Opel Carburetion and Tune Up Training Manual

@QCG NEXHSXC]J@K EKM ]SKC SQ

@QCG ]XEJKJKI BEKSEG @N]@HCX' 5:91

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OJISXC 5 ” 5+5 Nexhsxc}`x E~~cbhgz Qeic 58

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Qeic 5=

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OJISXC = ” 5+5 Jmgc ^z~}cb

Qeic 53

O`x g`y ~qccm ekm jmgc ~j}se}j`k~ }f c }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ng`~cm `x egb`~} ng`~cm+ Hcnes~c ò }fj~' }fcxc j~ e g`y venssb e} }fc vck}sxj ekm bjjki m`c~ k`} `nnsx }fcxc _enssb ~}jgg cj~}~ hcg`y }fc vegvc f`ycvcx' }fj~ j~ s}jgj|cm jk }fc jmgc n`kmj}j`k+ Ejx n`bjki jk ox`b }fc jmgc ejx hgccm~ ekm q`x}~ jk }fc }fx`}}gc h`mz j~ bjcm hz }fc jmgc lc} yj}f oscg ox`b }fc cbsg~j`k }shc h`xc+ ]fj~ j~ mxeyk m`ykyexm~ }` }fxcc q`x}~ jk }fc }fx`}}gc h`mz kcex }fc ve5vc ]fc g`yc~} ò }fc~c }fxcc q`x}~ j~ hcg`y }fc }fx`}" }gc vegvc yfck j} j~ jk }fc osggz ng`~cm q`~j}j`k ekm }fc bj}sxc j~ mxeyk ox`b }fj~ q`x} e} jmgc ekm bjc~ yj}f }fc ejx hz"qe~~jki }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc }` o`xb }fc jmgc bj}sxc+ ]fc xjnfkc~~ ò }fj~ bj}sxc j~ n`k}x`ggcm hz }fc jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy+ ^nxcyjki j} jk ijvc~ e gcekcx bj}sxc' ~nxcyjki `s} ijvc~ e xjnfcx bj}sxc+ E~ }fc }fx`}}gc j~ `qckcm bj}sxc j~ mxeyk ox`b }fc sqqcx ‗òo"jmgc‒ q`x}~ qx`vjmjki e ~b``}f }xek~j" }j`k ox`b }fc jmgc }` }fc fjif ~qccm ~z~}cb+ =+ Q`ycx ^z~}cb

OJISXC 3” 5+5 Q`ycx ^z~}cb

Qeic 5?

Jk ncx}ejk njxnsb~}eknc~ &fjif ~qccm `x fcevz gèm* b`xc q`ycx j~ kccmcm ox`b }fc ckijkc ekm ~` e xjnfcx bj}sxc j~ xcusjxcm ox`b }fc nexhsxc}`x+ ]fj~ j~ enfjcvcm hz e ~qxjki gèmcm venssb qj~}`k ekm e q`ycx vegvc ]fc }`q ò }fc qj~}`k j~ cq`~cm }` }fc bekjo`gm venssb e} egg }jbc~ hz bcek~ ò e qe~" ~eic n`kkcn}jki j} }` e q`x} g`ne}cm h cg`y }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc+ E} fjifcx ckijkc ~qccm~' `x skmcx fcevz gèm' }fc jk}edc bekjo`gm venssb j~ xcge}jvcgz g`y ekm }fc ~qxjki j~ ~}x`ki ck`sif }` qs~f }fc qj~}`k m`yk' `qckjki }fc q`ycx vegvc+ Emmj}j`keg oscg }fck hg`y~' hz"qe~~jki }fc bc}cxjki lc} }` ckxjnf }fc fjif ~qccm bj}sxc+ 3+ Enncgcxe}`x Qsbq ^z~}cb

OJISXC ? ” 5+5 Enncgcxe}`x Qsbq ^z~}cb

Qeic 59

Yfck ~smmck jknxce~c~ jk ~qccm exc xcusjxcm' }fc qsbq ~z~}cb n`bc~ jk}` `qcxe}j`k+ Ekz ng`~jki ò }fc }fx`}}gc xc~sg}~ jk ojggjki }fc qsbq nfebhcx ox`b }fc ogè} nfebhcx+ Yfck }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ `qckcm' }fc mjeqfxeib j~ b`vcm jkyexm~ ekm oscg j~ jklcn}cm jk}` }fc }fxè} ò }fc qxjbexz vck}sxj }fx`sif }fc jklcn}`x }shc+ ]fc usek}j}z ò oscg jklcn}cm mcqckm~ sq`k }fc qsbq ~}x`dc ekm ~j|c ò veq`x vck}+ ?+ Nf`dc ^z~}cb

OJISXC 9 ” 5+5 Nf`dc ^z~}cb ]fc nf`dc j~ `qcxe}cm hz e H`ymck nehgc+ ]fc nf`dc ekm }fx`}}gc vegvc~ exc jk}cx"n`kkcn}cm hz }fc oe~} jmgc x`m ekm gcvcx jk ~snf e yez }fe} yfck }fc nf`dc j~ ng`~cm' }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ~gjif}gz `qckcm+ ]fj~ exxekicbck} cq`~c~ egg }fc `qckjki~ hcg`y }fc nf`dc ogeq }` bekjo`gm venssb }` qx`" b`}c xeqjm oscg og`y ekm usjnd ckijkc ~}ex}jki+ ]` qxcvck} ek `vcx"xjnf bj}sxc eo}cx }fc ckijkc fe~ ojxcm' }fc nf`dc vegvc j~ fcgm osggz ng`~cm hz e gjif} ~qxjki+ Yfck }fc ckijkc ~}ex}~' }fc fjifcx venssb `vcxn`bc~ }fc }ck~j`k jk }fc ~qxjki ekm qsgg~ }fc vegvc ~gjif}gz `qck }` ckehgc }fc ckijkc }` xsk+

Qeic 56

XCB@_JKI EKM XCJK^]EGGJKI Jj MSEG NEXHSXC]@X^ 5+ Xcb`vc ejx n5cekcx 8+ Mj~n`kkcn} oscg ekm venssb f`~c~ òo nexhsxc}`x oj}}jki~ >+ G``~cknf`dc n`k}x`g nehgc ngebq ekm ~c} ~nxcy+ Skf``d }fc }fx`}}gc ekm mj~n`kkcn} gjkdeic hz xcb`vjki }fc n`}}cx qjk ekm }y` ye~fcx~+ =+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x ox`b jk}edc bekjo`gm &o`sx g`nd ye~fcx~ ekm ks}~*+ Jk~}egg jk xcvcx~c ~cus cknc' k`}jki }fc o`gg`yjki< e+ Qxj`x }` nexhsxc}`x jk~}egge}j`k' qgenc xshhcx ~ceg xjki jk}` i x``vc jk jk}edc bekjo`gm+ h+ Ck~sxc }fe} egg ~nxcy~ ekm ks}~ exc n`xxcn}gz }jif}ckcm+ n+ Eo}cx e}}enfjki H`ymck nehgc' bedc ncx}ejk }fc nf`dc j~ osggz `qck yfck jk~}xsbck} qekcg dk`h j~ qs~fcm jk+ m+ Emls~} ckijkc jmgc ~qccm ekm bj}sxc+

JMGC ^QCCM EKM BJV]SXC EMLS^]BCK] He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck} 5+ ^nxcy jk h`}f jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy~' 8 hend `s} 5² }sxk~+ 8+ Yexb sq ckijkc+ >+ Nfcnd Mycgg' ]jbjki ekm _egvc _ egvc ngcexeknc+ =+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx~+ 3+ ^nxcy jk nck}cx ejx ~qccm ~nxcy >+ ?+ Mj~n`kkcn} f`~c hc}ycck ox`k} nexh ekm nck}cx skj} ekm qgsi+ 9+ ^nxcy jk nck}cx skj} bj}sxc ~nxcy =' hend `s} 8 }sxk~+ 6+ @k nex~ yj}f bekseg }xek~bj~~j`k' ~nxcy jk mcncgcxe}j`k ~qccm ~nxcy 3' hend `s} > }sxk~' &3 j~ g`" ne}cm mjxcn}gz hcg`y >*+ :+ Mj~n`kkcn} nexhsxc}`x n`bq`skm gjkdeic e} nck}cx ~nxcy E hz hendjki `s} sk}jg ngcexeknc nek hc ~cck hc}ycck ~nxcy ekm ~}`q+ 51+ Mj~n`kkcn} nf`dc ekm }fx`}}gc hz hendjki `s} ~nxcy H sk}jg ngcexeknc nek hc ~cck hc}ycck ~}`q ekm ~nxcy+ 55+ S~jki Ejx Og`y Bc}cx' L"8>=>>' hegeknc ejx og`y ò h`}f nexhsxc}`x~ hz emls~}jki }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy~ 5 }` ?31"911 XQB+ 58+ Emls~} h`}f jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy~ 8 }` `h}ejk hc~} bj}sxc e} ?31"911 XQB+ Nfcnd ejx og`y o`x heg" eknc+ Jo k`} hegekncm' xcqce} ^}cq~ 55 ekm 58+ 5>+ Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm hz 51"81 XQB hz }sxkjki jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy~ 8 ‗jk‒ cuseggz }` gcek }fc bj}sxc+ 5=+ N`kkcn} nexhsxc}`x n`bq`skm gjkdeic e} nck}cx' bejk}ejk +118‒ ngcexeknc hc}ycck ~nxcy E ekm ~}`q+ 53+ E}}enf n`kkcn}jki f`~c hc}ycck ox`k} nexhsxc}`x ekm nck}cx skj}+ 5?+ Emls~} nck}cx ejx ~qccm ~nxcy > }` :93"5183 XQB+ 59+ Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm hz 31 XQB hz }sxkjki jk nck}cx bj}sxc ~nxcy = }` gcek bj}sxc &:83":93 XQB*+

Qeic 5:

56+ N`kkcn} nf`dc ekm }fx`}}gc' bejk}ejk +118‒ ngcexeknc hc}ycck ~nxcy H ekm ~}`q+ 5:+ Xcqgenc ejx ngcekcx~+ Mcncgcxe}j`k Bj}sxc Emls~}bck} ” 5+5 Yj}f Bekseg ]xek~bj~~j`k 5+ N`kkcn} lsbqcx yjxc hc}ycck he}}cxz q`~j}jvc q`~} ekm ~`gck`jm vegvc }cxbjkeg+ 8+ Jknxce~c ckijkc ~qccm }` >111 XQB' ckijkc ~f`sgm xc}sxk }` 5611"5:11 XQB+ >+ Emls~} mcncgcxe}j`k ~qccm ~nxcy 3 }` o egg jk xekic ò 5611"5:11 XQB+ Xcqce} ^}cq 8+ =+ Xcb`vc lsbqcx yjxc+ 3+ N`kkcn} }c~} gjif} }` ~`gck`jm vegvc }cxbjkeg ekm ix`skm+ ?+ Jknxce~c ckijkc ~qccm+ ]c~} gjif} ~f`sgm n`bc `k hc}ycck 8511"8311 XQB+ 9+ Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm+ ]c~} gjif} ~f`sgm i` òo hc}ycck hc }ycck 8311"8511 XQB' 6+ Jo }c~} gjif} m`c~ k`} gjif}' nfcnd os~c jk nehgc ekm n`bqs}cx n`kkcn}j`k~+ :+ Jo }c~} gjif} ~}jgg m`c~ k`} gjif} xcqgenc n`bqs}cx+

