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I nt r oduc t i on:Bangl ade s hi soneoft hel ar ge s tde l t asoft hewor l d, wi t hat ot alar e a 147610s quar eki l ome t e r s .Bangl ade s hpr i mar i l yanagr ar i anc ount r y.Thec ount r yhasbe e n par tofe mpi r e si nI ndi ans ubc ont i ne nt .I te me r ge dasans ove r e i gnc ount r yi n1971. I twasa pr ovi nc eofPaki s t anf r om1947t o1971. Be ngalwa sr ul e dbyvar i ousdynas t i e sofnon Be ngal ior i gi n.De ve l opme nt s sofpubl i cadmi ni s t r at i onhavebe e ni nf l ue nc e dbyan amal gamat i onf ac t or s ,i nc l udi ngf or i e gni nnovat i onswi t hi nt hec ont e xtofade e pr oot e d andr i gi ds oc i opol i t i c alc ul t ur e .Hi s t or yofpubl i cadmi ni s t r at i oni nBangl ade s hi sol dnot ne w.
Hi s t or i c alBac kgr oundofPubl i cAdmi ni s t r at i oni nBangl ade s h Thee vol ut i onoft hec ur r e nts t r uc t ur eofpubl i cadmi ni s t r at i oni nBangl ade s hc anbe di vi de di nt of i vehi s t or i c alphas e .1)Anc i e ntPe r i od 2)Me di e valPe r i od 3)Br i t i s hPe r i od 4)Paki s t anPe r i od 5)Bangl ade s hPe r i od
Anc i e ntPe r i od
Anc i e ntpe r i oddi vi de di nt o4phas e s 1.TheVe di c 2.Thee ar l yVe di c 3.TheMour yan 4.Thepos tMour yan
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The r ewasnobur e auc r at i cadmi ni s t r at i oni ni t st r ues e ns edur i ngt hee ar l yve di c . St at e s we r et r i bali nor i gi n,ki ng shadnopar mane ntadmi ni s t r at i onduet ol i mi t e ds ove r e i gnt y. Dur i ngMaur yanDynas t yanc i e ntI ndi ade ve l ope dane f f i c i e ntadmi ni s t r at i ves ys t e m r e s e mbl i ngme anspr i nc i pl e sofmode r nbur e auc r ac y.TheMaur yawast hef i r s twe l f ar es t at e i nI ndi apr ovi nc i al ,Le gi s l at i ve ,J udi c i al ,Mi l i t ar yFunc t i onsi nt r oduc ei nt hi s pe r i ods . De c e nt r al i s at i onofpowe rt ol oc aladmi ni s t r at i veuni t si nt r oduc e di npos tMaur yan Pe r i od.
Me di e valPe r i od Li keanc i e ntpe r i od,t hes ul t anat eadmi ni s t r at i onhasf i e l dadmi ni s t r at i oni npr ovi nc e , di vi s i on,di s t r i c t .Thepr ovi nc ewast hehe ar toft hel oc aladmi ni s t r at i on. Bot hmi l i t ar yand r e ve nuef unc t i onswaspr e domi nanti nt hepr ovi nc e s . TheMughalAdmi ni s t r at i onwast hemos tc e nt r al i z e . TheWaki lwast hehe adoft hewhol e admi ni s t r at i ves ys t e m.Theuni quec ont r i but i onofMughalAdmi ni s t r at i onwast he i nt r oduc eofauni f i e dgr adi ngs ys t e mc al l e dMas nabdar iSys t e m.
