O poder do vestir: marca e consumidor de baixa renda

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Zralan`f jh Ifbinuséf jh Iursf aprhshbtajf ifof rhqumsmtf pariman para flthbåéf jf tïtunf jh erajuaåéf ho Ifoubmiaåéf Yfiman, àlmnmtaåéf ho Tulnmimjajh h Trfpaeabja, phna Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran jf Tará. Frmhbtajfra7 Trfca. Ifmolra Ofrhmra.

Lhnío/Tará <419

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N÷ima

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Zralan`f jh Ifbinuséf jh Iursf aprhshbtajf ifof rhqumsmtf pariman para flthbåéf jf tïtunf jh erajuaåéf ho Ifoubmiaåéf Yfiman, àlmnmtaåéf ho Tulnmimjajh h Trfpaeabja, phna Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran jf Tará. Frmhbtajfra7 Trfca. Ifmolra Ofrhmra.

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Tara ohus pams, hsphimanohbth ombà oéh, phna jhjmiaåéf h iarmb`f jh tfjfs fs jmas, quh hsthvh h hstará prhshbth ho tfjfs fs ofohbtfs jh ombà vmja, jhsjh f prmohmrf jma jh auna bf oathrban atí a ombà prmohmra erajuaåéf. Af ohu mroéf Jmbanjf, oumtf aoajf pfr omo, phnfs ifbshn`fs, mbihbtmvfs h hbsmbaohbtfs jh

shoprh prfiurar bf hstujf uoa vmja ohn`fr, ofstrabjf f iaomb`f ihrtf para vhbihr fs flstáiunfs quh hbifbtraofs bf jma a jma. Af ohu aofr Lrubf phna paimçbima h ifoprhhbséf ho rhnaåéf afs ohshs quh cmiaofs hbinausurajfs ho iasa, hbquabtf hstava cazhbjf a ofbferacma. Jhjmif a ombà mroé G`hbmcchr, Zma Kmka, Zma Ehniy, Zma Inhuiy, taolío a tfja ja ombà caoïnma h aomefs quh hstavao

tfrihbjf pfr omo.

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AE\AJHIMOHBZFY

Aerajhåf a prfchssfra \hemba Ifmolra, phna sua cubjaohbtan frmhbtaåéf ba rhanmzaåéf jhsth tralan`f. A prfchssfra Iarfnmba Shbturmbm pfr thr oh agujajf a hsquhoatmzar fs iapïtunfs. A tfjfs fs prfchssfrhs jh ifoubmiaåéf ja Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran jf Tará - XCTA quh ifbtrmluïrao para ombà cfroaåéf aiajçomia, jurabth hsshs quatrf abfs jh caiunjajh. Afs ohus ifnheas jh iursf, pfms gubtfs ifopartmnàofs vármfs hxphrmçbima atí i`hearofs aqum. Aerajhåf a XCTA phnf apfmf cmbabihmrf ja lfnsa phroabçbima, aguja jh iustf h passaehbs aírhas para partmimpar jh ifberhssfs hstujabtms cfra jf Hstajf. Aerajhåf prmbimpanohbth a Jhus pfr thr oh agujajf a ifbinumr oams uoa htapa jh ombà vmja, pfr quh sho hnh baja shrma pfssïvhn. Ä ombà oéh, mroéfs, tmfs h tmas.

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\HYXOF

F flghtmvf jhsta ofbferacma í cazhr uo hstujf sflrh a rhnaåéf jfs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja rhsmjhbths bf lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh, phrmchrma jh Lhnío jf Tará, ifo as oarias jh rfupas. Ifb`hihr fs `álmtfs jh ifopras jf ifbsuomjfr jas inasshs I, J h H. Hbthbjhr f quh as oarias rhprhshbtao ba cfroaåéf phssfan h ifnhtmva jhsths mbjmvïjufs, pfms f prfihssf jh ifopra jf sughmtf ifbthopfrìbhf í uo smban jhifrrhbth ja mbjmvmjuanmjajh, hxprhsséf h mbthraåéf sfiman. Bf tralan`f cfrao alfrjajfs trçs ifbth÷jfs jh hxtrhoa mopfrtìbima para f jhshbvfnvmohbtf jf thoa7 ofja h vhstuármf; oaria; h mjhbtmjajh h f ifbsuof. Anío jh uoa phsqumsa jh iaopf, hchtmvaja pfr ohmf ja apnmiaåéf jh uo quhstmfbármf, f quan í hstujajf, thbjf ifof lashs fs iapïtunfs gá ohbimfbajfs. Fs prmbimpams hstujmfsfs utmnmzajfs bf tralan`f séf Críjírmi Efjart (<414), Oanifno Larbarj (<414), Emnnhs Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), Yíremf Barjm (<44=), Oarifs Iflra (1==<), Gfsí Tmb`f (1==3), Yan \abjazzf (1==3), hbtrh futrfs.

Tanavras-iàvh7 Ofja; Shstuármf; Oaria; Ifbsuof; Lamxa rhbja.

5

ALYZ\AIZ

Z`h purpfsh fc t`ms ofbferap` ms a stujy fb t`h rhnatmfbs`mp fc nfw-mbifoh ifbsuohrs rhsmjmbe mb t`h Oambnabj, futskmrts fc Lhnío jf Tará, wmt` t`h lrabjs fc inft`hs bhme`lfr`ffj. Kbfw t`h s`fppmbe àlmts fc ifbsuohrs mb inasshs I, J abj H. Xbjhrstabj wàt t`h oarks rhprhshbt t`h phrsfban abj ifnnhitmvh trambmbe fc t`hsh mbjmvmjuans, lhiaush t`h luymbe prfihss ms a ifbthopfrary sulghit rhsuntmbe smeban fc mbjmvmjuanmty, hxprhssmfb abj sfiman mbthraitmfb. Lrabj, abj mjhbtmty abj ifbsuohr cas`mfb abj inft`mbe7 at wfrk t`rhh thbfrs fc utofst mopfrtabih cfr t`h jhvhnfpohbt fc t`h t`hoh whrh ajjrhsshj. Apart crfo a cmhnj survhy, iarrmhj fut ly ohabs fc a quhstmfbbamrh, w`mi` ms stujmhj, takmbe as lasms t`h iàpthrs anrhajy ohbtmfbhj. Nhajmbe si`fnars ushj at wfrk arh Críjírmi Efjart (<414), Oanifno Larbarj (<414), Emnnhs Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), Yhremf Barjm (<44=), Oarifs Iflra (1==<), Gfsí Tmb`f (1==3), Yan \abjazzf (1==3), aofbe ft`hrs.

Khywfrjs7 Cas`mfb; Inft`mbe; Lrabj; Ifbsuoptmfb; Nfw Mbifoh.

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Erácmif 87 Hstmnf ousmian........................... ......................... ...................... ...............

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Erácmif 37 Oaria prhchrmja jas oun`hrhs.............................. oun`hrhs...................................................... ........................ .........

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Erácmif 57 Oaria prhchrmja jfs `fohbs ........................ ........................ ................

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Erácmif 07 F quh a oaria rhprhshbta............................. rhprhshbta.......................................................... ............................. ...........

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Erácmif 117 Ifbsuof jh rípnmias phnfs `fohbs............................. `fohbs.................................................... .......................

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Erácmif 1<7 Nfian fbjh ifopra rfupas jh oaria...................... ........................... .

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Erácmif 197 Cfroar jh paeaohbtf utmnmzajf para ifopra rfupas jh oaria..........

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Erácmif 1:7 Mbcnuçbima jh ifopra para fs `fohbs.......................... .......................

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Erácmif 187 Mbcnuçbima jh ifopra para as oun`hrhs ............................. .................

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Erácmif 137 Trmbimpan atrmlutf ba hsifnà jf nfian jh ifopra ....................... ........

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1 MBZ\FJXÅÉF Tara ohn`fr jhshbvfnvhr f thoa, f tralan`f cfm jmvmjmjf ho quartf iapïtunfs. F prmohmrf í sflrh ofja h vhstuármf, hsta parth í a lash para f hbthbjmohbtf jfs prùxmofs assubtfs. Bhsth pfbtf, autfrhs ifof Oanifno Larbarj, Críjírmi Efjart, Ytuart @ann, Emnnhs Nmpfvhtsky, h futrfs, séf usajfs para ohn`fr hstujar f ifbth÷jf, ifof a htmofnfema, jhcmbmåøhs jh ofja h mbjuohbtárma, ifbstruåéf jh mjhbtmjajh, cubåøhs ja mbjuohbtárma h ifbthxtuanmzaåéf jf aparhimohbtf ja ofja. Jhpfms jh ifb`hihr a mopfrtìbima ja ofja ifof iuntura, ifbshquhbthohbth, shbjf hsta hsshbiman ba cfroaåéf ja mjhbtmjajh, mbmima-sh f sheubjf iapïtunf7 oaria h mjhbtmjajh. Yan \abjazzf h Gfsí Oartmbs séf fs autfrhs mbjmsphbsávhms para ifoprhhbséf ja oaria h shu smebmcmiajf para fs ifbsuomjfrhs. A oaria shrvh para caimnmtar a tfoaja jh jhimséf. Bf hbtabtf, hssh prfihssf hbvfnvh uo ifbgubtf jh smebmcmiajfs quh ba oamfrma jas vhzhs í oftmvajf phna bhihssmjajh jh autfhxprhsséf, quh pfjh shr hbifbtrajf ba aqumsmåéf jh prfjutf frmemban fu cansmcmiajf. A ofja taolío hstá prhshbth ba o÷smia, pfms gubtas g ubtas hxprhssao vanfrhs mbjmvmjuams h sfimams, quh séf iaraithrmzajfs phna cfroa jh ifbsuof jh iaja erupf, ehrabjf uo shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf. Ofja h mbjuohbtárma béf séf usajas aphbas para mbjmiar fu cazhr rhchrçbima a pfsmåøhs sfimams h iunturams, oas para ifbstrumr h oariar, ho prmohmrf nuear aquhna rhanmjajh sfiman h iunturan. F quh sh hstá acmroabjf í quh atravís ja ofja h ja mbjuohbtárma í quh bfs ifbstmtuïofs ifof shrhs sfimams h iunturams, h quh jhifjmcmiaofs f bfssf omnmhu sfiman h iunturan. (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 3:).

F thrihmrf iapïtunf í oams jmrhimfbajf af ifopfrtaohbtf jf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja. Smsa ifb`hihr f suremohbtf jhsth ohriajf, pfthbimanmjajh jh ifbsuof, iaraithrïstmias psmifnùemias jhsth p÷lnmif, catfrhs jh mbcnuçbima h oftmvaåøhs jh ifopra, thbjf ifof prmbimpan lash a flra A bfva hra jf Ifbsuof jh Lamxa \hbja, jh Yíremf Barjm. Ifo tfja a phsqumsa lmlnmferácmia chmta sflrh fs ifbihmtfs jh ofja, oaria h ifbsuof, f quartf iapïtunf í apnmiaåéf ja thfrma ä prátmia, rhanmzaja phnf hstujf ja hbtrhvmsta. Jhpfms jh tfja ifbthxtuanmzaåéf, í bhsth ofohbtf quh í chmtf f hstujf

19

jh iasf ja rhnaåéf jf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja ifo as rfupas jh oaria, hsphimcmiaohbth jf lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh, phrmchrma jh Lhnío jf Tará, ifo flghtmvf jh ifb`hihr fs `álmtfs jh ifbsuof jhsth tareht, quams as oarias jh prhchrçbima h f quh rhprhshbta, nfian jh ifopra, cfroa jh paeaohbtf, sh ifbsfoh fu béf rípnmia, mbcnuçbima jh ifopra, hbtrh futrfs.

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< OFJA H SHYZXÁ\MF

<.1 OFJA

A panavra ofja smebmcmia ifstuoh, quh í frmembaja jf natmo ofjus, rhprhshbtabjf a oabhmra jh sh vhstmr jh uo pfvf ho jhthrombaja sfimhjajh h ípfia. H a ofja, ifbshquhbthohbth, pfr shr jhrmvaja jf ifstuoh jh uo pfvf, í pfr sua vhz uo flghtf iunturan, rhprhshbta f ofjf jh vmja jfs mbjmvïjufs, quh séf passïvhms jh oujabåas bf jhifrrhr jfs abfs. A ofja hstá ho tujf quh usaofs, í uo chbúohbf sfimfiunturan quh hxprhssa fs vanfrhs ja sfimhjajh ho uo jhthrombajf ofohbtf ifof7 usf, `álmtfs h ifstuoh, assmo ifof ba hxprhsséf jh mjhbtmjajhs h hstmnfs jh vmja. Zrata-sh jh uoa oabmchstaåéf béf vhrlan, ba quan trabsomth sïolfnfs passïvhms jh shrho ifoprhhbjmjfs, iapaz jh irmar a mjhbtmjajh jh uo jhthrombajf erupf sfiman, jabjf a hnh iaraithrïstmias prùprmas jh ifopfrtaohbtf h hxprhsséf. (ZAZYI@, <41<, p.<4). Jh ofjf ehran, a ofja, pfssum vïbiunf ifo árhas ja hifbfoma, ja pfnïtmia, ja arth, jf nazhr h prmbimpanohbth jf ifbsuof. Tfrío, uo asphitf ja ofja lastabth rhnhvabth í f shu iaráthr aolïeuf, f quh cfm c fm uoa jmcmiunjajh para sh mopfr ifof uo thoa jh phsqumsa imhbtïcmia. Jh aifrjf ifo Larbarj (<449, p.1:), „F throf ofja pfjh iarrhear ifbsmef uo tfo jh aprfvaåéf h jh jhsaprfvaåéf‟ ho razéf j h shr usajf hrrfbhaohbth ho ihrtas smtuaåøhs iftmjmabas, assfimabjf f throf ifof smbúbmof jh hbeabf h trmvmanmjajh. Hxhopnfs jh crashs jf jma-a-jma quh suehrho a baturhza hbeabfsa ja rfupa séf fs ifb`himjfs jmtfs pfpunarhs, pfr hxhopnf, „nflf ho phnh jh ifrjhmrf‟, ifrjhmrf‟ , bhsth iasf a rfupa hstá shbjf usaja para trapaihar. Jh uo najf, a ofja h a mbjuohbtárma rhprhshbtao flghtfs quh séf jhshgávhms h hrùtmifs, h prátmias quh séf meuanohbth enaofrfsas h rhsphmtávhms. Tfr futrf najf, rhprhshbtao trmvmanmjajhs mnusùrmas a

18

shrho sheumjas sfohbth phnfs mbthnhituanohbth jmsiutïvhms. (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 13).

Tara Larbarj, f futrf najf jhsth iaráthr aolïeuf aprhshbta uo phrcmn atrahbth h shjutfr, rhvhnabjf f pfjhr jh ohriajf quh a ofja fiupa, quh ofvmohbta ihria jh lmn`øhs jh rhams ho tfjf f oubjf, prhshbth bas prathnhmras jas labias jh gfrban h rhvmstas, s`fppmbes, prferaoas jh thnhvmséf, o÷smias, smths, hbtrh futrfs. A ofja parhih shr bhihssárma fu mbhvmtávhn, mbhvmtávhn, jaja a freabmzaåéf freabmzaåéf sfiman h hifbúomia ja oamfr parth jf oubjf. Yhrma pratmiaohbth uoa caåabà jhinarar quh uoa ifmsa mbhvmtávhn, anef quh parhih jhifrrhr ja rhanmjajh sfimfhifbúomia, pujhssh shr trmvman. (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 90).

Béf `á ifof ifbsmjhrar trmvman, anef jh erabjh mopfrtìbima, pfms a ofja c az parth ja rhanmjajh sfiman ùoaba, hstá prhshbth ho iaja smopnhs atf ja vmja. Críjírmi Efjart, bf nmvrf Yfimfnfema ja Ofja, rhchrh-sh ä ofja ifof uo catf sfiman tftan pfrquh anío jh shr smountabhaohbth artïstmia, hifbúomia, pfnïtmia, sfimfnùemia, hna atmbeh quhstøhs jh hxprhsséf ja mjhbtmjajh sfiman. F autfr Oanifno Larbarj, ja flra Ofja h Ifoubmiaåéf, cana sflrh a mopfrtìbima ja ofja ba ifbstruåéf ja mjhbtmjajh7 „\hchrmr-sh af jhshgf quh as phssfas tço jh meuanohbth phrthbihrho a uo erupf sfiman oams aopnf, h ifbtujf béf jhmxarho prhbjhr pfr hssh erupf a pfbtf jh phrjhrho tfja a mbjmvmjuanmjajh.‟ (LA\BA\J, <449, p. <0). Ifof gá cfm jmtf, a ofja béf sh rhstrmbeh sfohbth ä rfupa, oas af ifopfrtaohbtf ifof uo tfjf jf mbjmvïjuf h hsta í usaja ifof cfroa jh ubméf h af ohsof thopf jh msfnaohbtf, irmabjf assmo thbjçbimas h hstmnfs quh oariao a phrsfbanmjajh h a mjhbtmjajh ja sfimhjajh fu jh ihrtf erupf sfiman. Jhbtrf jhsshs erupfs, hstá mbinusf a phrmchrma quh, pfr sm sù, pfssum futras suliunturas quh irmao uoa mbthraåéf sfiman af pfssuïrho iaraithrïstmias ho ifouo ifof f ghmtf jh sh vhstmr, canar h jh efstf ousmiams hsphiïcmifs, chbúohbf quh sh phrihlh ifo fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh rípnmia jh oarias. Yheubjf Críjírmi Efjart (<414), f prmbiïpmf cubjaohbtajfr ja ofja í a „fsthbtaåéf‟, fu acmroaåéf, f quan sh lashma ba nuta pfr pfsmåéf hifbúomia, status sfiman fu mbinuséf pfr ohmf jh hnhohbtfs, smebfs, sïolfnfs vmsïvhms jh shrho mbthrprhtajfs pfr tfjfs. Tfr mssf, a ofja hstá oumtf nmeaja ä ohbsaeho a shr

13

passaja äs futras phssfas, ba oamfrma jas vhzhs ho uo erupf fu para uo mbjmvmjuf hsphiïcmif. Af ifbtrármf jh abtmeaohbth, quabjf as mjhbtmjajhs trajmimfbams hstalmnmzavao a sfimhjajh h as rhnaåøhs sfimams ifof uo tfjf hrao ifbsmjhrajas cmxas, `fgh vmvhofs buoa sfimhjajh hxtrhoaohbth craeohbtaja, surembjf a tfjf f ofohbtf bfvas mjhbtmjajhs. Mbjmvïjuf tftanohbth ihbtrajf, ubmcmiajf, jftajf jas iapaimjajhs jh razéf, jh ifbsimçbima h jh aåéf, iugf „ihbtrf‟ ifbsmstma buo b÷inhf mbthrmfr, quh hohrema phna prmohmra vhz quabjf f sughmtf basima h ifo hnhs sh jhshbvfnvma, ambja quh phroabhihbjf hsshbimanohbth f ohsof ’ ifbtïbuf fu „mjçbtmif‟ a hnh ’ ’ af nfbef ja hxmstçbima jf mbjmvïjuf. F ihbtrf hsshbiman jf hu hra a mjhbtmjajh jh uoa phssfan. (@ANN, <411, p. 11).

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h

phroabhbth,

ifbshquhbthohbth fiasmfbabjf mbjhthrombaåéf jas rhna åøhs sfimams, bf quan „f sughmtf assuoh mjhbtmjajhs jmchrhbths quh séf ubmcmiajas af rhjfr jh uo hu ifhrhbth‟ (@ANN, <411, p.19). Ifo mstf, as ifbstruåøhs jh mjhbtmjajhs passao a shr ajqumrmjas ifo lash ba jmvhrsmjajh iunturan, bfs hstmnfs jh vmja h prmbimpanohbth phnfs pajrøhs jh ifbsuof. Anío jh a ofja shr uoa atmvmjajh hifbúomia phnf catf jh prfjuzmr flghtfs, hna í taolío uoa atmvmjajh artïstmia pfrquh ehra sïolfnf. A ofja béf sh ifbthbta, pfrtabtf, ho trabscfroar thimjfs ho rfupas, hna irma flghtfs pfrtajfrhs jh smebmcmiajfs. (EFJA\Z, <414, p.1:).

Ba sfimhjajh ifbthopfrìbha, as vmtrmbhs béf hxmlho aphbas rfupas, oas hstmnfs jh vmja h í a partmr jf hstmnf jh ifbsuof quh í jhcmbmjf f status sfiman jf mbjmvïjuf, jh aifrjf ifo f tmpf jh ifbsuof h béf oams, sfohbth, phna iarrhmra prfcmssmfban. F ifbsuof béf í aphbas aqumsmåéf jh uo prfjutf, pfms a hna í atrmluïja uoa cubåéf smolùnmia ’ ’ assfimajas a oubjfs jh prazhr, sfb`f, mopfrtìbima, chnmimjajh ’ ho jhtrmohbtf jh suas quanmjajhs cubimfbams. c ubimfbams. A atrmlumåéf jh uoa cubåéf sïolfnf af flghtf fchrhimjf phnf mbjmvïjuf í vmsta phnf prùprmf mbjmvïjuf ifof uoa cfroa jh hbcatmzar f hstmnf jh vmja, bf shbtmjf jh jmstmbåéf, atuabjf ifof uo

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jhthrombajfr sfiman quh pfjh irmar fu jhrrular larrhmras bas rhnaåøhs jf mbjmvïjuf ifo futrfs mbjmvïjufs. Bhsta rhnaåéf, a oaria partmimpa ifof uo mopfrtabth atrmlutf jh rhchrçbima jf prfjutf/shrvmåf a shr prfghtaja bf mbjmvïjuf. (MF\MF, <44:, p. :8).

Jh aifrjf ifo Mfrmf (<44:), pfjh-sh ifbinumr quh f ifbsuof jh jhthrombajfs prfjutfs fu oarias sh já béf phna cubåéf jf flghtf ho sm, oas smo, a moprhsséf quh hsth iausará bas phssfas. Jhoariabjf f nuear quh hsth mbjmvïjuf fiupa fu anohga phrthbihr ba sfimhjajh.

<.< CXBÅØHY JA MBJXOHBZÁ\MA Hxmstho vármas razøhs quh nhvao as phssfas a sh vhstmrho. Tfjh shr prfthåéf, pujfr, hbiflrmohbtf, atraåéf, ifoubmiaåéf, hxprhsséf mbjmvmjuan, anío jh jhofstrar mopfrtìbima hifbúomia h sfiman, jhcmbmåéf jf paphn sfiman, hbtrh futras. A mbjuohbtárma jh prfthåéf í vmsta ifof uoa bhihssmjajh cïsmia jh alrmef, fchrhihbjf prfthåéf ifbtra f thopf, ifof f crmf h f ianfr, jhchbjhbjf taolío jfs phrmefs cïsmifs fu psmifnùemifs. Hsth ÷ntmof, mbinum f usf jh aounhtfs h futrfs ajfrbfs rhnmemfsfs fu oïstmifs. @á erupfs jh `fohbs gfvhbs bas imjajhs jf bfrfhsth ja Mbenathrra, pfr hxhopnf, quh hxmlho uoa mbjmchrhbåa quash „cuhemba‟ af crmf, abjabjf phnas ruas bf oams mbthbsf crmf ifo aphbas uoa iaomshta ifof prfthåéf. \fush caz rhchrçbima a ofåas bfs abfs 34, quh hbcrhbtavao bhvasias h thophraturas alamxf jh zhrf vhstmjas sfohbth „jh ombmssamas iurtïssmoas h iasaifs‟ ( \FXYH, 1=0= apuj (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 09). Ho vmsta jhsshs areuohbtfs, shrma ihrtaohbth mbshbsatf jmsiutmr ifo çbcash jhoasmaja quh a prfthåéf í a cubåéf oams mopfrtabth jf vhstuármf. Mssf béf quhr suehrmr quh bmbeuío gaoams ush uoa phåa jh vhstmohbta para prfthåéf, f quh shrma flvmaohbth uo alsurjf, oas a varmaåéf bf mbthrmfr jas iunturas h hbtrh jmchrhbths sflrh f quh ifbstmtum prfthåéf shrvh para iauthnar ifbtra f catf jh hbiarar a prfthåéf ifof a cubåéf prmofrjman ja mbjuohbtárma. mbjuohbtárma. (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 09).

\hssantabjf quh iaja mbjuohbtárma jh prfthåéf í uoa rhspfsta iunturan äs bhihssmjajh ùoabas jh uo pfvf, iunturas jmchrhbths fchrhiho rhspfstas jmchrhbths äquhnas bhihssmjajhs, fu atí ohsof jhbtrf jh uoa ohsoa iuntura. Futra cubåéf ja mbjuohbtárma í f mopujfr h atraåéf, pfms para hsth ifophth ä mbjuohbtárma atramr athbåéf para f ifrpf, af ifbtrármf jf pujfr h jf hbiflrmohbtf

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(iaoucnaeho pfr béf iàoar athbåéf para para quho as vhsth). A gustmcmiatmva quh rhssantava pujfr hra jhstaiaja phna ùoabmjajh jf usuármf, hbquabtf quh f mopujfr hbcatmzava a abmoanmjajh jf `foho. „A mbjuohbtárma assmo ifof a ofja séf hxpnmiajas ifof rhchrçbima ä bhihssmjajh quh as oun`hrhs tço jh atramr uo ifopab`hmrf.‟ ifopab`hmrf.‟ (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 00), ifnfiabjf a oun`hr ifo f paphn jh shjutfra. shjutfra. Bf hbtabtf, f `foho utmnmza traghs quh sh jhstmbao a ofstrar h „rhanåar f sfiman‟, assmo ifof jhstaiar àlmnmjajhs quh prfvfquh f mbthrhssh shxuan status sfiman‟, chombmbf quh í „oabthr h prfthehr a caoïnma‟. Yheubjf f autfr, „Assmo í quh f tragh chombmbf ofstra a atratmvmjajh shxuan chombmba, af passf quh a rfupa oasiunmba hxmlh f status sfiman jf `foho.‟ (LA\BA\J, `foho.‟ (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 00). Mbjuohbtárma h ofja séf crhquhbthohbth usajas para mbjmiar fu suehrmr a mopfrtìbima fu a pfsmåéf sfiman quh a phssfa phrthbihbth, thbjf hsth guneaohbtf ifof lash af quh hnas hstéf vhstmbjf. F status rhsunta jf shxf, raåa fu smtuaåéf caomnmar quh séf cmxfs, mbhrhbth ä vfbtajh jf mbjmvïjuf, af ifbtrármf jf bïvhn prfcmssmfban quh pfjh shr caimnohbth oujajf. F usf ja mbjuohbtárma para mbjmiar status béf sh rhstrmbeh af pfjhr hifbúomif jf mbjmvïjuf h smo jhoariar jhthrombajas htapas ja vmja ifof a trabsmåéf jf hstajf jh sfnthmrf para iasajf, quh hbvfnvh vhstmohbtas hsphiïcmias para f ofohbtf, pfr hxhopnf, bf fimjhbth, f usf jf lrabif phna bfmva, fu, ba trabsmåéf jf iasaohbtf para a vmuvhz, f usf jf prhtf. Hbquabtf quh bf frmhbth, f lrabif í usajf para smolfnmzar uo status jh nutf. Cmbanohbth, a cubåéf ja mbjuohbtárma quh trata jf pfjhr hifbúomif jf mbjmvmjuf í a mopfrtìbima hifbúomia. Hsta cubåéf „alfrjará as oabhmras phnas quams ofja h mbjuohbtárma pfjho mbjmiar papíms prfjutmvfs h prfcmssmfbams bf mbthrmfr jh uoa hifbfoma.‟ (LA\BA\J, <449, p. =0), assmo ifof mbjmiar taolío a pfsmåéf hifbúomia jf ifbsuomjfr jhbtrf ja sfimhjajh, quh pfjh shr ianiunaja jh aifrjf ifo shu pajréf jh ifbsuof, fu hstmnf jh vmja. Yalhbjf quams prfjutfs/oarias f mbjmvïjuf ifbsfoh, autfoatmiaohbth, sh ifb`hih f status hifbúomif af quan a phssfa phrthbih.

1=

Zfjas hssas cubåøhs jf vhstuármf, assmo ifof futras quh béf cfrao imtajas, phroabhiho atí `fgh. Trmbimpanohbth quabjf í rhnaimfbaja ifo fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh rípnmia jh uo lamrrf jh phrmchrma, sh hbquajrabjf ho tfjas as cubåøhs hxpnmiajas aimoa7 a prmohmra í a bhihssmjajh baturan ja mbjuohbtárma ifof prfthåéf. A sheubja í a cubåéf jf mopujfr h atraåéf quh pfjh-sh phrihlhr ifo as iaraithrïstmias hsphiïcmias jf vhstuármf oasiunmbf (rfupas, sapatf h rhnùemf jh oaria, anío jh gfmas para hbcatmzar f pfjhrmf hifbúomif), h chombmbf (lnusas jhiftajas, ianåa ifnaja, santf antf h oarias quh ifoubmquh status, jhmxabjf hna oams „pfjhrfsa‟ h shjutfra). A thrihmra cubåéf í hifbúomia, pfms shoprh f ifbsuomjfr jh rípnmia/oaria tho f mbthrhssh jh cmiar f oams prùxmof j f jherau oams antf ja `mhrarquma sfiman, atravís jh ihrtas phåas jh vhstuármf jh erabjhs ermchs caofsas, ehrabjf thbjçbima para jhbtrf jhsth erupf. Oas jhvmjf af antf vanfr ofbhtármf jas phåas, mopfssmlmnmta a aqumsmåéf pfr erabjh parihna, ja phrmchrma, fiasmfbabjf quh hsth p÷lnmif ifbsuoa as rípnmias jhssas oarias, ifo flghtmvf jh „mbinuséf sfiman‟. Ifbcfroh Efjart (<414, p.=0), hsths ifbsuomjfrhs af usarho rfupas iaras, jhshgao ifoubmiar a sua mopfrtìbima hifbúomia, irmabjf, bf futrf, uoa hxphitatmva hifbúomia aimoa jf bïvhn rhan ja phssfa. Yheubjf Efjart (<414), f mbïimf ja ofja í f rhsuntajf ja bhihssmjajh jh jmchrhbimaåéf jas inasshs suphrmfrhs h ja bhihssmjajh jh momtaåéf jas futras inasshs. F iminf baturan ja ofja í jajf quabjf as inasshs suphrmfrhs ajftao uo hstmnf, h hsth í ifpmajf phnas inasshs mbchrmfrhs, para ifopartmnàr assmo, jf prhstïemf jas suphrmfrhs, mstf pfjh shr hxhopnmcmiajf ifo f quh aifbthih ifo a momtaåéf jas oarias jhshgajas pfr erupfs ja phrmchrma.

<.9 IFBZHPZXANMWAÅÉF JA OFJA A ofja shoprh thvh a cubåéf jh oariajfr jas jmstmbåøhs hxmsthbths hbtrh as inasshs. Hra atravís jf vhstuármf quh hra jhnmomtajf a `mhrarquma, f quh hnas jhvhrmao fu béf usar. Xo hxhopnf jmstf séf as nhms „subtuármas‟ 1. Oas jurabth 1

A nhm subtuárma í uoa oabhmra jh a armstfiraima thbtar rhprmomr rhprmomr a lureuhsma ho asihbséf. Irmaja ifof uoa cfroa jh rhsmstçbima ifo flghtmvf jh nmomtar a oujabåa, pfr ohmf ja rheunaohbtaåéf jf usf jas vhstmohbtas, jfs anmohbtfs fu jas lhlmjas. (EFJA\Z, <414, p.1:).

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oumtfs síiunfs fs traghs jh ofja hrao hr ao rhstrmtfs ä bflrhza h sfohbth ifo asihbséf ja Lureuhsma, fs ifstuohs jfs bflrhs cfrao momtajfs h prfpaeajfs para hssa bfva inassh. Jurabth oumtf thopf, hstujfs sflrh f thoa, mbmimanohbth, lashavao-sh ba hxpnmiaåéf sflrh a momtaåéf h jmstmbåéf hbtrh bflrhs h lureuhshs ifof a razéf ja hxmstçbima ja ofja. F autfr Efjart (<414) cana jas thbtatmvas jh sh jmchrhbimar jfs bflrhs7 Fs lureuhshs béf `hsmtao ho hxprhssar, pfr ohmf jh suas vhstmohbtas h jh shus aihssùrmfs nuxufsfs, sua bfva cfråa pfnïtmia, hifbúomia h sfiman, flrmeabjf a armstfiraima a rhaemr jh uoa oabhmra shohnàbth. F mbmimf ja ofja hstá, pfrtabtf vmbiunaja äs hnmths. Ä lureuhsma h ä armstfiraima, h a mohbsa oamfrma ja pfpunaåéf hstá hxinuïja jhssa trabscfroaåéf. (EFJA\Z, <414, p.1:).

A bhihssmjajh jh aihmtaåéf jf mbjmvïjuf phna sfimhjajh ho quh vmvh fu phnf erupf jf quan caz parth shoprh cfm uoa prhfiupaåéf ùoaba. A pajrfbmzaåéf í mbhrhbth af smsthoa jh Ofja. Í anef baturan jf mbjmvïjuf irmar uoa ubmcfromzaåéf para jmchrhbimar trmlfs, pfvfs, païshs fu baåøhs. H hsth í, jhsjh shoprh, ifof gá cfm jmtf, uo jfs erabjhs parajfxfs ja ofja, pajrfbmzar para jmchrhbimar. Larbarj (<449) cana sflrh a mopfrtìbima ja rfupa ba freabmzaåéf ja jmvmséf jh inasshs A rfupa, ifbtujf, lho pfjh thr smjf usaja para ifbstrumr, smbanmzar h rhprfjuzmr a inassh sfiman bf mbtumtf jh rhprfjuzmr uoa frjho sfiman, ho quh hxmstmao inasshs sfimams jmchrhbths h jhsmeuams. (LA\BA\J, <449, p. 188).

