npocBeTHM caBeT Peny6nnKe Cp6nje ofloćpno je OBaj yp6eHHK 3a M3flaBai-be n ynoTpe6y 3a II pa3pefl MaiunHCKO-eHepreTCKe LUKone CBojmvi pemehbeM 6poj 650-51/88 Ofl 24. II 1988. roflHHe.
n p ^ f l r * B * p Yy6eHMK OcHOBe eHepreTMKe nncaH je npeMa HacTaBHOM nnaHy m nporpaMy npeflMeTa OcHOBe eHepreTMKe, Kojn y II pa3pefly cpeflhbe oiKone cnyiuajy y4eHnqn cbmx o6pa30BHnx npocjjnna MaujMHCKO-eHepreTCKe CTpyKe. ripnnnKOM nncaH>a yy6eHMKa Kojn ce napanenHO peann3yjy
m m
n3naraHsa MaTepnje, ocnaHaann cmo ce Ha caflpx
LjenMHe Koje yneHMflM o6pa30BHMx npocpnna M3ynaBajy fleTarbHO y OKBMpy flpyrMx npeflMeTa m npaKTMHHe HacTaBe, flaTe cy MHCpopMaTMBHO Kao yBOfl y MaTepMjy KOja tie ce npoynaBaTM (KOTnoBCKa nocTpojeHsa, Typ6MHCKa nocTpojeHja, nyMne, KOMnpecopM, npeHOLuenje eHeprMje flo noTpoLuana), 3a pa3nMKy ofl ohmx caflp>Kaja KOje yneHML4M Hehe y HacTaBM fleTa/bHO ysMTM, Te ce Kpo3 OBaj npeflMeT fleTanjHO npoynaBajy (ropMBa Kao M3BopM eHeprMje, flpyrM M3BopM eHeprMje, motopm ca yHyTpamhbMM caropeBai-beM, HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe, cyHHeBa eHepmja, BeTpert>aMe). TaKolje je BeoMa 3HanajHa HMhbeHMLia fla cy yneHMi4M cTeKnM o,qpet)eHa npefl3Han>a y I pa3pefly Kpo3 npeflMeTe MaiuMHCKM MaTepMjanM m xeMMja. M3nox
AyTopw
llojaBe m npoL(ecn KOjn ce fleiuaBajy y npnpofln npeflCTaBrbajy pa3/iMHHTe očonKe KpeTaKta MaTepnje m TpaHccj3opMai4Mje eHeprnje. O bm 060 v\uy\ KpeTahba Be3aHM cy 3a oflroBapajyfcn b Mfl eHeprnje: pa3narai-be MaTepnje 3a xeMMjcKy eHeprnjy, KpeTaH^e MoaeKyna y Teny 3a TonnoTHy eHeprnjy, KpeTaHse eneKTpoHa 3a eneKTpMHHy eHeprnjy, KpeTanbe Tena 3a MexaHMHKy eHeprnjy. EHeprnja ce MO>xe npeBOflMTM M3 jeflHor oč/iMKa y flpyrn, ann ce He MO>xe yHmuTMTM nnn ctbopmtm hm M3 nera. O bo flecpMHMLue m o6jawi-baBa 33koh 0 Oflp>KaH5y eHeprMje no3HaT y o6nMKy: E = const. ripoL(ecM npeBotjehba eHeprMje M3 jeflHor o6nMKa y flpyrn npMK33aHM cy Ha cnMflM 1.1. y npMpoflM eHeprMja pa3HMM npoflecMMa npejia3M M3 jeflHor oćnMKa y flpyrM. Y3mmmo 3a npMMep ao 6 mjart>e ejieKTpMHHe eHeprnje y TepMoeneKTpaHaMa. V ropMBy Koje caropeBa, xeMMjcKa eHeprMja npena3M y TonnoTHy, fla 6 m ce y caMOM K O T n y TonnoTHa eHeprMja npoflyKaTa caropeBaHDa npeflana BOflM, tbko fla eHeprMja npena3M y noTeHL(MjanHy eHeprMjy nape. EHeprMja nape, Koja je m flajte TonnoTHa, y napHoj Typ6MHM TpaHCcjDopMMLue ce y MexaHMHKy eHeprMjy Koja noKpetie paflHO Kono Typ6MHe m poTop reHepaTopa, TaKo fla ce y renepaTopy Ta MexaHMHKa eHeprMja TpaHCC^iopMMLue y eneKTpMHHy. TpaHccjjopMapMja, Kao npoqec npenacKa jeflHor 06nMKa eHeprMje y flpyrM, Mo>Ke 6 mtm noBpaTHa m He-
noBpaTHa (jeflHOCMepHa). MexaHHMKy eHeprnjy MO>KenaKO npeBecTM y eneKTpnHHy, m eneKTpMHHy y MexaHMHKy. npeBotjerbe xeMnjcKe y TonnoTHy eHeprnjy je pe/iaTMBHO jeflHOCTaBHO, 3a pa3JiMKy ofl o6pHyTor npofleca KOjn ce fliipeKTHMM nyTeM Bpno TeujKO MO>Ke M3BeCTM. mo
EHeprnja je flaHac Bpoo 3HanajHa 3a >kmbot, Te fla 6mcmo je npaBMjiHO m noTnyHO mckopmctmtim, noTpe6 ho je fla je y noTnyHoc™ yno3HaMO, Kao m fla yno3H3MO cBe BtiflOBe hteHe TpaHccjjopMapnje. ripmiMKOM TpaHccjsopMaflnje jeflHor o6nnKa eneprnje y flpyrn, >KejteHM o6jimk floea3M flo ,,pacnnai-ba“ jeflHor fleoa eHeprnje, Tj. TpaHccfJopMaflnje y HeKM flpyrn He>KerbeHM o6jimk eHeprnje. Mepa TpaHCcjDopMai^nje jeflHor oćJiMKa y flpyrn >KejbeHM oćjjmk Ha3MBa ce CTeneHOM KopncHor flejcTBa Kojn je yBeK MahbM Ofl jeflaH. fla 6m ce eHepmja TpaHccpopMMcajia, noTpećHa cy nocTpojerba m MaujMHe Koje tie to m3bpujmtm, a to je npeflMeT npoynaBaiba MaTepnje M3Jio>KeHe y obom
yy6eHMKy.
l.E . S H f lH f lJ s f l :+ :m e o t .□ P L -'L U T E f l
E H E P r M J E m
p
a s e o
j
McTopnjaT Kopmiitieiba eHepreTCKMX M3Bopa Be3aH je 3a pa3B0j jbyflCKor flpyuiTBa. y npBOĆMTHoj 3ajeflhhl(M HOBeK je KopncTMO concTBeHy eHeprnjy, eHeprnjy cBojnx MMLUMtia, snja je TpajHa CHara 6mia 50 flo 60 W. KacHMje je noneo fla kopmctm CHary MMLLIHtia flOMatiMX >KMBOTMrba KOja je M3H0CMJia 600 flO 700 W. riOTpoLiJiba yrjba je Be3aHa 3a flBa nepnofla. rio3H3T0 je fla ce yrajb eKcnjioaTncao y K mhm 1000 roflHHa npe Hame epe, a y TpHKoj n noflpyn]y l/lTajinje 400 roflMHa npe Harne epe.
napHa MauiMHa neMa B3tobom n3yMy KOHCTpyiicaHa je 1877. roflMHe m npeflCTaBJbajia je npeKpeTHMpy y pa3Bojy HOBenaHCTBa. l/lHflycTpMjcKa npMMeHa Hacjrre Be3aHa je 3a XVIII BeK Kafla cy M3BpuieHe npBe flecTMJiaflMje HacpTe y L]MJby floćMjarba yjba 3a ocBeTjberbe. ripBO 6yujerbe 3eMJbe y pMJby flo 6Mjart>a Hacj>Te M3BpiueH0 je 1859. roflMne y neHCMJiBaHMjM. O fl Tafla noTpomrba Hacj>Te CTajiHO pacTe, HaponMTo ca pa3B0jeM TonjioTHMx MOTopa y >Kejie3HML(M m 6poflapcTBy. ripefl Kpaj XIX BeKa flOJia3M flo ceH3aL(M0HajiHMx OTKpMtia MOTopa ca yHyTpamrbMM caropeBaibeM m to : OTO-MOTopa (1867) m flM3eji-MOTopa (1892), KojM cy caMO nocnemMJiM noTpomiby HacjJTe Kao eHepreTCKOr M3B0pa. ripBa eneKTpaHa Koja je npoM3BOflMJia ejieKTpMHHy eHeprMjy M3rpat5eHa je y C A fl 1881. roflMHe m MMana je cHary ofl 1 kW. flajbe ycaBpmaBarbe je OMoryhMjio CTBaparbe MJia3hmx MOTopa (1930. roflMHe O. BajT). y Harnoj 3eMJbM noneTaK ejieKTpMcjjMKapMje Be3yje ce 3a 1886. roflMHy m M3rpafliby npBe xMflpoeJieKTpaHe Ha pepn LjpHMflM KOfl rtapahMHa, a 33.twm M3rpafliby XMflpoejieKTpaHa ,,rpaflan" koa BarbeBa m „TbeTMrbe" KOfl y>KMpa 1900. roflMHe. l/l3m e fl aKyMyjiapMOHor je3epa npMKa3aH je Ha cjimljm 1.2. EjieKTpoeHepreTCKa cvnya\\v\\a y Peny6jiML(M Cp6v\jM (pacnopefl eneKTpaHa m BMcoKOHanoHCKa npeHocHa Mpe>Ka) npMKa3aHa je Ha chmam 1.3a. Ha cjimKaMa 1.4. m 1.5. npMKa3aHa je CTpyKTypa npoM3BOflrbe eoeKTpMHHe eHeprnje m CHara eneKTpaHa Koje yjia3e y cacTaB EnC-a. y Ta6enaMa 1.1. m 1.2. npMK33aHM cy npoM3BOflHM KanaL(MTeTM EI"IC-a m npoM3BOflHDa ejieKTpMHHe eHeprMje y Cp6MjM.
HacjJTa ce nonejia eKcnnoaTncaTn 6000 8000 roflMHa npe Harne epe. Bofla n Ba3flyx Kao enepreTCKM M3B0pn nonejin cy ce eKcnjioaTncaTM oko xmbafly roflHHa npe Haiue epe, a 6 hjim cy no3Ha™ n y l/lHflnjn, ErnriTy n K mhm. BeTpeHaana ce y EBponn nonejia kopmctmtm y XII BeKy. y XVII BeKy CaBeHM je KOHCTpyncao npBy ynoTpe6jbMBy napHy MamnHy 3a Lipnjbejbe BOfle M3 pyflapcKnx OKaHa. To je 6mia HepeHTa6wjiHa MauinHa m HMje 6nna HajmK Ha flaHaujfbe. BaT je 1769. M3yMeo npBy MaujMHy Koja je eKOHOMMHHO npeTBapaoa TonnoTHy eHeprnjy y MexaHMHKM pafl. flpBa
T E -T O 3PEhbAHHH TP .Tfl f'PPMPk'A TWIMTDARMI IA
TEPMOEJ1EKTPAHE - TOn/IAHE
444 26 A
466
XE "BEPflAn 1
5 665
XE TbEPflAn II
1 492
XE BJIACHHA
140
XE nHPOT XE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA
39 1 547
PXE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA
734
XE 3BOPH14K
497
XE E/IEKTPOMOPABA XE /1HMCKE
53 455
XMflPOEJlEKTPAHE
2 831
XMflPOEJlEKTPAHE
10 622
E/IEKTPAHE EnC-a
8 355
EJIEKTPAHE EnC-a
32 665
XE flHBA
342
XE riMBA
748
XE TA31/IBOflE
35
XErA3HB0flE
71
TO BEOrPAfl
84
T O BEOrPAfl
0,3
OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE
820
OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE yK yn H O
461 8 816
yK ynH o
33 484
1.3. P E S E P B E E H E P r H -J E M n O T P O L U h b fl
GWh 5000
npnnnKOM pa3MaTpahba eHepreTCKnx pe3epBn Mopa~7 ce BOflMTn panyHa o TOMe ,qa cy noflapn o hbnxoBHM pe3epBaMa penaTMBHM, jep ce anconyTHO Tanne pe3epBe He Mory yTBpflHTH. noTponiHDa ce CBaKOflHeBHO Mei-ba na cy penaTHBHM n noflapH Kojn ceJJ Jj/iory HatiM y CTpysHoj nMTepaTypi/Lj nioTponiHba eHeprnje y CBeTy je nopacna 3 a Bnuje ofl 30 nyTa 3a nocneflhbnx 100 roflMHa. \ rioTpoiiJhba Hocnnaifla eHeprnje HMje paBHOMepHO pacna, TaKo fla je noTpomhba HBpcTor ropnBa nopacna 3 a 24%, a Hacjrre npeKO 100%. Ca nopacTOM noTpomrbe Merbana ce n CTpyKTypa noTpouihbe. O ko 1880. roflMHe yrarb je Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ynecTBOBao ca 95%, HacjDTa ca oko 5%, flOK flaHac MO>xeMO y3eTH fla yrarb ynecTByje Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ca 35%, Hacjrra ca 43%, a ocTane npopeHTe nonaKO ocBajajy HyKneapHa n xnflpoeHepmja. CBe M3Bope eHeprnje MO>KeMO CBpcTaTM y flBe rpyne: - o6HOBTbMBe (HencflpnHe) M3Bope eHepmje n - Heo6HOBTbMBe (ncppnHe) M3Bope eHeprnje. yrajr>, HacpTa n npnpoflHn 3eMHH rac npeflCTaBTbajy HeočHOB/bHBe nnn ncppnHe Hocnope eHeprnje. Ofl o6HOBTbMBnx M3Bopa eHeprnje flo cafla ce jeflnho MHTeH3HBHo kophcth xnflpoeHeprnja - eHeprnja BOfleHMX TOKOB3. ^Tp e ča MMaTn y BMfly fla y flocaflamhboj npaKcn ro pnBM ujKpnnaflM m yn>aHM n eujnap Hncy nM ann 3HanajHMje MecTO, Met)yTi/iM, Ha noM ony eH epreTCK e Kpn3e ohm fločnjajy 3HanajHnje M ecTo 6 n n o fla ce flnpeKTHO K op n cTe , 6nno fla ce n pepatjyjy y Hacj3Ty. llp e Tn o c Ta B Jb a ce fla 6m ce npepaflOM ropnB nx
2. OđjacHn flođnjahbe ejieicrpnHHe eHeprnje y TepMoejieKTpaHaMa, 3. Kojihkm je aaaHaj eHeprnje 3a >kmbot n pa3Boj flpyaiTBa?
4. Koja ropMBa yčpajaMO y očHOBJbHBa, a Koja cy HeođHOBJbMBa? 5. y KojMM eHeproTCKMM M3BopnMa Tpeča Tpa>KMTM 6yflyhe HOCMOfle eHeprMje? 6. lilTa MO>Keai petiM o pa3MenM eHepnije Peny6jiMKe CpčMje ca flpyrMM flp>KaBaMa?
