Natural Science 5 Pupil's Book

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Standing up straoght

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Watching TV all day

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Takong a shower f!'iery mornong

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..... . Fun fact!.

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We can take care of ourbody"s systems and organs by living a healthy lifestyle. Ifs important to: Eat a balanced diet. - Exerdse.

Th~ lnt~stlnes ar~ pl!ri of th~ d lges!Jve system. How long ere the intestines? What do you thonk os • lo11ger: your Intestines ora bus?

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Keep clean with good hygiene habits.

Have a good posture. Spend time with our friends and family.

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s.y:t• m

bladder

The circulatory system

The excretory systern ~limi nates the waste

t ransports blood all over the bod y. The heart os an organ of t he circuhrtory system.

our body produces. The kidneys are ora<~ns otthe e xcretory

system.

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FINALTASK In groups of five, imagine you and your partners are a famoosbasketball team. Find out what healthy habits woo id you need to follow.

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• smSaviadigllol corn "'' I Learn more about healthy habits.

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The interaction function Human beings areableto control and coordnate 1heir activities th"ough the interaction function. tt enableslivi~ things to receive information either from the environment or from their own body t hrough the sense organ s and respond t o it.

Types of stimuli Exiernal

~imuli ,._

are chenges that happen 1n our

1. StirnJ Ius-sensation

2. Processing information

A s1imulus IS eny

The body sends information aboutthe sensation t o the bre1n. The brain processes this informat;on and dec1des the order to send.

enwonment outSide the body. OJr s
Internal stlmull ere changes that happen.ns1de

our body. Receptor o rgans inside our body receive these st1mull . Then. they send a messeg• to the brcn. Th• stomi!ICh is a receptive org;on because 1ttakes 1n fo od. When lt ls •mpty, lt t..lls the brein we ;ore hungry. The br!ln tells us t o eat food.

action or change in our en~Aronm ent that we can feel.

Listen to t hese people talking. Copy t he table below in your notebook and tidl it they are talking about internal or ex1emal stimulf.

In your notebook, w rit e if ead1 action is a m otor response or a glandular response. Sweating after playing football. Turning on a light when you entM a dark

room. We start to aoss a street when the light tums green .

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···············•······•·· Fun fact!.. ...·Old . you know thet cobra :

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respond to lhreoto,..ng stimuli w ith rts hood ? This IS a flop of sk1n they can spread to scare predetors ond chose t hem 11way. Can cobra snakes be

3 . Res pon ~

Types of responses Motor re:;pon~e:; happen when the muscles move. For example, we stretch our arms to catch the ball.

Glandular re spon~es

The order becomes o response to the stimuli end 11n odion thet tells the body what to do.

happen when organs c11lled g londs produce • substance. For example. when we we feel to o hot. oyur body sweats. This is a glandular response beceus.e our sweet glends pro duc~ sw~ l!lt .

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FINAL TASK Go bad< to your basketball team and make a list of1ive stimuliresponses actions while you play your sport. For example, one action could be when you see the ball coming and quickly hold yourhands to catch ft.

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The sensory system

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In order to perform the int eraction function, human beings receive information from t he environment and from our own body through five senses: :;mell, ta~t•. touch, :.ight and hearing. Each sense is located in a spedalized organ.

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; non wh•le you ere e~:~tlng, you a >n't ; taste your food? Why does this : happen? • sm Saviadlglto l.com ....... ••

p-~unaJilli' The an se of :;m ell Olfectory receptors

ere in the nasal cavity ne~t to the pituitary

ar•o. Th• sens• of

smell needs the sense of taste i n order to work properly. bitter

The

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Taste receptors are

on the tongue. They

""' smell bumps called tarte bud•. Taste buds help us

taste the dJfference between sweet. sour. bitter and salty

flai.'Ours.

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ret:eptors The ~" ot t ouch

The sk•n IS t he main organ of t h e ~--f~~ sense of tout: h.

Touch re<.eptor• can detect temperotur e,

pressure, pain and texture

1---- dermis

G~tllllf·---sour: a sharp taste Slrnllar to lemon orv1neger

bitter· an unpleasant taste s.m•lar to 01'8118! PHIS, OU\11~ Of COffee

The $<~Me of sight The eyes "'e the org>~n the! give us the sense of sight . L~ght entors the eyes t hrough t he pupil, the lens ond th e relino. Th<' retJna S<'nds s;limuh to the

The

~nse of

he• nna

The eers are the org>~n of the set~ se of helll'ing. The outer ear collects sounds. This sound passes through th<' i nner ear an> I, th" nlickle ear ond the three smoll bones. Then, the sounds reach the axhlea end the euditory '""""·The audrtorynerve sends Signals to the brllin . smell bones

audi1ory nerve

cochlea

Inner tllf can,l

Anna and Will arein t heir garden. listen and write in your notebook t he sense organs they are using .

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The nervous system The nervous system has an Important role loperlorrn In the interaction function. tt controls our entfrebody sending,

r eceiving and interpreting information from all parts of our

body. These messages travel t hrough t he body as nerve impulses. But let's see the sequence ofthis travel:

SENSE ORGANS

SENSORY NERVES

They respond to a sbmulus !l'ld send IITf'ulses !!long the

They carry Information from the sense orgons ond .ntornol org0ns to the centr.l newous system.

sensory nerves,

CENTRALNERVOUSSYST8M lt rece)V@5 and int erprirl:s tnformabon and produces rnponses. lt 1s mod e up of the spinet cord end the bmin.

SPINALCORD

BRAI N

The spnal cord produces fast ond outom..t>c responst>s.

The brain ISinSlde the cranoum Md ot mokes decisions ond g ives orders.

MOTOR NERVES The cenlrel nervous system coord•netes the •nf
M USCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM lt brof!gs a response. Th1s response can be either a voluntary or an invol untaryresponse.

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flnvolu nlary tnOYements ~ fVoluntory movements ere are produced by the sp111al cord IICbon. Our refle>
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produced by br ~>n ec~111ty. The bra.n •nterpretsinformotlon from the sense org0ns ond produces a voluntary response. Volunt.,y r<>spons<>s ore slower thon lnvoluntery responses.

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r The brain has three parts : the cerebrum , the brain stem and the cerebellum.

----The cerebrurn produces voluntary responsl'S.It controls ourthmk•ng, memory ond 1"'1guege.

The brain stern control s the organ functions, Forex~mple, our he!ll'tbeat.

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rThe cerebellum controls balence

and coordination.

f Complete in your notebook the sentences with the words in the box. Then, listen and check your answers. ! heartbeat )

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{ retlexes J Our system controls our The nervous system receives and interprets .The pr oduces voluntary Our are voluntary. Our are rnvolunta ry Imagine t hat you touch ahot wp. What happens? Draw inyotrnotebook the path of the stimulus-sensation, tl'1e processing of the information and tl'1e response .

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M atch the words to complete the sentences in your notebook. The central nervous system Thebrarn

are controlledby the brain receives and mterprets information

Voluntary movements

are controlled by the sprnal cord .

Involuntary movements

has three parts

DISCOVER Find out the name of the ster·Uke shepe cells the nervous system is made up of. They are in charge of receiving and transmitting nerve impulses along the nervous system.

smSavladrg~ol.com 1 ~~ ' Lea m more aboui voluntary and involuntary m ovements.

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The musculoskeletal system

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The musculoskeletal system consists of tre skeleton, ~cles, tendons and ligaments

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l ogarnerts conned bon•s to eoch o lh•r L

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Mu scles C!ln stretch and contract. Thos holps the bcnes to

The ske leton os mad• up of bones and awes shope to

the hum on body. I! protects the Intern.,. org;w~ s.

cTendons atioch muscl es to the

bones.

Our bones are conneded to each other at the joints. Some joints can move, wt-;le otheq01nts can't move at all . There are different t ypes of jOints dependong on the type of movement the bones CorYteeted can do.

Aud: can't move. The bones on the cranium Me conneded by fixed JOints Hlnae· a connectoonof two obtecls that enables one of them tomoveorswing like a door Ball and ~ocket a joint that can rotate. One piece is shaped like a ball This goes on-side another piece whkh is shaped like a round cup.

• Plvo1: a joint between bones th~ rotates around one point. • Glldlna: a movement that Is smooth and easy.

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Did you ~now that the hum1:11 h1:11d has several bones?

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Muscles

Bones

abdomineb St ffl tUJ

Anna is loOking at a drawng of the hLITian rrusculosk eletal system. listen to the P
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calf muscle

' Fl NAL TASK Go back to the act•ons y
involved in each act1on

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Let's leam m04'e about muscles.

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Toogue

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lhrough1he sense organs

Smell

THE FIVE SENSES

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Touch

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Senses

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nerves mvotves

Is o•lrided inlo

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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cord

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Brain

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( Motor nerves ) ( sy.1em ' THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Copy and fill in the rpind map in your notebook. Add d rawlngs of the five sense

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(Muscles} Borws

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Name the fives ense organs and their function .

organs. What are t he three parts oft h e brain? Add

Matd1 in your notebook the organs lo t11e

them to t11e mind map in your notebook.

senses. Nasal cavity

S1gtrt

Skin

Heanng

Eyes

Smell

Tonij\Je

Touch

Ears

Taste

Copy this picture in your notebook and label the parts of the muswl oskeletal system. '

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Match t he words t o the sentences.