E " NEXHSXC]@X GJKDEIC N@SQGJKI ^NXCY 5 " ]FX@]]GC ^]@Q ^NXCY 8 " JMGC BJV]SXC KCCMGC > " NCK]CX SKJ] EJX ^QCCM ^NXCY

H " NF@DC ^]@Q ^NXCY = " NCK]CX SKJ] BJV]SXC KCCMGC 3 " MCNCGCXE]J@K BJV]SXC ^NXCY

OJISXC 6 ” 5+5 Mseg Nexhsxc}`x E~~cbhgz

Qeic 81

5:?: " 5+5 MSEG NEXHSXC]@X Nf`dc Emls~}bck}

OJISXC : ” 5:91 5+5 Mseg Nexhsxc}`x Nf`dc Emls~}bck}~

5+ Qs~f jk nf`dc n`k}x`g dk`h }` hc}ycck 55?‒ ekm 56‒ ox`b osggz jk q `~j}j`k+ 8+ Emls~} ox`k} ekm xcex nf`dc hs}}cxogz emls~}jki ~nxcy~ ~` }fe} ox`k} ekm xcex hs}}cxogjc~ exc n`b" qgc}cgz `qckcm &Ojisxc :* >+ Emls~} nf`dc ~}`q ~nxcy o`x 1"1+118‒ ngcexeknc hc}ycck ~nxcy ekm ~}`q &Ojisxc :*+ Qeic 85

5:91 " 5+5 MSEG NEXHSXC]@X Nf`dc Emls~}bck} 5+ Qs~f Jk nf`dc n`k}x`g dk`h }` hc}ycck 55?‒ ekm 56‒ ox`b osggz jk q`~j}j`k+ e+ Emls~} ox`k} ekm xcex nf`dc hs} }cxogz ~nxcy~ ~` ox`k} ekm xcex hs}}cxogjc~ exc n`bqgc}cgz `qckcm+ 8+ G``~ck enncgcxe}`x qsbq cnnck}xjn emls~}bck} ~nxcy~ &Ojisxc 9*+ >+ Emls~} nf`dc nehgc }` nf`dc n`kkcn}jki x`m ~nxcy ~` nf`dc hs}}cxogjc~ exc n`bqgc}cgz `qckcm+ =+ Emls~} h`}f ox`k} ekm xcex enncgcxe}`x qsbq cnnck}xjn~ ~` cnnck}xjn cex }`snfc~ enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`vcx &Ojisxc 9*+

5:91 5+5 MSEG NEXHSXC]@X @+C+N+^+ BEKSEG ]XEK^BJ^^J@K CKIJKC Mcncgcxe}j`k Emmj}j`keg Bj}sxc Emls~}bck} N`kkcn} e lsbqcx yjxc hc}ycck }fc he}}cxz q`~j}jvc }cxbjkeg ekm }fc ~`gck`jm vegvc }cxbjkeg+ ]fj~ yjgg f`gm }fc ~`gck`jm vegvc `qck ~` }fe} jk}edc bekjo`gm venssb nek `qck }fc mjeqfxeib vegvc &Ojisxc 6*+ B`vc nexhsxc}`x gjkdeic }` ~qccm sq ckijkc }` e} gce~} >111 XQB }fck xcgce~c gjkdeic+ ]fc ckijkc ~f`sgm }fck Jmgc e} 5611"5:11 XQB+ jo ckijkc ~qccm j~ k`} n`xxcn}' }sxk mcncgcxe}j`k ~qcc m ~nxcy &3 Ojisxc 6* }` eg}cx ~qccm+ Eo}cx ekz mcncgcxe}j`k ~qccm ~nxcy emls~}bck}' }fc ckijkc bs~} eiejk hc ~qccmcm sq }` >111 XQB `x fjifcx' }fck egg`ycm ~` n`bc m`yk }` nfcnd }fc kcy ~qccm emls~}bck}+ Yfck 5611"5:11 XQB ~qccm j~ `h}ejkcm' xcb`vc lsbqcx yjxc+ ]` nfcnd `qcxe}j`k ò n`bqs}cx n`k" }x`ggjki ~`gck`jm vegvc' n`kkcn} e }c~} gjif} ox`b }fc ~`gck`jm vegvc }cxbjkeg }` ix`skm+ Jknxce~c ck" ijkc ~qccm ~g`ygz+ ]fc }c~} gjif} ~f`sgm n`bc `k hc}ycck 8511"8311 XQB Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm ~g`ygz+ ]c~} }jif} ~f`sgm i` òo hc}ycck 8311"8511 XQB+ jo }c~} gjif} m`c~ k`} gjif}' nfcnd os~c jk ne" hgc ekm egg nehgc n`kkcn}j`k~ }` n`bqs}cx+ Jo }c~} gjif} ~}jgg m`c~ k`} gjif}' n`bqs}cx bs~} hc xc" qgencm+ K@]C< Es}`be}jn }xek~bj~~j`k nex~ m` k`} fevc e mc ncgcxe}j`k skj}+

Qeic 88

^CN]J@K JJ 5+: GJ]CX GJ ]CX NEXHSXC]@X^ NEXHSXC]@X^

5+: NEXHSXC]@X ^QCNJOJNE]J@K^

QXJKNJQGC^ @O @QCXE]J@K

OJISXC 51 ” 5+: Nexhsxc}`x E~~cbhgz ]fc nexhsxc}`x `k }fj~ ckijkc j~ e }yjk"hexxcg m`yk"mxesif} }zqc+ ]fxè} mjebc}cx~ exc 5+518‒ o`x }fc qxjbexz hexxcg ekm 1+:=3‒ o`x }fc ~cn`kmexz+ ]fc nexhsxc}`x nek hc mjvjmcm jk}` }fxcc mj~}jkn} qex}~< }fx`}}gc h`mz' ogè} nfebhcx ekm nexhsxc}`x n`vcx+ ]` ~f`y }fc `qcxe}j`k ò }fc nexhsxc}`x' yc nek ~qgj} j} jk}` ~j ~z~}cb~+ Qeic 8=

Egg ~z~}cb~ m` k`} y`xd `k h`}f hexxcg~' }fc nf`dc ekm enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~z ~}cb~ y`xd `k }fc qxjbexz hexxcg `kgz H`}f hexxcg~ mj~nfexic jk}` }fc ~ebc jk}edc bekjo`gm+ 5+ Ogè} ^z~}cb ]fc ogè} ~z~}cb Jk }fj~ nexhsxc}`x j~ jmck}jneg jk qxjknjqgc ekm `qcxe}j`k }` }fe} s~cm `k }fc 5+5 nexhsxc}`x~ ]fc oscg gcvcg j~ dcq} n`k~}ek} hz e ogè} ekm e ~qxjki gèmcm kccmgc vegvc' xjmjki `k }fc ogè} qjv`} exb+

OJISXC 55 ” Ogè} Nfebhcx _ck}jge}j`k' 5+: Nexhsxc}`x

]fc mjoocxcknc gjc~ jk }fc bc}f`m ò ogè} h`yg vck}jge}j`k+ @k }fj~ nexhsxc}`x' j} j~ enfjcvcm hz bcek~ ò e }y` q`~j}j`k vck} vegvc yfjnf vck}~ }fc h`yg }` e}b`~qfcxc yfck }fc ckijkc j~ jmgjki ekm }` }fc exce skmcx }fc ejx ngcekcx yfck }fc ckijkc j~ y`xdjki ]fj~ ~z~}cb fe~ }y` emvek}eic~< e+ Yfck y`xdjki+ ejx ngcekcx xc~}xjn}j`k m`c~ k`} ckxjnfck }fc bj}sxc+ h+ Yfck jmgjki }fc `s}~jmc vck} qxcvck}~ oscg veq`x~ ox`b }fc h`yg ck}cxjki }fc bekjo`gm yfjnf n`sgm bedc }fc ckijkc ~}egg `x nes~c f`} ~}ex}jki mjoojnsg}jc~+

Qeic 83

8+ Bejk Bc}cxjki `x Fjif ^qccm ^z~}cb

OJISXC 58e ” Qxjbexz Fjif ^qccm ^z~}cb' 5+:

Msxjki fjif ~qccm `qcxe}j`k oscg j~ mxeyk ox`b }fc ogè} nfebhcx }fx`sif }fc bejk bc}cxjki lc} &Ojisxc 58e* jk}` }fc cbsg~j`k gshc h`xc ]fc cbsg~j`k }shc yfjnf fe~ f`gc~ jk j} j~ jk~cx}cm jk }fc cbsg~j`k }shc h`xc+ _enssb jk }fc qxjbexz vck}sxj mxey~ oscg ox`b }fc bejk k`||gc+ E~ }fj~ venssb jknxce~c~ }`` bsnf oscg }ckm~ }` hc mxeyk ox`b }fc bejk k`||gc bedjki }fc bj}sxc }`` xjnf+ ]fj~ j~ n`bqck~e}cm hz }fc cq`~sxc ò b`xc cbsg~j`k }shc f`gc~ e~ }fc oscg gcvcg jk }fc cbsg~j`k }shc mx`q~+ Ejx ox`b }fc fjif ~qccm ejx lc} &Ojisxc 58e* ck}cx~ }fc cbsg~j`k }shc }fx`sif }fxcc f`gc~ ekm bjc~ yj}f }fc oscg+ ]fj~ nes~c~ }fc ejx"oscg xe}j` }` xcbejk n`k~}ek} `vcx }fc yf`gc ckijkc ~qccm Xekic+ Qeic 8?