Br i t i s hPe r i od Bangl ade s hPubl i cAdmi ni s t r at i oni ss i mi l arasBr i t i s hSt r uc t ur e .Br i t i s hpe r i odknownas t heI ndi ani z at i on. I ndi ani z at i onme anst oi nc r e as et henumbe rofI ndi ansi nI ndi anc i vi ls e r vi c e .I nc r e as et he par t i c i pat i onofI ndi ansi nI ndi anc i vi ls e r vi c ec oul dbec al l e dI ndi ani z at i on.Thi spr oc e s s di vi de di nt of ourphas e s 1)Fi r s tPhas eorTheEar l yPhas e[17571833] 2)Se c ondPhas e
[18331853]
3)Thi r dPhas e
[1853-1892]
4)Four t hPhas e
[1900-1947] 2
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NowIwi l lc r i t i c al l yanal ys i st hephas e sofi ndi ani z at i oni nbe l ow≠Fi r s tPhas e(1757-1833):The1s tphas e sofde ve l opme ntofc i vi ls e r vi c es t ar t l e dwi t h t hes ys t e mofpat r onage ,t r ani ngofwr i t e r s hi p,r e gul arye ar l yt e s te xami nat i onand c ons t i t ut eas e par at eboar dofe xami ne r s .Thi spha s eknownast he" Ageofpat r onage" Pos i t i vemat t e roft hi sphas e: Tr ai ni ngofwr i t e r s hi pi nt r oduc ebyt hec our tofdi r e c t or soft heEas tI ndi aCompany.The y r e s e r ve dt ot he mr i ghtt onomi nat eyoungman.The yonl ywr i t et hewr i t t e ndoc ume ntof EI C. I n1806,t he ye s t abl i s he d" Hai l e ybur r yCol l e ge"t oe duc at et henomi ne e st ot hewr i t e r s hi p. Ar e gul arye ar l yt e s tandboar dofe xami ne r si nt r oduc e di n1826byanac tofpar l i ame nt . Topr ovi dear e gul arye ar l yt e s te xamf orr e c r ui tc andi dat e sandt oappoi ntaf ourme mbe r s boar dofe xami ne r st os e l e c tt hec andi dat e s . Ne gat i vemat t e roft hi sphas e: Thi sphas eknownast hes ys t e mofpat r onage .Candi dat e sr e c r ui t e donbas i sofne pot i s m andc r oyni s m. Whi c hi sc ons i de r e dasunl awf ulandune t hi c ali nde ve l ope dc ount r y. ≠Se c ondPhas e(1833-1853):Thes e c ondphas eoft hede ve l opme ntofc i vi ls e r vi c e s s t ar t e dwi t ht heac t1834.Thi sac ti nt r oduc e dmaj ors e ve r alc hange s1)Cahr t e rac t1833 2)Es t abl i s hme ntboar dofc ont r olwhi c hwasapar l i ame nt ar ybody f orr e vi s et henumbe rofc andi dat e st ober e c r ui t e dannual l y,pr ovi dee s t i mat e dvac anc y, c e r t i f yt het ot alnumbe rofc andi dat e st obenomi nat e df oradmi s s i omt ot heHai l e ybur r y Col l e ge . 3)Thi sac ti nt r oduc e dnondi s c r i mi nat or ys ys t e more qual oppor t uni t yf ore nt r yi nt oc i vi ls e r vi c ei r r e s pe c t i veofr ac e ,c as t e , s e x, r e l i gi on. 4)I nt r oduc e dAnnualc onf i de nt i alr e por ts ys t e mi n1834.I nt hi sac t pr omot i ons ys t e me s t abl i s he dbas e donannualpe r f or manc er e por tnotonl ys e ni or i t y.
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5)Pr ot e c t i onofc i vi ls e r vant si nt r oduc e dwi t ht heac t1850. Pr ovi de d pr e l i mi nar yi nqui r yandr e c or de df ac t sandf i ndi ngss e ntt ot hepr ovi nc i algove r nme nt whi c hi sf or mali nqui r y. ≠Thi r dPhas e(1853-1892):Anumbe rofi mpor t antc hange st ookpl ac ei nc i vi ls e r vi c e manage me ntdur i ngt hi sphas e .