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[digestive system ]

~splratory system

[ d rrulatory system

J excretory syst~m

Transports blood all ov€1' the body Absorbs oxygen mto the body and releases carbon dtoxide. Breaks down the food we eat so our body can absorb lt. Ellmtnat es t he waste our body produces. Order the photographs according to the

( l interaction function. Explain the sequence.

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Two friends are helping each other lea m about interaction. Listen to their definitions. Then, write the words they des cri be for ead1 number. The first one is already done. ,w,eorgans • musculoskeletal system cerebrum extemal stimuli nervous system

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label In your notebook the parts of the nervous system. • cerebellum • spinal cord • cerebrum • nerves • b<"aln stem

In your notebook, match the words to the sentences. Weopenan • umbrel la The bratn sends out a message We get wet tntherain

stimulus response process

In pairs, say whid1 picture shows a voluntary

( l movement and whid1 an involuntary move ment .

Your mother is cooktng your favourite food in ("' the kitd1en. lt smells delidous. Your mouth begins to salivate. ls t his a motor response or a glandular response? Explain your answer to a partner.

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A sprained ankle Wnle playingfootball yesterday, Oliver . Now his ankle is n!d I lipped and (1) and swoll en. He C
Read the text again and complete the text with the best words. A tall

B teU

A f eels

3 A break I

C fallen

C hurts

B broken

A ligaments B nerves

c b<'oke

C sense organs

A r esting

B rested

c rest

A ptlls

B sweets

C1Tuot

. A exercose

B oce pack C blanket

Read the text again and answer these questions in your notebook. Then, diswss them with your dassmates. J

How did Wolf spraon hos ankle? What causes a sprained ankle? What can you do to hea I a spra ined ankle?

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Are the following sent ences 'Right' (A) or ' Wrong' ( B)? If there is not enough information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C). Don't forget to write down the answers In your notebook. Sprained ankles don't hurt very much . A right B wrong c doesn't say

A sprainedanklecan make yourskin tum to a different colour. A right B wrong c doesn't say A sprained ankle is similar to a broken bone . A right B wrong C doesn't say ' You should walk a lot to heal a sprained ankle.

A right

B wrong

C doesn't say

" lt's a g ood idea t o take medicine if you have a sprained ankle.

A right

B wrong

C doesn't sa y

Our five senses g ive us information C

b'if ll!lle A

>~-·---)> Which object looks larger?

IIJt>e
wtuchred circletS larger?

• Mon!lo the left.

• The one on the left

• More to the righL

• The one on thenght

• Exactly in the middle.

• Botb drcles ore the same stze.

Th• dot Is exaClly In the middle.

Tney are both thP same 51ZPI

The object on the top> • The object on the bottcm'

Can you bel1e11e that both objeCIS are e-xactly thP samP si~?

Measure the examples above with a ruler t o demonstrate their sizes. Look at the picture on the right. What do you see: a flower vase or the profile of t wo faces? Why can you see two things in the same p icture? Choose the best answer. Bee ause when our bra in receives the r1formatlon, it processes that mformation based on 1mages rt has seen before Because some people can see one image when •I is close up and a different image if is farther away. Optical illusions can occur when ~ur eyes see too much light, colour or

movement. Read the four sentences Whkh situations might cause an opt ical illusion? Looking at a computer screen for too long Driving a car for a longtime at night without rest1ng Looking mto a bnght light Taking a p1ece of cake that looks bigger

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let's work together: The paralymp1c sports alternative There's always an altemabve to practise sports when there is a part of our musculoskelet al system that doesn't work normally. The wheelchair basketball Is an eKample at it. If we ca n't use ourlegs, we still can play basketball thanks to a wheelchair because it substitutes our legs.

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Now imagine you belong to a famous wheelchair basketball team. Then, g o bad< to your basketball team healthy habits list. Would you follow the same habits ? Go back to your basket ball t eam five actions list . Could these actions be the same for your wheelChair basketball team? Take notes and compare them . -----~. Go bad< to t he senses and partsofthe musculos keletal system invol ved in your first actions list. Then, write a new list and compare t he senses and the parts of your body you need t o use in your new wheelchair bask etball t eam What new senses and parts of your body are involved?

t-----

When you finish, compare your result s with the rest of the dass. What's your conclusion?

... taking care of our senses! Our five senses allow u s to enj oy the wor1d. They also protect us from danger. That's why lt's importantto protect them. Do your own research. Do a presentation I make a post er about how to takecare of eachofthe fivesenses. You can include photos er drawings.

Step$ to take ca.r e of our eyes

Wear sunglasses in the bright sun __

Eat fresh fruit and vegetables ...

Matter and materials

Let's speak1 • What can you see in t he im age? • Where can you find it ?

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Why does ice float?

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At t he end of this unit , you will dlscolfer how materials may become rubbish that threatens our aquat ic ecosystems.

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Matter 08 We can find matter everywhere around us.

oir

rocks

human besng

Matt er is anythingthattakes up space and has mass.

Matter always has two main characteristks: spac• and mass.

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Volume

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I Mossosthe quMtrty ofmetterthet ebodyhas. We measure mass on kilograms ( kgs) end grGms (g). We use a bolanoo to col culate mass.

Volum e os the emountofSPl!Ce e body occupies. We measure volume on litres (l) and on mililitres (ml). We use gr!lded conhoners flke testtubes

or measuring cups to calculate volume.

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Compare the volume and the mass of two bodie s Measure the volume of 1wo ballo ~

Put 200me ofwat erin a test

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tube. Carefully place a metal ball in the test t ube. You will see that the level of water has increased to 250 me. The volume of the ball is the difference between the two measurements: SOme.

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200m€

Make a bal l of plasticinethe same size as the metal ball and measure its volume. it's also SO

2Some

Volume oi the: meti31 ball = 25ome- 200m€:SOm€

me.

Volu rn~

oi t11 t. pfasticint: b~l

=

2some - 20ome :Some

Mnsurethe mess ofthe ~lis Now place each ball on the balance and write down the mass of each one. The metal ball has more mass than t he plastid ne one.. The two balls have the same volume, but the m eta l ball has more mass. Therefore, two bodies can have the same volume, but different masses. Repeat the experiment with two more objeds. Don't forget to write down the mass and the volume of each one.

--············-·····-·····-···-···················--··············.. ·················-··· I Usten t o Anna and \'lill , They're doing the experiment above. Write down their results in the table. What's the conclusion?

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Decide wrth a partner which of the following elements are formed by matter: wood [

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sound cardboard

Dol kg of metal and l kg of c.orl< have the same mass? Which one has more volume? Airhasmass and ; volume. We can see this when we compare en inflated balloon and an empty balloon on a balance. Do you think air is matter? Explain it to a partner.

ligllt FINAL TASK Do an experiment, Fill a transparent plastic bottle with water and put in some sand, tiny rod
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Specific properties of matter

r• Hordne~~ I We say matter os hard when tt's dlfficutt to scratch. Metal is harder than chalk because th e mete! con scratch the chlllk eetstl y.

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Matter Is brttlle when tt breaks eosrly. A wooden barismore brittle than a met
bntt le: having hardness but breaking ""slly

.· ....... .. ....... ... .

We make glass with very hard matter. tt's d•fficult to sa!Itch •t But tt's olso bnttle, because it breaks very eaSily if we drop it. But what state of matter IS glass? Solid ,l iquid or gas?

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Elutlcity

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O.n~ty

I M"ttertsehostic If it

Thi s is the relation between the mass and the volume of a body. A metal boil and a p!orttci ne bell CM have the same volume. but the metal ball has more mass and ts denserthon the plesticine ball.

returns to its o nglnal sh~ etter we epply a force to tt

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• Glass is brittle. wt is it also hard?

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Test the density of different materials Put 200 m€ of water in one measuring cup, 200 in a third measuring cup.

me of oil fn another one and 200 meof sand

Put each measuring cup on a balance. Do they each have the same mass?

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Which substance is at the bottom? Why? Which substancehasthe least density?

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Experimen1 with density and buoyancy

Look at these objects. The metal ball and the ball made of corn have as imila r volume, but one floats and the other doesn't. The metal ball sinks because metal is denser than water, and the corn ball floats because cork is less dense than water. How can we make a body float or sink?

Change the shape of t he body.

Change the densl1y of the liquid.

A ball of plastid ne sinks, but if we
An ~g sinks in water. tf we add salt to the water, t he density of the water increases, and the egg floats.

. . .. ... . ... .. ........ ..

Experim ent with other objects. Predi et if each will sink or f loat, t hen t est you r ideas.

Listen t o the descriptions and number t he photographs. Then, write the name of the specific property described.

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A virtual objects to your swimming V I pooL Which have most densityJ

LWhy? Put the objects in order.

When a ship sinks and spills oil in the sea, the oil floats. Explain v.tly to a partner.

FJ NAL TASK Carry on with your experiment. Pour two spoons of oil and one spoon of yellow ink into the water.

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Forces everywhere

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Many objects move around us, like leaves1tlat fall from the trees or the cars wedrfve. And o ther objects can deform, Uke plasticine when we work with it. But how do these changes h appen? Look at the picture and observe the interactions between bodies. They're called forces.

poerce: to make o hole

l. The sinng l!rld the bow def onn vvhen the l'l"cher uses the

strength of his arms to stretch it

2. The arrow moves when the III'Cher lets the string:go :__

Forces produce different effects. They can move, deform or even break objects.

change velocity

Forces cm mllk.e em obJect 1!11 rest start I110Y i1'111·

If "n object is moving. forces C51 increase or decrease its velocity

Forces can also cht:tnge

the d redionof mowment of an object.

deform

• Plastic matenols are ml!llenals tnl!ll do not recovN tnoi roriginal shape when tile force stops.