]fc ~cn`kmexz vegvc mjeqfxeib j~ `qcxe}cm hz venssb }edck ox`b }fc nfebhcx ò }fc qxjbexz hexxcg+ Yj}f }fc qxjbexz }fx`}}gc vegvc egb`~} `qck ekm yj}f ckijkc ~qccm e} eqqx`jbe}cgz fego }fc bej" bsb ckijkc XQB' venssb jknxce~c~ }` ~snf ek c}ck} }fe} }fc ~cn`kmexz }fx`}}gc vegvc ~}ex}~ `qckjki ox`b venssb eqqgjcm jk }fc venssb mjeqfxeib ne~c en}jki }fx`sif e n`kkcn}jki x`m ekm gcvcx &Ojisxc 58h*+

OJISXC 58h ” ^cn`kmexz ]fx`}}gc ^z~}cb

Jk `xmcx }` fevc e ~b``}f ckieicbck} ò }fc ~cn`kmexz hexxcg' j} j~ qx`vjmcm yj}f e }xek~ocx ~z~}cb+ Yfck }fc ~cn`kmexz }fx`}}gc vegvc ~}ex}~ }` `qck' q`x}~ yfjnf exc k`xbeggz ls~} eh`vc }fc ng`~cm vegvc' exc skn`vcxcm nes~jki oscg }` occm jk}` }fc ~cn`kmexz h`xc ls~} hco`xc }fc ~cn`kmexz k`||gc ^}ex}~ occmjki+ ]fj~ qx`vjmc~ o`x ek emmj}j`keg ckxjnfbck} ò }fc ejxoscg bj}sxc e} }fc hcijkkjki ò osgg }fx`}}gc `qcxe}j`k &Ojisxc 58n*+ Eo}cx }fj~' }fc ~cn`kmexz ~z~}cb msqgjne}c~ }fc qxjbexz ekm }fc nexhsxc}`x n`k}jksc~ }` `qcxe}c `k h`}f hexxcg~ &Ojisxc 58m*+

Qeic 89

OJISXC 58n ” Qxjbexz ^cn`kmexz ]xek~ocx ^z~}cb

OJISXC 58m ” 5+: ^cn`kmexz Fjif ^qccm ^z~}cb Qeic 86

>+ Jmgc ^z~}cb

OJISXC 5> ” 5+: Jmgc ^z~}cb

E} ckijkc jmgc ekm msxjki g`y ~qccm &qex} }fx`}}gc* `qcxe}j`k' }fc oscg j~ mxeyk ox`b }fc cbsg~j`k }shc h`xc' n`k}x`ggcm hz }fc jmgc lc} ekm bjcm yj}f ejx ck}cxjki }fx`sif }fc jmgc ejx hgccm~ &Ojisxc 5>* ekm q`x}~ jk }fc }fx`}}gc h`mz+ ]fj~ bj}sxc j~ mxeyk m`ykyexm }` }fc }fxcc q`x}~ kcex }fc }fx`}" }gc vegvc+ Yfck }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ng`~cm' }fc bj}sxc j~ mxeyk ox`b }fc g`yc~} q`x} ekm bjcm yj}f ejx hz"qe~~jki }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc }` o`xb }fc jmgc bj}sxc+ ]sxkjki }fc jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy &Ojisxc 5>* jkyexm xc~sg}~ jk e gcekcx bj}sxc ekm }sxkjki j} `s} xc~sg}~ jk e xjnfcx bj}sxc+ Jo }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ `qckcm' bj}sxc j~ eg~` mxeyk ox`b }fc sqqcx q`x}~' qx`vjmjki e i``m }xek~ocx `vcx ox`b }fc jmgc ~z~}cb }` }fc bejk bc}cxjki ~z~}cb+ Qeic 8:

=+ Q`ycx ^z~}cb

OJISXC 5= ” 5+: Q`ycx ^z~}cb

]fc q`ycx ~z~}cb n`k~j~}~ ò e f`s~jki yfjnf j~ ~nxcycm }` }fc }`q ò }fc nexhsxc}`x h`mz &Ojisxc 5=*+ ]fj~ j~ mjvjmcm jk}` }y` n`bqex}bck}~ hz e mjeqfxeib+ ]fc }`q n`bqex}bck} n`kkcn}cm hz e qe~~eic }` }fc bejk }fxè} hcg`y }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc n`k}ejk~ e ~qxjki+ ]fc g`ycx n`bqex}bck} j~ n`k" kcn}cm hz `kc qe~~eic }` }fc cbsg~j`k }shc h`xc ekm hz ek`}fcx }` }fc ogè} h`yg vje }fc ckxjnfbck} lc} ekm e vegvc+ ]fc vegvc j~ e}}enfcm }` }fc mjeqfxeib+ E} g`ycx ~qccm~ ekm }fx`}}gc `qckjki~' }fc venssb e} }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ~soojnjck}gz fjif }` `vcxn`bc }fc ~qxjki ekm dccq }fc vegvc ng`~cm+ E} fjifcx ~qccm~ ekm yj}f yjmcx }fx`}}gc `qckjki~' }fc venssb jk }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc exce hcn`bc g`ycx ekm }fc ~qxjki nes~c~ }fc vegvc }` `qck+ ]fck c}xe oscg qe~~c~ }fx`sif }fc ckxjnfbck} lc} ekm jk}` }fc bejk bc}cxjki }shc' jk coocn} hz"qe~~jki }fc bejk lc}+ ]fj~ ijvc~ }fc xjnfcx bj}sxc xcusjxcm e} fjifcx ~qccm~ ekm gèm~ mjxcn}gz ox`b }fc bejk k`||gc+ K@]C< Cexgjcx b`mcg~ }fek 5:95 ~`bc}jbc~ s~c~ e q`ycx ~z~}cb yfjnf `bj}~ }fc mjeqfxeib ekm vegvc+ J} j~ q`x}cm mjxcn}gz }` }fc qxjbexz vck}sxj ekm xcgjc~ ck}jxcgz `k vck}sxj venssb e} fjifcx ~qccm~ }` ckxjnf }fc bj}sxc hz mxeyjki fce} oscg mjxcn}gz jk}` }fc vck}sxj }fxè} }fx`sif ek ckxjnf" bck} }shc+ Qeic >1

3+ Qsbq ^z~}cb

OJISXC 53” 5: Qsbq ^z~}cb

Yfckcvcx }fc }fx`}}gc j~ ng`~cm' }fc ~sn}j`k ~}x`dc ò }fc mjeqfxeib qsbq nes~c~ oscg }` og`y ox`b }fc ogè} nfebhcx }fx`sif }fc jkgc} nfcnd vegvc jk}` }fc qsbq nfebhcx &Ojisxc 53*+ @k `qckjki }fcnfx`}}5c vegvc' }fc mjeqfxeib j~ b`vcm jkyexm hz }fc qsbq n`kkcn}jki x`m ekm }fc qsbq gcvcx+ Oscg j~ jklcn}cm jk}` }fc qxjbexz h`xc }fx`sif }fc jklcn}`x k`||gc+ ]fc eb`sk} ò oscg j~ mc}cxbjkcm hz }fc qsbq ~}x`dc+ ]fc jkgc} nfcnd vegvc jk }fc qsbq nfebhcx qxcvck}~ oscg ox`b og`yjki hend jk}` }fc ogè} nfebhcx msxjki }fc qxc~~sxc ~}x`dc ò }fc qsbq+ ]fc `s}gc} nfcnd vegvc qxcvck}~ ejx ox`b hcjki mxeyk jk}` }fc jklcn}`x }shc msxjki }fc ~sn}j`k ~}x`dc ò }fc qsbq+ Qeic >5

?+ Nf`dc ^z~}cb

OJISXC 5? ” 5+: Nf`dc ^z~}cb

]fc nf`dc j~ es}`be}jn ekm `qcxe}cm hz e hj”bc}eg ~qxjki+ ]fc }ck~j`k ò }fc ~qxjki' mcqckmjki `k n``gek} }cbqcxe}sxc' mcnxce~c~ yj}f xj~jki ckijkc }cbqcxe}sxc ekm }fc nf`dc vegvc `qck~ qxìxc~" ~jvcgz sk}jg j} j~ n`bqgc}cgz `qckcm e} ckijkc `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc+ ]fc nf`dc vegvc j~ òo~c} ~` }fe} nf`dc vegvc `qckjki jknxce~c~ e~ ejx og`y jknxce~c~+ Jo }fc nf`dc vegvc j~ ng`~cm' }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc J~ `qck ~gjif}gz }` qx`vjmc e oe~} jmgc ~qccm+ ]fj~ j~ m`kc }fx`sif e neb' ehs}bck} gcvcg ekm }fx`}}gc n`kkcn}jki gjkd Yj}f }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc `qckcm ~gjif}gz }fc venssb msxjki nxekdjki nek }edc eoocn} sq }` }fc nf`dc vegvc' }fcxchz mxeyjki ebqgc oscg `s} ò }fc bejk k`||gc &Ojisxc 5?* Yj}f xj~jki ckijkc }cbqcxe}sxc }fc nf`dc vegvc ixemseggz `qck~ ekm }fc bj}sxc hcn`bc~ gcekcx+ Msx" jki }fj~ qx`nc~~' }fc ehs}bck} gcvcx nfekic~ q`~j}j`k `k }fc oe~} jmgc neb' osx}fcx ng`~jki }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc sk}jg }fc ckijkc j~ e} k`xbeg `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc' }fc nf`dc vegvc j~ yjmc `qck ekm }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ jk ~g`y jmgc q`~j}j`k+ E nf`dc mjeqfxeib j~ n`kkcn}cm }` }fc jk}cxbcmje}c gcvcx ò }fc nf`dc vegvc ~feo} }fx`sif e qsgg x`m+ ]fc venssb yfjnf mcvcg`q~ hcg`y }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc }edc~ eoocn} `k }fc mjeqfxeib }fx`sif e venssb qe~~eic+ E~ ~``k e~ }fc ckijkc ~}ex}~' }fj~ venssb qsgg~ }fc nf`dc vegvc ~gjif}gz `qck' }` ckehgc }fc ckijkc }` xsk sk}jg }fc nf`dc n`jg yexb~ egg`yjki }fc nf`dc }` `qck osx}fcx+ Qeic >8

9+ F`} Jmgc N`bqck~e}j`k ]fc k`xbeg jmgc ~z~}cb qx`vjmc~ e oscg bj}sxc yfjnf j~ }`` xjnf yfck }fc ckijkc j~ sks~seggz f`}+ ]` n`bqck~e}c o`x }fj~' }fc fj"bc}eg ~qxjki ò }fc f`} jmgc n`bqck~e}`x vegvc g`ne}cm `k }fc ~cn`k" mexz hexxcg ò }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz j~ gjo}cm }` `qck e qe~~eic }fx`sif yfjnf emmj}j`keg ejx j~ mxeyk jk+ ]fj~ emmj}j`keg ejx gcek~ }fc jmgc bj}sxc }` qxcvck} e f`} ckijkc ox`b ~}eggjki+

XCB@_C EKM XCQGENC 5+: ]Y@ HEXXCG NEXHSXC]@X 5+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx+ 8+ Mj~n`kkcn} oscg ekm venssb f`~c~ ox`b nexhsxc}`x oj}}jki~+ >+ Mj~n`kkcn} }fc }y` f`~c~ ox`b }fc es}`be}jn nf`dc jkgc} ekm `s}gc} ekm qgsi }fc f`~c~ }` qxcvck} cnc~~jvc n``gek} g`~~+ =+ Mj~n`kkcn} }fc }fx`}}gc gjkdeic hz xcb`vjki }fc g`nd qjk ekm sk~keqqjki }fc hegg ~`ndc} ox`b }fc hegg `k }fc ckm ò }fc }fx`}}gc ~feo}+ 3+ Xcb`vc }fc nexhsxc}`x hz xcb`vjki }fc o`sx ks}~ ekm g`ndye~fcx~+