7. KaKO roflMLUhbe flo6a yTMHe Ha noTpoujHiy eHeprMj'e?
l
*
MSBOPHEHEPrMJE
5 .1 .
rO P M B ft
K ftO
M 3 B O F
E H E P r M -J E
a .i.i. n o jf t M r o P M B fl M h b-M X O B fl C B O J C T B f l TopnBa cy MaTepnje Koje caropeBaibeM ocno6atjajy oflpe^eHy KonnnnHy TonnoTe npn seMy ocTajy npoflyKTM caropeBai-ba. CaropeBahbe M0>KeM0 cMaTpath npoMecoM 6ypHor cjeflMHDaBahba ca KnceoHHKOM. riouJTO nocTOje MHOre MaTepnje Koje pearyjy Ha onncaH HaMHH, nofl ropnBOM y y>KeM cMncny noflpa3yMeBaMO caMO 0He MaTepnje Koje caropeBajy ncK/bymhbo pafln ocnoćaljaHDa TonnoTe. flpeMa TOMe ropnBa npeflcTaB/bajy ochobhm n3Bop TonnoTHe eHeprnje n hbnxoBa npnMeHa je rnnpoKa: flOMahMHCTBa, eHepreTCKa nocTpojenba, motopm c y c , M/ia3HH n paKeTHM noroH. ripaKTMHHa npnMeHa ropnBa 3aBncn ofl cnefletiMx 3axTeBa: - fla cy HaerOBa Hana3miJTa y npnpofln y flOBO/bHHM KO/iMHMHaMa; - fla y TOKy npopeca caropeBaHba ocnoćofln OflpetjeHy (ujto Betiy) KonnHnny TonnoTe; - fla je eKcnnoaTaflMja ropMBa eKOHOMMHHa m penatmbho naKa; - fla y ce6M caflp>KM ujto Maibe 6anacTa - HeropMbmx MaTepnja; - fla je LjeHa npoM3BefleHe - ocno6ot)eHe TonnoTe npMXBaT/bMBa; - fla je ropMBO nocTojaHo npn TpaHcnopTy m cxnaflMmTerby;
TopnBO Koje 6m 3aflOBO/bMno CBe OBe 3axTeBe, y npaKCM He nocTojM, Te je KBanMTeTHMje oho ropMBo Koje 3a flaTM cnynaj McnyhbaBa BMine HaBefleHMX 3axTeBa.
a.1.5. B P C T E rO P M B ft ropMBa ce Mory noflenMTM Ha BMiiie HanMHa: - noflena ropMBa npeMa arperaTHOM CTahby Ha HBpCTa, TenHa m racoBMTa m - noflena ropMBa npeMa CTeneHy npepafle Ha npMpoflHa, npepatjeHa m CMHTeTMHKa ropMBa.
riofl npMpoflHMM ropMBOM ce noflpa3yMeBa oho Koje ce MO>Ke KOpMCTMTM OHaKBO K3KBO je y npMpOflM, OflMax nocne oflCTpaibeiba rpy6Mx npMMeca. ripoM3BefleHa m npepatjeHa ropMBa flo6Mjajy ce npepaflOM ropMBa. Flopefl oBor npepat^eHa ropMBa mo>KeMO noflenMTM Ha: - npMMapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep HacjJTa) M - ceKyHflapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep 6eH3MH). ripMpoflHa ropMBa cy: HBpcTa - flpBO, TpeceT, yra/b, ropMBM ujKpM/bflM, y/bHM necaK, TeHHa - Hacj>Ta, racoBMTa - 3eMHM rac.
npepatjeHa ropnBa cy:
HBpcTa - flpBeHM yrarb, čpnKeT,
kokc,
TeHHa - 6eH3HH, neTponeyM, flH3en-ropnBa, Ma3yT, anKoxon, racoBHTa - pacf)MHepMjcKn rac, flecTnnai4MOHM rac, reHepaTopcKn rac. Ilopefl rope HaBefleHe onurre noflene, ropnBa ce ry noflennTn n Ha cnefletin HaHHH:
mo-
- npeMa 3ana/bMB0 CTM - caM03 anajbHBa n HecaMO3anarbHBa,
- npeMa nocTojaHOCTM Ha TonnoTy - TonnonocTOjaHa n TonnoHenocTojaHa, - npeMa KapaKTepy noTpoibHbe - eHepreTCKa n TeXHonouuKa ropnBa.
a . 1 3 . E J H E M E H T f lP H M C R C T f iE : r O P M B f i no3HaeahbeM cacTaBa ropnBa n KberoBnx ocoČMHa MO>xeMO npaBnnHO fla oflpeflMMO MorytiHOCT i-beroBe npnMeHe, Kao n KonwHHHy TonnoTe Kojy mo>k6 fla ocno6ofln npn caropeBahby.
ll03HaBaH3e eneMeHTapnor cacTaBa ropnBa OMorytiaBa fla oflpeflHMO hm3 noflaTaKa: noTpeĆHy KonnHUHy Ba3flyxa 3 a noTnyHO caropeBahbe, KonnHMHy n cacTaB npoflyKaTa caropeBai-ba, TonnoTHy Moh ropnBa n TeMnepaTypy caropeBahba. y eneMeHTapHM cacTaB ropiiBa yna3e:
ropiiBM eneMeHTM - yrrbeHMK C, BOflOHMK H m cyMnop S, HeropnBii eneMeHTii - KiiceoHMK O m a30 T H, 6anacT - MtiHepanHe npiiMece A m BOfla W. yrxbeHMK. - npeflCTaBjba HajBa>KHMjy KOMnoHeHTy ropnBa M3 flBa pa3nora. npBM je Taj ujto ra y ropnBy MMa HajBmue, flpyrM jep ce hberoBMM caropeBaHseM ocnoćat^a HajBetia KonMHMHa TonnoTe. Y ropMBy Mo>xe 6 mtm m flo 95% yrnbeHMKa. CaropeBai-beM 1 kg Mace yr/beHMKa ocno6oflM ce 33,829 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprMje, npM neMy je MaKCMManHa TeMnepaTypa caropeBahba 2 573 K. BoflOHMK. - BoflOHMK y ropMBy noTMHe M3 npaMaTepnje Kao m yrrbeHMK. y ropMBy ce MO>Ke jaBMTM Be3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa (HBpcTa m TenHa ropMBa) m necTO y MemaBMHM ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa KOfl racoBMTMX ropMBa. y hbpctom ropMBy MMa 5-6% BOflOHMKa, a y TenHOM 8 -12% . llpM caropeBai-by 1 kg BOflOHMKa ocnoćal^a ce 142,014 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprnje, a to je npeKO 4 nyTa BMme nero KOfl caropeBahba yrrbeHMKa. MaKCMManna TeMnepaTypa caropeBahba BOflOHMKa je 2 508 K.
KMceoHMK. - KMceoHMK HMje ropMBM eneMeHT, anM noTnoMa>Ke m OMorytiaBa caropeBahbe. KonMHMHa kmceoHMKa y ropMBy CMahbyje noTpe6Hy KonMHMHy kmceoHMKa M3 Ba3flyxa. Kofl hbpctmx ropMBa caflp>Kaj KMceoHMKa je penaTMBHO BenMK, aok ra KOfl TenHMX ropMBa npaKTMHHO HeMa. y ropMBMMa ce KMceoHMK Hana3M Be3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa, ocmm y racobmtmm ropMBMMa rfle ce Hana3M y cnoćoflHOM CTaiby. A30T. - y ropMBy ce Hana3M y KonMHMHaMa 0,7-1,3% m to Hajnemtie y cacTaBy cno>KeHMX opraHCKMX jeflMhbeiba. y hbpctmm m TeHHMM ropMBMMa MMa ra MaH=e Hero y racoBMTMM ropMBMMa. A30T 3ajeflHO ca kmceoHMKOM hmhm yHyTpamhbM 6anacT ropMBa.
CyMnop. - l/lMa ra HapoHMTO y hbpctmm ropMBMMa 1-2,5 na m flo 7%. CyMnop ce y ropMBy MO>Ke jaBMtm y caropMBOM m HecaropMBOM BMfly. ripMnMKOM caropeBahba npena3M y neneo. CaM cyMnop y ropMBy flenyje kopo3mbho, a npoflyKTM caropeBaiba cy mTeTHM. ripMcycTB0 cyMnopa y ropMBy je Heno>KejbHO M3K0 oh cBojMM caropeBarbeM ocnoćat^a 9 296 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprMje rio 1 kg. MMHepanHe npmviece. - Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx npMMeca y ropMBy je pa3nMHMT o fl 1 % flo 2% koa flpBeTa, na m flo 90% KOfl mKpMJbafla. MMHepanHe npnMece ce cacToje M3 npMMapHMx, ceKyHflapHMx m TepqMjapHMx HenMCTOtia. ripMMapHe HeHMCTotie HacTane cy jom y npaMaTepnjM m paBHOMepHO cy pacnopel^eHe yHyTap ropMBa t 3 ko fla ce BeoMa TemKO Mory oflCTpaHMTM. CeKyHflapHe npMMece cy y ropMbo flomne y TOKy hberoBor HacTajarba, a TepflMjapHe npMMece y npoflecy HjeroBor Bat^eiba m TpaHcnopTa. MMHepanHe npMMece y ropMBy cy BeoMa mTeTHe jep OTe>KaBajy caropeBarbe, M3a3MBajy ry6MTaK topmbmx eneMeHaTa na TMMe m TonnoTe, CMaibyjy yfleo roPmbmx MaTepMja y ropMBy, noBetiaBajy TpomKOBe TpaHcnopTa m npjbajy nocTpojerbe, OTe>KaBajy ite roBO o,qp>KaBarbe m cMan>yjy iberoB BeK. Bnara. - Bnara je Heno>KejbHM cacTaB ropMBa m TaK03B3HM cnojbHM 6anacT. YMahbyje TonnoTHy Moti ropMBa m CMaibyje TeMnepaTypy npoflyKaTa caropeBaHja. Bnara ce Hana3M y pa3nMHMTMM konMHMHaMa y pa3HMM BpcTaMa ropMBa o fl 2% na flo 80% (KOfl TpeceTa). npMnMKOM npaKTMHHMX npopanyHa y3MMa ce y o63Mp fla ce Bnara jaBjba y flBa o6nMKa: rpy6a Bnara W G m XMrpocKonHa Bnara W H. hmhm
- fpy6a Bnara je nocneflMfla KBamehba ropMBa boflOM M3 cnojbamrbe cpeflMHe npnnMKOM flo6MjaH>a, TpaHcnopTa m ycKnaflMmTeHja. OHa ce necTO Ha3MBa m cnojbamrba, noBpmMHCKa MnM cnoćofl-
Ha Bnara. - XMrpocKonHa Bnara ce Hana3M y nopaMa HBpcTor ropMBa m Ha3MBa ce yHyTpamH>a MnM KanMnapHa Bnara.
YKynHa Bnara W y ropnBy npeflCTaBrba 36np rpy6e Bnare WG n xnrpocKoriHe Bnare WH, ujto ce MO>xe
npeflCTaBMTM M3pa30M:
npoTOHHOM KanopnMeTpy. CyaiTMHCKa pa3nnKa je y TOMe ujto ce y npBOM cnynajy npopec caropeBaH>a oflBnja npn CTanHoj 3anpeMHHH, a y flpyroM npn CTanHOM npnTMCKy.
w = w G+ wH.
TonnoTHa MOh ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy (cnnKe 2.1 n 2.2.) oflpetjyje ce Ha cneflehn HannH: TanHO OflpeIjeHa KonnHMHa ropnBa caropeBa y aTMOCcjDepn hha.i.H . T o n n o T H R m o t =. t o p h e r CTor KHceoHHKa npn noBehaHOM npMTWCKy. KonwBennHHHa Kojy flecjDHHmjjeMo oahocom HacTane ko- hmh3 TonnoTe KOja HacTaje caropeBaHbeM npeflaje nnHHHe TonnoTHe eHeprnje npn noTnyHOM carope- ce BOflM y KanopwMeTpy. A ko je nosHaTa Maca BOfle Banby n KonnHHHe ropnBa Koja je Ty TonnoTHy n hbeHa cneflMcjDMHHa TonnoTa, MepeH>eM TeMnepaeHeprnjy ocno6oflnna, Ha3MBaMO TonjiOTHOM Mohn Type BOfle npe m nocne caropeBarba y3 Oflpetjene ropnBa. OHa je BeoMa 3HanajHa KOMnoHeHTa npn KopeKflMje 3Ćor TonnoTHMX ry6MTaKa, MO>Ke ce M3npopanyHMMa, a yjeflHO je n Haj3HanajHMja KapaK- panyHaTM KonMHMHa TonnoTe HacTana npn caropeBaiby. flenberbeM OBe TonnoTe MacoM ropMBa flOĆMTepncTHKaropnBa. ja ce roprba TonnoTHa MOh. floHba TonnoTHa MOh TonnoTHa Moti ce o6ene>KaBa ca H n H3pa>KaBa y Oflpetjyje ce M3 ropi-be, y3MMajyhM y o63Mp caflp>Kaje J/kg 3a HBpcTa ropMBa, y J/m3N 3a racoBMTa n J/dm3 BOflOHMKa m Bnare y ropMBy. 3a TenHa ropnBa. OflpetjMBarbe TonnoTHe MohM racoBWTMx ropMBa y l1pepaHyHaBahbe 3anpeMMHCKe TonnoTHe Motin Ha npoTOHHOM KanopwMeTpy pa3nMKyje ce no TOMe MaceHy TonnoTHy Moh Bpiun ce M3pa30M: ujto ce caropeBarbe oflBMja y3 npwcycTBO Ba3flyxa m Ha aTMoccjjepcKOM npwTMCKy. kJ , kg H .O -.H kg m3N m3N C o63npoM Ha ycnoBe y KojnMa ce npopec caropeBaiba oflBnja nocTojn
- TOnnOTHa MOti npH KOHCTaHTHOM npnTMCKy n - TonnoTHa Moti npn KOHCTaHTHoj 3anpeMMHn. rioiJjTO ce BpeflHOCTH TonnoTHe Motin flo6njeHe npn KOHCTaHTHOM npHTHCKy H KOHCTaHTHOj 3anpeMMHM BeoMa Mano pa3nMKyjy, to ce ycnoBM nocećHO m He HarnaiuaBajy. SHasajHa m npaKTMHHO yBeK npncyTHa noflena, c o63npoM Ha TonnoTHM hmbo npoflyKaTa caropeBarba, je roprba Hg m florba Hd TonnoTHa Moti.
Tophba TonnoTHa Moti (Hg) npeflCTaBTba KonnHMHy TonnoTe KOja HacTaje noTnyHMM caropeBaHDeM jeflMHnpe Mace ropnBa, nofl ycnoBOM fla ce nocne caropeBaHDa npoflyKTM, HacTann npn caropeBarby, oxnafle Ha noneTHy TeMnepaTypy (20°C) m fla ce BOfla cTBopeHa caropeBaHDeM Hana3M y tohhom CTaHjy. floHba TonnoTHa Moh (Hd) npeflCTaB/ba KonMHMHy TonnoTe Koja ce flo6wja noTnyHMM caropeBaH>eM jeflMHMLie Mace ropnBa, npn neMy ce CTBopeHa BOfla y TOKy caropeBaHaa Hana3M y o6nnKy BOfleHe nape. TonnoTHa Moh ce MO>Ke oflpeflMTM eKcnepnMeHTanho nnn panyHCKM. EKcnepnMeHTanHO ce oflpet)yje TonnoTHa MOh Ha flBa HaHMHa: 3a HBpcTa m TenHa ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy ca 6om6om, a 3a racOBMTa y
CnnKa 2.1. - KanopnMeTap
M
KaMeHM yrarb je 3acTynn3eH y MariviM KonnMMHaMa. KapaKTepncTMKe flOMaKer yrrba flaTe cy y Tačenn 2.1.
Motophm 6eH3MH KopncTM ce 3a noroH CBMX cyc MOTOpa OCHM aBMOHCKMX. EeH3MH Ce npOM3BOflM Kao 3MMCKM m neThbM. y 3mmckom nepnofly MOpa ce o6e36eflMTw naK CTapT, a y neTHbHM MecepnMa He CMejy ce CTBapaTM napHM nenoBn. npernefl KapaKTepncTMKa flaT je y Ta6enn 2.2.