Jh aifrjf ifo Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), sfohbth a partmr ja ohtajh jf síiunf PMS quh f `foho passfu a phbsar ifof mbjmvïjuf h sh hxprhssar ifof tan, pfrquh abths jhssh ofohbtf f `foho hstava prhsf äs rheras jh uoa sfimhjajh trajmimfban quh prhshrvava a moutalmnmjajh / a ifbtmbumjajh ja frjho sfiman. Bf phrïfjf iàoajf pfr Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), ifof „Ofja Armstfirátmia‟, Armstfirátmia‟, iarathrmzajf phna cfroaåéf jf `foho ifof sughmtf, a ofja gá rhvhna shus traåfs sfimams h hstítmifs oams iaraithrïstmifs, oas para erupfs oumtf rhstrmtfs quh ofbfpfnmzao f pfjhr jh mbmimatmva h jh irmaåéf. Bhsth ofohbtf, sureh bas ifrths hurfphmas uo tmpf jh vhstuármf rajmianohbth bfvf quh jmchrh hbtrh fs shxfs (fs `fohbs, pfr hxhopnf, passarao a usar ianåas, bf nuear jas t÷bmias h jh futras vhsths nfbeas). Hsth tmpf jh vhstuármf hstarma bas lashs ja rhvfnuåéf quh jhu frmeho afs traghs ofjhrbfs. Anío jmssf, f suremohbtf ja ofja bhsth phrïfjf tfrba-sh pfssïvhn quabjf as

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oujabåas bfs traghs jhmxao jh shr uo chbúohbf aimjhbtan h passao a shr rhera para fs prazhrhs ja anta sfimhjajh. Ifo suremohbtf jf sughmtf, a cmeura jf ifsturhmrf passa a shr vanfrmzaja, ifo a irmaåéf jh rfupas phrsfbanmzajas jh aifrjf ifo f efstf jf inmhbth. Mbmima-sh, assmo, a anta ifstura. Sanh nholrar quh f ajvhbtf ja anta ifstura, ifbtrajmtfrmaohbth, ifmbimjh ifo f basimohbtf ja mbj÷strma ho erabjh hsiana. A prhshbåa jf ifsturhmrf phroabhihu atí `fgh h usar a ofja hstalhnhimja pfr hsta cmeura, a iaja bfva ifnhåéf, smebmcmifu prhstïemf atí ohajfs jfs abfs 1=34. Ifo f suremohbtf jf prçtä-pfrthr <, h gubtf a ifbshquhbth jhofiratmzaåéf ja ofja, tfrbabjf-sh oassmcmiaja, cazhbjf ifo quh a anta ifstura phria shu prhstmemf, pfms bfvas cfroas hstítmias cfrao irmajas h hxprhssas mbthbsaohbth. Trmbimpanohbth phnfs gfvhbs, quh irmarao erupfs iugas mjhfnfemas pfnïtmias h sfimams séf hxprhssas ba oabhmra jh sh vhstmr h sh ifopfrtar. As prfcubjas oujabåas phnas quams f oubjf passfu prmbimpanohbth jurabth a jíiaja jh 34, jhnmbharao a ofja atí a atuanmjajh. Fs abfs 34 vmrao suremr uoa bfva ehraåéf, basimja jf laly-lffo jf pùs-euhrra. Ifo a sfimhjajh ho hxpabséf h f bfvf nmlhranmsof caomnmar, oumtfs gfvhbs passarao a thr h ajombmstrar shu fråaohbtf phssfan. A ofja ifohåfu a ifbihbtrar-sh bfs ajfnhsihbths h a hxprhssar f shu jhshgf jh ruptura, nmlhrjajh, rhvfnta, ofjhrbmjajh, jmchrhbimaåéf. Yuremrao gfvhbs irmajfrhs, quh tmbào a mjajh jh shus inmhbths h hbthbjhrao h sfulhrao mbthrprhtar shus abshmfs. (\Ó@\ME, <441, p.149).

A partmr jhssh ofohbtf, a ofja passfu a shr uo rhcnhxf jf quh sh vma bas ruas, basihbjf bfvfs hstmnfs ousmiams h artïstmifs, oujabåas jh vanfrhs, phbsaohbtf, ifopfrtaohbtf, cfroas jh fnàr f oubjf, phåas oarembanmzajas ifof f ghabs ifohåao a ifbqumstar hspaåf. Ifo hsths aifbthimohbtfs a ofja passfu a thr uoa bfva ifbihpåéf jh jmstmbåéf ho quh a sfcmstmiaåéf h a hnheìbima ja anta ifstura phrjho hspaåf para a irmatmvmjajh, jhofiratmzaåéf, hxphrmohbtaåéf, quhstmfbaohbtf. Yheubjf Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), a jhofiratmzaåéf ja ofja béf smebmcmia ubmcfromzaåéf jf hstmnf, pfms ifo f auohbtf smebmcmiatmvf jf b÷ohrf jh phssfas quh tho aihssf äs ÷ntmoas thbjçbimas, bfvfs smebfs ifohåarao a earabtmr a jmstmbåéf h hxihnçbima <

Yheubjf F‖àra í uoa hxprhsséf crabihsa para rhajy-tf-whar . Mbjmia rfupa ifopraja prfbta, irmaja bf mbïimf jfs abfs 84. (F‖ (F‖@A\A, @A\A, 1==< apuj \HI@, <443, p. <04).

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sfiman. Tfrtabtf, ohsof sheumbjf as ohsoas thbjçbimas, í f vanfr smolùnmif h f antf iustf jas ermchs quh earabtho afs erupfs sfimams, quh as ifbsfoho, status h jmstmbåéf sfiman. As ermchs séf uoa earabtma jh hstalhnhihr a jmstmbåéf sfiman, ohsof ifo oamfr aihssmlmnmjajh a ofja. A ofja passfu pfr erabjhs trabscfroaåøhs bas ÷ntmoas jíiajas, iaja uoa ifo shus ifbihmtfs, suas mjhmas, hstmnfs, ifbthxtfs hsphiïcmifs quh aifbthiho bas jíiajas jh 1=54, 1=04, 1==4 h bfs abfs <444. A jíiaja jh 1=54 cfm iaraithrmzaja phnfs `mppmhs, quh suremrao ba sheubja ohtajh jfs abfs 1=34. F vmsuan iaraithrïstmif, ianåa lfia jh smbf, ountmhstaopas, ialhnfs nfbefs, latas mbjmabas, hti, cmifu ho vmeçbima bfs prmohmrfs abfs ja jíiaja jh 1=54. A ofja àvma sh jmvhrsmcmiajf oumtf h suremu uoa varmhjajh jh hstmnfs quh sh tfrbfu rhchrçbima, oas shoprh prhvanhihbjf f asphitf ja gfvmanmjajh jf phrïfjf. Juas ifrrhbths oariarao f cmo ja jíiaja7 F Bhw \foabtmi (bfvf rfoabtmsof), quh vanfrmzava as hstaopas cnframs, aialaohbtf jh rhbja, iàpíus jh panà, samas ifo vfnuoh. H, af ifbtrármf jf prmohmrf, hstá a lusia ja oun`hr mbjhphbjhbth h tralanàjfra, usabjf thrbfs, ifstuohs fu sama ifo iasaif, buoa oïbmoa oasiunmbmzaåéf jf vmsuan. Assmo ifof as rfupas hspfrtmvas cmiarao ho anta, ifbgubtf jh ianåa ifoprmja h aeasan`f ho ohma-oanà fu ofnhtfb. Ifof gá cfm c fm jmtf abths, a ofja o fja jfs abfs 54 cfm oumtf varmaja, àvma jmvhrsas fpåøhs jh hstmnfs, ifo mbcnuçbima jh erabjhs hstmnmstas, Ianvmb Knhmb h \anp` Naurhb, pfr hxhopnf, ifo prfpfstas prátmias, vhrsáthms h jhsifbtraïjas, irmabjf phna oaria uoa jmchrhbimaåéf jfs jhoams hstmnfs. Mssf tujf prfpfrimfbfu prfpfrimfbfu ä ofja uoa erabjh jhofiratmzaåéf; h, ifof gá jmtf jmvhrsas vhzhs, a ofja, pfr sua prùprma baturhza, prhimsa shoprh cazhr-sh jmchrhbth h hnmtmzaja. Yuremu assmo, bf cmo ja jíiaja, uoa bfva prfpfsta quh irmava uoa jmchrhbimaåéf sfiman pfr ohmf jas rfupas. Cfm f ifbihmtf jh „ ermch‟, quh ho crabiçs smebmcmia „earra‟ h quh í hxataohbth hssa mjhma, fu shga, a oaria, jhmxar a earra jh uo irmajfr fu jh uoa oaria ba phåa jh quho a usa. (L\AEA, <445, p. =:)

A jíiaja jh 1=04 cfm oariaja phnf suremohbtf jas trmlfs urlabas7 pubks, yuppmhs, bhw wavhrs. Hssa jmvhrsmjajh jh erupfs ofstra quh béf hxmsth uoa ÷bmia vhrjajh

jh ofja h, smo, vármas pfssmlmnmjajhs, shbjf quh iaja trmlf sh oabtmbà cmhn af shu prùprmf hstmnf, sho quh `fuvhssh quanquhr hnf hbtrh uo h futra, cmjhnmjajh hra uoa ifbjmåéf mbjmsphbsávhn para phrthbihr a uo erupf hsphiïcmif. Abfs oariajf phnf

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abtaefbmsof7 ifrhs sùlrmas P ifrhs vmvas; smopnhs P hxaehrajf; gustfs P aopnf. Fs pubks pfssuïao mjhfnfemas h hstmnfs prùprmfs, surembjf fs eùtmifs, bf Lrasmn,

trazhbjf ä ofja uo rfoabtmsof assfimajf a asphitfs rhnmemfsfs h ä quhstéf hxmsthbiman (irmsh hxmsthbimanmsta, ohjf jh ofrrhr, pfssïvhn euhrra buinhar), usavao prhtf, ialhnfs bherfs, oaqumaeho hsiura, iapas nfbeas, sflrhphåas, hbtrh futras, tfjas ja ohsoa ifr. Af ifbtrármf jf hxaehrf jfs eùtmifs, hstava fs ombmoanmstas quh pfssuho a prfpfsta jh nmophza vmsuan, hra f iàoajf „Nhss ms Ofrh‟ („Ohbfs í Oams‟). As oun`hrhs aniabåavao shu nuear bf oubjf jfs bheùimfs, cazmaosh bftar h prfiuravao rhpassar uoa moaeho cfrth, jfombajfra. Ifo hna aparhihrao rfupas jh tralan`f, as folrhmras (iausabjf a moprhsséf jh folrfs narefs), a chlrh jas aiajhomas, fs o÷siunfs ho hvmjçbima. (LA\LFYA; Y@FGM, p.<)

Ba jíiaja jh 1==4, 1= =4, f chbúohbf jas „trmlfs urlabas‟ ifbtmbuao. Fs bfvfs erupfs séf inullhrs, jrae quhhbs, iylhrs hbtrh futrfs. Bhsth ofohbtf, f quh oarifu ho tfjas as jíiajas cfm a ofja gfvho, fusaja h mrrhvhrhbth. Oas aefra a jmchrhbåa hstá ba cmjhnmjajh afs hstmnfs jas trmlfs. Jmchrhbthohbth jas jfs abfs 1=04, béf `á oams a bhihssmjajh jh shr cmhn a uoa ÷bmia mjhbtmjajh vmsuan h mjhfnùemia, pfjhbjf àvhr a omstura jhnas. Cfm ifo f ifbihmtf jh „suphrohriajf jh hstmnfs‟ , irmajf phnf `mstfrmajfr mbençs ba jíiaja jh 1==4. Í a partmr jhssh ofohbtf quh tfjfs fs hstmnfs hstéf gubtfs, ifof sh hstmvhssho jmspfbïvhms buoa prathnhmra jh suphrohriajf, ifo a pfssmlmnmjajh jh irmar sua prùprma mjhbtmjajh. Tara Efjart (<414, p.10), a ofja jh `fgh í f rhsuntajf jh uo nfbef prfihssf `mstùrmif ho quh fs aifbthimohbtfs agujao ba ifoprhhbséf jh suas prmbimpams iaraithrïstmia ja ofja ifbthopfrìbha. Trmohmraohbth, para quh aneuoa ifmsa shga ofja, prhimsa shr hcçohrf. Ho futras ípfias, f thopf jh juraåéf jh uoa ofja hra jh jíiajas, abfs, ohshs h `fgh, f hcçohrf, ifo juraåéf iaja vhz oams lrhvh (\Ó@\ME, <441, p.14:). A thibfnfema agujfu ba prfpaeaåéf ja mbcfroaåéf, pfms as bftmimas séf vhmiunajas ho thopf rhan, f aihssf ä ofja í caimnohbth jmvuneaja ho tfjas as jmrhåøhs h f quh hra bfvmjajh `á aneubs ombutfs gá béf í oams h tan ofja jura f thopf bhihssármf para quh uoa bfva mbcfroaåéf sh mopfbà.

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Sármas thbjçbimas ja ofja passaja gá cfrao rhsmebmcmiajas. Hsth rhtfrbf af passajf tho iausajf mbtrmea, pfms para ubs hstmnmstas h irïtmifs ja ofja í rhsuntajf ja canta jh frmembanmjajh h irmatmvmjajh bf oubjf atuan. Bf hbtabtf, a enflanmzaåéf í a iunpaja pfr hsta shbsaåéf, pfms ifo tabta mbcfroaåéf shbjf trfiaja af ohsof mbstabth, thofs a moprhsséf jh quh béf `á oams baja jh rhanohbth bfvf a shr irmajf (\Ó@\ME, <441, p.148). A ofja jf síiunf PPM, jh ofjf shohnàbth ä ja jíiaja jh 1==4, taolío í oariaja phna jmvhrsmjajh h omstura jh hstmnfs. Tfr mssf, fs hstmnmstas tço lusiajf fs hstmnfs rhtrú9 h vmbtaeh:. @fgh f quh sh vç í uoa omstura jh tujf f quh sh usfu bfs ÷ntmofs 84 abfs sho sh jhmxar parhihr untrapassajf, uoa phssfa pfjh hstar vhstmja ifo aneuoa phåa quh nholrh a jíiaja jh 1=54, futra quh rhohta a jh 1=84 h assmo pfr jmabth. Hssa omstura béf sh rhstrmbeh aphbas äs jíiajas, pfjh-sh ifolmbar hstaopas, ifrhs, hstmnfs, tujf í vánmjf. Jmchrhbth jh abtmeaohbth, as phåas nabåajas phnfs hstmnmstas béf séf oams sheumjas af pí ja nhtra, fs usuármfs ajaptao a mjhmas, ifnfiabjf uo traåf phssfan ho iaja nffk . Tara \aoan`f (<445), hssh prfihssf í iàoajf jh autfrma , „Béf f irmar, oas

f usar as rfupas. Zrata-sh jh uo atf jh nmbeuaeho, jh ifbstruåéf jh uo thxtf fu jh jmsiursf, pfms `á autfrma.‟ (\AOAN@F, <445, p.31), vmrabjf smbúbmof jh irmatmvmjajh, mbjmvmjuanmjajh h frmembanmjajh. Hsta ofja suremu jas ruas cfm para as passarhnas h béf oams jas passarhnas para as ruas, h í f quh tho prhjfombajf ba atuanmjajh (LA\LFYA; ]F\M, p.8). A ofja jf síiunf PPM tho pfuias rhstrmåøhs, í nmvrh pfr iausa ja enflanmzaåéf quh jmvunea mbcfroaåéf ho thopf rhan, irmabjf uoa ofja quh béf í oams uo ubmcfroh, pfssumbjf a bhihssmjajh jh bfvmjajh a tfjf mbstabth. F mbjmvïjuf para jh shr sfohbth ifbsuomjfr para sh tfrbar irmajfr, h hsth passfu a ifpmar jf mbjmvïjuf. Mssf béf quhr jmzhr quh fs hstmnmstas lusiao rhchrçbimas jf passajf pfr canta jh 9

rhtrú (ifo frmeho ba panavra crabihsa rítrfsphitmc ) sh rhchrh a uo artmef (rfupa, pfr hxhopnf) quh F ifbihmtf rhtrú (ifo hstá cfra jf hstmnf prhjfombabth ba atuanmjajh. (Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.smebmcmiajfs.ifo.lr/vmbtaeh/2. Aihssf ho7 19 bfv <419). :

Smbtaeh smebmcmia anef inássmif, inássmif, abtmef h jh hxihnhbth quanmjajh. Zrata-sh jh uo hstmnf jh vmja quh rhiuphra fs hstmnfs jfs abfs 1=<4, 1=94, 1=:4, 1=84 h 1=34. As rfupas vmbtaeh séf rfupas abtmeas, inássmias, ifof as phåas ghabs fu rfupas ifpmajas jas jíiajas abthrmfrhs. (Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.smebmcmiajfs.ifo.lr/vmbtaeh/2. Aihssf ho7 19 bfv <419).

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irmatmvmjajh. Mbjhphbjhbth jas oujabåas, a ofja shoprh thrá uo sheumjfr, pfrío, jh uoa cfroa oams nmvrh para hsifn`hr f quh rhanohbth f tfrba ifopnhtf. (LA\LFYA; ]F\M, p.5). Xoa jas ifbshquçbimas ja enflanmzaåéf í a nmlhrjajh jh hxprhsséf, àvhbjf oams fpåøhs jh hsifnàs, f mbjmvïjuf pfjh shr f quh qumshr mbjhphbjhbth ja mjajh, shxf fu inassh. Hxmstho phåas h traghs quh hstéf jh aifrjf ifo tfjas as mjajhs ifof f hspfrtmvf urlabf h f ghabs, quh abths hra usajf sfohbth phnfs gfvhbs ifof sïolfnf jh rhlhnjma, `fgh jfomba f ohriajf oubjman. F prfihssf jh ifoprar rfupa taolío í hofimfban, sh ifbsfoh rfupa ifof cfroa jh prazhr. Bf jhifrrhr jfs abfs, a cfroa ifof f ifbsuomjfr nmja ifo a ofja oujfu, uo hxhopnf jmstf í a ofja oasiunmba, hnhs eabàrao oams nmlhrjajh ba cfroa jh vhstmr, as ifrhs béf sh rhstrmbeho afs tfbs pastíms fu äs ifrhs hsiuras, pfjhbjf usar tfjas hnas, ajomtho a vamjajh, ifoprao oams h ifof as oun`hrhs, pfr prazhr. (LA\LFYA; ]F\M, p.3).

<.: CXBÅÉF HYYHBIMAN JA OFJA Tara \ó`rme (<441), a ofja mbthrchrh ifbstabthohbth ba vmja jas phssfas, shga bfs shus rhnaimfbaohbtfs, bas suas atmtujhs, ba phrsfbanmjajh, fu bfs `álmtfs iftmjmabfs. Jhssa cfroa, sua cubåéf vam oumtf anío jhssh phbsaohbtf prhjhcmbmjf jh ofja-c÷tmn, ifbstabthohbth hsthrhftmpaja ifof ubmvhrsf jh enaofur , chtmi`h, cutmnmjajh h suphrcmimanmjajh. Tfrío, bhssa vmséf ehbhranmzaja, cmia hsifbjmjf f vhrjajhmrf ifbihmtf ja ofja quh cfm h í hxtrhoaohbth mopfrtabth bf jhshbvfnvmohbtf jas sfimhjajhs ofjhrbas. F smsthoa ofja í ofvmjf phnas oujabåas ifbstabths quh nhvao af iuntf jfs flghtfs, trabscfroabjf-fs ho chtmi`hs quh sh mbfvao sho parhihr mbfvar, pfms as oujabåas séf oïbmoas. Xo smsthoa hcçohrf quh nhva a sfimhjajh af ifbsuomsof sfl f prhthxtf jh quh f bfvf í shoprh ohn`fr. Ifbsuomsof hsth quh flrmea f shr ùoabf a ifoprar jh oabhmra mrraimfban para quh shga aihmtf sfimanohbth, buoa

<3

lusia ifbstabth phna satmscaåéf jh shus jhshgfs, oas quh bubia í ajqumrmja h, assmo, phrphtua uo iïriunf vmimfsf jh ifbstabth trfia quh bubia satmscaz. Yheubjf Emnnhs Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), a ofja phromth f ifbvïvmf jas phssfas, ifbstrumbjf f ohmf sfiman a partmr jh suas rheras, mopfsmåøhs quabtf afs ifopfrtaohbtfs h rhnaimfbaohbtfs. Tfr mssf, a ofja í uo jfs oftfrhs hsshbimams quh rheho a sfimhjajh, shbjf assmo, sho hna a sfimhjajh béf shrma a ohsoa. Tara Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), f ohsof smsthoa ja ofja quh mopunsmfba f ifbsuomsof, béf tho ifof flghtmvf trabscfroar f `foho ho oarmfbhth, oas smo nmlhrtá-nf, phromtmbjf quh f mbjmvïjuf ifbstrua sua mjhbtmjajh a partmr jf quh a ofja fchrhih, pfssmlmnmtabjf a mbifrpfraåéf jh hnhohbtfs quh gubtfs f jhcmbho ifof parth jh uo erupf sfiman. Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) sheuh uoa nmbà jh phbsaohbtf ifbtrármf jh futrfs thùrmifs ja ofja (ifof f prùprmf Críjírmi Efjart h Oanifno Larbarj), f thùrmif jhchbjh a nmbà jf mbjmvmjuanmsof jhofirátmif jas sfimhjajhs ofjhrbas. Hbquabtf Shlnhb (10== apuj EFJA\Z, <414, p. <5), pfr hxhopnf, abanmsa a ofja phna jmstmbåéf jh inasshs. Yhbjf quh hstá, ifof cfm hxprhssf aimoa, hra f prmbimpan jmsiursf para gustmcmiar f ifbsuof jh ofja, a jmsputa hbtrh inasshs sfimams pfr status, ehrabjf para Críjírmi Efjart (<414) ä jmbìomia jh momtaåéf h jmchrhbimaåéf. Bf hbtabtf, Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) béf bhea f catf jh a ofja shr uo mbstruohbtf jhoariajfr jh crfbthmras smolùnmias hbtrh inasshs, hnh acmroa quh, oumtas vhzhs, hsta í a sua cubåéf, oas béf a ÷bmia. A ofja béf pfjh shr mjhbtmcmiaja ä smopnhs oabmchstaåéf jas pamxøhs vamjfsas h jmstmbtmvas; hna sh tfrba uoa mbstmtumåéf hxihpimfban, antaohbth prflnhoátmia, uoa rhanmjajh sùimf `mstùrmia iaraithrïstmia jf Fimjhbth h ja prùprma ofjhrbmjajh. Jhssh pfbtf jh vmsta, a ofja í ohbfs smebf jas aolmåøhs jh inasshs jf quh saïja jf oubjf ja trajmåéf, í uo jhsshs hsphn`fs fbjh sh tfrba vmsïvhn aqumnf quh caz bfssf jhstmbf `mstùrmif oams smbeunar7 a bheaåéf jf pfjhr mohofrman jf passajf trajmimfban, a chlrh ofjhrba jas bfvmjajhs, a ihnhlraåéf jf prhshbth sfiman. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p.11)

Tfrtabtf, f ifbsuof jh ofja, abths jh shr hstratíema jh jmstmbåéf jh inasshs, í ifbsmjhrajf pfr Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) ifof chbúohbf sfiman h `mstùrmif, pfms í uo hnhohbtf ifbstmtumbth jas sfimhjajhs ofjhrbas Fimjhbtams. Tfr mssf quh f chbúohbf ja ofja béf phrthbih a tfjas as sfimhjajhs h bho a tfjas as ípfias,

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hna í ifnfiaja aqum ifof thbjf uo ifohåf nfianmzávhn ba `mstùrma. Ho fpfsmåéf a mjhma jh quh a ofja í uo chbúohbf mbhrhbth ä vmja sfiman ùoaba, acmroabjf quh shu suremohbtf í uo prfihssf mbshparávhn jf basimohbtf h jf jhshbvfnvmohbtf jf oubjf ofjhrbf fimjhbtan. Jurabth jhzhbas jh omnçbmfs, a vmja ifnhtmva sh jhshbvfnvhu sho iuntf jas cabtasmas h jas bfvmjajhs, sho a mbstalmnmjajh h a thopfranmjajh hcçohra ja ofja, f quh ihrtaohbth béf quhr jmzhr sho oujabåa bho iurmfsmjajh fu efstf phnas rhanmjajhs jf hxthrmfr. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. <:).

Yfohbth a partmr jf cmban ja Mjajh Oíjma quh í pfssïvhn rhifb`hihr f smsthoa ja ofja ho sm, ifo suas iaraithrïstmias h bfroas. A mbifbstìbima jh oatírma h cfroas gá béf í hxihåéf, oas aefra uoa rhera phroabhbth, basih-sh a ofja. Tfms pfssmlmnmta a vanfrmzaåéf h aihmtaåéf jf bfvf, ho fpfsmåéf af trajmimfban, aefra f prhshbth sh mbmimarma h ifo a ofja suremrma uo bfvf thopf7 f jf „ofjhrbf‟, ho quh f mbjmvïjuf jhshbvfnvh uo efstf h passa a irmar h a mbthrvmr ba prùprma aparçbima. Bhssas ifbjmåøhs, pfjhrá freabmzar-sh uo smsthoa jh ofja, uoa nùemia jf hxihssf, gfefs jh mbfvaåøhs h jh rhaåøhs sho cmo. Hsth tmpf jh ofja bf shu shbtmjf hxatf, béf aparhih abths ja ohtajh jf síiunf PMS, jata quh sh mopøh, ho prmohmrf nuear, ho razéf jf aparhimohbtf jh uo tmpf jh vhstuármf bfvf, mbfvabjf f ofjf jh vhstmr ja ípfia, jmchrhbimabjf fs shxfs, iurtf h agustajf para f `foho, nfbef h gustf para a oun`hr, hxantabjf fs atrmlutfs ja chombmnmjajh, f tragh anfbea f ifrpf atravís ja iauja, pøh ho hvmjçbima f lustf, fs quajrms, f phmtf í jhstaiajf phnf jhifth. Bhssa traghtùrma ja `mstùrma ja ofja, uo prmohmrf ofohbtf sh mopús jurabth imbif síiunfs. Í a cash mbaueuran ja ofja, fbjh f rmtof prhimpmtajf jas crmvfnmjajhs 8 mbstana jh oabhmra smsthoátmia h jurávhn. A ofja gá rhvhna shus traåfs sfimams h hstítmifs oams iaraithrïstmifs, oas para erupfs oumtf rhstrmtfs quh ofbfpfnmzao f pfjhr jh mbmimatmva h jh irmaåéf. Mbmima-sh a htapa arthsaban h armstfirátmia ja ofja.

8

Zhrof usajf pfr Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) para rhchrmr-sh a ofja.

<0

Jurabth uo nfbef phrïfjf ja `mstùrma ja ùoabmjajh, as sfimhjajhs cubimfbarao sho ifb`hihr fs ofvmohbtajfs gfefs jas crmvfnmjajhs, fu shga, f vhrjajhmrf smsthoa ja ofja. „ Assmo, Assmo, as cfroaåøhs sfimams jmtas shnvaehbs mebfrarao h ifbgurarao mopnaiavhnohbth, jurabth sua hxmstçbima ountmomnhbar, a chlrh ja oujabåa h f irhsimohbtf jas cabtasmas mbjmvmjuams. ‟ (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. <0). @avma uoa vanfrmzaåéf ja ifbtmbumjajh sfiman jas sfimhjajhs trajmimfbams, pfr mssf hra mbthrhssabth mopfr a rhera jh moflmnmjajh, a rhphtmåéf jfs ofjhnfs `hrjajfs jf passajf, f ifbshrvabtmsof, ifo flghtmvf jh oabthr a ohsoa fr jho sfiman. Tara as sfimhjajhs trajmimfbams, f prfihssf h a bfåéf jh ofja béf pfssuho rmefrfsaohbth bhbùo shbtmjf. F quh béf quhr jmzhr quh f mbjmvïjuf jhsta sfimhjajh, ohsof cfra jfs traghs ihrmofbmams, béf utmnmzho as frbaohbtaåøhs h béf prfiurho ihrtfs hchmtfs hstítmifs, oas baja quh sh asshohn`h af smsthoa ja ofja, pfms ohsof shbjf o÷ntmpnfs fs tmpfs jh hbchmths, fs aihssùrmfs h phbthajfs, as pmbturas h tatuaehbs, hstas phroabhiho cmxfs phna trajmåéf, sulohtmjfs a bfroas mbanthrajas jh ehraåéf ho ehraåéf, mophjmbjf, assmo, a oabmchstaåéf ja ofja. F suremohbtf jf bfvf smebmcmiava a saeraåéf jas bfvmjajhs h jh suphrmfrmjajhs ifbihjmjfs phnfs bfvfs ofjhnfs, f quh shrma, para as sfimhjajhs prmomtmvas, ihrta jhprhimaåéf h jhsquanmcmiaåéf ja frjho abtmea. Ifof pfjhrma hna [a sfimhjajh prmomtmva_ hbtrhear-sh afs iaprmi`fs jas bfvmjajhs quabjf fs `fohbs béf séf rhifb`himjfs ifof fs autfrhs jh shu prùprmf ubmvhrsf sfiman, quabjf as rheras jh vmja h fs usfs, as prhsirmåøhs h as mbthrjmåøhs sfimams séf ifnfiajfs ifof rhsuntabths jh uo thopf cubjajfr quh sh trata jh phrphtuar buoa moutávhn moflmnmjajh, quabjf a abtmeumjajh h a phrphtuaåéf jf passajf séf fs cubjaohbtfs ja nhemtmomjajh6 Tara fs `fohbs, baja oams rhsta cazhr shbéf ifbtmbuar ba oams hstrmta cmjhnmjajh äqumnf quh cfm ifbtajf, bfs thopfs frmembármfs, phnas barratmvas oïtmias. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. <=)

Tfrtabtf, ba ohjmja ho quh f prhshbth hxanta f bfvf, hsth sh hbifbtra ho fpfsmåéf crfbtan ifo f ofjhnf jh nhemtmomjajh cubjajf phnf passajf ifnhtmvf. Tara quh f rhmbf jas crmvfnmjajhs pfssa aparhihr,. Yfohbth assmo, a ofja í nhemtmoaja ba sfimhjajh. Yhrá prhimsf quh shgao rhifb`himjfs béf aphbas f pfjhr jfs `fohbs para ofjmcmiar a freabmzaåéf jh shu oubjf, oas taolío,

<=

oams tarjmaohbth, a autfbfoma pariman jfs aehbths sfimams ho oatírma jh hstítmia jas aparçbimas. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. <=)

A oujabåa (f bfvf) pfjh rhsuntar jas mbcnuçbimas hxthrbas, jf ifbtatf ifo f pfvf hstrabehmrf, ifpmabjf shus ifopfrtaohbtfs, tmpfs jh traghs, ifrths jh ialhnf. Oas bho shoprh trajuzho a trabscfroaåéf rheunar prùprma ja ofja, oas mbcnuçbimas jh mopfsmåéf fu jfombaåéf jfs ofjhnfs hstrabehmrfs quh mopøho shu vhstuármf afs vhbimjfs, phnf ohbfs äs inasshs rmias. Ifbtujf, a bfvmjajh nfef sh tfrba oams uoa bfroa hstávhn jas sfimhjajhs prmomtmvas. A partmr ja ofja armstfirátmia, f ifbsuof ja ofja passa a thr a cmbanmjajh jh flthbåéf jh `fbfralmnmjajh sfiman, hsth ofohbtf í cubjaohbtajf ba thfrma jh Shlnhb (10==). Jhvmjf af jhshgf jh asshohnàrho-sh afs shus suphrmfrhs, fs mbjmvïjufs momtavao shus ifstuohs h sua aparçbima, h fs bflrhs oujavao para rhstaurar a jmchrhbimaåéf. Ifbtujf, ohsof hssa jmbìomia jh momtaåéf h jmchrhbimaåéf phromtma a hxprhsséf jf mbjmvïjuf, pfms fs lureuhshs fu bflrhs cmntravao fs hxihssfs armstfirátmifs jh aifrjf ifo shus vanfrhs. Tara Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), a cfroa jh hxmlmr as rmquhzas atravís ja ofja béf auohbtfu bf fimjhbth ofjhrbf ho ifoparaåéf ifo fs futrfs phrïfjfs, oas hsta í oabmchstaja jh ofjf jmchrhbth, anmabjf-sh ä lusia ja jmchrhbåa mbjmvmjuan h ja mbfvaåéf hstítmia. Assmo, af ifbtrármf ifbtrármf jf quh sh sh phbsa, as rmvanmjajhs jh inassh béf séf f mbïimf ja frmeho jas varmaåøhs ifbtïbuas ja ofja. Hbtrhtabtf, a ofja béf í ifbshquçbima jas hstratíemas jh jmstmbåéf jh inasshs, oas smo ja bfva rhnaåéf jh sm ifo fs futrfs, jf jhshgf jh acmroar uoa phrsfbanmjajh prùprma, jh hxprhssar a sua mjhbtmjajh smbeunar, enfrmcmiabjf a ubmimjajh jfs shrhs. A mjhfnfema mbjmvmjuanmsta mbjmvmjuanmsta h a hra sulnmoh ja ofja séf assmo mbshparávhms; mbshparávhms; iuntf ja hxpabséf mbjmvmjuan, mbjmvmjuan, jf lho-hstar, jfs efzfs efzfs oathrmams, jhshgf jh nmlhrjajh, vfbtajh jh hbcraquhihr a autfrmjajh h as ifaåøhs oframs7 as bfroas „`fnmstas‟ h rhnmemfsas, mbifopatïvhms mbifopatïvhms ifo a jmebmjajh ja ofja, cfrao ombajas béf sù phna mjhfnfema ja nmlhrjajh h ja meuanjajh, oas taolío phna jf prazhr, meuanohbth iaraithrïstmia ja hra mbjmvmjuanmsta.(NMTFSHZYK], mbjmvmjuanmsta.(NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. 14<).

