ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION AS A DISCIPLINE Phases 1. Indicatie Pe!i"d #. T!aditi"na$ % C$assica$ P&'$ic Ad(inist!ati"n
1800s to 1950s
). M"de!n P&'$ic Ad(inist!ati"n A. Dee$"*(ent Dee$"*(ent Ad(inist!ati"n Ad(inist!ati"n +1,-s t" t" 1,/s0 B. Ne P&'$ic Ad(inist!ati"n Ad(inist! ati"n C. Ne P&'$ic Mana3e(ent D. Reinentin3 G"e!n(ent E. PA as G"e!nance
+1,2s0 +1,4s t" 1,,s0 +1,,s0 +1,,s t" the *!esent0
history: antiquity to the 19th century ∗
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Dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, Kings and Chiefs have required ages, treasurers, and ta! co""ectors to ad#inister the ractica" business of govern#ent$ Prior to the 19th century, sta%ng of #ost ub"ic ad#inistrations &as rife &ith neotis#, favoritis#, and o"itica" atronage, &hich &as often referred to as a soi"s syste#$ Pub"ic ad#inistrators ad#inistrators have been the 'eyes and ears' of ru"ers unti" re"ative"y recent"y$ (n #edieva" ti#es, the abi"ities to read and &rite, add and subtract &ere as do#inated by the educated e"ite as ub"ic e#"oy#ent$ Consequent"y, the need for e!ert civi" servants &hose abi"ity to read and &rite for#ed the basis for deve"oing e!ertise e!ertise in such necessary activities as "ega" record)keeing, aying and feeding ar#ies and "evying ta!es$ As the *uroean (#eria"ist age rogressed and the #i"itari"y o&ers e!tended their ho"d over other continents and eo"e, the need for a sohisticated ub"ic ub"ic ad#inistration gre&$ +oren von -tein, an 1855 .er#an rofessor fro# /ienna, is considered the founder of the science of ub"ic ad#inistration$
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/on -tein taught that ub"ic ad#inistration re"ies on #any re)estab"ished disci"ines such as socio"ogy, o"itica" science, ad#inistrative "a& and ub"ic nance$ e ca""ed ub"ic ad#inistration an integrating science, and stated that ub"ic ad#inistrators shou"d be concerned &ith both theory and ractice$ 2i"son advocated four concets3
1$ -earation of o"itics and ad#inistration4 $ Co#arative ana"ysis of o"itica" and rivate organiations4 6$ (#roving e%ciency &ith business)"ike ractices and attitudes to&ard dai"y oerations4 7$ (#roving the eectiveness of ub"ic service through #anage#ent and by training civi" servants, #erit)based assess#ent4 ∗
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he searation of o"itics and ad#inistration has been the sub:ect of "asting debate$ he dierent ersectives regarding this dichoto#y contribute to dierentiating characteristics of the suggested generations of ub"ic ad#inistration$ ;y the 190s, scho"ars of ub"ic ad#inistration had resonded to 2i"sonayo", >rederick ay"or, and others$ >rederick ay"or ?185@)1915 ub"ished a book entit"ed Bhe Princi"es of -cientic anage#ent ?1911$ e be"ieved that scientic ana"ysis &ou"d "ead to the discovery of the Bone best &ay to do things and Eor carrying out an oeration$ his, according to hi# cou"d he" save cost and ti#e$
US in the 1940s ∗
he searation of o"itics and ad#inistration advocated by 2i"son continues to "ay a signicant ro"e in ub"ic ad#inistration today$ o&ever, the do#inance of this dichoto#y &as cha""enged by second generation scho"ars, beginning in the 1970s$ +uther &as a key contender for 2i"son
Taylor's approach ∗
ay"or had very recise ideas about ho& to introduce his syste# ?aroach$ (t is on"y through enforced standardiation of #ethods, enforced adotion of the best i#"e#ents and &orking conditions, and enforced cooeration that this faster &ork can be assured$
POSDCORB ∗
