Nanyang Technology University ( School of Art, Design and Media, Singapore )
Project 1 : Case Study: dentifying nnovative
!assive Design Strategies "uilding science ( A# A#C C $%&') Tutor T utor : Mr Mr !rince
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Chu Si *ei +'&%&+ Christio Christiody dy +'+%&-& !oh .iyang +/+0!//$'
Sean
ntroduction
(Singapore)
Singapore is an island 8hich located at the end of Malayan !eninsula !eninsula 9et8een ndonesia and Malaysia Singapore is one of the South ast Asia;s 3odern city for over a century century The island nation of Singapore lies one degree north of 5uator in Southern Asia oy the sites and attraction in a secure, clean and green environ3ent (Figure ( Figure 1)
Figure 1. Map of Singapore (Location)
Figure 2. Singapore Climate Graph
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ntroduction
(Singapore)
Singapore is an island 8hich located at the end of Malayan !eninsula !eninsula 9et8een ndonesia and Malaysia Singapore is one of the South ast Asia;s 3odern city for over a century century The island nation of Singapore lies one degree north of 5uator in Southern Asia oy the sites and attraction in a secure, clean and green environ3ent (Figure ( Figure 1)
Figure 1. Map of Singapore (Location)
Figure 2. Singapore Climate Graph
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The location of Singapore is on the north north of the 5uator, it 3a?es 3a?es Singapore has a tropical cli3ate or called as a tropical country Singapore is 1ot and 1u3idity During dayti3e the te3peratures average around around '&@C, 9ut in Dece39er and 2anuary it;s slightly cooler, April April and May is the hottest 3onth 3onth Night ti3e the te3perature rarely drop 9elo8 $'@C The lo8est te3perature ever recorded in Singapore is &-@C
There are are no distinct 8et or dry seasons The region region is aected 9y t8o dierent dierent 3onsoons Dece39er to March is generally the Northeast 3onsoon and 3ore fre5uent rain particularly fro3 Nove39er to 2anuary "esides that, May to Septe39er is the dryer cli3ate for the south8est 3onsoons Then, the 9eginning and the end of the t8o 3onsoons season are a re not 8ell deBned
The region are are e=tre3ely e=tre3ely hu3id, 8ith hu3idity hu3idity level 9et8een 9et8een 0+ /6
1.0 B Project Description Page 3
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) of Singapore 8ith its School of Art, Design E Media 9uilding represents one of the Bnest, if not 9est, sustaina9le 9uilding ever 9uilt *ith its s8irling facade and s3art usage of the natural surrounding conte=t, this 9uilding provides an interesting t8ist into sustaina9le designs 8ith its creativity and 9oldness Designed 9y the C!F consultants, this Bve storey ca3pus sho8s that not all sustaina9le 9uilding has to 9e dull and shapeless n fact, NTUADM 8as given the F reen Mar? !latinu3 a8ard, one of the high a 9uilding can o9tain, 9y the "uilding and Construction Association ("CA) Freen Mar? A8ard is the 9ench3ar? for design, construction and operation of high perfor3ance green 9uilding The a8ard is separated into a fe8 categories 8hich are CertiBed, Fold, Foldplus and !latinu3 ("CA Freen Mar? A8ard #ating) of course 8ith the later 9eing the 9est The a8ard is given 9ased on ho8 3uch points are collected as each category is satisBed 9ased on a certain criteria
Gr e enMa r kf orEXI STI NG Bui l di ngs–Poi ntAl l oc at i on Par t1–Ener gyEffic i ency
Pt s
11
Ener gyEffici ency
22
12
Sys t emsEner gyEffici ency
23
13
Ener gyMoni t or i ng
4
14
Ener gyPol i cy&management
4
15
Re ne wa bl eEn er g y / En er g yEffic i e ntF ea t u r e s
10
Subt ot a lf orPa r t1( Ma x5 0pt s )
63
Par t2–Wat erEffici ency 21