Jk~}egg jk }fc xcvcx~c `xmcx' k`}jki }fc o`gg`yjki< 5 + Hco`xc jk~}eggjki }fc nexhsxc}`x' qgenc e kcy ie~dc} `k }fc jk}edc bekjo`gm+ 8+ Ck~sxc }fe} egg ks}~ ekm ~nxcy~ exc n`xxcn}gz oj}}cm+ >+ Bedc ~sxc }fc nf`dc f`s~jki j~ ~c} `k jkmc ekm }fc nf`dc vegvc j~ kcexgz ng`~cm e} x``b }cbqcxe" }sxc+ Bedc ~sxc }fc nf`dc vegvc j~ oxcc jk egg q`~j}j`k~+ =+ Emls~} ckijkc jmgc ~qccm ekm bj}sxc+

5:?6"5:91 @QCK ” 5+: GJ]CX CKIJKC ” ]SKC"SQ ISJMC He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck} Nfcnd Ckijkc bs~} hc e} `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc' nf`dc ogeq bs~} hc `qck ekm ejx ngcekcx bs~} hc jk~}eggcm+ E }enf`bc}cx' yj}f ~negc xcemjki }` 5111 XQB j~ kcnc~~exz+ 5+ Ng`~c jmgc ejx emls~}jki ~nxcy >+ 8+ Jo }fx`}}gc qge}c ekm jmgc bj}sxc exc qx`qcxgz emls~}cm' ckijkc yjgg jmgc e} ?31"911 XQB+ jo k`}' nexhsxc}`x xcusjxc~ he~jn emls~}bck}+

Qeic >>

OJISXC 59

He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck} 5+ Ck~sxc }fe} nexhsxc}`x gjkdeic j~ oxcc+ Gshxjne}c `x oxcc jo kcnc~~exz+ 8+ Ng`~c jmgc ejx emls~} ~nxcy >+ >+ Emls~} }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy 5 ekm jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy 8 eg}cxke}cgz }` `h}ejk ~b``}fc~} jmgc e} ?31" 911 XQB+ =+ Eo}cx hc~} q`~~jhgc bj}sxc fe~ hcck `h}ejkcm' m` k`} b`vc 5 eiejk+ 3+ S~jki >' xej~c jmgc ~qccm }` 611"631 XQB &es}`be}jn* ekm 631:11 XQB &bekseg*+ ?+ Emls~} 8 ekm > eg}cxke}cgz }` `h}ejk ~b``}fc~} jmgc e} 611"631 XQB &es}`be}jn* ekm 631":11 XQB & bekseg*+ KH+ Eo}cx emls~}bck} j~ n`bqgc}cm' ck~sxc }fe} ckijkc yjgg xc}sxk }` jmgc eo}cx xej~jki ckijkc ~qccm+ Nf`dc Oe~} Jmgc ^qccm Emls~}bck} 5+ Ic} ckijkc }` `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc+ Yj}f ckijkc k`} xskkjki' ~c} nexhsxc}`x }` n`gm ~}ex}jki q`~j" }j`k ” en}se}c gjkdeic }` ² `qck }fx`}}gc' }fck ng`~c nf`dc vegvc' Xcgce~c gjkdeic' }fck nf`dc vegvc+ 8+ ^}ex} ckijkc4 m` k`} }`snf enncgcxe}`x qcmeg gjkdeic+ >+ Jk }fj~ n`kmj}j`k' ckijkc ~qccm ~f`sgm hc 8911 XQB µ 811 XQB+ =+ Emls~} hz }sxkjki ks}~ `k }fx`}}gc n`kkcn}jki gjkd+ 3+ ]` mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm' ~f`x}ck gjkdeic hz ~gendckjki g`ycx ekm }jif}ckjki sqqcx ks}+

Qeic >=

5:91 " 5 : NEXHSXC]@X OE^] JMGC ^QCCM EMLS^]BCK] 5+ Yj}f ckijkc e} `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc ~c} nexhsxc}`x }` jknxce~cm ckijkc jmgc XQB ò }fc n`gm ~}ex}jki q`~j}j`k+ ]` m` ~`' yj}f ckijkc k`} xskkjki' en}se}c gjkdeic yj}f `kc fekm ~` }fe} }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ eqqx`jbe}cgz `kc"fego `qck+ Yj}f }fc `}fcx fekm n`bqgc}cgz ng`~c nf`dc vegvc' ekm xc" gce~c }fx`}}gc gjkdeic+ 8+ Hz m`jki }fj~' }fc ehs}bck} gcvcx jk }fc es}`be}jn nf`dc h`mz k`y xc~}~ `k }fc fjifc~} ~}cq ò }fc neb ekm }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ~gjif}gz `qck+ >+ ^}ex} ckijkc+ M` k`} }`snf enncgcxe}`x qcmeg `x gjkdeic e~ }fc gjif}c~} }`snf xc~sg}~ jk e xc}sxk ò }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc ekm }fc ckijkc xsk~ e} k`xbeg jmgc ~qccm+ =+ Jk }fj~ }fx`}}gc q`~j}j`k ckijkc ~qccm ~f`sgm hc 8911 XQB µ 811 XQB+ Emls~} hz }sxkjki ks}~ `k }fx`}}gc n`kkcn}jki gjkd+ ]` mcnxce~c ckijkc XQB' gjkdeic ~f`sgm hc ~f`x}ckcm hz ~gendckjki g`ycx ks} ekm }jif}ckjki }fc sq" qcx ks}' ekm vjnc vcx~e &^cc Ojisxc 5:*+

OJISXC 56 ” 5+: Qsbq ^f`} Emls~}bck} Qeic >3

5:?6"5:91 ” 5+: ENNCGCXE]@X QSBQ ^F@] EMLS^]BCK] Demc}} &5:?6"5:91* Jo e xjnf ~}sbhgc sq`k fexm }` yjmc `qck }fx`}}gc enncgcxe}j`k j~ ckn`sk}cxcm' xcmsnc }fc }`}eg enncg" cxe}`x qsbq ~f`} sk}jg }fc nex j~ enncq}ehgc sq`k gjif} ekm yjmc `qck }fx`}}gc enncgcxe}j`k~ e~ o`gg`y~< 5+ B`vc }fc enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`kkcn}jki x`m ckm yfjnf j~ `qq`~j}c }fc ~qxjki ckm' }` }fc sqqcx }fx`}}gc vegvc gcvcx f`gc+ ]fj~ yjgg ~f`x}ck }fc qsbq ~}x`dc ekm nes~c gc~~ oscg }` mj~nfexic ox`b }fc qsbq k`||gc+ 8+ B`vc }fc enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`kkcn}jki x`m n`}}cx qjk }` }fc `s}hèxm f`gc4 ]fj~ yjgg xcmsnc }fc ~qxjki }ck~j`k `k }fc qsbq mjeqfxeib en}jve}jki gcvcx ekm nes~c e b`xc ixemseg mj~}xjhs}j`k ò oscg ox`b }fc qsbq k`||gc+ O`x e bejbsb xcmsn}j`k ò enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~f`}' qcxo`xb h`}f }fc eh`vc ~}cq~ &Ojisxc 56*+ I+]+ Yj}f enncgcxe}`x qsbq en}se}jki x`m ” êbc e~ ^} cq~ 5 ekm 8 eh`vc4 Yj}f enncgcxe}`x qsbq en}se}" jki neb ekm x`ggcx ” hckm qsbq en}se}jki gcvcx ~gjif}gz `s}hèxm }` mcnxce~c }`}eg qsbq ~f`}+

OJISXC 5: ” Nf`dc Gjkdeic Egjikbck}

Qeic >?

5+: Demc}} ekm I+]+ ” Nf`dc Gjkdeic Egjikbck} 5+ Xcb`vc }fx`}}gc xc}sxk ~qxjki+ 8+ Xcb`vc nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx xc}ejkjki ks} &Ojisxc 5:*+ >+ F`gm nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx ekm x`}e}c }fx`}}gc n`k}x`g ~feo}+ jo }fxcemcm ckm ò emls~}bck} x`m m`c~ k`} ~gjmc oxccgz }fx`sif fc hs~fjki' hckm nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx }` egjik fc hs~fjki yj}f emls~}" bck} x`m &Ojisxc 5:*+ =+ Jk~}egg nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx xc}ejkjki ks}+ 3+ X`}e}c }fx`}}gc n`k}x`g ~feo} ox`b ng`~cm }` osgg }fx`}}gc q`~j}j`k }` nfcnd ce~c ò `qcxe}j`k ò nf`dc gjkdeic+ ?+ Jk~}egg }fx`}}gc xc}sxk ~qxjki+ 9+ Emls~} oe~} jmgc &^cc Qeic >3*+

Qeic >9

^CN]J@K JJJ 5+: / 5+5 NEXHSXC]@X ]X@SHGC MJEIK@^J^

EGG 5+: GJ]CX CKIJKC^ ” 5:?6"5:91 N@KMJ]J@K J+ Fc~j}e}j`k `x ~}egg sq`k gjif} enncgcxe}j`k+ N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Nfcnd ekm ~c} mycgg ekm }jbjki+ e+ Mycgg ekigc =6± ” 38±+ h+ Jikj}j`k ]jbjki ” ,Mj~n`kkcn} ekm qgsi mj~}xjhs}`x venssb emveknc ekm xc}exm f`~c~+ ,Xcmsnc jmgc }` 611 XQB yj}f }f x`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy &K`+ 5*+ ^cc Ojisxc 81+ ,Egjik m`} `k ogzyfccg yj}f q`jk}cx e}}enfcm }` xjif} ogzyfccg f`s~jki+ 8+ Emls~} nexhsxc}`x qcx @qcg Mcegcx ^cxvjnc Jko`xbe}j`k Hsggc}jk Ksbhcx 91"J"5> e~ o`gg`y~< He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck} Nfcnd  ]` nfcnd }fc he~jn emls~}bck}' }fc ckijkc bs~} hc e} `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc' }fc nf`dc vegvc bs~} hc `qck' ekm }fc ejx ngcekcx bs~} hc jk~}eggcm+ Ek ennsxe}cgz negjhxe}cm }enf`bc}cx' fevjki e osgg ~negc xcemjki ò 5111 XQB `x gc~~' j~ c~~ck}jeg+ 5+ Osggz ng`~c jmgc ejx emls~}jki ~nxcy &K`+ >* ekm xc~c} jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy ~nxcy o`x hc~} jmgc &K`+ 8*+ ^cc Ojisxc 81+ 8+ Jo }fc }fx`}}gc qge}c ekm jmgcx bj}sxc j~ qx`qcxgz emls~}cm' }fc ckijkc yjgg jmgc e} ?31"911 XQB' jo }fc jmgc j~ k`} }` }fc~c ~qcnjojne}j`k~' }fc nexhsxc}`x xcusjxc~ he~jn emls~}bck}+