Hsta mbjmvmjuanmjajh caz suremr vármfs sughmtfs ifo vhstuármfs jh tfjas as cfroas h hstmnfs, oumtas vhzhs jh ermchs, trmlfs, quh pfssuho sua nhemtmomjajh bf ofjf jh

94

vhstmr. Ifo f aparhimohbtf ja ofja, f `foho ajqumrmu uoa nmlhrjajh oumtf erabjh bas hsifnàs jf vhstuármf, cazhbjf ifo quh a prhsséf ifbcfromsta jf sfiman shga iaja vhz ohbfr, jhofstrabjf a paimcmiaåéf ja ofja h tfnhrìbima irhsihbth jfs ifstuohs. (WABFBM, <411, p. 8) A Ofja jh Iho Abfs, prfpfstf pfr Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), í uo ofjhnf jhcmbmjf pfr uo smsthoa lmpfnar, jmvmjmja ho anta ifstura, sfl ohjmja, h ifbchiåéf mbjustrman, prfjuåéf ho sírmh. Bhssh smsthoa, assmo ifof bf ofjhnf armstfirátmif, a ofja pfjh shr mjhbtmcmiaja a jmcuséf jas thbjçbimas ifof vmbja jas phssfas jh pfsmåéf suphrmfr ho jmrhåéf äs iaoajas mbchrmfrhs ja sfimhjajh ( Zrmiknh-jfwb Z`hfry fu hchmtf jh efthgaohbtf 3). Ohsof oumtas thbjçbimas shbjf irmajas pfr mbjmvïjufs ja inassh suphrmfr, hstas béf séf mopfstas, pfms a momtaåéf jas thbjçbimas í rhsuntajf jf jhshgf jfs mbjmvïjufs jh sh asshohnàr afs shus suphrmfrhs. A Ofja jfs Iho Abfs phromth oams quh a abthrmfr, quh fs mbjmvïjufs jmchrhbimho-sh hbtrh sm, pfms a anta ifstura ountmpnmia fs ofjhnfs h mbimta a varmhjajh jh mjhbtmjajhs. Ambja sheubjf Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), jmchrhbth ja nùemia hbifbtraja phna Ofja jh Iho Abfs, basih a Ofja Alhrta, a partmr ja jíiaja jh 1=84 h 1=34. A `hehofbma ja anta ifstura i`hea af cmo h já nuear ä autfbfoma jfs irmajfrhs jf prçt-ä-pfrthr sh jhsvmbiunabjf jf nuxf. Ifo f shu suremohbtf, f nabåaohbtf jas thbjçbimas ifohåfu a shr ifbthstajf. A Ofja Alhrta jhmxa inarf quh a thbjçbima béf lrfta jas hnmths fu iaho jf antf, aefra a rua í a ramz ja oamfrma jfs hstmnfs, fbjh iaja mbjmvïjuf tho autfbfoma para hxmlmr suas prùprmas hsifnàs h mbcnuhbimar as futras phssfas. Ä jmchrhbåa ja ifbchiåéf trajmimfban, f prçt-ä-pfrthr hbeagfu-sh bf iaomb`f bfvf jh prfjuzmr mbjustrmanohbth rfupas aihssïvhms a tfjfs, h ambja assmo ‒ofja‖, mbspmrajas bas untmoas thbjçbimas jf ofohbtf. Hbquabtf a rfupa jh ifbchiåéf aprhshbtava oumtas vhzhs uo ifrth jhchmtufsf, uoa canta jh aialaohbtf, jh quanmjajh h jh prçt-ä-pfrthr quhr jmcubjmr a mbj÷strma h a ofja, quhr cabtasma, f prçt-ä-pfrthr ifnfiar a bfvmjajh, f hstmnf, a hstítmia ba rua. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. 1<3).

3

Zhfrma Zrmiknh-jfwb, jhshbàja pfr Ehfre Ymoohn ho 1=4:, hsinarhihu f prfihssf jh ajfåéf ja ofja jhsth phrïfjf atí f cmban jfs abfs 1=84. Arqumthtava a sfimhjajh sfl uoa cfroa pmraomjan7 bf tfpf hstava a hnmth jfombajfra h jhthbtfra ja rmquhza; h a oamfrma jfs sulfrjmbajfs smtuava-sh ba lash. Fs bfvfs hstmnfs hrao ifbihlmjfs jh imoa h prfpaeajfs pausajaohbth para lamxf ba `mhrarquma sfiman. (\HI@, <443, p. =4)

91

Cmbanohbth i`hea f ofohbtf atuan, a Ofja Ifbsuoaja, quh í ifbshquçbima h aihbtuaåéf jf phrïfjf abthrmfr. Xoa omstura jf hcçohrf, a shjuåéf, a jmchrhbimaåéf. Thrïfjf quh a ofja sh hsthbjh ambja oams ba vmja ifnhtmva h alrabeh tfjas as inasshs sfimams, hstá prhshbth atí ohsof ba pfnïtmia h ba rhnmeméf. Ba Ofja Ifbsuoaja, uoa iaraithrïstmia mbifrpfraja af mbjmvïjuf ofjhrbf h quh í smomnar äs pfssmlmnmjajhs jh hsifnà jf ofohbtf armstfirátmif, pfrío `fgh hxmstho prhfiupaåøhs oamfrhs ho rhnaåéf ä vmfnçbima, hifnfema, quhstøhs sfimams, a hjuiaåéf tfnhrabth, f apazmeuaohbtf jfs ifbcnmtfs sfimams h futrfs prflnhoas ifnhtmvfs. Bhsta bfva sfimhjajh, anío ja prmvatmzaåéf ja hxmstçbima h uo mopunsf afs vanfrhs mbjmvmjuanmstas, `á taolío futra iaraithrïstmia phiunmar, `fgh f mbjmvmjuanmsof í oams nmvrh h ohbfs jhifratmvf, oas oams fpimfban, oams autúbfof h sughmtf ä autfbfoma phssfan. A partmr jaï, para Nmpfvhtsky (<44=), hbtra-sh ho uoa hra, ifb`himja ifof ofja ifbsuoaja, quh í a hxpabséf jf prfihssf ja ofja a mbthrhsshs iaja vhz oams pautajfs ba ifnhtmvmjajh, jhmxabjf jh shr uo shtfr hsphiïcmif h phrmcírmif para tfrbar-sh uoa cfroa ehran ho aåéf bf tfjf sfiman. (WABFBM, <411, p. 8) Xoa bfva ehraåéf jh sfimhjajhs lurfirátmias h jhofirátmias caz sua aparmåéf, ifo jfombabth „nhvh‟ h crïvfna. Béf oams a mopfsmåéf ifhrimtmva jas jmsimpnmbas, oas a sfimanmzaåéf phna hsifnà h phna moaeho. Béf oams a \hvfnuåéf, oas apamxfbmth jf shbtmjf. Béf oams a sfnhbmjajh mjhfnùemia, oas a ifoubmiaåéf pulnmimtárma. Béf oams f rmefrmsof, oas a shjuåéf jf ifbsuof h jf psmifnfemsof. [..._ A ofja ifbsuoaja béf smebmcmia jhsaparhimohbtf jhsaparhimohbtf jfs ifbth÷jfs sfimams sfimams h pfnïtmifs ho cavfr jh uoa pura „eratumjajh hsbflh‟, cfroanmsta, sho bheatmvmjajh `mstùrmia. Ymebmcmia uoa bfva rhnaåéf ifo fs mjhams, uo bfvf mbvhstmohbtf bfs vanfrhs jhofirátmifs h, af ohsof thopf, aihnhraåéf jas trabscfroaåøhs `mstùrmias, oamfr alhrtura ifnhtmva ä prfva jf cuturf, ambja quh bas jhnïimas jf prhshbth. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. 104-101).

Ba cash ja ofja ifbsuoaja, phrihlh-sh vármas oujabåas ba rhnaåéf ja ofja ifo f mbjmvïjuf. Af ifbtrármf jh autfrhs ja ofja, imtajfs abthrmfrohbth, hsths quh apfbtavao pfr trás ja mjhfnfema ja satmscaåéf jas bhihssmjajhs f prhjfoïbmf jf ifbtrfnh ja hxmstçbima, ifof a raimfbanmzaåéf. Oas para Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) a shjuåéf aeh sulfrjmbabjf a razéf h béf ifof jmtf abths, f quh hstá bf jfoïbmf í f mrraimfban h béf a razéf, pfms í atravís ja ofja quh sh ifbqumsta a autfbfoma jfs mbjmvïjufs. A oams hsphiïcmia ohriajfrma ba ípfia pùs-ofjhrba í a ofja quh sh

9<

oabmchsta ba shquçbima aihnhraja jh oujabåas jh prfjutfs, fu shga, bas mbstalmnmjajhs efvhrbajas phna rhera jf hcçohrf ba prfjuåéf h bf ifbsuof jfs flghtfs. Ifo mssf, uoa hoprhsa quh béf sh rhbfva ifbstabthohbth ifo bfvas ifnhåøhs jh ermchs, pfr hxhopnf, phrjh cfråa bf ohriajf, hbcraquhih sua quanmjajh jh oaria, pfrquh f quh mopfrta gá béf í a utmnmjajh ja ohriajfrma, oas a shjuåéf jh moaeho h oaria, jhsmeb, holanaeho, hti. F quh caz a jmchrhbåa í iaja vhz ohbfs a hnheìbima cfroan h iaja vhz oams as phrcfroabihs tíibmias, a quanmjajh jfs oathrmams, f ifbcfrtf, a sfcmstmiaåéf jfs hqumpaohbtfs; f hstmnf frmemban béf í oams prmvmníemf jf nuxf, tfjfs fs prfjutfs séf jfravabth rhphbsajfs thbjf ho vmsta uoa aparçbima shjutfra, a fpfsmåéf ofjhnf/sírmh turvfu-sh, phrjhu f shu iaráthr `mhrárqumif fsthbtatùrmf. (NMTFSHZYK], <44=, p. 10=).

Bhsta cash, pfjh rhtfrbar a thfrma jh Shlnhb (10==) jf ifbsuof fsthbtatùrmf ifof mbstmtumåéf sfiman hbiarrheaja jh smebmcmiar a pfsmåéf sfiman. Tara f hstujmfsf, f vanfr jh usf jas ohriajfrmas béf í f quh oftmva fs ifbsuomjfrhs, oas smo a pfsmåéf h a jmchrhbåa sfiman quh hsths flghtfs trazho para quho fs usao. Ohsof quh a thfrma jh Shlnhb (10==) hsthga ajhquaja, béf sh jhvh hsquhihr quh a vhrjajhmra cubåéf `mstùrmia ja ofja í shu iaráthr nmlhrtármf jh hsifnà, ho lusia ja mjhbtmjajh h jf prazhr mbjmvmjuan. A nmlhrjajh jhssh mbjmvïjuf í aihbtuaja phna iuntura jh oassa h phna ofja ifof ohriajfrma, mbinusmvh pfrquh hssa oubjmanmzaåéf ifbjuz a uoa ubmcfromzaåéf irhsihbth jh efstfs h fpmbmøhs sflrh a vmja. Anío jh shr lastabth oabmpunaja phnfs ohmfs jh ifoubmiaåéf, prmbimpanohbth fs aujmfvmsuams ifof f imbhoa h a thnhvmséf, athbjhbjf afs mbthrhsshs ja mbj÷strma iunturan. Hbtrhtabtf, jhbtrf jf jhspftmsof ja ofja, sureh f pfjhr jh hsifnà h ja mbjmvmjuanmzaåéf, fu shga, af ohsof thopf ho quh a mbj÷strma ja ofja pajrfbmza, hna taolío jhspajrfbmza quabjf fchrhih aopnas vhrsøhs h mbcmbmtas hsifnàs. Tfr mssf, a autfbfoma phssfan ba mbjuohbtárma, aphsar jf pfjhr ja oïjma, jhvh shr ifbsmjhraja. Ambja quh hxmsta uo p÷lnmif ifbsuomjfr quh smea as thbjçbimas hstalhnhimjas a iaja hstaåéf, béf sh pfjh mebfrar quh as phssfas taolío sh vhstho ho cubåéf jh uoa mjhbtmjajh (fu mjhbtmjajhs) mbjmvmjuan.

99

Ifbtujf para Nmpfvhtsky (<44=) í iaja vhz ohbfs vhrjajhmrf quh ajqumrmofs flghtfs para flthr jmstmbåéf sfiman, hsta í aphbas uoa jas cubåøhs ja ofja, h béf a ÷bmia. Tfrtabtf, para f autfr, f quh sh lusia atravís jfs flghtfs í uoa satmscaåéf partmiunar, mbjmchrhbth afs guneaohbtfs jfs futrfs, oabmchstabjf-sh ho vmsta jf lhohstar, ja cubimfbanmjajh, jf efzf para sm ohsof. Af catf jh quh, ifo f ifbsuomsof, `á uoa mbjmvmjuanmzaåéf jas phssfas ifo a aqumsmåéf jfs prfjutfs, oarias, pfjhr, rhbfvaåéf jfs `álmtfs, vmrmnmjajh, chombmnmjajh, h assmo pfr jmabth, quh hstá oumtf anío jh chbúohbfs jh vmbiunaåéf sfiman hstatutárma.

9:

9 OA\IA H MJHBZMJAJH 9.1 AY OA\IAY H YHXY YMEBMCMIAJFY Tara canar ho oaria í mopfrtabth prmohmrf hbthbjhr quan í f shu smebmcmiajf para fs ifbsuomjfrhs h a utmnmjajh quh tan prfjutf prfpfrimfbará. A oaria í uo bfoh jmchrhbimajf h/fu sïolfnf (ifof uo nfeftmpf, oaria rhemstraja, fu jhshb`f jh holanaeho) usajf para sh jmchrhbimar jfs ifbifrrhbths. Tara Yaopamf (<44<) a oaria aeh ifof uo hnhohbtf iatanmzajfr jas hsifnàs jfs ifbsuomjfrhs, pfms as jmchrhbåas hbtrh uoa oaria h futra aialao caimnmtabjf f prfihssf jh jhimséf jf ifbsuomjfr, cazhbjf ifo quh hssa hsifnà fifrra jh uoa cfroa oams rápmja h sheura. Oas para mssf aifbthihr í bhihssármf quh as oarias iarrheuho uo ifbgubtf jh smebmcmiajfs h lhbhcïimfs para f ifbsuomjfr quh rhprhshbtao. F ifbihmtf jh oaria sh jmvmjh ho ifopfbhbths jf prfjutf (atrmlutfs jf prfjutf h lhbhcïimfs jf prfjutf), h ifopfbhbths phrihptuams (moaeho f usuármf, lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams / psmifnùemifs, anoa ja oaria, phrsfbanmjajh ja oaria, moaeho h pfsmimfbaohbtf ja oaria). (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.91)

A oaria pfssum jmvhrsfs lhbhcïimfs, ifof f cubimfban quh hstá lashajf bfs atrmlutfs rhams jf prfjutf, fu shga, sua utmnmjajh cubimfban. H f lhbhcïimf hofimfban quh prfpfrimfba shbsaåøhs pfsmtmvas af inmhbth, fu bheatmva, cazhbjf ifo quh f ifbsuomjfr thbà a moprhsséf quh hstá eabàbjf oams quh uo prfjutf, oams quh f cubimfban, hstá eabàbjf shbsaåøhs. Futrf lhbhcmimf quh í ubs jfs erabjhs oftmvajfrhs ja ifopra í a autf-hxprhsséf, quh í a cfroa quh as phssfas hbifbtrao para ofstrar f quh séf phnfs prfjutfs quh ifbsfoho, ohn`fr jmzhbjf, thbtao sh hxprhssar phna oaria jh sua rfupa, jh shu iarrf, jh shu ihnunar. A oaria, jf pfbtf jh vmsta jf ifbsuomjfr, í a sïbthsh jas hxphrmçbimas rhams h vmrtuams, flghtmvas h sulghtmvas, vmvmjas ho rhnaåéf a uo prfjutf, shrvmåf, hoprhsa, mbstmtumåéf fu, ohsof, phssfa. Hna í uo ifbenfohrajf jh catfs, shbtmohbtfs, atmtujhs, irhbåas h vanfrhs quh sh rhnaimfbao äquhnh ifbgubtf jh bfohs(s) h sïolfnf(s), jmrhtaohbth, ho rhnaåéf tabtf äs futras oarias ja ohsoa iathefrma ifof a tfjas quh cazho parth jh shu ubmvhrsf vmvhbiman. (YAOTAMF, <44<, p. <8).

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Jh aifrjf ifo Yaopamf (<44<), af jhimjmr pfr uoa oaria hsphiïcmia, f ifbsuomjfr jhmxará jh ifbsmjhrar sfohbth as iaraithrïstmias jf prfjutf, usabjf a oaria ifof uo atan`f para sua shnhåéf, a hsifnà rhsuntará ifof smban jh sua mbjmvmjuanmjajh, ifo mssf fs atfs jh ifbsuof sh trabscfroao ho hxprhssøhs jh mbthraåéf, quh í uoa cfroa jh hxprhsséf sfiman. Tfr mssf, para Yan \abjazzf (1==3), uoa oaria vanh oams jf quh uo prfjutf, pfms hsta í jftaja jh uoa hbtmjajh phrihptuan ba ohbth jf ifbsuomjfr. Tara \abjazzf (1==3), a oaria í utmnmzaja ifof hstratíema bf atuan aolmhbth ohriajfnùemif, pfms jhvmjf a anta ifophtmtmvmjajh hstá iaja vhz oams prùxmoa as iaraithrïstmias jfs prfjutfs, béf thbjf oumtf jmchrhbiman bf asphitf cïsmif -quanmtatmvf jas ohriajfrmas. A oabhmra hbifbtraja para sh jhstaiar jfs ifbifrrhbths í a oaria. Oas para mssf aifbthihr a pulnmimjajh usa jh artmcïimfs para assmo thbtar phrsuajmr a ohbth jf ifbsuomjfr, irmabjf uo mbvhbtármf jh moaehbs, sïolfnfs, assfimaåøhs h shbsaåøhs quh ifoubmquho fs atrmlutfs h lhbhcïimfs (cïsmifs h hofimfbams) h jhcmbho a mjhbtmjajh ja oaria jh uo jhthrombajf prfjutf. „Jhbtrf jhssh hspaåf phrihptuan ja oaria pfjhofs irmar shjutfrhs oubjfs h phrsfbaehbs oïtmifs quh, eraåas ä pulnmimjajh, cmiao assfimajfs a bfssf prfjutf h quh cmbanohbth passao a jhcmbmr bfssa oaria.‟ (\ABJAWWF, oaria.‟ (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p. <5). Jhsta cfroa, phrihlh-sh quh as oarias aerheao assfimaåøhs quh pfjho shr a lash para a jhimséf jh ifopra fu atí ohsof para a nhanjajh jf inmhbth. Tfms oaria hstá anío jh uo nfeftmpf fu jh uo sïolfnf erácmif, hnas pfssuho phrsfbanmjajh, lhbhcïimfs h iarrheao ifbsmef uo ifbgubtf jh assfimaåøhs h smebmcmiajfs quh agujao f ifbsuomjfr a prfihssar mbcfroaåøhs sflrh a oaria, jmchrhbimabjf-as, jmchrhbimabjf-as, „ifof uo hchtmvf ehrajfr jh larrhmra jh hbtraja para ifbifrrhbths hxmsthbths fu pfssïvhms‟ (YAOTAMF, <44<, p. <3) . As assfimaåøhs achtmvas h jh autf-hxprhsséf pfjho shr irmajas pfr hscfråfs jf oarkhtmbe, oumtas vhzhs rhspfbsávhms pfr ehrar a razéf jh ifopra, irmabjf shbtmohbtf quh, oumtas vhzhs, pfjho hstar assfimajfs ä prfpaeabja. Hbtrhtabtf, oumtas jhstas assfimaåøhs ohbimfbajas béf séf sfohbth irmajas phnf oarkhtmbe, pfjho suremr taolío phna hxphrmçbima jmrhta jf ifbsuomjfr ifo a o aria.

93

Ifof jmtf abthrmfrohbth pfr Yaopamf (<44<), tams hxphrmçbimas pfjho shr bheatmvas fu pfsmtmvas. Tara quh hssas assfimaåøhs shgao cavfrávhms, a oaria prhimsa ifbvhbihr f ifbsuomjfr jh quh pfssum atrmlutfs h lhbhcïimfs quh athbjao suas bhihssmjajhs h jhshgfs, fu shga, f rhifb`himohbtf ja oaria ifo uo antf vanfr aerheajf. A partmr jhssas assfimaåøhs, pfjh-sh jhcmbmr quabjf uoa oaria í cfrth fu craia bf ohriajf. As oarias cfrths séf aquhnas quh pfssuho antf vanfr aerheajf, ifo oamfrhs assfimaåøhs pfsmtmvas quh prfpfrimfbho lhbhcïimfs ÷bmifs para f ifbsuomjfr, tfrbabjf-sh

nïjhrhs

jh

ohriajf,

phromtmbjf

quh

shus

prfjutfs

shgao

ifohrimanmzajfs pfr uo prhåf suphrmfr af jfs shus ifbifrrhbths, ifof aifbthih ifo vármas oarias jh rfupas (Ianvmb Knhmb, Ajmjas, Jfnih & Eallaba, Naifsth, Iàbhn, hti) quh cazho suihssf ifo fs ifbsuomjfrhs ja phrmchrma ho hstujf. Ifbshquhbthohbth, aialao atrambjf a athbåéf jfs cansármfs, quh phrihlho ba pmratarma uo bheùimf antaohbth nuiratmvf.

9.< \ÍTNMIA Zfja oaria cfrth hstá vunbhrávhn ä iùpma, pfms f `foho hstá ho lusia jf vanfr ja oaria, jf quh hna n`h rhprhshbta h aerhea, phrcmn hsth quh taolío hstá prhshbth bfs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja jf lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh 5, pfr mssf vanh nholrar quh hsta ofbferacma tho ifof flghtmvf cazhr uo hstujf jh iasf sflrh a moaeho jh oaria, hsphimcmiaohbth jh vhstuármf, ba phrmchrma ho hstujf. Yheubjf Knftnhr h Khnnhr (<443 apuj EANNM; @MBW, <443, p. <), vármfs tmpfs jh iùpmas pfjho shr hbifbtrajfs bf ohriajf pmrata ifof a cansmcmiaåéf, a infbaeho, a momtaåéf h ajaptaåéf. „\ípnmia‟ í f throf usajf phnfs ifbsuomjfrhs jh oarias jh rfupas caofsas jf lamrrf hstujajf para jhcmbmr hstas ifof uoa iùpma mjçbtmia jf prfjutf frmemban, hbtéf hssa iùpma í vhbjmja ifof sh cfssh ja oaria ehbuïba. Tfjh-sh phrihlhr quh rípnmia pfssum a ohsoa jhcmbmåéf jh cansmcmiaåéf. A

infbaeho fifrrh quabjf f prfjutf h a oaria séf momtajfs jh cfroas sutms, fu shga, 5

Xo jfs lamrrfs jh phrmchrma oams pfpunfsfs ja rheméf ohtrfpfnmtaba jh Lhnío, ifo f tftan jh 31.:9= àlmtabths. A imjajh jh Lhnío pfssum uo Trfjutf Mbthrbf Lrutf jh \$ <1.1:8.883,44 jh aifrjf ifo f Mbstmtutf Lrasmnhmrf jh Ehferacma h Hstatïstmia (MLEH <414).

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béf séf mjçbtmias äs oarias ifpmajas, pfrío cáihms jh ifbcubjmr. A momtaåéf aifbthih quabjf sh ifpma aneuoa iaraithrïstmia, pfrío sh oabtío uoa jmchrhbimaåéf, quh pfjh shr ba holanaeho, bf prhåf, ba nfianmzaåéf fu ba prfpaeabja. Bho shoprh ataia a oaria ehbuïba jh uoa cfroa aerhssmva. H, pfr ÷ntmof, a ajaptaåéf suihjh quabjf sh irma uo prfjutf oams iapaimtajf, quh f ja oaria irmajfra, tfrbabjf uo jhsacmf para hsth cuturaohbth, af thbtar sh ifbsfnmjar bf ohriajf. Í mopfrtabth crmsar quh ifo a pmratarma f bfoh ja oaria aiala sh jhsvanfrmzabjf. Anío jf prhguïzf cmbabihmrf, uoa vhz quh í jmcïimn mebfrar f avabåf jf ohriajf pmrata, f Lrasmn hstá hbtrh fs jhz païshs ho quh oams sh ifoprao prfjutfs cansmcmiajfs. Hsta mbj÷strma ofvmohbta aprfxmoajaohbth \$ 84 lmn`øhs pfr abf bf païs, sheubjf jajfs ja Almoaq ’ Assfimaåéf ’ Assfimaåéf Lrasmnhmra jh Mbj÷strmas, Oáqumbas h Hqumpaohbtfs (<448). Yheubjf f Mbstmtutf Lrasmnhmrf jh Ehferacma Hstatïstmia ’ MLEH ’ MLEH „A pmratarma jh jh prfjutfs ho aphbas jfms shtfrhs ’ ’ rfupas h tçbms ’ ’ tmrao jf païs vanfr sucmimhbth para iflrmr <4% jf jícmimt ja Trhvmjçbima Yfiman h f hqumvanhbth a quash :4% ja arrhiajaåéf abuan ifo a ITOC‟. Y heubjf jajfs jmvuneajfs phna Chifoírimf-\G, ifo lash ho phsqumsa rhanmzaja phnf mbstmtutf Mpsfs 0, ho <414, :0% jfs hbtrhvmstajfs ajomtmrao thr ifoprajf aneuoa ohriajfrma cansmcmiaja. Bf tftan, f païs tho, jh aifrjf ifo f nhvabtaohbtf, 54,< omn`øhs jh ifbsuomjfrhs jh prfjutfs pmratas. Í mopfrtabth jmstmbeumr pmratarma jh cansmcmiaåéf, shbjf quh f prmohmrf jhifrrh jh mbcraåéf ä nhm, quh í f atf jh ifpmar fu rhprfjuzmr, sho autfrmzaåéf, nmvrfs fu moprhssfs ho ehran, eravaåøhs jh sfo fu moaeho. Cansmcmiar, ifof gá cfm jmtf, í momtar fu anthrar ifo craujh, fu shga, rhprfjuzmbjf uoa iùpma cmhn, bf quan f irmajfr jhtío jmrhmtfs jh prfprmhjajh mbthnhituan fu mbjustrman h, jhsta cfroa, tho fs shus jmrhmtfs vmfnajfs pfr béf shr rhoubhrajf pfr quho hstá ifpmabjf h sh lhbhcmimabjf jas vabtaehbs ifohrimams jf prfjutf fu ohriajfrma. (AJMTHI =, <445). 0

Mpsfs Lrasmn Thsqumsas jh Ohriajf. F Mpsfs í uo jfs oamfrhs h oams mopfrtabths mbstmtutfs jh phsqumsas jf oubjf, nïjhr ho hstujfs jh oïjma ba Hurfpa h Aohrmia Natmba. Zralanà ifo phsqumsas jh ohriajf h jh fpmbméf p÷lnmia. (Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//pnsqn1.ibpq.lr/lusiafphraimfban/jhtan`hhoprhsa.gsp6mj?443534=NSI3CBU&ibpg?4:<543:<444131&ifj Mbst?G8IT444444442. Mbst?G8IT444444442. Aihssf ho 41 gab <41:) =

Assfimaåéf jfs Jmstrmlumjfrhs h Mopfrtajfrhs jh Thrcuohs, Ifsoítmifs h Ymomnarhs. (Cfbth7 www.ajmphi.ifo.lr).

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Oas taolío hxmstho jmvhrsfs oftmvfs quh nhvao f ifbsuomjfr a ifoprar f téf jhshgajf prfjutf pmratajh sua oaria prhchrmja. Xo jhnhs, h prmbimpan iausa, í f prhåf lamxf, ho ifoparaåéf ifo fs frmembams. Hssa í a oabhmra quh f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja tho para usar as oarias quh aspmrao h shbtmr quh caz parth jh uo ubmvhrsf quh, sheubjf a sfimhjajh iapmtanmsta, béf n`h phrthbih. Oarias hssas quh ihrtaohbth pfssuho uo antf vanfr aerheajf h erabjhs ermchs jh vhstuármf quh prfpfrimfbao lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams h jh autf-hxprhsséf.

9.9 A OFJA BA O×YMIA Gá moaembfu uo jhscmnh jh ofja sho o÷smia6 H vïjhfs inmphs h s`fws sho a ifopfsmåéf vmsuan prfjuzmja phnas vhsths6 A rhnaåéf ofja h o÷smia hstéf mbthbsaohbth nmeajas, uoa mbcnuhbimabjf a futra. Gubtas, hxprhssao vanfrhs mbjmvmjuams, sfimams, prmbimpanohbth a o÷smia quh hstá prhshbth ho tfjas as htbmas, rhnmemøhs, iunturas h camxas htármas. Xtmnmzabjf hsth jfms hnfs ifof uoa oabhmra jh hxprhssar a phrsfbanmjajh, aprfprmabjf-sh jh uoa cfroa jh ifoubmiaåéf béf vhrlan (ofja) ifo a vhrlan (o÷smia). Tara hbthbjhr hssa rhnaåéf, í bhihssármf ifoprhhbjhr a mbcnuçbima jh oarias bfs asphitfs iunturams jf mbjmvïjuf, uoa vhz quh a iuntura í prmofrjman bas hxpnmiaåøhs jf ifopfrtaohbtf jf ifbsuomjfr. Ifof gá sh salh a ofja í uo mbstruohbtf para a mbthraåéf sfiman h, pfrtabtf, í usaja para iaraithrmzar fs erupfs ba sfimhjajh, mbinusmvh as labjas ousmiams. H a cfroa jh vhstmr h ifbsuomr prfjutfs h shrvmåfs jhstas labjas hstá jmrhtaohbth nmeajas ba mjhbtmcmiaåéf jh jhthrombajf hstmnf ousmian para trabsomtmr, atravís jhssas ifbstruåøhs, uo mjhan, h ifo f thibflrhea béf shrma jmchrhbth. Jhsta cfroa, a rfupa béf í ifbsuomja aphbas phnf shu paphn prmoármf jh vhstmr para aquhihr f ifrpf, fu shga, usaja phna cubåéf jh prfthåéf sheubjf Oanifno (<449), oas ifof cfroa jh ifoubmiaåéf hbtrh f oubjf ja o÷smia ifo a sfimhjajh. A ofja fchrhih jmchrhbths cfroas jh sh vhstmr, sh oaqumar, ifrtar f ialhnf, h í phnf hstmnf quh sh pfjh salhr a quh erupf f mbjmvïjuf phrthbih.

9=

Iaja erupf prfjuz sua o÷smia h, ifbshquhbthohbth suas vhsths. F flghtmvf mjhfnùemif jh partmimpar jh uoa trmlf urlaba í a jhchsa jas iausas h ifbihmtfs pfnïtmifs h sfimams quh fs mbjmvïjufs quh f ifopøho airhjmtao. Ohsof assmo oumtas, sureho béf pfr mjhanmsof, oas pfr uo status urlabf, utmnmzabjf f vhstuármf jh uoa ípfia, sho ifb`hihr a `mstùrma h as larrhmras quhlrajas phnas vhsths quh iarrhea. Xoa suliuntura í uo ifbgubtf smebmcmiatmvf jh prátmias h jh rhprhshbtaåøhs quh jmstmbeuho uo erupf jh mbjmvïjufs jh futrf. Hna sh ifopøh jh vármas caihtas, pfr hxhopnf, jh rfupas rhifb`hiïvhms h jh efstf ousmiams hsphiïcmifs, oas taolío jh mjhmas pfnïtmias oams fu ohbfs hstruturajas h jh uoa oabhmra partmiunar jh sh hxprhssar. (EFJA\Z, <414, p. 99).

Sármas vhzhs séf anvf jh irmtmias h prfvfiao mbjmebaåéf jfs erupfs quh iarrheao a mjhfnfema h sheuho as bfroas ifof hstmnf jh vmja. Oumtfs jhsshs erupfs pfjho atí jmsifrjar jas rheras ja sfimhjajh `hehoúbmia ho rhnaåéf tralan`f, iasaohbtf, quhstøhs pfnïtmias, hsifnàs shxuams, oas hbtrh hnhs sh sfimanmzao lho h sheuho a mjhfnfemas h bfroas jf erupf, ifof aifbthih ifo as hqumphs jas chstas jh aparhnàeho. Hsths erupfs sh cfroao phna hxmstçbima jh efstfs acmbs h vïbiunfs atrhnajfs phnas rhnaåøhs prí-hxmsthbths jh aomzajh, vmzmbàbåa fu parhbthsif, ifopartmnàbjf acmbmjajh bf vmsuan, bas rfupas h bfs ifopfrtaohbtfs, ifbstrumbjf uoa mjhbtmjajh ifnhtmva. Tara as hqumphs, í mopfrtabth thr prhstïemf phrabth fs jhoams, ifoprfvabjf pfpunarmjajh h status atravís jf cmeurmbf, vanfrmzabjf oumtf a oaria jh rfupa quh hstéf usabjf. Tara hnhs, usar rfupas jh oarias iaras h caofsas rhprhshbtao a shbsaåéf jh pfjhr h suihssf. Tfrío, para oumtfs gfvhbs ja phrmchrma ho ehran ifof para aneubs mbtherabths ja hqumph, f jhshgf pfr ifbsuomr hstas oarias béf ifbjmz ifo sua ifbjmåéf cmbabihmra, hbtéf a fpåéf hbifbtraja í aphnar para f usf jas momtaåøhs h, assmo, thbtar passar ja ohsoa cfroa shu hstmnf jh vmja. Hsta ofja jmz oumtf sflrh a sfimhjajh nfian, (mbinusmvh a Zhrra Cmroh). Yflrh f quh hnhs phbsao, f quh prhthbjho shr, fs ofjhnfs ifo fs quams sh mjhbtmcmiao. As oarias quh vhstho trabsomtho uo jhthrombajf hstmnf, uo ifbgubtf jh atrmlumåøhs jhshgajas pfr hsths erupfs.