.u"ick deve"oed a co#rehensive, generic theory of organiation that e#hasied the scientic #ethod, e%ciency, rofessiona"is#, structura" refor#, and e!ecutive contro"$ .u"ick su##aried the duties of ad#inistrators &ith an acrony#4 PF-DCFG;, &hich stands for "anning, organiing, sta%ng, directing, coordinating, reorting, and budgeting$
post!orl" !ar ## to the 19$0s ∗
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he #id)1970s theorists cha""enged 2i"son and .u"ick$ he o"itics) ad#inistration dichoto#y re#ained the center of criticis#$ (n the 19@0s and 19H0s, govern#ent itse"f ca#e under re as ineective, ine%cient, and "arge"y a &asted eort$ he cost"y A#erican intervention in /ietna# a"ong &ith do#estic scanda"s inc"uding the bugging of De#ocratic arty headquarters ?the 19H7 2atergate scanda" are t&o e!a#"es of se"f) destructive govern#ent behavior that a"ienated citiens$ here &as a ca"" by citiens for e%cient ad#inistration to re"ace ineective, &astefu" bureaucracy$ *"ected o%cia"s suorted these refor#s$ ;ro&n"o&, a =niversity of Chicago rofessor ,subsequent"y founded the Pub"ic Ad#inistration -ervice ?PA- at the university, an organiation &hich has rovided consu"ting services to a"" "eve"s of govern#ent unti" the 19H0s$ Concurrent"y, after 2or"d 2ar ((, the &ho"e concet of ub"ic ad#inistration e!anded to inc"ude o"icy)#aking and ana"ysis, thus the study of Bad#inistrative o"icy #aking and ana"ysis &as introduced and enhanced into the govern#ent decision)#aking bodies$ +ater on, the hu#an factor beca#e a redo#inant concern and e#hasis in the study of Pub"ic Ad#inistration$ enceforth, the e#ergence of scho"ars such as, >rit ar! &ith his book Bhe *"e#ents of Pub"ic Ad#inistration ?197@, Pau" $ A"eby BPo"icy and Ad#inistration ?195, >rank arini Bo&ards a Ie& Pub"ic Ad#inistration ?19H1, and others that have contributed ositive"y in these endeavors$
19%0s1990s ∗
(n the "ate 1980s, yet another generation of ub"ic ad#inistration theorists began to dis"ace the "ast$ he ne& theory, &hich ca#e to be ca""ed Ie& Pub"ic anage#ent, &as roosed by David Fsborne and ed .aeb"er in their book Reinventing Government $
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he ne& #ode" advocated the use of rivate sector)sty"e #ode"s, organiationa" ideas and va"ues to i#rove the e%ciency and service) orientation of the ub"ic sector$ During the C"inton Ad#inistration ?1996J001, /ice President A" .ore adoted and refor#ed federa" agencies using IP aroaches$ -o#e #odern authors dene IP as a co#bination of s"itting "arge bureaucracies into s#a""er, #ore frag#ented agencies, encouraging co#etition bet&een dierent ub"ic and rivate agencies using econo#ic incentives ?e$g$, erfor#ance ay for senior e!ecutives IP treats individua"s as 'custo#ers' or 'c"ients' ?in the rivate sector sense, rather than as citiens$ -o#e critics argue that the Ie& Pub"ic anage#ent concet of treating eo"e as 'custo#ers' rather than 'citiens' is an inaroriate borro&ing fro# the rivate sector #ode", because businesses see custo#ers are a #eans to an end ?rot, (n Ie& Pub"ic anage#ent, eo"e are vie&ed as econo#ic units not de#ocratic articiants$ Ieverthe"ess, the #ode" is sti"" &ide"y acceted at a"" "eve"s of govern#ent and in #any countries$
late 1990s&000 ∗
Another ne& ub"ic service #ode" is &hat has been ca""ed Ie& Pub"ic .overnance, an aroach &hich inc"udes a centra"iation of o&er4 an increased nu#ber, ro"e and inuence of artisan)o"itica" sta4 ersona") o"iticiation of aoint#ents to the senior ub"ic service4 and, the assu#tion that the ub"ic service is artisan for the govern#ent of the day$ * *ID