I Elasti<. matenals are materials t11 et recover their original shope v.tlen the force stops.

Brittle matenels break when we apply force onth"m.

~~~utlpjaeC:~!m~a~l~~=o~xW-oI~=~=t)f~~;;~·~·:l~~:c·~~~-~~~~~~:~~~::~······~=~~~-···········! a piece of st ring.

Put six m arbles in the b ox .

Make a hypothesis How many marbles do you think we need t o put into the plast ic cup t o mak e the box move?

pllls1ic

cup

Te,;t your hypothesis Put the marbles into the plast ic cup one by one. Write down the number of marbles you need to make the box move. Was your hypot hesis correct? Now try these experiments. M ake a hypothesis for each question and test it .

Put some p;1ncils under the box. Do ycu need more or le ss ma-13PS to make theboxmovto?

Use a poece of plastJCJne onstead of the bo<. What woll hoppen when we put the morbles ont o t he ploshc cup? Will the pll!lstoctne move

.

or deform?Why?

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Listen t o Will giving a report on a science experiment he did and decide if t he sentences bElow are True or False. The box didn't move with no marbles In the plastl eeup

• The box moved when they put one marble In the cup. When they put sex marbles en t he cup, the box moved They put six penc~s under the box

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. . . 40 • • • o • o e I U.O.O o 0 ooo oOM 4 44•o 404 oo oo•O 4 04

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They only needed four marbles to move t he box when t hey put pendls under rt •

smSavladoglto l.com r r 1 1 ' t Investigate the effect of forces in your virtual sdencelab. What conditions d-tal'{le the velocity of the box most? Why?

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FINAL TASK a.rt a plastic bag into small pie
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Properties of materials look at the picture and think about the materials these objects are made of Are the materials selected the most suitable to use in each case?

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foundilhons: lht bes. of a buoldong 1t supports the weoght of lhr structure beams: l ong ptE'CE'S of metenal

Ahamm~

made crf glass

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who eh wt pi ece horl:ontally, supported by columns

An umbrell• made of net

.····················· Fun facti :

•• Iron os h..-d but brotUe. Howovro. If ; we add e<~rb
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A material is any matter we use to make objects Before we make an object we need todeddeon the most suitable material to use, so we look at their propertlu. Some properties are

Conductivity of heat1 When a material does not transmit heat, we call it an in.ulator. When a material transmrts heat, we call ot a conductor.

Transparency 1

l (>-- - - - -

When light cannot pass through a material, wesayitls opaque. When light can pass through a material, we say it is tran~parent. J

Impermeability' When liquodcannot pass through a material, we say it is impermeabl e.

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Materials In ardlltedur~

Big windowsmake the lmerlor light.

We use insulating materials for the walls,

like the traditional clay bricks and oth~r more modern materials.

Inside rooms we use wood which is an Insulator, and Cl!ramics which are easy to clean.

The pipes are made of Impermeable plastic; coppl!rand ot.h er

Concre te IS m~ de of

matelials.

cement,

~nd ond

water. We use it on the rou ndetl 011~ and the b•lW·mo. covenng ~ metel

structure. lt makes a very strong structure.

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Usten to tne students talK aDOut proD!emS they have. Which property are they talking 1 about?

conductivity

I impenmeability I

r transparency

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Name tne materfals we use to DUffel a skyscraper. What properties do they h ave? Tell a partner.

DISCOVER What does 'insulating material'

mean? What materials are used as insulators in the picture? Do you know what m aterials are used as insulators in your clothes'

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Mass G4lMra l properties

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chang e movements

changes ---~•l 000 11'11'0ugh -----"

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In ObjeC'1s ---~~l 11 call ed -----

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1ha1 haV1!

CQpy 11nd fill in the mind map in your notebook. Add an exam ple of an impermeable m aterial, a brittle material, an elastic material and a derr.;e material . Also include an example of a material which conducts heat and an insulator.

..

(

deform]

prOpertieS )

Do these materials float or sink? Copy the table in your not ebook and complete it. lr 1

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Look at the drawings and explain to a partner how to mea.sure the mass and volume of an object Then, calculate the mass and the volume of t he stone.

lt dt?forms and returns torts original shape lt starts m oving

0

You stretch a spn11g with force, ~n d then you reiMs~ it.

Someone throws e. bl!lll

end you hit ot woth a baseball bat.

Choose the correct definition of 'Density': Shows the mass of an object Measures the volume of an ObJect Expr esses the retatoonshlp between the mass and the volume of an object

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You put a balloon In a bowl of water an d hold ltdown.

1 PI 1 Play and select the right properties for each material. L__

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Why doesn't a boat m ade of metal sink in t he sea' Explain it t o a partner.

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Simon uses a balance and a t est tube to measure the mass and the volume of four objects and gets t hese results:

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l.li"'

111111 ,-

15Ji

lrl

~

ClJi

6d

SOl!IJ1'5

1071

9rl

8'!11

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Ama fils a glass with water up to the t op. She puts it on a dish. Then she puts a st one in the glass. When she puts the stone in the glass, some oi the water comes out. Choose the correct sel'!tence to explain what happened. The volume of water whoch comes out os the same as the volume of the stone The water which comes out has the same m ass as t he stone

1

Copy and complete the tabl e in your notebook. Calculate the density of each object. Are they made of the same materia l or of different mateoi als' ~

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. . Listen to the conversation and put the words on 1,- the correct boxes. The first one ls already done.

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M at ch t he foil owing effects of forces with the

L correct pictures. Tell a dassmate. 1

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it dt?forms and it doesn't return to its oroglnal shape it manges vetoaty and direction o1 movement.

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You leave afoot print on the sand on t he beach.

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• densrty volume • lxlttle • insula ting

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--

The Great Pacific Rubbish Island Every day, large quantities of objects like plastic bags, cans and oil appear in the sea . Most of this rubbish is formed by plastic object s that are not biod egradable and they simply br eak into tin ier and sm aller pieces. In 1997, scientist s discovered a large quantity of this plastic floating fn the Pacific Ocean. This plastic, called the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island', is the largest rubbish d.Jmp In the worl d. The movement of tl1e water concentrates t he rubbish in one large area of the O
-

Are the followrg sentences 'Right' (A) or 'Wrong' (B)? If there is not enough information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C). Don't forget to write do'M'i the answers in your notebook.

Choose t he correct opt ion .

~1

A. how to recycle our rubbtsh

B. problems that rubbiSh can cause

' People thr ow plasbc bags into the sea A r ight ~

B wrong

A r ight

C. how rubbish c an imp rove the environment

c doesn't say

Therubbosh on the sea affects people as well as animals and plants

2 What does the text say happens to some rubbish that we leave?

B wrong C doesn't say

A. lt ts dropped 1n the sea by the

~. Scienti sts

dtscovered the plastiC rubbish on an island in the Atlantic Ocean

A right

B wrong

~. The r ubbtsh

A right

B wrong

c d oesn't say

Fi nd w ords orphras
A p!ace where we pu t the rubbish which Is not recycled ~

A ants that five in the sea Process the food we eat, takong nutrients from it To pay for somethmg

70

B. lt ts recycled C. lt cont1nues IT1 the environment caus1ng problems.

'island'ts bigger than Spa1n

5 The plastiC affects the d1ges trve system of marine animals

A right

authorrttes

c doesn't say

B wrong C d oesn't say

Thi s text isa bout

2

Who discovered the 'Rubbish Island? A. Scientists

B. Rshermen C. Sailors 1 Why has the rubbish in the sea formed

tntstloatlng lstano?

A. lt is dropped from Ships in th1s area. B. The rubbtsh m akes the water po1sonous

C. The movement of the sea has concentrated the rubbish there

Th~>

properties of materials

Jim finds objects made of different materials in the kitchen. lt's a r eal lab. Join him and discover their properties. Me1ehpoon

Paper maguinu Cerillmic floor 1ife

Copy t he t able below in your not ebook and complete it . l.a•lstlli l nJmm~l?

U..,:llt! II!Jlbl~ !nttl~

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pi.>1Jc lot

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ves

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Now it's time t o check your hypolheses. You can use diff erent experiments like t he ones shown in the following examples .

Water does·t pass through rt: it's

Light doesn•t pass t hrough lt: tt'sop11CJue.

1t doesn't bend: tfs not fleXIble.

1t doesn·t breek when I hot lt it"s not frog, le.

m~rm ~obl~.

71