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Bfs prùxmofs iapïtunfs, salhrhofs ifo oams prhimséf, quams séf as oarias oams aprhimajas. Ifbtujf, jh aifrjf ifo uoa phsqumsa rhanmzaja pfr Aba Tauna Ohbjhs14, uoas jas oarias oams aprhimajas phnfs rapazhs séf Tmtlunn , Khbbhr, Ajmjas, Bmkh h \hhlfk . Gá phnas earftas, séf, ho prmohmrf nuear. Tmtlunn h, ho

sheumja, @hrf, Alsfnuta h Cub @fush. Anío jmssf, `á taolío uo jhshgf jh ifbsuomr as oarias jh rfupas chombmbas ifbsuomjas phna inassh anta, ifof Ifniim h Tnabht Emrn s. s. Jmvhrsfs artmstas jf oubjf jf thibflrhea 11 aialao eabàbjf ajomrajfrhs h, pfr mbcnuçbima, usabjf vhstmohbtas h aihssùrmfs quh shus ïjfnfs utmnmzao. Ifo mssf, oarias rhbfoajas cazho parth jf ifbthxtf vmsuan vhbjmjf, pfms béf tho ifof bhear quh a o÷smia hxhrih mbcnuçbima ba ifopra jh prfjutfs jh ofja, pfrquh prfjuz vïbiunfs sfimams, ehra cfroas partmiunarhs jh sfnmjarmhjajh, ifbcmabåa h sfimalmnmjajh, cubjaohbtams para a vmja ho erupf. H í iaraithrïstmia jf sughmtf ifbthopfrìbhf lusiar hbifbtrar uoa mjhbtmjajh phnf shu hstmnf jh vmja fu jh ifbsuof. Quash tfjf h quanquhr erupf prfiurao sh utmnmzar jh ïjfnfs ousmiams para hxprhssar f quh phbsao phrabth a sfimhjajh. A hsifnà jh uoa rfupa para vhstmr pfjh rhvhnar fs jhshgfs quh hxmstho pfr trás jhssa fpåéf. A autfra Aba Tauna Ohbjhs rhvhna quh fs gfvhbs ifo fs quams chz a phsqumsa imtarao artmsta quh ajomrao h fu ifo fs quams jhshgao sh parhihr, ifof7 Oarihnf J<, \aimfbams OI h iabtfras mbthrbaimfbams ifof Lhyfbií h Najy Eaea. Futrf artmsta quh taolío hxhrih lastabth pfjhr jh mbcnuçbima ba aparçbima vmsuan jas hqumphs í f Jg, quh í ifbsmjhrajf f astrf ja chsta, f quh ifbtrfna a shnhåéf ousmian h mbthraeh ifo f p÷lnmif. Tfr mssf quh ba chsta jh aparhnàeho í a erabjh hstrhna, pfr shr f artmsta quh rhprhshbta f thibflrhea h hstá hbvfnvmjf jmrhtaohbth. 14

OHBJHY, Aba Tauna Thrhmra. Yfimalmnmjajh h ifbsuof guvhbmn bas chstas jh aparhnàeho jh Lhnío jf Tará. Mb7 Ifberhssf Nusf Acrf Lrasmnhmrf jh Imçbimas Yfimams, b. PM, <411, Yanvajfr. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.xmifbnal.hvhbtfs.jyph.ifo.lr/rhsfurihs/abams/9/1940938311VA\QXMSFVArtmefVIfbnal.pjc2. Aihssf ho7 <4 aef <419. 11

F rmtof rhsunta ja omstura jh eçbhrfs jabåabths jh frmeho iarmlhbà ifof f lfnhrf h f ianmpsf, ifb`himja ifof „Lrhea‟. Bf mbïimf mbïimf jfs abfs <444 cfrao aerheajfs af Lrhea aparhn`fs hnhtrúbmifs, mbifrpfrabjf uoa bfva ZhibfLrhea. Jmspfbïvhn ho >www.lrheapfp.ifo2. latmja af rmtof, cazhbjf suremr f thibflrhea. (Jf (Jf Lrhea af ZhibfLrhea. Jmspfbïvhn Aihssf ho7 91 oam <414).

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Í hxtrhoaohbth mopfrtabth rhssantar quh f usf jas rfupas jh oarias béf sh rhstrmbeh sfohbth a hsshs gfvhbs crhquhbtajfrhs jh aparhnàeho fu mbtherabth jh hqumph, oas sh hsthbjh ifof uoa prhchrçbima h jfombabjf f efstf ja phrmchrma ifof uo tfjf. Ifof cana Aba Tauna ba imtaåéf alamxf quh as prátmias jh ifopfrtaohbtf jhssh erupf aialao rhphriutmbjf anío jf aolmhbth ja aparhnàeho, ifbqumstabjf bfvfs thrrmtùrmfs jh sfimalmnmjajh h eabàbjf bfvfs ajhptfs af hstmnf jh vmja quh béf shgao bhihssarmaohbth cés jf rmtof fu crhquhbtajfrhs jas chstas. F imriumtf jas chstas c hstas jh aparhnàeho hxtrapfna f hspaåf ja chsta ho sm. Hnh rhofbta a uoa ifoprhhbséf oamfr, jh tfjfs fs hnhohbtfs smolùnmifs quh cazho parth ja chsta7 partmimpar ja chsta, ifb`hihr as o÷smias, ifb`hihr fs nfiams fbjh hnas sh rhanmzao, salhr fs passfs jh jabåa, partmimpar jfs cés-inulhs, ifb`hihr as labjas h fs JGs h, taolío, vhstmr-sh ifbcfroh as thbjçbimas quh aprhimao bf ofohbtf. Zams prátmias hvmjhbimao pajrøhs ifnhtmvfs jh ifopfrtaohbtf h jh phbsaohbtf jhsths gfvhbs, cazhbjf quh as chstas ajqumrao uo smebmcmiajf sfimfiunturan quh vam oumtf anío jf shu aolmhbth hsphiïcmif. (OHBJHY, <411, p. 9)

Quanquhr erupf, trmlf fu hqumph cfroaja jhvh ifopartmnàjar as ohsoas hofåøhs h shbtmohbtfs jas quams assuoho fs ohsofs mjhams, hxprhssabjf tujf mssf bf hstmnf ousmian h ba cfroa jh vhstmr lusiabjf f rhifb`himohbtf h vanfrmzaåéf phrabth a sfimhjajh. Fu shga, anmar vmsuanohbth a ofja ifo uo hstmnf jh o÷smia, rhiïprfif ä mjhbtmjajh ja oaria, pfjh cazhr tfjf jmchrhbiman prhthbjmjf phnf mbjmvïjuf.

9.: MOAEHO H MJHBZMJAJH Ofja, moaeho h mjhbtmjajh hstéf mbthbsaohbth nmeajas. Tfms a ofja hstá a shrvmåf ja ifbstruåéf ja prùprma mjhbtmjajh jf sughmtf. Ifbtujf, ba ohjmja ho quh a sfimhjajh sh trabscfroa, fs mbjmvïjufs h a ofja taolío sfcrho ofjmcmiaåøhs. Trmbimpanohbth bf oubjf ifbthopfrìbhf ja hra ja mbcfroaåéf, bf quan tfjfs fs jmas f sughmtf í mbthbsaohbth hxpfstf a bftïimas, mbthraåéf hbtrh iunturas, moaeho h ifoubmiaåéf quh assuoho uoa jmohbséf iaja vhz oamfr, ifo mssf f oubjf hxthrbf hxhrih ifbstabth mbthrchrçbima ba ifbstmtumåéf ja mjhbtmjajh jf sughmtf.

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Jhsth ofjf fs mbjmvïjufs sh trabscfroao, aifopabàjfs phna ofja h phna rhprhshbtaåéf ja mjhbtmjajh, jh tan cfroa quh `fgh thofs uo sughmtf jh mjhbtmjajh o÷ntmpna h trabsmtùrma. Hssa nmlhrjajh jh hsifnà h jh hxhriïimf jh sm prùprmf rhcnhth ho uoa ountmpnmimjajh jhbtrf jf prùprmf sughmtf. Tfr hxhopnf, f ohsof sughmtf quh sh vhsth jh thrbf h eravata hxhrihbjf tftan cfroanmjajh ho shu tralan`f, í f sughmtf quh sh jhjmia a hspfrths rajmiams, quh crhquhbta a ihba ubjhrerfubj h caz usf jh jrfeas mnïimtas. A earfta quh crhquhbta cfrrù `fgh, aoab`é passa a sh vhstmr jh prhtf h sfohbth a hsiutar rfik. Hssa ountmpnmimjajh jh hsifnàs h pfssmlmnmjajhs jh shr jf sughmtf í anef tftanohbth ifbthopfrìbhf. (TFBZHY, <419, p.9).

F sughmtf ifbstmtum sua mjhbtmjajh ba mbthraåéf ifbstabth ifo f oubjf quh hstá jmabth jh ofjhnfs h mbcfroaåøhs quh frmhbtao fs iaomb`fs para ifbsuof ja cabtasma h ja mnuséf jf shr atravís jh rfupas. Assmo pfjh-sh jmzhr quh a ofja sh fchrhih ifo mbcmbmtfs b÷ohrfs jh moaehbs quh vhbjho oumtf oams quh rfupas, vhbjho hstmnf jh vmja h shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf. Yh abths as mjhbtmjajhs hrao cmxas h prí-hstalhnhimjas phna sfimhjajh cazhbjf a ifbhxéf hbtrh f sughmtf h sua iuntura, aefra hnas pfjho shr hbthbjmjas ifof o÷ntmpnas, ifbtrajmtùrmas, abtaeúbmias h ho ifbstabth ofvmohbtf, ho ifbstabth oujabåa. Jh aifrjf ifo @ann (<411), a mjhbtmjajh, abtmeaohbth hstalmnmzava f sughmtf h f ifbhitava ifo uo jhthrombajf erupf fu baimfbanmjajh, `fgh í hstujaja ifof anef ho ifbcnmtf h sho ubmjajh, h hbifbtra-sh ho jhinïbmf, c azhbjf suremr uoa mjhbtmjajh ifopnhxa h o÷ntmpna, rhspfbsávhn phna craeohbtaåéf jf mbjmvïjuf. Tara @ann (<411), a ifbstmtumåéf ja mjhbtmjajh í cfroaja ba ‒mbthraåéf‖ hbtrh f hu h a sfimhjajh, pfms í ba rhnaåéf ifo as phssfas quh sh ohjmao fs vanfrhs, shbtmjfs h sïolfnfs, fu shga, a iuntura para f sughmtf. Í bf jhifrrhr ja vmja quh f mbjmvmjuf parth para a sfimhjajh h lusia naåfs bfs erupfs fbjh f sughmtf vam ifbvmvhr, ifof hsifna, as trmlfs ajfnhsihbths, fs ifnheas jh prfcmsséf, phnf ifopartmnàohbtf jf efstf ousmian, artïstmif, hspfrtmvf, hti.

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Yéf fs erupfs quh f mbjmvïjuf partmimpa quh fs cfroao hbquabtf sughmtf. F mbjmvïjuf tfoa ifof mjhan f ofjhnf jh vmja jhsth erupf, shbjf a prmbimpan cfbth para a cfroaåéf ja mjhbtmjajh, pfms passa a fiupar uo nuear jh mbcnuçbima bas atmtujhs jf sughmtf, para shr sheumjf h momtajf. Hsth chbúohbf í caimnohbth phrihlmjf bf hstmnf jh vmja jfs ifbsuomjfrhs jh rípnmia h rfupas jh oarias bf lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh, pfms hsth ifopfrtaohbtf í ifbshquçbima ja mbcnuçbima jfs erupfs nfiams quh aprhimao f usf jh rfupas jh oarias, ehrabjf uoa prhsséf sfiman h uo shbtmohbtf jh hxinuséf para aquhnh quh béf sheuh f hstmnf. A ofja basih assmo, nmeaja ä quhstéf ja mjhbtmjajh phna lusia jf vmr a shr sheumbjf uo ofjhnf mjhan. Hna basih ifof parth jh uo gfef sfiman fbjh assuoh uo paphn jh rhprhshbtaåéf rhprhshbtaåéf ja mjhbtmjajh. mjhbtmjajh. Jhsta cfroa, as rfupas h fs aihssùrmfs, lho ifof tfjf f aparatf ba cfroa jh usá-nfs ajqumrho f vanfr jh sïolfnfs, atravís jfs quams f sughmtf sh rhprhshbta. Zfjf hssh aparatf rhvhna quhstøhs sflrh f sughmtf ifof mjajh, eçbhrf, ifbjmåéf sfiman h aspmraåøhs, anío jf ifbthxtf iunturan h rhemfban quh f nfianmza. (TFBZHY, <419, p.=).

Quabjf sh hsifn`h uoa rfupa, `á uoa prhfiupaåéf hsphiman ifo a moaeho quh jhshga passar para f futrf h, af ohsof thopf, prfiurar oabthr h hvmjhbimar ihrtas iaraithrïstmia quh oarquho sua phrsfbanmjajh, hstmnf h mjhbtmjajh. Fs irmtírmfs para usar uo vhstuármf béf oujarao oumtf af nfbef jfs abfs, a lusia phna mbjuohbtárma tmbà ifof flghtmvf jh hxprhssar smtuaåéf sfiman, prhstïemf h pfjhr, pfms hsth hra f ohmf quh jmchrhbimava lureuhshs, bflrhs h as jhoams inasshs. A ofja iaombà gubtf ifo a moaeho, shbjf mbheávhn a mopfrtìbima h cfråa jhstas j hstas ÷ntmoas bf quh jmz rhsphmtf ä jmsshombaåéf h ifoprhhbséf ja ofja. As moaehbs tfrbao-sh hbtéf uoa cfroa jh mbthrprhtar a ofja h suas rhprhshbtaåøhs sfimams h, suihssmvaohbth, sheuho assmo fchrhihbjf smebmcmiabths, smebmcmiaåøhs h sïolfnfs iunturams quh mbcnuhbimao fs sughmtfs ba lusia jf vmr a shr, ja sua mjhbtmjajh. Tfms sh abths a bflrhza hurfpíma hra f ofjhnf h suas rfupas ifpmajas h shu hstmnf jh vmja jhshgajf, f flghtmvf ja ípfia hra meuanar-sh (momtar) af bflrh, phrsfbaeho jh prhstmemf h jh hstmnf jh vmja mjhanmzajf. @fgh, f ofjhnf atuan a shr sheumjf béf hstá prhsf af pajréf abthrmfr, prhshbth taolío bfs hjmtfrmams jas rhvmstas, jmsshombabjf f oubjf jas oaeras h lhnas ihnhlrmjajhs ja ZS h jas suphrofjhnfs h tfjf f enaofur quh as hbvfnvho, a lhnhza, f ifrpf h f suihssf.

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Ifo a mbtrfjuåéf h a prfnmchraåéf jfs ohmfs jh ifoubmiaåéf hnhtrúbmifs, a pulnmimjajh tfrbfu-sh uoa cfroa jh arth jfombabth h uoa pfjhrfsa cfråa ba iuntura aohrmiaba. A thnhvmséf í f hsphn`f oáemif quh irma h af ohsof thopf rhcnhth bfssfs sfb`fs h cabtasmas. Tfr shr téf phbhtrabth, alrabehbth alra behbth h ‒jf ofohbtf‖, a pulnmimjajh jhshophbà uo paphn mopfrtabth ba irmaåéf jfs omtfs. Bas iunturas ifbthopfrìbhas, thibfnùemias, f pulnmimtármf sulstmtumu f xaoé. (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.08)

Ifof gá jmtf, a ofja í a rhprhshbtaåéf jh mjhbtmjajh, fu a prfiura jh uoa ofjhnf mjhan, quh ouja ifbcfroh f phrïfjf quh rhprhshbta. Futrf ihbtrf jh rhchrçbima jh ofjhnf a shr sheumjf gá béf hstá bf jfoïbmf ja oun`hr ja sfimhjajh, bho as erabjhs ofjhnfs h ihnhlrmjajhs, aefra í a vhz jas lnfeuhmras jmtarho a ofja. Tfrío f pfjhr jh mbcnuçbima jfs lnfes béf abuna fs futrfs ohmfs, béf sulstmtuho fs hjmtfrmams fu as iaopabàs pulnmimtármas quh rhprhshbtao fs jhshgfs jhsth ifbsuomjfr. Tfms, pfjho ifhxmstmr. A jmchrhbåa í quh f lnfe sh aprfxmoa oams jf ifbsuomjfr, f quh rhprhshbta ohn`fr a hra enflanmzaja, f bfvf thopf h tanvhz a vabeuarja jh uoa bfva cfroa jh ifoubmiaåéf jh ofja. Atravís jas moaehbs jh ofjhnfs mjhams, a ofja irma h fchrhih uoa aofstra jh uo ubmvhrsf smolùnmif bf quan f sughmtf ifbstrùm a prùprma mjhbtmjajh. A partmr ja mbthrprhtaåéf jas moaehbs, assfimaofs a moaeho jh oaria, pfr thr f ohsof flghtmvf jh mbthrprhtar a ofja h suas rhprhshbtaåøhs, fu shga, ifof a oaria í phrihlmja phnf ifbsuomjfr h ifbcrfbtaja pfr shus prùprmfs vanfrhs, prhifbihmtfs h futrfs catfrhs psmifnùemifs mbthrbfs. A moaeho ja oaria í irmaja fu hstmounaja pfr uo ifbgubtf jh hstratíemas jh oarkhtmbe ’ ’ ifbihmtf jh oaria ’ ’ irmajf hbtrh a hoprhsa h fs shus p÷lnmifs. F ifbihmtf jh oaria í ifbstmtuïjf phnfs ifopfbhbths jf prfjutf quh séf tabeïvhms h fs phrihptuams quh hstéf anío jf rhan, hstéf bf omtfnùemif. Abths jh ifohåar a hxpnmiar fs ifopfbhbths phrihptuams, í bhihssármf cazhr uoa hxpnabaåéf jf smebmcmiajf jf omtf. Omtfnfema í uoa cfroa jmchrhbth jh hbthbjhr a rhanmjajh, quh pfjh shr pfr ohmf jh `mstùrmas quh gustmcmiao fu nhemtmoao uo catf, jhthrombabjf h as cfroas jh ifbtatf, phbsaohbtfs, vanfrhs, irhbåas ifo f oubjf. Zaolío í mopfrtabth hbthbjhr quh a jhcmbmåéf jh omtfnfema, bf shu shbtmjf oams aopnf, béf sh nmomta af quh cfroanohbth iàoaofs jh omtfnfema7 alrabeh quanquhr ifmsa quh jh aneuoa cfroa omtmcmia fu

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„hbchmta a rhanmjajh‟. Ofly Jmik í uoa omtfnfema. Assmo ifof í omtfnfema f abubimf ja ihrvhga Lujwhmshr quh vhofs ba Zhvç. (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.85)

\abjazzf (1==3) jhstaia shms ifopfbhbths phrihptuams ja oaria, uo jhsshs ifopfbhbths í a moaeho jf usuármf, ba quan hsta í hsshbiman ba rhnaåéf hbtrh a acmbmjajh ja oaria h f ifbsuomjfr, pfms alrh iaomb`f para f abubimabth thbtar aniabåar f p÷lnmif-anvf jfs shus prfjutfs. Tara mjhbtmcmiar f tareht, a pulnmimjajh h prfpaeabja irmao moaehbs jh usuármf quh pfjho ifbjmzhr ifo quho hstá ifbsuombjf. Ohn`fr jmzhbjf, f ifbsuomjfr sh mbthrhssa phnf ab÷bimf quh sh mjhbtmcmia. Hxmstho jfms tmpfs jh moaehbs irmajas phna prfpaeabja7 f usuármf rhan h f usuármf mjhanmzajf. F prmohmrf jmz rhsphmtf a uoa moaeho jf usuármf quh í ifhrhbth ifo a autf-moaeho, fs vanfrhs h f hstmnf jh vmja jf usuármf. F sheubjf í a moaeho quh rhcnhth f tmpf jh phssfa quh f ifbsuomjfr efstarma jh shr, pfms vármas prfpaeabjas rhtratao uoa moaeho jh usuármf ifof ifbihmtf jh oaria quh béf í rhan. Xo hxhopnf jmstf séf fs ifohrimams jh ifsoítmifs quh aprhshbtao oun`hrhs nmbjas ifo phnh jh pçsshef usabjf fs prfjutfs. Hssa moaeho shbjf ofstraja rhphtmjaohbth aiala ehrabjf a phrihpåéf jh quh as phssfas quh usao f prfjutf cmiarao ifo a phna phrchmta. Bf hbtabtf, f usuármf mjhanmzajf quh aparhih bfs ifohrimams rhprhshbta f tmpf jh phssfa quh f ifbsuomjfr efstarma jh shr, pfms f vhrjajhmrf ifbsuomjfr jf prfjutf pfssum, ba oamfrma jas vhzhs, prflnhoas jhroatfnùemifs. As phrihpåøhs irmajas (fu fs omtfs phrphtuajfs) phrphtuajfs) phna pulnmimjajh pulnmimjajh pfjho béf thr alsfnutaohbth baja a vhr ifo a rhanmjajh ifopfrtaohbtan. A pulnmimjajh irma sua prùprma rhanmjajh. Ba pulnmimjajh, f quh í phrihlmjf ba ohbth jf ifbsuomjfr í a rhanmjajh oams mopfrtabth. (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.95).

Ifof gá cfm jmtf, a oaria prfohth lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams h psmifnùemifs quh séf moprhssøhs phrihlmjas ho assfimaåéf af usf jf prfjutf, quh pfjho shr ajqumrmjas bf jhifrrhr jas hxphrmçbimas jf ifbsuomjfr fu irmajas phna pulnmimjajh. Tara \abjazzf (1==3, p. 9=) 9= ) „Zams lhbhcïimfs satmscazho bhihssmjajhs ùoabas lásmias (a bhihssmjajh jh aofr, pfjhr, autf-hstmoa h assmo pfr jmabth) h séf pfrtabtf oftmvajfrhs mbtrmbshiaohbth pfjhrfsfs.‟

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F thrihmrf ifopfbhbth í a anoa ja oaria quh í ifbsmjhraja a hssçbima, f ihbtrf hspmrmtuan, f vanfr lásmif quh a jhcmbh. A anoa jhvh shr ifhrhbth ifo a moaeho h phrsfbanmjajh ja oaria. Yheubjf \abjazzf (1==3), f sfimùnfef austrïaif Hrbhst Jmi`thr rhvhna pfjhrfsfs vïbiunfs hxmsthbths hbtrh f `foho ifo fs flghtfs quh pfssum, shbjf uoa hxthbséf jf bfssf pfjhr phssfan, ifof sh tmvhssh vmja prùprma. Yheubjf Jmi`thr, fs prfjutfs pfssuïjfs pfr uo mbjmvïjuf mbcnuhbimao oumtas vhzhs as rhaåøhs jh futras phssfas a hssh mbjmvmjuf jh oabhmra hsphimcmia. Fs flghtfs mbabmoajfs pfssuho pfrtabtf uo ifbth÷jf psïqumif jhcmbmjf, uoa „anoa‟ quh jhshophbà uo paphn jmbìomif h hofimfban ba vmja jmárma jfs mbjmvïjufs jhbtrf jf ifbthxtf jf shu smsthoa jh vanfrhs sfimams. (JMI@ZH\, 1=34 apuj \ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.9=).

Assmo ifof a anoa, a phrsfbanmjajh ja oaria taolío jhphbjh ja moaeho. Ifbtujf, para \abjazzf (1==3), „a phrsfbanmjajh jh uoa oaria í a phrsfbmcmiaåéf jh uo prfjutf7 aqumnf quh shrma sh cfssh uoa phssfa.‟ A mjhma jh phrsfbmcmiar shrvh para caimnmtar f jhshbvfnvmohbtf jh uo vïbiunf hofimfban jf ifbsuomjfr ifo f flghtf. Quabjf phrsfbmcmia-f ifo surprhhbjhbths jhtan`hs jh jhsirmåéf, smebmcmia quh fs ifbsuomjfrhs béf vçho a oaria ifof ohrf artmef, oas smo ifof mjhbtmjajhs ifo phrsfbanmjajhs prùprmas. F quartf í f quh ifbjuz f ifbsuomjfr h f oftmva para f prfihssf jh ifopra. Atravís ja moaeho ja oaria quh í ehraja a mbthraåéf ifo f p÷lnmif, rhsuntabjf buoa phrihpåéf jh ifof f ifbsuomjfr vç a hoprhsa h shus prfjutfs, atrmlumbjf oamfr fu ohbfr vanfr jh ohriajf. F usuármf pfjh thr a sua moaeho jhsirmta ho throfs ja phrsfbanmjajh a hnh atrmluïja. As phssfas béf tço jmcmiunjajh ho jhsirhvhr fs ifbsuomjfrhs phna oaria jfs prfjutfs quh ifbsfoho h jfs shrvmåfs quh utmnmzao. Ja ohsoa cfroa, í pfssïvhn flthr jhsirmåøhs ifbsmsthbths ja phrsfbanmjajh h jf iaráthr jh uoa oaria. Oumtas oarias séf vmstas h jhsirmtas ifof oasiunmbas fu chombmbas, smopnhs fu sfcmstmiajas, trajmimfbams fu ofjhrbas. Futras susimtao shbtmohbtfs ifof chnmimjajh, ifbcmabåa, sheurabåa, fu ambja hvfia, shbtmohbtfs jh tíjmf h ifbcuséf. (TMB@F, 1==3, p. 84)

Tfr ÷ntmof, f pfsmimfbaohbtf ja oaria pfssum uo ifbihmtf ohriajfnùemif, lashajf bf prfjutf cïsmif (cfroa, taoab`f, quanmjajh), ifo shus atrmlutfs ifoparajfs ifo

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shus ifbifrrhbths í aqumnf quh fs pulnmimtármfs quhrho quh a oaria rhprhshbth bf ohriajf h ba ohbth jf ifbsuomjfr.

9.8 OA\IA Í HOFÅÉF Canar jh oaria í phbsar ho hofåéf. Hsta rhnaåéf hstá oumtf anío jh jmchrhbimaåéf fu mjhbtmcmiaåéf jh prfjutfs, prfjutfs, pfms í hstmounajfra jh jhshgfs, jhshgfs, sfb`fs h aspmraåøhs jf ifbsuomjfr. Irma smebmcmiajfs atravís ja sua moaeho, ifbhitabjf as phssfas h agujabjf-as a hxprhssar quho séf, para fbjh véf fu quho béf séf. Quabjf f ifbsuomjfr vam äs ifopras, hnh lusia oumtf oams jf quh prfjutfs. As oarias hvfiao shbtmohbtfs h nmeaåøhs quh sflrhpøh af prùprmf flghtf. Hofåøhs quh agujao a hxpnmiar f pfrquç jas phssfas hsifn`hrho paear imbif vhzhs oams pfr uoa iaomshta lrabia Jfnih & Eallaba jf quh pfr futra ja ohsoa quanmjajh. A rhspfsta hstá ba oaria, pfms f ifbsuomjfr béf hstá nhvabjf aphbas uoa phåa ifo hxihnhbth ifrth h lfo thimjf, oas hstá ifoprabjf uo mtho quh trabsomth status, sfcmstmiaåéf, nhvajf a ajqumrmr uo prfjutf phna hofåéf.

As hoprhsas atuams lusiao ehrar f ifbihmtf jh oaria jh cfroa ifopnhtaohbth jmchrhbth jf trataohbtf hxhiutajf bf passajf. A oaria jhmxfu a hstalmnmjajh, fs vanfrhs tabeïvhms h cubimfbams jf prfjutf fu shrvmåf, a oaria béf í sfohbth f bfoh, smban fu sïolfnf, quh tho a mbthbåéf jh mjhbtmcmiar fs prfjutfs h shrvmåfs h jmchrhbimá-nfs jfs ifbifrrhbths. @fgh, as oarias séf oams jf quh smopnhs bfohs, séf a sïbthsh jfs hnhohbtfs cïsmifs, raimfbams, hofimfbams h hstítmifs jf prfjutf quh hna rhprhshbta, fu shga, jf jhshgf mbjmvmjuan. F ifbihmtf jh oaria tratajf mbmimanohbth ’ hbthbjmja ’ hbthbjmja ifof f bfoh, smban, sïolfnf fu jhshb`f fu sua ifolmbaåéf, quh prhthbjh mjhbtmcmiar fs prfjutfs fu shrvmåfs jh uo vhbjhjfr fu erupf jh vhbjhjfrhs h jmchrhbima-nfs jaquhnhs jfs ifbifrrhbths -, holfra aparhbthohbth ifopnhtf, hstá rhstrmtf a uo pnabf hstátmif. @fgh, as oarias séf oams jf quh smopnhs bfohs. (TMB@F, 1==3, p. :9)

Fs vanfrhs mbtabeïvhms sh tfrbarao oams vanmfsfs jf quh fs tabeïvhms, pfms oumtas hoprhsas ifbsheuho cazhr ifo quh sua oaria vanà oams jf quh aqumnf quh suas

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cálrmias tço iapaimjajh jh prfjuzmr. A hoprhsa Oanlfrf 1<, pfr hxhopnf, ifrrhspfbjh a : lmn`øhs jh jùnarhs jh patrmoúbmf nïqumjf ja T`mnmps Ofrrms h a sua oaria vanh :0 lmn`øhs jh jùnarhs. Yheubjf f Cmbabiman Zmohs, a hoprhsa Ifia-ifna vanh < lmn`øhs jh jùnarhs h sua oaria, :0 lmn`øhs. Xoa vhz quh a cubimfbanmjajh béf í sucmimhbth para irmar uoa oaria jmchrhbimaja, gá quh a ifbifrrçbima, ho ehran, pfssum iapaimjajhs tíibmias smomnarhs fu atí ohsof mjçbtmias. Abanmsabjf hsths b÷ohrfs, cmia hvmjhbth quh a atraåéf quh a oaria hxhrih í a prmbimpan oabhmra jh earabtmr a nmjhrabåa jh ohriajf. Xoa oaria lho ifbstruïja traz jmchrhbimaåéf h vanfr para f bheùimf, earabtmbjf nuiratmvmjajh. F tralan`f í auohbtar aphrihpåéf jh vanfr quh f ifbsuomjfr tho a rhsphmtf jf prfjutf. Xoa oaria passa a smebmcmiar béf aphbas uo prfjutf fu shrvmåf, oas mbifrpfra uo ifbgubtf jh vanfrhs h atrmlutfs tabeïvhms h mbtabeïvhms rhnhvabths para f ifbsuomjfr h quh ifbtrmluho para jmchrhbimá-na jaquhnas quh n`h séf smomnarhs. Assmo, af ajqumrmr uo prfjutf, f ifbsuomjfr béf ifopra aphbas uo lho, oas tfjf f ifbgubtf jh vanfrhs atrmlutfs ja oaria. (TMB@F, 1==3, p. :9)

Í ifophtçbima jfs ehstfrhs hxpnfrar fs lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams jh shus prfjutfs. Ifo mssf, fs ifbsuomjfrhs fptao pfr oarias ifo as quams sh mjhbtmcmiao. A mjhbtmjajh ja oaria tho ifof prmbimpan cubåéf earabtmr uo hnf hbtrh a hoprhsa h f inmhbth h jhvh rhprhshbtar vanfrhs sheumbjf atrmlutfs cubimfbams, hofimfbams, autfhxprhssmvfs, jh phrsfbanmjajh, moaeho jh oaria h pfsmimfbaohbtf ifof gá cfm ohbimfbajf abthrmfrohbth. Fs atrmlutfs autf-hxprhssmvfs hstéf nmeajfs ä oabhmra ifof f ifbsuomjfr sh shbth af utmnmzar jhthrombajf prfjutf, irmabjf assmo uoa rhnaåéf prùxmoa h phssfan hbtrh f mbjmvïjuf h a oaria ifbsuomja. A oaria irma smebmcmiajfs atravís ja sua moaeho ifbhitabjf as phssfas h agujabjf-as a sh hxprhssar. Tara Nabbfb (1==9), ho uo bïvhn oams ifopnhxf, fs sïolfnfs jas oarias í parth jf hscfråf jfs mbjmvïjufs para ifbstrumr uoa mjhbtmjajh. Zujf quh ifoprarofs pfjh smebmcmiar smebmcmiar h jhbfombar quho sfofs, para fbjh vaofs h

1<

Z@FOAW, \hbata. \hsuof jf nmvrf A Baturhza Hofimfban ja Oaria jh Gfsí Oartmbs ja Bheùimf Hjmtfra ifo prhcáimf jh Inhohbth Bùlrhea. Bùlrhea. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.bhwoarkhtmbe.ifo.lr/jfwbnfaj >`ttp7//www.bhwoarkhtmbe .ifo.lr/jfwbnfaj/A%<4baturhza%<4h /A%<4baturhza%<4hofimfban%<4ja ofimfban%<4ja%<4oaria%<4-%<4\hv %<4oaria%<4-%<4\hv.pjc2. .pjc2. Aihssf ho 43 bfv <419.

:=

quho béf sfofs h oams ifof quhrhofs quh fs futrfs bfs vhgao, ifof aiàofs ifrrhtf bfs ifopfrtar. (L\ABJÉF, <440, p.9)

Fs ifbsuomjfrhs ifbthopfrìbhfs hstéf oams hxmehbths h mbcfroajfs. Oujarao shus `álmtfs jh ifbsuof quh abths hrao lashajfs ho quabtmjajh, tabemlmnmjajh h jmb`hmrf, h `fgh lusiao quanmjajh, mbtabemlmnmjajh h rapmjhz. A ehstéf jh oarias béf í oams cfiaja aphbas para a vhbja jh prfjutfs fu shrvmåfs, oas smo, ho uo bheùimf jh ifoubmiaåéf prfpfrimfbabjf assmo naåfs achtmvfs h lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams para f ifbsuomjfr. A jmchrhbimaåéf jas hoprhsas jh suas ifbifrrhbths sh vmbiuna af aolmhbth hofimfban. Bf prfihssf jh ifbihpåéf h jmvuneaåéf jh uoa oaria í bhihssármf ifoprhhbjhr f quh oftmva a fpåéf jh ifopra h í cubjaohbtan utmnmzar uoa moaeho (ohbtan h smolùnmia), ajhquaja afs shbtmohbtfs jf ifbsuomjfr. (OA\ZMBY, 1===, p. 1<9).