340xC + 1190 | H - ^ |+ 93 x S - 25 x W . vkS
i-fle cy: CH0SW-
y JyrocnaBnjn ce npeMa nponncnMa npoii3BOfle flBe BpcTe MOTopHor 6eH3MHa:
MaceHH npopeHaT yrrbeHMKa y ropwBy, MaceHM npopeHaT BOflOHHKa y ropnBy, MaceHH npopeHaT KnceoHHKa y ropwBy, MaceHM npopeHaT cyMnopa y ropnBy,
MaceHM npopeHaT Bnare y ropwBy.
0B3KBy ct3opMynaflMjy nocTaBno je CaBe3 HeManKMx MH>Kei-bepa 1899. roflMHe w OHa ce yrnaBHOM m cafla KopncTM y EBponn.
a .l.E . K R P f i K T E F M C T H K E flOMfiF.MX r O F M E f i - yran> npeMa flOKa3aHWM pe3epBaMa ocHOBy Hamer yrrba HMHe nnrHMT (90% ) w MpKn yrarb (10%).
flM3en-ropnBO D1 kopmctm ce 3a noroH 6p30xoflHMx flM3en-ivioTopa kojh pafle ca necTHM npoMeHaMa onTepe+iei-ba. fln3en-ropnBO D2 je 3a flM3en-MOTope Kojn pafle y yo6nHajeHMM ycnoBHMa pafla. D3 ce kopmcth 3a MOTope BetiMX CHara a flH3en-ropnBO D2S cny>KM mcto Kao n D2, ann MMa Mai-bM npoi^eHaT cyMnopa. flpernefl KapaKTepncTMKa flaT je y Ta6enn 2.3. Ta6ena 2.3. - KapaKTepncTiiKe flH3en-ropnBa
KAPAKTEPMCTMKE
D1
D2
D3
1
2
3
4
rycTMHa wa 15°C BMCK03H0CT Ha 20°C (mm2/s) TeMnepaTypa narbeHDa °C
0,8-0,84 0,81-0,86 0,83-0,88 1,0-6,5
1,8-9,0
5,0-25,0
40
55
65
cyMnop %
0,5
1,0
1,5
neneo %
0,001
0,02
0,05
L(eTaHcKM 6poj
45
45
35 'V
TPflHCnOF TOEflhbE H CKTIRflJMLUTEI-BE H E P C T M X , TEHHMX MrflCOEMTMX rOPMBfl HBpcTa ropnBa Mory ce npeB03MTM OTBopeHMM nnn 3aTBOpeHMM npeB03HMM CpeflCTBMMa, flOK ce TeHHa m racoBMTa ropMBa npeB03e y cnepMjanHMM, 3a to KOHCTpyMcaHMM nocyflaMa. TaKBe nocyfle Ha3MBajy ce L^MCTepHe m Mory 6mtm KOHCTpyMcaHe y OKBMpy KaMMOHa MnM BaroHa (ayTO-L(MCTepHe m BaroH-i^MCTepHe). A ko ce TenHO ropMBo npeB03M 6poflOM, y LbeMy Mopa nocTojaTM 3a to HaMei-beH npocTop oflroBapajytier oćnMKa 36or cTa6MnHOCTM m 6e36eflHOCTM 6pOfla. racoBMTa ropMBa (Hnp. 6yTaH) ce TaKotje TpaHcnopTyjy (y flpyMCKOM cao6patiajy) y cnepMjanHMM nocyflaMa LjMnMHflpMHHor oćnMKa, Manor npenHMKa, a BenMKe fly>KMHe, Koje ce npeB03e no HeKonMKO koMafla Ha B03Mny 3a to HaMei-beHOM. 06nMK m flMMeH3Mje obmx nocyfla, Kao m flMCTepHM, M3BefleHM cy T3K0 fla rapaHTyjy 6e36eflHOCT y TpaHcnopTy, neMy Tpe6a nocBeTMTM HapoHMTy na>KLby fla He 6m flomno flo He>Kej"beHMX nocneflM^a. y 33BMCH0CTM ofl arperaTHor CTaLba y KOMe ce Hana3e, ropMBa ce Mory TpaHcnopTOBaTM Ha pa3nMHMTe H3HMHe.
- TacoBMTa ropnBa Hana3HLUTa npnpoflHor raca cy y: EneMnpy, Kmkmhfln, rinaHflmijTy (BojBOflHHa). CacTaB n KapaKTepncTMKe npnpoflHor raca flaTe cy y Ta6enn 2.4. 3a ecjDMKacHMje KopmutieHje npnpoflHor raca y Hamoj 3eMTbn M3rpatjyje ce Mpe>Ka racoBOfla.
Ta6ena 2.4. - KapaKTepncTHKe npnpoflH or raca
CACTAB KMKI/IHflA KI/IKHHflA I KMKHHflA II rACA (% ) III 1 2 3 4 MeTaH
90
66
96
eTaH
4,5
19,5
4
nponaH
1,5
6
6yTaH
1,5
5,5
- flpyMCKMM cao6patiajeM - KaMMOHMMa m ayTO-flMCTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.3) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO y Mai-bMM KonMHMHaMa Ha KpaTKa m cpeflHba pacTOjai-ba. Kopmctm ce mckjtd^ hmbo 3a flonpeMarbe ropMBa flo noTpomana (Ha 6eH3MHCKe nyMne, y cj>a6pMKe, nocTpojeba 3a rpejai-be 3rpafla m cn.) 6v\no flMpeKTHO ofl MecTa npoM3BOflibe mom naK ofl caćMpHe CTaHML(e rfle ce flonpeMa Ha HeKM flpyrM HanMH. - >Kene3HMHKMM cao6patiajeM - BaroHMMa m Ba-
roH-L|MCTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.4) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMbo y BetiMM KonMHMHaMa Ha cpeflHDa m fly>Ka pacTOjaH^a, Ofl MecTa np0M3B0flrbe flo ca6MpHe cTaHMLje, OflaKne ce flanDe flo noTpoujana TpaHcnopTyje flpyMckmm caoćpatiajeM. riopefl Tora OBaj bma TpaHcnopTa MO>Ke ce kopmctmtm m Ha KpatiMM pacTojarbMMa aKO je pen o jaKO BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa ropMBa, Hnp. TpaHcnopT yrnDa flo TepMoeneKTpaHe m cn. - BofleHMM cao6patiajeM - mnenoBMMa m t 3hkobmMa (cnMKa 2.5) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO Ha BeoMa BenMKa pacTojai-ba y BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa mhm Ha MecTa rfle je TpaHcnopT HeMorytie M3BecTM KoriHehmm nyTeM. O bmm h3hmhom Hajneujtie ce npeB03M HacjjTa flo nyKe, oflaKne ce flan^e o6mhho >Kene3HMhkmm cao6patiajeM (36or BenMKMx KonMHMHa) npeB03M flo MecTa npepafle.
Flo flo6Mjauby M3 6yiuoTMHe, nacpTa ce flarbe MOMce TpaHcnopTOBaTM flo ca&MpHMX CTaHMfla nocećHMM HacpTOBOflMMa 3a cBaKy 6ymoTMHy mjim 3ajeflHMHKMM HaCpTOBOflOM 3a BMtue 6ymoTMHa. llpM TOMe cy y OKBMpy meBOBOfla noTpe6He m MepHe CTaHMpe y KojMMa ce Mepe KonMHMHe HacpTe M3 nojeflMHMx 6ymoTMHa. yo6MnajeHO je fla ce peBOBOflM 3a TpaHcnopT HacpTe nocTaBTbajy nofl3eMHO, ocmm aKO ce paflM o Kpatkmm pacTojahbMMa, Kafla Mory 6mtm Hafl3eMHM. 3a nonarahbe fleBOBOfla noTpeĆHO je MCKonaTM oflroBapajyhe KaHajie fly6MHe 0 ,6 -1 ,0 m, luto 33bmcm ofl npeHHMKa peBOBOfla m BpcTe 3eMJtMmTa. rionpeHHM npeceK KaHajia MO>Ke 6mtm npaBoyraoHM m Tpane3HM. npe nocTaBjbai-ba y KaHane fleBM ce Mopajy M30JioBaTM. LjeBM ce HacTaBJbajy 3aBapMBai-beM 3a mTa je y KaHajiy Ha MecTMMa 3aBapMBarba noTpećho ypaflMTM oflroBapajytia npomMpeH>a. TaKotje ce Ha MecTMMa rpaHarba peBOBOfla npaBe 6eTOHCKM maxTOBM paflM jiaKmer npMCTyna.
CnMKa 2.3. - Ayro-L|MCTepHa
CnuKa 2.5. -
Bpofl-L(ncTepHa
Hafl3eMHO nocTaBJbanbe fleBOBOfla BpmM ce Ha 6enejiMHHMM cTy6oBMMa, a npMMehbyje ce yrjiaBHOM y OKBMpy pacpMHepMja Kao m caĆMpHMX MJIM OTnpeMHMX CTaHMfla. tohckmm mjim
- racoBOflM TaKo^e cjiy>Ke 3a TpaHcnopT. Hacjn'a ce M3 6ymoTMHe floĆMja ca pacTBopeHMM npMpoflHMM racoM y ceĆM. O hm ce 3ajeflH0 TpaHcnopTyjy flo OTnpeMHMX CTaHMpa rfle ce rac M3flBaja, 33tmm ce ca6Mja KOMnpecopMMa m majbe flo noTpomana fleBOBOflMMa. CnnKa 2.4. - BaroH-L(MCTepHa
- Hac}3TOBOflnivia - ci/iCTeMMMa qeBOBOfla Hac})Ta ce TpaHcnopTyje k3ko ofl 6yuuoTMHa flo cačnpHnx CTaHnqa, t 3ko n ofl htnx flo OTnpeMHnx CTaHML^a. Hacjrra ce TaKO^e flarbe MO>xe boamtm peBMMa flo yTOBapHnx MecTa y npeB03Ha cpeflCTBa mjim naK HacfiTOBOfl Mfle flMpeKTHO ofl OTnpeMHe CTaHMqe flo MecTa npepafle - pacjiMHepMje.
npnpoflHM rac ce TaKotje floĆMja M3 6ymoTMHa Ha jie>KMUJTMMa npMpoflHor raca oflaKJie ce fleBOBOflMMa (OflBOjeHMM MJIM 3ajeflHMHKMM) OflBOflM flO fleHTpajiHe racHe cTaHMpe. OBfle tobopmmo o npMpoflhom racy c o63mpom fla je oh HajpacnpocTpahbeHMje racoBMTO ropMBO. flaKjie, noMeHyTM CMCTeM peBOBOfla 3a TpaHcnopT raca Ha3MBa ce racoBOfl. flpeMa HaMeHM racoBOflM Mory 6 mtm P33jimhmtm.
- MarncTpajiHM ce OfljiMKyjy BpJio BejiMKOM ,qy>KMhom (Mory 6 mtm flyraHKM m npeKO xn/bafly kmjioMeTapa) m BemiKMM KanaflHTeTOM. l-t»MMa ce rac flOBOfln y 6/JM3MHy rpaflCKor Hacejba. - flMCTPM6yTMBHM cjiy>Ke sa pasBOfl ofl MarMCTpa/1-
yBeK ce nocTaB/bajy BaH Hace/ba c 0Č3np0M Ha bmcoKe npMTMCKe m onacHOCT ofl eKcnno3nje. HajMaH>a flyđnHa KaHajia 3a nonaraHse flMCTpn6yTMBHnx racOBOfla oćmhho je oko 0,8 m, flOK ce MaH>a fly6M-
Ha fl03BOJbaBa C3M0 Ha KpatiMM fleoHMpaMa m to y M3y3eTHMM cnyHajeBMMa. YnopeflO ca TpaHcnopTOM roPMBa jaB/ba ce m noTpe6a HaeroBor jiarepoBaHaa. floiiiTO hm npoM3BOflH>a hm noTpoiuH>a ropMBa HMcy cTariHe, noTpeĆHO je MarncTpajiHM m flMCTPM6yTMBHM racoBOflM M3BOfle 6jiaroBpeMeHO o6e36eflMTM OflpetjeHe 3ajiMxe (pece Kao nofl3eMHM, a Tpace MarMCTpajiHMx BOflOBa 3epBe).
HBpcTa ropi/iBa ce /iarepyjy Ha OTBopeHMM nnn y 3aTBOpeHMM (nOKpMBeHMM) CKJiaflMLLJTMMa Koja MX ujTMTe ofl aTM0ccjjepcKMX yTMi4aja (KMLua, CHer).
2 4
3
1
11
5
10 9 7
10
llpeMa BpcTM MexaHM3aMa KojM ce KopMCTe 3a MaHMnyjiai4Mjy ropMBOM Ha CKJiaflMiiJTy, OHa Mory 44a 6yfly: - CKjiaflMLiiTa ca očpthmm ypetjajeM 3a cjiararbe yrjba m poTopcKMM npeTOBapMBaneM - ryceHMnapoM; - npcTeHacTa cKjiaflMLUTa ca ypetjajeM 3a cjiaraibe m npeTOBapMBaneM KojM ce OKpetiy oko BepTMKanHe oce peHTpajiHor cTy6a; - CKJiaflMLUTe ca mochmm KpaHOM m - CKJiaflMUJTe ca 6yjiflo>KepMMa. Ha criMflM 2.6.6 npeflCTaBJbeHO je cKjiaflMiUTe ca paflMjajiHMM ypetjajeM 3a cjiarajbe m potopckmm npeTOBapMBaneM — ryceHMnapoM. Ofl MCTOBapHor MecTa yrajb ce flOBOflM Ha MecTO npecMnai-ba (1) oflaKJie ce TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepoM 6poj 1 (2) moxe (5) KojM ce OKpetie oko BepTMKajiHe m xopM30HTajiHe oce m Ha HMjoj je cTpejiM nocTaBJbeH cTaflMOHapHM (6) m noKpeTHM (7) TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep ca MoryhHOujtiy npoMeHe CMepa. Yrajb ce ca cKJiaflMiuTa rnajue noMohy poTopcKor npeTOBapMBana (9) npeKO nofl3eMHMX CKJiaflMLUHMX 6yHKepa (10) m TpaKacTMX TpaHcnopTepa (11).
Kofl npcTeHacTor CKJiaflMLUTa ca oćpthmm ypet)ajeM 3a cnaraHDe m potopckmm npeTOBapMBaneM (cjiMKa 2.6.b) yrajb ce ca MCTOBapHor MecTa flOBOflM Tpa-
KacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (1) Ha oćpTHM ypet)aj 3a cjiaraHae (2), Ha HMjoj cy cTpejiM nocTaBjbeHM jeflaH HenoKpeTHM (3) m jeflaH noKpeTHM (4) TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep. Ca ypet>aja 3a cjiaraHDe KojM ce o6phe
CjiHKa 2.6.b . - npcTeHacTO CKjiaflmuTe 3a yrajr. ca o č p t h m m ypetjajeM 3a c/iaran>e n p o t o p c k h m npeTOBapnBaneM
CTy6a (5) yrarb ce flOBOflM Ha cKjiaflMiuTe (6) Koje MMa oćjimk npcTeHa fpane30MflH0r npoc|3Mna. Ca CKJiaflMiuTa ce yrajb M3flaje potopckmm npeTOBapMBaneM (7), KojM ce TaKotje OKpehe oko CTy6a (5). Yrarb ce ca CKnaflMLUTa y3MMa noMohy Kocf>MnacTor poTopa m TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (10), KojM ce Hajia3e Ha CTpejiM m MOCTy (9), flOBOflM Ha TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep (12) KojMM ce oflBOflM y noTpoiuiby. l_(eHTpajiHM BepTMKajiHM CTy6 (5) m 6etohckm npcTeH no yHyTpaLurbeM o6 MMy CKJiaflMLUTa Ha KOMe ce Hajia3M KOjioceK (1) cy ocjioham no KojMMa ce bplum KpeTaibe ypet)aja 3a cjiaraibe m npeTOBapMBana. KanaflMTeT OBor CKJiaflMuiTa m3hocm 500 000 flo 600 000 t yrjba. oko
JlarepoBarbe tbhhmx m racoBMTMx ropMBa mhoto je CJ10>KeHMje C 063MPOM Ha lbMXOBe 4>M3MHKe OCOĆMHe (3anajbMBOCT, eKCriJ103MBHOCT).
