PERFORMANCE, FABRI FA BRICATION CATION AND ANALY ANALYSIS SIS OF SOLAR DESALINATION SYSTEM USING PV PANELS
UNDER GUIDANCE OF ER. SK SINGH SCIENTIST “F” DIRECTOR, NISE, GURGAON
SUBMITTED BY: VISMAY PARMAR B.TECH (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
“Performance, Fabrca!on an" Ana#$%% Of So#ar De%a#na!on %$%!em &%n' PV Pane#%( For partial completion of B.Tech B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering At Delhi Technological Unier!it"
Un#er g$i#ance of Er. S.% Singh
Scienti!t &'F() S&bm!!e" b$)
*i!ma" Parmar. St$#ent+ B.Tech B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering Delhi Technological Unier!it" Delhi. D&ra!on of !rann') * r" +&ne, -./ !o 0 !1 +&#$, -./
NATIONA, I NSTITUTE OF SO,AR E NERGGal Pahari+ G$rgaon /ar"ana+ INDIA
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AC2NO3LEDGEMENT
T1% re4or! % %&mmar$ of m$ n!ern%14 a! NISE, G&r'aon5 M$ %&cce%%f&# com4#e!on of e'1! 6ee7 n!ern%14 a! NISE 6o&#" no! be 4o%%b#e 6!1o&! 1e#4 from n&mber of 4eo4#e5 I !a7e !1% o44or!&n!$ !o ac7no6#e"'e !1em5 Fr%! an" foremo%!, I 6o&#" #7e !o !1an7 Er5 S 2 Sn'1, Scen!%! “F(, NISE8 61o !oo7 !me from 1% b&%$ %c1e"&#e !o '9e me o44or!&n!$ !o 6or7 &n"er 1% '&"ance a! one of !1e mo%! 4oneern' re%earc1 n%!!&!e5 D&rn' m$ n!ern%14, I 1a9e 'ane" ne6 n%'1!% abo&! %o#ar !1erma# ener'$ !ec1no#o'e% from 1m5 I 6o&#" a#%o !1an7 Mr% An:& Sn'1 an" Mr5 Uma7an! Sa1&, 61o % com4#e!n' 1% P1D a! NISE8 !o 1e#4 me con"&c! e;4ermen!% an" for !1er con%!an! mo!9a!on an" %&44or! !o %&cce%%f&##$ com4#e!e m$ n!ern%14 1ere5 T1% n!ern%14 % 4erce9e" a% a b' m#e%!one n m$ career an" I 1o4e !o a44#$ m$ %7##% an" 7no6#e"'e #earn! 1ere !o6ar"% m$ 'oa#%5 T1an7 $o&5 Sncere#$,
*i!ma" Parmar. St$#ent+ B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering Delhi Technological Unier!it".
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TITLE
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AC2NO3LEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
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SOLAR TEC
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.5.
SOLAR T
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.5
TYPES OF SOLAR T
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.55.
Flat Plate 0ollector &FP0)
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.55
Eac$ate# T$1$lar 0ollector &ET0)
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.55*
Para1olic Tro$gh 0ollector &PT0)
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.550
Para1olic Di!h 0ollector &PD0)
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,inear Fre!nel Reflector! &,FR!)
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.5*
SOLAR PV TEC
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Principal of P*
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.5*5
0ommerciall" $!e# P* technologie!
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.5*5*
T"pe! of P* S"!tem
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E2$ialent electrical circ$it of P* !"!tem
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STUDY OF SOLAR TRIPLE EFFECT VAM
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3ATER DISTILLATION SYSTEM USING PV PANELS
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*5.
De!cription of P* 3ater Di!tillation S"!tem
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*5
S"!tem Specification!
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*5*
Mea!$ring In!tr$ment!
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*50
S"!tem Operation
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Data collection an# Anal"!i!
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*5=
0oncl$!ion
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REFERENCE
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INTRODU0TION The !$n i! an enormo$! !phere of e4tremel" hot ga!eo$! mater an# it i! !it$ate# a1o$t 5.67 5855m aa" from the earth. It i! 5.9:7 58: m in #iameter &a1o$t 58: time! the earth)+ an# it contin$o$!l" generating heat 1" thermon$clear f$!ion reaction+ fo$r h"#rogen atom! &i.e. fo$r proton) com1ine to form one heli$m atom. The ma!! of one heli$m atom i! le!! than that of the com1ine ma!! of fo$r proton!. Thi! lo!! in ma!! in reaction i! conerte# into energ" an# that i! ;non a! Solar Energ". It i! e!timate# that a1o$t :8 < of energ" i! pro#$ce# in the interior region! hich i! ithin =9 < of the !$n(! ra#i$!+ an# that contain! >8 < of the ma!! of the S$n. Thi! energ" i! ra#iate# from the !$rface of the !$n in all #irection+ an# a er" !mall fraction of it! reache# the earth. Solar energ" i! con!i#ere# to 1e the pre#ominant !o$rce of all form! of energ" on the earth. Almo!t eer" part of the earth receie! !ome amo$nt of !olar energ". The $neen heating of the air i! #$e to !olar ra#iation poer of the in#. /eating of the air al!o infl$ence! of glo1al eaporation an# precipitation proce!!. Een the energ" in fo!!il f$el i! act$all" !olar energ" that a! fir!t !tore# a! chemical energ" in 1io?ma!! an# tran!forme# into coal+ oil or ga! oer million! of "ear! ago. The energ" collecte# 1" 5 m= of !olar collector in a #a" i! appro4imatel" e2$al to that relea!e 1" 1$rning 5 ;g coal or e can !a" 1$rning of 8.6 litre! of ;ero!ene. Th$! the !olar energ" i! a #il$te !o$rce an# large area! are nee#e# for it! collection. Man ha! 1een harne!!ing the !$n(! energ" an# $!ing it to meet energ" re2$irement! for age!. Solar energ" receie# on the earth in the form of heat an# light can 1e harne!!e# to !$ppl" thermal a! ell a! electrical energ". On the 1a!i! of $tili@ation pattern+ technolog" to harne!! !olar energ" can 1e #ii#e# into to a! !een in fig.5
5. SO,AR TE0/NO,OGIES 5.5 Solar Thermal Technolog" Solar thermal technolog" $!e! a !olar collector to collect !olar thermal energ" an# tran!fer it to the fl$i# or air to 1e heate#. The #ifferent t"pe! of !olar collector! incl$#e the Eac$ate# T$1$lar 0ollector &ET0)+ Flat Plate 0ollector &FP0)+ 0ompo$n# Para1olic 0oncentrator &0P0)+ Para1olic Tro$gh 0ollector &PT0) an# ,inear Fre!nel Reflector &,FR). Solar thermal technolog" can 1e $!e# for !$ppl"ing thermal energ" an# for generating electricit". Application! of !olar thermal technolog" incl$#e Solar 0oo;ing+ !olar ater an# !pace heating+ !olar proce!!