9.3 A\QXÍZMTFY H HYZH\HÙZMTFY7 IFBYZ\XÅÉF HOFIMFBAN JAY OA\IAY A utmnmzaåéf jh arquítmpfs h hsthrhùtmpfs mbcnuhbimao ba irmaåéf jh achtf äs oarias. Tfms f usf jhssas moaehbs rhohth af mbifbsimhbth ifnhtmvf, phromtmbjf oamfr aprfxmoaåéf hbtrh oaria h ifbsuomjfr, fu shga, hbvfnvmohbtf hofimfban, irmabjf hnfs achtmvfs quh rhsuntao ho vhbjas h cmjhnmjajh äs oarias quh sh utmnmzao jhsths artmcïimfs. Jhssa cfroa, fs arquítmpfs h hsthrhùtmpfs séf mopfrtabths oftmvajfrhs jf jhshgf, aneubs autfrhs hbthbjho pfr „oftmvaåéf‟ a iapaimjajh para ifbsheumr satmscaåéf. „Yheubjf I`rmstmabh Eajh, f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifopra pfjh shr jhcmbmj f ifof a prfiura, lusia, usf h avanmaåéf jh prfjutfs h shrvmåfs para satmscazhr bhihssmjajhs‟. (IA\JFWF, <44:, p.9). As bhihssmjajhs h f jhshgf shréf jmsiutmjfs ifo jhtan`h bf prùxmof iapïtunf. Bf hbtabtf, í mopfrtabth cazhr uoa phquhba hxpnmiaåéf. A bhihssmjajh tho uo shbtmjf mopfssïvhn jh shr ofjmcmiajf, í anef mbhrhbth ä vfbtajh ùoaba, pfms sh trata jas prhimsøhs lásmias jf mbjmvïjuf, ifof a anmohbtaåéf h a prfthåéf tíromia, smtuajas

84

bf prmohmrf bïvhn ja pmrìomjh jh Oasnfw, - as bhihssmjajh cmsmfnùemias -, quh béf í prfvfiaja phnfs hscfråfs jf oarkhtmbe, pfms hsth, béf sh irma bas phssfas. Gá bf jhshgf, sheubjf Iarjfzf (<44:), í abshmf jh shoprh quhrhr anef ohn`fr quh suphrh sua hxphitatmva. Tfr hxhopnf, a anmohbtaåéf í uoa bhihssmjajh ùoaba, f `foho prhimsa sh anmohbtar, oas f tmpf jh anmohbtf f quan sh shrvmrá í uo jhshgf, í anef quh f satmscaåa taolío psmifnfemiaohbth. Yflrh f „jhshgf‟, lastabth ifbihmtuajf ba psmifnfema jmbìomia, pfjh-sh hbthbjç-nf ifof a rhprhshbtaåéf psïqumia jh uo cuturf quh prhthbjhofs aniabåar h béf ifof uo passajf iarhbth. Í a ifbsimçbima jh quh pfjhofs oujar bfssas vmjas, bfssfs ruofs. F jhshgf rhchrh-sh a uo cuturf h béf a uo passajf, f quan pfjh shr f pfbtf-iàvh para phsqumsas jh oarkhtmbe7 hbcfiar as hxphitatmvas (ho sulstmtumåéf ä panavra jhshgf) h béf a vmja passaja. (IA\JFWF, <44:, p.<).

Sfntabjf ä quhstéf jfs arquítmpfs h hsthrhùtmpfs, ifof mopfrtabths oftmvajfrhs jf jhshgf, prmohmraohbth jhvhrá shr hxpfsta a jhcmbmåéf jh arquítmpfs, quh séf hnhohbtfs phroabhbths h oumtf mopfrtabths ja psmquç ùoaba quh pfjho shr hbifbtrajfs ho tfjas as baåøhs, séf moaehbs ubmvhrsams, prhjmspfsmåéf para iaraithrmzar phbsaohbtfs fu shbtmohbtfs. Fs arquítmpfs jh moaehbs prmofrjmams séf rhchrçbimas ho thoas omtfnùemifs, ifbtfs h nhbjas pfpunarhs jh ípfias h iunturas jmchrhbths, mstf í, f ohsof ifbihmtf jh moaehbs ubmvhrsams hxmsth jhsjh fs thopfs oams rhoftfs. F arquítmpf í hsshbimanohbth uo ifbth÷jf mbifbsimhbth, f quan sh ofjmcmia pfr ohmf jh sua ifbsimhbtmzaåéf h phrihpåéf, assuombjf cfroas quh varmao jh aifrjf ifo a ifbsimçbima mbjmvmjuan ba quan sh oabmchsta, jhphbjhbjf taolío jf ifbthxtf `mstùrmif sfiman quh a sfimhjajh hstá vmvhbjf. Ifbtujf, fs ohsofs thoas pfjho shr hbifbtrajfs ho sfb`fs h cabtasmas jh oumtfs mbjmvïjufs. Jh aifrjf ifo Gube (1=:< apuj IA\JFWF, <44:, p. 9), fs arquítmpfs jéf frmeho tabtf äs cabtasmas mbjmvmjuams quabtf äs omtfnfemas jh uo pfvf. Fs arquítmpfs jh Gube hxmstho bf mbifbsimhbth; béf pfjho shr phrihlmjfs jmrhtaohbth. Fs arquítmpfs jf mbifbsimhbth ifnhtmvf jh Gube cubimfbao jh ihrta cfroa ifof mbstmbtfs quh eumao h ofnjao f bfssf ifopfrtaohbtf. F quh pfjhofs phrihlhr séf hxprhssøhs jf arquítmpf ba cfroa jh moaehbs h sïolfnfs arquítmpfs. Ho futras panavras, tfjf arquítmpf pfjh sh oabmchstar ho uo b÷ohrf mbcmbmtf

81

jh cfroas. F arquítmpf lásmif jf euhrrhmrf, pfr hxhopnf, quh rhprhshbta f mbstmbtf jh euhrra h jh aerhsséf, pfjh rhvhnar-sh ho buohrfsas hxprhssøhs (ihbturméf rfoabf, iavanhmrf, cuzmnhmrf bavan, h assmo pfr jmabth). (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.35).

F arquítmpf hvfia hofåøhs pfjhrfsas ho quanquhr phssfa pfrquh jhsphrta uoa moaeho prmofrjman ja ohoùrma mbifbsimhbth. A parth mbifbsimhbth ja psmquç ùoaba í rhspfbsávhn pfr irmar f hbrhjf jh uo sfb`f, jh uoa nhbja fu jh uo omtf. Hsth ÷ntmof í uoa cfroa jh hxprhsséf jfs arquítmpfs, alfrja f quh í ifouo afs `fohbs jh tfjas as ípfias, pfrquh jmsiuth sflrh fs vanfrhs / j÷vmjas hthrbas ja ifbjmåéf ùoaba, tams ifof f basimohbtf, f iasaohbtf, f hbvhn`himohbtf, a ofrth, a frmeho jf oubjf. Sanh rhssantar quh hxmstho fs omtfs meuams para tfjas as ípfias h iunturas, ifo bfvas rfupaehbs. F mbjmvmjuf í baturanohbth vmsuan, pfssum uoa rhanmjajh ofnjaja ho ihbármf, moaehbs, cfroas h ifbtrasths, quh séf prhhbi`mjfs jh smebmcmiajfs h mbthrprhtaåøhs. Ifbshquhbthohbth, a prfpaeabja utmnmza f pfjhr jas moaehbs para phrsuajmr shus ifbsuomjfrhs, pfr ohmf ja mnuséf jh quh pfjhofs shoprh partmimpar jh quanquhr ihbármf quh hsthga sh jhshbvfnvhbjf ä bfssa crhbth, iaraithrïstmia jf sughmtf ifbthopfrìbhf, ifo mjhbtmjajh o÷ntmpna. F hbvfnvmohbtf iausajf phna moaeho ehra uoa mjhbtmcmiaåéf h hsta í a lash para as prfpaeabjas mbjuzmrho ä ifopra h jh sh flthr uoa hxphrmçbima oïstmia. Assmo ifof a arth, a pfhsma h a o÷smia, a erabjh pulnmimjajh gfrra jf mbifbsimhbth. A omtfnfema ja oaria lrfta jf mbvhbtármf phrihptuan jh moaehbs, shbtmohbtfs h assfimaåøhs prùprmf h partmiunar ja oaria ’ ’ f quh a oaria rhprhshbta ba ohbth jf ifbsuomjfr. Assmo ifof quanquhr omtfnfema, as omtfnfemas pulnmimtármas pfjho cubimfbar ho vármfs bïvhms. A oamfrma jhnas cubimfba buo bïvhn lásmif jh hbvfnvmohbtf, hbtrhthbmohbtf h jmvhrséf jf ifbsuomjfr „hbchmtabjf a rhanmjajh‟ h/fu fs lhbhcïimfs jfs prfjutfs. Oumtas omtfnfemas jh oaria taolío cubimfbao ho bïvhn sfimfnùemif para rhcnhtmr h jhchbjhr fs bfssfs vanfrhs iunturams. Aneuoas vhzhs, as omtfnfemas ja oaria atí atuao ho bïvhn hspmrmtuan fu ifsofnùemif para anmohbtar a bfssa anoa. (\ABJAWWF, 1==3, p.03).

A pulnmimjajh tho f pfjhr jh irmar omtfs, vhstmbjf as oarias ifo vanfrhs, hstmnfs jh vmja h shbsmlmnmjajh jf ifbsuomjfr. Anío jh hxhrihr mbcnuçbima bas rhnaåøhs ùoabas, pfr ohmf jh jmvhrsas chrraohbtas jh phrsuaséf, hbtrh hnas fs hsthrhùtmpfs, h séf utmnmzajas bas iaopabàs pulnmimtármas para pfssmlmnmtar a

8<

nholrabåa jh oaria, para flthr oamfr ifoprhhbséf h tfrbar oams inara smtuaåøhs trabsomtmjas para uo erabjh p÷lnmif. Tara Oartmbs (1===, p. 119), a hstrutura jh uoa oaria jhvh athbjhr a quatrf árhas lásmias ja phrihpåéf ùoaba7 cïsmia, cubimfban, hofimfban h hspmrmtuan. Tara flthr a rhanmzaåéf jhsshs quatrf hstajfs ohbtams béf shrma tarhca cáimn sho f usf jh hsthrhùtmpfs, pfr hsths ehrarho ifopfrtaohbtfs, iaraithrïstmias h aåøhs gá hsphrajas. F `foho jh suihssf, rmif, f atnhta oásiunf h atrahbth, a oun`hr oaera h lhna, hbtrh futrfs, séf fs ofjhnfs sfimams quh thbtaofs momtar pfr rhprhshbtarho aqumnf quh a sfimhjajh ifbthopfrìbha anohga. Bfssfs sfb`fs h cabtasmas séf rhcnhtmjfs bas oïjmas jmarmaohbth, pfrquh a pulnmimjajh béf vhbjh aphbas prfjutfs, hna irma uo vïbiunf hofimfban hbtrh a oaria h f ifbsuomjfr, af ùoabmzá-nf h jar af prfjutf uoa mjhbtmjajh, uoa phrsfbanmjajh h uoa shbsmlmnmjajh prùprma. A pulnmimjajh tço oumtfs hxhopnfs jh oarias lho-suihjmjas h jurajfuras quh usarao phrsfbaehbs oïtmifs, lashajfs ho moaehbs arquhtïpmias, para oabmchstar h trabsomtmr fs lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams / psmifnùemifs h atrmlutfs jf prfjutf. Fs prfjutfs séf irmajfs para athbjhr äs bhihssmjajhs flghtmvas jf ifbsuomjfr. Bf hbtabtf, as oarias séf irmajas para athbjhr äs suas bhihssmjajhs hofimfbams. Bf prfihssf jh ifbstruåéf ja oaria í bhihssármf tralanàr ifo erupfs jh moaehbs rhprhshbtatmvas jas hofåøhs ùoabas, quh thbào smebmcmiajf smolùnmif, para atuar ba frmeho jf jhshgf. A hofåéf ofvmohbta h vanfrmza a oaria, a razéf abanmsa h avanma sh f jhshgf jhvh shr rhanmzajf, pfms hbtrh juas oarias ifo pfuia jmchrhbåa bfs prfjutfs, a phrsfbanmjajh ja oaria í jhthrombabth ba hsifnà jh ifopra.

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: JHYHGF SH\YXY BHIHYYMJAJH :.1 YX\EMOHBZF JF OH\IAJF JH LAMPA \HBJA Jurabth oumtfs abfs a pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja béf tmbà aihssf af ifbsuof ifof bfs jmas atuams. Trflnhoa hsth hbcrhbtajf abths jf Tnabf \han , pfms „Yheubjf „Yheubjf jajfs jf smth ja Yhirhtárma ja Cazhbja Baimfban, f prferaoa lrasmnhmrf jh hstalmnmzaåéf hifbúomia í ifbsmjhrajf f oams lho-suihjmjf jh tfjfs fs pnabfs nabåajfs para ifolathr iasfs jh mbcnaåéf irúbmia ‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.<1). p.<1). F pnabf tmbà f flghtmvf jh hnmombar a hnhvaja mbcnaåéf quh assfnava f Lrasmn jurabth quash trçs jíiajas, anío ja sulstmtumåéf ja abtmea ofhja phn f \han. Atravís jf Tnabf jh Hstalmnmzaåéf Hifbúomia, ifb`himjf taolío ifof Tnabf \han ho 1==:, `fuvh f mbïimf jh erabjhs trabscfroaåøhs ba hifbfoma jf païs, lhbhcmimabjf-a phna hstalmnmzaåéf ja ofhja h hstaebaåéf ja mbcnaåéf. Jhssa cfroa fs hchmtfs rherhssmvfs jf mopfstf mbcnaimfbármf caimnmtfu a mbshråéf jh bfvfs erupfs jh lrasmnhmrfs ba sfimhjajh jh ifbsuof. F Tnabf \han cfm f jmvmsfr jh áeuas taolío bf tfiabth af ifbsuof jh lamxa rhbja. Thna hstalmnmzaåéf hifbúomia hssh ifbsuomjfr passfu a achrmr sflras bf fråaohbtf caomnmar quh sh trabscfroarma ho pfssmlmnmjajhs jh mbshråéf bf ifbsuof jh uoa oabhmra oams hchtmva. (BA\JM, <44=, p.<1).

Tara Barjm (<44=), jurabth a trabsmåéf ja mbcnaåéf para hstalmnmzaåéf ja ofhja, `fuvh uo phrïfjf jh ajaptaåéf ja inassh jh lamxa rhbja ho rhnaåéf af ifbsuof, pfms hsth ifbsuomjfr hstava aifstuoajf a ifbstabths h lrusias oujabåas ba hifbfoma. Ho razéf jmssf, bfs prmohmrfs abfs, a mopnabtaåéf jf Tnabf \han cfm rfjhaja jh jhsifbcmabåa. „Jurabth jíiajas jh mbcnaåéf f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja pratmiaohbth mbhxmstmu a béf shr para f ifbsuof jh lhbs lásmifs, quh athbjmao as suas bhihssmjajhs cmsmfn ùemias oïbmoas.‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.<4). p.<4) . Jh aifrjf ifo Barjm (<44=, p. <<), „Yh f imjajéf ja inassh oíjma-anta oíjma -anta ambja jhsifbcmava, moaembh aquhnh para f quan sflras jf fråaohbtf, jmbìomia jh ifbsuof h pfssmlmnmjajh jh iríjmtf hrao panavras mbhxmsthbths ho shu vfialunármf.‟ Ifbcfroh f autfr hssh phrïfjf jh aoajurhimohbtf jf ohriajf í iàoajf jh

8:

ihrtmcmiaåéf. Hbtéf sfohbth a partmr jf mbïimf jfs abfs <444 quh f ohriajf jh lamxa rhbja ifohåa rhanohbth a mbthraemr ifo hsta bfva prátmia jf ifbsuof. Hsth bfvf ihbármf traz jmvhrsas fpfrtubmjajhs h jhsacmfs para as hoprhsas quh prhimsao shr iapazhs jh mjhbtmcmiar as oujabåas bf phrcmn jfs ifbsuomjfrhs, hbthbjhr f quh hnhs prfiurao, jhshbvfnvhr shrvmåfs h prfjutfs quh fs athbjao, pfms pfssuho iaraithrïstmias oumtf partmiunarhs jh ifbsuof. Xoa vhz quh hsth ifbsuomjfr, hbthbjhbjf sua mopfrtìbima h shu oamfr pfjhr jh ifbsuof, passfu a shr oams hxmehbth.

:.< IFBYXOMJF\ JH LAMPA \HBJA A jmstrmlumåéf jh rhbja bf Lrasmn í oumtf jhsmeuan. Jh aifrjf ifo f Mbstmtutf Lrasmnhmrf jh Ehferacma h Hstatïstmia (MLEH, <414) hsth ohriajf jh lamxa rhbja atuanohbth i`hea a rhprhshbtar oams jh 04% jfs narhs lrasmnhmrfs, hbenflabjf as inasshs I, J h H, h ofvmohbtao ihria jh 81< lmn`øhs jh rhams pfr abf.

Yheubjf Traànaj (<443), fs pflrhs af rhjfr jf oubjf ifrrhspfbjho a : h 8 lmn`øhs jh phssfas, fu shga, ho tfrbf jh 04% ja pfpunaåéf oubjman. Hbtrhtabtf, ifbsmjhrabjf bfvh païshs ho jhshbvfnvmohbtf ifof I`mba, Ïbjma h Lrasmn, sfoajas suas pfpunaåøhs rhprhshbtao 54% ja pfpunaåéf jfs païshs jhshbvfnvmjfs, h f sfoatùrmf jfs TMLs jhsshs païshs rhprhshbta =4%. Yheuraohbth, uoa prfpfråéf hxprhssmva quh jhvh shr ifbsmjhraja ba hstratíema jas hoprhsas. (C\ABIMYI@HNNM, <44=, p.31).

Ba cmeura alamxf, sheuh f jhtanàohbtf jfs nmomths jas inasshs hifbúomias h sua rhbja caomnmar ohbsan. Yheubjf a Cubjaåéf Eht÷nmf Sareas (CES, <411), f ifbsuomjfr quh phrthbih äs inasshs J h H, pfssuho rhbja jh atí \$ 1.<44,44.

Zalhna 17 Inassmcmiaåéf Hifbúomia

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Cfbth7 Ihbtrf jh Tfnïtmias Yfimams ja CES a partmr jfs omirfs jajfs ja TBAJ h TOH/MLEH, <411.

Jhsjh f Tnabf \han, f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja tço oujajf shus `álmtfs jh ifbsuof, jhmxfu jh sfohbth sh alasthihr jfs prfjutfs h shrvmåfs quh bfroanohbth n`h hrao jmrmemjfs h passfu a thr aihssf af ifbsuof quh abths hrao jhstmbajfs afs erupfs sfimams bf tfpf ja pmrìomjh. As ifbqumstas jhsta inassh rhcnhtho f oamfr pfjhr jh ifopra h jh rhanmzaåéf jh jhshgfs quh `á oumtas jíiajas hstavao rhprmomjfs. F quh cfm bheajf a hnhs jurabth oumtf thopf, a partmr jh hbtéf tfrbfu-sh pfssïvhn jh shr rhanmzajf, shga phnf paeaohbtf ä vmsta fu ho phquhbas parihnas. Ifo mssf, oarias abths rhshrvajas ä hnmth `fgh hstéf oams aihssïvhms para a inassh lamxa, ifbstmtumbjf vhrjajhmrfs passapfrths jh asihbséf sfiman Iaja vhz oams f p÷lnmif jh lamxa rhbja vho sh hscfråabjf a cmo jh anavabiar shu pajréf jh vmja, ifbsuombjf jh oabhmra aihnhraja prfjutfs quh abths béf cazmao parth jf shu iftmjmabf. Ohsof ifo fs lamxfs sanármfs, í pfssïvhn bftar quh as iasas jhsth erupf jh ifbsuomjfrhs pfssuho ZS h ehnajhmra, äs vhzhs, thnhcfbh, JSJ, omirffbjas, ifoputajfr, oáqumba jh navar. Jh aifrjf ifo a Cubjaåéf Eht÷nmf Sareas (<411 apuj IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.<), f Lrasmn, bfs ÷ntmofs 10 abfs, vho rhjuzmbjf f b÷ohrf jh sua pfpunaåéf ifbsmjhraja jh lamxa rhbja, rhsphitmvaohbth as inasshs sfimams J h H. Ho <414, rhprhshbtavao 38.954.445, fu shga, phssfas quh tço uoa rhbja jh atí \$ 1.<44,44. Thrihlh-sh hsta rhjuåéf, sh ifoparajf ifo f abf jh <44=, quh pfssuïa 59.<=1.013 phssfas bhstas juas inasshs. (IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.<).

83

Bf Lrasmn, ifo a hstalmnmjajh hifbúomia, hoprhsas ifohåarao a phrihlhr f irhsimohbtf jhsta inassh sfiman quh hstava auohbtabjf shu pfjhr jh ifbsuof, pfr hssh oftmvf í pfssïvhn flshrvar f auohbtf bas hstratíemas jh oarkhtmbe ifo cmbanmjajh jh shjuzm-nfs para a ifopra jh prfjutfs h shrvmåfs fchrtajfs. Tfrtabtf, athbjhr a hsth p÷lnmif hxmeh uo rhphbsar bfs parajmeoas para ifoprhhbjhr f ifopfrtaohbtf jhsta inassh, vmstf quh, ba oamfrma jfs iasfs fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxf pfjhr aqumsmtmvf pfssuho oïbmof erau jh mbstruåéf hsifnar, jmcmiunjajh ifo a prfb÷bima ifrrhta jf vfialunármf, anío jh rhiursfs cmbabihmrfs nmomtajfs, quh `fgh hstá ho irhsimohbtf jhvmjf f caimnmjajh jh iríjmtf. F ifopfrtaohbtf ùoabf béf jhvh shr abanmsajf ho cubåéf jf ifbsimhbth, oas smo bfs jhshgfs fiuntfs hbifbtrajfs bf sulifbsimhbth. Tfrtabtf, í atravís jf ifbsuof quh f ifbsuomjfr hbifbtra a cfroa jh athbjhr a hsshs jhshgfs, ho razéf jh prfghtar bfs prfjutfs suas hxphitatmvas h abe÷stmas. (IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.3). Irmabjf bf ifbsuomjfr f jhshgf jh ifoprar prfjutfs, béf phna cubimfbanmjajh, oas smo phnf quh hnhs smebmcmiao. Tara Laujrmnnarj (1==8), f oarkhtmbe lusia béf sfohbth a saimhjajh jas bhihssmjajhs, oas taolío jfs jhshgfs jh ifbsuof jf mbjmvïjuf h jh sua satmscaåéf, nmeaja jmrhtaohbth af shbtmohbtf jh chnmimjajh. A nùemia jf ifbsuof sh iaraithrmza ifof uo hstmnf jh vmja, uo sïolfnf jh status fu vamjajh (\FI@A, 1=08) h bas ohtas pfr saimar tams abshmfs í phrihlmja a vunbhralmnmjajh ho quh fs vanfrhs h as atmtujhs gá hstéf oabmpunajfs. Assmo, í pfssïvhn bftar, jmabth jas fchrtas h oabmpunaåéf jas bhihssmjajhs, a craemnmjajh jf ifbsuomjfr, rhprhshbtaja phna vunbhralmnmjajh jh ifbsuof. (CXYZAMBF, <44=, p.95).

Xoa iaraithrïstmia jfs ifbsuomjfrhs ohbfs cavfrhimjfs í a thbjçbima af ifbshrvajfrmsof. ifbshrvajfrmsof. „Tarhbth, Nmohmra h Larkm gustmcmiao Larkm gustmcmiao quh hssa pfpunaåéf oabtío ifopfrtaohbtfs oams ifbshrvajfrhs quabjf ifoparajfs äs atmtujhs cnhxïvhms h nmlhrams jas inasshs suphrmfrhs, thbjf taolío uo oamfr ifoprfohtmohbtf ifo vanfrhs rhnmemfsfs.‟ (<440 (<440 apuj CXYZAMBF, <44=, p. <=). Hsta inassh sh oabtío cmhn äs oarias, ba quan jhpfsmta ifbcmabåa. As jmchrhbåas sfimams séf ifopfbhbths cubjaohbtams ho quanquhr sfimhjajh ùoaba, f mbjmvmjuf ifbthopfrìbhf rhifrrh a prfjutfs, shrvmåfs h oarias para rhacmroar nmomths hbtrh as inasshs. As oarias smebmcmiao para hsth p÷lnmif uo

85

sïolfnf jh status, h af ifbtrármf ja pfpunaåéf jh inassh anta quh lusia jmchrhbimaåéf, hsth p÷lnmif lusia mbtheraåéf, h f ifbsuof jh tams oarias ehra hsth shbtmohbtf, rhjuzmbjf f rmsif jh hrrf h lusiabjf a aihmtaåéf. Fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja prhchrho oarias ifb`himjas, pfms, ifof gá acmroajf, rhprhshbtao status, anío jh smebmcmiar quanmjajh h suihssf ba vmja sfiman, mbthbsmcmiabjf uo shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf quh fifrrh atravís ja partmimpaåéf h ifopartmnàohbtf ja sfimhjajh jh ifbsuof. \fià apfbta quh a lash ja pmrìomjh usa a oaria ifof uo erabjh smsthoa inassmcmiatùrmf h jmvmsùrmf jh „rmifs h pflrhs‟. (1=08 apuj CXYZAMBF, <44=, p. <=). Yheubjf Custambf (<44=), a oaria í uo cfrth smbanmzajfr jh quanmjajh h `mhrarquma sfiman. A hsifnà ja oaria tho erabjh mopfrtìbima para fs ifbsuomjfrhs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja. Zhr fu béf thr oaria í uo jhoariajfr jh ifbsuof, h fs prfjutfs jh oaria séf vanfrmzajfs ho jmvhrsas iathefrmas ifof hnhohbtf jh jmstmbåéf mbtra inassh (\FI@A; YMNSA, <440 apuj C\ABIMYI@HNNM, <44=, p.51). F usf jh oarias oams iaras h jh oamfr prhstïemf í crhquhbth hbtrh fs ifbsuomjfrhs oams pflrhs, hbtrhtabtf, jhvmjf a rhstrmåøhs fråaohbtármas, tams ifbsuomjfrhs ajftao jmvhrsas hstratíemas para ajqumrm-nas ifof anthrbìbima hbtrh oarias jh oamfr prhstïemf h pfpunarhs, jh aifrjf ifo a fiasméf fu árha ja iasa fu jma ja shoaba; fu aqumsmåéf jh prfjutfs „pmratas‟, mstf í, iùpmas jas oarias vanfrmzajas. (C\ABIMYI@HNNM, <44=, p.51).

F autfr Barjm (<44=) apfbta ifof iaraithrïstmias jhsth p÷lnmif a lamxa autfhstmoa h a vunbhralmnmjajh sfiman. Jurabth oumtf thopf hstavao ifbsimhbths jh sua hsiassa rhbja, sh shbtmbjf mbchrmfrmzajfs pfr béf thr a ohsoa partmimpaåéf ba nùemia jf ifbsuof iapmtanmsta. Bf ifopnhxf jh mbchrmfrmjajh a thbjçbima ja oamfrma í jhsvanfrmzarsh ifo lash ho ifoparaåøhs, jhshgfs h mbvhgas, shbtmohbtfs nmeajfs ä lamxa autfhstmoa. Af shrho hstmounajas pfr prfjutfs quh rhprhshbtao status h pfjhr, as phssfas pfjho shr nhvajas a ifbsuomr para satmscazhr suas bhihssmjajhs hofimfbams. Ihrihajf jf ifbsuof pfr oumtfs abfs, jurabth a ifrrmja mbcnaimfbárma, f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja rhcnhth `fgh hssa iarçbima jh hstar sfimanohbth mbinusf ba sfimhjajh phnf pfjhr jf ifbsuof. (BA\JM, <44=, p.81).

Thnf catf ja lamxa autfhstmoa fs mbtherabths jhssh erupf jhofbstrao erabjh prhfiupaåéf ho oabthr a jmebmjajh, lusiao a autfacmroaåéf ja `fbhstmjajh para

80

béf shrho ifbcubjmjfs ifo fs oarembams. Tfms para sh oabthr jhbtrf jf ifbsuof í prhimsf lusiar a autfacmroaåéf ja `fbhstmjajh para béf shrho ifbcubjmjfs ifo fs oarembams. Tfrquh fs mbjmvïjufs jh inasshs sfimams oams lamxas prfiurao `fbrar f paeaohbtf jh suas ifbtas, pfms sfohbth ifo a béf mbinuséf jh shus bfohs ho iajastrfs baimfbams jh jhvhjfrhs pfjho ifbtmbuar ba aqumsmåéf jh bfvfs iríjmtfs h, ifo mssf, a rhanmzaåéf jh bfvas ifopras. Jh aifrjf ifo Barjm (<44=, p. 81) f ifopnhxf jh mbchrmfrmjajh, jhsmebaåéf irmaja phnf jmsiïpunf jh Crhuj, Ajnhr, quh sh rhchrh af hstajf bhurùtmif jf mbjmvïjuf, quh tho ifof rhchrçbima f shbtmohbtf jh mbsucmimçbima fu mbiapaimjajh para hbcrhbtar a vmja h shus prflnhoas. Hsth hstajf í prfvfiajf pfr vármfs oftmvfs ifof7 hifbúomif, sfiman, prflnhoas psmifnùemifs, hti. „F if opnhxf jh mbchrmfrmjajh taolío hstá nmeajf af ‒hu mjhan‖ mjhan‖ quh thbjh a quhrhr aniabåar f mbaniabåávhn, iusth f quh iustar, para phrthbihr a uoa inassh sfiman mohjmataohbth aimoa.‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.8<). Hssa lusia phna autfrrhanmzaåéf mbcnuhbima f ifbsuof jhshbcrhajf phnf mbjmvïjuf.

:.9 CAZF\HY JH MBCNXÇBIMA H OFZMSAÅÉF Tara Iflra (1==<, p. <41) „F ifbsuof í nareaohbth mbcnuhbimajf phna mjajh, rhbja, bïvhn jh hjuiaåéf, phnf pajréf jh oflmnmjajh h efstf jfs ifbsuomjfrhs‟. F hstujmfsf alfrja quh í prhimsf mjhbtmcmiar fs catfrhs quh prfvfiao oamfrhs mbcnuçbimas bf ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifopra jfs mbjmvïjufs. Jh aifrjf ifo Iflras (1==<), f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifopra shrá abanmsajf a partmr jh mbcnuçbima hxthrbas, jf ohmf aolmhbth, h erupfs jh rhchrçbima jf ifbsuomjfr. F mbjmvïjuf rhihlh jmvhrsfs hstïounfs ifof7 A) Jf ohmf aolmhbth cïsmif7 F nuear, as phssfas, f inmoa, fs ifstuohs jf aolmhbth, hti. L) Zhibfnùemif7 A hchohrmjajh jas mbfvaåøhs thibfnùemias tfrbao ifbstabthohbth flsfnhta fs prfjutfs, f quh pfjh rhtarjar a ifopra. I) Hifbúomif7 Tfjho hstmounar f ifbsuof phna caimnmjajh jh iríjmtf fu mbmlmr ifo as rhstrmåøhs jh iríjmtf h mbcnaåéf. J) Tfnïtmif h Nheams7 Tfjhrá hstmounar fu mbmlmr f ifbsuof jh ihrtfs prfjutfs.

8=

Ifof cfm jmtf, as mbcnuçbimas aolmhbtams ofnjao f ihbármf bf quan f mbjmvïjuf atua ifof ifbsuomjfr, mbcnuhbimabjf f shu ifopfrtaohbtf. Sanh rhssantar quh f nuear ba oamfrma jas vhzhs prhjmspøh f quh jhvhrá shr ifbsuomjf, pfr hxhopnf, f quh sh ifbsfoh bf aolmhbth jh tralan`f í jmchrhbth jf ifbsuof ho uo nuear jhsifbtraïjf. As jhimsøhs jh ifopra taolío séf mbcnuhbimajas pfr catfrhs iunturams, sfimams, phssfams h psmifnùemifs. Tara Iflra (1==<, p. <4:), a iuntura „í a oams mopfrtabth jhthrombabth jfs jhshgfs jh ifopra jh uoa phssfa‟, pfms mbthrchrh jmrhtaohbth ba cfroaåéf jf ifopfrtaohbtf ùoabf, quh í jhifrrhbth jf prfihssf jh aprhbjmzaeho ajqumrmjf ba sfimanmzaåéf quh hbvfnvh a caoïnma, aomefs h fs jhoams erupfs, ba quan séf hstalhnhimjfs h jhshbvfnvmjfs fs vanfrhs, phrihpåøhs h prhchrçbimas jf p÷lnmif ifbsuomjfr. A inassh sfiman í uo erupf jh phssfas quh pfssuho status sfiman smomnar pfr varmávhms ifof fiupaåéf, hjuiaåéf, rhbja, hbtrh futrfs, mjhbtmcmiabjf a quan inassh phrthbih f mbjmvïjuf, shbjf pfssïvhn a oflmnmjajh sfiman. „A mbcnuçbima ja inassh sfiman í oariabth para f ifbsuof jh jhthrombajfs prfjutfs, ifof iarrfs, rfupas, ifsoítmifs h phrcuohs, oùvhms, flghtfs para f nazhr hti.‟ (IFL\A, 1==<, p.<48). Ifbcfroh Iflra (1==<), iaja mbjmvïjuf rhihlh mbcnuçbima jf shu erupf jh rhchrçbima, pfms f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifbsuof jas phssfas í nareaohbth mbcnuhbimajf phnfs sheumbjf catfrhs7 a caoïnma, f paphn sfiman h f status. A caoïnma hxhrih uo antf pfjhr jh mbcnuçbima sflrh a phssfa, anío jh shrho irmajas cfroas jh ifbsuof jmstmbtas hbtrh iaja oholrf (ifof a ihrvhga jf pam fu f spray jh ialhnf ja oéh) fu ho ifbgubtf (ifopartmnàjf pfr tfjfs fs mbtherabths ja caoïnma ifof irhoh jhbtan, salfbhth, jhsfjfrabth). A caoïnma pfr sua vhz rhihlh mbcnuçbima ja inassh sfiman quh caz parth, jh shu hstmnf jh vmja, ja phrsfbanmjajh, hxthrbfs h mbthrbfs. Ifbtujf, béf tho ifof mebfrar a mbcnuçbima jh iaja aomef ho uoa jhimséf jh ifopra fu prmbimpanohbth ba prhchrçbima pfr oaria. F mbjmvïjuf partmimpa jh vármfs erupfs sfimams h a pfsmåéf jhsth í jhcmbmja ho throf jh paphn h status sfiman, ifbshquhbthohbth aeh jmchrhbthohbth ifof ifbsuomjfr ho iaja paphn sfiman quh jhshophbà. „Xoa phssfa thbjh a ifbsuomr jmchrhbths prfjutfs fu shrvmåfs ho cubåéf jf tmpf jh fiupaåéf quh hxhrih.‟ (IFL\A, 1==<, p.<14).

