INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO SUPERIOR CENTRAL TÉCNICO ESCUELA DE MECÁNICA AUTOMOTRIZ TEMA: OVALAMIENTO Y CONICIDAD DE LOS CILINDROS DE UN MOTOR
SEGUNDO NIVEL
ELABORADO POR: QUIGUANGO RICHARD JHON ROJAS WILMER NACIMBA
PROFESOR: LIC. VÍCTOR SUNTAI
D.M. QUITO! "# $% %&%'( $% )*"+
DEDICATORIA
E,-% -'/0( %,-1 $%$23$( 4' -($, 5, 4%',(&, 67% %,-782%'(& 5 4%&$2%&-% $% 371&-( -2%94( &%3%,2-/ 4' '%52' %5 9%&32(&$( -'/0( ; -($(, 5(, 67% 9% 4(;'(& 3(& 3(&,75-,! 2&<('932=& ; %5 <3252,9( $% 5 2&,-'79%&-32=& &%3%,'2 4(;&$( &7%,-'( -'/0(.
II
AGRADECIMIENTO
S% >'$%3% 5 3(5/('32=& $% 5(, 3(94?%'(, 4' '%52' %,-% -'/0( $% 3(&,75- % 2&8%,-2>32=& ; -($ 5 2&<('932=& %@-'$ $% 8'2, %@452332(&%, $% 41>2&, %/ 4' 79%&-' 5 $(379%&-32=& ; ,7,-%&-( &%3%,'2( 4' 5 %@4(,232=&.
III
ÍNDICE GENERAL PORTADA.I DEDICATORIA....................................................................................................................................II ÍNDICE GENERAL.............................................................................................................................."
ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS......................................................................................... 1 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS........................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................................................) OBJETIVO GENERAL........................................................................................................................) OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS................................................................................................................) CAPÍTULO I.........................................................................................................................................
OVALAMIENTO................................................................................................. 3 CONICIDAD...................................................................................................... 3 Proceso de medici!" #$r$ de%ermi!$r co!icid$d & o'$($mie!%o....................) COMPROBACIONES EN LOS CILINDROS........................................................... * CONCLUSIONES............................................................................................... + RECOMENDACIONES........................................................................................+ BIBLIOGRAFÍA.................................................................................................. + BANCO DE PREGUNTAS...................................................................................+
ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS <2>. ". M%$2$ $% $%,>,-%...................................................................................................................# <2>. ). M%$232(&%, %& 5(, 3252&$'(,........................................................................................................+ <2>. . M%$232(&%, 67% ,% $%/%& '%52' %& 5(, 3252&$'(,......................................................................
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS T/5 ". C(''%,4(&$%&32 %&-'% 3252&$'(, ; 42,-(&%,..............................................................................#
"
INTRODUCCIÓN E& %,-% $(379%&-( ,% -(9' 8'2(, ,4%3-(, &%3%,'2(, 4' $%9(,-'' 67% %& 7& 9(-(' %, &%3%,'2( 3(&(3%' ,(/'% 5 3(&232$$ ; %5 (8592%&-( $% 5(, 3252&$'(,! 4' %,-( ,%'1 &%3%,'2( %5 3(&(3292%&-( $% 8'2(, 3(&3%4-(, ; 9%$2$, &%3%,'2, 67% ,% $%/%'& 3%' 4' 3$ 7&( $% %,-(, ,2,-%9, $% 3(94'(/32=& %& 5(, 3252&$'(, $% 7& 9(-(' %,4%3<23(. E& %5 I&,-2-7-( $% T%3&(5=>23( ,% %,-1 <('9&$( 4'(<%,2(&5%, 343%, $%<2&2' 5 4' 3(& %5 $%,''(55( T%3&(5=>23( ; ,792' 375672%' &(95 67% ,% ,2-7 %& 5(, 3252&$'(, $% 7& 9(-(' 3(9( 9%$232=& ; 3(&3%4-(, &%3%,'2(,! 4' %55( 5(, %,-7$2&-%, ; 3(& 5 ;7$ $%5 $(3%&-% 67% %&,%? $ $ 5(, %,-7$2&-%, ,%' 3'%-28(, % 2&8%,-2>-28(,! $%,''(55' -'/0(, %& %6724( ; '%,(58%' 4'(/5%9, '7-2&'2(,.