Wat erMoni t or i ng
22
Wat erEffic i entFi t t i ngs
23
Al t er nat i v eWat erSour c es
Pt s 2 12 2
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Par t2–Wat erEffici ency
Pt s
24
Wa t e rEffic i e nc yI mp r o v e me ntPl a ns
1
25
Co ol i n gT o we r s
1 18
Subt ot alf orPar t2
Par t3–Sust ai nabl eOper at i on&Mgt
Pt s
31
Bui l di ngoper at i on&mai nt enanc e
4
32
Po s to c cu pa nc ye v al u at i o n
2
33
Was t eman ag emen t
8
34
Gr eener y
3
35
Publ i cT r ans por tAc ces si bi l i t y
2 19
Subt ot alf orPar t3
Par t4–I ndoorEnvi r onment al Qual i t y
Pt s
31
I ndoorai rqual i t yper f or manc e
6
32
Env i r onment al pr ot ec t i on
5
33
Li ght i ngqual i t y
4
34
Th er ma lc o mf o r t
2
35
I nt er nal noi s el ev el
1
Subt ot alf orPar t4
18
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GREENMARKAWARDRATI NG
Gr eenMar k Sc o r e
T r yAg ai n 0
Cer t i fi ed
49 50
Gol d
74 75
Gol dPl us 84 85
Pl at i num
89 90
100
4igure &+ " Flass *all feature to allo8 light to penetrate into the 9uilding to reduce
Gr eenMar kRat i ng
Gr eenMar kPoi nt s
Pl at i num
90&abov e
Gol dpl us
85t o<90
Gol d
75t o<85
Cer t i fi ed
50t o<75
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4igure && " Freen #oof feature to reduce heat gain and allo8s the 9uilding to 9lend
To reinforce the state3ent on ho8 3uch NTUADM has achieved in sustaina9ility, one of the 3a>or achieve3ent 8ere its savings 8hich can total up to &$+,+++ ?*h per year and 3ore than &,&0+ cu9ic 3eters of 8ater saved for annu3 This allo8s it to have a lo8er operation and 3aintenance costs
Design Concept *hat 3a?es this 9uilding interesting is ho8 it distinct itself 8ith the other surrounding 9uildings 9ut still 3aintain to 9lur the lines 9et8een 3an3ade and natural feature This ?ey feature of the 9uilding allo8s this transparency and connectivity of 9oth interior and e=terior environ3ent ven the interior portrays great sense of continuity of various spaces fro3 one to another t does not feel as if the 9uilding see3s to 9e disconnected fro3 one 8ing to another nternal glass 8alls further enhance this connection 8ith its s3ooth Go8 allo8ing one to have visual of the surrounding 8hich pro3otes interaction 8ith conte=t Additionally, this creative sort of design allo8s spaces to 9e for3ed 3ore freely t clearly tries to invent spaces that develop a relationship 9et8een teachers and student despite having dierent ?ind of spaces li?e auditoriu3 and studio spaces
This is further developed 8ith the integration of its curvy hillli?e design and applying green roof feature on it Not only does the green roof provide 3any 9eneBts 9ut it also creates additional spaces for the users to e=perience as they go along their daily routine 8ithin the ca3pus
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4igure &' " #oof !lan of NTU ADM
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4igure &' " 4loor !lan of NTU ADM
4igure &% " A Section of a 4loor !lan of NTU H ADM (Ii9rary)
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4igure &6 " Section of NTU ADM
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2.0 Climate Data
Singapore is & degree north of the e5uator as sho8n in 4igure $& SingaporeJs cli3ate is classiBed as tropical rainforest cli3ate, 8ith no true distinct seasons <8ing to its geographical location and 3ariti3e e=posure, its cli3ate is characteried 9y unifor3 te3perature and pressure, high hu3idity and a9undant rainfall So it is al3ost al8ays 8ar3 and 8et
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4igure $$ Average #ainy Days in