P a g ! 6 heating for in#$!trial application!+ !olar #r"ing+ !olar refrigeration an# air con#itioning+ !olar pa!!ie architect$re+ !olar #e!alination an# !olar thermal poer generation.
5.= T"pe! of Solar Thermal Technologie! 5.=.5 Flat Plate Solar 0ollector! &FP0!) Flat?plate collector!+ #eelope# 1" /ottel an# 3hillier in the 5:68!+ are the mo!t common t"pe. The" con!i!t of &5) a #ar; flat?plate a1!or1er+ &=) a tran!parent coer that re#$ce! heat lo!!e!+ &9) a heat?tran!port fl$i# &air+ antifree@e or ater) to remoe heat from the a1!or1er+ an# &>) a heat in!$lating 1ac;ing. The a1!or1er con!i!t! of a thin a1!or1er !heet &of thermall" !ta1le pol"mer!+ al$mini$m+ !teel or copper+ to hich a matte 1lac; or !electie coating i! applie#) often 1ac;e# 1" a gri# or coil of fl$i# t$1ing place# in an in!$late# ca!ing ith a gla!! or pol"car1onate coer. In ater heat panel!+ fl$i# i! $!$all" circ$late# thro$gh t$1ing to tran!fer heat from the a1!or1er to an in!$late# ater tan;. Thi! ma" 1e achiee# #irectl" or thro$gh a heat e4changer.
Fig$re = Flat Plate 0ollector! 5.=.= Eac$ate# T$1$lar 0ollector &ET0!) Eac$ate# heat pipe t$1e! &E/PT!) are compo!e# of m$ltiple eac$ate# gla!! t$1e! each containing an a1!or1er plate f$!e# to a heat pipe. The heat i! tran!ferre# to the tran!fer fl$i# &ater or an antifree@e mi4Ct"picall" prop"lene gl"col) of a #ome!tic hot ater or h"#ronic !pace heating !"!tem in a heat e4changer calle# a manifol#. The manifol# i! rappe# in in!$lation an# coere# 1" a protectie !heet metal or pla!tic ca!e. The ac$$m in!i#e of the eac$ate# t$1e collector! hae 1een proen to la!t more than =6 "ear!+ the reflectie coating for the #e!ign i! encap!$late# in the ac$$m in!i#e of the t$1e+ hich ill not #egra#e $ntil the ac$$m i! lo!t. The ac$$m that !$rro$n#! the o$t!i#e of the t$1e greatl" re#$ce! conection an# con#$ction heat lo!!+ therefore achieing greater efficienc" than flat?plate collector!+ e!peciall" in col#er con#ition!. Thi! a#antage i! largel" lo!t in armer climate!+ e4cept in tho!e ca!e! here er" hot ater i! #e!ira1le+ e.g.+ for commercial proce!!e!. The high temperat$re! that can occ$r ma" re2$ire !pecial #e!ign to preent oerheating.
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Fig$re 9 Eac$ate# t$1$lar collector!
5.=.9 Para1olic Tro$gh 0ollector &PT0!) Para1olic tro$gh!+ #i!he! an# toer! #e!cri1e# in thi! !ection are $!e# almo!t e4cl$!iel" in !olar poer generating !tation! or for re!earch p$rpo!e!. Altho$gh !imple+ the!e !olar concentrator! are 2$ite far from the theoretical ma4im$m concentration. For e4ample+ the para1olic tro$gh concentration i! a1o$t 59 of the theoretical ma4im$m for the !ame acceptance angle+ that i!+ for the !ame oerall tolerance! for the !"!tem. Approaching the theoretical ma4im$m ma" 1e achiee# 1" $!ing more ela1orate concentrator! 1a!e# on non?imaging optic!. Solar thermal collector! ma" al!o 1e $!e# in con$nction ith photooltaic collector! to o1tain com1ine# heat an# poer.
Fig$re > Para1olic Tro$gh 0ollector!