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Let's work together: Materials and the aquatiC environment Let's collect the information from your experiment on your aquatfc m ini-ecosystem.

Now, let' s look at our r esul!sl '!. •

•

•

"

•

Take the picture of your bottle before shaking it and make a list of the materials induded in it . What are their specific properties? Write them down in your notebook . Now take the picture of yourbottle after shaking it. Make a list ofthe materials t hat floated and the ones that sank. Does your bottle look like the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island? In pairs, explain why . In groups, make a list of four actions we can take in order to prevent rubbish accumulating in t he sea. For example, don't throw the oil into the sink. Then, share yrur results with the whole dass.

... keeping our oceans clean I Have you ever tho~ht what h appens to the rubbish we throw away every day? Some common materials, like plastics, stay where we leave them long after we have used

them. Now it's time to do your own reseanch. In grrups, find rut more about h ow some international organizat ions like Greenpeace try to take care of t he ocean and make a![~ ofthe actions they carry out. Organise the information that you find and make n otes. Present your work to the class .

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Check the wayyo~ve lea~n1._

.......... ····-···. Do you remember- everything you have learnt during this term? Check lt out in this test ,

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V>lhich organs and systems are involved in the inter-action flrlction? A The circ:Uatory system and excretory system B. The sense organs, the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system C The digesttve system and the nervous system ~.

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6. A matter-: A can be seen andtouched. 8, has colour C has mass and volume

Choosetheoptionrelatedtothispicture.

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A.l'l!tlerthan the water. 8 lower lhanthewater C. thesameasthewater

A When an lnierna s!lmiJus occurs, the receptor organs are 1nthe nerves. 8 When an erlernal stmulus OCCU'S, the receptors are the sensory organs. C Gland !Jar responses are caused by the product1on of substances by the gands

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6. Points out wlich oneof these objects is elastic.

• 3. V>lhich organ is related to these wa-ds?

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. .

Pupil

l{

Reti na

A Rubber band

) ""(- L-en-s ---,)

8 Plastkine C. Soap

A. Eye B. Sk1n C. Ear

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9. Whenaforceactsonabody: A 1! camot change Its 5peed 8 it can char"'f!e its speed and deform rt C it camot be deformed

4. The nervous system will transmit orders to t he wholebody t iTol.(l'h: A lnformatJonprocesSII'-g.

10. C:hoosetherlghl sentence.

B. Tnecenual nervous system. C Nerve Impulses.

A Glass is used as a containerandrt can be recyded 8 Cardboard cannot be reused or recycled C Plasllc isonlyusedfor making bags

5. ThemusciJoskeletal system is formed by: A Rxed and movingjoints B Bones,musdesandJo•nts C Bones, muscles and effector organs.

.. .

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Plastic skin Many sdenlists around the worl d are trying t o imitate different parts of the human b ody. They want to h elp people who suffer from different illnesses. One of the most cu rious medical ad vances is on e which im itavtes skin using a complex material sim ilar to plastic. This material can regenerate itself. This means that it can a xe itself, j ust like human skin If you cut yourself. tt even What allo ws you to feel when you t ouch ll'tforrnation do we r'etflve something

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EY'ES HAOF ()<' SILK Sc>entlsts ""' trw8Sbgating how slk can be used as a materla11o substitute and reQllnet ""en be poostlfe to cure

some 1ypes o1 blindness What part of the1onguo do we use to taste flavours>

•.. £,u;a/udhf4Wed- ·•· One African fru lt, the Synsepolum dulcificium, makes bitter or acid foods taste sweet. How jsthis possible? 1t contatns a substance called mtrac.ulln, and th1s substance stops the receptors on the tongue that det ect bott er and aad tastes fromworkong properly. The effect can last up t oan hour.

What

v/

partsof1he tyo do you

know?

T he lightest mate.riaJ What specl~c

prqlen•ttat m attord oycu know?

~t /tltlcim< You already know that the plastu: conta•ners we use everyday can be transformed •nto new conta1ners, and the reason why rt Is so •m port ant to recycle them But d•d you know that they can be transformed 1nto many otherth1ngs? Some factones have succeeded tnus•ngthese plast•cs As well"' pl,stlt. to make clothes. The whblothe• motarhh plastiG from the bottles con we ecyclll' can be transformed mto threads'

P:per

Is I. YtJy llpt rnuuit.J,Js.,\ lt? Butlf we put ~sheet of pope.r, whlc.h wt.Jg.bs about S g, on • ddtctte .flower, the flower would b ·' So reax. whtmlwio.l "" we su In tltt phowg--L? Jt is ~hone aer~•· a.ud ·"t'"'· to the lud J0 -..- . 1t Is a simllr.t ma.te.rioJ pencils. I t lS the llglnert ma.terlal !bar ex.lstr lt presen 1.. It Js lhout 3 700 tJm li&hter thr.n ptperl • es

~is. Is • very l?'portant discovery, becwoeJthu

peci.lJ properties thlt malce it very use!ul 1 lechooloiY· n

~--------~~~~

A 1aboratory in space 'In the 1990's, we launched an ....-------~-=::"!!""-~ artifidal satellite that crbits Earth at an altitude of 400 km. This enormous satellite is called the lntemational Space Station. The astronauts there do many experiments on space and Earth, but also on matter and matenals. Th1s research improves the materials we use •nour lives, and is used tomakemedtcallnstruments, for example. ~not proporun dau g!au have ,

Ano Wl)cd?

The wind chiU factor

lhe tempera!Ure Is 3 •c. btA the ..!nd chil ls

With the same t emperature, some days we feel colder than others . This is due t o the wind chill factor, which is the feeling of hot or cold a person f eels.

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The skin captures the temperature, hum idity and speed of the wind. The wind increases t he feeling of cold.

Fan yourself on one hand. How does it feel different t o your other hand? What if yo u fan yourself harder? Explain t he relationship of this with the wind chill factor. On a trip, the thermometer read at 4 •c, wind speed was 24 km per hour and wind chill was 1°Cbelow zero. If the wind blows at 50 km per hour, v.klat would the wind chill be? A The same because the temperature is the same. r Hogher because the wind blows harder C lower because t he wond blows harder

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How do we process information when we feel cold due to the wind? Relate shivering and wrapping up warm with voluntary and involuntary movements.

The paper Paper is one ofthe most used matErials in school. Look at its composition .

r

--

Fibers: Ttley come from pl""ts such as cotton.lmen or wood .

.... ......

-...

load: These are mneral elements [ thalg!Ve consistency t o the poper.

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Hlv--' Adciti"Yes: Adhesi~s. dyes or ~ bleoches.

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What is paper made from? Is the paper matter? Explain why.

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76

Is its densit y hig hef' or lower than water? How can you test t his? Each pef'son uses approximately470 g of paper pef' day. How many grams of paper are used in a year? How many in kil os? Relate this t o the importance of recycting.

l2fQ.J

Energy

I

•

-I

What are these? Where ea n we see them? What do we use them for? Does rt alwa ys move?

In this unit you will lea m about energy and how it affects the ent irely life in our planet. Finally, you will discover what e-waste Is and what should we do with it .

n

What is energy?ee Energy has no mass and occupies no space but it makes things happen. We know it eJ
forms ot energy Kinet ic en•I"JY

Th1s energy Is produced by mass 1n movement, Ilk• th • wind or;:. t;:tr,

+

Potem lal enerr;

M .eh m ica! enei"JY

T hts energy 1S possessed by bodie s p~ced at a certan h eoght. like a book on ;, s helf.

ThiS enetgy1s the sum of kinetic llnd potentilll energy. For example, a wegon of e roller coestef IS both In movement (it has kmebc enetgy) and e t ~PIIP
--

Hut enei'Jly

Llght nmg and soml' bodies ltkethe sun e m1t energy In the form of light.

We fi nd it 1n na-ture In t he ltgntnlng bolts of storms.. We can make t his f orm of ent>rgy ari1f1etally using waterfalls, or bummg petrol or coe>l. lt Is the most common energy b ecause it's easy t o trlln sform 1nto other forms of energy.

Nudnr enerr;

•

Th1s energy Is stored in certain substances fike the food we eat. the o il or the coel.

78

We g etthi s form of energy from cpr~ln mtnerals bke uran1um.

L

Some bod1es like the sun, the fire or the lava of a volceno emrt energ.y In the fo rm of heat.

................ Fun iactl .: .··• 5,000 years e_go,e person consumed eround 12,000 kllocalon es (kcal ) each day to surVIve.

Properties of energy We an 'lranster ..noerg y Energy cen p~~ss from one body to onother. If you ploce D line of dominoes hke 1n the picture and push the first one, oil the o thers stert to 11111. Th1s hoppens because l!llCh d ommo trl!rlsfers energy to the rest of t he dominoes 1n the 11 ne.

• In AD 1,400. a person consumed

26,000 kt<:~ l .

..! • 1875, . 77,000

In 11fter the lndustnol Revolution, a person consumed kcal to survive•

• By 1975. a person co nsumed 230,000 kcal.. W e an trllr>sfor-'1 ..,

• I•

One form of en ergy cllrl betrllrlsformed mto dfferent forms. For exel'fllle, electncel energy Cllrl be transformed into light energy 1n 11 l111ht b.Jib, mto he!lt energy In a red1alor or into mechanical en~gy in a fan. For ihis reason it's very usefuL

Wean .tor

eo~e

Blltten es c~:~n stor e ch emlc!!l energy. In this Wfl>/,lt's r~:>ady for us to use wh en we need it. The food w e eat is also a store of energy for our bod1es.

H ow much has t h e chemiCc:~l energy a pt>rso1, con sumes mcreesed? Whet do you thmk th1s mcrl!llse 1n energy IS due to?

