$e &ru$tum$ are u$ed to )o!er !oid &ormer$ at the end$ pre!ent entr' o& an'thin# in them .
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A-"nt"*$s o :oi- For)$rs • 7i#hten the dead %ei#ht o& the $tru)ture • Redu)e the )o$t o& the pro*e)t b' redu)in# u$a#e o& )on)rete • re!entin# )a!in# o& $tru)ture
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7.9 ANTI0CRASH BARRIERS Tra&&i) barrier$+ $ometime$ )alled )ra$h barrier$+ #uard rail+ keep !ehi)le$ %ithin their road%a' and pre!ent !ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith dan#erou$ ob$ta)le$ $u)h a$ boulder$+ buildin#$+ %all$ or lar#e $torm drain$. Tra&&i) barrier$ are al$o in$talled at the road $ide to pre!ent errant !ehi)le$ &rom tra!er$in# $teep >non-re)o!erable? $lope$ or enterin# deep %ater.
D$t"i/s "8out t#$ sit$ • M )on)rete mi( %a$ u$ed • 0.0 metre %ide anti )ra$h barrier$
7.5 DOUBLE METAL CRASH BARRIERS 19 | P a g e
• Metal Cra$h barrier$ are ba$i)all' Road $a&et' $'$tem %hi)h pre!ent$ !ehi)le$ &rom )ollidin# %ith ob$ta)le$ $u)h a$ boulder$+ %all$+ buildin#$ and al$o pre!ent$ !ehi)le$ enterin# into lar#e $torm drain$+ $teep $lope$ or Deep %ater. • 4al!ani@ed iron pipe$ are u$ed a$ mount$.
A!!/ic"tions • A$ re$trainin# barrier$ on embankment$ o& e(pre$$%a'$ and hi#h%a'$ • A$ )ontainment barrier$ on median$ and #rade $eparator$ o& road$ • A$ prote)tion barrier$)ontainment barrier$ &or hill' terrain$ and #hat land$ • A$ ra)e)ar )ra$h #uard$ on ra)in# )ar tra)k$ • A$ &en)in# barrier$ &or )ountr' border line$+ e(pan$e land$+ %ater bodie$+ brid#e pier$ et).
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•
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7.& BEARINGS • A bearin# i$ a )omponent o& a brid#e %hi)h t'pi)all' )onne)t$ the brid#e pier$ to the brid#e de)k. • The purpo$e o& a bearin# i$ to allo% )ontrolled mo!ement and thereb' redu)e the $tre$$e$ in!ol!ed. Mo!ement )ould be thermal e(pan$ion or )ontra)tion+ or mo!ement &rom other $our)e$ $u)h a$ $ei$mi) a)ti!it'. • The olde$t &orm o& brid#e bearin# i$ $impl' t%o plate$ re$tin# on top o& ea)h other. A )ommon &orm o& modern brid#e bearin# i$ the ela$tomeri) brid#e bearin#. • "la$tomeri) brid#e bearin# are a )ommonl' u$ed modern brid#e bearin#. There are $e!eral di&&erent $imilar t'pe$ o& brid#e bearin#$ that in)lude neoprene bearin# pad$+ neoprene brid#e bearin#$+ laminated ela$tomeri) bearin#$ and $ei$mi) i$olator$ %hi)h are all #enerall' re&erred to a$ brid#e bearin# pad$ in the )on$tru)tion indu$tr'. • Internal $tru)ture )on$i$t$ o& a $and%i)h o& mild $teel $him$ and rubber moulded a$ one unit. The tran$mi$$ion media i$ the bearin#+ one o& the mo$t important )omponent$ o& a brid#e $tru)ture.
TYPES OF BEARING 1. Fi=$- B$"rin* 9i(ed bearin# doe$ not allo% bearin# plane t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$+ but allo%$ it to rotate. 2. Gui-$- B$"rin* 4uided bearin# allo%$ rotation and the bearin# plane to do one-dire)tion mo!ement. The main )omponent$ o& a #uided bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide lon#itudinal mo!ement &un)tion. 22 | P a g e
. Fr$$ B$"rin* 9ree bearin# allo%$ rotation+ lon#itudinal mo!ement+ and tran$!er$e mo!ement$. The main )omponent$ o& a &ree bearin# are the $ame a$ tho$e o& a &i(ed bearin#+ but are able to pro!ide t%o-dire)tion mo!ement$.
