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Noam Chomsky 组员：毛景慧 王芳林 陈剑铭 徐瑾 洪魏 王秋实
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Contents
1
Who was Noam Chomsky
2
His social and political views
3
Some of the criticisms of the American media in his books
4
What are his "five filters "of the media?
Part 1 Who
was Noam Chomsky? three two one
Noam Chomsky's biography
Noam Chomsky's contribution to linguistics
Noam Chomsky's contribution to psychology
Noam Chomsky
Dr. Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is a professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and creator of the Chomsky hierarchy, a classification of formal languages.
Outside of his linguistic work,Chomsky is also widely known for his left-wing political views, in paticular his criticism of the foreign policy of United States governments. governments.
Biography
Chomsky was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Hebrew scholar William Chomsky. Starting in 1945, he studied philosophy and linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania, learning from Zellig Harris, a professor of linguistics l inguistics with whose political views he identifed with.
Receiving his Ph.D. in linguistics from Penn State in 1955, Chomsky had conducted most of his research the previous four years at Harvard University as University as a Harvard Junior Fellow. In his doctoral thesis, he began to develop some of his linguistic ideas, elaborating on them in his 1957 book Syntactic Structures, perhaps his best known work in linguistic field.
Biography
After receiving his doctorate, Chomsky taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 19 years, reciving the first award from the Ferrari P. Ward Chair of Modern Languages and linguistics. It was during this time that Chomsky became more publicly engaged in politics, arguing against American involvement in the Vietnam War from around 1964.
In 1969, Chomsky published American Power and the New Mandarins,, a book of essays also on the Vietnam War. Mandarins Since that time, Chomsky has become well known for his political views, views, speaking on politics all over the world, and writing several other books on the subject. His beliefs, broadly classified as libertarian socialism, have earned him both a large following among the left, as well as many detractors on all sides of the political spectrum. He has continued to write and teach on linguistics also.
Contributions Contribution s to linguistics
Syntactic Structures was a distillation of his book Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory (1955,75) Theory (1955,75) in which he introduces transformational grammars.
The theory takes utterances (words, phrases, and sentences) to correspond to abstract "surface structures," which in turn correspond to more abstract "deep structures. structures."" (The hard and fast distinction between surface and deep structure is absent in current versions of the theory.)
Contributions Contribution s to linguistics
Recent theories of Chomsky's (such as his Minimalist Program) make strong claims regarding universal grammar — that the grammatical principles underlying languages are completely fixed and innate, and the differences among the world's languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain (such as the pro-drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in English, or can be optionally dropped, as in Spanish) , which are often likened to switches. (Hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach.)
Chomsky's ideas have had a strong influence on researchers investigating language development in children, but most researchers who work in this area do not support Chomsky's theories, often preferring emergentist or connectionist theories based around general processing mechanisms in the brain. However, this is true of researchers in almost any branch of linguistics, and there is ongoing work on language acquisition from a Chomskyan perspective.
Contributions to psychology
Chomsky's work in linguistics has had major implications for psychology and its fundamental direction in the 20th century. His theory of a universal grammar was a direct challenge to the established behaviorist theories of the time and had major consequences for understanding how language is learned by children and what, exactly, is the ability to interpret language.
The more basic principles of this theory (though not necessarily the stronger claims made by the principles and parameters approach described above) are now
generally accepted.
Contributions to psychology
In 1959, Chomsky published a long-circulated critique of B.F. of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior , a book in which the leader of the behaviorist psychologists that had dominated psychology in the first half of the 20th century argued that language was merely a "behavior."
Skinner argued that language, like any other behavior — from a dog salivating in anticipation of dinner, to a master pianist performance — could be attributed to "training by reward and penalty over time." Language, according according to Skinner, was completly learned by cues and conditioning from the world around the language-learner.
Contributions to psychology
Finally, Chomsky made the concept of " modularity" a critical feature of the mind's cognitive architecture. The mind is composed of an array of interacting, specialized subsystems with limited flows of inter-communication. This model contrasts sharply with the old idea that any piece of information in the mind could be accessed by any other cognitive process (optical illusions, for example, cannot be "turned off" even when they are known to be illusions) .
The 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, Niels K. Jerne, used Chomsky's generative model to explain the human immune system, equating "components of a generative grammar ... with various features of protein structures". The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel lecture was "The Generative Grammar of the Immune System".
Part 2 His social and political views
His social views
His political views
Views on socialism
Chomsky is deeply opposed to the system of "corporate state capitalism" practiced by the United States and its allies.
He supports the Mikhail Bakunin view of socialism, requiring economic freedom in addition to the "control of production by the workers themselves, not owners and managers who rule them and control all decisions." He refers to this as "real socialism", and describes Soviet-style socialism as similar in terms of "totalitarian controls" to the US-style capitalism —each is a system based in types and levels of control, rather than in organization or efficiency.