Hacj>Ta ce y caćnpHMM cTaHMpaMa cKjiaflMLUTM y pe3epBoapMMa, oflaKjie ce TpaHcnopTyje flo pacJjMHepnje. HaKOH npepafle, Hac(>THM flepMBaTM ce TaKot>e CKJiaflMLUTe y pe3epBoapMMa. Pe3epBoapM 3a TeHHa ropMBa Mory 6mtm Hafl3eMHM (CHMKa 2.7) (BepTMKariHM M X0pM30HTajlHM) M yKOnaHM (cjiMKa 2.8). XopM30HTajiHM pe3epBoapM ce M3patjyjy flo 200 m3 3anpeMMHe, a BepTMKajiHM m flo HeKOJiMKO fleceTMHa xMjbafla Ky6HMx MeTapa.
V kojimko ce y pe3epBoapy nyBa
toluko
yjbe (Hnp.
Ma3yT), Mopajy 6 mtm yrpa1jeHM rpejanM 3a 3arpeBaibe yjba, KaKO 6 m ce noBehajia bmcko3hoct m omorytiMO HecMeTaH TpaHcnopT nyMnaMa.
Cnma 2.6.6. - CKnaflMUJTe ca paflnjajiHMM ypetajeM 3a cuarahbe n potopckmm npeTOBapnBaneM - ryceHHHapoM
fla He 6 m flomjio flo pasjiMBaba ropMBa y cnynajy Keapa mum H3K nynaHja pe3epBoapa, oko rbera ce M3rpat^yje 6a3eH flOBOJbHO BenMKM fla MO>Ke npMxb 3tmtm 4enoKynHy M3nMBeHy 3anpeMMHy. ripMpoflHM rac ce CKnaflMiuTM y nofl3eMHMM CKnaflMLUTMMa, npM neMy je rac ca6MjeH nofl oflpetjeHMM npMTMCKOM. ripMpoflHM rac ce Mo>xe flpxcaTM nofl BMCOKMM npMTMCKOM My TeHHOM CTahby, Mto y cc(>ephmm pe3epBoapMMa BMcoKor npMTMCKa.
\
a)
CnnKa 2.7. - Hafl3eMHM pe3epBoapn
nH TdhbO
H 3 Q A * L I> 1
1. HlTa je ropnBO? 2. Kano
cmo
noflennnn cBa ropnBa?
3. HlTa noflpa3yMeBaMO no,q eneMeHTapHMM cacTaBOM ropnBa9 4. Koje cy ropnBe KOMnoHeHTe ropnBa, a iuTa
a .a .l. B P C T E 'H B P C T M X r O P M B f i, K f i P f iK T E P M C T M K E n u J E f lM H M X B P C T f i OcHOBHa nofleoa hbpctmx ropMBa je noflena Ha npMpoflHa m npepaljeHa ropMBa. npMpoflHa HBpcTa ropMBa ce TaKotje Mory nofle/iMTM Ha oČHOB/bMBa m HeočHOB/bMBa. OĆHOB/bMBa HBpcTa ropMBa cy OHa Koja cTa/iHO HacTajy, Tj. o6HaBJbajy ce. y očHOBJbMBa npMpoflHa HBpcTa ropMBa cnaflajy apbo , npoflyKtm MexaHMHKe npepafle m očpafle flpBeTa m pa3He BpcTe ĆMJbHMX Maca. Ba>KHO je petiM fla je obmx ropMBa BeoMa Ma/io. HeoČHOBJbMBa ropMBa cy Haora/ia flaBHo ofl ocTaTaKa čM/bHor m >KMBOTMHDCKOr CBeTa flyroTpajHMM npo-
LjecMMa pacnaflaH^a y noceđHMM npMpoflHMM yc/ioBMMa. Pe3epBe obmx ropMBa ce He o6HaB/bajy na hx je cBe Manbe. y OBy rpyny ropMBa cnaflajy pa3He BpcTe yr/ba, TpeceT m topmbm LUKpM/bflM. Ha cjimljm 2.9, npMKa3aHM cy M3rpatjeHM KanapMTeTM noBpiuMHckmx KonoBa m pyflHMKa nofl3eMHe eKcn/ioaTaflMje. flpBO. - y cacTaB flpBeTa y/ia3e pejiyjio3a, jimjhmt (cno>KeHO jeflMHjense yr/beHMKa, BOflOHMKa m KMceoHMKa), 33tmm cMona, BocaK, MacHotia, čenaHseBMHe m MMHepanHe npMMece. OpraHCKM cacTaB flpBeTa je pa3nMHMT m 33bmcm ofl BpcTe flpBeTa, a Hajneiutie je to cnefletiM npnćnM>K3H OflHOC: yr/beHMK 50%, KMCeOHMK 43%, BOflOhmk 6%, a30T 1% . noLUTO y flPBeTy HeMa cyMnopa, to ce iberoBa opraHCKa Maca MO>Ke CMaTpaTM m ropMbom MacoM. Caflp>Kaj enare y flpBeTy Kpetie ce y rpaHnpaMa ofl 20% flo 65%, a caflpxe
95%, npn Meiyiy ce cyuieHaeM Ha Ba3flyxy caflpx
3 1
Kony6apa
B/iare MO>Ke CMaHbMTM Ha 40%. Ca,qp>Kaj nenena je flo 5%, Hajneujtie je naKO Ton/bHB, llito OTe>KaBa eKcnjioaTaL|njy. floHoa ToruiOTHa moK je 11,7512,58 MJ/kg. JlaKO ce nann, n BeoMa je ckjioh caMO-
$1 floibe E>i i 12
florbe^ _
narbeHby. Topn flyrnM njiaMeHOM. lloroflaH je 3a eKcrmoaTaflnjy Ha MecTHMa y 6jih3mhh Hana3muTa. Mo>Ke ce npepaljMBaTM, a iiotom kopmctmtm y BMfly čpnKeTa.
2
TaMHdBd i/lcioK l l j S l
1
TaMHaea 3anafl
KocTonai^
KneHOBHMK 1
\2 TtMpMKoeau11 1HO KOCOBO fmm, -\
Zio6po Ceno 6enafiesaq i
o
10
'■*■**:*''l yrarv> - nnnMOHa t
20
30
50
A0
60
2
OTKpHBKa MMHMona m3 mbpcto M ace
CnMKa 2.9. - M3rpat}eHM KanaL|HTeTH pyflHMKa n noBpujMHCKMX KonoBa APBeTa Kao ropMBa HMje onpaBflaHO, Te HberoBy npnMeHy Tpeća carneflaTM y flpyrMM TexHonoLUKMM npoujecMMa.
yra /b . - OpraHCKy Teopnjy o HacT3HKy yrjba flecpnHncao je rnHčeji KpajeM XIX BeKa n no Hroj yrarb BOfln nopeKjio HajBetiHM flejiOM M3 čnjbHe npaMaTepnje, a caMO MajiMM flejiOM M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbotmhdckmx opraHM3aMa. OcTaTaK 6mbHe npaMaTepnje, 6e3 o63npa fla jim je na cyBOM mjim y BOfln, Hanaflajy ćaKTepnje, nnjnM flenoBarbeM HacTaje TpeceT. TpeceT tokom fly>Ker BpeMeHa 3acnnajy necaK n Myjb. noujTO HacTajin cnojeBM pacTy, pacTe n npnTncaK, flona3n flo n3flBajaHja racoBa, Te caflpx
Ha cjimhm 2.10 npMKa3aH je CTeneH npoM3BOflibe yrjba, a y Ta6enM 2.5 npMKa3aHa je ocTBapeHa npoM3B0flrba yrrba. MMnMona
TpeceT. - l1pBy c}>a3y y npoL(ecy TpaHCCpopMagMje 6nrbHe MaTepMje y yrarb npeflCTaBjba TpeceT, MaTepnja cMBe flo CMBOLjpHe 6oje. TpaHccpopMaLjMja Mox
3eMJbacTM TpeceT - floinno je flo TpaHccpopMaLjMje y TaK03B3Hy TpeceTHy Macy ca MaibMM flenoM HepacnaflHyTor ĆMjbHor pacTMba; CKOnacTM TpeceT - cacTojM ce M3 xoMoreHe TpeceTHe Mace Koja He caflp>KM hmKaKBe ocTaTKe 6 MjbHe npaMaTepnje. LUto je BetiM cTeneH TpaHccpopMagMje, m KBanMTeT TpeceTa je 6orbM. TpeceT ce HapoHMTO jaBJba y MOHBapHMM npeflenMMa. hberoBy opraHCKy Macy caHHhbaBajy: yrrbeHMK 5 0 -6 0 % , KMceoHMK'9 0 -40% , BOflOHMK 4 -6 % , a30T 1 ,5 -3 % , cyMnop 0,3%. Caflpx
CcnKa 2.10. - flp0M3B0fli-ba yrrba
llpeMa CTeneHy yrrbeHMcaHOCTM, yrajb ce flenM Ha BMLue rpyna. JlnmMT. - flo cbom cacTaBy MO>Ke 6mtm flpBeHacTM, 3eMJbacTM m xyMycHM..JlMmMT y CLir je HajHemtie xyMycHM m oćmhho ce Hana3M Ha Manoj fly&MHM flo HeKonnKO fleceTMHa MeTapa, t 3ko fla ce eKcnnoaTMme noBpiuMHCKMM KonoBMMa. Caflp>KM 60-65% yrjbeHMKa, 20-30% N m O m 4 -6 % H, Bnare 40-60% a nenena flo 18%. florba TonnoTHa Mob nnrHMTa je 5-9 MJ/kg. JImthmt je yrnaBHOM CKnoH caMonaJbeH>y.
Kojiy6apa + KocTonag K ocobo' YKynHo noB. eKcnn. riofl3eMHa eKcnn. yKyriHO E n c
MpKH yran>. - TaMHiije je 6oje ofl TpeceTa n y nope^ehby ca h>mm MMa Befcy rycTHHy, ann je 3aT0 MaH>e xnrpocKonaH. y 3aBMCH0CTM ofl CTeneHa yrn3eHMcaH0CTM, mpkm yrarb MO>Ke 6 mtm jinrHHTHe, 3eM/bacTe n CMonacTe CTpyKType. y opraHCKii cacTaB MpKor yrrba yna3e: yrjr.eHHK 65-76%, KnceoHMK 17-28%, a30T 17-28% , BOflOHMK 5 -6 % n cyMnop oko 5%. HMa 5 -4 5 % nenejia n 20-55% BJiare. MpKn yrarb caropeBa flyrnM nnaMeHOM, npn HeMy ce ocjioćatja TonnoTa nnja je florba TonnoTHa MOti
29,3 MJ/kg. KaMeHki yran». - V nope1)eHby ca mpkhm yrn>eM, KaMeHn yran> je MaH>e xnrpocKonaH, a noceflyje Betiy rycTMHy m HBpcTOtiy. OpraHCKM cacTaB je cnefletiM: yrrbeHMK 75-90%, BOflOHMK 4 -6 % , KMceoHMK 2-28% m cyMnop 5%. Caflp>Kaj nenena Kpetie ce y rpaHMflaMa ofl 10-20%, a Bnare 3-15% . flohba TonnoTHa MOti je y MHTepBany Ofl 20,9-29,3 MJ/kg. KaMeHM yran> je xeMMjcKM cTa6nnHnjn, penaTMBHo nocTojaH, a nojeflMHe BpcTe cy CKnoHe caMonaTbei-by.
AHTpaflMT. - AHTpaflMT je yraTb KOfl Kora je npoqec TpaHccjjopMaflnje 6nTbHe npaMaTepnje y yraTb HajBMuje M3pa>KeH. OpraHCKM cacTaB aHTpapnTa je: yrrbeHMK 97-98% , a ocTaTaK HMHe CBe ocTane MaTepnje. Caflp>KM 8 -2 0 % nenena m oko 6% Bnare. floH>a TonnoTHa Moti je 21,1-27,2 MJ/kg. AHTpaflHT je BeoMa cTa6nnaH npn cKnaflmiJTeH>y, BennKe je rycTMHe, a Bpno Mane xnrpocKonHOCTM.
2 .2 .5 . n O C T v n U M O n . n E M E H a - M B f i l - b 'R M n F E P R f lE H B P C T M X T O P M B h fla 6m ce yrarb ecpMKacHO m 6 kohommmho eKcnnoaTMcao, noTpeĆHO ra je npe ynoTpe6e Ha oflroBapajytiM HasMH npMnpeMMTM - onneMeHMTM. hocTynflM npMMeHe yr/ba flene ce Ha: - OflCTpahbMBarbe rpy6nx MexaHMHKMx npMMeca, - flpo6jbeH>e m cMTtbeH>e, - peujeTart>e m KnacMpaH>e no BenMHMHM, - flenMMMHHO 0flCTpaH>eH>e Bnare. Ocnoćat^arte yrn>a ofl rpy6nx MexaHMHKMX HeHMcTotia Ha3MBa ce m cjjnoTaflMja m npeflCTaB/ba jeflHy ofl Mepa 3a no6ojbiiiaH>e KBanMTeTa ropMBa. O bo je cno>KeH npoflec HMjM je koh3hhm uy\n* OflCTpaH>ert>e MMHepanHMx npMMeca m h>mxobo cBot^eibe Ha HajMan>y Moryt.y Mepy. JeflaH ofl nocTynaKa cj>noTaflMje je m nocTynaK no3HaT nofl MMeHOM MOKpa cenapaflMja. CyiiiTMHa nocTynKa je y KopMiutiett>y pa3nMKa y rycTMHM, n cacTojM ce y TOMe fla ce yrarb noTana y B0fly o6oratieHy necKOM, TaKO fla ce flOĆMja cycneH3Mja Koja v\ua Betiy rycTMHy ofl yr/ba. MMHepanne npMMece M3 yrn>a 36or Te>KMHe naflajy Ha flHo ypet)aja, flOK yran> nnMBa no noBpibM cycneH3Mje. ypetjajM y KojMMa ce oflBMja oBaKaB npoflec no3H3TM cy nofl MMeHOM cenapaTopM, a Mory 6mtm qeHTpMcf>yranHM m rpaBMTaflMOHM.