Pos i t i vemat t e roft hi sphas e: *Re c r ui t me ntands e l e c t i ont hr oughope nc ompe t i t i on.Thec har t e rac tofI ndi a1953,1s t i nt r oduc e dt hepr i nc i pl eofope nc ompe t i t i on.Theac tabol i s he dt hepr e vi l e ge sandpowe r s oft hec our tofdi r e c t or st onomi nat et he i rownc andi dat e sf ore nt r yi nt oHai l e ybur r y Col l e geandI CS. Thi ss ys t e mwasmadee f f e c t i vef r om1834. Fi r s tope nc ompe t i t i ve e xami nat i onhe l di n1955. *Theboar dofc ont r olappoi nt e df i veme mbe r sc ommi t t e ebyMac aul ayt opr ovi de ne c e s s ar ygui de l i ne s*AgeofCandi dat e s *Educ at i onalBac kgr ound *Syl l a biofExami nat i on *Thepe r i odofpr obat i on *Cr e at i onoft wobr anc he soft hec i vi ls e r vi c ei nt oe xe c ut i veandj udi c i ar y:I nt hi sphas e t hede bat eove re xe c ut i veandj udi c i albr anc he sofc i vi ls e r vi c ear ebyl awc ommi s s i on s e par at ej udi c i ar ybr anc hf r ome xe c ut i vei n1873. I taf f or de dt or i ghtofc hoi c et ot hec i vi ls e r vantate ve r ys t e pofpr omot i ont oc hoos eoneor ot he rbr anc he s . Thepr i nc i pl eofe qual i z at i onofpaybe t we e nt hedi s t r i c tmagi s t r at eand c ol l e c t orwase s t abl i s he d. Ai t c hi s onCommi s s i on:Thi sc ommi s s i one s t abl i s he di n1886,s ubmi t t e dr e por ton 1887. Thec ommi s s i ongi ve sr e c omme ndat i ons -
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*Abol i t i onofs t at ut or yc i vi ls e r vi c e *For mat i onofi mpe r i alc i vi ls e r vi c eandot he rc e nt r als e r vi c e s *Cons t i t ut i onoft hepr ovi nc i alc i vi ls e r vi c easani nf e r i orbr anc hoft hei mpe r i alc i vi l s e r vi c e .
Ne gat i vemat t e roft hi sc ommi s s i on: Agec ont r ove r s y: Wec ans e et heageofc andi dat e sf orr e c r ui t i ngs ome t i me si nc r e as eorde c r e as e .Age c ont r ove r s ysr e as oni sne pot i s mgr aduat i onde gr e e . Someoft hepr ac t i c alandpe r s onal age nda. Thenomi nat i ons ys t e me na bl e dadi r e c t ort opr ovi def orhi ss onorr e l at i ve s . Sot hat t heageofc andi dat e ss ome t i me sr ai s e sorr e duc e s17and21,18and23,17,19and23 ye ar s .
≠Four t hPhas e(1900-1947):Thr ought he4t hphas et he r ewe r evar i ous r e c omme ndat i onsoft her oyalc ommi s s i on. I s l i ngt on,Le ec ommi s s i onandI ndi anac t1935.