In t#is !ro1$ct
• In$ide pier$- #uided bearin# are u$ed • 8uter pier$ -&ree bearin#$ are u$ed
7.; E3PANSION JOINTS An e(pan$ion *oint i$ an a$$embl' de$i#ned to $a&el' ab$orb the Thermal e(pan$ion heat-indu)ed e(pan$ion and )ontra)tion o& )on$tru)tion material$+ to ab$orb !ibration+ to hold part$ to#ether or to allo% mo!ement due to #round $ettlement or earthGuake$.
• Brid#e e(pan$ion *oint$ are de$i#ned to allo% &or )ontinuou$ tra&&i) bet%een $tru)ture$ a))ommodatin# mo!ement+ $hrinka#e+ temperature !ariation$ on rein&or)ed and pre$tre$$ed )on)rete+ )ompo$ite and $teel $tru)ture$. The' $top the brid#e &rom bendin# out o& pla)e in e(treme )ondition$ and allo% enou#h !erti)al mo!ement to permit bearin# repla)ement
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DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE • "(pan$ion *oint $hall be $trip • Cater &or de$i#n mo!ement o& minimum 20 mm 24 | P a g e
7.< RETAINING EARTH PANELS
• RETAINING EARTH PANELS $tabili@e un$table $lope$ and retain the $oil on $teep $lope$ and under )re$t load$. The %all &a)e i$ o&ten o& pre)a$t+ $e#mental blo)k$+ panel$ that )an tolerate $ome di&&erential mo!ement. The %all$ are in&illed %ith #ranular $oil+ %ith or %ithout rein&or)ement+ %hile retainin# the ba)k&ill $oil. It )an be u$ed &or retainin# %all$+ brid#e abutment$+ dam$+ $ea%all$+ and dike$. • The$e ha!e interlo)kin# pattern$ bet%een %hi)h the$e panel$ are $ta)ked on one another
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On t#$ sit$ • The$e panel$ %ere )a$t in-$itu b' Brahmaputra in&ra$tru)ture ltd S!$ciic"tions2
7.' GEOSTRAPS • The 4eo5trap i$ an earth rein&or)ement $trip made o& hi#h-tena)it' $'ntheti) &ibre $ele)ted to pro!ide optimum per&orman)e &or pre!entin# the $lippin# o& rein&or)ed earth panel$ • The$e are $tret)hed and nailed in the )ompa)ted $oil on the one end and on the other end the$e are pa$$in# throu#h ome#a$ embedded in the earth panel$ and pro!ide optimum $a&et' In t#is !ro1$ct 90& o)$*"s $)8$--$- *$ostr"! 8$/ts +$r$ us$-.
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S!$ciic"tions o *$ostr"!s ;idth
• 8n the upper $ide o& $olid &illH0mm • 8n the lo%er $ide o& $olid &illHmm • Material H $heath pol'ole&in
7.%( S$is)ic r$str"in$rs
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7.%% MEDIAN • Important hi#h%a' element that are built in order to di$tin#ui$h bet%een the di&&eren)e$ in pa$$a#e dire)tion$ o& tra&&i) on a road. The $pe)i&i)ation$ o& median are a$: • ;idth H 0.m+ • /ei#htH1.)m • 4rade o& )on)rete u$edHM0
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7.%6 SCAFFOLDING GENERAL SPECIFICATION
Temporar' 5upportin# 5tru)tureO i$ that $tru)ture+ %hi)h are temporaril' reGuired in buildin# )on$tru)tion either &or $upportin# the la'in# o& )on)rete till it #et$ matured $u)h a$ $hutterin#. A$ &re$h )on)rete i$ in a pla$ti) $tate+ %hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ do it be)ome$ ne)e$$ar' to pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the )on)rete in pla$ti) $tate+ %hen it i$ pla)ed &or )on$tru)tion purpo$e$+ $o it be)ome$ ne)e$$ar' to pro!ide $ome temporar' $tru)ture to )on&ine and $upport the )on)rete till it #ain$ $tren#th &or $el& F$upportin#. The temporar' $tru)ture i$ kno%n a$ $hutterin#. SCAFFOLDING
5)a&&oldin# i$ a temporar' $tru)ture+ %hi)h i$ u$ed in buildin# operation$ $upport plat&orm$ &or %orkmen+ $tru)tural material and applian)e$ reGuired durin# )on$tru)tion at rai$ed hei#ht$ >normall' more than 1.m?. Thi$ temporar' &rame%ork or $)a&&oldin# i$ u$e&ul in buildin# )on$tru)tion+ demolition+ maintenan)e and repair %ork$. The hei#ht o& the $)a&&oldin# )an be ad*u$ted %ith the pro#re$$ o& %ork.