OJISXC 81

Qeic =1

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm* 

He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck} 5+ Hco`xc e}}cbq}jki }` emls~} nexhsxc}`x' hc ncx}ejk }fe} }fc enncgcxe}`x ekm nexhsxc}`x gjkdeic j~ oxcc ekm yjgg xc}sxk xc} sxk }` e ng`~cm }fx`}}gc q`~j}j`k+ Gshxjne}c `x oxcc gjkdeic jo kcn" c~~exz Qgsi nfexnèg nekj~}cx vck} }shc e} xc ex ò nexhsxc}`x+ &5:91 Negjo`xkje nex~ `kgz*+ 8+ Osggz ng`~c jmgc ejx emls~}jki ~nxcy &K`+ >* hz }sxkjki j} jk sk}jg ~ce}cm+ ^cn jggs~}xe}j`k+ F`} jmgc n`bqck~e}`x bs~} hc ng`~cm msxjki 5+: nexhsxc}`x emls~}bck}~ }` qx`msnc x`qcx jmgc usegj}z+ ng`~c n`bqck~e}`x hz ~ce}jki hxe~~ qgsi yj}f ~nxcy mxjvcx msxjki xcbejkmcx ò em" ls~}bck}~+ ^cc Ojisxc 88+ >+ Emls~} }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy &K`+ 5* ekm jmgc bj}sxc kccmgc &K`+ 8* }` `h}ejk hc~} jmgc e} ?31"911 XQB+ ^cc Jggs~}xe}j`k+ K@]C< Eo}cx hc~} q`~~jhgc bj}sxc fe~ hcck `h}ejkcm' }fc }fx`}}gc xedc fe~ hcck q`~j}j`keg }` `h}ejk }fc hc~} g`y ~qccm qcxo`xbeknc evejgehgc+ M` k`} b`vc }fc }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy &K`+ 5* ox`b }fj~ q`~j}j`k+ =+ Xej~c jmgc ~qccm }` 681"691 XQB es}`be}jn }xek~bj~~j`k ekm 691":11 XQB bekseg }xek~bj~" ~j`k yj}f }fc jmgc ejx &~qccm* emls~}jki ~nxcy &K`+ >*+ ^cc jggs~}xe}j`k+ 3+ Emls~} jmgc bj}sxc kccmgc &K`+ 8* }` `h}ejk hc~} q`~~jhgc bj}sxc &fjif c~} XQB*+ K@]C< Emls~} jmgc ejx &~qccm* emls~}jki ~nxcy &K`+ >* }` dccq ckijkc ~qccm yj}fjk }fc gjbj}~ ~}e}cm jk ^}cq = yfjgc emls~}jki }fc jmgc bj}sxc kccmgc &K`+ 8*+ ?+ Ng`~c jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy sk}jg Jmgc mx`q~ 81 XQB+ Ojkeg jmgc ~qccm ~f`sgm hc 611"631 XQB es}`be}jn }xek~bj~~j`k ekm 631":11 XQB bekseg }xek~bj~~j`k+

Eo}cx he~jn emls~}bck} j~ n`bqgc}cm ekm ckijkc jmgc~ ~b``}fgz' hc ncx}ejk }fe} }fc ckijkc yjgg xc}sxk }` jmgc ~qccm `h}ejkcm jk ^}cq = eo}cx xej~jki ckijkc ~qccm+ 

Nf`dc Oe~} Jmgc ^qccm Emls~}bck} Qe~} jmgc ~qccm emls~}bck}~ ~f`sgm hc nfcndcm o`x qx`qcx nf`dc `qcxe}j`k+ 5+ Yj}f ckijkc e} `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc' ~c} nexhsxc}`x `k oe~} jmgc neb+ ]` m` ~`' xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx' yj}f ckijkc k`} xskkjki+ en}se}c }fx`}}gc gjkdeic }` fego }fx`}}gc yj}f `kc fekm+ Yj}f }fc `}fcx fekm' n`bqgc}cgz ng`~c nf`dc vegvc+ ]fck xcgce~c gjkdeic yfjgc f`gm" jki }fc nf`dc vegvc ng`~cm+ 8+ Hz m`jki }fj~' }fc en}se}jki gcvcx jk }fc es}`be}jn nf`dc h`mz k`y xc~}~ `k }fc fjifc~} ~}cq ò }fc neb+ ekm }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc j~ ~gjif}gz `qckcm+ >+ K`y ~}ex} ckijkc+ M` k`} }`snf enncgcxe}`x qcmeg `x gjkdeic+ ]fc gjif}c~} }`snf xc~sg}~ jk e xc}sxk ò }fc }fx`}}gc vegvc ~` }fe} ckijkc xsk~ e} en}seg jmgc ~qccm+

Qeic =5

N@KMJ]J@K J &n`k}jkscm* =+ Jk }fj~ }fx`}}gc vegvc q`~j}j`k' q `~j}j`k' }fc ckijkc ~qccm ~f`sgm hc 8311"8:11 XQB+ 3+ Emls~} ckijkc ~qccm hz }sxkjki ks}~ `k }fx`}}gc n`kkcn}jki gjkd+ e+ ^f`x}ck gjkdeic+ ^gendckjki g`ycx ks} ekm }jif}ckjki sqqcx ks} xc~sg}~ jk e mcnxce~c ò ck" ijkc XQB+ ^cc Ojisxc 85+ h+ Gcki}fckjki gjkdeic+ ^gendckjki sqqcx ks} ekm }jif}ckjki g`ycx ks} xc~sg}~ jk ek jknxce~c ò ckijkc XQB+

OJISXC 85

>+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x n`vcx ekm ngcek }fc o`gg`yjki yj}f ek ejx f`~c+ ^cc Ojisxc 88+ e+ Jmgc' bejk bc}cxjki' ekm fjif ~qccm ejx n`xxcn}j`k lc}~+ h+ Jmgc' bejk bc}cxjki' enncgcxe}`x qsbq jkgc}' ekm mj~nfexic k`||gc qe~~eic~+ n+ Ogè} nfebhcx+

Qeic =8

N@KMJ]J@K J &n`k}jkscm*

OJISXC 88 " 5 : Lc} ekm Lc} Qe~~eic G`ne}j`k~

=+ O`x 5+: Es}`be}jn Demc}}~ `kgz+ e+ Yj}f }fc enncgcxe}`x qsbq vck} g`ne}cm e} h`}}`b ò qsbq nevj}z' b`mjoz qsbq vck} ekm jkgc} hegg e~ o`gg`y~< 5+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x e~~cbhgz+ 8+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x ejx f`xk ekm ie~dc}+ >+ Xcb`vc ogè} e~~cbhgz =+ Xcb`vc enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`vcx ekm enncgcxe}`x qsbq mjeqfxeib+

Qeic =>

N@KMJ]G@K J &n`k}jkscm* 3+ Ox`b oscg h`yg ~jmc' }eq }` g``~ck cj~}jki enncgcxe}`x qsbq nevj}z vck} `xjojnc e} g`ycx q`x}j`k ò nevj}z ekm qsgg `s} ox`b enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~jmc yj}f qgjcx~+ Jk~}egg }fc bc}eg Egs" hegg"qgsi jk }fj~ h`xc ox`b Hsjnd"@qcg Dj}' Qex} Ksbhcx 686:51+ ?+ Mxjgg ek ekigcm h`xc ò +19>‒ &Ksbhcx =: Mxjgg* &J}cb ‗H‒ jk Ojisxc 8>* }`yexm }fc } `q nck" }cx &ekigcm eqqx`jbe}cgz =3±* ox`b qsbq nevj}z sq }`yexm oscg h`yg+ 9+ Xcb`vc hxe~~ qgsi ò }fc qsbq ~sn}j`k vegvc &J}cb ‗N‒* hz mxeyjki `s} yj}f }fc }fxcemcm ckm ò e nf`dc `qcxe}jki x`m jo qgsi n`k}ejk~ }fxcem~ jk }fc jkkcx mjebc}cx' `x s~c ~nxcy" mxjvcx jo qgsi fe~ ~g`}}cm fcem+ jo }fc qgsi m`c~ k`} fevc ~g`}}cm fcem' `x }fxcem~ jk jkkcx mj" ebc}cx' j} yjgg k`} hc kcnc~~exz }` xcb`vc }` nfekic ~sn}j`k vegvc hegg+ 6+ Xcb`vc }fc ~}ccg hegg ekm xcqgenc yj}f ige~~ hegg ~sqqgjcm jk dj} &J}cb ‗M‒*+ :+ Qxc~~ jk qgsi' ~sqqgjcm jk dj}' hz gjif}gz }eqqjki' `x ~nxcy ~g`}}cm qgsi jk 51+ Nfekic }fc enncgcxe}`x 5sbq n`kkcn}jki x`m ox`b }fc sqqcx q`~j}j`k &C* }` } fc g`ycx f`gc &O*+ 55+ Ngcek }fc nexhsxc}`x h`yg ekm enncgcxe}`x qsbq nevj}z ò ekz be}cxjeg ox`b }fc mxjggjki qx`nc~~+ 58+ Jk~}egg }fc enncgcxe}`x qsbq mjeqfxeib ekm n`vcx' ogè} e~~cbhgz' nexhsxc}`x ejx f`xk ekm ie~dc}+ 5>+ Jk~}egg nexhsxc}`x e~~cbhgz+ 5=+ Xcemls~} nexhsxc}`x e~ Jkmjne}cm jk ^cn} 8 ò }fj~ hsggc}jk+

OJISXC 8>

Qeic ==

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm* H+ Yj}f }fc enncgcxe}`x qsbq vck} g`ne}cm e} }fc }`q ò qsbq nevj}z' jk~}egg qsbq vck} }shc dj} &Qex} Ksbhcx~ 5?16135 Demc}} `x 5?16131 I]* qcx @qcg Mcegcx ]cnfkjneg Jko`xbe}j`k Hsggc}jk Ksbhcx 91"]"1=+ 5+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx+ 8+ Mj~n`kkcn} oscg gjkc+ >+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x ejx f`xk ekm ie~dc}+ = Xcb`vc ogè} e~~cbhgz+ 3+ Xcb`vc enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`vcx ekm mjeqfxeib+ ?+ ^èd oscg `s} ò nexhsxc}`x oscg h`yg yj}f e ngcek }`ycg+ Eg~` xcb`vc egg lc}~ ekm hg`y `s} bc}cxjki qe~~eic~ ekm lc}~ yj}f ejx f`~c+ 9+ ]eq `s} }fc cj~}jki enncgcxe}`x qsbq nevj}z `xjojnc+ &Jo ^}cq~ =e”3 ycxc k`} xcusjxcm+* Mj~nexm hxe~~ `xjojnc+ ^cc Ojisxc 8=+ 6+ Bj cq`z ~cegcx hz xcb`vjki }fc qge~}jn ojgb ox`b }fc bjjki nsq+ qs~f }fc h`}}`b ò }fc nsq m`yk }` o`xb e bjjki n`k}ejkcx nsq' ekm }f`x`sifgz bj }fc yfj}c ekm hgend qex}~ ò }fc ~cegcx yj}f e ngcek ~nxcymxjvcx hgemc+ ]f`x`sifgz bj sk}jg bj}sxc n`g`x j~ n`b" qgc}cgz ixcz+ :+ Jk~}egg }fc vck} xshc jk }fc h`xc ekm gjif}gz }eq yj}f e ~nxcymxjvcx fekmgc }` ~ce}+ ^cc Oji" sxc 83+ 51+ Eqqgz cq`z ex`skm }fc h`xc }` ~ceg ekm eg`ki }fc }shc }` f`gm }fc }shc }` }fc nexhsxc}`x h`yg+ ^cc Ojisxc 83+ 55+ Nfcnd }fc oscg h`yg o`x o`xcjik be}cxjeg+ Hg`y `s} yj}f ejx f`~c+ 58+ Jk~}egg }fc ogè} e~~cbhgz' nexhsxc}`x ejx f`xk' ekm ie~dc}' enncgcxe}`x qsbq mjeqfxeib ekm n`vcx' ekm e}}enf oscg gjkc+ 5>+ Jk~}egg ejx ngcekcx+ K@]C< M` k`} ~}ex} }fc ckijkc o`x e qcxj`m ò `kc f`sx }` egg`y }fc cq`z }` ~c}+

Qeic =3

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm*

OJISXC 8=

OJISXC 83 Qeic =?