OBJETIVO GENERAL R%3(&(3%' $7'&-% &7%,-' 3''%' %,-7$2&-25! %& 37&-( 4($%' $%-%'92&' 5(, ,2,-%9, ; 3(94(&%&-%, $%5 7-(9=825 4'2&32459%&-% %& 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-(' ; $%<2&2' ,2 ,% %&37%&-'& %& 7& %,-$( =4-29( 4' ,7 <7&32(&92%&-(. N( ,(5( ,% /'1 $%<2&232(&%, 5 '%4'32=& $% 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-(' ,2&( -9/2& 5(, ,2,-%9, $% 9%$232=& 67% ,%'1& &%3%,'2(, 4' 5 '%4'32=& ,2 <7%' &%3%,'2(.
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS D%<2&2' 3(&3%4-(, $% 3$ 7&( $% %,-(, 3(94(&%&-%, $% 9%$232=& %& %5 (8592%&-( ; 3(&232$$ $% 5(, 3252&$'(, $% 7& 9(-('. A4'%&$%' $2>&(,-23' ; '%4'' 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-(' ; $%91, ,2,-%9, $% 9%$232=& 4' 3$ 7&( $% %55(,. C(&(3%' 5(, 4'(3%$292%&-(, 4' 5 452332=& $% 3=9( '%52' 5, 9%$232(&%, $% 5 3(&232$$ ; (8592%&-( $% 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-('. A$672'2' 5(, 3(&(3292%&-(, ; 4'(3%$292%&-( 4' 5 8%'2<2332=& $%5 (8592%&-( ; 3(&232$$ $% 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-('.
)
CAPÍTULO I
OVALAMIENTO L (85232=& %, 5 $2<%'%&32 91@29 %&-'% %5 $219%-'( 5(&>2-7$2&5 A ; %5 $219%-'( -'&,8%',5 B (! 5( 67% %, 5( 92,9(! B A. E5 91@29( (8592%&-( ,% 5(352 %& 5 (& ,74%'2('! ,2%&$( %5 9;(' $219%-'( %5 -'&,8%',5.
CONICIDAD L 3(&232$$ %, 5 $2<%'%&32 91@29 %&-'% 5(, $219%-'(, ,74%'2(' " % 2&<%'2(' ! -(9$(, %& %5 92,9( 45&( 8%'-235. D%<%3-( $% </'2332=& ( $% $%,>,-% $% 5, ,74%'<232%, 325&$'23,. C(&,2,-% %& 5 8'232=& $% 7& <('9 325&$'23 %& (-' 52>%'9%&-% 3=&23! $(4-$ 4(' 5 ,74%'<232% $% 7& 1'/(5 ( 5 2&-%'2(' $% 7& ('2<232(. E& >%&%'5 ,% -'- $% %''('%, 97; 4%67%?(,! $%5 ('$%& $% 5 3%&-,29 $% 9259%-'(! 4%'( %& 5>7&, 42%,! 3(9( %& 5(, 3252&$'(,! &( ,(& -(5%'/5%,! 47%, 79%&-& %5 3(&,79( $% 3%2-%. D7'&-% %5 <7&32(&92%&-( $%5 9(-('! %5 $%,>,-% $% 5(, 3252&$'(, &( %, '%>75' &2 7&2<('9%K %@92&&$( 7& 3252&$'( $% ''2/ /0(! ,% $82%'-% 7& -'9( ,- 5 5-7' $%5 4'29%' ,%>9%&-( %& %5 375 4'13-239%&-% &( %@2,-% $%,>,-%! 4(' &( 55',% %& 3(&-3-( %5 3252&$'( 3(& %5 42,-=&K 3(&-2&732=& 7& -'9( 97; 5'>( %& %5 375 -'/0& 5(, ,%>9%&-(,. E& %,-% -'9( %5 $%,>,-% 79%&- 5 3%'3',% 5 92-$ $%5 3252&$'( (& %& 5 375 ,% 53&& 5, 9;('%, 8%5(32$$%,! P' $2,92&72' ,- 5 /,% $%5 3252&$'(. E5 $%,>,-% $%/2$( 5, %5%8$, -%94%'-7', ,% ,79 5 $%/2$( ,2945%9%&-% 5 9(8292%&-(! 4'($732%&$( 7& >'& $%,>,-% %& 5 4'-% ,74%'2(' $%5 3252&$'(! 