ropnBM uiKpiin>flii. - HacTajy M3 opraHCKor Myjr.a f l f O E .t E I -b E M C H T h b E H b E V n t r F l pacnaflaH>eM 6 mjt>hmx m >kmbotmh>ckmx opraHM3aMa, Hajneujtie 6e3 npMcycTBa Ba3flyxa. TopMBM ujKpMn>L(M flpo6n>ett>e je npogec cMan>MBaH>a KOMafla yrn>a cy y CTBapM cTeHe npo>KeTe opraHCKOM MacoM. l-bMX0B flMpeKTHMM flenoBatt>eM MexaHMHKe cnne m oho opraHCKM cacTaB je: yrn>eHMK 70%, boaohmk 9,5%, MO>Ke 6mtm: cyMnop 4,5%. Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx MaTepMja je - npMnpeMHO (y flMJby 0flCTpaH>MBaH>a MMHepanHMX 70%, a Bnare 20%. TonnoTHa MOti je 27,2-33,5 MJ/kg. npMMeca m bpujm ce Ha BetiMM KOMaflMMa) m
- 3aBpujH0 (aKO cy npo,qyKTM npnnpeM/beHn 3a ynoTpe6y y BennHMHM Ha KOjy cy n3flpo6/beHn). CaM npoflec ce peann3 yje Ha HeKonnKo HannHa, Kao iiito cy rtbesehbe, yflap, flenatbe, a necTO ce npnMetbyjy n KOMĆMHOBaHM nocTynpn. y 3 aBMCH0 c™ ofl KpynHotie npoflyKaTa flpoćjbetta pa3 JiHKyjeMo: -
rpy6o flpoćjbeibe (KOMaflM ofl 100-200 mm), cpefltbe flpo6jbehbe (25-80 mm), c{)mho flpo6jbeibe (3 -2 5 mm), rpy6o cnTibeibe - MjieBeibe (0,5-3 mm),
flpo6njinfla ca HeKMtiHMa cnafla y pefl 6p30xoflHnx MaiunHa n pafln Ha npnHqnny yflapa yflapHnx Tena o MaTepnjan Kojn ce flpoćn. CacTojn ce ofl poTopa Kojn je y cyujTMHM BpaTMJio ca flBa ocjiOHna Ha KOje cy nocTaBJbeHa yflapHa Tena. Ha yjia3y y flpoćnJinpy Hajia3M ce pemeTKa pafln cnpenaBaiba yjiacKa BejinKnx KOMafla, a Ha M3Jia3y flpyra pemeTKa ofl HMje BejlMHMHe OTBOpa 3aBMCH Cf)MHOtia flpOĆJbeiba. y cjiynajy BejiMKe cjjnHotie flpoćjbeiba Bjia>KHor yrjba flOJia3n flo 3aTBapaiba pemeTKe Ha H3jia3y, 36or nera 3H3tho onafla KanaflMTeT flpo6nnnfle. flpo6miML(e ca BarbflHMa cy cnopoxoflHe MamnHe n Mory 6hth ca jeflHHM n flBa BajbKa, a KopncTe ce 3a ycuThbaBatbe tbpamx n cpeflrbe tbpahx yrjbeBa. no CBOjMM paflHMM KapaKTepMCTMKaMa Matbe cy yHMBep3anHe Ofl npeTxoflHMx.
X2J— 'isT - — U-,
n n n
. o ______
n X !o o o O O OI ooo o o oj o oo
(VTJnL'
□m
(AJUUl 0000
0000 ( CnnKa 2.11. - BpcTe cnTa
m
peiueTa
y eKcnnoaTaflMjM ce flejiMMMHHO OflCTpatbyje Bjiara Ha BMme HanMHa:
5.a.3. nPMMEHE H E PC TM X TOPMEfi Yrarb ce kopmctm: - 3a flMpeKTHy ynoTpe6y (Kao ropMBO) y jio>KMmTMMa netiM M KOTJlOBa,
P E L U E T R H b E M K / lR C M F R h b E t T J b R - C O P T M P R H b E i-T .lt -R OBaj nocTynaK ce npMMeHDyje y L(MJby floĆMjatba yrjba OflroBapajytie BenMHMHe noTpeĆHe 3a oflpe1^eHM eHepreTCKM npoqec, oahocho nocTpojetbe. noCTynaK pemeTatba je hmcto MexaHMHKM nocTynaK KojM ce y ochobm cacTOjM y copTMpatby yrrba no Bejimhmhm, npMMeHOM oflroBapajytiMx CMTa m pemeTa (CJlMKa 2.11). riomTO npOflyKTM flOĆMjeHM OBaKBMM nocTynKOM yBeK MMajy 0flpe1)eHe flMMeH3Mje Koje 3aBMce Ofl OTBopa Ha CMTy, Ha3MBajy ce Knace, a m caM nocTynaK - nocTynaK KjiacMpaiba.
ll03HaTa je cjiefletia nofleaa Ha Kjiace: KOMafl - yrajb BetiM ofl 60 mm,
K0L(Ka - yrajb BetiM ofl 30 mm flo 120 mm, opax - yrajb BetiM ofl 15 mm flo 65 mm, rpax - yrajb BetiM ofl 5 mm flo 35 mm, npamMHa - yrajb BetiM ofl 0 mm flo 20 mm.
- 3a npepafly y flpyre KBajiMTeTHMje BMflOBe HBpCTMX, TeHHMX MJIM raCOBMTMX TOpMBa. [IpMJiMKOM npepafle yrrba y flpyre BMflOBe eHeprMje pa3JiMKyjeM0 npMMapHe m ceKyHflapHe npoL(ece npepafle. ripMMapHM npoi^ecM cy 6pMKeTMparbe m MJieBerbe yrrba y npax, a ceKyHflapHM npopecM npeflCTaBJbajy flOĆMjatbe flpyrMx hbpctmx, tbhhmx mjim racoBMTMxropMBa.
MneBeibe yrjba y npax je npMMapHM npoLiec npepafle yrjba. npMMeibyje ce paflM flo6Mjaiba yrjba y cnpameHOM CTarby, Koje flaHac npeflCTaBJba ochobhm h3hmh caropeBaiba y no>KMmTMMa KOTnoBa T e p MoeneKTpaHa. O chobhm 3aflaMM MnMHa y npopecy npnnpeMe yrjbeHor npaxa cy: - ycMThbaBaHDe yrjba flo cmthmx HecTMqa paflM 6ojber m 6p>Ker caropeBaba,
- cymetbe ynba flo Oflpel^eHe Bna>KHOCTM, - o6e36et)MBaibe noTpeĆHe 6p3MHe necTMLia caMneBeHor yrjba Ha yna3y y ropMOHMKe.
CnnKa 2.12. - BeHTnnaTopcKM
m / imh
Mjimhobm Mory 6hth pa3/iMMMTe KOHCTpyKL\nje, a HajHeiiitie ce npnMeHayjy BeHTnnaTopcKn mjimhobm (cnnKa 2.12).
E P H K E T H P f lh b E BpnKeTnpan^e je npoL(ec KOjnM ce ofl cnTHnjnx flenntia yrn3a, yrnaBHOM npaniMHe, cnen/bMBaHbeM no,q npnTncKOM fločnjajy KOMafln npaBnnHor oćnnKa - 6pnKeTM, Hnja Maca MO>xe 6mtm ofl 1 kg flo 8 kg. CaM nocTynaK ce ocTBapyje y npecaMa. y npoflecy ćpnKeTnpai-ba kophctm ce n Be3HBHi/i MaTepnjan opraHCKor nnn HeopraHCKor cacTaBa. Kopnmtiehbe opraHCKMix MaTepnja Kao Be3MBHnx cpeflCTaBa je 6o/be, jep noBefcaBajy TonnoTHy mo1t m noćonDiJuaBajy caropeBahbe. yTML|aj Be3HBHor cpeflCTBa je 3HanajaH n 3a BennnnHy paflHor npnTncKa npn caćn-
jaHsy. BpnKeTnpai-be OMorytiaBa n ncKopniiiTaBaHae yrn>eHe npainnHe Koja ce nHane He 6h Morna mckopncTHTM. EpnKeTM oMorytiaBajy paBHOMepHMjy BaTpy jep cy n ohm caMH npn6nn>KHe, na n ncTe BenMHMHe. BpnKeTn cy nocTojaHM Ha CKnaflniiiTy, TpaHCnopT je eKOHOMnnaH n hhct .
nocT^nR K
c l -'b e
.o e c t m j i r u m j e
nocTynaK cyBe flecTnnaflnje je ochobhm ceKyHflapnpoflec npepafle yr/ba Kojn ce cacTojn y pa3naraHay yr/ba 6e3 npncycTBa Ba3flyxa. no3HaTO je fla npn 3arpeBahby HeKe HBpcTe MaTepnje - ro p n B a , y nocTopy ca HeflOBO/bHOM KonnHMHOM Ba3flyxa, nnn 6e3 Ba3flyxa, flona3n flo i-beHor pacnaflaHsa Ha BI/ILLie HBpCTHX, TeHHMX MnH raCOBHTHX npO H 3 B O fla. Haj3HaHajHnjn je Ofl cbhx CBaKaKO kokc . hm
rlH T G h b O
H
3 a .q O IJ P
1. LUTa cy MBpcTa ropkiBa m KaKO ce ,qene?
2.HaBefln KapaKTepncTMKe m očnacT npmvieHe flpBeTa. 3. LLlTa 3Hai±i o TpeceTy? 4. HaBefln BpcTe yrrba, ocHOBHe oco6nHe n npmvieHy nojeflMHiix BpcTa yrrba. 5. HaBeflM m onmun nocTynKe onneiviehbMBaFba ynrba. 6. LLlTa 3Ham o nocTynL(mvia npepafle yr/ba? 7. Koja cy noflpynja npmvieHe hbpcthx ropnBa? 8. Kojmvi nocTynKOM ce no6nja
2 .3 . T E ' H H R
kokc ?
rO P M E R
2 .3 .1. E F 'C T E T E H H H X rO F 'M E R TenHa ropnBa mviajy npeflHOCTn y 0flH0cy Ha HBpcTa ropnBa: Befca TonnoTHa ivioti, Marbn caflp>xaj 6anaCTa, 6ofbe caropeBaHDe n eKOHOMHHHMje eKcnnoaTMcaHae.
noLUTO cy HeflOCTapn TeHHnx ropnBa - naKa 3anaHdMBOCT M eKCnn03MBH0CT, OTpOBHOCT M CnHHHO, 3H3THO Mahbn Hero LUTO je yTM L(aj fl06pnx 0C06MHa, TenHa ropnBa MMajy mnpoKy npnMeHy y MHflycTpnjn, cao6paTiajy n eHepreTnpn. TenHa ropnBa ce flene npeMa nopeKny Ha npnpoflHa, npepa^eHa n cMHTeTMHKa.
HacpTa ce flOĆMja 6ymerbeM 3eMibe flo fly6MHe ofl m Bniue, rfle ce HacpTa o6mhho Hana3M.
5 000 m na
HacpTa MCTMHe M3 6ymoTMHa nofl npMTMCKOM KOjM Bnafla y fly6MHM m yHyTap 6ymoTMHa Kao nocneflMpa pacTBopeHor raca y HacpTM. y TOKy eKcnnoaTaflMOHor nepMOfla npMTMcaK ce y 6ymoTMHM nocTeneHO cMarbyje, na ce HacpTa noTMCKyje nyMnaMa mhm yflyBaBarbeM raca MnM BOfle nofl npMTMCKOM y Hana3MmTe HacpTe. npM noBpmMHM ce M3flBaja pacTBopeHM rac M3 HacpTe, t 3ko fla ce flo6Mja CMema HacpTe m raca Koja ce OflBOflM y cenapaTope, rfle ce TenHa cpa3a oflBaja Ofl racoBMTe y 3ace6He pe3epBoape. H3 obmx pe3epBoapa HacpTa ce Ha pa3nMHMTe HaHMHe (peBOBOflMMa, TaHKepMMa, flMCTepHaMa) TpaHcnopTyje y pacpMHepMje. PacpMHepnje cy nocTpojeiba y KojMMa ce HacpTa npepapyje y oflroBapajytie npoM3BOfle.
2 .3 .2 . nFM PO.DJHR T E H H R rO P M E R
2.3.3. CHHTETMHKR TE'HHR rOF'MER
HacjjTa je npnpoflHO TenHO ropnBO m no cacTaBy je cnoxyje y hm3 flpyrnx ropMBa m M33MBa. TycTMHa HacjDTe Kpetie ce y rpaHMflaMa ofl riocTynaK, koJm ce M3B0flM nofl npMTMCKOM ofl 2 MPa 0,82 flo 0,92 g/cm3. y TeMnepaTypHOM MHTepBany ofl 300 flo 500°C, nocToje TeopMje o opraHCKOM m HeopraHCKOM nope- Ha3MBa. ce xMflpMpai-be m cacTojM ce y 3arpeBaiby Kny HacpTe. TeopMja o opraHCKOM nopeKny je flaHac yrrba Ha oko 350°C, npM neMy ce M3flBajajy racoBMnpM3HaTa m BetiMHa HayHHMKa roBopM o HacT3HKy tm npoflyKTM m HacTaje nonyKOKc. npM OBOMe ce HacpTe M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbmx opraHM3aMa flyroTpajHMM flOBOflM BOflOHMK KOjM 3ay3MMa npa3Ha MecTa y Becno>KeHMM npopecoM. 3aMa - pemeTKaMa, m tbko ce yrarb 6oraTM BOflOM.
CnHTe3a npeflCTaBjta flpyrn nocTynaK 3a fločnjai-be TeMHMX ropnBa H3 hbpcthx ropnBa, a OflBnja ce y HeKoni/iKO c}3a3a.
- npeKO y>KapeHor KOKca npeBOfln ce BOfleHa napa, npn neMy HacTaje BOfleHM - cmht63hh rac c +
h
2o =
co
+
h
2.
- 3aTMM ce oflCTpahbyje cyMnop n HacTaB/ba ce
yBOtjei-be BOflOHMKa C O + 2 H 2 = (C H 2) + H 20 .
- Ha Kpajy ce Bpmn cnajaibe CH-rpyna, npn neMy HacTajy y/ba BeoMa crmHHa HacjiTM, Koja ce fla/be npepat>yjy Beti HaBefleHMM nocTynL|HMa.
cTaBjbeHa M3 BennKor 6poja pa3nMHMTMx yrnDOBOflOHMKa. riOLIITO CB3KM yrJbOBOflOHMK MM3 CBOjy TeMnepaTypy ,,ncnapaBaHDa“, to he ce nocTeneHO jeflaH no jeflaH yrjbOBOflOHMK M3flBajaTM. CBaKy rpyny yrrbOBOflOHMKa Ha3MBaM0 cfrpaKpnja, a caM nocTynaK cf>paKflwoHMcaibe. XnatjeH>eM yrrbOBOflOHMKa, KOjn cy ce M3flBojnnn, flo6njajy ce oflroBapajyhn npon3BOflw - ropnBa, Ma3MBa, Ma3yT. HajcTapnjn nocTynaK 3 a flo6njaHbe obmx npoflyKaTa je 0paKL(MOHa flecTnnaflnja HacjDTe. CywTMHa OBor nocTynKa je y nocTeneHOM 3arpeBaHDy HacjDTe, i+eHOM ncnapaBaH3y m K0HfleH30BaHjy. CaBpeMeHMjn nocTynfln npepafle ce 3acHMBajy Ha nocTeneHoj KOHfleH3apnjM Koja MO>Ke fla 6yfle jeflHocj3a3Ha m flBocj>a3Ha. Hacj>Ta, KOja je ocnoćotjeHa BOfle, conn m MexanpnMeca, noTMCKyje ce nyMnaMa. flarbn nocTynaK npepafle ce cBOfln Ha yBot5ert>e Hacj>Te y TaK03B3He cj>paKL\MOHe cj>a3e, rfle ce nocTynKOM 4>paKflMOHMcaH>a flo6njajy cneflehn npon3BOfln: hmhkmx
5 .3 .H . n P E P R T ^ E H R
TE H H fl
rO P M B fl
ripepatjeHa TeHHa ropnBa ce flo6njajy npepaflOM npnpOflHor ropnBa, npe CBera HacjDTe. MMajytiH y BHfly CBe Behy HecTamnfly m noTpe6y 3a papnoHanHnjnM Tpome+ieM Hacj^Te, flaHac ce CBe Brnije Te>KM flo6njaH3y tghhmx npepatjeHnx ropMBa M3 hbpctmx ropnBa, HapoHHTo yrrba. CyuiTHHa npepafle npnpoflHe Hacj>Te y npepatjeHo TenHO ropnBO cacTojn ce y c})M3MHkom nocTynKy pa3naraHaa - pa3flBaja+>a HacjJTe Ha hm3 KOMnoHeHaTa, llito OMorytiaBa HMibeHMfla - fla je Hacjrra ca-
Ilopefl npwviapHMX nocTynaKa npepafle, nocToje n ceKyHflapHki nocTynL(M npepafle.