5.=.> Para1olic Di!h 0ollector 3ith a para1olic #i!h collector+ one or more para1olic #i!he! concentrate !olar energ" at a !ingle focal point+ !imilar to the a" a! reflecting tele!cope foc$!e! !tarlight+ or a #i!h antenna foc$!e! ra#io ae!. Thi! geometr" ma" 1e $!e# in !olar f$rnace! an# !olar poer plant!. The !hape of a para1ola mean! that incoming light ra"! hich are parallel to the #i!h! a4i! ill 1e reflecte# toar# the foc$!+ no matter here on the #i!h the" arrie. ,ight from the !$n arrie! at the Earth! !$rface almo!t completel" parallel. So the #i!h i! aligne# ith it! a4i! pointing at the !$n+ alloing almo!t all incoming ra#iation to 1e reflecte# toar#! the focal point of the #i!h. Mo!t lo!!e! in !$ch collector! are #$e to imperfection! in the para1olic
P a g ! 8 !hape an# imperfect reflection. ,o!!e! #$e to atmo!pheric !cattering are generall" minimal. /oeer on a ha@" or fogg" #a"+ light i! #iff$!e# in all #irection! thro$gh the atmo!phere+ hich re#$ce! the efficienc" of a para1olic #i!h !ignificantl". In #i!h Stirling poer plant #e!ign!+ a Stirling engine co$ple# to a #"namo+ i! place# at the foc$! of the #i!h. Thi! a1!or1! the energ" foc$!e# onto it an# conert! it into electricit".
Fig$re 6 Para1olic Di!h 0ollector
5.=.6 ,inear Fre!nel Reflector &,FRS) ,inear Fre!nel reflector! $!e long+ thin !egment! of mirror! to foc$! !$nlight onto a fi4e# a1!or1er locate# at a common focal point of the reflector!. The!e mirror! are capa1le of concentrating the !$n(! energ" to appro4imatel" 98 time! it! normal inten!it". Thi! concentrate# energ" i! tran!ferre# thro$gh the a1!or1er into !ome thermal fl$i# &thi! i! t"picall" oil capa1le of maintaining li2$i# !tate at er" high temperat$re!). The fl$i# then goe! thro$gh a heat e4changer to poer a !team generator. A! oppo!e# to tra#itional ,FR(!+ the concentrating linear Fre!nel reflector &0,FR) $tili@e! m$ltiple a1!or1er! ithin the icinit" of the mirror!.
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Fig$re H Fiel# ie of ,inear Fre!nel Reflector!
5.9 Solar Photooltaic Technolog" Solar Photooltaic i! a !emicon#$ctor 1a!e# technolog" $!e# to conert !olar ra#iation #irectl" into electricit" $!ing a !olar cell. A !olar cell i! !emi?con#$cting #eice+ hich hen e4po!e# to !$nlight generate! electricit". Solar cell! are ma#e of !ilicon. The magnit$#e of the electric c$rrent generate# i! #epen#ent on man" factor!. The!e incl$#e inten!it" of ra#iation+ e4po!e# area of the cell an# the t"pe of material $!e# in ma;ing the cell. Solar cell can 1e con#$cte# in !erie! or parallel to form mo#$le! to o1tain the #e!ire# poer. A 1a!ic SP* !"!tem compri!e! of the 1alance of !"!tem! an# P* mo#$le!. The electricit" generate# can 1e $!e# for lighting+ ater p$mping+ comm$nication! an# poer !$ppl".
5.9.5 PRIN0IP,E OF P* Photooltaic cell!+ al!o ;non a! P* or Solar 0ell!+ are man$fact$re# from !emicon#$ctor material !$ch a! !ilicon. The photooltaic effect i! the principle 1" hich photooltaic panel! conert !olar ra#iation into electricit". The proce!! of !olar coner!ion or;! a! follo! &i) hen light !tri;e! the cell+ a !pecific portion or J1an#K of light ae i! a1!or1e# 1" the material &ii) that !olar energ" ca$!e! the !emicon#$ctor material to relea!e electron an# &iii) the !emicon#$ctor material i! po!itione# ithin an electrical fiel# 1" $!ing negatiel" an# po!itiel" charge# !ilicon &n?t"pe an# p?t"pe)+ !o that all electron! !et JfreeK from the material are force# to flo?generating electrical c$rrent.
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Fig$re L 3or;ing principal of photooltaic cell
5.9.= 0ommerciall" $!e# P* technologie! There are to lea#ing man$fact$re# !olar photooltaic &P*) technologie! in commercial $!e to#a"+ cr"!talline !ilicon P* an# thin?film P*. The a!t maorit" of !olar mo#$le #eman# come! from cr"!talline !ilicon &8<) ith thin?film ma;ing $p the 1alance. Since =88+ thin?film ha! gaine# gro$n# on cr"!talline !ilicon largel" #$e to the higher man$fact$ring co!t! a!!ociate# ith cr"!talline !ilicon P*.
5.9.=.5 0r"!talline !ilicon P* &0?Si) 0?Si cell! ere fir!t commerciali@e# 1" Bell ,a1! in 5:68!. The" are ma#e 1" !licing high p$rit" !ilicon into thin afer! ith the thic;ne!! of h$man hair. 0r"!talline cell! are cla!!ifie# a! mono?cr"!talline !ilicon an# m$lti?cr"!talline !ilicon 1a!e# on the t"pe of cr"!tal! $!e# for ma;ing of afer.
5.9.=.= Mono?cr"!talline !ilicon &Mono 0?Si) Mono?cr"!talline !ilicon !olar mo#$le! are the or;hor!e of !olar in#$!tr". The" are e4tremel" #$ra1le an# hae the highe!t commercial poer coner!ion efficienc". SingleMono?cr"!talline !ilicon ha! a! or#ere# cr"!talline !tr$ct$re+ ith each atom+ i#eall" l"ing in a pre#etermine# po!ition. The!e cell! are ma#e from er" p$re mono?cr"!talline !ilicon. Thi! cr"!tal i! c$t into afer! ro$ghl" 8.=mm thic; 1efore the afer! are chemicall" treate# an# electrical content! a##e#. The fact that the" are c$t from a !ingle cr"!tal mean! that the" are highl" efficient+ ith mo#$le! in pro#$ction conerting $p to 56?=8< of energ" from the !$n into electricit" an# te!t mo#el! $pto =>.><. Ma4 cell efficienc" te!te# a! 5.>< of mono?cr"!talline !ilicon cell!.