4'-2' $%5 4'29%' ,%>9%&-( ( '(. E55( 3% 67% %5 59 $%5 3252&$'( $(4-% 7& <('9 $% 1&<(' %@>%'&$( %5 $%,>,-%! 67% %, ,=5( $% 5>7&, 3%&-,29, $% 9259%-'(. M2$2%&$( 3(& 7& 3(94'$(' $% 2&-%'2('%, ( 352/'$(' %5 $219%-'( $%5 3252&$'( 5-7', $2,-2&-,! ,% (/-2%&%& 85('%, $2<%'%&-%,. L, $2<%'%&32, %&-'% %,-(, 85('%, ,% $(4-& 3(9( 2&$23-28(, $%5 $%<%3-( $% 3(&232$$. S% $%/% 55%8' 3/( 5, 2&,4%332(&%, 67% ,%& &%3%,'2, 4' '%52' 5 8%'2<2332=& %& 5(, 3252&$'(,! , 3(9( 5, (4%'32(&%, $% 9%-'(5(> &%3%,'2, 4' $%-%'92&' 5(, $%,>,-%, 67% & ,7<'2$(: 3(&232$$ ; (8592%&-(. L 8%'2<2332=& $% 5(, 3252&$'(, ,% $%/% '%52' 37&$( ,% ; 2&-%'8%&2$( %& %5 9(-(' 3(& 33%,( 5 /5(67% 3(&,%37%&32 $% 7& '%4'32=&. L, (4%'32(&%, $% '%3-2<23$( %& %5 /5(67% $%5 9(-(' ,% '%52& %& 5(, 3252&$'(, ; %& 5 45&2-7$ $% 5 3' $%5 /5(67% 67% ,% 07&- 5 375-. L(, /5(67%, 67% $%0& %5 '%3-2<23$( ,(& 5(, /5(67%, 2&-%>'5%,! ; 5 37, 9;(' $% 5 '%3-2<2332=& %, %5 $%,>,-% 37,$( 4(' %5 '(92%&-( $% 5(, ,%>9%&-(, %& 5 4'%$ $%5 3252&$'(. E,-% '(92%&-( 37, 7& 3(&232$$ $%&-'( $%5 3252&$'( ; 7& (8592%&-( $%5
$219%-'( 2&-%'&(. C7&$( 5 3(&232$$ ( %5 (8592%&-( $%5 3252&$'( 4(' $%,>,-% ,(/'%4,%& 5(, *!"+ 99 ( 5 9%$2$ 67% 2&$267% %5 </'23&-%! %, '%3(9%&$/5% '%3-2<23' 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 9(-('. O-' '=& $% '%3-2<23$( ( 4752$( $% %5 2&-%'2(' $%5 3252&$'( %, %5 >'240% $%5 42,-=& 3(& %5 3252&$'(! $$( 67% 5 4'%$ $%5 3252&$'( ,% 4($' $?' ; %& $23( 3,( ,% 8(58%' &%3%,'2( '%3-2<23'.
Proceso de medición, !r! de"ermin!r conicid!d # o$!%!mien"o ". P' 85('' %5 $%,>,-% ,7<'2$( 4(' 5(, 3252&$'(,! -(9 3(9( '%<%'%&32 5 9%$2$ %,-1&$' ( $219%-'( ('2>2&5 $%5 3252&$'(! 67% 5( 9'3 %5 </'23&-%. E,- 9%$2$ &( %, &23 4' 7& 92,9( /5(67% ,2&( 67%! $%,47, $% ,7 </'2332=&! 5(, 3252&$'(, ,(& 9%$2$(, ; 35,2<23$(,! >%&%'59%&-% %& 35,%, %,35(&$, $% *!*" 99. ). E, (/52>-('2( '%,4%-' 5(, 4'%92%&-(, $% 5(, $219%-'(, %&-'% 5(, 42,-(&%, ; 5(, 3252&$'(, $%5 /5(67% 9(-('. P' %55(! 5 4(,232=& $% 5(, ('2<232(, T 3(& '%,4%3-( 5 45&( $% 5 07&- $%5 /5(67% 9(-(' 4%'92-% 2$%&-2<23' %5 $219%-'( &(92&5! 5 35,% $% 3252&$'(, ;! 4(' 3(&,2>72%&-%! 5(, $219%-'(, $% 5(, 42,-(&%, 3(''%,4(&$2%&-%,. . E945% 7& '%5(0 3(94'$(' F2>7' " ; 7& 5%@=9%-'( 4'(82,-( $% 7& $4-$(' $%37$( 5 $219%-'( $%5 3252&$'( 67% ,% -'- $% 9%$2'. T9/2& &%3%,2-'1, 7& 923'=9%-'(. L(, 592-%, $% (85232=& ; 3(&232$$ 5(, $ %5 </'23&-% $%5 9(-('. E& 3,( $% &( 3(&(3%',%! $%/%'1 -(9',% %5 $% *!*+ 99.