Pa3rpaflHba yribOBO,qoHMKa (KpeKOBahbe) je nocTynaK r,qe ce M3 Te>Knx yrjbOBOflHMKa flo6njajy naKian.
Kao cnpoBMHa kopmctm ce ocTaTaK nocne npBe c{oa3e cjjpaKflMOHncahba, a Kao npon3BOfl fločnja ce 6eH3MHCKa cjspaKflnja. M3rpaflHaa ym>OBOflOHHKa (nonmviepii3aflkija) je cynpoTaH nocTynaK npeTxoflHOM, rfle ce M3 Bmne MoaeKyna naKrner CTan>a flo 6nja jeflaH MoneKyn BMLuer pefla. Kao cnpoBMHa KopncTe ce racoBMTM yrnjOBOflOHMfln, a Kpajrbn uy\rb je flo 6njahbe 6eH3MHCKe cjjpaKflnje.
KoHBep3nja yrjbOBOflOHMKa (pecpopMncafbe) je noCTynaK rfle je cnpoBHHa 6eH3MHCKa cjjpaKflnja, a m flo6nja ce 6eH3MHCKa ctDpaKflnja, ann ca 3H3tho no6on>LuaHMM ocoĆMHaMa 3a npMM6Hy
koa
oTo-MOTOpa.
YrpaflH>a yrn»OBOflOHMKa je nocTynaK KojM ce CBOflM Ha yrpafltt>y yrnDOBOflOHMKa koa cbmx npeTXOflHMX nocTynaKa: KpeKOBai-ba, nonMMepM3aqMje m pecjDopMMcaba.
S .3 .E . nPM M EHE TE H H M X rO P M B fl TenHa ropMBa ce npMMeHbyjy y o6nMKy pa3nMHMTMx BpcTa ropMBa.
MOTOPHM EEH3MHM Obm 6eH3MHM ce KopMCTe 3a noroH OTO-MOTopa ca yHyipaiiJH3MM caropeBai-beM. O chobhm cacTOjflM cy cfjpaKflMje HacpTe, HMja je TanKa Kn>yHaHba flo 200°C. 6eH3M HM Kao ropMBa, nopefl ochobhmx, MOpajy fla ncnyHe m flBa cneflMcjDMHHa 3axTeBa: fla naKO mcnapaBajy (HeonxoflHO 3a o6pa30Ban>e CMeme) m fla He caropeBajy fleTOHaTMBHo (luto je BeoMa 3HanajHO 3a nponec caropeBarba).
y 3EBMCHOCTM Ofl OKTaHCKOr 6pOja, Kao HajBaMCHMje KapaKTepMCTMKe 3a oqeHy KBanMTeTa 6eH3MHa npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby, 6eH3MHM ce y Hamoj 3eMn>M flene Ha: -
motophm motophm
6eH3MH 98 OKTaHa (cynep) m 6eH3MH 86 OKTaHa (perynaTop).
OBa KapaKTepMCTMKa ce McnMTyje Ha cneflMjanHMM jeflHOflMnMHflpMHHMM MOTopMMa, npM HeMy ce ynope^yje npoqec caropeBarba 6eH3MHa, KojM McriMTyjemo, ca npoflecoM caropeBaH>a yrn>oBOflOHMKa (C8H18) - M300KT3H m HopManHor xenTaHa C7H16. l/l300KTaH je M3BaHpeflHO OTnopaH npeMa fleTOHatmbhom caropeBan>y na je y3eT Kao Mepnno KBajiMTeTa ca oqeHOM cto (100), flOK je xenTaa BeoMa CKnoH fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby m oh je y3eT Kao
Mepnno ca oqeHOM Hyna (0). OTnopHOCT 6eH3MHa npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBan>y MCKa3yje ce npeKO oKTaHCKor 6poja KojM je 6pojHO jeflHaK npofleHTHOM yHemtiy M3ooKT3Ha y CMeaiM ce xeKTaHOM.
rOPM BH 3 li □H SE.n-M O TO P E OBa ropMBa ce npMMett>yjy 3 a noroH flM3en-MOTopa, k3ko 6 p30 xoflHMx, t 3ko m cnopoxoflHMx (to cy cjjpaKflMje HacjDTe Koje y npoqecy pacjDMHMcarba ncnapaBajy y rpaHMflaMa ofl 220-350°C). flM3en-ropMBa Mopajy mm3tm floćpe ocoĆMHe caropeBarba, fla naKO McnapaBajy m fla cy npoTOHHa (npe CBera Ha hm>kmm TeMnepaTypaMa). KBanMTeT flM3en-ropMBa ce Oflerbyje y nornefly KBanMTeTa ynan>MBOCTM m bplum ce Ha cneqMjanHMM jeflHOflMnMHflpMHHMM flM3en-MOTOpMMa. OfleHa KB3nMTeTa ce cacTojM y ynopel5MBaH3y ynan>MBOCTM oflpe1>eHor flM3en-MOTopa ca cMeiuoM C 16H34 qeTana m HacjDTanMHa C ^ H ^ . LjeTaH npnnafla napacjDMHckmm yrjbOBOflOHML|MMa m BeoMa je ynan>MB, tbko fla je y3eT 3a eTanoH ynan>MBOCTM ca OfleHOM cto (100). Ca flpyre CTpaHe MeTMn-HacjDTanMH je y3eT ca oqehom Hyna (0). LJeTaHCKM 6poj je OfleHa ynarbMB0CTM flM3en-ropMBa m 6pojHO je jeflHaK 3anpeMMHCKOM npoqeHTy qeTaHa y CMemM ca MeTMn-HacjjTanMHOM. CBa flM3 en-ropMBa MO>xeMO cbpct3 tm y cneflet>e rpyne: -
flM3en-ropMBO B p n o naKO 3 a 6p30X0flHe flM3 e n -M O To p e , M OTope nyTHMHKMX B03Mna;
- flM3en-ropMBO naKO - D2 3a flM3en-MOTope TpaHcnopTHMX B03Mna, Kao m 3a cTa6MnHe MOTope (ćpoflOBM, >Kene3HMqa). TopMBa 3a Mna3He MOTope npMMerbyjy ce 3a noroH aBMOHa m npeflCTaBJbajy cJjpaKflMje Koje ce M3flBajajy M3Mel5y 6eH3MHCKe m flM3enMOTopcKe cjjpaKflMje Ha TeMnepaTypM Ofl 140°C flo 280°C. 36or CMryphoctm neTenMfle m 6e36eflHOCTM nyTHMKa m TepeTa, KojM ce npeB03M, OBa ropMBa Mopajy MMaTM oflpetjeHe otoćMHe. rio HaujMM CTaHflapflMMa nponMcyjy ce flBe BpcTe Mna3 HMxropMBa: - TMn 1 - GM1 - ropMBO 3a Mna3 He MOTope, neTpo-
nejcKe c|DpaKL(Mje, - TMn 4 - GM4 - ropMBO 3 a Mna3 He MOTope inMpoKe cjjpaKL(Mje. Yn>a 3a no>KeH>e ce KopMCTe KaKO 3a KOTnoBe pa3nMHMTMx HaMeHa, t 3ko m 3a noroHe flM3en-MOTopa BenMKMX cHara, a Mannx 6pojeBa o6pTaja. l-bMX0Be ocoćMHe Mopajy OflroBapaTM 3axTeBMMa y nornefly caropeBarba, o6pa30BaH>a cMeuue m npoTOHHocTM.
a
S - cpeflhbe yjbe 3a jio>KeHbe (ynoTpe6jbaBa ce y
OHa je 3HanajHa kbko 3a o6pa30Bahbe cMeuue, tbko h 3a caropeBaHae. UJto je bhcko3hoct yjba Betia, yjbe ce jnoujnje pacnpcKaBa, a caMMM tmm jioujnje m
MHflycTpnjn m eHepreTMflM 3a nocTpojeiba Man>er KanaflMTeTa),
Y/ba 3a no>Kei-be ce flene npeMa
bmcko3hocth ,
caropeBa. B mcko3hoct ce MeH>a ca npoMeHOM TeMnepaType, na ce CTora npenopyHyje npeflrpeBaibe yjba npe ynoTpeče. OBa 3aBMCHOCT je npMKa3aHa Ha c j i 2.14.
T - TeujKO yjbe 3a jio>Kehbe ( kopmctm ce Kao ropMBO y BejlMKMM MHflyCTpMjCKMM nOrOHMMa M BetiMM eHepreTCKMM o6jeKTMMa - TepMoeoeKTpaHaMa), LS - cneflMjajiHO yjbe 3a jio>Keibe ( kopmctm ce Kao ropMBO 3a ćpoflCKe MaoiMHe, a npBeHCTBeHo 3a njiOBHe oćjeKTe MopHapMfle), TM1 m TM2 - TeiuKa MeTaoypujKa yjba 3a jio>KeH>e (KopMcre ce y MeTajiyprMjM, Kao m y cbmm nocTpojerbMMa rfle ce Tpa>KM mbjim caflp>xaj cyMnopa).
a.H. T R C O E H T R TO P M E R a .H .l. E P C T E rO P M E fi
CnnKa 2.14. - ripoMeHa
bmcko 3hoctm
3a npoMeHOM
TeMnepaType
Ham CTaHflapfl npM3Haje cjiefletie BpcTe jio>K-yjba: EL - eKCTpa
jia K O
yjbe 3a noKejbe ( kopmctm ce 3a
3arpeBaibe cTaM6eHnx npocTopnja - HacjDTapmje), L - J ia K O yjbe 3a jio>Keibe (npnMeibyje ce y MHflycTpnjn 3a fleHTpajiHO rpejaibe a y nojbonpnBpefln MMa Lunpy HaMeHy),
n H T O h b - O
1. LLlTa H33M BaM 0
H
3 O .C I .'j L I .H
TeHHMM TOpMBMMa?
%
2. LLlTa je HacpTa? 3. LLJTa cnafla y npepatjeHa TeHHa ropMBa? 4. HlTa cy cMHTeTMHKa tchh 3 ropMBa?
•
5. Koje cy ofljiMKe motophmx 6eH3MHa? 6. LLlTaje okt 3hckm 6poj?i 7. Koje cy KapaKTepMCTMKe flM3en-ropMBa? 8. HlTa je peTaHCKM 6poj? 9. HaBeflM BpcTe ropMBa 3a MJia3He MOTope.
10. HaeeflM BpcTe no>K-yjb§.'!
-*•
rf iC O B M T M K
r acoBMTa ropMBa cy CBe 3HasajHMjM eHepreTCKM mBop y nope1)eiby ca TeHHMM m hbpctmm ropMBMMa. r acoBMTMM ropMBMMa ce JiaKiue pyKyje, peryjiaflMja npofleca caropeBarba je jeflHOCTaBHMja, caropeBajy noTnyHMje m ca 3H3tho Marbe otpobhmx KOMnoHeHTM Hero Apyra ropMBa. TacoBMTa ropMBa MMajy BeoMa Mano 6anacTa (BJiare m nenejia), ajiM cy jiaKiue 3anajbMBa, eKcnjio3MBHa cy m 3axTeBajy MaKCMMariHy onpe3HOCT m npM TpaHcnopTy m pyKOBarby. llpeMa HanMHy flo6Mjarba racoBMTa ropMBa MO>KeMO noflenMTM Ha npMpoflHa m npepatjeHa, a npeMa caCTaBy Ha:
riopefl npeflHocTM Tpe6a HanoMeHyTM m HeKe HeflOKao ujto cy Man>a ecpMKacHOCT 03paneHMx noBpuiM m noBetiaHa onacHOCT ofl eKcnno3nje.
CTaTKe, r O
F H B R
To cy ropnBa KOja ce Ha/ia3e y npnpofln, Ha npnMep Kao TexHonoujKO ropnBO, npnpoflHH rac ce ynoTpejaMCKn rac, pyflapcKM rac, npnpoflHn 3eMHM rac, 6n>aBa y HM3y npofleca TonrbeHja pyfle, 3arpeBan>a čapcKH rac n Tpynn rac. O fl cbhx HaBefleHnx jeflHHO MaTepnjana, TepMoxeMMjcKe o6pafle MeTana m Mace KopncTM npnpoflHn 3eMHn rac K.ojn je no3HaT nofl Tepnjana, cyuieH>a MaTepnjana n flpyro. MMeHOM npnpoflHM rac. npnpoflHii rac je npaTefie ropMBO Ha MecTHMa rfle HMa HacpTe, a He peTKO ce Kao cnpoBMHa y xeMnjcKoj MHflycTpMjn, npnpoflHM Hana3n n caMOCTanHO y npnpofln. HacTao je mcthm rac ce kopmctm 3a flOĆnjaHse pa3nnHMTMX npon3BOfla m nonynpoM3BOfla Kojn ce oneT KopncTe 3a nponpopecoM TpaHCCpopMapnje ofl ncTe npaMaTepnje M3BOflH>y cneflMjanHMx cyncTaHL|M. Kao m HacpTa. 3eMHM rac ce Hana3M Kao cnočoflaH y T3B. „rnenep Kann“ M3Hafl HacpTe, a MOxce 6htm m Be3aH - pacTBopeH y HacpTM. y cacTaB npnpoflHor raca yna 3e yrnDOBOflOHMflM (eTaH, nponaH m 6yTaH), boaohmk, yrrbeH-flnoKCHfl, a30T m KiiceoHMK, a noHeKafl m cyMnop m M3y 3eTHO CyMnOp-BOflOHMK.