TheI s l i ngt onCommi s s i on:Thi sc ommi s s i onwasi nt r oduc e dbyl or dI s l i ngt oni n1913,but i ts ubmi t t e di n1917. Themaj orr e c omme ndat i onswe r e *Re c r ui t me ntt ot hes upe r i orpos t ss houl dbemadepar t yi nEngl andandPar t yi nI ndi a. Whi c hwast hepr i mede mandofI ndi annat i onal i t i e s . *Thepr ac t i c eofmai nt ai ni ngs e par at ei mpe r i alandpr ovi nc i albr anc he s *Of f i c e r spr omot e df r ompr ovi nc i albr anc he st ot hei mpe r i albr anc he swe r et ohavet he s ames t at us . *Thes e r vi c e sunde rt heg ove r nme ntofI ndi as houl dbedi vi de di nt oCl as s1andCl as s2 5
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Le ec ommi s s i on:Thi sCommi s s i onwase s t abl i s he di n1924. Re c omme ndat i onsbe l owhe r e Fi r s t l y-Al lI ndi ans e r vi c e swhi c hi nc l ude dt heI CS,t heI PS,andt hei r r i t at i onbr anc hof I ndi ans e r vi c e sofEngi ne e r s .Thec ont r olove rs e r vi c e swast ober e t ai ne dbyt hes e c r e t ar y ofs t at e . Se c ondl y-Al lI ndi ans e r vi c e s ,whi c hwe r epr ovi nc i al i s e dbe i ngi nt het r ans f e r r e ds phe r e Thi r d-Thec e nt r alde par t me nt sunde rt hegove r nme ntofI ndi as uc haspol i t i c al de par t me nt *I tr e c omme nd50: 50r at i obe t we e nEur ope anandI ndi an. *I tr e c omme ndat i ont os e tupaPSCatt hec e nt r eandPr ovi nc e .
TheGove r nme ntOfI ndi aAc t1935:Thef i r s tpr ovi nc i alac tofi ndi ai sI ndi anac t1935. The I ndi anac tde s c r i be dt wopar t s : 1.Re l at e st oc i vi ls e r vi c e si nI ndi a 2.Re l at e st oI CSonl y Cl as s i f i c at i onofof f i c e r sunde radmi ni s t r at i vec ont r olofpr ovi nc i algove r nme nt:Thec i vi l s e r vant sofpr ovi nc i algov e r nme ntofI ndi adi vi de di nt of ourc at e gor i e s1.TheAl lI ndi aSe r vi c e s 2.ThePr ovi nc i als e r vi c e s 3.TheSubor di nat eSe r vi c e s 4.Of f i c e r shol di ngs pe c i alpos t s St r uc t ur eofpr ovi nc i als e r vi c e s:I tpr ovi de dt hr e eme t hodr e c r ui t me nt . 1)Re c r ui t me ntbys e l e c t i onaf t e rc ons ul t i ngt hes e l e c t i onboar d
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2)Di r e c tappoi nt me ntwhi c hwasde f i ne dbyt r ans f e r 3)Re c r ui t me ntbypr omot i on. Unde rt hi sme t hodt hel i s tofs uc c e s s f ulc andi dat e swoul dbec at agor i s e di nt oa)Mus l i ms b)Hi ndus c )Mi nor i t yc ommuni t i e sandbac kwar dc l as s e s
Paki s t anPe r i od Ci vi lSe r vi c eofPaki s t ans t ar t e di n1947andc ont i nuet o1971. TheCSPandot he rc e nt r al s e r vi c e sunt i l1956we r ec ons t i t ut e dunde rt hepr ovi s i onalor de r1947. I ni t i alCompos i t i onofCSP:I ni t i al l yt heCSPCons i s t e doft hef ol l owi ng*Of f i c e r soff or me rI CSandf or me rI ndi anPol i t i c als e r vi c ee mpl oye di nPaki s t an. *Of f i c e r sofPaki s t anAdmi ni s t r at i veSe r vi c e s *Of f i c e r st ober e c r ui t e dont hebas i sofadhocf r omt hepr ovi nc i apc i vi ls e r vi c e st hr ough vi vae xam