5.9.=.= M$lti?cr"!talline !ilicon &M$lti 0?Si) M$lti cr"!talline !olar mo#$le! are ma#e from a 1loc; of !ilicon that contain! m$ltiple cr"!tal!. Techni2$e! for the pro#$ction of m$lti cr"!talline !ilicon are !impler+ an# therefore cheaper than tho!e re2$ire# for !ingle cr"!tal material. S$ch m$lti cr"!talline material i! i#el" $!e# for commercial !olar cell pro#$ction. Efficienc" of m$lti cr"!talline cell i! =8.> 8.6<. The ma4 efficienc" of m$lti?cr"!talline !ilicon cell o1!ere# i! 5L.:<.
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5.9.9 T"pe! of P* S"!tem 5.9.9.5 Stan#?alone P* !"!tem Stan#?alone P* !"!tem! are $!e# in area! that are not ea!il" acce!!i1le or hae no acce!! to an electric gri#. A !tan#?alone !"!tem i! in#epen#ent of the electricit" gri#+ ith the energ" pro#$ce# normall" 1eing !tore# in 1atterie!. A t"pical !tan#?alone !"!tem o$l# con!i!t of a P* mo#$le or mo#$le!+ 1atterie!+ an# a charge controller. An inerter ma" al!o 1e incl$#e# in the !"!tem to conert the #irect c$rrent generate# 1" the P* mo#$le! to the alternating c$rrent form re2$ire# 1" normal appliance!. A! can 1e !een+ the !"!tem can !ati!f" 1oth #c an# ac loa#! !im$ltaneo$!l".
F'&re ? Sc1ema!c "a'ram of S!an"a#one PV %$%!em
5.9.9.= SP* /"1ri# !"!tem In the h"1ri#?connecte# !"!tem+ more than one t"pe of electricit" generator i! emplo"e#. The !econ# t"pe of electricit" generator can 1e renea1le+ !$ch a! a in# t$r1ine+ or conentional+ !$ch a! a #ie!el engine generator or the $tilit" gri#. The #ie!el engine generator can al!o 1e a renea1le !o$rce of electricit" hen the #ie!el engine i! fe# ith 1io?f$el!.
F'&re @) Sc1ema!c "a'ram of SPV <$br" %$%!em
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5.9.> EUI*A,ENT E,E0TRI0A, 0IR0UIT OF P* S-STEM
F'&re .-) E&9a#en! e#ec!rca# crc&! of PV 4ane#
=. STUD- OF SO,AR PO3ERED TRIP,E EFFE0T *APOUR ABSORPTION MA0/INE A1!orption chiller! are the mo!t i#el" $!e# chiller! thro$gho$t the orl#. A thermal compre!!ion of the refrigerant i! achiee# 1" $!ing a li2$i# refrigerant!or1ent !ol$tion an# a heat !o$rce+ there1" replacing the electric poer con!$mption of a mechanical compre!!or. In or#er to increa!e the 0OP+ *AM! hae 1een #eelope# ith #o$1le effect an# triple effect a1!orption c"cle! hich re2$ire higher #egree of heat to operate at that efficienc". In the!e machine! the refrigerant in the form of li2$i# i! mi4e# $p in the a1!or1ent hich i! !eparate# o$t $!ing thermal heat in the form of apor hich i! f$rther con#en!e# an# e4pan#e# to get the #e!ire# temperat$re for a partic$lar application. The refrigerant $!e# in the!e machine! #epen#! on the re2$irement of temperat$re for a partic$lar application. For e4ample+ ,iBr?3ater com1ination i! generall" 1eing $!e# in *AM!. For application! here temperat$re re2$irement are le!!+ to !tore peri!ha1le foo# pro#$ct!+ generall" 1eteen ?=8o0 an# >o0+ ammonia i! 1eing $!e# a! the refrigerant ho!e free@ing temperat$re i! m$ch 1elo the re2$ire# temperat$re for cooling.
P a g ! 13 Single effect The fo$r container! in the !ingle effect apor a1!orption !"!tem+ !heltering the fo$r !tep! are Genera!or, Con"en%er, E9a4ora!or an" Ab%orber5 The ,iBr !ol$tion i! containe# in the generator. The inp$t heat from the !olar fiel# heat! thi! !ol$tion. D$e to high pre!!$re an# pre!ence of ,iBr+ 1oiling point of ater increa!e!+ th$! the !team o1taine# i! !$per heate# !team hich i! alloe# to pa!! to the con#en!er. In the con#en!er+ the !$per heate# !team con#en!e! an# the heat i! tran!ferre# to the incoming ater at mo#erate temperat$re. The o$tgoing hot ater i! $!e# a! proce!! heat. The pre!!$re in the generator i! #eci#e# 1" the incoming o$tgoing temperat$re of ater in the con#en!er.