. .. • . ........•....•..........•...•........

We u n tron~po-1 llllfi Y We Cxarrple,1n sh1ps.

Li$"len and decide which type of energy is being describ ed. Then, cop y tne t abl e below and complete it.

energy

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Complet e t his diagram in your n ot ebook. What transfOITTla tions of energy happen when you tu m on a light bulb?

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1 Find out how energy L.:an be transformed.

79

Sources of energy

Gto. , ,

lhe energy we use comes from energy sources. Sources of energy are reserves of energy which we fine! in nature.lhese sources can be renewable or non- renewa ble

k;flowor remeimngor unused materials

, Renewable energy sources are natural resources which do not run out because they are constantly renewed. lhey a re the sun, wind , water and biomass.

• r

Solu

ner-:y

The sun Is the source of sol11r r!ldillltlon. Depending o n how we collect it, thts ccn produce electnCill energy or hellt t-nergy.

Wtnd turbines lrllnsform the mechMtcel energy of th e 'Nind into electrical energy.

• Hr droeledrlc eneray

Thts is the mechi!nicel energy of water. We Ci!n produce elect rical energy using water falling from a reservotr or th e tides of the see.

L 80

The chemical energy of organic waste from plants,ltke the lef'.ov....-s from the hl!lrvest, orfrom Munels, like eKcrement, is used to generate heel tonergy or electrical energy.

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................ .... F.., fadr ..

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: D1d you know thet g eothermal ! energy is the energyfromthe very

Non-renewoble enerlrY sou rce ~ are nat ural resources whictl can run out , because we consume t hem faster than they can regenerate. These sources are f ossil fuels ltke oil and coal an d radioactive substances like uranium.

:• high temperatures inside the Earth? • tt is a renew11ble en ergy source, M d we con use 1t for h ellting. We C!ln olso use it t o prod uce electricity in g eotherm al power plants. Find out where t he mc:un geothermel power piMts ere located on our planet.

: •• :

••

.•• •• •

We use col!i, ges end 011 to move

In nuclearpower m t ions, energyfrom uraniUm , celled rlilclettr er1ergy. is transformed into ht>llt energ y, and the hPat energy 1S transformed Into electrical

\~hides,
for heating. In thermoelectric power plants, the dlernical energy in the fossil 1uels ts trcnstormed 1nto heat energy, end the heat energy is transformed into electrical

energy.

L

energy.

.....··. Tak e a cylindrical container. Cut out a piece to m ak e a window. Ask an adult tor help to cut the container. Colour the outside of the container bla
..: . .. ..• .

Put a sausage on a skewer and place it in the ccot ainer. Put the container fn a sunny place, and wait. Be pa tient: a sausage can t ake half an hour to cook I What are the advantages and disadvantages of this t ype of cooker compar ed wit h t he cooker you use at home?

. . ....................................................

...........

Listen to thi s conversation about energy sources. Then, copy t he t able below fn y our notebook and put the energy sources in the right place. gas energy

solar energy

r ~droel ectric energy

petrol biomass

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Findout whicharethe

1 energy sources we use most

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DISCOVER There rs a renewable source

of energy produced f rom biornass that is used b y millions of cars as an alternative t o petrol What do we ca ll this alternative f orm of energy.? What is it m ainl y m ade frorn? Why do y ou think ft can be a 'dean' solution for vehicles?

81

Energy and the environment

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Progress has been possible because of energy use. The production and use of energy ha ve consequences for t he environment. We call these consequenc;es envl ronmenial impads. lhese impacts are damaging the eflllironment and threatening our pl anet natural resources.

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,

f

quarrie\: 1!1 pfl!lce where we dig the stone out

Envtronmenta Impacts on the planet The et'Tio~ph '•

Th oc•n•

Some of t he gMes whtch vetlld es rei e!ISe cen re~c:t with the eir and produce clouds of acidic substances. The rain from these clouds ts call ed aetd

Ace dents with ell tenkers end dumping lea\/!! dengerous st.bstances in the sea. The waste from nuclear power pla nts also contammates nvers and sees with r!ldio!lcttve substences. like unentum.

rein end lt demeges the ground, t he hervests end the fo restswh en it falls.

Tt la •d We teke rock f rom quemc end mtner llls f rom mines . By doi ng this, we else cause son erosion .

8:1

Llv•na .nln

4

Aquetlc orgentsms die beceuse of weste from ondustr ies poured into nvers and sellS. Birds l!llso die because of wind tu rbines.

..·······-··-·· ··- .

LW~

tactr

:' On A~ust lA., 2003, more thl!in : 50 mdhon people rn New York and

Most oft he energy we use in the developed world comes from fossil fuels beca use t h ey are cheap and easy to obtain. However, if we continue t o increase our consumption of these fossil f uels, they run out.

•:

electncity tor two days. Frn d out whet a b lackout is and whlrt

For this reason, we need to cont rol our consumption of fossil fuels, and use other renewable sources of energy.

.

: :•

happened to the people dunng ! thlrttrme.

...............................·······....

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look at the dat a on world energy consumption and energy reserves from 2012: Renewable ~

Cc>al 30%.

Or I

"'t<

Gas 24%

.. .. .. .. .. .. .

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ln1erpre1ing data

Nuclear 5;1;

.•• .•••••

: Ont-cno were : left without

Ill.,

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lll' a:.ltiL

rn

Oil

Between 60 !!nd 1110 years

G1:1s

Between 200 and 250 years

Cot!l

Between 150 end 300 ye~

What percentag e of the energy we consume comes from fossfl fuels?

. . .

What percentage of the energy we consume comes from renewable energies?

..

.

At t he current rate of consumption. whichiossil fuel will run out first?

Listen to these conversations ab out environmental impacts. Then, copy the table below in your notebook and tick the correct answers.

. ..... ... ...................

What relation exists between energy consumption and the development o1 humanity? DisOJss it with a classmate. Make a list of all the t hing s in your house whi d1 need energy to wori<. Are any of them unnecessary in your lif e? Explain your answer,

3

-

-

lt we know that renewable en ergy resources are going t o nun out, why do you think we continue to use them? Discuss this with a dassmate. FINAL TASK Find out what e-waste is and where we throw it away. INh y?

83

Sustainable development$ 8 We know t h at excessive consumption of energy contaminat es the environment and wast es natural resources. If we contfnue t o use energy in this way, we may put future generat ions in danger. What can we do? Is there a solution ?

...... ... .......... Fun fad! . • ••

1

I We can start sailing energy ai home.

I

, Did you know t hatthe energy consumption at home in Spa1n repri!Sl'nts 20% of all energy consumption in our <:ountry. Find out what the n li!W Energy Efficiency Cerbf1cate for elllsbng buildings Is.

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We can now b uO d houses which need l ess energy and wh ich use renewable natural resources. We call these houses sustainabl e houses.

Hot-ter ard heating The house has thermo· sol!lf panels to heatthe

Bectricity Photovoltaic solar pl!n l'fs tu m the energy from the sun mto el ectn cal Mergy, and the w1nd turbin e produces electricity from the wind .

water.

.. 0

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rWat~r

treatment

Thl' system coli ects rein wat er. Wl!Ste Wllter f rom the house 1sr ecyded and used to waterth! gerden.

n

( Ecological swimtnlng•pool

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We don't need t o change the water~tt Is d e~ned netur11lly.

\.___

R t Our planet is also our home. We all have to help reduce the ene-gy we use in orderto keep our natural resources and to reduce our environmental impact s and waste production. Sustainable development means improving our welfare and t he welfare of developing countries by protecting our environment and our pi anet tor Mure gene-ations.

Look at t his house. What change s can you make to aeate a sustainable house? List them in pairs.

Sorne~rhing t.rot lasts for a rong time -maybe

forever 5cmeth;ng that tS good for ev~yone

•

Loving and cartng fo r ou r

planet ond

T

If we want to help sustainable l developmE!jlt, it is important to reduce the energy we use. W hich of these pictures shows saving energy? Listen to these children talking and decide which of these actions is part of sustainable development . If it is sustainable, write 'Yes' in your notebook, if it is not sustainable, writ e ' No', Read the foll owing definitions from children about what sustainable development means for t hem. In pairs, write two more definit ions of sust ainability with your own words.

FINALTASK VisitthefoQowingweb p age and find out where Europecn and USA e-waste ends up: http://www.e-sm .net /carnpaigns. M ake a list of the Spossibleendings for e-waste and keep il You will need it for t he f inal task.

Energy-saving measures

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lhe authorit ies and the people must work together to save energy. We ha ve to remember that al l our actions have consequences f or our planet.

As citizens, we can help save energy in lots of ways.

Use public t ronsport

whenever posible.

Drive responsibly. Tl"llvt'l et the corrt'ct spet'd and -turn off the

eng me ifthe car has stopped.

Use natumlligtt

when you can. Turn off lights when you're not using t hem.

Use ~gtt bulbs that need If!SS en f'rgy.

Do not use healing o r air ronclitioning too much. Keep t he temperatur(> at home at 21 •c 1n winter and 26 •c 1n