★ Pr oc e dur eofr e c r ui t me ntf r omI CS: Nor malRe c r ui t me nt:I twasde c i de dt hati nf ut ur e ,r e c r ui t me ntt ot hes e r vi c es houl dbe madebys e l e c t i onont hebas i sofanope nc ompe t i t i vee xam. Ther e s ol ut i onal s ol ai ddownt her e qui r e me nt sofa.Appoi nt me ntandt r ai ni ng
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b.I ni t i alpos t i nyandl i abi l i t i e sf ort r ans f e r d.Pr omt i onandl e ave e .Re s e r va t i onofpos t sf ort heCSP Adhocr e c r ui t me nt:Adhocs e l e c t i onofc e r t ai nPCSof f i c e r swoul dbemadeont he r e c omme ndat i onofPSC.ThePSCwoul de xami net hec onf i de nt i alr e por t soft heof f i c e r s c onc e r ne dandi nt e r vi e wt he m.ManyEngl i s handHi ndupe opl e sl e avet he i rj obandl e ave t hec ount r y.Asar e s ul tt he r ewasal ac ki ngofe mpl oye e s . Pr omot i onToDC:Theof f i c e r spr omot e dt ot hes e ni ors c al e ,bee l i gi bl ef ordi s t r i c tc har ge af t e rt hr e eye ar sofs e r vi c ee xc l udi ngt hepe r i odoft r ai ni ng.Appoi nt me ntt oaDC( Di s t r i c t Char ge )wass ubj e c tt ot hec ondi t i ont hatt heof f i c e rmus thavepas s e dt hede par t me nt al e xam.Mar t i alof f i c e r sr e c r ui t e ddi r e c t l y. Of f i c i at i ngHol de rofl i s t e dpos t si nExc e s sofpr e s e r veQuot a:Thec onc e s s i onwasgi v e nt o pr ovi nc i als e r vi c eof f i c e r swhowe r eof f i c i at i ngi nl i s t e dpos t sbe yondt hequot af i xe df or t he m.Thi swasdonebe c a us eofs hor t ageofCSPof f i c e r s . Tr ai ni ngandSe ni or i t yofCSPPr obat i one r s :Candi dat e sdi r e c t l yappoi nt e dt ot heCSP c adr ewoul dbeappoi nt e donpr obat i onandwoul dunde rgot r ai ni ngi nt heac ade myatc i vi l s e r vi c eac ade my. For mat i onOfJ udi c i alBr anc hoft heCSP:J udi c i a lbr anc hofCSPs e par at e don14 Fe br uar y1959.
★ TheGove r nme ntofEas tPaki s t an:TheMi ni s t e r sc ons i s t e dofe i ghtl e gi s l at or sl e dby pr i memi ni s t e rNur ulAmi n. I n19481950t he r ewe r e43PAS( CSP)of f i c e r ss e r vi ngEas t Pa ki s t an.Theamal gamat i onofEPCS( EXECUTI VE)wi t hEPJ CSwashappe ndon31 De c e mbe r1957.OnOc t obe r30, 1961t hegove r nme ntc r e at e dane ws e r vi c ec al l e d EPCS( EXECUTI VE)Cl a s s2. Cr e at i onofEas tPaki s t anSe c r e t ar i ats e r vi c e( EPSS):Onmay16, 1964ane ws e r vi c e c r e at e dunde rEas tPaki s t ans e c r e t ar i e ts e r vi c eRul e s1964.
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Ne gat i veMat t e rofPaki s t anPe r i od:I nPaki s t anPe r i od,t he r ewasadi s c r i mi nat or ys ys t e m ofpr omot i onbe t we e nCSPandEPCS. CSPof f i c e r sc anbepr omot e daf t e r3ye ar swhi l e EPCSof f i c e r sc anbepr omot e daf t e r15ye ar s .