2 .H .3 . n F 'E P R IiiE H R r R C O B H T R rO P M B R
□pepatjeHa racoBMTa ropnBa Mory ce aoćhth Ha bmuie HaHHHa. V 3aBMCH0CTM ofl nona3He cnpoBMHe nocTOje:
y npnpoflHOM racy Kojn ce Hana3M TaMO rfle nMa m Hacjrre, caflpxKaBa m 100%. - npepatjeHa racoBMTa ropnBa M3 flpyrnx racoBMTacoBn, Kojn caflp>xe Betiy KonMHHHy nponaHa m t m x ropMBa. 6yTaHa, Ha3MBajy ce Bna>KHM nnn MacHM, 3a pasnnKy ofl racoBa ca 3H3tho MaHaHM npofleHTOM 6yTa- (IpepatjeHa racoBMTa ropMBa M3 HacpTe nnn npoHa m nponaHa Kojn ce na3HBajy cyBM nnn cnpo- flyxaTa npepafle HacpTe flo6njajy ce Kao npaTetin MaiilHH.
riocTynKOM flera3onnHa>Ke M3 Bna>KHnx npnpoflHHx M3flBajajy ce TeHHM racoBM, ym>OBOflOHMqn Brnijer pefla M3 Kojnx ce floćnja naK 6eH3MH (ra30bmh) n ocTaje cyBM npnpoflHM rac. racoBa
Ba>KHO je HanoMeHyTM fla je TonnoTHa Moh npnpoflhmx racoBa flo6njeHHx H3 racHMX 6ymoTMHa neujTO HM>Ka Ofl TonnoTHe Mofcn npnpoflHHx racoBa KOjn ce flo6njajy H3 6ynjOTMHa 3ajeflH0 ca nacpTOM. Ca BetMM caflp>KajeM eTaHa, nponaHa n 6yTaHa pacTe m TonnoTHa moIt racoBHTnx ropnBa.
npoM3BOfl npn npoLjecnMa cppaKL|MOHe flecTnnaflnje, KpeKOBaHaa m flpyror. (DpaKflMOHOM flecTMnaqnj0M ce flo6njajy 3acntieHM yrjT30B0fl0HMflM, a KpeKOBarbeM m n>eMy cnMHHMM nocTyni4MMa He3aCMtieHM, Kao ujto cy nponaH, 6yTaH, nponMneH, 6yTMneH m cnMHHO. O bm racoBM MMajy BMuie aTOMa yr/beHMKa, na ce o6mhho y caMOj pacJ>MHepMjM kopncTe 3a 3arpeBarbe netiM, Te cy floćnnM m MMe pacj>MHepMjcKM racoBM.
riopefl pacpMHepnjcKMx racoBa nocToje m TenHM raKOjM npeflCTaBTbajy yrrbOBOflOHMKe ca tpm m neTMpn aTOMa yrrbeHMKa, Kao ujto cy 6yTaH C4H10, Ilopefl HaBefleHnx KOMnoHeHaTa y HeKMM npnpofl- 6yTMneH C4H8, nponaH C3H8 m nponnneH C 3H6. l/lMe hmm racoBMMa Hana3MMO m jeflni-berba cyMnopa, np- TenHM racoBM flo6MnM cy no TOMe uito npM HopManBeHCTBeHO cyMnop-BOflOHMKa - flo 2%. CyMnop-BO- hmm TeMnepaTypaMa m hmckom npMTMCKy npena3e y flOHMK je BeoMa TOKCMnaH, floćpo ce pacTBapa y TeHHO cTaH>e. TenHa ropnBa cy no3HaTa Kao 6yTaH BOflM MMMa K0P03MBH0 flejCTBO, T3KO fla je HaerOBO m flo6njajy ce M3flBajarbeM M3 pacf}HHepnjcKHx racoBa nnn M3 npnpoflHor raca. riopefl npnMeHe TenHMx npMcycTBO Kpaji-be Heno>KejT>HO. ropnBa y flOMatiMHCTBy m MHflycTpnjM nocTOjn moTonnoTHa MOti npMpoflHor raca je 36 flo 41 MJ/m3N. rytiHOCT H>nxoBe npnMeHe n 3a noroHe MOTopa ca OćnacT npMMeHe npnpoflHor raca je ujnpoKa, kbko yHyTpami-bHM caropeBarteM, OTO-MOTope, jep MMajy Kao ropMBa, TaKO m y xeMnjcKoj MHflycTpnjM. Jlo- BennKy OTnopHocT npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM carope>KMUJTa KOTnoBa, Kojn ce 3arpeBajy npnpoflHMM Barby. Hdmxobm okt 3hckm 6pojeBM cy: 6yTaH-96, M30racoM, cy jeflHOCTaBHMja m MMajy 3H3tho Marbn 6poj 6yTaH-102, nponaH-112 MTfl. MetjyTMM m3cobho ce noMOtiHMx ypetjaja KOfl Kojnx cy Mai-bM ry 6nqM no He npMMeit>yjy 3a noroHe OTO-MOTopa, jep Tpaxce jeflMHMflM CHare, Marbe je npn>aH>e rpejHnx noBpmn BetiM npocTop 3a CKnaflnuiTerbe, a Maite cy m 6e36eflHM ofl npnpoflHnx TeHHMX ropMBa. m HeMa nenena n mn>aKe. cobm
riocTynKOM racncf)MKaL(Mje, Kojn je y cyuiTMHM nponec HenoTnyHor caropeBaf-ba, npeTBapajy ce HBpcTa ropnBa y racoBMTa. OBaj npoi^ec M3BOfln ce y ypeIjajnMa cneflMjanHe KOHCTpyKflMje, TaK03BaHMM racoreHepaTopMMa, no KojMMa cy fločMjeHM racoBM m
TonnoTHe Mofcn cy TaKotje pa3nMHMTe n Kpetiy ce y rpaHMflaMa Ofl 5,8 flo 30,5 MJ/m3N, a y 33bmchoctm ofl HBpcTor ropMBa Koje cmo noflBprnn cyBoj flecTMnaflnjn.
floČMnM MMe reHepaTopcKM racoBM. y npoflecy racMcjaMKaflMje kopmctm ce Ba3flyx, BOfleHa napa MnM hbMXOBa MeiuaBMHa, na ce 33bmcho ofl Tora Mory ao 6 mtm Ba3flymHM, BOfleHM mhm MeiuaHM reHepaTopcKM rac, ofl nera 3aBMce m KapaKTepMCTMKe caMor raca. riocTynaK racMCjjMKaLiMje ce oflBMja y cj)a3aMa. ripBO ce bpllim caropeBarbe yr/beHMKa M3 KOKca mhm nonyKOKca: C + 0 2 = 0O 2, npn neMy ce ocnočalja M3BecHa KonMHMHa TonnoTe. Y HapeflHoj cpa3Mce CTBapa yrrbeH-MOHOKCMfl, m to: C 0 2 + C = 2CO. y flarbMM 4>a3aMa ce npBO TepMMHCKM pa3nax
HOKCMfl 35,5%, BOflOHMK 26,5%, MeT3H 26,4%, 11,3% M KMCeOHMK 0,5%.
a30T
2 .E . H ^ K J lE R F H fl rO P M E R a . E .1. E P C T E , C B O J C T E f i M O E J I f i C T n 'P M M E H E H y K J 1E f iP H M X T O P M E f i HyKneapHa ropMBa cny>Ke Kao ochob 3a floćnjaibe HyKneapHe eHeprnje. Pe3epBe HyKneapHMx ropnBa HMcy jouj flOBorbHo McnnTaHe. 3a cafla ce Kao rnabho ropMBO y HyKneapHOM peaKTopy ynoTpe6rbaBa ypaHMjyM KOjn y npnpoflHOM cacTaBy caflp>KM Tpn M30T0na: ypaHnjyM U235, ypaHMjyM U238 m ypaHMjyM U234. HajpacnpocTparbeHMjn je ypaHnjyM U238 m npeflCTaBrba 99,27% npnpoflHor ypaHa, Te ypaHMjyM U235 oko 0,72% m ypaHMjyM U234 oko 0,006%. O cmm ypaHa, Kao HyKneapHO ropnBO ynoTpe6rbaBa ce nnyroHMjyM, o6mhho P239 Kojn ce flo6nja flejcTBOM (6oM6apflOBaibeM) HeyTpoHa ypaHMjyMa U238, ujto je 3a cafla f lO C T a c«yn nocTynaK. To je pa3nor fla ce nnyTOHMjyM Kopncrn yrnaBHOM y peaKTopMMa KOjn cny>xe 3a eKcnepMMeHTanHe m MCTpa>KMBaHKe CBpxe.
yKonMKo ce reHepaTopcKM rac flo6Mja, Tj. npoL(ec racMcfc>MKaL(Mje oflBMja nofl iipmtmckom ofl 10 MPa, Tafla je TOnnoTHa Moti m flo 18 MJ/m3N.
Kao HyKneapHO ropnBO MO>Ke cny>KMTM m m30toh ypaHnjyMa U233 KOjn ce flo6nja 6oM6apflOBarbeM TopnjyMa HeyTpoHMMa.
TacMcjDMKai^Mja MOx
HyKneapHa ropnBa ce flene Ha npnpoflHa, o6oraKeHa, hmct3 m onnoflHa ropMBa.
CyBOM flecTMnaL(MjoM flpBeTa nnn yrrba, Koja Mox
JšflMHO npnpoflHO HyKneapHO ropnBO je npnpoflHM ypaHnjyM. OćoratieHa HyKneapHa ropnBa cy MemaBMHe hmctmx m onnoflHMx HyKneapHMX ropnBa, npn seMy je caAP>Kaj hmctmx ropnBa y HbMMa Betin Hero KOfl npnpoflHor ypaHMjyMa. HncTa HyKneapHa ropMBa cy: ypaHnjyM U235, n n yTOHMjyM P239 m ypaHMjyM U233. flofl flejcTBOM Hey-
TpoHa, aTOMCKa je3rpa obmx MaTepnjana nofl/iexKy HenocpeflHo peaKflnjn cpncnje. YpaHMjyM ce flo6nja M3 pyfle ypaHa Koja je eKOHOMMMHa 3a eKcnnoaTaMMjy aKO caflp>KM HajMahbe 0,1 % ypaHa. OBa pyfla ce Hana3M Kao oKCMfl mtim cpoccpaT a y npoflecy npepafle ce a p o 6 m mtim pacTBapa y KMceoMHaMa mjim 6a3aMa, y 3aBMCHOCTM ofl ochobhot cacTaBa. riocjie npeHMintiaBai-ba xeMMjcKMM nyTeM flo6Mjajy ce npepapeHM okcmam ypaHMjyMa, a M3 h >mx ropMBO 3a HyKjreapHe
C/iMKa 2.15. - HyKJieapHa peaKpnja - cpncnja
peaKTope.
TeMnepaTypa Tonjtehba ypaHMjyMa je 1 1 0 0 -1 150°C. TeiuKor BOflOHMKa, a noTpeĆHa TeMnepaTypa oct Bapyje ce cpMCMjOM, TaKotje y BOflOHMKOBOj 6 om6 m. Ca HaTpMjyMOM, >KMBOM, 6M3MyTOM, TMT3HMjyM0M, ojiobom m aHTMMOHOM ypaHMjyM rpaflM nerype ca H nopefl Tora iuto y HyKJieapHOM npoflecy cf)MCMje hmckom TaHKOM Tonjbei-ba. YpaHMjyM ca MarHe3MjyHeMa caropeBaiba, 3 a ypaH m flpyre eneMeHTe, KojM MOM, ajiyMMHMjyMOM, TBOK^eM, 6epMJ1MjyMOM, 6aKp0M, MMajy oco6 MHy jiaHnaHe peaKflMje cpMCMje, yo6 MnaflMHKOM, BOn4)paMOM, BaHaflMjyMOM MJIM TOpMjyMOM jeH je Ha3MB - HyKjieapHa ropMBa. rpaflM Jierype ca bmcokom TanKOM Tonjbei-ba. ypaHMjyM floĆMjeH M3 pyfle (ofl Kora ce npaBM peaK- YpetjajM KojMMa ce OflBMja flenaibe aTOMa - cpMCMja, TOpCKO ropMBO) XeMMjCKM je CTaĆMJiaH Ha co 6 hoj' Ha3MBajy ce HyK/ieapHM peaKTopM. TeMnepaTypM, ajiM Beti Ha TeMnepaTypaMa oko 100°C CHa>KHO OKCMflMpa. C mt 3 h npax ypaHMjyMa ce aaKO najiM m caropeBa Beti Ha coĆHOj TeMnepaTypM. y flOflMpy ca BOflOM ypaHMjyM m ht 6H3mbho Kopo-
flnpa. HyKJieapHa eHeprnja ce M0>Ke ao 6mtm M3 HyKjieapHor ropMBa Ha flBa HaHMHa: cpMCMjOM m cj3y3MjOM. cpMCMja je npoflec (cjiMKa 2.15) y KOMe ce TemKO aTOMCKO je3rpo nofl flejcTBOM HeyTpoHa fle/iM - Ljena Ha flBa JiaKLua, npM neMy ce flo6Mjajy HeyTpoHM m ocjio6a1ia BejiMKa KOjiMHMHa eHeprMje, 3H3tho Betia ofl eHeprMje ocjioćotjeHe caropeBahbeM. HoBOHaCTajiM HeyTpoHM M3a3MBajy fla/be flenaibe je3rpa aTOMa, npM neMy ce flo6Mjajy hobm eoeMeHTM m ocno6at)a hob3 eHeprMja. Ha Taj h3hmh ce OBa peaKflMja caMa ofl ce6e HacTaBjba m H33MBa ce jiaHHaHa peaKflMja. Ofl noMeHyTMx ejieMeHaTa ypaHMjyM U235, ruiyTOHMjyM P23g Kao m M30Ton ypaHMjyMa U233 MMajy oco6MHy fla Oflp>KaBajy naHnaHy peaKflMjy.
(Py3Mja je npoqec cynpoTaH cpMCMjM y KOMe ce flBa jiaKLua aTOMCKa je3rpa cnajajy y jeflHO Texy3Mje carpat^eHa je BOflOHMKOBa, Tj. H 6oM6a y Kojoj ce bpllim cpy3Mja
Yfleo HyKJieapHor ropMBa y yKynHMM eHepreTCKMM M3B0pMM3 HMje BejlMKM, ajIM HMje HM flOBOJbHO MCIIMTaH, na CTora CBe pe3yjiTaTe tmx McriMTMBaiba Tpe6 a npMXBaTMTM ca onpe3Homtiy. npeMa hckmm npofleHaMa 3eMJbe MCTOHHe EBpone pacnojia>Ky ca oko 0,5 MMJiMOHa toh 3 ypaHa y pe3epBaMa, a ocTajie 3 eMJbe ca oko 3 mmjimoh3 TOHa. CAfl pacnojia>Ky KOJiMHMHaMa ypaHa flOBOjbHMM 3a concTBeHe noTpe6 e y florneflHoj 6 yflytiHOCTM. 3eMjbe Koje He pacnojia>Ky npMpoflHMM Haua3M-
ujTMMa ypaHa mjim naK pacnona>Ky HeflOBOJbHMM KOJiMHMHaMa M3na3 BMfle y npepaflM 03paneH0r ypaHa, npM neMy ce floćMja nuyTOHMjyM KojM cny>KM Kao HyKJieapHO ropMBO y onjioflHMM peaKTopMMa - 6pMflepMMa. BMCOKa KOHfleHTpai^Mja eHepmje y HyKJieapHOM ropMBy je noroflHOCT y HM3y cneflMjajiHMX cjiyHajeBa npMMeHe, Ha npMMep, 3a noroH ćpoflOBa jep mm ce TMMe 6 mtho noBetiaBajy paflMjyc m 6p3MHa KpeTaiba, 3a CHaćfleBaibe BacMOHCKMx CTaHMfla eHepmjoM, 3a ejieKTpaHe 3 a cneflMjajiHe noTpe6e KOje ce Mory TpaHcnopTOBaTM y flenoBMMa m 6p30 MOHTMpaTM, 3a CHaćfleBaibe yflajbeHMX m HenpMCTynanHMx MecTa eHeprMjoM. TaKotje, HapoHMTy npMMeHy HyKJieapHa eHeprnja MMa y noflBOflHOM TpaHcnopTy 3a noroH noflMopHMfla.
riMTOhbO M SO.D.OU.H 1. HaBefln epcTe, CBojcTiBa m očnacT npMMeHe HyK/ieapHHx ropMBa. 2. Kano ce flo6 njajy HyKJieapHa ropMBa? 3. OnMUJM npoL(ec cJJMCnje.
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4. LLlTa je 4 »y3 Hja? Onnmn npoflec cpy3 nje.