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm* 3+ Xcn`bbckm }` `ykcx }fe} }f cz fevc ek ‗EN‒ jk"gjkc oscg ojg}cx &EN .IO"?5* Qex} K`+ 63=36> jk" ~}eggcm }` jk~sxc eiejk~} ekz mjx} ox`b nes~jki os}sxc nexhsxc}`x mjoojnsg}jc~+ e+ Xcb`vc oscg gjkc }fe} i`c~ ox`b oscg qsbq }` nexhsxc}`x+ h+ Ns} gjkc yj}f qjqc ns}}cx xcb`vjki ="58‒ ò gjkc }` ckehgc ojg}cx }` hc jk~}eggcm yj}f`s} mj~}sxhjki }fc x`s}jki ò }fc gjkc+ ^cc Ojisxc 8?+ K@]C< Ngcek gjkc }f`x`sifgz bedjki ncx}ejk k` hsxx~ `x nfjq~ xcbejk jk~jmc `x `s}~jmc }fc gjkc+ n+ E~~cbhgc oscg gjkc s~jki f`~c~ ekm ngebq~ qx`vjmcm jk dj}+ m+ Jk~}egg oscg ojg}cx ekm oscg gjkc `k}` ckijkc' e~ ~f`yk jk ojisxc' hcjki nexcosg }fe} }fc oscg gjkc ekm oscg ojg}cx exc q`~j}j`kcm ekm x`s}cm n`xxcn}gz+ c+ Xsk ckijkc ekm nfcnd o`x gced~ ekm n`xxcn} jo kcnc~~exz+ o+ Xcemls~} nexhsxc}`x e~ jkmjne}cm jk ^}cq 8 ò }fj~ hsggc}jk+

Jk~}egge}j`k ò Jk"}jkc Oscg Ojg}cx' Ix`sq Ksbhcx >6:1' Qex} Ksbhcx 63=63>+ @qcg~ Yj}f 5+3 `x 5+: Gj}cx Ckijkc~+ OJISXC 8?

Qeic =9

N@KMJ]J@K 5+ &n`k}jkscm* ?+ Nfcnd enncgcxe}`x qsbq mj~nfexic k`||gc o`x qx`qcx ejb yfjgc ckijkc j~ xskkjki+ jj oscg ~qxez ox`b k`||gc j~ k`} mjxcn}cm hc}ycck qxjbexz vck}sxj yegg ekm }fx`}}gc h`mz vegvc sq`k enncgcxe}j`k' hckm k`||gc }` emls~}+ ^cc Ojisxc 89+

OJISXC 89”Enncgcxe}`x Qsbq Emls~}bck} NES]J@K< Hcyexc ò hendojxc }fx`sif nexhsxc}`x yfjgc nfcndjki enncgcxe}`x qsbq mj~nfexic ejb yj}f ckijkc xskkjki

Qeic =6

N@KMJ]J@K JJ+ Fc~j}e}j`k `x ~}egg sq`k fexm `x yjmc `qck }fx`}}gc enncgcxe}j`k+ N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Qcxo`xb ^}cq~ 5"? skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+ 8+ Xcmsnc enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~f`} qcx }fc o`gg`yjki qx`ncmsxc< e+ B`vc qsbq en}se}jki x`m jk}` sqqcx f`gc `k }fx`}}gc vegvc en}se}jki gcvcx &Ojisxc 89*+ h+ E} ~qxjki ckm ò qsbq qsb q en}se}jki x`m' b`vc n`}}cx qjk }` }fc `s}hèxm f`gc &Ojisxc 89*+ n+ @k I]‚~ yj}f enncgcxe}`x qsbq en}se}jki neb ekm x`ggcx' hckm qsbq en}se}jki gcvcx ~gjif}gz `s} hèxm }` mcnxce~c qsbq ~f`}+

NES]J@K< Xcmsnjki }fc }`}eg enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~f`} nes~c~ e gcekcx gjif} enncgcxe}j`k n`kmj" }j`k yfjnf bez nes~c ek `hlcn}j`kehgc gjif} enncgcxe}j`k ~}sbhgc+

N@KMJ]J@K JJJ+ ^sxic ekm`x fexm ~}ex} eo}cx f`} ~èd N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Qcxo`xb ^}cq~ 5"? skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+ 8+ O`x 5+: Bekseg ekm Es}`be}jn Demc}}~ `kgz ' Jk~}egg nexhsxc}`x fce} ~fjcgm' Qex} Ksbhcx 631::14 o`sx &=* Jk~sge}jki ye~fcx~' Qex} Ksbhcx 5=?8:5' ekm ie~dc}' Qex} Ksbhcx 686==5' qcx o`gg`yjki qx`ncmsxc< e+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx+ h+ Mj~n`kkcn} oscg ekm' venssb gjkc~' nexhsxc}`x gjkdeic+ n+ Xcb`vc o`sx nexhsxc}`x e}}enfjki ks}~4 xej~c nexhsxc}`x ox`b bekjo`gm+ K@]C< J} j~ k`} kcnc~~exz }` mj~n`kkcn} es}`be}jn nf`dc f`~c~+ m+ ]sxk o`sx nexhsxc}`x b`sk}jki ~}sm~ `s} }` egg`y 5"²‒ fcjif} ox`b bekjo`gm ~sxoenc }` ckm ò ~}sm+ Xcocx }` Ojisxc 86+ c+ ]sxk venssb oj}}jki `k x`ndcx exb n`vcx ~jmc ò jk}edc bekjo`gm m`yk }` ngcex fce} ~fjcgm+ Qgenc fce} ~fjcgm `k bekjo`gm+ Hc ncx}ejk }fe} ~fjcgm oj}~ ogs~f }` }fc bekjo`gm ~sxoenc+ J} bez hc kcnc~~exz }` ojgc cnc~~jvc bc}eg ox`b }fc gcemjki cmic ò }fc jk}edc bekjo`gm ~` }fe} }fc fce} ~fjcgm yjgg oj} ogs~f `k }fc nexhsxc}`x b`sk}jki ~sxoenc yj}f`s} o`xnjki `x hckmjki+ Xcocx }` Ojisxc 8:+ K@]C< Yfck Jk~}eggcm `k 5:?6 `x 5:?: yj}f E+J+X+ venssb' oj}}jki `k jk}edc bekjo`gm bez fevc }` hc xcq`~j}j`kcm+

Qeic =:

N@KMJ]J@K JJJ+ &n`k}jkscm*

OJISXC 86

o+ Hco`xc qx`nccmjki yj}f xcjk~}egge}j`k ò }fc nexhsxc}`x' cgjbjke}c }fc `qcxe}j`k ò }fc f`} jmgc n`bqck~e}`x jk }fc nexhsxc}`x }fx`}}gc h`mz hz xcb`vjki }fc jmgc n`bqck~e}`x xc" }ejkcx ~nxcy ekm qgenjki e qjcnc ò fcevz ie~dc} be}cxjeg `x ~fjb ~}`nd ns} }` oj} skmcx }fc n`bqck~e}`x }` hg`nd }fc q`x} jk }fc nexhsxc}`x }fx`}}gc h`mz' }jif}ck }fc jmgc n`bqck~e" }`x xc}ejkjki ~nxcy }` f`gm }fc be}cxjeg jk qgenc i+ Qgenc jk~sge}jki ie~dc}' Qex} Ksbhcx 686==5' `k fce} ~fjcgm+ f+ Xcjk~}egg nexhsxc}`x' yj}f }fc ojhcx jk~sge}jki ye~fcx~ }` }fc nexhsxc}`x ogekic' bc}eg yevc ye~fcx' ekm nexhsxc}`x xc}ejkjki ks}~ jk }fe} `xmcx+ K@]C< Nexhsxc}`x me~f q`} ekm hxendc} yjgg hc cgjbjke}c m+ Xcocx }` Ojisxc 8: o`x ojkeg jk~}egge}j`k+ NES]J@K< Bedc ncx}ejk }fe} venssb f`~c ox`b jk}edc bekjo`gm }` hxedc h``~}cx j~ k`} }`snfjki es}`be}jn nf`dc gjkdeic ” bez hc }eqcm }` `}fcx f`~c~+ Qeic 31

N@KMJ]J@K JJJ+ &n`k}jkscm*

OJISXC 8:

Qeic 35

N@KMJ]J@K J_+ X`sif' cxxe}jn' `x k` jmgc+ N@KMJ]J@K ]fj~ n`kmj}j`k nek hc nes~cm hz }y` q`~~jhgc n`kmj}j`k~+ ]fc ojx~} bez hc qxc~ck} `k egg 5+: gj}cx @qcg ckijkc~' }fc ~cn`km `kgz `k }f`~c ckijkc~ oj}}cm yj}f }fc EJX ^z~}cb &5:?6 ekm 5:?: `kgz*+ 5+ Jo }fc nex j~ k`} oj}}cm yj}f ek ejx qsbq &E+J+X+' Cbj~~j`k N`k}x`g ^z~}cb*< e+ Nfcnd mycgg ekigc ekm jikj}j`k }jbjki e~ jkmjne}cm jk ^}cq 5 skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+ h+ Ngcek jmgc lc}~ ekm qe~~eic~ yj}f ejx f`~c+ Jk~}egg oscg ojg}cx e~ jkmjne}cm jk ^}cq 3 skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+ n+ Nfcnd es}`be}jn nf`dc gjkdeic egjikbck}+ 5+ Xcb`vc }fx`}}gc xc}sxk ~qxjki+ 8+ Xcb`vc nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx xc}ejkjki ks}+ >+ F`gm nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx ekm x`}e}c }fx`}}gc n`k}x`g ~feo}+ Jo }fxcemcm ckm ò em" ls~}bck} x`m m`c~ k`} ~gjmc oxccgz }fx`sif fc hs~fjki' hckm nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx }` egjik fc hs~fjki yj}f emls~}bck} x`m+ =+ Jk~}egg nf`dc n`k}x`g gcvcx xc}ejkjki ks}+ ^cc Ojisxc >1+ 3+ X`}e}c }fx`}}gc n`k}x`g ~feo} ox`b ng`~cm }` osgg }fx`}}gc q`~j}j`k }` nfcnd oxccm`b ò nf`dc gjkdeic `qcxe}j`k+ ?+ Jk~}egg }fx`}}gc xc}sxk ~qxjki+ 9+ Emls~} oe~} jmgc e~ qcx N`kmj}j`k J+ m+ Nfcnd he~jn nexhsxc}`x emls~}bck} e~ jkmjne}cm jk ^}cq 8 skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+