summer. 86

Choost' tht' most efficient ele<:tricl!l l applictnc:es. Th is mea1s thattht'y hiiVe the scme results usmg less energy. Tu m off

J

8pphances when you art' not using them.

Authorities a ls o have a series of obligati ons that can help to

reduce our e nergy consumption. Lo
Teach sodety

Promote t he use

abOIJt the need to save energy, using publicity

of renewable

campaigns.

produce clean

energies t hat all ows ~to

energy.

Make companies have

Support investigation into alternative energy resources and effici eot use of energy.

a responsible attitude cont rolIi ng the effects that thetrproduction proces~ es

have on

nature .

•

Invent a slogan t o make people t hink about saving energy. Write yoor slog an on a poster and lndude some images. Here are

One bus carries less ener8}' than

some verbs you can use.

The buSe$ don't use petrol, thetr fuelts made from , which is a

( take care

I

share

save

think

Listen to the teacher talking t o his students about saving energy. Then complete the notes in yo ur notebook.

renewable energy source

(three cars J I

tv

S[;'l J biomass f ifty

I

people, but it uses

Find o ut why the red light from the ' Stand bv' button is familiarly known as 'vampire power'.

STAND-BY

0 POWEROtl

red light

The energy from one old mcandescent light bulb Is enougl1 to power energys
Don't leave yot..r on standby when you are not usl~ 1t. lftl has a on t hen rt is consuming energy Turn it off p roperly'

FINAL TASK Visltttis web page http://www.e-sm .ne t/sol ut10ns. Choose the most suitable solutions provided f or e-waste. Keepthemfor the finaltask.

}'--------------' -

(

-

because we

can-----,..-----•...------.-.-----....,.

8

( transfer ft )

(

store lt )

( transport 1t )

(irecurcal ener~

possesses

r

sucn

DIFFEReNT FORMS

as

Le

appears In

Heat energy

G udear energy)

)

... comestrom

NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES

consumptlon C3U$0J

ENOOF RESOURCES

-

ENVIRONMENTAL

I

:")

J

so it's n ecessary to have

Copy and f ill in the mind map in your not eb ook. Add ot her examples of obje cts associated with each energy form we have studied.

Name the d1anges of ene11:y that happen when a wind turbine is working.

Energy-saving measures

Copy and match the two columns in your notebo ok. SOURCES

Wind

FORMS

Mechanical

0 11

Ugtrt

sun

Heat

Urarlun Water

Cherrical Nuclear

Look at this picture of a pendulum t o explain Newton's idea of the conservation of energy: 'Energy is not O"eated, and lt is not destroyed. lt can only be transformed'.

Look at this detail from a home natural gas bill. In what periods does t hehomeusemost gas? When does it use less? Why do you think this is? Propose two measures t o save energy in the home and discuss them with a classmate. Natural Gos '\ll()Q ~00

l.OOO 1.500 ],000 1.500 1.000 500

• . . ••• • -- --------------------------------

000000000000

-

N

..0:; a_>-c:;: D'O..t: ~ ~ c:A :0 a_>-c3 cna.t:?;

c ~~
Look f or information about incandescent light bulb s and low-consumption light bulbs. If we substrtute five Incandescent bulbs for f 1ve I ow -ccnsumptlon bulbs, we save about oOf: each year in the electricrty bill

In yoor not ebook, match each energy form with the correct definition: Mechanteal energy

is transrrutted 1n t ne form of heat iS produced by bodies in movement

Nuclear energy Heat energy Chemteal energy 6

~

Counthowmany1ncandescentbulbs you have in your home If you change all of them for low-consumption bulbs, how much w1ll you save In one year?

is stored 1n fuels 1s obtained from substances hke uraniUm

• Describe the images and compare them. Which bulb seems t o be the most effident?

Why is the sun the principal source of energy? Worl< with 11 classml!te and h!lme ot her sources of energy that depend on the sun.

Why?

When we t urn on a heater we produce this energy tra nsformatlon: Electrical energy~ Heat energy In yoor not ebook, write down t he energy transformation that happens in each case; Peddhng on a bicycle. energy ..Y

energy

30%heat 70'J(, light

aW

usten to the conversation and put the words ~in the correct boxes. The f irst one is already done.

Turning on the rad1o. energy~

energy

Tuming on a fan energy ..Y

energy

90%heat 10%hght

1

sun

l

f ossil fuels

l

uran1um

~

water

5

wind

A . smSaviadigitol.c001 V j I Check what you have leamt in the S.lf-evalu~t11on. ~..

- - - - - - - - · ·-··

·89

The ener~ efficiency sticker In recent years, developed ccuntnes haveincreasedtheirenergy const..mption to very hiilh rates and there is a real danQ'er of collapse in the near M ure duetoa lack of energy. Thus it is veryirrportantto ( the natural fossil fuel sources we already have at the same time that we I-') attemativesustainable energy srurces. But energyconservationst arts at home with incflli duals.

A

•<

• '•

0

For exam~e, the fridge Isone of tne electrical appliances that (3 the most energy intl1ehome. When we buy a fri~e,ifsf~rtant to think about t hei nformation we get from t he energy efficiency sticker. Ttis sticker m easLres the energy consumption of electrical appliances ( 'l t o other appliances of the same class.

Energy efficiency is shown by capital letters. 'A: is the most effi dent (it consumes thel e) opening and closing the fridge frequently, or (J tne door open for a Iongtime, because t his makes tne motor w ork very hard to keep the temperature constant, and • l) the energy consumption. Read the text again and in your notebook choose t he bestword(A, B or C) f oreach ~ s pa ce .

I

A save A searching A get s A compared A describes A keep A leav1ng A Increase

B use B seek B uses B similar B depends B pre-1ent B getl1ng B mcreases

C keep Cloaked C use contrasted C depend C avoid C maintaining C Increasing

c

Read the text and answer these questions in your not ebook. Then, discuss t hem with your dassmates. Accordmg to the text, which c aprtal letters correspond t o the most efficient appfi
'0

Are t he f ollowing set1t ences' Right' (A) or 'Wronf{ (8)? If there is not enough ~ inform ation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C). Don't forget to write down tl1e answers in your n otebook. 1 Fridges do not use much energy.

A nght

B wrong

c doesn't say

The energ y effidency st icker show s the consumption of an electrical appliance compared to other appli
d ass. A right

B wrong

c doesn't say

, We show energy effidency using letters. B wrong C doesn't say A right 4 The most efficient appl i
c

' We can change the energy eftidency of our fridge by using it in different w ays. B wrong C doesn't say A nght

Build a turbine A t urbine is an essential element for generating electrical energy. A turbine is a wheel with paddles or blades that tu m. The kinetic energy of the wind or the watermakesthe turbinetum on an axis. To make your turbine, draw a n oct agon on your card, like the one in the picture. Then cut along the dotted lines. Fold the points like we can see in the photograph. They should look like spoons. Staple the points so they don't move.

M eke a tube andpushit tiTough the hole in the centre of the card. Then put a chopstick

through the tube. M ake S~.Jre it is not too tight.

Test your turbine. Carefully turn on a tap and place t he turbine under the water. What happens? What t ype of energy does the water's energy turn Int o? KinetiC energy 4

energy

What sources of energy does the turbine use? Explain what advantages t hese types of energy offer.

91

fi) Let's work together: Th~

t.. \1

ast. . . i,:;

Work in groups of five and design an e-wastetrip poster t o present to t he dass. Go ba ck to the definition of e·waste you made and choose an e-waste object. Find or draw a picture of it. Take the list of e-waste destinies you made. Draw a wor1 d map and locate three main places where European and the USA export e-waste to. Use arrows and points to illustrate where thee- waste comes from and where it goes t o. Take the list of relevant solutions you chose f or e-wasteto end up and t hink about them. Can you think of other solutions? Don't f orget to write not es about them. Make a poster showing a trip for your e-waste object. Where does it end up? Present your poster to t he d as s. Dedde which information each person should ta lk about to explain your e-waste trip. Write your talk. Every member of t he group should talk for about one minute, and yru should try not to read your t ext.

... saving energy In your dally life Every day we use manymarnines and appliances t hat work w ith electricity. But almost all of t hat energy comes from non-renewable sources that will soon run out. If we want t o protect our environment and protect the wor1d for M u re generations it is very important to save eneflly. Make a list of things you can do to save energy at home, in the street, at school, etc., and try to use them in your daily life.

L

-

J

What's t he name of this structure? What is it made of? What is it used for? What famous European structure does it look like?

Atthe end of the unit, you will t hink of an object, what its st ructure is like, how it works and how we must use it safely.

Structures •

J

r

e ..

A ~rudure ls a grol.P of elements which can support weight and which can protect the objects or machines they belong to. There are natural s1rudures- for example, the skeleton- and a rtlfldal strud ur es - for example, a shelf, a swing Of" a bridge. Look at the shape and elements of the following structures: Tube·
ftruc1ute

girder:

H•upporu the load

The fesistance of an object depends on t he material it is made of and its shape.

...... ..... "

................... ···-··..·······················.......... ·····-··.. • How t o make a piece o1 paper resistant ' ... .... ... ..

.. . .. I

..:: ... .. When we fold the piece of paper, we give ita shape and we make it more resistant . Experiment. Which op1ion is more resistant? And the least resistant? Explain why. ~

.. . .................

:

..................... Fun fa,tr .

.

Bridges are structures that can support very large forces. They can support: Their own weight and the weight of t he load. The m ovemerrls caused by wind and moving vehicles.