34

Ifof cfm hxpnmiajf, f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifbsuof jf mbjmvïjuf taolío jhphbjh jh vármfs catfrhs jh mbcnuçbima, anío jmssf, í mopfrtabth crmsar quh a jhimséf jh ifopra í mbcnuhbimaja phnas iaraithrïstmias phssfams, ifof mjajh h hstáemf jf iminf jh vmja, fiupaåéf, phrsphitmvas hifbúomias, phrsfbanmjajh. phr sfbanmjajh. Fs catfrhs phssfams ifbsmjhrao quh iaja ifbsuomjfr rhaeh jh cfroa jmchrhbth af ohsof hstmounf. Mssf fifrrh pfrquh as phssfas séf jmchrhbths uoa jas futras, pfr mssf as oftmvaåøhs (rhspfsta jf mbjmvïjuf afs hstïounfs rhihlmjf af thbtarho oftmvar a ifoprar jh uo prfjutf) séf jmstmbtas para iaja uo. F mbjmvïjuf pfjh ifbsuomr jhthrombajf prfjutf ho razéf jh uoa hxphrmçbima ba mbcìbima, smtuaåéf quh í mbhrhbth ä `mstùrma jh vmja jh iaja shr ùoabf. Futrf pfbtf quh varma f ifopfrtaohbtf jf ifbsuomjfr í a mjajh. Iaja cash ja vmja as phssfas oujao shus `álmtfs jh ifbsuof. Iflra rhnata quh „A irmabåa, f ajfnhsihbth, f ajuntf h f mjfsf tço, pfr hxhopnf, `álmtfs anmohbtarhs, jh vhstmohbta h jh nazhr jmchrhbths.‟ (IFL\A, 1==<, p.<14). Tfr mssf quh as aåøh s jh oarkhtmbe jhvho salhr pfsmimfbar fs prfjutfs fu shrvmåfs afs ifbsuomjfrhs, ambja quh shgao jh uoa ohsoa inassh, pfrío ifo mjajh jmchrhbth. Í bhihssármf ajaptar fu ajhqua jh aifrjf ifo iaja hstáemf jh vmja jf ifbsuomjfr. A phrsphitmva hifbúomia í uo cfrth mbcnuhbimajfr ba hsifnà jf prfjutf, bho shoprh f ifbsuomjfr í shbsïvhn af ohbfr prhåf, pfjhbjf ifoprar f oams iarf hbtrh jfms artmefs ifo ohsoa quanmjajh. Ho thopf jh irmsh hifbúomia, fs ifbsuomjfrhs thbjho a rhjhcmbmr f pajréf jh ifopra, rhstrmbembjf-sh a ifoprar prfjutfs rhanohbth hsshbimams, hvmtabjf fs eastfs ifo f supírcnuf. Tfr cmo, f untmof catfr jh mbcnuçbima jas iaraithrïstmias phssfams imtajf aimoa í a phrsfbanmjajh. Zfjavma, as phssfas séf jftajas jh phrsfbanmjajhs jmstmbtas quh pfjho jhthrombar jhth rombar f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifbsuof. Yheubjf Iflra (1==<, p. <1<) „A phrsfbanmjajh í bfroanohbth jhsirmta ho throfs jh iaraithrïstmias, ifof autfifbcmabåa,

jfombaåéf,

jhchrçbima,

sfimalmnmjajh,

atmtujh

jhchbsmva

h

ajaptalmnmjajh‟. Í hvmjhbth quh as phssfas s éf jmchrhbths uoa jas futras, h hssa jmstmbåéf, í hxprhssa ba ifopra jh prfjutfs h oarias.

31

As phssfas autfifbcmabths pfjho prhchrmr prfjutfs quh prfghtho hssa autfmoaeho. Gá as phssfas jh phrsfbanmjajh jfombabth pfjho béf efstar oumtf jh aphnfs prfofimfbams quh béf vanfrmzho hssh traåf, fu shga, pfjho prhchrmr hsifn`hr a aihmtar as suehstøhs jh ifbsuof. (IFL\A, 1==<, p.<1<).

Hxmstho jmvhrsas thfrmas jh phrsfbanmjajh, bf hbtabtf, para Iflra (1==<, p. <1<) í bhihssármf „ifbsmjhrar quh a phrsfbanmjajh í f s msthoa mbjmvmjuan jh atmtujhs, ifopfrtaohbtfs h hsianas jh vanfrhs quh uo mbjmvïjuf aprhshbta h quh ifnfia jh cfroa jmchrhbimaja jfs futrfs.‟ A thfrma abanmsa shrá a ùoabïstmia, pfms hbcatmza quh as phssfas lusiao a autfrrhanmzaåéf.

Cmeura 17 @mhrarquma jh bhihssmjajhs jh Oasnfw.

Cfbth7 OAYNFU, 1=:9, p.9:9

Ba cmeura aimoa hstá a `mhrarquma jh bhihssmjajhs jh Oasnfw, ba quan séf mjhbtmcmiajas imbif bhihssmjajhs lásmias ifoubs a tfjas as phssfas quh fifrrho buo jhthrombajf erau jh mopfrtìbima. Jh aifrjf ifo Iflra (1==<), ifo lash ba thfrma psmifnùemia, quabjf mbjmvïjuf shbth cfoh, crmf fu shjh (bhihssmjajhs cmsmfnùemias) pfuifs hnhohbtfs cfra jhsth hmxf pfjho parhihr oams mopfrtabth. Hbcmo,

quabjf

as

bhihssmjajhs

lásmias

ifohåao

a

shr

satmschmtas,

ifbshquhbthohbth, passa a hxmstmr a bhihssmjajh jh sheurabåa. Bf prùxmof bïvhn f mbjmvïjuf ifohåa a lusia jf shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf, a vfbtajh jh sh tfrbar

3<

aihmtf jhbtrf jf erupf sfiman, bhsta cash a vfbtajh jh aoar h shr sfimanohbth aihmtf passao a shr oams mopfrtabth. Tara Oasnfw uoa jas bhihssmjajhs oams jmcïihms jh shrho jhcmbmjas í a autfrrhanmzaåéf, quh rhprhshbta fs oams antfs abshmfs jf `foho. „Oasnfw aprhshbta aneubs tmpfs jh bhihssmjajhs quh pfjho shr ifnfiajfs bhssh bïvhn7 phrchmåéf, gustmåa, lhnhza, lhnh za, mbjmvmjuanmjajh, vhrjajh h autfbfoma.‟ (1=:9 ( 1=:9 apuj IFL\A, 1==<, p.<10). Iflra (1==<) ohbimfba quh béf hxmsth jhbtrf ja `mhrarquma ja pmrìomjh hssa frjho hxata jh shquçbima ba jmvmséf jas bhihssmjajhs, fu shga, f erau jh bhihssmjajh pfjh aparhihr sfzmb`f, `mhrarqumzajf fu ifbgubtaohbth, pfms f mbjmvïjuf quhmra rhanmzar vármas bhihssmjajhs af ohsof thopf ambja quh hsianfbajaohbth. Iflra (1==<) rhnata quh Oasnfw hstujfu f pfrquç jas phssfas lusiarho a satmscaåéf jh jhthrombajas bhihssmjajhs ho ihrtfs ofohbtfs ja vmja, pfr quh ubs prfiurao sheurabåa h futrfs hstmoa6 Oas í catf quh a phssfa mrá lusiar a satmscaåéf ja bhihssmjajh quh gunea shr oams mopfrtabth prmohmrf. Tfrío, tujf jhphbjh jh iaja mbjmvïjuf h f quh hstá vmvhbjf bf ofohbtf. Fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja, pfr hxhopnf, aspmrao pfr prfjutfs h oarias quh hnhvho sua ifbjmåéf sfiman fu status oamfr jf quh pfssuho (BA\JM, <44=, p.89). Ifbtujf, para hsth p÷lnmif f quh í oams mopfrtabth bf ofohbtf í f bïvhn hstmoa h a lusia ja autfrrhanmzaåéf, h béf oams sfohbth, a bhihssmjajh cmsmfnùemia ifof pajréf jh ifbsuof jhsta inassh. Holfra àga uoa jhsirmåéf `mhrarqumzaja jhsjh a lusia jh saimar a cfoh h oatar a shjh atí a ifbqumsta ja autf-rhanmzaåéf, uo mbjmvïjuf pfjhrá ho jhthrombajf ofohbtf ja sua vmja hstar anohgajf a rhanmzaåéf jh oams jh uoa bhihssmjajh af ohsof thopf. Assmo, as bhihssmjajhs jh sheurabåa, sfimams h jh autfhstmoa pfjho hstar shbjf phrsheumjas af ohsof. (IFL\A, 1==<, p.<1=).

„Yheubjf Oasnfw, a oftmvaåéf hbvfnvh atmvmjajhs quh bfs nhvao a u o jhthrombajf flghtmvf.‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.8<). p.8<) . Tara Iflra (1==<) a oftmvaåéf pfjh shr jhcmbmja ifof f rhsuntajf jfs hstïounfs quh aeho ifo cfråa sflrh fs mbjmvïjufs, nhvabjf as phssfas a aprhshbtarho uoa aåéf, mbinusmvh jh ifopra, hsifn`hbjf iaomb`fs quh ifbjuzho a satmscaåéf jh bhihssmjajhs. Ifof pfjh phrihlhr, sheubjf f hstujmfsf a oftmvaåéf jh ifbsuof í lashaja ho bhihssmjajh, h í ifo lash bhsta abanmsh quh sh thbta ifoprhhbjhr f ifopfrtaohbtf ùoabf. F autfr jhofstra quh

39

f prfihssf jh tfoaja jh jhimséf jh ifopra hstá anmbàjf ä shbsaåéf jas bhihssmjajhs. Bf hbtabtf, f quh rhanohbth satmscaz hssas bhihssmjajhs séf phrihlmjas phnf mbifbsimhbth. Tfr hxhopnf, a ifopra jh jhthrombajf prfjutf fu oaria séf bhihssmjajhs nmeajas af bïvhn hofimfban h béf flrmeatfrmaohbth raimfban.

:.: OFOHBZF JA IFOT\A Jhpfms jh jíiajas ä oareho jf prfihssf jh ifbsuof, jurabth a ípfia jh mbcnaåéf, f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja oan ifbsheuma athbjhr as suas bhihssmjajhs cmsmfnùemias h jh sheurabåa rhprhshbtaja bfs prmohmrfs jheraus ja pmrìomjh jh Oasnfw. @fgh mbshrmjf bf ohriajf jh ifbsuof h ifo oamfr pfjhr aqumsmtmvf, f ifbsuomjfr „í imriubjajf jh shbsaåéf jh pfjhr alsfnutf, jh thr atmbemjf uo flghtmvf futrfra jmstabth, jh chnmimjajh jh prfpmimar- sh uo lhbhcïimf fu a sua caoïnma‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.83), assmo sh shbtmrho mbinuïjfs ba sfimhjajh. Bf ofohbtf ja ifopra, quabjf f ifbsuomjfr parth para tfoar a jhimséf jh cazhr fu béf a ifopra. Af jhimjmr rhanmzá-na prfiura jhcmbmr f quh, fbjh, quabjf ifoprar h ifof paear. Fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja lusiao nfgas quh fchrhåao caimnmjajhs (rápmja ifbihsséf jh iríjmtf, sho lurfiraima bho ifoprfvaåéf jh rhbja) h lfo athbjmohbtf (béf jmsirmombaåéf jh sua ifbjmåéf sfiman). Hsth ÷ntmof í f jmchrhbiman jh ohriajf hbtrh mb÷ohras nfgas, pfms bhbùo hstalhnhimohbtf ifbsheuh oabthr suihssf jh vhbjas sfohbth ifo prhåf lamxf. Í bhihssármf fchrhihr hssh „anef a oams‟ para sh jmchrhbimar ja ifbifrrçbima . Tara Barjm (<44=, p.=5), hsth ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja í oumtf oams iarhbth jf quh f ifbsuomjfr quh pfssum uo oamfr pfjhr aqumsmtmvf, pfr mssf, hnhs séf oams cáihms jh ifbqumstar. Hssh ifbsuomjfr í smopnhs, suas ifopras mbvarmavhnohbth athbjho a jhshgfs h sfb`fs. Yhoprh quh uo prfcmssmfban athbjh as suas hxphitatmvas, rhsphmtabjf-f jh meuan para meuan h ifbchrmbjf-n`h mopfrtìbima, f ifbsuomjfr tfrba-sh mohbsaohbth eratf, mbinumbjf hssh prfcmssmfban ho shu ifbvïvmf. (BA\JM, <44=, p.<0).

A hsifnà jh oarias séf flghtfs jh jhshgfs, h í uoa cfroa jh cazç-nfs sh shbtmrho parth ja sfimhjajh, rhprhshbtao as phrihpåøhs h shbtmohbtfs jf ifbsuomjfr ho rhnaåéf ä bhihssmjajh satmschmta. „Yheubjf Kftnhr h Arostrfbe, a oaria í tujf f quh

3:

f prfjutf fu shrvmåf smebmcmia para f ifbsuomjfr.‟ (<440 apuj C\ABIMYI@HNNM, <44=, p.31), Ohsof jmspfbjf jh pfuif rhiursf cmbabihmrf, fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja béf pfssuho fn`fs aphbas para prfjutfs jh lamxf prhåf. Bf hbtabtf, bf ofohbtf ja ifopra, sh ofstrao oams iauthnfsfs af hsifn`hr shus prfjutfs, pfms a oujabåa jh uo prfjutf pfjh béf athbjhr äs suas hxphitatmvas h f rmsif jh hrrar ba hsifnà pfjh shr oumtf iustfsf. Tara hvmtar f jhsphrjïimf, hsshs ifbsuomjfrhs prhchrho ifoprar oarias ifb`himjas, pfms airhjmtao quh as oarias laratas pfjho samr oams iaras. Aphsar jh thrho uo iustf ofbhtármf oams hnhvajf, ifbsuomr uo prfjutf quh quhlrh pfuif thopf jhpfms jh ajqumrmjf pfjh ifoprfohthr f fråaohbtf caomnmar pfr ohshs, béf sfohbth phnf iustf jh rhparf, oas phnf paeaohbtf jh prhstaåøhs. Tfrtabtf af hxphrmohbtar uoa bfva oaria, hsth ifbsuomjfr sfcrh f rmsif quh shu jhshgf béf shga athbjmjf h prfvfiar oams iustf, pfr mssf tfrbao-sh nhams ä oaria ho vmrtujh jh suas hxphitatmvas shrho athbjmjas, hvmtabjf assmo, a phrja. Tarhbth jhinara quh ‒a oaria ifbstmtum uo catfr prmofrjman para as inasshs I, J, h H, béf ohbfs quh para as inasshs jh oamfr pfjhr aqumsmtmvf‖ aqumsmtmvf‖. Anío jf prhåf, a oaria í uo catfr jh rhnhvìbima para hstas inasshs, gá quh béf hstéf jmspfstfs a ajqumrmr quanquhr prfjutf. (<440 apuj IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.8).

Hbtrhtabtf, f atf ja ifopra fchrhih af ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja a shbsaåéf jh nazhr, satmscaåéf, pfjhr h mbinuséf sfiman, pfr futrf najf as nmomtaåøhs cmbabihmras pfjho prfvfiar uo jhshgf crustrajf, ho razéf ja mopfssmlmnmjajh ho ajqumrmr uo prfjutf quh tabtf jhshga, cazhbjf ifo quh sh smbtao mbchrmfr ho rhnaåéf äquhnhs ifo oamfr pfjhr aqumsmtmvf. Hssh shbtmohbtf jh mbinuséf h hxinuséf í shohnàbth ä lusia phna ifopra jh prfjutfs jh oarias jh oamfr quanmjajh, pfms af ajqumrho hssh prfjutf passao a sh shbtmrho parth mbtherabth ja sfimhjajh. Ifof gá cfm jmtf, a jhimséf jh ifopra jf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja í vfntaja para a oaria prhchrmja, pfms f ifbsuomjfr béf quhr paear pfr anef quh béf salh af ihrtf quabtf vanh. Tfrío as nmomtaåøhs cmbabihmras h f apfmf jh jhthrombajas oarias pfr aomefs h caomnmarhs mbcnuhbimao cfrthohbth a jhimséf jh ifopra jhsths ifbsuomjfrhs, uoa vhz quh hsth p÷lnmif quhr ajqumrmr aqumnf quh shga lho vmstf phnf aolmhbth quh crhquhbta, phnas phssfas quh f ihriao, phnf erupf quh ifbvmvh,

38

ohsof sho phrihlhr suas hsifnàs séf holasajas béf sù bfs shus efstfs phssfams, oas taolío, tho f flghtmvf jh thbtar ifoubmiar uoa moaeho, `á uoa prhfiupaåéf hsphiman ho salhr f quh fs futrfs quh f ihriao véf phbsar jh sua jhimséf, jh sua hsifnà. Jh aifrjf ifo Crabimsi`hnnm (<44=), jhvmjf ä phquhba jmspfbmlmnmjajh cmbabihmra ja pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja para jhscrutar ofohbtf jh nazhr h hbtrhthbmohbtf, hsth easta oams thopf assmstmbjf thnhvmséf, prfiurabjf ajaptar f quh vç a sua rftmba jmárma, ohsof quh béf thbà ifbjmåøhs jh ifbsuomr f quh n`h í fchrhimjf. Ambja sflrh f autfr, a prfpaeabja hxhrih hbfroh mbcnuçbima, pfms jmtao thbjçbimas, ifbtrmlumbjf para a mbtheraåéf. Fs ohmfs jh ifoubmiaåéf hxhriho cfrth mbcnuçbima ba ifbstruåéf jh oarias h ba irmaåéf h oabuthbåéf jh `álmtfs jh ifbsuof.

:.8 CF\OAY JH TAEAOHBZF A hstalmnmzaåéf ja ofhja h f ifbtrfnh ja mbcnaåéf ifbtrmluïrao para ifbsfnmjaåéf ifbsfnmjaåéf jf ifbsuof jh lamxa rhbja. Oas anío jhsth catfr, f quh rhanohbth ifbtrmlumu para cfrtanhihr hssh ohriajf, caimnmtabjf a vhbja para hssa parihna jh ifbsuomjfrhs, séf prmbimpanohbth fs smsthoas jh iartøhs jh iríjmtf h irhjmármf 19. F iríjmtf rápmjf, cáimn h sho lurfiraima nhvfu a uoa abánmsh jh ifof a prhstaåéf sh hbiamxa bf fråaohbtf caomnmar, prfpfrimfbabjf f ifbsuof jh lhbs quh atí hbtéf béf hrao pfssïvhms. As caimnmjajhs jh aihssf af iríjmtf aopnmarao f ifbsuof ho tfjas as inasshs, prmbimpanohbth hbtrh as „ohbfs cavfrhimjas‟. A oamfr fchrta jhsta h auohbtf ja rhbja prfpmimarao a hsth ifbsuomjfr oamfr pfjhr jh hxmeçbima ba ifopra, tfrbabjf-f, mbinusmvh, uo anvf para phsqumsas hstratíemias para ifb`himohbtf ambja oams prfcubjf jf sheohbtf h thoa jh mb÷ohrfs hstujfs af nfbef jhsth abf. Jfs 91 omn`øhs jh iartøhs jh iríjmtf hxmsthbths bf païs ho <44<, 14% phrthbimao afs ifbsuomjfrhs jas inasshs J h H, iuga rhbja 19

„Irhjmármf í f aehbth cfohbtajfr cfohbt ajfr ja iapaimjajh hifbúomia, quh pfssmlmnmta af ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja a ifopra jh hqumpaohbtfs h prfjutfs ifo paeaohbtfs prferaoajfs, jh cfroa prfnfbeaja h craimfbaja.‟ (BA\JM, <44=, p.80).

33

ohbsan hra mbchrmfr a \$ 5<4. Ifo f auohbtf ja rhbja oíjma ohbsan h jh sua oamfr jmstrmlumåéf hbtrh fs oams pflrhs, f pfjhr jh ifopra jhsta iaoaja sfiman i`hefu a pataoarhs hxprhssmvfs. A hstalmnmzaåéf hstalmnmzaåéf hifbúomia, fchrta jh iríjmtf h, mbinusmvh, f lhbhcïimf jf Lfnsa Caoïnma ifbtrmluïrao para f irhsimohbtf jas ifopras, bf shbtmjf jh sfcmstmiar f ifbsuof pfr ohmf ja lusia pfr erabjhs oarias h bfvas cfroas jh aqumsmåéf jh lhbs. (CXYZAMBF, <44=, p.9<).

F iríjmtf í f iaban jh aihssf ja pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja a tfjf uo ubmvhrsf jh prfjutfs, usajf prmbimpanohbth, para f ifbsuof jh lhbs jurávhms ifof hnhtrúbmifs, oùvhms h hnhtrfjfoístmifs, jhvmjf ä pfssmlmnmjajh ja ifopra shr parihnaja ho nfbeas prhstaåøhs. Tara Crabimsi`hnnm (<44=, p. 54) „Zams ifbsuomjfrhs séf oams alhrtfs para bfvas thibfnfemas jhvmjf af shu passajf sho ifbcfrtf, shbjf assmo séf ávmjfs pfr bfvmjajhs‟. Custambf (<44=) rhvhna quh hsth ifbsuomjfr ifbsmjhra f vanfr ja parihna a shr paea ohbsanohbth h iapaimjajh jh paeaohbtf jh tan vanfr ifo a rhbja ja caoïnma. Hsta ofjanmjajh jh paeaohbtf a prhstaåøhs thvh frmeho ifo as abtmeas iajhrbhtas, usajas phnfs hstalhnhimohbtfs, fchrhihbjf iríjmtf afs shus inmhbths h ajhquabjf f paeaohbtf äs bhihssmjajhs jh iaja uo. Tara f ifbsuomjfr, a iajhrbhta í uoa fpfrtubmjajh jh ifbsuomr sho a bhihssmjajh cïsmia ja ofhja, a ifofjmjajh jh ajhquaåéf jfs paeaohbtfs afs rhihlmohbtfs, a trabqumnmjajh jh ifbtar ifo f iríjmtf para ifbsuof ho ofohbtfs jh ureçbima h, prmbimpanohbth, a shbsaåéf jh eratmjéf h iarmb`f pfr aquhnh hstalhnhimohbtf quh ifbcma ba sua mjfbhmjajh h rhspfbsalmnmjajh phnf paeaohbtf jfs iríjmtfs. (BA\JM, <44=, p.8=).

Bf hbtabtf, para Barjm (<44=, p. 80) „f irhjmármf í a vhrséf ofjhrba, rhvmsaja, rhvmtanmzaja h ifo oumtf oamfr pfjhr jh alrabeçbima ja abtmea iajhrbhta jh vanh jfs hstalhnhimohbtfs hstalhnhimohb tfs ifohrimams jh lamrrf‟. F irhjmármf, ifof gá ohbimfbajf abths, í f erabjh rhspfbsávhn r hspfbsávhn phnf lffo jh ifbsuof jas inasshs I, J h H. A jmchrhbåa jm chrhbåa ja iajhrbhta para f irhjmármf, í quh ba prmohmra, f prhåf cmxajf bf prfjutf í f ohsof quabjf sfoajf ifo f tftan jh prhstaåøhs, f quh béf aifbthih ifo f smsthoa jh irhjmármf, ba quan mbinum bas suas parihnas jh paeaohbtf uo ofbtabth rhchrhbth a gurfs, cazhbjf ifo quh f prhåf jf prfjutf shga jmchrhbth a shr apurajf bf cmban jas prhstaåøhs.

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Futra cfroa jh flthbåéf jh iríjmtf phnfs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja í f iartéf jh iríjmtf, quh hxmstho jh jfms tmpfs7 A) Labjhmrajfs7 Iartøhs jh erabjhs mbstmtumåøhs cmbabihmras, ifo oamfr aihmtaåéf ho jmvhrsfs hstalhnhimohbtfs, pfr hxhopnf, Oasthriarj, Smsa, Aohrmiab Hxprhss. L)Trmvath Nalhns7 Iartøhs homtmjfs pfr nfgas h mbstmtumåøhs, shu usf í rhstrmbemjf phna nfga rhchrhbth fu ho futrfs hstalhnhimohbtf ifo uoa hxpabséf oumtf ohbfr quh fs labjhmrajfs, pfr hxhopnf, I&A, \hbbhr, Oaeazmbh Numza. F b÷ohrf jh iartøhs jh iríjmtf santfu jh 5<4 omn`øhs, ho <444, para <,: lmn`øhs, ho <445, uo irhsimohbtf jh <99%. Ifbifomtabthohbth f ofbtabth trabsaimfbajf irhsihu jh :0,: lmn`øhs para 109,1 lmn`øhs. Bf prmohmrf shohstrh jh <445, jh aifrjf ifo ALHIY (Assfimaåéf Lrasmnhmra jas Hoprhsas jh Iríjmtf h Yhrvmåfs), f tftan jh iartøhs prmvath nalhns ho imriunaåéf bf Lrasmn atmbema a oaria jh 1<0 omn`øhs jh ubmjajhs. Bf thrihmrf trmohstrh jh <445, f caturaohbtf ja mbj÷strma jh iartøhs jh iríjmtf sfofu \$ 13 lmn`øhs, iuga ohtajh cfm ofvmohbtaja phna lamxa rhbja. 35% jf tftan jh pnástmifs ho imriunaåéf, f quh sfoa 34 omn`øhs jh ubmjajhs, phrthbiho af ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja. (BA\JM, <44=, p.3<).

A imtaåéf aimoa í jh uoa phsqumsa rhanmzaja phna ajombmstrajfra jh Iartøhs Mta÷, ho <445, f quh ifoprfva f irhsimohbtf jf usf jfs iartøhs jh iríjmtf phnf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja.

:.8.1 MBAJMOTNÇBIMA Ifbcfroh Barjm (<44=, p. 89) „A bhihssmjajh jh satmscazhr jhshgfs h jhoabjas mopunsmfbajfs phna oftmvaåéf psmifnùemia jh atmbemr pataoarhs suphrmfrhs pfjh prfvfiar

uo

prfihssf

jh

ifbsuof

mbajhquajf

h

artmcmiman

hnhvabjf

smebmcmiatmvaohbth fs pataoarhs jh hbjmvmjaohbtf‟. hbj mvmjaohbtf‟. Jh aifrjf ifo Custambf (<44=), phrihlh-sh f jhsprhparf jf sheohbtf jh lamxa rhbja ho rhnaåéf af ifbtrfnh fråaohbtármf. F auohbtf ja rhbja, af mbvís jh prfpfrimfbar uo ifbcfrtf oamfr bf fråaohbtf, aiala rhsuntabjf bf suremohbtf jh jïvmjas jhifrrhbths jf ifbsuof jhshbcrhajf. Bf hbtabtf, uo jfs oftmvfs ja mbajmopnçbima í f lamxf bïvhn jh hsifnarmjajh. Tfms, hsth mbjmvïjuf jhvmjf f pfuif

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ifb`himohbtf lásmif jh oathoátmia h pflrhza jh jmsihrbmohbtf, pfssum jmcmiunjajh jh jmstmbåéf hbtrh f rhan h f fchrhimjf fu a acnuçbima jh iríjmtf ifo taxas ifo 13 vhzhs oamfr quh a mbcnaåéf. (BA\JM, <44=, p. 184). Yhrá quh hsth mbjmvïjuf hstá rhanohbth mbinusf ba jmbìomia jh ifbsuof6 F ohriajf jh ifbsuof jh lamxa rhbja í rhnatmvaohbth bfvf, tftanohbth mbeçbuf, moaturf h iarhbth jh avanmaåéf prùprma pfr parth jfs prùprmfs ifbsuomjfrhs. H mssf sù shrá pfssïvhn, ifo mbirhohbtf jf iríjmtf af ifbsuof, jmombumbjf a jmsparmjajh sfiman, irmabjf ifbjmåøhs jh jmsihrbmohbtf h hsifnà para hssa parihna ja pfpunaåéf phna hjuiaåéf. (BA\JM, <44=, p. 184).

Af najf jf jhshbvfnvmohbtf jhshbvfnvmohbtf ja rhbja h jf ifbsuof í vhrmcmiajf f irhsimohbtf ho jïvmjas, shbjf ifouo hbtrh a pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja7 a oabuthbåéf jh jmchrhbths jïvmjas ifof iasa, iarrf, iarbçs h/fu iartéf jh iríjmtf. (CXYZAMBF, <44=, p.<<). Crabimsi`hnnm (<44=), ifopnhohbta hssa acmroatmva hbcatmzabjf quh f iríjmtf í usajf prmbimpanohbth para f ifbsuof jh lhbs jurávhms. „Hsth ofvmohbtf í iàoajf phnas autfras ifof pfupabåa mbvhrtmja, quh ifbsmsth ho aiuounar lhbs h ohriajfrmas af mbvís jh jmb`hmrf. Thrihlh-sh quh a pfssh mohjmata tho uo aphnf oamfr quh a pfupabåa.‟ pfupabåa. ‟ (C\ABIMYI@HNNM, <44=, p.3=).

:.3 NFIAN JH IFOT\A Yheubjf Barjm (<44=, p. =:), f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja efsta jh nuxf h jh shr lho tratajf. F nfian jh ifopra hstá hbtrh uo jfs catfrhs jh mbthrchrçbima ba aqumsmåéf jf prfjutf. A CES (<411) rhnata ambja quh fs ifbsuomjfrhs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja lusiao ajqumrmr prfjutfs quh fs mbinuao ba sfimhjajh h quh jhsphrtho uo shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf, pfr mssf vanfrmzao f rhnaimfbaohbtf caih a caih h atmtujhs quh jhofbstrho rhsphmtf. Hsth rhnaimfbaohbtf pfjh shr vmstf ba hsifnà jf nfian jh ifopra. (IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A,<41<, p.8).

Tfr mssf quh hssh erupf vanfrmza cfrthohbth f ifbtatf jh phrtf, lusiabjf oabthr shoprh a prfxmomjajh ifo f ohsof vhbjhjfr, jh prhchrçbima ho nfgas jf lamrrf, bas quams í caimnmtajf f prazf para f paeaohbtf. Fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja prhchrho ifoprar ho nfgas prùxmoas äs suas iasas a cmo jh hifbfomzarho ifo f

3=

trabspfrth jfs prfjutfs h bas oéfs jh phssfas quh ifb`hiho h ifbcmao. Jhvmjf ä rhnaåéf jh ifbcmabåa h mbtmomjajh hbtrh fs vmzmb`fs, pfms fs vhbjhjfrhs séf phssfas prùxmoas h quh ifb`hiho fs efstfs jfs shus inmhbths. Ifo mssf, a vhbja jmrhta hstalhnhih uo vïbiunf para a rhanmzaåéf r hanmzaåéf jh bfvas ifopras. Barjm (<44=, p. 13:) jmz quh, „a vhbja jmrhta fu vhbja pfrta a pfrta, fifrrh quabjf f vhbjhjfr vam af hbifbtrf jf inmhbth, shga ba sua iasa fu bf tralan`f‟. Hssa ofjanmjajh jh vhbja cfrtanhih a oabuthbåéf jf ifbtatf shoprh ifo f ohsof vhbjhjfr, tfrba-sh anef vabtagfsf, pfms ifo f passa jf thopf, thrá mbtmomjajh ifo f inmhbth, f quh í mbjmsphbsávhn para a phrphtuaåéf jas vhbjas. Bf ofohbtf jh hsifn`hr f nfian jh ifopra, f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja ifbsmjhra jfms catfrhs prmbimpams7 prfxmomjajh jf pfbtf jh vhbja h prhåf. Yheubjf Iubà, Yabtfs h Ihrquhmra (<41<), as jfbas jh iasa jhssh erupf véf äs ifopras a pí, pfms béf pfssuho trabspfrth prùprmf, mstf gustmcmia a lamxa utmnmzaåéf jfs `mphrohriajfs h a prhchrçbima phnfs suphrohriajfs, ohriharmas, pajarmas, chmras h aåfueuhs jf lamrrf. Hstas nfgas pfssuho a iapaimjajh jh alasthimohbtf shoaban fu jmármf, prhstaåéf jh shrvmåfs jmchrhbimajfs ifof hbtrheas jh ifopras, ifbihsséf jh iríjmtf sho lurfiraima h uoa pfnïtmia jh prhåfs anmbàja af phrcmn jf ifbsuomjfr. (IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.3). Tara hsshs ifbsuomjfrhs, fs iustfs assfimajfs ifo trabspfrth pfjho rhprhshbtar uo eastf smebmcmiatmvf bf fråaohbtf jhsshs, jhsta cfroa hnhs prhchrho ifoprar phrtf jf shu jfomiïnmf, ohsof quh ho futrfs nfiams jmspfbmlmnmzho oams laratf f ohsof prfjutf, pfms f jhsnfiaohbtf smebmcmia uo eastf ajmimfban.

54

8. THYQXMYA JH IAOTF 8.1 OHZFJFNFEMA Tara f jhshbvfnvmohbtf jhsth tralan`f, cfm c fm utmnmzaja phsqumsa lmlnmferácmia atravís jh nmvrfs, smths, rhvmstas h artmefs, moprhssfs h vmrtuams, para jhthrombaåéf jfs ifbihmtfs sflrh ofja, oaria h ifbsuof apnmiajf bf jhshbvfnvmohbtf ja ofbferacma h, prmbimpanohbth, ba abánmsh jh hbtrhvmsta. Buo shbtmjf rhstrmtf, [a phsqumsa lmlnmferácmia_ í uo ifbgubtf jh prfihjmohbtfs quh vmsa mjhbtmcmiar mbcfroaåøhs lmlnmferácmias, shnhimfbar fs jfiuohbtfs phrtmbhbths af thoa hstujajf h prfihjhr ä rhsphitmva abftaåéf fu cmiàohbtf jas rhchrçbimas h jfs jajfs jfs jfiuohbtfs para quh shgao pfsthrmfrohbth utmnmzajfs ba rhjaåéf jh uo tralan`f aiajçomif. (YZXOTC. Mb7 JXA\ZH; LA\\FY (Fres.) <411, p. 81).

F oítfjf jh phsqumsa utmnmzajf cfm f hxpnfratùrmf quh tho ifof flghtmvf prfpfrimfbar oamfr caomnmarmjajh hbtrh f phsqumsajfr h f thoa phsqumsajf, vmstf quh hssh ambja í pfuif ifb`himjf. Tfr shr uoa phsqumsa lastabth hsphiïcmia, assuoh a cfroa jh uo hstujf jh iasf, shoprh ho ifbsfbìbima ifo as rhchrçbimas quh jará lash af assubtf alfrjajf, ifof í f iasf ja phsqumsa lmlnmferácmia h jas hbtrhvmstas ifo phssfas quh tmvhrao hxphrmçbimas prátmias ifo f prflnhoa phsqumsajf. A hbtrhvmsta chiàja „í rhanmzaja a partmr jh quhstmfbármf hstruturajf, ifo phreubtas meuams para tfjfs fs hbtrhvmstajfs, jh ofjf quh shga pfssïvhn hstalhnhihr ubmcfromjajh h ifoparaåéf hbtrh as rhspfstas.‟ (JXA\ZH. Mb7 VVVVVV. (Fre.), <411. p. 35). Hsth tmpf jh hbtrhvmsta cfm hsifn`mjf para shr utmnmzaja ho phsqumsas quabtmtatmvas, quabjf sh jhshga ifbsheumr mbcfroaåøhs rhprhshbtatmvas jh uo erupf. Yheubjf Juarth (Mb7 VVVVVV. (Fre.), <411. p. 35), a hbtrhvmsta chiàja hxmeh ihrtf jmstabimaohbtf jf hbtrhvmstajfr, ifo cubåéf jh sfohbth flthr rhspfsta sho mbthrchrmr sflrh hnas.