5 .6 . .D F ^ r M
M 3 E O P M
E H E P r M J E
5 . 3 . 1. E H E P r H J fl EODJE EHeprnjy penHnx TOKOBa, BOfleHy CHary, 3ana3nmi cy Tbyfln joixi y HajcTapnja BpeMeHa, nocMaTpajytiM BOflonafle n 6yjnL\e. BeK y CTapoM BeKy jaBmia ce Mncao khko ncKopncTHTn CHary BOfle, KaKO cnpehhtm nycTOLijeH3a, k3 ko yKpoTMTM peKe n MCTepaTM nx fla HaTanajy nojba n 3aMeH>yjy jbyflCKM pafl. ripbo cy y 3eMjtaMa Majie A3nje nonejia fla ce rpafle npnMMTHBHa BOflHa Kona - flonann, TepaHM boaom , k3kbh ce n flaHac Mory cpec™. KacHnje, HeKOJinKO BeKOBa npe Hauie epe, nonejie cy fla ce rpafle BOfleHHfle KOje cy Ha cjinnaH HannH KopncTHJie eHeprnjy BOfle. TaKBe BOfleHnpe ce jouu yBeK KopnCTe y Hamoj 3eMJtn. y cpeflibeM BeKy rpaflmia cy ce BOflHa Kona Koja cy 3a o6pTai-be KopncTnna CHary BOfle npn hbeHOM naflart>y Ha MaibHM BOflonaflHMa, npnpoflHHM mjih BeLUTaHKMM. 36or caBpeMeHOj HannHa Kopniiitiehba CHare BOfle, Tj. rt>eHe noTeHpnjajiHe eHeprnje, BOflHa KOJia cy pa3Bnjajia 3HaTHO Betiy CHary Hero npnMHthbhh flonann n noKpeTana cy MJiMHOBe, MexaHnHKe neKMtie y KOBanHnpaMa, TKanHnpe nTfl ... TeK cpeflHHOM XIX BeKa flomjio ce Ha Hflejy fla ce nojio>KajHa (noTeHpnjajiHa) eHeprnja BOfle Hajnpe npeTBopn flejiMMMHHO y KMHeTMHKy, a flejiHMMHHO y eHeprnjy npnTncKa, na fla ce TeK 33ti/im noMotiy BOflHor MOTopa npeTBapa y MexaHMHKM pafl. TaKO cy ce M3 npMMMTHBHMX BOflHHX MOTOpa, KOjn cy HepapnoHanHO KopncTnnn eHeprnjy BOfle, pa3Bmie BOflHe Typ6nHe Koje flo KpajHOCTH KopncTe pacnono>KMBy eHeprnjy BOfle, naK flo 90%, na m Bmue. flOCTOjH HeKOJlMKO TMnOBa pa3JIMHMTMX BOflHMX Typ6MHa, a CBaKa ofl i-bMX hocm MMe CBor npoHana3ana. ripBy Typ6MHy cppaHCMCOBor TMna KOHCTpyMcao je UeMC OpaHCMC 1849. roflMHe y hbyjopKy. ripBy llenTOHOBy Typ6MHy carpaflMO je 1880. roflMHe llejiTOH y CaH OpaHL(MCKy, a npBy nponejiepHy Typ6MHy ca noKpeTHMM jionaTMpaMa M3yMeo je 1912. joflMHe m carpaflMO 1919. roflMHe y EpHy flp KarmaH. CpeflMhom XIX BeKa, Kafl ce nonejio ca npMMeHOM hobot
HaHMHa KopMiutiertja eHeprMje BOfle, OTnoneo je m HarjiM HanpeflaK y rpatjeHjy MaiuMHa. CacTaBHM flejiobm Typ6MHa m no o6jiMKy m no KBaJiMTeTy M3pafle 6 mjim cy 36or Tora caBpeMeHMjM Hero flejioBM BOflhmx KOjia, ry6ML(M eHepmje cy nocTajiM MHoro MamM, na ce m pacnoao>KMBa eHeprMja mhoto 6ojbe mcko-
pMLutiaBajia. Eojbe MCKopMiutiaBahbe pacnojio>KMBe BOflHe eHeprMje OMorytiMJio je fla ce Harjio noBetiajy CHare Typ6MHa. Ha cjiml(m 2.16 npMKa3aHa je cpeflhbeBeKOBHa BOfleHMfla ca M3fly6jbeHMM jionaTMpaMa KaKBe ce m flaHac BMfle Herfle koa Hac. ripeTena caBpeMeHe llejiTOHOBe Typ6MHe - poTop flaBao je CHary CBera HeKOJiMKO b3tm . Ha mctom npMHL(Mny pafla ca KopMiutieLbeM eHeproje cjio6 oflHor BOfleHor MJia3a KojM flejcTByje Ha M3fly6rbeHe jionaTML^e rpafle ce m liejiTOHOBe Typ6MHe. JeflHa nejiTOHOBa Typ6MHa (meH poTop) janMHe 13 000 kW npMKa3aHa je Ha cjiml(m 2.17. BenMKM HanpeflaK y TexHML(M rpatjeiba Typ6MHa noCTMrHyT je y Tpehoj fleqeHMjM XX BeKa. OMoryheHO je rpatjerbe BenMKMx Typ6MHa Ha nnaHMHCKMM noTOflMMa mjim paBHMnapcKMM peKaMa Koje KopMCTe c a -cbmm Mane mjim Bpuo BejiMKe BOfleHe TOKOBe. CaBpeMeHe Typ6MHe MMajy caHry ofl 77 000 kW. Cafla ce rpaflM joiu hokojimko BehMX nocTpojerba janMHe 2 200 MW. nocTojM npojeKaT fla ce y K mhm Ha peflM JaHr noflMrHe orpoMHO XMflponocTpojeibe janMHe oko 10 000 MW.
rioflM3aibeM BeriMKMx BOfloja>Ka cTBapajy ce BejiMKM pe3epBoapM KOjM Mory fla npMMe m 3aflp>Ke HeKOjimko fleceTMHa, na m h6 kojimko ctotmh3 mmjimoh3 MeTapa Ky6HMX BOfle, HMMe ce Mo>xe y6na>KMTM HaflOJia3aK BOfle m cnpenMTM KaTacTpocpanHe nonnaBe. riopefl CHaćfleBahba eHepmjoM HMTaBMx oćJiacTM, 0B3KBM pe3epBoapM peiuaBajy npo6jieM HaBOflrbaBaiba o6ajiHMx nojba necTO BenMKMX Hekojimko fleceTMHa, na m ctotmh3 xMJbafla KBaflpaThmx KMnoMeTapa. Ha>KajiocT, flo6 ap fleo BOflOTOKa He caMo
luto ce He Beh je npaKTMHHo m M3ry6jbeH y OBe cBpxe y 6 yflyhHOCTM. Ycnefl Hame yp6aHM3aqMje m MHflycTpMjariM3aL(Mje penHMX flonMHa floiuno je flo cMaibekopmctm,
CnuKa 2.16. - CpeflhbeBeKOBHO BOfleHHHHo kojio
C/iHKa 2.17. -
Hba mjim ry6nTKa xnflpoeHepreTCKor noTeHpnjana. Me1)yTMM, pa3BojeM HMCKonaflHMX Typ6nHa OMorytieHO je eKOHOMMHHO MCKopmutiaBaH^e hm>kmx bofleHnx TOKOBa, HMMe je flOHeK/ie HaflOKHaljeH ry6nT3K HeKnx Ba>KHMjnx jiOKaqnja. YKynHO CTarbe aKyMyjiaL|nja npnKa3aH0 je Ha cjinnn 2.18.
nehba. llyTeBM TpaHccjDopMncaita eHeprnje npnKa33HM cy y Tačenn 2.6. rioy3flaHo ce 3Ha fla CyHpe flaHauurbHM MHTeH3MTe3pann HajMarbe neT Mnnnjapfln roflHHa očacjaBajytin 3eMTby Koja je ofl HDera yflaTbeHa oko 150 MnnnoHa KnnoMeTapa. 3eMTba npnMa caMO Mann fleo Tor 3paneH3a, TeK oko nona MnnnjapflMTor flena, ann ia ja eHeprnja npeMaujyje npeKO 100 000 nyTa cHary cbmx eneKTpaHa Ha 3eMTbM.
tom
Ta6ena 2.6. - nyTeBM TpaHccpopMncai-ba eHeprnje
CHara 3paHeH>a Koja Ha ynacKy y 3eMTbMHy aTMOc-
cj>epy flocneBa Ha KBa,qpaTHM MeTap noBpmnHe ynpaBHe Ha npaBai^ CyHHeBMx 3paKa, Ha3MBa ce conapHOM KOHCT3HTOM MM3HOCM 1 353 VV/m2.
Ha 3eMTbMHy noBpiu flocne caMO jeflaH fleo oBe eHeprnje, (cnnKa 2.22) jep ce jeflaH fleo pecpneKTyje (oflčnja) ofl aTMoctf>epe m Bpatia y npocTop, a flpyrn ce y rboj ancop6yje. KonnKO t>e CHare flocneTn Ha 3eMTby, 3aBncn Ofl yrn a nofl KojnM CyHHeBM 3papn npona3e Kpo3 aTM0ccf)epy Kao n ofl MeTeoponoiiiKHx ycnoBa. LUt o je yrao M3Me1)y BepTHKane n CyHneBnx 3paKa BetiM, t o je flocnena CHara 3panerba Ha 3eMTbn Marba, jep je nyT 3paKa fly>KM.
C/nnKa 2.22. - roflmui-be npoceMHO rnođanHo 3paMehbe Ha xopn30HTa/iHy noBpuiMHy y paBHM T/ia 3eM/be y W/m2 (cBefleHO Ha c b 3km caT y roflMHM)
HayMHnqn ,qyro Hncy Momn npaBH/iHO qa očjacHe nopeK/io ob 3ko BennKe CyHneBe (conapHe) eHeprnje. TeK 1920. roflMHe to nona3M 3a pyKOM eHrneCKOM HayMHMKy, Č|3M3MMapy H aCTpOHOMy EflHHrTOHy. O h o6jaBTbyje Teopnjy no Kojoj boaohhk , Kojn je HajnaKiiJM o fl cbmx xeMnjcKnx e/ieMeHaTa, npeflCTaBJba rnaBHO HyKjieapHO ropnBO KOje CyHqy flaje ycnjai-be. Ha Hbera OTnafla naK 50% CyHneBe Mace y Kojoj ce aTOMCKa je3rpa, npoTOHM, HenpeKMflHO cnajajy y je3rpa xennjyMa (npopec c(Dy3Mje) y3 mcto-
BpeMeHo ocjio6a1jahbe BennKnx KOJiMHMHa TonjiOTe Koja 3arpeBa CyHqe, nnja je TeMnepaTypa Ha noBpiijm 5 800 cTeneHM KejiBMHa, a y cpeflmiJTy flocTnace H3K 15 MMJlMOHa CTeneHM KejlBMHa. O b3 ko orpoMHy CyHHeBy eHeprnjy, 6ecnjiaTHy m hmCTy, jbyfln KopncTe oflBajKafla 6 mjio y flnpeKTHOM nnn TpaHccjjopMMcaHOM o6jiMKy. l1o3HaTo je fla cy CTapn Tpqn tbOMe najinjin 0JiMMnMjcKy BaTpy, fla je jom y V BeKy npe Hame epe CoKpaT npoynaBao M3rpaflhby cojiapHMX Kyha, fla je cfc>paHqycKM HayHHMK JlaBoa3Mje KOHCTpyMcao cojiapHy neti ca cohmbom 3a Torubejbe MeTajia MTfl.
OBaj HenpecyujHM M3Bop Beti ce yBejiMKO kopmctm 3a 3arpeBaibe 3rpafla m BOfle, a no3HaTa je m JberoBa npMMeHa npM Hanajaiby nyMnM 3a HaBOflibaBaibe, 3a ocBeTjbaBajbe 3 bmohckmx nMCTa, 3a pafl cyHnebmx netiM m t 3 ko flarbe, npM neMy ce m flarbe MHTeH3MBHO paflM Ha HOBMM npOjeKTMMa M3 OBe OĆJiaCTM. McKopMLutiaBajbe CyHneBe eHeprMje nopefl npeflHOMMa m HeflocTaTKe: Majia kojimhmh3 eHeprMje no nOBpiUMHM, 33BMCH0CT Ofl MeTe0p0J10UJKMX yCJIOBa, ^MKjiMHHa npoMeHJbMBOCT y BpeMeHy m npocTopy. To ce y eKcnjioaTapMjM CyHneBe eHeprMje McnojbaBa Kpo3 TpM ocHOBHa npoćjieMa: caKynjbaibe, kohqeHTpMcatbe (paflM nocTM3aiba TeMnepaTypa) m nyBaiba (cKJiaflMUJTeiba) eHeprMje. C o63MpoM fla je CyHneBa eHeprMja npaKTMHHo HeMCflpnHa, ćecrmaTHa, m ujto je noceĆHO 3HanajHO y flaHaiuibMM ycnoBMMa BejiMKe 3ara1jeHOCTM HOBeKOBe oKOJiMHe BeoMa HMCTa, HaBefleHM HeflocTaflM He Mory 3HanajHO yMaibMTM hbeHe BpeflHocTM, Te oHa ocTaje eHepreTCKM M3BOP 6yflytiHOCTM. TOflMlUlbe npocenHO flO3paneHa eHeprMja Ha OflpetjeHy TepMTopMjy CBefleHa Ha cb3 km flaH y roflMHM flaTa je Ha cjiml(m 2.23. ctm
14°
16°
18°
2Qo
22°
24°
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41°
CnnKa 2.23. - roflnini-be npoceHHO fl03paneHa eHeprnja Ha xopn30HTanHy noBpinnHy y paBHH Tna 3eMTbe y Wh/m2 (CBefleHa Ha cBaKM flaH y roflMHM).
3 .6 .3 . E H E P rM JR E E T P R EHepreTCKM noTeHiflnjan BeTpa no3Ha.T je o,q flaBHMHa. XnrbaflaMa roflMHa, cBe flo nojaBe napHe MaiiiMHe, eHepmja Mmuntia rbyfln n >KMBOTMiba, npeflCTaBTba/ia je jeflMHM M3Bop MexaHMHKe eHeprnje. KopmutieHa je npBođnTHO 3a noKpeTaibe 6pofloBa jeflpehbaKa. CaMO o fl 1880. roflMHe flo flpyror CBeTCKor paTa HapoHMTO Ha T/iy CAfl m 3anaflHe EBpone M3rpaijeHO je HeKO/iMKO MnnnoHa Mannx BeTpehbana 3a MneBehbe >KMTa, pe3aibe flpBeHe rpatje, ppnrbehbe BOfle m ctimhho.
ycuefl CyHneBor 3paneiba 3eM/ba ce 3arpeBa HepaBHOMepHO jep HMje MCTOBpeMeHO Ljeua M3no>KeHa tom 3paneiby. 36or Tora ce HepaBHOMepHO 3arpeBa n HbeHa aTM0cc(3epa. OrpoMHe Mace Ba3flyxa 3aTo npe/ia3e ca Tonjior M3Bopa, ocBeTTbeHe xeMnccjiepe, Ha xTiaflHMjn M3Bop, Tj. HeocBeTTbeHy xeMnccj>epy, Te t 3ko HacTaje CTpyjaibe Ba3flyxa - BeTap. Mo>Ke ce petin fla je 3eMjbMHa aTMOccpepa jeflHa BejiMKa ToruioTHa MarnnHa KOja OMoryhaBa fla ce ToruiOTHa eHepmja, nocpeflCTBOM KMHeTMHKe eHeprnje BeTpa, npeTBapa y MexaHMHKy. LUto je Betia