- -Types of bridges - - - - - - . .

: There os e type of brodge ell! led suspension bndge. ltis en erch bridgetu m ed upsid e down and it needs to be very flexible 1n order to resost w1nd movernents. Wetchthos video end try to find out why the Tecoma Narrows Bndge collapsed on 1940.

. :

:, :

.•• •• •• •

. In e bndge with arches, the stones form e curved erch. Thos mekes e v.ry resistent bndge.

.•.•

In a bndgl' of g1r di.'r9, we jo10 trienguler pieces. We cen meke long end regsbmt crodgesm thos wey.

..........·• .... .. ..

Build resistan1 structures Observe what happens when we apply a force or a weight to a square structure and a triangula r structure. I apply aiorn ..

..• ...

0L7··~·

•

I appiya 1oK ~ ..

A

The way to avoid the

~nd i1 doesn'1

Sljllare deformrng rs 1hi•

We uc:ethe.

1118118111"'

ueform

struc1ute Ul

broclges

..

Buold a triangular shaped bridge and place some books on lt. Why it resists?

di

!

Listen to these people talking about famous bridges and complete the table in your not ebook. \ BrooKiyn

l

J

.. ......-···............

Alc6ntara

l Ponte vecch~

The bones of the human skeleton form a

1structure. Explain whyto a partner. Is a table a structure? Identify which elements form the pillars and the girders. What load does your table support? FINAL TASK Choose a machine that helps you move in your dail y lif e What's the structure like? Draw it andid entif y the m ain elements.

95

Simple machines

ee

Simple machines help us to perform force needed to perform thattask..

Gt

a task or reduce the

I

tuk rurrr the piZKe where an obJect

belances T'- e lever

r

Thewhe•l

A lever 1s a rig1d bar wh1ch 1s baanced on " pomt. the rut~ ur- (FJJ). ihe pwot on wh ic:h the lever moves. We use 1Hotransmit a force. We apply a force (F) to one end of the lever, end we move the load (L) which ts at the other end.

A wheel is a circule~r objectthe~t r otelt es around Cl centrllloxle. Wheels make oqects roll end they ere some of the most important mach1nes In our lives.

l F

force

lul
.................................................................................................. :

Experiment with levers There are t hree types of lever, depending on where we placet he f orce and the load. F L

Fu Class 11ever

Class 21ever

Class3 lever

Reproduce these three situations and Identity the force, the load and the fulcrum in each case. Observe how we use these objects and dedde which type of lever each one is. Label the fulaum, t he load and where we apply the force in each one.

-

........................................................

~-

96

~

..................................................······

The human body. •, . -t

J

There are t hree different dasses of l e~~ers depending on t he placement of the f orce (F), the load (L) and the fulcrum (Fu). let's see one example CYf each in our body:

Types of lever •

Fir~l-cii!.S

l ever

The fulcrum Is located between t he force Zll'ld the loll d.

The lo!!d is l oceted between t hri'fulcrum end the force.

F

F

F

...

l

Fu

F

Fu

, l

l

L Fu For ex11mple, the foot Thefulaum IS the b!lll of the foot, close to the toes.. The ce~tf muscl ~s pull to I1ft t he we4ght of the body.

For elC!Imple, the head. The fulcrum Is t he un•on between the spo nal column end the Cn:w'li um. The muscles in t he neck and the b&ck compensate-the weoght of the h ead. • Third -eo

n I v

f'

The force os located between the fulcrum and t he load.

F

F

Fu

l

l

Fu

For example, the elbow, The fulcrum is the elbow. The biceps fift the load at the end of the orm.

Listen t o the conversation and draw the Iever they are talking about fn your notebook Then, write the right weight in each position. Do you ihink t he d istance to the fulo-um affects to the force we need to apply to lift a force? 8'

C'

Draw t he following levers in yournotebook and label the force, the load and the f ulcrum in each one. Classify them depending on the d ass of l ever t hey are.

...0

e.

~

bottle openf!'

scissors

!5mSavladigitoJ

L_ __

T'<

~

r

/ tweezers

COOl

Oassifythe mac.tinesbyt ype.

" 97

More simple machines

fi)

I 11 The ramp is a simple machine called an indined plane.

for e~

load

Ana will need ih e le.a st force because her ramp is less in dined then th e Eve's one.

mcfrnrd plane

We use incl ined pl anes to raise or lower objects wit h less f orce.

I lhe ramp is very useful to save force. But if it is very long, we can roll it up to occupy less space.

If wejointwo inclined planes we get a wedge.

If we roll an inclined plane round a cylinder or a xis we mak e a screw. The w edge IS made of1woindin ed pla nes.

+

-+

inclined plane

We use screws t o fix pieces together when we mak e furniture and other things.

98

We use wedges in many machines or tools to separate t wo objects when we apply a force. Wedges form part of many t oots, like axes, nails, se is sors or kn1ves.

'CJ '

The pulley

"}

'M!!I: 11 hole 'n the ground whtc:h contains weter aone~ a structure used to lift objects on constructi on sites

1orce

load

force

The girl in the picture is using a simple machine called a pUlley A pulley is a wheel with a channel which guides a rope. When we pull the rope, t he object rises. We use pulleys in V< ..lis, cran"5, lifts,

etc.

Listen and i dentify whidl t yPe of simple machine Is being used. \

pUlley

_I

fndfned plane

lf weusetwopulleys t ogether, we reduce the force w e need by hal f . If we Hft 120 kilos using two pulleys, we need 60 kilos of force. What force would we need 1f we used f our pulleys to lift 120 ktlos?

v.oedge

What simple machine is m ost useful to lift an object from the ground t o t he t hirdfloor of a building ? Explain why t o a p01rtner. Lever

Pulley

Inclined plane

60kg iorce

Observe how your teeth m ove when you chew. What type of machine is tnis? Disruss it with a partner. Look at t he pictures and Ident ify t he name of eadl object. Whattype of machine is being u sed? Ho w does it work ?

Why do cranes use this system?

A V

• &nSavladigltol.cOOt

j 1 " Playwiththe L_'7lachinesand learn what weusethem f or. Fl NAL TASK How many simple machines does your madline have?

99

Complex machines

ee

To lift a car we usually use a complex ma chi ne called a jack. A Jack is a complex machine because it is made of different simple machines called mechanical components.

Mechanical components transmit movement to reduce t he effort These components form the mechanism of a complex machine.

• Cnnk

The crank 1s e bent bar thattn~nsmts 1ts movement to an alUs. We use itln a doorhendle or rn the mechanism of afi shing·rod.

• R ck and pinion

The rack and pinion system IS the combo nab on of a cog (ceUed 11 plmon)end e lll!lrwlth teeth (c!!lled e red<). When the pinion turns. the rack moves i n 11 straight hne. We u se th1s system m corkscre-.o~s, sli d1ng garage doors, etc.

100

The crenk, the nut end the screw are t he mechanical components of the jeck.

Coa ::.

Cogs ere wheels w1th teeth oround the edge. The teeth fit together with t he teeth on other cogs. This system transmits the movement of onl' cog to 11nother, ch11ng1ng the di rection ofthE' movement. We use cogslnsome wetches and mschines

• Coa and chain

The cogundchaln system tS mede up of a cheon wh ich trensmlts the movement from one cog (1) to enother (2). Both cogs move in the same direction, thanks t o the chain. We use this system m b icycles and motorbikes.

The bicycle uses a crank and coa~ as its basic component s. 1t also uses the wheel, the lever and th e pulley.

The b rake hancRe on

~'(,]l'fl>--?'' tht hendl eb!ll's is e .---..., lever. When we pull rt,lt trensmrts t he force to the brake pads o n th e wheels.

handlebar •

~·

b rake pads

G he wheels tum !ll'ound'

I ~n exis. The front wheel cont rols t he dlrecbon

.....

-

usltlg the hendl ebars, end t he back whpef recerves the t erce trom the pedels.

The pedals are cran ks thet turn 11 cogs

~

and chain syste m.

These t111nsmit the movement of the ----'

l Which are t he complex m achines in this lis1?

al [_ ped

indlned plane pulley

cog

~b~

motor ''""' _ V!ICU""' cl4'ener

"

chain

pedels to the b eck wheel .

DISm VER The frame is t he main structure of the bicyde. lt can stand very big forces. Do you know why? W hat 's it made of? What's its shap e?

Hthe A wheel moves foil ow ing t he arrow's

J direction, where will B wheel and C move

to? Explain it to a partner. Listen to the following descriptions and writ e the name of the mechanical components described.

cogs

crali<

rack an d p_l!llon

J 101

Construction and use of machines

fi)

Before we build a machine, it is important to plan and organise the projecl We need to think about what we are going to use it f or, and choose the necessary materfals. •

•

........... 0 •

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Construct a catapult

Catapults were machines used

... ... . ..

to throw stones aver a Iong distance. They worked using alever, and they could throw stones weighing 135 krtos aver SOOmetres.

~ Ma1erials !'.a

_,.

t :: t

! .: "t ... ... :: .....

I. lie

2 d othes pegs

Glue

2 lollipop sticks

String

1 bottle t op

• A marble

lnstrudions

e> &5e;w:

1. FIX one ofthe clothes pegs to ~:~lollipop stick using stri ng.

2. Fidht>otht>rlolllpop stlckto tht> other peg 1n the opposrte direct on.

3. Glut> the two clotht>s pegs together. Sbck the bottle top onto the end ofthto lollipop stick on t opofthe structure.

Place t he marble on the bottle top of the catapu lt. Press the lever (the lollipop stick) down;,.. ~ :

.. ... . ... ..

....

104'

Wh•t will h"PP'" whM you """"• the I~?

:;::: ·~

What w iU happen if you place the catapult on an incfmed plane?

---

! :

Make these changes and launch the object again. Expla in what happens. Put a heavier obJect on the bottle top Stick t he bottle top closer to the clothes pegs (these act as the fulcrum)

.. . .........

~-

..................

Do you think these people should be more careful? Using machines can involve risks. We should t ake precautions when we use ma ctli nes.

Machines and electricit y