COMPONENTS PARTS OF SCAFFOLDING St"n-"r-2 0 The$e are the !erti)al member$ o& $)a&&oldin#. L$-*$rs2 0 The$e are the hori@ontal member$ at ri#ht an#le$ to the $tandard$ and parallel to the %all. Br"c$s2 0 The$e member$ are &i(ed dia#onall' on the $tandard$. P/"n4s2 0 The$e member$ are pla)ed on hori@ontal member$ >i.e. led#er$? at ri#ht an#le$ to the %all+ one end o& %hi)h i$ held in %all.
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7.%7 FORM >ORK 9or )on)rete )on$tru)tion &orm$ or $hutterin# in the &orm$ o& %ooden plank$ or $teel plate$ are u$ed &or keepin# the #reen )on)rete in po$ition till it harden$. Thi$ help$ in #i!in# the de$ired $hape$ to di&&erent )omponent$ o& the $tru)ture R$)o"/ o or)+or4
9or )olumn$ H 2 to = hour$ 9or $lab up to . m $pan H E da'$ 31 | P a g e
9or $lab more than .m $pan H 1 da'$ 9or beam$ up to 3m $pan H 1 da'$ 9or beam$ abo!e 3m $pan H 21 da'$
The material o& the &orm%ork $hould be pra)ti)all' %ater proo& $o that it )anPt ab$orb %ater &rom )on)rete. It $hould be $tron# enou#h to %ith$tand the pre$$ure or the load o& the &re$h )on)rete+ li!e load o& the %orker )omin# on it. The &orm%ork $hould be $o made that it )an be remo!ed ea$il' %ithout )au$in# the lea$t in*ur' to the $ur&a)e o& nearl' )on$tru)ted )on)rete member$. The in$ide $ur&a)e o& &orm%ork $hould be $mooth $o a$ to #i!e #ood appearan)e to the re$ultin# ne%l' )on$tru)ted )on)rete member$.
7.%9 SHUTTERING • Remo!al o& &orm%ork &rom %all$+ )olumn$ and !erti)al $ur&a)e$ - 2 hour$ Remo!al o& prop$ under $lab$ 1? 5lab $pan up to .m - Eda'$ 2? 5lab $pan abo!e .m - 1 da'$
• A&ter the )on)retin#+ $hutterin# i$ remo!ed manuall'. • Nut and bolt$ are loo$ened and $hutter$ are remo!ed.
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• Durin# remo!al )are $hould be taken. 5hutter$ $hould not be remo!ed b' pullin#+ in$tead *erk$ $hould be #i!en in lon#itudinal dire)tion and remo!ed $moothl'. • A&ter%ard$ the pol'thene )o!erin# draina#e pipe$ are remo!ed and )he)ked and )leaned. • Immediatel' a&ter%ard$ )urin# pro)edure i$ $tarted. Curin# i$ the pro)e$$ o& $uppl'in# %ater to )on)rete &or h'drol'$i$ rea)tion &rom e(ternal.