51

8.< XBMSH\YF JA THYQXMYA Tara Bfvhnnm (Mb7 JXA\ZH; LA\\FY (Fres.), <411, p. 130), „Hbthbjh-sh „Hbthbjh-sh ifof ubmvhrsf ja phsqumsa f ifbgubtf jh phssfas quh pfssuho iaraithrïstmias ifoubs h jhtço aneuo erau jh mbcfroaåéf sflrh f thoa a shr hxpnfrajf‟. Tfr mssf, a phsqumsa jh iaopf jhsth tralan`f tho ifof ubmvhrsf f lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh, phrmchrma ja iapmtan jf Hstajf jf Tará, ifbsmjhrajf uo jfs oams pfpunfsfs ja rheméf ohtrfpfnmtaba jh Lhnío, ifo f tftan jh 31.:9= àlmtabths. Ofbthsh, oams ifb`himjf ifof Zhrra Cmroh, eab`fu hssh aphnmjf pfr shr cfroajf pfr thrras cmrohs h antas prùxmoas a árhas anaeajas phnf rmf Zuiubjula, bf nmomth jfs lamrrfs jh Iabujfs h Euaoá. F lamrrf hbcrhbta prflnhoas sírmfs, ifof a canta sabhaohbtf lásmif h a vmfnçbima, anío jh ifbihbtrar lfa parth ja pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja ja imjajh jh Lhnío. Aphsar jfs antfs ïbjmihs jh vmfnçbima, ifbtrajmtfrmaohbth, a Zhrra Cmroh ifbihbtra vármas mopfrtabths mbstmtumåøhs jh phsqumsa h hbsmbf, ifof7 Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran jf Tará (XCTA), Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran \uran ja Aoazúbma (XC\A), Hsifna jh Apnmiaåéf ja XCTA, Oushu Hoïnmf Efhnjm (OTHE) - B÷inhf jh Thsqumsa, Hoprhsa Lrasmnhmra jh Thsqumsa Aerfphiuárma (HOL\ATA), Ihbtrams Hnítrmias jf Bfrth jf Lrasmn Y/A (Hnhtrfbfrth).

8.9 AOFYZ\A Yheubjf Bfvhnnm (Mb7 JXA\ZH; LA\\FY (Fres.), <411, p. 130) jhpfms quh í jhcmbmjf f ubmvhrsf ja phsqumsa, í prhimsf jhimjmr sh hsta jhvhrá mbifrpfrar tfjfs fs ifopfbhbths fu sh mrá atmbemr aphbas parth jhsth ubmvhrsf, pfr ohmf ja aofstraeho. Í utmnmzajf hsth oítfjf, jhvmjf ä mopfssmlmnmjajh jh canar ifo tfja a pfpunaåéf nfian. „Quhstøhs jh thopf h iustf tço nhvajf a oamfrma jfs hstujfs ä fpåéf pfr aofstraeho‟ (BFSHNNM. Mb7 JXA\ZH; LA\\FY (Fres.), <411, p. 130).

5<

Tara ifbirhtmzaåéf jhsth tralan`f cfm rhanmzaja uoa aofstra ifo <: phssfas (1< `fohbs h 1< oun`hrhs), ifo partmimpabths shnhimfbajfs a partmr jf phrcmn alfrjajf bhsta ofbferacma, ifbsuomjfrhs jh oaria jh rfupas. Jh aifrjf ifo Juarth (Mb7 VVVVVV. (Fre.), <411. p. 30), „Xoa lfa phsqumsa hxmeh cfbths quh shgao iapazhs jh agujar a rhspfbjhr sflrh f prflnhoa prfpfstf. Hnas jhvhréf thr hbvfnvmohbtf ifo f assubtf, jmspfbmlmnmjajh h jmspfsmåéf ho canar‟. Zams phssfas séf ofrajfrhs jf lamrrf ja thrra cmroh, cfrao ifbtaitajas ba \ua Yéf Jfombefs, uoa jas prmbimpams ruas jf lamrrf, tfjfs fs hbtrhvmstajfs phrthbiho äs inassh I, J h H, ifo mjajh hbtrh 13 a 94 abfs.

8.: IFNHZA H ABÁNMYH JH JAJFY A hbtrhvmsta tho f flghtmvf hbthbjhr fs `álmtfs jhsth ifbsuomjfr. Mbmimanohbth, séf ifnhtajas mbcfroaåøhs lásmias ifof, shxf, mjajh, prfcmsséf/fiupaåéf atuan, hsifnarmjajh, hstajf imvmn h rhbja caomnmar, para ifb`hihr shu phrcmn sfiman. Yheubjf Juarth (Mb7 VVVVVV. (Fre.), <411. p. 5<), „Yéf mbcfroaåøhs ÷thms para ifbthxtuanmzar as mbcfroaåøhs h para rhnaimfbar fs hbtrhvmstajfs bf rhnatùrmf‟. Jhpfms séf rhanmzajas phreubtas oams hsphiïcmias, quh vmsao ifb`hihr f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifbsuof ho rhnaåéf ä oaria ifof7 quan a oaria jh prhchrçbima, f quh rhprhshbta, nfian jh ifopra, cfroa jh paeaohbtf, sh ifbsuoh fu béf rípnmia, hbtrh futrfs. Ifof sh pfjh ifoprfvar ba phsqumsa, f p÷lnmif ifbsuomjfr jh rfupas jh oarias ba phrmchrma jf lamrrf hstujajf í cfroajf prmbimpanohbth phna pfpunaåéf gfvho hbtrh 13 a 94 abfs. Jh aifrjf ifo a THI ja Guvhbtujh 1:, aprfvaja phnf Ifberhssf ho shtholrf jh <414, í gfvho bf Lrasmn tfjf f imjajéf quh ifoprhhbjh a mjajh hbtrh 18 h <= abfs, shbjf jmvmjmjf ho7 gfvho-ajfnhsihbth, gfvho-gfvho h gfvho-ajuntf.

1:

Í uoa Trfpfsta jh Hohbja ä Ifbstmtumåéf :`ttp7//fflshrvajfr.guslrasmn.ifo.lr/pfnmtmia/8<15=:0/cfm-aprfvaja-a-phi-ja-guvhbtujh-taf-`mstfrmia-quabtf-vftf-afs-132.. flshrvajfr.guslrasmn.ifo.lr/pfnmtmia/8<15=:0/cfm-aprfvaja-a-phi-ja-guvhbtujh-taf-`mstfrmia-quabtf-vftf-afs-132 Aihssf ho7 43 jhz <419).

59

Erácmif 17 Camxa htárma. Mjajh Gfvhbs hbtrh 13 a 94 abfs 1

1 1

1

9

1

1 < 1 < 1

=

13 abfs 15 abfs 10 abfs <4 abfs << abfs <9 abfs <: abfs <8 abfs <3 abfs <0 abfs <= abfs 94 abfs

Cfbth7 Hnalfraåéf prùprma (<419).

Ifof gá cfm jmtf, sheubjf Barjm (<44=), f ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja pfssum uo oïbmof erau jh mbstruåéf hsifnar. Jfs <: hbtrhvmstajfs, sfohbth 1 hstava iursabjf f hbsmbf suphrmfr, = pfssuïao f hbsmbf oíjmf ifopnhtf, = hstéf bf bïvhn cubjaohbtan mbifopnhtf h 8 bf hbsmbf oíjmf mbifopnhtf. Jhsshs 0<% ja pfpunaåéf ifo prhiármas ifbjmåøhs jh hbsmbf, jmrma quh ==% phrthbiho ä parihna hifbfomiaohbth atmva ja pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja, rhspfbsávhn phnf irhsimohbtf hxpfbhbiman jf ohriajf jh ifbsuof jh lhbs, prfjutfs h shrvmåfs bfs ÷ntmofs abfs. (BA\JM, <44=, p.184).

Erácmif <7 Bïvhn Hsifnar.

Hsifnarmjajh Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf

:% 4%

Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Ifopnhtf

95% 90%

Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf Hbsmbf Oíjmf Ifopnhtf

<1% Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf

4%


Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Ifopnhtf

5:

A prfcmsséf fu fiupaåéf atuan jhsshs ifbsuomjfrhs í ifbshquçbima jf bïvhn jh hsifnarmjajh. Jhsth ofjf, fiupao iarefs jh aåfueuhmrf, ifzmb`hmra, jmarmsta, autúbfof, hti. F ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja hxhrih cubåøhs, ba oamfrma jas vhzhs, jmrhtaohbth rhnaimfbajas a futrho, ifof hoprheajf jfoístmif, pfrthmrf, oabflrmsta, vmema, earåfo, lanifbmsta, rhihpimfbmsta, hbtrh futras, quh tço ho ifouo a bhihssmjajh jh shrvmr af patréf (inmhbth), quash shoprh hstá ba pfsmåéf jh sulshrvmçbima. (BA\JM, <44=, p.184).

Erácmif 97 Trfcmsséf fu fiupaåéf atuan. Trfcmsséf - Fiupaåéf Atuan

1

1

1

1

1

8

1 1

:

1 1 1

1

:

Hstujabth

Autúbfof

Jhshoprheajf

Iflrajfr

Oabuthbåéf jh \hjh

aåfueuhmrf

Jmarmsta

Fphrajfra jh Iamxa

Ifzmb`hmra

Ifrrhtfra

Shbjhjfra

Jfba jh iasa

Auxmnmar jh hsirmtùrmf

Oabmiurh


Ifbcfroh f erácmif alamxf, fs ifbsuomjfrhs phrthbiho äs inasshs I, J h H. 11 jfs hbtrhvmstajfs pfssuho uoa rhbja jh atí jfms sanármfs oïbmofs, 3 rhihlho trçs fu oams, 3 eabào uo, h sfohbth uoa phssfa pfssum rhbja ohbfr quh uo sanármf.

58

Erácmif :7 \hbja Caomnmar \hbja Caomnmar :% <8%

<8%

Ohbfs jh uo sanármf oïbmof Xo sanármf oïbmof

:3%

Jfms sanármfs oïbmofs Zrçs fu oams s anármfs oïbmofs


A ofja h a o÷smia, gubtas, hxprhssao vanfrhs mbjmvmjuams h sfimams, a phrsfbanmjajh, sh aprfprmabjf jh uoa cfroa jh ifoubmiaåéf béf vhrlan, anío jh shr uo mbstruohbtf jh mbthraåéf sfiman (IFN, <41<, p. 3). Ifof gá cfm jmtf, a ofja í usaja para iaraithrmzar fs erupfs sfimams fu hstmnf ousmian jf mbjmvïjuf pfr ohmf jf ifbsuof jh jhthrombajfs prfjutfs h shrvmåfs. F erácmif alamxf rhvhna f efstf ousmian jhsth ifbsuomjfr, quh cfm ifbtalmnmzajf jh aifrjf ifo a quabtmjajh jh vhzhs quh f ohsof hstmnf aparhihu ifof rhspfsta. Ifbcfroh a phsqumsa, ho prmohmrf nuear f hstmnf ousmian oams aprhimajf í f paefjh18; ho sheubjf, f shrtabhgf 13; ho thrihmrf, passajéf 15, ohnfjy10 h f thibflrhea1= bf quartf nuear. F rhsuntajf ehran iausfu surprhsa jhvmjf af 18

F paefjh í uo eçbhrf ousmian lrasmnhmrf frmembajf bf \mf jh Gabhmrf hbtrh f cmban ja jíiaja ja jíiaja jh 1=54 h mbïimf ja ja jíiaja jh 1=04, 1=04, a partmr ja trajmåéf jas rfjas jh saola chmtas bfs "cubjfs jh qumbtan". F throf paefjh, mbmimanohbth, hra assfimajf äs chstas quh aifbthimao bas bas shbzanas, hra shbzanas, hra ifbsmjhrajf ifof chsta jh hsiravfs. (Cfbth7 `ttp7//anoabaquh.cfnà.ufn.ifo.lr/paefjh.`to) 13

A o÷smia shrtabhga í shrtabhga í uo eçbhrf ousmian lrasmnhmrf quh thvh f shu mbïimf ba jíiaja jh <4, mbmimanohbth hra irmaja o÷smias ifo thoa ruran. Jf hstmnf suremrao futras varmaåøhs ifof f shrtabhgf rfoìbtmif, ba jíiaja jh 04 h atuanohbth f shrtabhgf ubmvhrsmtármf quh í hnhtrúbmif, aemtajf h ofjhrbf. (Cfbth7 `ttp7//www.inmikeratms.ifo.lr/nhtras-jh-ousmias/bftmimas/shrtabhgf-ifb`hia-a-`mstfrma-jhsth-rmtof-ousmian/)

15

Tassajéf í uo throf usajf phna pfpunaåéf nfian para sh rhchrmr afs lrheas abtmefs jas jíiajas jh 54, 04 h =4. F rmtof rhsunta ja omstura jh eçbhrfs jabåabths jh frmeho iarmlhbà ifof f lfnhrf h f ianmpsf, ifb`himja ifof „Lrhea‟ (Cfbth7 „Lrhea‟ (Cfbth7 www.lrheapfp.ifo www.lrheapfp.ifo)) 10

Ohnfjy í Ohnfjy í oams uoa jas vhrthbths jf lrhea. Tfssum ifof iaraithrïstmia f rmtof oams nhbtf jas latmjas. (Cfbth7 www.lrheapfp.ifo) 1=

Bf mbïimf jfs abfs <444 cfrao aerheajfs af Lrhea aparhn`fs hnhtrúbmifs, mbifrpfrabjf uoa latmja oams thibflrhea. (Cfbth7 www.lrheapfp.ifo rápmja af rmtof, cazhbjf suremr f thibflrhea. www.lrheapfp.ifo))

53

hsthrhùtmpf ho rhnaåéf af ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja, pfms, phnf shbsf ifouo, f thibflrhea cmiarma ho prmohmrf nuear. Bf hbtabtf, jh aifrjf ifo f hstujf, fs quh hsifn`hrao a oaria Tmt lunn

<4

ifof prhchrmja ifmbimjh ifo f hstmnf jf thibflrhea,

ohnfjy h passajéf. A autfra Aba Tauna Ohbjhs (<411) gá àvma tratajf ba sua phsqumsa ja nmeaåéf jh jhthrombajas oarias, ifof a Tmt lunn, ifo f thibflrhea h suas vhrthbths. A prhchrçbima pfr ihrtf hstmnf ousmian h oaria sh já phna ifbvmvçbima ho uo erupf, irmabjf uoa mjhbtmjajh ifnhtmva, atravís ja ifbstruåéf jfs ohsofs efstfs ousmiams, bf ofjf jh vhstmr h sh ifopfrtar. (IFN, <41<, p. 19).

Erácmif 87 Hstmnf ousmian. Hstmnf Ousmian 1· Nuear - Taefjh <· Nuear - Yhrtabhgf <

<

1 1

9· Nuear - Tassajéf

5

9· Nuear - Ohnfjy

9 : 9 9

9 9

9

9· Nuear - Cubk 9· Nuear - Efsphn 9· Nuear - \foìbtmia 9· Nuear - Hinítmif :· Nuear - Zhibflrhea :· Nuear - @ap 8· Nuear - Tfp Mbthrbaimfban 8· Nuear - OTL


Yheubjf Ifn (<41<), f hstmnf ja o÷smia mbcnuçbima bf ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifopra. Jas 1< oun`hrhs hbtrhvmstajas, 0 imtarao a oaria Tmt lunn ifof cavfrmta, h, jhstas, 8 ohbimfbarao f thibflrhea, ohnfjy, passajéf ifof hstmnfs ousmiams prhchrmjfs.

<4

A Tmt Lunn Ghabs Lunn Ghabs basihu jh uoa nfga ountmoaria, bf abf jh 1==0 ho Thtrfnmba-Th. Anío jh tralanàr ifo ghabs, a hoprhsa taolío nabåfu ifnhåøhs jh oanàrma. A oaria pfssum ifof iaraithrïstmia f hstmnf gfvho h fusajf, sh jhstaiabjf phnas phåas shbsuams h enaofrfsas quh vanfrmzao f ifrpf chombmbf. A lusia phnf jmchrhbiman í a prmbimpan omsséf ja Tmt lunn, irmabjf para as phssfas quh sh mjhbtmcmiao ifo f hstmnf, a ohn`fr ofjhnaeho h quanmjajh jf ohriajf jh ofja. (Cfbth7 www.pmtlunnghabs.ifo.lr).

55

Erácmif 37 Oaria prhchrmja jas oun`hrhs. Oaria Trhchrmja Oun`hrhs

1

1

Tmt lunn

1

Jaoynnhr

1

Nfius

0

@abjara Tnabht Emrns


Thrihlh-sh oamfr varmhjajh jh oarias prhchrmjas phnfs `fohbs. A Tmt lunn taolío hstá hbtrh as oams nholrajas, pfrío, af ifbtrármf jf quh aifbthihu ifo as oun`hrhs, `á pfuia jmchrhbåa ho rhnaåéf äs futras oarias. Jfs 9 hbtrhvmstajfs quh hsifn`hrao a Tmt lunn, < bfvaohbth nmstarao f ohnfjy h passajéf ifof hstmnf ousmian.

Erácmif 57 Oaria prhchrmja jfs `fohbs. Oarias Trhchrmjas @fohbs

1

Tmt lunn

1 9

Bmkh

1

Fvhrhbj

1

< 1

Ajmjas Thba

< Oarhoftf Iflra J'aeua Ianvmb Knhmb


50

Tara quh uoa oaria sh tfrbh prhchrçbima jf ifbsuomjfr, í bhihssármf f hbvfnvmohbtf achtmvf (TH\HM\A, <448, p. 90). Af irmar hssh naåf jh cmjhnmjajh, a satmscaåéf í uo asphitf mopfrtabth para quh fs ifbsuomjfrhs sh tfrbho nhams, jh ofjf a ifoprarho bfvaohbth.

Tara Tmb`f (1==3), a ehstéf jh oarias béf í oams cfiaja aphbas para a ifohrimanmzaåéf jh prfjutfs fu shrvmåfs, oas smo, a vhbja jh naåfs achtmvfs h lhbhcïimfs hofimfbams quh sflrhpøh af prùprmf flghtf, quh satmscaåao f jhshgf mbjmvmjuan jf ifbsuomjfr. Assfimabjf shus prfjutfs a futrfs tmpfs jh vanfrhs, ifof guvhbtujh, jmvhrséf fu status, ba quan sh phrihlh quh fs ifbsuomjfrhs ifoprao oams quh prfjutfs, ifoprao as oarias h suas prfohssas. Tarhbth jhinara quh ‒a oaria ifbstmtum uo catfr prmofrjman para as inasshs I, J, h H, béf ohbfs quh para as inasshs jh oamfr pfjhr aqumsmtmvf‖. aqumsmtmvf‖. Anío jf prhåf, a oaria í uo catfr jh rhnhvìbima para hstas inasshs, gá quh béf hstéf jmspfstfs a ajqumrmr quanquhr prfjutf. (<440 apuj IXB@A; YABZFY; IH\QXHM\A, <41<, p.8).

Ifof gá cfm hxpnmiajf bf thrihmrf iapïtunf, hsshs ifbsuomjfrhs prhchrho ifoprar oarias ifb`himjas, pfms hxphrmohbtar uoa bfva oaria pfjh smebmcmiar quh sua hxphitatmva béf shga athbjmja h n`h ehrar oams iustf. Hsth p÷lnmif prhza phna quanmjajh, ifof pfjh shr vhrmcmiaja bf rhsuntajf ja phsqumsa ho rhnaåéf a f quç a oaria rhprhshbta.

Quabjf sh phreubta „F quh hsta oaria smebmcmia6‟, a rhspfsta í quash ubìbmoh. Jh <: hbtrhvmstajfs, 11 ifbsmjhrao quh sua oaria prhchrmja rhprhshbta quanmjajh, f quh jhstaia a ifbcmabåa jhsths ifbsuomjfrhs. Ho sheumja, hstá f ifbcfrtf h f pfjhr. F prmohmrf sh rhchrh af catf jh fs ifbsuomjfrhs jmzhrho „sh shbtmrho lho‟ fu quh „a rfupa vhsth lho‟ h f sheubjf, smebmcmia a satmscaåéf jh pfssumr jhthrombaja oaria. Futras quhstøhs ifof frmembanmjajh (ifrth h phåas hxinusmvas) h shbsuanmjajh séf ifbihmtfs mbifrpfrajfs h ifbsuomjfs gubtf ifo a oaria.

5=

Erácmif 07 F quh a oaria rhprhshbta. F quh a oaria rhprhshbta rhprhshbta Ytatus Tfjhr 9

<

<

9

1

Quanmjajh

1

Yhbsuanmjajh

< Frmembanmjajh 11

Tfjhr h Quanmjajh Ifbcfrtf Futrfs


Jh ofjf ehran, f rhsuntajf jh quho ifbsfoh fu béf rípnmia, í smomnar. Yù `á varmaåéf jh rhsuntajf quabjf séf hsphimcmiajfs fs ifbsuomjfrhs oasiunmbfs h chombmbfs.

Erácmif =7 Ifbsuof ehran jh rípnmias Ifbsuof jh \ípnmias

:3% 8:%

Ymo Béf


F ifbsuof jh rípnmia, para 0 jas 1< oun`hrhs hbtrhvmstajas, í rhghmtajf, pfms, para hnas, í smbúbmof jh jhsvanfrmzaåéf jh sm ho rhnaåéf af quh fs futrfs mréf phbsar, pfms a ofja, béf sh rhstrmbeh a rfupa, oas af ifopfrtaohbtf, af shr h vmvhr jf sughmtf quh pfssmlmnmta quh a phssfa sh smbta aihmta. As hxprhssøhs oams ifoubs hbtrh as hbtrhvmstajas cfrao7 „Béf ai`f nhean‟, „Béf efstf‟, „Oumtf cansf, béf i`hea phrtf ja frmemban‟, „Fu í oaria fu béf í‟. Ifbtujf, f prmbimpan oftmvf para quho

04

ifbsfoh rípnmia í f lamxf iustf, béf phrihlhbjf bhbùoa vabtaeho ho rhnaåéf a quanmjajh jf prfjutf. Hssa ifbjuta aifbthih jhvmjf a oaria shr ifbsmjhraja f sheubjf oamfr catfr jh mbcnuçbima bf ofohbtf ja ifopra phnf tareht chombmbf, sheubjf a phsqumsa.

Erácmif 147 Ifbsuof jh rípnmias phnas oun`hrhs. Oun`hr Ifbsuof jh \ípnmias 99% Ymo 35%

Béf


A oamfrma jfs `fohbs séf ifbsuomjfrhs jh rípnmia h bfvaohbth f prmbimpan oftmvf jh ifopra í f lamxf iustf. Tfrío, `á uoa jmvhreçbima hbtrh fs hbtrhvmstajfs sflrh a quanmjajh jf oathrman. Bas panavras jfs ohsofs, „aparhbthohbth í parhimj f, oas béf í a ohsoa quanmjajh‟, „a juralmnmjajh í phquhba‟ h, para aneubs, „a quanmjajh í lfa‟.

Erácmif 117 Ifbsuof jh rípnmias phnfs `fohbs. @foho Ifbsuof \ípnmias <8% Ymo 58%


Béf

01

Fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja béf pfssuho fn`fs aphbas para prfjutfs jh lamxf prhåf h iustf. A hsifnà jh oarias séf flghtfs jh jhshgfs h í uoa cfroa jh cazçnfs sh shbtmrho parth ja sfimhjajh h quh jhsphrtho uo shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf, pfr mssf vanfrmzao f rhnaimfbaohbtf caih a caih h atmtujhs quh jhofbstrho rhsphmtf. Hsth rhnaimfbaohbtf pfjh shr vmstf ba hsifnà jf nfian jh ifopra. F prmbimpan nfian jh ifopra hsifn`mjf para ajqumrmr as rfupas jh oarias í f saifnhmra‟ <1. Ifbcmra bf erácmif7 s`fppmbe , jhpfms futrfs h, ho thrihmrf, a „saifnhmra‟

Erácmif 1<7 Nfian fbjh ifopra rfupas jh oaria. Nfian jh Ifopra 4

4

1

:

9

Nfga jh \ua Yaifnhmra Y`fppmbe Ifoírimf

13

Mbthrbht Futrfs


A hsifnà jf nfian jh ifopra hstá rhnaimfbaja ifo a cfroa jh paeaohbtf jhsths ifbsuomjfrhs, pfms a caimnmjajh jh iríjmtf í jhthrombabth para hchtmvaåéf jf ifbsuof. Xoa vhz quh sh flshrva ba phsqumsa quh sfohbth 3 prhchrho paear ä vmsta, ifbtra 10 phnf paeaohbtf parihnajf. A thbjçbima ho fptar phnf irhjmármf jhifrrh jf catf jh quh hsta í a ÷bmia anthrbatmva jh aqumsmåéf jh uo prfjutf oams iarf phnf inmhbth. Fs `álmtfs jh ifbsuof jhssh p÷lnmif hbtéf vfntajfs para fs erabjhs ihbtrfs, ifof fs s`fppmbes ihbthrs. Af hsifn`hrho hsth nfian, ohtajh utmnmza f iartéf jh iríjmtf para paear suas ifopras. H, ifoprabjf ifo a „saifnhmra‟, saifnhmra‟, f f paeaohbtf taolío í <1

Thssfa quh caz vhbja aolunabth jh rfupas fu phquhbfs flghtfs. (Cfbth7 www.prmlhrao.pt/jnpf/saifnhmra)

0<

parihnajf, béf shbjf bhihssármf quh f inmhbth pfssua iartéf fu nmomth jh iríjmtf. Anío jmssf, hsshs vhbjhjfrhs séf phssfas prùxmoas h quh ifb`hiho fs efstfs jfs shus inmhbths. Tara Barjm (<44=, p. 138), f ifbtatf phssfan í uoa cfroa jh vabtaeho oumtf smebmcmiatmva para quh sh pfssa hchtmvar f ifbsuof , pfms ifo f passar jf thopf, hsth, thrá mbtmomjajh ifo f inmhbth, catfr mbjmsphbsávhn para a phrphtuaåéf jas vhbjas. F ifopfrtaohbtf jf ifbsuomjfr phsqumsajf ifo rhnaåéf af prhåf jhofbstra uo hqumnïlrmf bas rhspfstas h lusia jas ohn`frhs fpåøhs jh paeaohbtf. Ifo nhvh thbjçbima ho fptar phnf paeaohbtf ä vmsta, ohsof quh béf sh ifbsuoh phna canta jh rhiursfs, pfms bfroanohbth fs prfjutfs tço vanfr cmban hnhvajf, sh ifoparajf af sanármf ohbsan jhssh ifbsuomjfr. (BA\JM, <44=, p. 3=).

Erácmif 197 Cfroas jh paeaohbtf utmnmzajf para ifopra rfupas jh oaria. Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf Taeaohbtf 4; 4%

Jmb`hmrf

4; 4% 3; <8%

3; <8%

Iartéf jh Iríjmtf Iartéf ja Nfga

1<; 84%

Tarihnajf pfr thrihmrf Futrfs


A mbcnuçbima jh ifopra béf sh rhstrmbeh af ifbsuof jh rfupas jh oarias, h smo, a ifopra jh phåas jh vhstuármf, ifof uo tfjf. F flghtmvf í salhr quams séf fs catfrhs jh mbcnuçbima ba jhimséf jh ifopra jf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja oasiunmbf h chombmbf. Tara fs `fohbs, a jhimséf jh ifopra hstá pautaja ba quanmjajh jf prfjutf7 :<% jhsshs ifbsuomjfrhs hbcatmzarao quh hsth irmtírmf í prmofrjman. „Béf mopfrta quh shga oams iarf, tho quh thr quanmjajh‟, acmroa uo jfs hbtrhvmstajfs.

09

Erácmif 1:7 Mbcnuçbima jh ifopra para fs `fohbs. @fohbs Mbcnuçbima jh Ifopra

Trhåf 0%

0%

Quanmjajh

15%

0%

Oaria

4% 0%

Ofja :<%

=%

Futrfs Trhåf h Quanmjajh Quanmjajh h Oaria Oaria h Ofja


Tara as oun`hrhs, hssh ihbármf ouja ifopnhtaohbth. Yheubjf a phsqumsa, uo jfs prmbimpams mthbs quh mbcnuhbimao a ifoprar jas phåas jh vhstuármf í a ofja, ifo 99%, sheumjf ja oaria, ifo <8%.

Erácmif 187 Mbcnuçbima jh ifopra para as oun`hrhs. Oun`hrhs Mbcnuçbima jh Ifopra 15%

0% 15%

Trhåf Quanmjajh

99%

Oaria <8%

Ofja Futrfs


Jurabth oumtfs abfs, oams hsphimcmiaohbth abths jf Tnabf \han, ho 1==<, a pfpunaåéf jh lamxa rhbja béf tmbà aihssf af ifbsuof ifof bfs jmas atuams, cmiabjf rhshrvajfs a hna prfjutfs jh quanmjajh mbchrmfr, pfbtfs-jh-vhbja sho

0:

hstrutura h athbjmohbtf jhcmimhbth. Ifo a rhvfnuåéf jf ifbsuof, aprhshbtaja abthrmfrohbth, h f irhsimohbtf jf pfjhr jh ifbsuof jhsta inassh, hsth ihbármf oujfu rajmianohbth, trazhbjf jmvhrsas fpfrtubmjajhs h jhsacmfs para as hoprhsas quh prhimsao shr iapazhs jh jhthitar as oujabåas bf phrcmn jfs ifbsuomjfrhs, hbthbjhr f quh hnhs jhoabjao h, pfr hssa razéf, jhshbvfnvhr shrvmåfs h prfjutfs quh fs athbjao.

Erácmif 137 Trmbimpan atrmlutf ba hsifnà jf nfian jh ifopra. Atrmlutf Nfian jh ifopra :% :% 15%

0%

:%

Athbjmohbtf Ohn`fr prhåf Cfroas jh paeaohbtf 39%

Sarmhjajh Efstf phssfan Futrfs


F auohbtf ja rhbja h a oamfr fchrta jh iríjmtf prfpmimarao, a hsth ifbsuomjfr, oamfr pfjhr jh hxmeçbima ba ifopra, pfms aefra phrihlh a sua mopfrtìbima h oamfr pfjhr jh ifbsuof. Tfr mssf, athbjmohbtf í jhthrombabth ba hsifnà jf nfian fbjh mrá ifoprar. Ifbsmjhrajf, pfr 39% hbtrhvmstajfs, f oams mopfrtabth atrmlutf para sh tfrbarho inmhbth. F quh pfjh shr vmstf bas canas jh jfms hbtrhvmstajfs7 „Tfrquh sh tmvhr uo athbjmohbtf rumo, béf ifoprf‟, „Athbjhr lho. Yho prhifbihmtf‟.

08

IFBYMJH\AÅØHY CMBAMY

Jh aifrjf ifo Barjm (<44=), jurabth vármfs abfs hsta inassh béf tmbà aihssf af ifbsuof. Yfohbth a partmr jf mbïimf jfs abfs <444 í quh f ohriajf jh lamxa rhbja ifohåa rhanohbth a mbthraemr ifo hsta prátmia. Ifo uo bfvf tareht ho hxpabséf, as hoprhsas prhimsao shr iapazhs jh mjhbtmcmiar h ifb`hihr ohn`fr f phrcmn jhsshs bfvfs ifbsuomjfrhs. Smstf quh hsths, hbthbjhbjf sua mopfrtìbima h shu oamfr pfjhr jh ifbsuof, passarao a shr oams hxmehbths. Jhsjh f Tnabf \han, ho 1==<, fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja vçho oujabjf shus `álmtfs jh ifbsuof, jhmxabjf jh sh alasthihr jfs prfjutfs h shrvmåfs lásmifs, quh athbjmao äs suas bhihssmjajhs oïbmoas. Ifo a oamfr caimnmjajh jh rhanmzaåéf jh ifbsuof, quash tujf f quh cfm bheajf a hnhs jurabth oumtf thopf, `fgh tho tfja a caimnmjajh jh shr rhanmzajf, shga phnf paeaohbtf ä vmsta fu ho phquhbas parihnas. Tfjh-sh phrihlhr quh oarias, abths rhshrvaja ä hnmth, hstéf oams aihssïvhms para a inassh lamxa. Ifbsuom-nas, para hsth p÷lnmif, smebmcmia status, mbtheraåéf sfiman, ehrabjf hsth shbtmohbtf jh phrthbimohbtf, jh mbinuséf ba sfimhjajh. F ifbsuof jh oaria sh já, béf sfohbth phna cubimfbanmjajh jf prfjutf, oas smo phnf f quh smebmcmia. A lusia phna quanmjajh, status, pfjhr, hstéf hbtrh fs vármfs smebmcmiajfs rhprhshbtajfs phnfs ifbsuomjfrhs bf lamrrf hstujajf. Zfjfs fs hbtrhvmstajfs pfssuho uoa oaria prhchrmja h hsta í futra iaraithrïstmia quh taolío aparhih ba phsqumsa7 a cmjhnmjajh. Hsths ifbsuomjfrhs prhchrho oarias ifb`himjas, quh rhprhshbtao status, anío jh smebmcmiar quanmjajh h suihssf ba vmja sfiman. Tara Iflra (1==<), f ifopfrtaohbtf jh ifopra jfs mbjmvïjufs í mbcnuhbimajf phna mjajh, rhbja, bïvhn jh hjuiaåéf. Tfjho shr achtajfs pfr mbcnuçbimas iunturams, sfimams, phssfams h psmifnùemifs, quh séf jhthrombabths ba cfroaåéf jf ifopfrtaohbtf ùoabf, rhsuntabth jf prfihssf jh aprhbjmzaeho h sfimanmzaåéf quh hbvfnvh a caoïnma, aomefs h fs jhoams erupfs. Tfrtabtf, a prhchrçbima pfr ihrtf hstmnf ousmian (ifof f paefjh, shrtabhgf, passajéf, ofstrajf ba phsqumsa) h oaria

03

(Tmt lunn, a oams imtaja, pfr aolfs fs shxfs) sh já phna bhihssmjajh jh phrthbimohbtf a uo erupf. Tfjh-sh ifbinumr quh fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh lamxa rhbja lusiao nfgas quh fchrhåao caimnmjajhs bf paeaohbtf h, prmbimpanohbth, uo lfo athbjmohbtf. A prmohmra ifbinuséf frmemba-sh jf catf jh quh :<% jas ifopras séf hchtmvajas ifo f usf jf iartéf jh iríjmtf. A sheubja cfm apfbtaja, ba phsqumsa, ifof f atrmlutf oams mopfrtabth para jhimjmr f nfian jh ifopra. Anío jh shrho cfrthohbth oftmvajfs phna ofja (99%) h a prfiura phna quanmjajh (:<%), hsths séf jfms catfrhs jh mbcnuçbima bf ofohbtf jh hsifnà jf prfjutf. Hsth tralan`f jh ifbinuséf jh iursf tho a cmbanmjajh jh ifbtrmlumr para cfra h jhbtrf jf aolmhbth aiajçomif, ifo oams mbcfroaåøhs aihria jhsth ifbsuomjfr quh jurabth oumtf thopf hsthvh hsquhimjf. Hsta ofbferacma alrmu a pfssmlmnmjajh jh hstujar uo p÷lnmif hsphiïcmif, fs ifbsuomjfrhs jh oaria jh rfupas jf lamrrf ja Zhrra Cmroh, assmo ifof mrá hstmounar oams phsqumsas sflrh oaria h f ifbsuof jh lamxa rhbja.