#
fig. 1. Medida de desgase
D7'&-% %5 4'(3%,( $% '%3-2<23$( $%5 /5(67% $%5 9(-(' ; 67% -%&%' %& 37%&-: •
•
M%$2' %5 $%,>,-%! 3(&232$$ ; (8592%&-( $%5 /5(67% 3(& 7& 5%@=9%-'(. V%'2<23' 67% %5 </'23&-% 4(,2/252- %5 '%3-2<23$( ; 67% /'2&$ 5, 9%$2$, ; 42%, $% 7& 4'(//5% '%3-2<2332=&.
E5 </'23&-% 47%$% 4%'92-2' ,- # '%3-2<2332(&%, *!) 99 3$ '%3-2<23$( 3(9( -9/2& 07%>(, $% 42,-(&%, ; ,%>9%&-(, 9;('%, 5, &7%8, 9%$2$, $% '%3-2<2332=&. C,2 ,2%94'% 5(, </'23&-%, -2%&%& 42,-(&%, 9;('%, %& *!"! *!)! *!#! ; *! 99! 3(& '%,4%3-( 5 $219%-'( ('2>2&5 ( >%&'23(. E& 5 -/5 " ,% 47%$% 8%' 7& %0%945( $% 3(''%,4(&$%&32 %&-'% 42,-(&%, ; 3252&$'(,. Ta!"a 1. C#$$es%#&de&'ia e&$e 'i"i&d$#s ( %is#&es.
S(/'% 9%$2$, D219%-'( P2,-=& D219%-'( C252&$'( J7%>( $% 9(&-0% S-
#!+
+
*!*+ *!*"
*!"
+!*+
+!"
*!*+ *!*"
*!)
+!"+
+!*)
*!*+ *!*"
*!#
+!+
+!*#
*!*+ *!*"
*!
+!+
+!
*!*+ *!*"
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
COMPROBACIONES EN LOS CILINDROS E& 3$ 7&( $% %55(, ,% 3(94'(/' ,7 $219%-'( 2&-%'&( ; >'$( $% (8592%&-( ; 3(&232$$. P' %55( ,% %<%3-7'& 7& -(-5 $% ,%2, 9%$232(&%, %& 3$ 3252&$'(! %<%3-7$, -'%, 5-7', $2,-2&-,! %,-, 5-7', %,-1& $%-%'92&$, 4(' %5 </'23&-%. E,-, 9%$2$, -9/2& 5, 47%$% %,-/5%3%' %5 (4%''2(. P' %55(! 5, 91, 4'=@29 5 PM @"! ,% /'1 $% %<%3-7' 2&9%$2-9%&-% 4(' $%/0( $% 5 (& %& 5 67% &( 55%>& '(' 5(, ,%>9%&-(,! %<%3-71&$(,% +
5 ,%>7&$ @) 9%$2 3''%' ; 5 -%'3%' @ 4(' $%/0( $% 5 (& $% '%3(''2$( $% 5(, ,%>9%&-(,! 4' , 4($%' $%-%'92&' %5 $%,>,-% 4'($732$( 4(' 5 <5$ $%5 42,-=& %& ,7 3/%3%(. E,-, -'%, 4'29%', 9%$232(&%, ,% '%52'& %& $%&(92&$( %0% @! %5 375 %, 4'5%5( 5 32>%?5! %<%3-71&$(,% 4(,-%'2('9%&-% (-', -'%, 9%$232(&%, %& %5 %0% ;! 4%'4%&$2375' 5 32>%?5! 5 92,9 5-7' 67% 5, %<%3-7$, 3(& &-%'2('2$$ %& %5 %0% @.
fig. ). Medi'i#&es e& "#s 'i"i&d$#s
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
fig. *. Medi'i#&es +,e se de!e& $ea"i-a$ e& "#s 'i"i&d$#s.