9.6 BATCHING PLANT • A )on)rete plant+ al$o kno%n a$ a bat)h plant or bat)hin# plant+ i$ a de!i)e that )ombine$ !ariou$ in#redient$ to &orm )on)rete. 5ome o& the$e input$ in)lude $and+ %ater+ a##re#ate >ro)k$+ #ra!el+ et).?+ &l' a$h+ pota$h+ and )ement. • There are t%o t'pe$ o& )on)rete plant$: 1. R$"-, )i= !/"nts A ready mix plant )ombine$ all in#redient$ e()ept &or %ater at the )on)rete plant. 2. C$ntr"/ )i= !/"nts A central mix plant )ombine$ $ome or all o& the abo!e in#redient$ >in)ludin# %ater? at a )entral lo)ation. The &inal produ)t i$ then tran$ported to the *ob $ite.
C"!"cit, o B"tc#in* P/"nt (.5) 7 Ti)$ or !r$!"r"tion o % 8"tc# 6 )inut$s 39 | P a g e
5.% MEAUREMENT OF COMPRESSI:E STRENGTH The di#ital )ompre$$ion - te$tin# ma)hine i$ u$ed to determine the )ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& hardened )on)rete $pe)imen$. ro)edure: a$ per I5 13 - method$ o& te$t$ &or $tren#th o& )on)rete A. eep the $pe)imen to be te$ted )entrall' on the )lean lo%er platen $o that $mall )learan)e i$ le&t bet%een the upper platen and the top the $pe)imen under te$t. B. Clo$e the pre$$ure relea$e !al!e. C. Make the di#ital di$pla' to read @eroO b' ad*u$tin# the @ero knob. D. ut the di$pla' unit on peak holdO mode to hold the ma(imum load readin#. ". 5tart appl'in# the load at the $pe)i&ied pa)e rate+ %hi)h )ould be maintained b' ad*u$tin# the $lo% &a$t knob. 9. I& the pa)e rate i$ on hi#her $ide the indi)ator di$pla'$ red )olour and the pa)e rate i$ on lo%er $ide the indi)ator %ill di$pla' 'ello% )olour. 4. I& the pa)e rate i$ e(a)tl' eGual to $et rate then the indi)ator %ill di$pla' #reen )olour. /.A$ $oon a$ $ample &ail$+ relea$e the pre$$ure $lo%l' b' openin# !al!e. I. The di#ital di$pla' %ill be holdin# the ma(imum load readin# at %hi)h $ample ha$ &ailed. Note do%n the pattern o& &ailure and )al)ulate the )ompre$$i!e $tren#th in Nmm 2 or k#)m2. J. a)e rate &or 1 )m )ube i$ 10-10 k# $G. )mmin. . Be&ore $tartin# another te$t+ )lean the lo%er platen and brin# the di#ital di$pla' to @eroO po$ition b' depre$$in# the re$etO $%it)h.
5.6 SLUMP TEST@IS %%''2 1. urpo$e: Thi$ te$t i$ u$ed &or mea$urin# the %orkabilit' o& &re$h )on)rete. The apparatu$ u$ed here i$ 576M C8N". 2. ro)edure: a. A$ $oon a$ the mi( i$ prepared+ be&ore puttin# it in the $lump )one de)ide the &reGuen)' o& the $lump !alue to be taken. b. 8il the interior $ur&a)e o& the $lump )one %ith mould relea$in# oil to pre!ent adhe$ion o& the )on)rete. ). la)e the $lump )one on a le!elled $ur&a)e. d. Remi( the $ample thorou#hl' %ith the $amplin# $)oop. e. A&ter remi(in# immediatel' &ill the $lump )one in la'er$ appro(imatel' one Guarter o& the hei#ht o& the )one. &. "a)h la'er $hall be )ompa)ted %ith the tampin# rod b' 2 $troke$ di$tributed in a uni&orm manner o!er the )ro$$-$e)tion o& the )one and &or the $e)ond and $ub$eGuent la'er$ tampin# rod $hall penetrate into the underl'in# la'er. #. A&ter )ompa)tin# the top la'er the )on)rete $hall be $tru)k o&& le!el %ith the top o& the $lump )one+ u$in# a tampin# rod. An' mould %hi)h ma' ha!e leaked out bet%een the mould and the ba$e plate $hall be )leaned a%a'. h. 6n$)re% the $lump )one &rom the ba$e plate and remo!e it immediatel' &rom the )on)rete b' rai$in# it $lo%l' and )are&ull' in a !erti)al dire)tion. i. A&ter the )on)rete $ub$ide$ pla)e the $lump )one on the ba$e plate in re!er$e po$ition and pla)e a $)ale on it. Mea$ure the hei#ht bet%een the top o& the mould and the hi#he$t point o& the )on)rete $pe)imen bein# te$ted. . Re$ult:
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5lump mea$ured $hall be reported in mm. Te$t i$ )ontinued at &i(ed inter!al$ &or a time to )ompen$ate &or the lo$$ in $lump in the )our$e o& tran$portation.