OJISXC >1

Qeic 38

N@KMJ]J@K J_+ &n`k}jkscm* 8+ jo }fc nex j~ cusjqqcm yj}f ejx qsbq' }fc n`kmj}j`k bez hc nes~c hz4 e+ ]fc }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz }` nexhsxc}`x ogè} h`yg f`s~jki ie~dc} fe~ e q eqcx ~cegcx h`kmcm }` h`}f ò j}~ ~jmc~' yfjnf bez ~fjo} ekm ~fxjkd hg`ndjki }fc nexhsxc}`x venssb qe~~eic~' xc~sg}jki jk }fc nexhsxc}`x bj}sxc hcjki cnc~~jvcgz xjnf+ 5+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx+ 8+ Xcb`vc oscg ekm venssb f`~c~ ox`b nexhsxc}`x oj}}jki~+ >+ Mj~n`kkcn} }y` f`~c~ ox`b ye}cx"fce}cm es}`be}jn nf`dc ekm qgsi }` ev`jm n``g" ek} g`~~+ =+ Mj~n`kkcn} }fx`}}gc gjkdeic hz sk~keqqjki hegg ~`ndc} ox`b hegg `k ckm ò }fx`}}gc ~feo}+ 3+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc}`x }` bekjo`gm e}}enfjki ks}~ ekm g`ndye~fcx~+ Xcb`vc nexhsxc" }`x+ G``~ck }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz hz xcb `vjki }y` e}}enfjki ~nxcy~+ M` k`} mj~n`kkcn} oj~} jmgc x`m `x enncgcxe}`x qsbq x`m+ ^cc Ojisxc >5+ ?+ Yj}f }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz oxcc ox`b nexhsxc}`x ogè} h`yg f`s~jki' xcb`vc }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz }` nexhsxc}`x ogè} h`yg f`s~jki ie~dc}+ Mj~nexm ie~dc}+ ^cc Ojisxc 5>+ 9+ Jk~}egg kcy ie~dc}' Qex} Ksbhcx 686==5' bedjki ncx}ejk }fc ~jmc ò }fc ie~dc} yj}f }fc b`~} f`gc~ jk `k }fc qxjbexz ~jmc &enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`vcx ~jmc* ò }fc nexhs" xc}`x+ 6+ Jk~}egg }fx`}}gc vegvc h`mz }` nexhsxc}`x ogè} h`yg f`s~jki+ :+ Xcjk~}egg nexhsxc}`x+ K@]C< ]fj~ eqqgjc~ }` 5:?6 ekm 5:?: `kgz' e~ egg 5:91 fevc }fc kcy ie~dc}+

OJISXC >5 XCB@_JKI / JK^]EGGJKI ]FX@]]GC H@MZ

OJISXC >8

Qeic 3>

N@KMJ]J@K J_+ &n`k}jkscm* >+ Mcocn}jvc EJX N`k}x`g _egvc egg`yjki EJX Qsbq }` qsbq ejx mjxcn}gz jk}` jk}edc bekjo`gm+ e+ Yfck }fc eh`vc n`kmj}j`k j~ ~s~qcn}cm' }fc E+J+X+ N`k}x`g _egvc nek hc nfcndcm hz mj~n`k" kcn}jki }fc }y` ~begg f`~c~ hc}ycck }fc jk}edc bekjo`gm ekm }fc E+J+X+ N`k}x`g _egvc+ ^cc Ojisxc >>+ Qgsi }fc }y` gjkc~ ~` }fe} ejx m`c~ k`} ck}cx }fc jk}edc bekjo`gm+ ]fck xc~c} nex" hsxc}`x emls~}bck}~ ekm mc}cxbjkc Jo x`sif ckijkc jmgc n`kmj}j`k j~ jbqx`vcm+ jo jmgc j~ jb" qx`vcm' j} jkmjne}c~ n`kmj}j`k j~ nes~cm hz e mcocn}jvc E+J+X+ N`k}x`g _egvc+ h+ Xcqgenc }fc E+J+X+ N`k}x`g _egvc+ Qex} Ksbhcx 635393' 5+5 Gj}cx Ckijkc4 63539?' 5+3 ekm 5+: Gj}cx Ckijkc+

OJISXC >>

Qeic 3=

EGG 5+5 GJ]CX CKIJKC^ 5:?:"5:91 N@KMJ]J@K J+ Fc~j}e}j`k sq`k b`mcxe}c }` fexm enncgcxe}j`k eo}cx ckijkc j~ yexbcm sq+ N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Nfcnd ekm ~c} mycgg ekm }jbjki+ e+ Mycgg ekigc =6± ” 38±+

OJISXC >= Qeic 33

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm* h+ Jikj}j`k }jbjki+ Jikj}j`k }jbjki `k }fc~c ckijkc~ j~ ~c} e} jmgc ~qccm &:83 XQB* yj}f }fc venssb f`~c }` }fc mj~}xjhs}`x venssb emveknc mj~n`kkcn}cm ekm qgsiicm4 f`ycvcx' }fc venssb f`~c }` }fc xc" }exm bcnfekj~b j~ }` xcbejk n`kkcn}cm+ Qx`qcx }jk}jki j~ 3± Eg} &eo}cx }`q nck}cx* yj}f }fc xej~cm `x jkmck}cm bexd `k nxekd~feo} qsggcz egjikcm yj}f bexd `k }jbjki n`vcx+ ]fcxc exc }y` bexd~ `k }fc qsggcz+ ]fc xej~cm `x jkmck}cm bexd j~ 3±E]N' ekm }fc gjkc `x ~nxjhcm bexd j~ 3± H]N &hco`xc }`q nck}cx*+ ^cc Ojisxc >3+ Xcocx }` 5:91 @qcg Demc}} ekm I] ^cxvjnc Bekseg }` nfcnd mycgg &qeic ?6"81' qexeixeqf ?6" 5:*4 }jbjki &qeic ?6"5:' qexeixeqf ?6"5?* ekm eg~` @qcg Mcegcx ^cxvjnc Jko`xbe}j`k Hsggc}jk Ksbhcx 91"J"534 ekm vegvc ngcexeknc &qeic ?:"9' qexeixeqf ?:"=' ~shqexeixeqf k*+ 8+ Emls~} nexhsxc}`x He~jn Nexhsxc}`x Emls~}bck}+  5+ N`kkcn} }enf`bc}cx }` ckijkc+ 8+ Yexb sq ckijkc+ >+ N`bqgc}cgz ~nxcy jk h`}f jmgc bj}sxc emls~}bck} ~nxcy~ &Ojisxc >3' J}cb 8* ekm hend `s} 5"· }sxk~+ K@]C< Nexc ~f`sgm hc ccxnj~cm yfck }sxkjki }fc jmgc bj}sxc emls~}jki ~nxcy~ ~` k`} }` mebeic }fcb+ ]fc~c ~nxcy~ exc ò}ck nè}cm yj}f e ~`gs}j`k yfjnf bedc~ }fcb mjoojnsg} }` }sxk+ =+ 3+ ?+ 9+ 6+

Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx~+ N`bqgc}cgz ~nxcy jk nck}cx skj} ejx ~qccm ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb >*+ Mj~n`kkcn} f`~c hc}ycck ox`k} nexhsxc}`x ekm nck}cx skj} ekm qgsi f`~c ekm }shc+ Qgsi jk}edc bekjo`gm }` ejx ngcekcx venssb }shc e} jk}edc bekjo`gm `k 5:91 @qcg~+ N`bqgc}cgz ~nxcy jk nck}cx skj} bj}sxc ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' j}cb =* ekm hend `s} }y` &8* }sxk~+ :+ @k nex~ yj}f bekseg }xek~bj~~j`k' n`bqgc}cgz ~nxcy jk mcncgcxe}j`k ~qccm ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb 3* ekm hend `s} }fxcc &>* }sxk~+ ^nxcy jk g`ne}cm mjxcn}gz hc g`y J}cb >+ 51+ Mj~n`kkcn} nf`dc ekm }fx`}}gc hz hendjki `s} ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb H* sk}jg ngcexeknc nek hc ~cck hc}ycck ~nxcy ekm ~}`q+ 55+ S~jki ejx og`y bc}cx' }``g L"8>=8> &bsg}jqgc nexhsxc}`x ~zknfx`kj|cx*' hegeknc `s} ejx og`y hz emls~}jki }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy~ &Ojisxc >3' J}cb 5* e} ?31"911 XQB+ 58+ Emls~} h`}f jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy~ &Ojisxc >3' J}cb 8* }fc ~ebc eb`sk} }` `h}ejk hc~} q`~~j" hgc bj}sxc e} ?31"911 XQB+ K@]C< Nfcnd ejx og`y o`x hegeknc+ Jo j} J~ k`} hegekncm' xcqce} ~}cq~ 55 ekm 58

Qeic 3?