The con#en!e# ater i! then alloe# to enter the eaporator here pre!!$re i! ;ept er" lo. At !$ch a lo pre!!$re+ the con#en!e# ater !$##enl" eaporate! #$e to lo 1oiling point. The latent heat of apori@ation i! o1taine# from the col# inp$t ater. The chille# ater !o o1taine# i! $!e# for cooling p$rpo!e!. The apor from the eaporator goe! to the a1!or1er here concentrate# ,iBr !ol$tion from the generator i! #rippe#. The apor get! a1!or1e# in the !ol$tion .It 1eing an e4othermic reaction+ relea!e! heat hich i! then a1!or1e# 1" floing ater an# i! $!e# for ario$! proce!!e!. The hot concentrate# ,iBr !ol$tion 1eing pa!!e# to the a1!or1er i! cro!! floe# ith the nel" o1taine# ,iBr !ol$tion going into generator for heat e4change. Ma4im$m concentration of ,iBr that can 1e $!e# i! H6<. Double effect The #e!ire for higher efficienc" re!$lte# in the #eelopment of #o$1le?effect ,iBr/ =O !"!tem!. In thi! !"!tem+ there are to con#en!er! an# to generator! to allo for more refrigerant 1oil?off from the a1!or1ent !ol$tion. The higher temperat$re generator $!e! the e4ternall" !$pplie# !team to 1oil the refrigerant from the ea; a1!or1ent. The refrigerant apor from the high temperat$re generator i! con#en!e# an# the heat relea!e# i! $!e# to heat the lo temperat$re generator. A high pre!!$re generator gie! a primar" effect an# a lo pre!!$re generator a !econ#ar" effect+ th$! 1eing calle# a #o$1le effect. Therefore+ a #o$1le effect c"cle re2$ire! loer heat inp$t to pro#$ce the !ame cooling effect+ hen compare# to a !ingle effect !"!tem. Therefore+ a #o$1le effect !"!tem re!$lt! in high al$e of 0OP.
Triple effect For f$rther increa!e in efficienc"+ triple effect !"!tem a! #eelope#. In thi! !"!tem+ there are three generator! an# three con#en!er!. The efficienc" of thi! !"!tem i! higher+ an# !ometime! reache! that of electrical chiller!.
P a g ! 14 The refrigerant apor from the high an# me#i$m temperat$re generator! i! con#en!e# an# the heat i! $!e# to proi#e heat to the ne4t loer temperat$re generator. The refrigerant from all the three con#en!er! flo to an eaporator here it a1!or1! more heat.
Tr4#e effec! So#ar Coo#n' S$%!em a! So#ar Ener'$ Cen!re
Specifications /eat !o$rce /ot ater from !olar collector! /ot ater temperat$re =58Q0 0ooling capacit" 588 ;3 0hille# ater Temperat$re 5= L Deg 0. 0ooling ater inlet Temperat$re 9= Deg 0 0OP of cooling !"!tem 5.L Thermal !torage 0hille# ater /ot ater P0M for !hort #$ration The !"!tem con!i!t! of a high efficienc" three !tage *apor A1!orption Machine &*AM) 1a!e# on ,iBr c"cle ith coefficient of performance 5.L+ !$ita1le me#i$m temperat$re !olar concentrating collector! an# appropriate !torage !"!tem. =m= para1olic tro$gh collector! &PT0) proi#e pre!!$ri@e# ater at =58 o0 temperat$re. Thi! heat i! $!e# in *AM to generate L o0 chille# ater+ hich in t$rn i! circ$late# thro$gh the Fan 0oil Unit in!talle# in 59 room! to 1e coole#. Al!o+ there i! effectie !olar thermal energ" !torage in the form of Pha!e 0hange Material &P0M). In inter+ the !olar heate# ater+ in!tea# of p$!hing thro$gh the *AM+ i! circ$late# thro$gh the F0U to proi#e cooling.
P a g ! 15
Generator The generator in the Triple Effect *apor A1!orption Machine in!talle# in Solar Energ" 0entre+ i! a three cham1er !"!tem. The" hae ,iBr !ol$tion in hich ,iBr act! a! the a1!or1ent an# ater a! the refrigerant. The thermic fl$i# & VP.)+ coming from !olar fiel#+ heat! the high temperat$re generator at the temperat$re of =58o0. The !ol$tion &concentration 6868) 1oil! at a higher temperat$re #$e to pre!ence of ,iBr an# high pre!!$re of > 1ar in the cham1er. The !team th$! generate# i! !$per heate# !team at 58 o0+ > 1ar. Thi! !team i! alloe# to pa!! thro$gh the me#i$m temperat$re generator here pre!!$re i! maintaine# at 8.: 1ar. The concentration of the !ol$tion i! 6L>9. The incoming !team con#en!e! an# heat! the !ol$tion. The !$per heate# !team !o generate# i! at 5=8o0 + 8.: 1ar. The con#en!e# ater i! o1taine# at 5>9 o0+ > 1ar. The !team no generate# !imilarl" proi#e! heat to the lo temperat$re generator hich i! maintaine# at 8.5 1ar. The con#en!e# ater !tream! are o1taine# at :8 o0+>1ar an# :8 o0+ 8.:1ar. The !$perheate# heate# !team i! at 6o0+ 8.5 1ar. Thi! proce!! cannot 1e #one f$rther to generate > th o$tlet 1eca$!e then the fir!t cham1er of the generator ha! to 1e maintaine# at more high con#ition! an# the mi4t$re &higher concentration of ,iBr) o1taine# after the >th cham1er i! to4ic. Al!o+ the corro!ion of the !"!tem part! &pipe!) ta;e! place. B$t the > th effect might 1e achiee# if another li2$i# i! a##e# ith ,iBr a! a1!or1er an# ater a! the onl" a1!or1ent. No !$1!tantial re!$lt ha! 1een o1taine# for !$ch !"!tem! till #ate.