5.3 CEMENT TEST
IS CODE REFFERENCE:
IS 4031 (Part-5)
OBJECT
:
APPARATUS
This test procedure covers to find out the Cement test
:
a) !icat apparatus "ith need#e $) !icat mou#d
PROCEDURE
STANDARD CONSISTENCY
a) Ta%e 300 &ms of cement $) 'i %no"n percenta&e of disti##ed "ater c) The SC of cement paste is defined at that consistenc "hich "i## permit the vicat p#un&er to a point 5 to *mm 43 | P a g e
INITIAL SETTING TIME
a) Prepare a neat cement paste $ &au&in& the cement "ith 0+5 times the "ater re,uired to &ive a paste of standard consistenc $) i##-up the vicat mou#d "ith cement paste c) The period $et"een the time "hen "ater added to the cement . the time of "hich need#e fai#s to pierce the test $#oc% $ 5mm sha## $e initia# settin& time FINAL SETTING TIME
a) /ep#ace the need#e of vicat apparatus for fina# settin& time $) The period e#apsin& $et"een the time "hen "ater is added to the cement . the time at "hich the need#e ma%es comparison on the surface of test $#oc% "hich the a##otment fai#s to do so sha## $e the fina# settin& time COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
a) Prepare cu$e of 50s, cms area usin& vi$ratin& machine $) 'a%e nine o cu$e ach cu$e consists of 200 &ms of cement 00 &ms of standard (3 &rades) . "ater P46307 . test it for 3*2+ das
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Construction M"t$ri"/s
&.% CEMENT Cement i$ a binder + a $ub$tan)e that $et$ and harden$ independentl' + and )an bind other material$ to#ether. The mo$t important u$e o& )ement i$ the produ)tion o& mortar and )on)rete . The u$e o& 8RDINAR< 8RT7AND C"M"NT >8C? + )on&ormin# to I5 =112 ha$ been re)ommended in the )on$tru)tion o& %hole buildin#. The )ement u$ed on the $ite %a$ 8C o& #rade$. The &ollo%in# t%o )ompanie$ )ement %a$ u$ed at $ite .
• A)8u1" C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC • ACC C$)$nt 97 Gr"-$ OPC Co)!r$ssi$ Str$n*t#20 The ma(imum )ompre$$i!e $tren#th o& 8C $hould not be le$$ than E2Q1 hour le$$ than 2 Ma . S$ttin* Ti)$20 ;hen te$t$ on i)atP$ mould apparatu$ + the initial $ettin# time o& )ement $hould not be le$$ than 0 minute$ and &inal $ettin# time $hould not be more than 300 minute$>10 hour$?. Fin$n$ss20 ;hen $ie!ed throu#h I5 0 mi)ron $ie!e + the re$idue b' %ei#ht $hould not be more than 10S.
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&.6 AGGREGATES The a##re#ate$ like $and + bri)k balla$t and $tone are inert material$ . Their propertie$ #reatl' in&luen)e the beha!ior o& )on)rete $in)e the' o))up' about =0S o& the total !olume o& )on)rete. It i$ lo#i)al to u$e ma(imum o& a##re#ate$ $in)e the' pro!ide bulk to the )on)rete + are le$$ e(pen$i!e and are &reel' a!ailable in nature. A))ordin# to I5 : =-1E0 + a##re#ate$ are )la$$i&ied a$ :-
• •
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s Co"rs$ A**r$*"t$s
Fin$ A**r$*"t$s
Cours$ A**r$*"t$s
The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h .E $ie!e and retained on E mi)ron $ie!e are kno%n a$ 9ine a##re#ate$. The a##re#ate$ %hi)h pa$$ throu#h Emm $ie!e and retained on .Emm $ie!e are kno%n a$ )oar$e a##re#ate$.