N@KMJ]J@K 5+ &n`k}jkscm* 5>+ Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm hz 51 }` 81 XQB hz }sxkjki jmgc bj}sxc ~nxcy~ &Ojisxc >3' J}cb 8* ‗jk‒ }fc ~ebc eb`sk} }` gcek }fc bj}sxc+ 5=+ Emls~} }fc n`sqgjki gjkdeic ekm nf`dc ~}`q ~nxcy~ hz }sxkjki ng`ndyj~c sk}jg 1 }` +118‒ ngcexeknc j~ `h}ejkcm &^cc Ojisxc >3' J}cb E*+ K@]C< ]fc n`sqgjki gjkdeic ~nxcy ~}`q j~ ~qxjki gèmcm ekm ~f`sgm xc}sxk }` j}~ `xjijkeg q`~j" }j`k eo}cx qs~fcm o`xyexm hz fekm+ Yfck e ~gjif} mxei j~ `h}ejkcm hc}ycck }fc n`sqgjki gjkd" eic ~nxcy ekm ~}`q' }fc n`xxcn} emls~}bck} ò }fj~ ~nxcy fe~ hcck `h}ejkcm+ 53+ E}}enf n`kkcn}jki f`~c o`x ejx"oscg bj}sxc hc}ycck ox`k} nexhsxc}`x ekm nck}cx skj}+ 5?+ Emls~} nck}cx ejx ~qccm ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb >* }` `h}ejk ek jmgc ~qccm ò :93"5183 XQB+ 59+ Mcnxce~c ckijkc ~qccm hz 31 XQB hz }sxkjki Jk nck}cx bj}sxc ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb =* }` gcek }fc bj}sxc+ Jmgc ~qccm ~f`sgm k`y hc :83":93 XQB+ K@]C< Ejx og`y }fx`sif }fc ox`k} nexhsxc}`x yjgg k`y fc fjifcx }fck }fx`sif }fc xcex nexhs" xc}`x 56+ N`kkcn} nf`dc ekm }fx`}}gc gjkdeic' bejk}ejkjki 1 }` +118‒ ngcexeknc hc}ycck ~nxcy &Ojisxc >3' J}cb H* ekm ~}`q+

Qeic 39

N@KMJ]J@K J+ &n`k}jkscm*

OJISXC >3 >+ Nfcnd enncgcxe}`x qsbq mj~nfexic k`||gc o`x qx`qcx ejb yfjgc ckijkc j~ xskkjki+ Jo oscg ~qxez ox`b k`||gc j~ k`} mjxcn}cm hc}ycck qxjbexz vck}sxj yegg ekm }fx`}}gc h`mz vegvc `qck enncgcxe}j`k' hckm k`||gc }` emls~}+ ^cc Ojisxc 59+ =+ jo qx`hgcb ~}jgg qcx~j~}~' xcb`vc ox`k} ekm xcex nexhsxc}`x n`vcx~ ekm ngcek enncgcxe}`x qsbq mj~nfexic k`||gc~ yj}f ejx f`~c+

Qeic 36

N@KMJ]J@K JJ Fc~j}e}j`k' ~}egg' `x fexm ~}ex} yj}f ckijkc n`gm ” 5:?: Es}`be}jn / Bekseg4 5:91' 5+5 Bekseg+ N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Qcxo`xb ^}cq~ J ekm 8 skmcx N`kmj}j`k J+ 8+ Emls~} nf`dc e~ o`gg`y~ e+ Mcqxc~~ nf`dc n`k}x`g dk`h yj}fjk 55?‒ }` 56‒ ox`b }fc osggz mcqxc~~cm q`~j" }j`k+ h+ Emls~} ox`k} ekm xcex nf`dc hs}}cxogz ~nxcy~ ~` ox`k} ekm xcex hs}}cxo gjc~ exc n`b" qgc}cgz `qckcm+ n+ G``~ck enncgcxe}`x qsbq cnnck}xjn emls~}bck} ~nxcy~+ &5:91' 5+5 `kgz*+ m+ Emls~} nf`dc nehgc }` nf`dc n`kkcn}jki x`m ~nxcy ~` nf`dc hs}}cxogjc~ exc n`b" qgc}cgz `qckcm+ c+ Emls~} h`}f ox`k} ekm xcex enncgcxe}`x qsbq cnnck}xjn~ ~` cnnck}xjn cex }`snfc~

OJISXC >?

Qeic 3:

N@KMJ]J@K JJJ+ Nf`dc Hjkm~ 5:91' 5+5 Bekseg+ N@XXCN]J@K 5+ Emls~} nf`dc qcx qx`ncmsxc jk ^}cq 8 skmcx N`kmj}j`k JJ+ 8+ Gshxjne}c enncgcxe}`x qsbq cnnck}xjn qjk yj}f gshxjqge}c+

Qeic ?1

5:95"5:98 @QCG 5+: GJ]CX CKIJKC ]SKC"SQ ISJMC ^QEXD QGSI^< Ieq +1>1‒ MYCGG< 31±µ>± JIKJ]J@K ]JBJKI< Egjik bexd~ yj}f xc}exm f`~c mj~n`kkcn}cm ekm XQB hcg`y :11+ BEKJO@GM H@G]^< ]jif}ck bekjo`gm }` nzgjkmcx fcem h`g}~+ &83">8 o}+ gh~+* NEXHSXC]@X H@G]^< ]jif}ck o`sx &=* nexhsxc}`x f`gm"m`yk ks}~+ &51"58 o}+ gh~+*

=+ Jo }fc bek`bc}cx m`c~ k`} xcem 5"6 jknfc~ ò ye}cx' emls~} }fc }fx`}}gc ~}`q ~nxcy  }` xcem 6 jknfc~ ò ye}cx+ &= jknfc~ m`yk ekm = jknfc~ sq*+ 3+ Mj~n`kkcn} bek`bc}cx ekm xcn`kkcn} }fc ven" ssb emveknc f`~c+ ?+ Emls~} jmgc ejx ~qccm ~nxcy  ekm bj}sxc ~nxcy  }` `h}ejk bejbsb jmgc e} 631 }` :11 XQB &es}`+ }xek~+* `x :11 }` :31 XQB &bek+ }xek~+*+ 9+ Bedc ojkeg emls~}bck} hz ~nxcyjki bj}sxc ~nxcy  jk }` xcmsnc jmgc ~qccm 31 XQB+ 6+ Skqgsi nfexnèg nekj~}cx f`~c ekm xcn`kkcn} }` }fc nekj~}cx+

NEXHSXC]@X NFCND< Bedc ~sxc }fe} egg gjkdeic~ exc oxcc `x }fx`}}gc nehgc j~ qx`qcxgz emls~}cm4 ckijkc j~ e} `qcxe}jki }cbqcxe}sxc4 yj}f }e" nf`bc}cx n`kkcn}cm+

OE^] JMGC ^QCCM EMLS^]BCK]< 5+ Xcb`vc ejx ngcekcx n`vcx 8+ Yj}f ckijkc òo' `qck }fc }fx`}}gc fego yez ekm ng`~c }fc nf`dc vegvc' xcgce~c }fc }fx`}}gc' }fck xcgce~c }fc nf`dc+ OJKEG EMLS^]BCK]< >+ ^}ex} ckijkc yj}f`s} b`vjki }fc }fx`}}gc+ Em" 5+ Jk~}egg ejx ngcekcx n`vcx+ ls~} }` 8911 XQB µ 811 s~jki }y` &8* ks}~ `k oe~} 8+ Xcb`vc f`~c ox`b }fc nfexnèg nekj~}cx' yfjnf jmgc x`m &K`+5>' Ojisxc 5*+ j~ n`kkcn}cm }` }fc xcex ò }fc nexhsxc}`x' ekm qgsi }fc f`~c+ K@]C< M` k`} xcb`vc }fc nekj~}cx f`~c }` }fc ox`k} ò }fc nexhsxc}`x+ >+ Qgenc }fc bek`bc}cx &L"8>:35* jk e vcx}jneg q`~j}j`k &Ojisxc 8*+ ]sxk }fc }y` &8* vck}~ `k }`q `qck }` cusegj|c qxc~~sxc' ekm hegeknc iesic }` xcem |cx`+ Yj}f ckijkc jmgjki' skqgsi }fc venssb emveknc f`~c ox`b }fc nexhsxc}`x' ekm n`kkcn} }fc bek`bc}cx f`~c jk j}~ qgenc+

Ojisxc 5

Ojisxc 8

5:95 " 5:98 @QCG 5+: GJ]CX NEXHSXC]J@K MJEIK@^J^ ISJMC ^ZBQ]@B 5+ ^}sbhgc

8+ Cxxe}jn Jmgc `x K` Jmgc

QX@HGCBN@XXCN]J@K 5+ Jk~soojnjck} enncgcxe}`x qsbq ~f`} ekm`x en}j`k+ e+ jk~}egg kcy enncgcxe}`x qsbq n`vcx ekm ye~fcx~+ h+ Nfcnd `qcxe}j`k ò enncgcxe}`x qsbq+ K@]C< Jo kcy qsbq n`vcx j~ s~cm `k cexgz 5:95 es}`be}jn b`mcg~' e q`q"òo vegvc bs~} hc jk" ~}eggcm+ 8+ Gcek jmgc bj}sxc+ e+ N`xxcn} n`kmj}j`k nes~jki gcek jmgc bj}sxc+ 5+ Gcek jmgc bj}sxc+ e+ Qgsi f`} jmgc n`bqck~e}`x+ &cexgz 5:95 ekm qxj`x b`mcg~* h+ Ngcek jmgc lc} ekm qe~~eic+ n+ Jk~}egg kcy }fx`}}gc h`mz ie~dc}' qex} ksbhcx 686==5+ m+ Jk~}egg kcy nexhsxc}`x he~c ie~dc}' qex} ks bhcx 686==3+ c+ ]jif}ck bekjo`gm }` fcem h`g}~ }` 83">8 o}+ gh~+ 8+ G``~c }fx`}}gc vegvc ~feo} ks}+ e+ ]`xusc ks} }` >1"31jk+Jh~+

XCOCXCKNC e+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 98"]"15 h+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 98"]"1> Hsggc}jk K`+ 95"]"1=

e+ ^cc e' h' n' m' ekm c hc" g`y+ e+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 95"]"1= h+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 95"]"1= n+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 95"5"88 m+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 95"5"88 c+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 98"]"18 e+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 98"]"13

>+ Fexm N`gm ^}ex}Oeg~c N`gm ^}ex} Gèmjki @k N`gm Mxjvc" eyez

5 + Jk~soojnjck} nf`dc `qcxe}j`k+ e+ Oxcc nf`dc vegvc ekm emls~} nf`dc venssb qsgg" m`yk ieq+ h+ ^c} nf`dc e} 8911 XQB µ 811+ 8+ Jikj}j`k cgcn}xjneg begoskn}j`k+ e+ Nfcnd q`jk}~ ekm mycgg+ h+ Nfcnd ~qexd qgsi~+ n+ Nfcnd }jbjki+ Egjik bexd~ yj}f xc}exm f`~c òo ekm XQB hcg`y :11+

e Hsggc}jk K`+ 98"]"1=

=+ Ckijkc Og``mjki

5 + Cnc~~jvc oscg qxc~~sxc msxjki f`} ~}ex}+ e+ Mxjgg oscg qsbq `k cexgz 5:95' G: ckijkc~ yj}f EN e+ Hsggc}jk K`+ 59"]"1> qsbq+ Sq }` ckijkc ~cxjeg ksbhcx 5+:^1?9>?=6+ 8+ Mcocn}jvc kccmgc vegvc+ e+ xcqgenc kccmgc vegvc+ e+ S~c qex} ksbhcx 6>1 655 `k 5:11 ^cxjc~+ S~c qex} ksbhcx 6>1 651 `k egg `}fcx ~cxjc~+ >+ Oscg jk ogè}+ e+ Xcqgenc ogè}+ e+ S~c qex} ksbhcx 6>19>8+

h+ ^cxvjnc Bekseg e+ +15?‒ Ieq4 =9±"3>± Mycgg h+ +1>1‒ Ieq n+ ^cxvjnc Bekseg

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