M achmes nnd comrnunoct~tion

When we ml!lmpullrte electrical appiiMces we hcwe to avoid contact wi1h water and make sure they ere unplugged.

The excesSive use of socu1l networks end messa~wservices can creat e addiction. This m eMs we ci!ln start to spend too much tome on thl' comput•r or the mobill' phone.

ctise!

e

Listen to these conversations, Which do you t hink are safe and whi eh are dangerous? Write in your notebook'S' for the safe ooes, and 'D' iorthe dangerous ones.

In pairs, name machines, tools or electrical J appliances you have at home. W]lat safety measures do they have? sm Savladogotol.com Design and construct the model of a windmill youseeinthevideo. Whatsteps did you foll ow to construct it?

1 ''

Discuss with a dassmate what precautions we should take when we use a pair of scissors? And a skateboard7

103

COMPLEX canbe Mechanical MACHINES - made af ~ components 1ogether make

d fsuchas~

need

••• PROTECT OBJECTS

Copy and fill in the mind map in your notebook. Add another mechani cal component to the mind map and draw it.

What type of lever is the see-saw fn the picture in the mind map? look at the bicyde and nam e all t he mechanical components. What is ead1 one used f or?

104

Copy this picture into your notebook and identify t he pillars, the g irders and the load on t he seat.

•

Draw this picture in your not ebook and label the load, t hegirder andthepillars.

Look at this lever and answer t he questions:

B or C) can we place another 100 g weight t o balance the lever?

! In which position (A,

A

8

c

Imag ine you are on the left hand side ofthe river and you want to cross it. Whattype of structure would you bufl d? Des fgn it.

' If we w ant to balance the lever plating an obj ect in position A, wh feh of these weights should we use?

100 g

50 g

400 g

.. sm Savladig1lol com ·~ ' ' What are the names of the mechanical component s of a machine that J.._!,l'ansmit movement ? Play and find out. Classify t he foll owing levers according t o their class. Then, i dentify t h e load, t he fulcrum and the force in each Me.

Thin k of a complex machine that indudesone6 of t he f oll owing mechanical components.

W

J

( Inclined plane

pu lley

cQS5

The length of t he arm of a lever on which you apply t he f orce is fundamental t o how t he lever works. As you can see in the picture, a girl could lift an elephant if she wa s at a suffident distance from t he f ul crum .

e

• Cog A turns in t he direction m arked in t he p icture. M ark in which direction cog B will t urn and explain the movements from A to B.

Listen to the conversation and complete the t able in your notebook. Theiirst one is alrea dy done. load wedge pulley 3 • 4 cog lever

s

smSaviadigitol.cCITl I Ch eck wh at you have learnt in t he Sel1·tvaluatlon.

L ..'

10!>

W
'------=============-....

A watermtl is a structure that uses a waterwheel to drive a mechanical process such as flo~tr procl.Jction. There t) two basic types ot watermflls, one powered by a vertical wateswheel, and the other is equipped with a horizontal waterwheel . Most waterm~ls in Britain and the United States of America had a vertical waterwheel.llis vertical wheel (2) rotarymotic:o around a horizontal allis.ln flourmflls horizomal rotation was converted 3) vertical rotation using cogs, which01lso madethemmst onestum faster 4) the WO!lerwheel. As waterwheel technology fflllroved, m~ Is <-> more efficient, and by the 19t11 century, "~) sirwle waterwheel coUI d drive as many as f our mat stones. Adjusti fll the flow of t he water past the main wheel allowed the mll erto maintain the water sup pi y constcr~t. By the early 20m century, cheap electrical energy made the w01t ermill obsolete Tn developed coun!nes, although some small er rural mHis c:ontinuedto operate (T the 1900's. In some developing countries, watenmmsare (8) usedfor makirwflour. Forecafll'le, there are about 25,000 operating in Nepal, and 200,000 in India. Read the text again and fn your notebook choose the best word (A, B or C) f or each space. A is

B are

C be

- A has produced

S have produced

C produced

, A ln

B lnto

Cfor

A wtth

B by

Cthan

A became

B become

C have become

A the

Ba

Cthis

A to

B up

C until

A yet

B s.nce

C sbll

Read the text again and ahSwer these quest1ons in your notebook. Then, disruss them wit h your dassmates.

Us1ng cogs, how can you make the millstone rotate faster t han the waterwheel? Why is rt important to matntarn the water supply constant in a watermrft?

106

Why doyouthtnk watermtl ls were replaced when cheap electncal energy became available? Are t he f ollowing sent ences 'Right' (A) enough infor mation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C). Don't forget to write down the answers in your notebook .

or ' Wronv; (B)? tfthere is not

1 Watermills use a wheel as a mechanical

component. B wrong A nght

c doesn't say

Watermills were used t o produce flour. A nght

B wrong

c doesn't say

All waterrnills use a vertical waterwheel. A right

B wrong

Cdoesn'tsay

Watermills use cog s In t he internal mechanism. A nght B wrong C doesn't say The speedofthe millst one is always the sa me as the speed of the waterwheel. A right B wrong C doesn't say

The crane tensor

A crane is a machine we use t o lift and distribute loads very high up. tts structure is a tower m ade from triangular pieces which makes it very resistant. The crane also has t ensors. These are rigid cables t l1at give t he structure stability. The tensors are connected t o h eavy blocks of stone c alied counterweight s. The counterweig ht s st op the crane falling down.

The mot or ofthe machine pull s a cable which has t he load on t he end.l'o make t his easier, this process uses a pulley.

look at the structure of t he crane. What gives it more stability? t he pulley

the tensors

the load

What is thepulleyatthe top of t he CTan e used for? What would happen ifthere was no counterweight in the CTane's structure? What would happen nthe t ensors broke?

10/

let's work together: Think and design a poster illustrating how to use machines safely. Get into groups of five and choose one of your machines . Discuss the main challenges in building the structure of this machine to make it resista nt. Draw the structure in your posterlike in the picture below.

-

axle

What are the mechanical components of your machine? How does it work? Ust the key safety elements to make your maChine safer. Why are they Important?

... developing your imagination! Throughout history, engineers and inventors have used t heir imagination to create machines that have helped l1umanity to progress. How ha ve machines evolved t hroughout history? In groups, Choose the best invention ever and make a poster to present it to 1tle dass. Don't forget to include phot os and your own drawings.

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What structure

In our human body lets us

move?

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Engineers and scientists from all CNer !he world deSigl'l deviCes !hat allow us to communicate our thovghts thrOUgh computers al'ld other appararus. lllis means !hat your computer or ~ur televiSIOI'l can do ta~s for yru, just by lhln· king about them. Apart from SOVn· ding amazing, 11 c~;ld be of wear use to people with physiCal disabi-

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tunct10n do st ructures have?

·ntlng a hand in 30 can you l~g~r~ : a substitute for a and then us ng . ht have heard abOUt real hand? You m!Q m~hlne that tl'e 3D printer, which Isala made of can make parts, .gener ~ by software plastic, from designs ma .

pr<>;;jrams. ned the door to 3D printers ha'.e q::e many ~ss!bll itleS. especlal~ln medicine, such as prosthes Whal ktndol and organs whiCh are levers are In our compatible with the bodY. join1S'

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PALM TREE ISLANDS Ad.....,tes ;.,..,~ll'leso~~nd >hue tu~<"""

reo.ch it1!m t, . lslo>t1d' ot1 the '""• ;., Dub.,, 0.. it, they~~~ bt..tt kot!!ls, "'.o>Lk"'Olys .;tbove ll1e WO>ter ..,d go~~rci&os. To >lq>otftcm. co!IO>p5i ,.,g, O> solid structure ,...., built t., 6 ...,ette Coi!II....,Lt COUld be butt frOt.llt IJ1o~~t COI.ild 9001l'OIJI'Ic( the E.orth 3 b"'el

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Nocturnal vision: your heat betrays you

Wna1 types ot

What energy

sources do you Mnow?

Nig ht vis 1on cameras ha ve a lot to do with energy. These dev1ces are capable of detecbng heat energy from our bodies and creating an Image. The colou rs depend on the temperature of our bodies. Some snakes ha ve this type ofv tsion and a re able to 'see the colrur' of the1r prey.

power sources do you Mnow?

lf geo1hermal energy warms

. subterranean, or underground wat er, lt can cause hUge jets of water and vapour to be rel eased. These phenomenon are called geyser. Iceland IS home to the biggest geyser on our planet, the Strokkur which spurts ou1hot wqt er and vapour 1SOtmes each day. Each one l asts 10 rrunutes! The jet of water ~an reach as high as the 8'"floor of a buBd•ng.

Wha1 dellices 'hDuld llUildlng!

havPtobe sustainable?

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Skyscrapers that rotate W hat a weird shape these b uildings are! Each floor can rotate and rt can choose a d lfleren1 view or selup wl1h 1he SLn In mind. How do you think this is possible? THs works thanks 1o turbines and solar panels and these skyscrapers are energetically se11-su fllclenl.

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Energy sources lsabel has discovered the sources of electrical energy with this poster.

Where does most of the energy we consum e come from? What is t he name of the en ergy sources that are irtustrated in this poster? Which are reneo.vables? Which are non- rer~ewable? Help lsabet: Do you think. it is important to save electricity?

String mechanisms M any old toys used to move thanks to the string mechanism.

This t o y is a complex machine. W hy? What are the names of the lettered componer1t s? What Is their role? Copy the drawing of the two cogs and add one more. What way will ittum?

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