P a g ! 16 The three !tream! are mi4e# 1efore the" enter the con#en!er. The con#en!er temperat$re! #etermine the pre!!$re in the loer temperat$re generator+ hich in t$rn #etermine the pre!!$re of the me#i$m temperat$re generator an# !o on. Condenser The ater coming from the cooling toer get! heate# 1" a1!or1ing the heat from the !$perheate# !team mi4t$re. The !team th$! con#en!e! an# #$e to heat e4change + come! to a loer temperat$re of >8 o0. The incoming col# ater temperat$re from the cooling toer an# the o$tgoing hot ater temperat$re from the con#en!er i! #etermine# 1" the am1ient temperat$re. Evaporator The con#en!e# ater at >8 o0 i! alloe# to enter the eaporator cham1er ho!e pre!!$re i! ;ept er" + at 8.85 1ar. At !$ch a lo pre!!$re+ the con#en!ation temperat$re for ater i! er" lo. S$##en #rop in pre!!$re ca$!e! fla!he! an# the ater 1oil! at the !ame temperat$re. For pha!e change + the latent heat re2$ire# i! o1taine# 1" heat e4change from the incoming col# ater at 5= o0. The !o o1taine# chille# ater i! at Lo0. Thi! chille# ater i! $!e# for cooling p$rpo!e! an# i! !ent to 59 room!. The !team i! alloe# to enter the a1!or1er. Absorber In the a1!or1er+ the concentrate# !ol$tion from the high temperat$re generator i! alloe# to #rip on a !lant plate. The !team coming from the eaporator get! a1!or1e# in the concentrate# !ol$tion+ regaining it! original concentration. Thi! proce!! of a1!orption i! e4othermic. The heat th$! relea!e# i! a1!or1e# 1" the ater an# the heate# ater i! $!e# a! proce!! heat. The 6868 concentration !ol$tion i! p$mpe# 1ac; to the high temperat$re generator. In the a"+ it e4change! heat ith the !ol$tion! pa!!ing from one cham1er of the generator to the other. The c"cle i! th$! complete#. T1e COP of !1% VAM % .5>5
Calculations Operating temperature and pressure The temperat$re pre!!$re characteri!tic! of ,iBr !ol$tion i! a! gien in the #iagram. The con#en!ation temperat$re+ hich #epen#! $pon the am1ient temperat$re an# the concentration ratio of ,iBr to ater+ #etermine! the re2$ire# !o$rce temperat$re. S$ita1le operating con#ition can 1e o1taine# from thi! #iagram.
P a g ! 17
Ma!1ema!ca# Ana#$%%
,et+ the high temperat$re generator pro#$ce! heat at the rate 5;ghr+ hich f$rther pro#$ce! 'a( ;ghr !team from the !econ# generator. From the thir# generator+ '1( ;ghr !team i! generate#. Mass balance and energy balance In the !econ# generator+ the !team floing at 5;ghr proi#e! latent her for the a ;ghr !team. 5&/>+58+ />+5>9+l) a&/8.:+5=8+ /8.:+5=8+l) 5&=5L.8>?H8>.L) a&=L5L.9>?689.L) a8.:: In the thir# generator+ ater from fir!t generator an# that from !econ# generator + pro#$ce !team at the rate 1 ;ghr. 5&/>+5>9+l />+:8+l) a&/8.:+5=8+ /8.:+:8+l) 1&/8.5+6+ /8.5+6+l) 5&H8>.L 9LH.:) 8.::&=L5L.9> 9LH.:) 1&=H6:.8= 966.) 15.5 Th$!+ the ater!team o1taine# after the thir# generator i! & 58.::5.5) 9.5 ;ghr.
P a g ! 18 0oncentration of !ol$tion in the thir# generator i! H696 an# that in fir!t generator i! 6868. Th$!+ the mi4t$re going into a1!or1er from the thir# generator i! at 58.9;ghr. The total mi4t$re going to the fir!t generator after the heat e4change! at the three !tage!+ from the a1!or1er &at >8o0) i! at 59.>;ghr. ,et ,iBr !pecific heat 5;cal!ec Ma%% an" 1ea! ba#ance
Low temperature eat e!canger 58.9 ;ghr mi4t$re i! going from 6 o0 to >8o0 an# gie! heat to 59.>;ghr mi4t$re. 58.9&6?>8) 59.>&t 9?>8) t9L>.6: o0 Th$!+ temperat$re after heat e4change from thir# generator L>.6: o0 Medium temperature eat e!canger 58.9 5.5 55.> ;ghr &!team from fir!t an# !econ# generator) i! going from 5=8 o0 to 6o0. The mi4t$re a1!or1! thi! heat relea!e. 55.>&5=8 6) 59.>&t = ? t9) 55.>96 59.>& t = L>.6:) t= 58>.9Ho0 Th$!+ temperat$re after heat e4change from !econ# generator 58>.9H o0 Low temperature eat e!canger 58.9 5.5 8.::5=.9: ;ghr &!team from fir!t an# !econ# generator) i! going from 58 o0 to 5=8 o0. The mi4t$re a1!or1! thi! heat relea!e. 5=.9:&58 5=8) 59.>&t 5 t=) 5=.9:H8 59.>& t 5 58>.9H) t= 56:.>o0 Th$!+ temperat$re after heat e4change from !econ# generator 56:.> o0 /eat inp$t from !olar fiel# !en!i1le heat re2$ire# to change the temperat$re of the mi4t$re from 56:.> o0 to 58o0 an# conerting 5;g ater to !team at 58 o0. in V59.>&58?56:.>)>.5LW V5&=5L.8> LH9.=) 95>.:9 %Xhr 8. %3 The three mi4t$re! are fla!he# !lol" in the eaporator here pre!!$re i! ;ept at 8.85 1ar an# eaporate at that point. A!!$ming the fla!hing proce!! to 1e i!entropic+ Entrop" 1efore fla!hing 8.6L=> ;X;g?% Enthalp" after fla!hing / 56:.: %X;g /eat ta;en from the col# ater o$t &5 a 1) &/ 8.85+L+ /)
P a g ! 19 9.5&=65>.= 56:.:) L=:.8 %Xhr = %3 COP o&!n -5?? 5
,o!!e! occ$r in the heat e4change proce!! in the re?generator!. Al!o+ it a! a!!$me# that the !pecific heat of ,iBr i! e2$al to that of ater for !implifie# calc$lation!+ 1$t it i! higher than that. Appro4imatel" 56< lo!!e! occ$r in the proce!!. 0on!i#ering all the lo!!e!+ 0OP i! o1taine# to 1e 5.L The calc$lation !hon a1oe i! for = %3 o$tp$t. The *AM in!talle# in SE0 i! a 588 %3 !"!tem.