Bangl ade s hPe r i od Thec i vi lbur e auc r ac yi sac ol oni all e gac yi nt hi spa r toft hewor l d.TheBr i t i s hus e dt or ul e t henat i vepopul at i ont hr oughI ndi anCi vi lSe r vi c e( I CS)andmos toft heof f i c e r si nI CS we r eBr i t i s ht he ms e l ve s .I twasi nt hee ar l y20t hCe nt ur yt hatt heI ndi ansal s os t ar t e d c ompe t i ngagai ns tt heBr i t i s handmanyI ndi anse ve nt ual l ymadei tt ot heI CS.Wi t ht he par t i t i onofI ndi ai n1947,t het e r m' Ce nt r alSupe r i orSe r vi c e s ' wasus e di nPaki s t anandt he c onc e ptofAl l Paki s t anSe r vi c e sc ont i nue d.Af t e rt hei nde pe nde nc eofBangl ade s hi n 1971, Bangl ade s hCi vi lSe r vi c ei sf or me dt oge arupt hegove r nme nts ys t e moft hene wl y bor nc ount r ybyanac tf r omt het he nPr e s i de ntShe i khMuj i burRahman. Thebe gi nni ngofBangl ade s hpe r i odwasmar ke dbyc ons e c ut i veat t e mpt st oc ur vet hee l i t i s t nat ur eoft hes e r vi c eande s t abl i s hi nc r e as i ngpol i t i c alc ont r olove ri t . Thedi s c ont i nut i onof c ons t i t ut i onpr ot e c t i onwast hef i r s ts t e pi nt hi sr e s pe c t . Ce nt r al i z at i onofpowe ri nt hepr i memi ni s t e r dof f i c el i ket hatvi c er e gals ys t e mofc ol oni al dayss i gni f i e de f f or t st oi nc r e as epol i t i c alc ont r olove rt headmi ni s t r at i on.Bangl ade s hc i vi l s e r vi c ehasbe c omeapol i t i c i z e dbur e auc r ac y. Muj i bGove r nme ntappoi nt e d3r e f or mbodi e sandCARC.ASRC, Payands e r vi c e c ommi s s i on,Publ i cadmi ni s t r at i onr e f or mc ommi s s i on( PARC)c oul dn' ti mpl e me nt e d t ot al l yduet opol i t i c alc ommi t me nt ,c or r upt i on,l i mi t e dc apac i t yofgove r nme nt ,Pr e s s ur e gr oups ,Bur e auc r at i cr e s i s t anc e ,I ne f f e c t i vebas i cpubl i cmanage me nts e r vi c e ,pol i t i c i z at i on ofadmi ni s t r at i on. Bangl ade s hsbur e auc r ac yi swe l lknownhot be dofc or r upt i on.Thepos i t i onofOmbuds man, apowe r f ule nt i t yf orc he c ki ngc or r upt i onwasnoti nt r oduc e di nBangl ade s h,buti te x i s ti n c ons t i t ut i on( Ar t i c l e77) .Thef i e l dofadmi ni s t r at i ondi r e c t l yori ndi r e c t l yc har gewi t h c or r upt i on.
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Bangl ade s hpubl i cadmi ni s t r at i oni sbounde dbypol i t i c sandc or r upt i on. Gove r nme ntne e d t oe s t abl i s hOmbuds manf orr e moveorc he c ki ngc or r upt i on.
Conc l us i on:Hi s t or yofPubl i cAdmi ni s t r at i oni nBangl ade s hi snotne wornotve r y ol d. Buthi s t or ymai nl ys t ar t e df r omBr i t i s hpe r i od. Pr e s e nts i t uat i onofBangl ade s hpubl i c admi ni s t r at i oni snotgoodduet oc or r upt i onandhi ghl ypol i t i c i z e d.Bangl ade s hpubl i c admi ni s t r at i onne e dar e f or mwhi c hc ani mpl e me ntOmbuds manac c or di ngt oCons t i t ut i on oft hepe opl e sr e publ i cofBangl ade s h.
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Re f e r e nc e s 1.Bangl adeshCi vi lSer vi ce( APol i t i cal Admi ni st r at i vePer spect i ve) ,Al iA M M Shawkat ,TheUni ver si t yPr essLi mi t ed( UPL) ,2004 2.Publ i cAdmi ni st r at i oni nSout hAsi a:( I ndi a,Bangl adesh,andPaki st an) , Sabhar walMeghna,Ber manM.Evan.,CRCPr ess,2013 3.ht t ps: / / en. m. wi ki pedi a. or g/ wi ki / Bangl adesh_ Ci vi l _ Ser vi ce
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