Views on socialism
Chomsky has illuminated Bakunin's comments on the totalitarian state as predictions for the brutal Soviet police state that would come. He echoes Bakunin's statement statement "...after a year" "the revolutionary will become worse than the czar himself," which expands upon the idea that the tyrannical Soviet state was simply a natural growth from the Bolshevik ideology of state control.
He has also termed Soviet communism as "fake socialism," and said that contrary to what many in the United States claim, the collapse of the Soviet Union should be regarded "a small victory for socialism," not capitalism.
Views on socialism
In For Reasons of State Chomsky advocates that instead of a capitalist system in which people are " wage slaves" or an authoritarian system in which decisions are made by a centralized committee, a society could function with no paid labor.
He argues that a nation's populace should be free to pursue jobs of their choosing. People will be free to do as they like, and the work they voluntarily choose will be both "rewarding in itself" and "socially useful." Society would be run under a system of peaceful anarchism, with no "state" or "government" institutions.
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Part 3
What are some of the criticisms of the American media in his books such as Manufacturing Consent?
Part 3
Chomsky's criticisms has been an analysis of mainstream media ,especially in the United States, its structures and constraints, and its role in supporting big business and government interests.
Unlike totalitarian systems, where physical force can be readily used to coerce the general population, democratic societies like the US can only make use of non-violent means of control.
Part 3
In an often-quoted remark, Chomsky states that "propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state."
His book Manufacturin Manufacturing g Consent -- The Political Economy of the Mass Media, co-authored with Edward S. Herman, explores this topic in depth, and presents the theory behind the analysis incorporated in subsequent work .
Part 3
In his opinion, In the capitalist democratic society conditions, mainstream media was trapped in ownership, supervisor mode, the interests of advertisers and the authority of the government information source ,and so on.
What’s more, he not only doubt media inhibition the people, don't let them know the actual situation, he is even doubt media "extended" the cold war. Decent intellectuals and media responsibility is to hide the pentagon subsidies to the high-tech industrial way, to force people to provide benefits to the rich man. Chomsky even think that media is in essence against democracy.
Part 3
Also,he
thinks the media in America have some deep operation mechanism,which is known as’five filters’.He thinks most event, which is ready to be broadcasted, should through the ‘five filters’.
Part 4 "Five filters "of the media advertising
B
contemporary media
A
C
news source
Five filters
anti-communist ideology
E
D
shell and enforcement
Part 4 1
contemporary media
The first filter is refers to that the contemporary media management needs large investment resulting in the media the centralization of control. Chomsky and Herman's for first filter argument is based on the James crane and Jean Seaton 's research on the basis of the research on the British media. They found that in 19 century century,, Britain published some newspaper for the of the country's working class as the readers. The British government and parliament through various means to such newspapers out of the media industry,, they use defamation law for these newspapers accused, industry increase the such newspapers tax to increase its production cost, but are not effective. However the market success did state intervention has not been able to complete tasks.
part 4 2
Advertising
The second filter is advertising. Chomsky realize, advertising as a powerful mechanism was how to effectively weaken the working class newspaper. Popular in advertising, before the price of the newspaper in accordance with the business operating costs and decide. With the development of advertising to attract advertisers newspaper may have less than production cost pricing. Advertising based system will often make just rely on the sales commercial media marginalized or disappear. The advertising, the free market will not produce a final decision by the purchaser of the neutral system. Advertisers will affect the choice of the rise and fall of the media.
part 4 3
news source
The third kind of filter is news source. Chomsky points out, "the mass media is economic need and mutual interests brought into a source and power between organic relationship." The media need to stable and reliable news material flow, they now need daily news, they can't afford to pay to bear the reporters and photographers appeared news is present.
For the United States national media is concerned, this is mainly refers to the pentagon, the state council, and the White House, and so on, and to local media local city hall and the police station has become the most can move the reporter's place. On the other hand, the media in order to maintain its objective image.
part 4 4
Shell and enforcement
The fourth filter is shell and enforcement. cannon refers to the media program or comment on the reverse side of the response. This response may be letters, telegraph, telephone, petition or congressional bills and other forms of complaints, threats and punishment and so on.
Media is concerned, if the shell was big, so the media will cost a lot of resources to withdraw, advertising chamber of commerce sponsored, individual and small media fundamental cannot afford the cost. A threatening cannon is closely related with the power. From powerful cannon some are direct, some is indirect.
part 4 5
Anti-communist ideology
The 5th kind of filter is the anti-communist ideology as a control mechanism, Chomsky called America's church.the communist threat to the foundations of the bourgeoisie and the position, so it become intertwined haves heart ghost. The anti-communist this ideology can be used to oppose any threat to property rights, or used to protest and communist country or radical harmonic people.
The media usually to all different already opinion with communist tag to rejection. Chomsky called "reverse communist ideology", namely the media at home and abroad any threat to property interest.
part 4
Through these five filters, the point of view of elite smoothly in the mainstream media communication, communicat ion, and dissidents point of view is effectively removed.
All this without the intervention of the rough, it's very natural that most people, including journalists themselves themselves that the news media selection and interpretation are objective, in fact, these factors have internalized to reporter and editor of the mind.
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