9. 3ATER DISTI,,ATION USING P* PANE,S 9.5 DES0RIPTION OF T/E S-STEM The !"!tem con!i!t! of photooltaic panel mo$nte# on frame incline# at =6 Y. At the 1ac; of the panel+ i! a cloth attache# haing a pipe at it! top. 3ater flo! thro$gh pipe at a er" !lo !pee# &mmmin). 3ith a narro opening in pipe+ ater et! the cloth attache# to panel. 3et cloth ta;e! aa" the panel heat an# ;eep! it at a relatiel" loer temperat$re. A! et cloth ta;e! heat+ ater from the cloth get! eaporate# an# to collect the apo$r+ a pol"caro1onatepla!tic !heet i! $!e# to !eal the 1ottom of the panel. *apo$r i! con#en!e# on the !heet an# collecte# #on the !lope into a 1ea;er. D$ring the co$r!e of thi! proect+ the folloing #ata attri1$te! ere o1!ere#. &i) Performance of P* panel .r.t reference panel &ii) Temperat$re of !$rface of panel .r.t reference panel &iii) Dail" DNI S$rface temperat$re a! mea!$re# $!ing !en!or! an# #ata a! fe# into #ata logger giing #ata from morning till eening. DNI a! mea!$re# $!ing p"ranometer!. To mea!$re the efficienc" of panel!+ I?* P?* characteri!tic c$re ere plotte# 1" collecting #ata $!ing rheo!tat+ ammeter! an# oltmeter!. Th$! the proect i! aime# at proi#ing p$re ater along ith increa!e# performance of panel!.
P a g ! 20
F'&re .. P1o!o of 4ane# connec!e" 6!1 r1eo%!a! an" m&#!me!er%
9.= S-STEM SPE0IFI0ATIONS Sr no5 5
S$%!em 4ar! P* panel
= 9 >
0loth Sheet material Pipe
De%cr4!on Ma4 poer L83 Short?circ$it c$rrent >.LA Rate# c$rrent >.=6A Open?circ$it oltage =5.>* Rate# oltage 5H.6* ,ength 5=8cm+ Brea#th 69cm+ Area 8.H9Hm = Blac; cotton cloth Pol"car1onate 0opper pipe =mm #iameter haing fo$r hole! of 8.=6mm #iameter
9.9 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 9.9.5 P-RANOMETER A P"ranometer i! a t"pe of meter $!e# to mea!$re 1roa#1an# !olar irra#iance on a planar !$rface an# i! a !en!or that i! #e!igne# to mea!$re the !olar ra#iation fl$4 #en!it" &3m=) from a fiel# of ie of 58 #egree!. The name p"ranometer !tem! from Gree;+ Jp"r p..K meaning JfireK an# Jano ? ...K meaning Ja1oe+ !;"K. A t"pical p"ranometer #oe! not re2$ire an" poer to operate.
P a g ! 21
F'&re . P$ranome!er
9.9.= DATA ,OGGER A #ata logger &al!o #ata logger or #ata recor#er) i! an electronic #eice that recor#! #ata oer time or in relation to location either ith a 1$ilt in in!tr$ment or !en!or or ia e4ternal in!tr$ment! an# !en!or!. Increa!ingl"+ 1$t not entirel"+ the" are 1a!e# on a #igital proce!!or &or comp$ter). The" generall" are !mall+ 1atter" poere#+ porta1le+ an# e2$ippe# ith a microproce!!or+ internal memor" for #ata !torage+ an# !en!or!. Some #ata logger! interface ith a per!onal comp$ter an# $tili@e !oftare to actiate the #ata logger an# ie an# anal"!e the collecte# #ata+ hile other! hae a local interface #eice &;e"pa#+ ,0D) an# can 1e $!e# a! a !tan#?alone #eice. Thi! logger recor#!+ 5. 3in# !pee# =. 3in# #irection 9. Glo1al ra#iation >. Temperat$re! ith thermoco$ple! &?t"pe) 6. Am1ient in# temperat$re
F'&re .* Da!a Lo''er
P a g ! 22
9.> STSTEM OPERATION
"a#$ I%&# #'$g' *++$ ++
"a#$ -# *&#' /$0 '& % ++
"# *&#' a1$1 'a# /$0 PV Pa%&
"a#$ *&&*#3 % 1a4$ 5-%g #'$g' %*&%3 $/a*
C%3%a#% % '#
E2a+$a#% / -a#$
P$ -a#$ a%3 '# -a#$
9.6 DATA 0O,,E0TION AND ANA,-SIS Data a! collecte# to mea!$re efficienc" of te!t panel .r.t reference panel. Difference in efficienc" i! 1eca$!e of #ifferent !$rface temperat$re. Panel haing et cloth ill hae le!!er !$rface temperat$re a! heat i! tran!ferre# from !$rface to cloth to achiee eaporation of ater a1!or1e# 1" cloth.