05

\HCH\ÇBIMAY AJMTHI. Assfimaåéf Assfimaåéf jfs Jmstrmlumjfrhs Jmstrmlumjfrhs h Mopfrtajfrhs Mopfrtajfrhs jh Thrcuohs, Thrcuohs, Ifsoítmifs h Ymomnarhs. Iartmnà7 „Aprhbjhbjf para Hbsmbar Yflrh a Tmratarma‟. <445. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.ajmphi.ifo.lr/2. >`ttp7//www.ajmphi.ifo.lr/2. Aihssf ho7 14 sht <414. Ajombmstraåéf, Ajombmstraåéf, Cubjaåéf Eht÷nmf Eht÷nmf Sareas jf \mf jh Gabhmrf, \mf \mf jh Gabhmrf, Gabhmrf, <44=. AEXMA\, Iarnfs Anlhrtf. Anlhrtf. Lrhea. Lrhea pfp. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.lrheapfp.ifo/shrvm `ttp7//www.lrheapfp.ifo/shrvmifs/`mstfrma/9<4-ia ifs/`mstfrma/9<4-iarnfs-anlhrtf-jh rnfs-anlhrtf-jh-aeumar/:8-lrh -aeumar/:8-lrhea-iarnfsea-iarnfsanlhrtf-jh-aeumar 2. 2. Aihssf ho7 43 jhz <419 AEXMA\, Iarnfs Anlhrtf. Anlhrtf. Bfs Lamnhs ja Yaujajh. Lrhea pfp. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.lrheapfp.ifo/shrvm `ttp7//www.lrheapfp.ifo/shrvmifs/`mstfrma/9<4-ia ifs/`mstfrma/9<4-iarnfs-anlhrtf-jh rnfs-anlhrtf-jh-aeumar/:=-bf -aeumar/:=-bfs-lamnhs-ja s-lamnhs-ja-saujajh-iarnfs-anlhrtf-jh-aeumar 2. 2. Aihssf ho7 43 jhz <419 ANSHY, Oarihnf Hsthvhs. Thrcmn jh Ifbsuof jh Inasshs jh Lamxa \hbja. <440. <90 c. Jmsshrtaåéf (Ohstrajf) - Xbmvhrsmjajh jh Yéf Taunf, <440. A\AXGF, Nhmna jh Fnmvhmra Nmoa. Nmoa. Fs hspaåfs jh ifbsuof ja phrmchrma urlaba. Mb7 YMOTÙYMF BAIMFBAN JH EHFE\ACMA X\LABA. b. PMM. P MM. <411.Lhnf @frmzfbth. Jmspfbïvhn ho `ttp7//xmmsmopurl<411.ifo.lr/app `ttp7//xmmsmopurl<411.ifo.lr/app/whl/arq/tralan /whl/arq/tralan`fs/iah9a<< `fs/iah9a<`ttp7//www.mbthrifo.fre.lr/paphrs >`ttp7//www.mbthrifo.fre.lr/paphrs/baimfbams/<44 /baimfbams/<44=/rhsuofs/\:-<1 =/rhsuofs/\:-<190-1.pjc2. 90-1.pjc2. Aihssf ho 14 bfv <419. LA\LFYA, Gfsmabh; Y@FGM, Oarmsa ]frm. Yuphrohriajf jh Hstmnfs7 A Ofja Alhrta. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.abthbbawhl.ifo.lr >`ttp7//www.abthbbawhl.ifo.lr/abthbba/hjmiaf /abthbba/hjmiaf `ttp7//www.imjajhoarkhtmbe.ifo `ttp7//www.imjajhoarkhtmbe.ifo.lr/artmefs/<440 .lr/artmefs/<440/41/vanfrhofim /41/vanfrhofimfban.pjc2. fban.pjc2. Aihssf ho 18 bfv <419.

00

L\HEA h aparhnàeho. Lrhea pfp. Jmspfbïvhn ho >www.lrheapfp.ifo2. Aihssf ho7 91 oam <414. IA\JFWF, Omssmna Nfurhs. A ifbstruåéf hofimfban jas oarias7 F usf jh arquítmpfs h IFBE\HYYF L\AYMNHM\F JH IMÇBIMAY IMÇBIMAY JA IFOXBMIAÅÉF. IFOXBMIAÅÉF. b. hsthrhùtmpfs. Mb7 IFBE\HYYF PPSMMM, <448. \mf jh Gabhmrf. Jmspfbïvhn ho > `ttp7//www.mbthrifo.fre.lr/paphrs/ba `ttp7//www.mbthrifo.fre.lr/paphrs/baimfbams/<44 imfbams/<448/rhsuofs/\4< 8/rhsuofs/\4<:4-1.pjc :4-1.pjc 2. Aihssf ho 14 bfv <419. IFL\A, Oarifs, 1=:4 - Ajombmstraåéf jh Oarkhtmbe / Oarifs Iflra. ’ Iflra. ’ <. <. Hj. ’ Hj. ’ Yéf Yéf Taunf7 Atnas 1==<. IFN, Zabma jh. Ofja h o÷smia7 a o÷smia mbtrïbshia ba ofja. <41<. 1:1 c. Zralan`f jh Ifbinuséf jh Iursf (Erajuaåéf) - Xbmvhrsmjajh Zhibfnùemia Chjhran jf Tarabá, Apuiaraba, <41<. <41<. IFXZMB@F, Oarihnf. Oarias h lamxa rhbja. EShxhiutmvf, v. 5, b. 3, p. 50 -5=. <440. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//rah.cev.lr/smths/rah.cev.lr/cmnhs/artmefs/839< >`ttp7//rah.cev.lr/smths/rah.cev.lr/cmnhs/artmefs/839<.pjc2. .pjc2. Aihssf ho 4= bfv <419. IXB@A, @hnhba; YABZFY, Ináujmf, gfsí; Ihrquhmra, nuias. Ifopfrtaohbtf Ifopfrtaohbtf jf ifbsuomjfr jh lamxa rhbja7 uo hstujf jfs catfrhs quh mbcnuhbimao ba aqumsmåéf jh Jmspfbïvhn ho > `ttp7//www.ahjl.lr/sheht/artmefs1 `ttp7//www.ahjl.lr/sheht/artmefs1`ttp7//www.haj.cha.usp.lr/shohaj/18 >`ttp7//www.haj.cha.usp.lr/shohaj/18shohaj/rhsun shohaj/rhsuntajf/tralan`fsT tajf/tralan`fsTJC/189.pjc2. JC/189.pjc2. Aihssf ho7 <= aef <419. >www.lrheapfp.ifo2. Aihssf ho7 Jf Lrhea af ZhibfLrhea. Lrhea pfp. Jmspfbïvhn ho >www.lrheapfp.ifo2. 91 oam <414. JXA\ZH, Gfreh; LA\\FY, Abtfbmf (Fre.). Oítfjfs h tíibmias jh phsqumsa ho ifoubmiaåéf. <. hj. Yéf Taunf7 Atnas, <411. CA\F, Abjrhy jh Nmoa. „Í a Chsta jas Aparhnàehbs!‟ Thrcfroabihs Thrcfroabihs iunturams h (Ohstrajf) ’ Xbmvhrsmjajh Xbmvhrsmjajh Chjhran jf Tará, Mbstmtutf jh jmsiursfs sfimams. Jmsshrtaåéf (Ohstrajf) ’ Cmnfsfcma h Imçbimas @uoabas, Trferaoa jh Tùs-Erajuaåéf ho Imçbimas Yfimams ’ Abtrfpfnfema, Abtrfpfnfema, Lhnío, <440. C\ABIMYI@HNNM, C\ABIMYI@HNNM, Taunf. A mopfrtìbima ja oaria bf prfihssf jh jhimséf jh ifopra jh ianåajfs hspfrtmvfs para a pfpunaåéf jh Lamxa \hbja. <44=. 1<9c. Jmsshrtaåéf (Ohstrajf Hxhiutmvf ho Ehstéf Hoprhsarman) ’ Hoprhsarman) ’ Jhpartaohbtf Jhpartaohbtf jh

0=

Ajombmstraåéf, Ajombmstraåéf, Cubjaåéf Eht÷nmf Eht÷nmf Sareas jf \mf jh jh Gabhmrf, \mf jh jh Gabhmrf, <44=. <44=. C\HMZAY, \miarjf Chrrhmra. Ifoubmiaåéf, Ifbsuof h Ofja7 hbtrh fs rfthmrfs jas aparçbimas. \hvmsta jf Trferaoa jh Tùs-erajuaåéf ho Ifoublmiaåéf h Trátmias jh 1<8 ’ 193. 193. <448. Jmspfbïvhn ho Ifbsuof HYTO, Yéf Taunf, v. <, b. :p. 1<8 ’ >`ttp7//rhvmstaioi.hspo.lr/mbjhx.p`p >`ttp7//rhvmstaioi.hspo.lr/mbjhx.p`p/rhvmstaioi/artminh /rhvmstaioi/artminh/vmhw/9=/9=2. /vmhw/9=/9=2. Aihssf ho 1< bfv <419. CXYZAMBF, Gfabba. F Ifbsuof jh Iríjmtf bf Ohriajf jh Lamxa \hbja7 Catfrhs Ifbtrmlumbths para f Auohbtf jas Jïvmjas /Gfabba Custambf. <44=. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttps7//www.ubmohp.lr/p`pe/lml >`ttps7//www.ubmohp.lr/p`pe/lmljme/pjcs/<443/E jme/pjcs/<443/EKEPOPC\SUHN.pjc2 KEPOPC\SUHN.pjc2.. Aihssf ho 4< bfv <419. EANNM, Ehbarf; @MBW, Tauna Irmstmba. F ifbsuof jh oarias h prfjutfs pmratas. \hvmsta Z`mbk HYTO, Tfrtf Anherh ’ Anherh ’ \Y, \Y, v. :, b. <, p. 0< ’ 0< ’ 0=, 0=, gun. <443. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//suoarmf-phrmfjmifs.hsp >`ttp7//suoarmf-phrmfjmifs.hspo.lr/mbjhx.p`p/ o.lr/mbjhx.p`p/t`mbk/artminh/vmhw t`mbk/artminh/vmhwCmnh/15<3/392. Cmnh/15<3/392. Aihssf ho7 <8 aef <419. EFJA\Z, Críjírmi. Yfimfnfema ja ofja / Críjírmi Efjart; trajuåéf jh Nha T. Wynlhrnmi`t. ’ Yéf ’ Yéf Taunf; Hjmtfra Yhbai Yéf Taunf, <414. EXMOA\ÉHY, Oarma Hjuarja Araugf . Ofja, Iuntura h Mjhbtmjajhs. Mb7 HBIFBZ\F JH HYZXJFY OXNZMJMYIMTNMBA\HY HO IXNZX\A. b. MS, <440. Yanvajfr. Jmspfbïvhn ho > `ttp7//www.iunt.ucla.lr/hbhiunt<44 `ttp7//www.iunt.ucla.lr/hbhiunt<440/1:9<3.pj 0/1:9<3.pjc2. c2. Aihssf ho 0 bfv <419. @ANN, Ytuart. A mjhbtmjajh ba pùs-ofjhrbmjajh / Ytuart @ann; trajuåéf Zfoaz Zajhu Z ajhu ja Ymnva, Euaraimra Nfphs Nfurf ’ Nfurf ’ 11. 11. Hj., 1. \hmop. ’ \hmop. ’ \mf \mf jh Gabhmrf7 JT&A, <411. MLEH. Ihbsf Jhoferácmif <414. \mf jh Gabhmrf7 MLEH, <411. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.mleh.fre.lr 2. 2. Aihssf ho 13 fut <419. MF\MF, Lruba. Oaria h sfimhjajh jh ifbsuof7 Xo hstujf jf ihbármf ja ifoubmiaåéf sfl ùtmia sfiman. <44:. 35 c. Zralan`f jh ifbinuséf jh Iursf jh Tùs-Erajuaåéf NatfYhbsu jh Hsphimanmzaåéf ho Ehstéf Hstratíemia ho Ifoubmiaåéf Freabmzaimfban h \hnaåøhs T÷lnmias - Jhpartaohbtf jh \hnaåøhs T÷lnmias, prfpaeabja h Zurmsof, Xbmvhrsmjajh jh Yéf Taunf, <44:. MTYFY Tulnmi Accamr. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.og.efv.lr/ifolathpmrarm `ttp7//www.og.efv.lr/ifolathpmrarma/s`fwbhw a/s`fwbhws.asp6mj?9=0 s.asp6mj?9=02. 2. Aihssf ho7 14 jhz <443. NMTFSHZYK], E. F mopírmf jf hcçohrf7 a ofja h shu jhstmbf bas sfimhjajhs ofjhrbas. Yéf Taunf7 Ima jas Nhtras, <44=.

=4

OAMA, Omjmhrsfb. Ofja h Tulnmimjajh bf Lrasmn7 uoa rhnaåéf `mstùrmia phrohaja pfr `mlrmjmsofs. MB7 \HSMYZA JMYTFYMZMSA - TXI OMBAY, v. <, b. 1, p. 31 ’ 31 ’ 5:, 5:, <419, Ombas. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//phrmfjmifs.puiombas.lr/mb >`ttp7//phrmfjmifs.puiombas.lr/mbjhx.p`p/jmsp jhx.p`p/jmspfsmtmva/artminh/v fsmtmva/artminh/vmhw/340=/838 mhw/340=/83832. 32. Aihssf ho 4= bfv <419.

OA\ZMBY, Gfsí. A Baturhza Hofimfban ja Oaria. Yéf Taunf7 Bheùimf Hjmtfra,1===. OHBJHY, Aba Tauna Thrhmra. Yfimalmnmjajh h ifbsuof guvhbmn bas chstas jh aparhnàeho jh Lhnío jf Tará. Mb7 Ifberhssf Nusf Acrf Lrasmnhmrf jh Imçbimas Yfimams, b. PM, <411, Yanvajfr. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.xmifbnal.hvhbtfs.jyph.if >`ttp7//www.xmifbnal.hvhbtfs.jyph.ifo.lr/rhsfurih o.lr/rhsfurihs/abams/9/19409 s/abams/9/1940938311VA\ 38311VA\QXMSFVArtmef QXMSFVArtmef VIfbnal.pjc2. VIfbnal.pjc2. Aihssf ho7 <4 aef <419. BA\JM, Yíremf. A bfva hra jf ifbsuof jh lamxa rhbja7 Ifbsuomjfr, ohriajfs, thbjçbimas h irmsh oubjman / Yíremf Barjm; prhcáimf Oarihnf \fshblauo; partmimpaåéf Irmstfvao Luarquh...[at an_. ’ an_. ’ Fsasif, Fsasif, YT7 Bfvf Yíiunf Hjmtfra, <44=. BAYIMOHBZF, Sìbma Oarma jf Juarth. Thsqumsas7 Hxpnfratùrma, Jhsirmtmva h Hxpnmiatmva. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//ofbferacmas.lrasmnhsifn >`ttp7//ofbferacmas.lrasmnhsifna.ifo/rheras-albt/ph a.ifo/rheras-albt/phsqumsas-hx squmsas-hxpnfratfrmapnfratfrmajhsirmtmva-hxpnmiatmva.`to2. jhsirmtmva-hxpnmiatmva.`to 2. Aihssf ho7 43 jhz <419. BXBHY, Zìbma Irmstmba \fjrmeuhs Zatsi`. Ealy Aoarabtfs7 ofja hPtrhoa, jmsiursf h mjhbtmjajh. <419. Jmsshrtaåéf (Ohstrajf), Xbmvhrsmjajh ja Aoazúbma, Trferaoa jh Ohstrajf ho Ifoubmiaåéf, Nmbeuaehbs h Iuntura, <419. F Flshrvajfr. Cfm aprfvaja a THI ja Guvhbtujh, téf `mstùrmia quabtf vftf afs 13. GusLrasmn. <414. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//f-flshrv > `ttp7//f-flshrvajfr.guslrasm ajfr.guslrasmn.ifo.lr/pfnmtmia n.ifo.lr/pfnmtmia/8<15=:0/cfm/8<15=:0/cfmaprfvaja-a-phi-ja-guvhb aprfvaja-a-phi-ja-guvhbtujh-taf-`mstfrmi tujh-taf-`mstfrmia-quabtf-vf a-quabtf-vftf-afs-13 tf-afs-132. 2. Aihssf ho7 43 jhz <419.

F quh í vmbtaeh h rhtrú6. Ymebmcmiajfs.ifo.lr. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.smebmcmiajfs.ifo.lr/vm >`ttp7//www.smebmcmiajfs.ifo.lr/vmbtaeh/2. btaeh/2. Aihssf ho 19 bfv <419. TH\HM\A, Yfcma \hms Shbtura. Ehstéf Hofimfban ja Oaria7 F iasf Yansa. <448. 130 c. Jmsshrtaåéf (Ohstrajf ho ho Imçbimas Hoprhsarmams) Hoprhsarmams) - Caiunjajh jh Hifbfoma, Xbmvhrsmjajh jf Tfrtf, <448. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.chp.up.pt/jfihbths/ilrmtf >`ttp7//www.chp.up.pt/jfihbths/ilrmtf/Ehst%I9%A9f /Ehst%I9%A9f%<4Hofimfba %<4Hofimfban%<4ja%<4 n%<4ja%<4Oaria%<4Oaria%<4%<4F%<4iasf%<4Yansa.pjc2. Aihssf %<4F%<4iasf%<4Yansa.pjc2. Aihssf ho 45 bfv bfv <419. TMB@F, G. L., 1=81 ’ 1=81 ’ F pfjhr jas oarias. Yéf Taunf7 Yuoous, (Ifnhåéf Bfvas Lusias ho Ifoubmiaåéf; S. 89), 1==3. TMZ Lunn Ghabs. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.pmtlunnghabs.ifo.lr/2. >`ttp7//www.pmtlunnghabs.ifo.lr/2. Aihssf ho 45 jhz <419.

=1

TFBZHY, Oarma @hnhba. Ofja, moaeho h mjhbtmjajh. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.cuohi.lr/rhvmstas/mbjhx >`ttp7//www.cuohi.lr/rhvmstas/mbjhx.p`p/ai`mfth/a .p`p/ai`mfth/artminh/vmhw/13 rtminh/vmhw/13:`ttp7//www.utp.lr/tumutmimhbimah >`ttp7//www.utp.lr/tumutmimhbimahiuntura/CAIHZ/CAI iuntura/CAIHZ/CAIHZ%<4<8/TJC/Art%< HZ%<4<8/TJC/Art%<43.pjc2. 43.pjc2. Aihssf ho 4= bfv <419. \FYI@HN, \hbatf. Taefjh. Cfnà Xfn. s.j. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//anoabaquh.cfnà.ufn.ifo `ttp7//anoabaquh.cfnà.ufn.ifo.lr/paefjh.`to .lr/paefjh.`to2. 2. Aihssf ho 45 jhz <419. YAOTAMF, \acahn. Oarias jh A a W / \acahn Yaopamf. ’ \mf ’ \mf jh Gabhmrf7 Hnshvmhr, <44< ’ <44< ’ 5ª 5ª \hmoprhsséf.

Yhrtabhgf Ifb`håa a @mstùrma Jhsth \mtof Ousmian. Inmikerátms oubjf ousmian. <411. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.inmikeratms.ifo.lr/nhtra >`ttp7//www.inmikeratms.ifo.lr/nhtras-jh-ousmias/bftmim s-jh-ousmias/bftmimas/shrtabhgf-ifb` as/shrtabhgf-ifb`hiahiaa-`mstfrma-jhsth-rmtof-ousmia a-`mstfrma-jhsth-rmtof-ousmian/2. n/2. Aihssf ho 45 jhz <419. YMNSA, Oarma; YÁ, OA\MA. Ohjf ba imjajh7 uo hstujf jh iasf bf lamrrf ja thrra cmroh ho Lhnío (TA). Mb7 A\EXOHBZXO, v. :, b. <, p. 15: ’ 15: ’ 100, 100, <41<, Smtùrma. Jmspfbïvhn ho > `ttp7//phrmfjmifs.uchs.lr/areuohb `ttp7//phrmfjmifs.uchs.lr/areuohbtuo/artminh/vmhw tuo/artminh/vmhw/94:=2. /94:=2. Aihssf ho 18 fut <419. Z@FOAW, \hbata. \hsuof jf nmvrf A Baturhza Hofimfban ja Oaria jh Gfsí Oartmbs ja Bheùimf Hjmtfra ifo prhcáimf jh Inhohbth Bùlrhea. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.bhwoarkhtmbe.ifo.lr/jf >`ttp7//www.bhwoarkhtmbe.ifo.lr/jfwbnfaj/A% wbnfaj/A%<4baturhza%<4 <4baturhza%<4hofimfban hofimfban%<4ja%<4oa %<4ja%<4oaria ria %<4-%<4\hv.pjc2. Aihssf ho 43 bfv <419. SÁYQXHW, \ut` Thranta. Mjhbtmjajh jh oaria, ehstéf h ifoubmiaåéf. Jmspfbïvhn ho >`ttp7//www.rhvmstafreabmifo.fr >`ttp7//www.rhvmstafreabmifo.fre.lr/smsthoa/mbj e.lr/smsthoa/mbjhx.p`p/freabmif hx.p`p/freabmifo/artminh/vmhw o/artminh/vmhwCmnh/11=/1902. Cmnh/11=/1902. Aihssf ho 41 bfv <419.

=<

ABHPF

=9

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF @FOHBY HBZ\HSMYZAJF 1@ 1. Yhxf ( ) Chombmbf

( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 13 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Hstujabth :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf

( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Ifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Ifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Ifopnhtf

8. Hstajf Imvmn ( P ) Yfnthmrf(a) ( ) Jmvfrimajf(a)

( ) Iasajf(a) ( ) Sm÷vf(a)

3. \hbja Caomnmar ( (

) Ohbfs jh 1 sanármf oïbmof ) atí < sanármf oïbmofs

( P ) 1 sanármf oïbmof o ïbmof ( ) 9 fu oams sanármf oïbmofs

5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Ajmjas 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 @ap =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (

) Ytatus ) Quanmjajh ) Frmembanmjajh

( ) Tfjhr ( ) Ifbcfrtf ( ) Yhbsuanmjajh

=:

( P ) Futrfs

14. Ifbsfoh rípnmia6 Tfr quç6 Quams as vabtaehbs6 ( P ) Ymo

( ) Béf

\7 F prhåf í oams ho ifbta. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (

) Yaifnhmra ) Ifoírimf ) Futrfs

\7 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (

) Jmb`hmrf ) Iartéf ja Nfga ) Futrfs

( P ) Iartéf jh Iríjmtf ( ) Tarihnajf pfr thrihmrf

\7 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( ( (

) Trhåf ) Oaria ) Futrfs

( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Ofja

\7 1:. Quan í f prmbimpan atrmlutf ba `fra `fra ja ifopra6 ( P ) Athbjmohbtf ( ) Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf ( ) Efstf phssfan

( ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( ) Sarmhjajh

\7 Tfrquh sh tmvhr uo athbjmohbtf rumo béf ifoprf.

=8

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF @FOHBY HBZ\HSMYZAJF <@ 1. Yhxf ( ) Chombmbf

( P ) Oasiunmbf





3. \hbja Caomnmar ( ) Ohbfs jh 1 sanármf oïbmof ( P ) atí < sanármf oïbmofs

( (

) 1 sanármf oïbmof ) 9 fu oams sanármf oïbmofs

5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Ohnfjy h Tassajéf =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (


( ) Tfjhr ( P ) Ifbcfrtf ( ) Yhbsuanmjajh

=3

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í laratf h jh lfa quanmjajh. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (







( ) Quanmjajh ( P ) Ofja


\7


=5


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <= abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Aåfueuhmrf :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Tassajéf h Taefjh. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


=0

(

) Futrfs

14. Ifbsfoh rípnmia6 Tfr quç6 Quams as vabtaehbs6 (

) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Béf tho quanmjajh. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (





\7 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( ) Trhåf ( P ) Oaria ( ) Futrfs



\7


==

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF @FOHBY HBZ\HSMYZAJF :@ 1. Yhxf ( ) Chombmbf

( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 << abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Autúbfof :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria jh rfupa rfupa prhchrmja6 \7 Thba 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Hvabeínmif h Hinítmif. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



144

( P ) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í laratf. Oas béf vanh a phba, píssmoa quanmjajh. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (





\7 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( P ) Trhåf ( ) Oaria ( ) Futrfs

( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja

\7 1:. Quan í f prmbimpan atrmlutf ba `fra `fra ja ifopra6 ( ) Athbjmohbtf ( ) Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf ( P ) Efstf phssfan

\7


141


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Auxmnmar jh Hsirmtùrmf :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (

) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf

( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Ifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Ifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Ifopnhtf





( ) 1 sanármf oïbmof ( P ) 9 fu oams sanármf oïbmofs

5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Fvhrhbj 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 ousmian6 \7 Hinítmif, ohbfs rfik. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh

( P ) Tfjhr ( ) Ifbcfrtf ( ) Yhbsuanmjajh

14<

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í laratf. Aparhbthohbth í parhimja, oas ho throf jh quanmjajh béf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (


\7 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( P ) Jmb`hmrf ( ) Iartéf ja Nfga ( ) Futrfs

( (

) Iartéf jh Iríjmtf ) Tarihnajf pfr thrihmrf



\7 1:. Quan í f prmbimpan atrmlutf ba `fra `fra ja ifopra6 ( ( (

\7

) Athbjmohbtf ) Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf ) Efstf phssfan

( P ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( ) Sarmhjajh

149


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <9 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Autúbfof :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Oarhoftf 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 O÷smia \foìbtmia, Ohnfjy, OTL =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


14:

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í laratf. Quash f ohsof oathrman (quanmjajh). 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (

) Nfgas jh rua ) Y`fppmbe ) Mbthrbht

( ) Yaifnhmra ( ) Ifoírimf ( P ) Futrfs

\7 \hprhshbtabth 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( P ) Jmb`hmrf ( ) Iartéf ja Nfga ( ) Futrfs

( (



( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7



148


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 10 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jhshoprheajf :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf





( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Bmkh 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Cubk =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


143

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7Thnas ifbjmåøhs. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (






( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7


145


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Hstujabth :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf





( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Tfp Mbthrbaimfban =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


140

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í oams laratf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (








\7



14=

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF @FOHBY HBZ\HSMYZAJF =@ 1. Yhxf ( ) Chombmbf

( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jhshoprheajf :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (








5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Bmkh 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 @ap =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


114

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í oams laratf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (



( (






\7


( ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( ) Sarmhjajh ( P ) Futrfs

111


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Iflrajfr :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf





( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Ianvmb Knhmb 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Efsphn =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


11<

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (



( (






\7

( ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( ) Sarmhjajh ( ) Futrfs

119


( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jhshoprheajf :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Iflra J‖aeua 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Zhibflrhea =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


11:

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í jh píssmoa quanmjajh 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (









\7


118

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF @FOHBY HBZ\HSMYZAJF 1<@ 1. Yhxf ( ) Chombmbf

( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 << abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Oabuthbåéf jh rhjh :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Fvhrhbj 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Hinítmif =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( P ) Ytatus ( ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


113

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh quho usa í jhsirmombajf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (


\7 Tfr quh a oaria quh hu usf sù tho ná. 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( P ) Jmb`hmrf ( ) Iartéf ja Nfga ( ) Futrfs

( (





\7 1:. Quan í f prmbimpan atrmlutf ba `fra `fra ja ifopra6 ( ) Athbjmohbtf ( ) Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf ( P ) Efstf phssfan

\7


115

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF OXN@H\HY HBZ\HSMYZAJA 1O 1. Yhxf ( P ) Chombmbf

( ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <0 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jmarmsta :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf




3. \hbja Caomnmar ( P ) Ohbfs jh 1 sanármf oïbmof ( ) atí < sanármf oïbmofs

( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Taefjh =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


110

(

) Futrfs

14. Ifbsfoh rípnmia6 Tfr quç6 Quams as vabtaehbs6 ( ) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Béf ai`f nhean. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (



\7 Quanquhr nuear 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (




( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7 Athbjhr lho, sho prhifbihmtf. prhifbihmtf.


11=

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF OXN@H\HY HBZ\HSMYZAJA
( P ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <8 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Autúbfof :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Taefjh h Yhrtabhgf =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (


( ) Tfjhr ( ) Ifbcfrtf ( P ) Yhbsuanmjajh

1<4

(

) Futrfs

14. Ifbsfoh rípnmia6 Tfr quç6 Quams as vabtaehbs6 ( ) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (





( ) Iartéf jh Iríjmtf ( P ) Tarihnajf pfr thrihmrf

\7 \hprhshbtabth 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( ( (




\7


1<1


( ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Shbjhjfra :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 @abjara 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Taefjh. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


1<<

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Béf efsta. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (









\7


1<9

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF OXN@H\HY HBZ\HSMYZAJA :O 1. Yhxf ( P ) Chombmbf

(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 15 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jfba jh Iasa :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Nfius 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Yhrtabhgf. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



1<:

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Béf efsta. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (









\7


1<8


( ) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <4 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Oabmiurh h Ialhnhmrhmra :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tnabht Emrns 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Yhrtabhgf. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( P ) Ytatus ( ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


1<3

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í laratf. Yù pfrquh í laratf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( x ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (









\7


1<5


(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Autúbfof :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 O÷smia \foìbtmia h Hvabeínmia =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



1<0

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7Fu í oaria fu béf í. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (



\7 \hprhshbtabth 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (



\7 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( ) Trhåf ( ) Oaria ( P ) Futrfs

( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja

\7 1:. Quan í f prmbimpan atrmlutf ba `fra `fra ja ifopra6 ( ) Athbjmohbtf ( P ) Cfroas jh Taeaohbtf ( ) Efstf phssfan

\7


1<=


(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Ifrrhtfra :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (








5. Quan a sua oaria jh rfupa rfupa prhchrmja6 \7 Jaoynhr 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Taefjh =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



194

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfr quh í laratf. Oas tho pfuia quanmjajh 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (



( (


\7 19. Catfr quh mbcnuçbima ba hsifnà ja phåa jh vhstuármf ( ) Trhåf ( ) Oaria ( P ) Futrfs

( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7


191


(

) Oasiunmbf






( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Zhibflrhea h Cubk =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



19<

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Tfrquh í oams laratf. A juralmnmjajh béf í a ohsoa. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (


( P ) Yaifnhmra ( ) Ifoírimf ( ) Futrfs





( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7


199

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF OXN@H\HY HBZ\HSMYZAJA =O 1. Yhxf ( P ) Chombmbf

(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <: abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Fphrajfra jh Iamxa :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ( (








5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Tassajéf, Yhrtabhgf, Taefjh h \foìbtmif. =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


19:

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Oumtf cansf. Béf i`hea phrtf jf frmemban. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (










\7


( ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( P ) Sarmhjajh ( ) Futrfs

198


(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 94 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Ifzmb`hmra :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Hinítmia =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ) Ytatus ( P ) Quanmjajh ( ) Frmembanmjajh


193

(

) Futrfs


( ) Béf

\7 Í oams laratf. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( P ) Nfgas jh rua ( ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (









\7


195


(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 10 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Jhshoprheaja :. Hsifnarmjajh ( P ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf


8. Hstajf Imvmn ( (

) Yfnthmrf(a) ) Jmvfrimajf(a)

( P ) Iasajf(a) ( ) Sm÷vf(a)


( (


5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Cubk =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (



190

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ) Nfgas jh rua ( P ) Y`fppmbe ( ) Mbthrbht

( ( (






( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7


( P ) Ohn`fr Trhåf ( ) Sarmhjajh ( ) Futrfs

19=

QXHYZMFBÁ\MF OXN@H\HY HBZ\HSMYZAJA 1
(

) Oasiunmbf

<. Mjajh \7 <3 abfs 9. Trfcmsséf / fiupaåéf atuan \7 Hstujabth :. Hsifnarmjajh ( ) Hbsmbf Cubjaohbtan Mbifopnhtf ( P ) Hbsmbf Oíjmf Mbifopnhtf ( ) Hbsmbf Yuphrmfr Mbifopnhtf







5. Quan a sua oaria oaria jh rfupa prhchrmja6 prhchrmja6 \7 Tmtlunn 0. Quan f shu hstmnf ousmian6 \7 Ohnfjy h Taefjh =. F quh hsta oaria rhprhshbta6 ( ( (


( ) Tfjhr ( ) Ifbcfrtf ( P ) Yhbsuanmjajh

1:4

(

) Futrfs


) Ymo

( P ) Béf

\7 Jhsvanfrmza. Béf Efstf, béf í a ohsoa ifmsa. 11. Nfian fbjh vfiç ifopra as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (



\7 Tfr quh a oaria quh hu usf sù tho ná. 1<. Quan a prmbimpan cfroa jh paeaohbtf utmnmzaja para ifoprar as rfupas jh oarias6 ( ( (




( (

) Quanmjajh ) Ofja


\7


O poder do vestir: marca e consumidor de baixa renda

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