%ork. 10 mm $i@e a##re#ate$ i$ al$o $uitable &or the )on)rete mi(.
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•
A**r$*"t$ Crus#in* :"/u$ 2 - A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate !alue
%hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith the method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13 $hall not e()eed S b' %ei#ht. •
A**r$*"t$ I)!"ct :"/u$ 2- A$ per I5 =-1E0 + the a##re#ate impa)t !alue
+ %hen determined in a))ordan)e %ith method $pe)i&ied in 2=3-13 $hall not e()eed S b' %ei#ht.
•
S!$ciic Gr"it,20 The $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an a##re#ate #i!e$ !aluable
in&ormation on it$ Gualit' and propertie$. /i#her the $pe)i&i) #ra!it' o& an a##re#ate the harder and $tron#er it %ill be. A$ per BI5+ the $pe)i&i) #ra!it' $hould be 2.33 that o& )oar$e $and $hould be 2.3+ that o& &ine $and $hould be 2.3. •
Bu/4 D$nsit,20 Bulk den$it' i$ the %ei#ht o& a##re#ate reGuired to &ill the
)ontainer unit !olume. It i$ e(pre$$ed in #litre. A$ per BI5+ bulk den$it' o& )ement and ri!er &ine $and $hould be 1.k#litre that o& )oar$e $and and broken $tone are 1.30.
•
Gr"-in* Li)its or co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s2- The #radin# o& &ine a##re#ate$+
%hen determined $hall be %ithin the limit #i!en in table o& I 5:=-1E0 and $hall de$)ribed a$ per &ine a##re#ate+ 4radin# @one 1+2++. The $and )on&ormin# to #radin# @one $hould not be u$ed &or RCC %ork$. Si$s o co"rs$ "**r$*"t$s us$- "t sit$ • • •
10mm 20mm 0mm
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&.7 ADMI3TURES It i$ the material other than %ater + )ement + a##re#ate %hi)h i$ u$ed a$ an in#redient o& )on)rete. It i$ immediatel' u$ed be&ore and durin# mi(in#. SIKA 6<(/ i$ an admi(ture u$ed at our $ite. Admi(ture pla'$ a !er' important role in the )on)rete mi(. 9un)tion$ o& SIKA 6<(/ 1. It de)rea$e$ the %ater )on$umption 2. It retard$ $ettin# time o& )ement
&.9 >ATER 9or the manu&a)ture o& )ement )on)rete + %ater i$ one o& the mo$t important )on$tituent. Con$tituent o& an' t'pe )an not be prepared %ithout %ater. The propertie$ o& %ater ha!e been &ound to in&luen)e the propertie$ o& )on)rete to a #reat. In )on)rete %ater i$ u$ed &or the &ollo%in# purpo$e$ :• • •
It ha$ been an o!er%helmin# e(perien)e %orkin# at R8B near apurthala under the #uidan)e o& "r. /arbha*an 5in#h + a$ I %a$ to %itne$$ the !ariou$ )on$tru)tion pra)ti)e$ that are )arried out in the modern a#e and time. The trainin# I attended i$ !er' u$e&ul a$ I #ot a lot o& learn &rom it. M' trainin# $tarted on 23 th Ma'201+ a$ the da' pro#re$$ed I %a$ &ir$tl' made a%are o& $a&et' mea$ure$ and rule$ a&ter %hi)h I %a$ allo%ed to enter the $ite. De$pite o& m' pa$t one trainin# thi$ $ite %a$ totall' di&&erent &or me.It %a$ bit hard to under$tand e!er'thin# at the $tart temperature$ 0 De#ree Cel$iu$ and e(perien)e at $u)h a lar#e )on$tru)tion %a$ @ero but da' a&ter da' I adapted m'$el& Toda' m' kno%led#e i$ up to the mark %here I )an indi!iduall' take a $tand and #et pro#re$$i!e re$ult$ at an' )on$tru)tion $ite.