9.6.5 0A,0U,ATING PANE, EFFI0IEN09.6.5.5 FOR TEST PANE, Date 5Lth X$ne+ =856. Time 5=88 PM 5=86PM oltae5 &*5) 8.8:
c$rrent 5 &I5) 9.5
poer5 &P5) 8.=L:
P a g ! 23
>.8>
9.5
:.HH
9.=:
55.LH 59.:>
9.85 =.>6
56.H=
5.HH
5H.8>
5.>=
5H.6L
5.>9
5H.L9 5H.L:
8.:: 8.:
5H.9
8.L
5H.::
8.L>
5L.89
8.L5
5L.86 5L.= 5L.99 5L.9L 5L.>H 5L.6 5L.6H 5L.H 5L.HH 5L.H: 5L.L5 5L.L6 5L.L6 5L.L6
8.H: 8.69 8.>: 8.>H 8.9L 8.9= 8.=H 8.== 8.5L 8.56 8.59 8.5= 8.55 8.5
5=.>L = 95.L5 > 96.9:L H 9>.569 =6.:=: = ==.LLH =9.H:6 5 5H.6H= L 56.555 5>.H>= 5 5=.6L= H 5=.8:5 9 55.LH> 6 :.56> .>:5L L.::8= H.>H8= 6.H >.6H6H 9.L= 9.88== =.H696 =.98=9 =.59 5.:6=6 5.LL6
From the a1oe #ata plotting+ I?* an# P?* characteri!tic!
P a g ! 24
power1
current1 86
=.<
=<
=
=6
7.< *$$%#;
7
7<
+-$;
76
;.<
;<
;
;6
6.<
<
6
6 6 7 8 9 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ; 76
6
<
From the a1oe graph! *m 59.:>* Im =.>6A Pm 96.5693 I!c >.LA *oc =5.>* Aerage ra#iation inten!it" Inp$t poer Pin LHH.>: 3m = Area of panel A 8.H9Hm= Efficienc" Z5 &PmPi)588
Z5 96.569588&LHH.>:8.H9H) . @5.. Th$!+ efficienc" of te!t panel+ haing cooler !$rface i! :.=55<.
9.6.5.= For reference panel oltage = &*=) 8.8H 8.5>
c$rrent = &I=) 9.H 9.99
>.9H
9.69
55.9L
=.:
5>.HL 56.:5 5H.>
5.LH 8.: 8.6
poer= &P=) 8.=5H 8.>HH= 56.9:8 9=.6: 9 =6.5: = 5>.95: 59.:>
;6
;<
76
P a g ! 25
5H.69 5H.5 5H.LL 5H.5H 5H.:H 5L.5 5L.5 5L.5 5L.= 5L.= 5L.9H 5L.9: 5L.9> 5L.>5 5L.>5 5L.>5
55.:85 H :.L>: :.==96 H.H=6H 6.6:H >.:6: >.>HH 9.H8L 9.558> =.:9LH =.H8> =.=H8L 5.:8L> 5.L>5 5.9:= 5.=5L
8.L= 8.6 8.66 8.>5 8.99 8.=: 8.=H 8.=5 8.5 8.5L 8.56 8.59 8.55 8.5 8.8 8.8L
From the a1oe #ata+ !imilar graph! are plotte#
*$$%#7
power2 8
=<
=.<
=6
=
7< +-$7
76
7.< 7
;<
;.<
;6
;
<
6.<
6 6 7 8 9 ;6;7;8;9;76
Th$!+ from the graph Pm 9=.6:63 *m 55.9L* Im =.:A Efficienc" PmPi
Z= &9=.:66588)&LHH.>:8.H9H) =5>05
6
6
7
8
9
;6
;7
;8
;9
;
76
P a g ! 26
9.6.= 0OMPARISON OF *ARIATION IN SURFA0E TEMPERATURE OF TEST PANE, AND REFEREN0E PANE, 3IT/ 0/ANGE IN TIME AND DNI
Surface temperature comparison between test and reference panels S$/a* T; (A2g.) ( ｺ C)
S$/a* T7 (A2g.) ( ｺ C)
:6 >6 96 <6 86 =6 76 ;6 6
S$rface T5 i! !$rface of te!t panel an# T= that of reference panel. It i! clearl" !hon that temperat$re of te!t panel remain! loer than that of reference panel. Thi! loer temperat$re increa!e! efficienc" of panel.
9.H 0ON0,USION
P a g ! 27 From the a1oe anal"!i!+ it i! o1!ere# that efficienc" of panel ith cooler !$rface &i.e haing et cloth) i! =.>L5< more than that of reference panel #$ring the time of recor#ing of o1!eration!. 0on!i#ering factor li;e ariation! in glo1al ra#iation+ in#?!pee#+ h$mi#it" an# am1ient temperat$re aerage #ifference in efficienc" for a hole #a" can 1e aro$n# 5.6?=<. Th$!+ 1" tran!ferring heat from !$rface of panel to et cloth+ attache# to it #$al o1ectie of getting #e!alinate# ater an# higher panel efficienc" i! achiee#. Thi! metho# of #e!alinating ill ma;e nota1le #ifference in mar;et of #e!alination technologie!+ gien f$rther re!earch i! carrie# o$t to tac;le pro1lem! in area! #e!cri1e# 1elo.
FUTURE RESEAR0/ Thi! !ection foc$!!e! on area! that can 1e po!!i1l" e4plore# to carr" o$t f$rther re!earch on thi! proect
0hange in material of cloth to a1!or1 more 1rac;i!h ater Mea!$re the effect of flo on o$tp$t 2$antit" of ater .r.t DNI. Effect of h$mi#it"+ am1ient temperat$re an# in# elocit" on con#en!ation r ate 3ater 2$alit" ! ater flo rate
>. REFEREN0ES 5. /i;met S. A"1ar+KMathematical mo#elling of incline# !olar ater #i!tillation !"!temK+ De!alination5:8 &=88H)+ ppH9?L8. =. Solar Photooltaic Technolog" an# !"!tem! 1" 0hetan Singh Solan;i. 9. Solar energ" engineering 1" Soteri! %alogiro$. >. *i!ha;ha Sinha+ Er. S% Singh+ JSolar Thermal Technolog"+ Intern!hip reportK+ Ma"?X$l"+ =85>.