CONCLUSIONES S% 3(&357;% 67% 5(, 2&,-'79%&-(, $% 9%$232=& ,(& %5%9%&-(, 294('-&-%, %& 5 9%31&23 67% ,% 4523 $ $! 67% 4' ,7 (8592%&-( ; 67% %,-' 5 -&-( $% 32%'-(, 3(&(3292%&-(, '%5-28(, ,7 <7&32(&92%&-( ; 9%$2$, 2$%5%, $% -'/0(. A$%91, $%/%9(, '%3('$' 67% ,% -(9' 8'2(, ,4%3-(, &%3%,'2(, 4' $%9(,-'' 67% %& 7& 9(-(' %, &%3%,'2( 3(&(3%' ,(/'% 5 3(&232$$ ; %5 (8592%&-( $% 5(, 3252&$'(, T9/2& 4($'%9(, 8%'2<23' 67% 5(, $2,4(,2-28(, $% 9%$232=& & 8%&2$( %8(5732(&&$( -'8, $%5 -2%94( 67% 3$ $! ,(& 91, -25%, ; $% 9;(' 4'%32,2=&. E,-(, 2&,-'79%&-(, $% 9%$232=& ,(& $% >'& 8%',-252$$! ,% 47%$%& 294523' %& 973(, ,4%3-(, 3(& %5 4'(4=,2-( $% '%,(58%' 5>& 4'(/5%9 7-(9(-'2.
RECOMENDACIONES S% '%3(92%&$ $% 7& 9&%' 97; %,4%3<23 -%&%' 7& 2&<'%,-'73-7' $%37$ 4' %5 $%,''(55( $% 375672%' -24( $% 4'13-23 67% ,% '%523% %& %5 (8592%&-( $%5 3252&$'( A$%91, $%/%9(, '%3('$' 67% 5(, 2&,-'79%&-(, $% 9%$232=& 8& 79%&-&$( $ -', $ $%/2$( ,7, 2&9%&,, 452332(&%,! 4(' 5( 67% ,% 3% 294'%,32&$2/5% ,7 %,-7$2( ; 3(94'%&,2=&. P(' 67 ,% $%/% -%&%' 372$$( 3(& 5, 9%$232(&%, 67% ,% '%523%& %& %5 3252&$'( ; $%91, 5(, 2&,-'79%&-(, $% 9%$232=& $%/%& ,%' 3(5(3$(, $% 5 9%0(' 9&%' ; $% 5 <('9 3(''%3-. L(, 8&3%, -%3&(5=>23(, 67% 91, 8%&-0, ; '%37',(, (<'%3%& %& 5 3-752$$ %, 5 $% 5(, $2,4(,2-28(, 67% ,% 9&%0& 4' '%52' 5 9%$232=& $%5 (8592%&-( $%5 3252&$'(! ,% $%/% 2' %,-7$2&$( 91, <(&$( ; 67% 5(, 8&3%, -%3&(5=>23(, 8&& '142$9%&-%.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA --4:$2332(&'2(.9(-('>2>.3(9$2332(&'2(3(&232$$$%<%3-($%$%<2&232(&,2>&2<23$(>9@&28"+ 3(&"#.-9 --4,:.$,43%.%,4(5.%$7.%3/2-,-'%9")#+""P'(;%3-(C5%'(.4$< --4:/5(67%$%59(-('./5(>,4(-.3(949&-%&292%&-(5/5(67%.-95 --4,:4'%2.3(97'7&(5$8;>+8%'2<2332(&3252&$'(, --4,:%,.,3'2/$.3(9'328%45&,$(3+#))9%-$-X))3(&-%@-))A ))'328%82%'%,-'23-%$)))C))4>%))A))'%$)))C))3-2(&))A ))92,,2&>4>%,2>&74)))C))45-<('9))A))%/)))C))5(>>%$2& ))A-'7%[ --4:97&$(9(-('$2%,%5./5(>,4(-.3(9)***3(94'(/32(&%&5(,3252&$'(,.-95