According to 4igure $$ and 4igure $', the average annual rainfall is around $,'%+ 33 in total The highest 9eing at the 3onth of Dece39er on average a9out '&+33 and the lo8est 9eing on average &6+33 on three dierent 3onths 8hich is April, 2une, and August Additionally, the highest $%hour rainfall Bgures ever recorded in history 8as 6&$ 33 (&-0/), %0 33 (&--) and ' 33 (&Dece39er $++)
4igure $' Average precipitations in
4igure $% Average Te3perature of
4ro3 4igure $%, The average te3perature of Singapore hovers around the range of a 3ini3u3 of $'@C and a 3a=i3u3 of '&@C 8ith 4e9ruary until 2une 9eing the hottest 3onths on average This is 3ainly due to light 8inds and strong sunshine during those 3onths Additionally, the highest recorded te3perature is '+@C on $ March &--/ and the lo8est recorded te3perature 8as &-0 @C in 2anuary &-'% Te3perature so3eti3es goes a9ove ''$ @C and can reach '6 @C at ti3es
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As seen fro3 4igure $6, an average hu3idity in Singapore is around 06 to /+ throughout the year 1o8ever, during prolonged heavy rain, relative hu3idity can often reach to a9out &++ This usually happens to8ards the 8estern side of Singapore Fenerally, there is 3uch 3ore rainfall on the 8estern side of the island than on the eastern portion of Singapore, o8ing to a rain shado8 eect 4igure $6 Average 1u3idity in
4igure $ !ercentage of rainfall distri9ution in
Thus, the eastern side of Singapore is 3uch drier and slightly hotter than 8estern Singapore This can cause slight 8eather disparities fro3 one side of the island to Page 13
the other This is signiBcant to note 9ecause even a s3all hill such as "u?it Ti3ah can cause this pheno3enon Despite SingaporeJs s3all sie, there 3ay 9e sunshine on one side 8hile there is rain on the other 4urther contrasts that prevent true allyear unifor3ity are the 3onsoon seasons 8hich happen t8ice each year The Brst one is the Northeast Monsoon 8hich occurs fro3 Dece39er to early March The second is the South8est Monsoon season 8hich occurs fro3 2une to Septe39er !eriods 9et8een 3onsoon seasons receive less rain and 8ind During the Northeast Monsoon, northeast 8inds prevail, so3eti3es reaching $+ ?3Kh There are cloudy conditions in Dece39er and 2anuary 8ith fre5uent afternoon sho8ers Spells of 8idespread 3oderate to heavy rain occur lasting fro3 one to three days at a stretch t is relatively dry in 4e9ruary till early March although rainfall still e=ceeds &$+33 t is also generally 8indy 8ith 8ind speeds so3eti3es reaching '+ to 6+ ?3Kh in the 3onths of 2anuary and 4e9ruary During the South8est Monsoon season, southeast 8inds prevail solated to scattered sho8ers occur in the late 3orning and early afternoon arly 3orning LSu3atraL s5uall lines are co33on
4igure $0 #oof !lan of NTU Art E Design faculty
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4or our 9uilding that 8e chose, NTU Art E Design faculty, the cli3ate of Singapore inGuenced the 9uilding in 3any 8ays and 8e 9elieve the architect also too? into consideration of the location of the 9uilding during the design phase and also 3ade changes to Bt the cli3atic response of the site NTU Art E Design faculty has an interesting shape that integrates the landscape into its roof 8hich allo8s it to gain 3any 9eneBts li?e lo8ering the te3perature of the surrounding conte=t Due to the 3aterial used 9y the 9uilding 8hich 3ainly consist of thic? la3inated glass and also 9are concrete as the 8alls, this passive design puts this 9uilding in an advantages position Additionally, to certify its position, a 8ater feature is added in the centre of the 9uilding to provide a cooling eect *ith the high te3perature and hu3idity of Singapore, this 9uilding is a9le to handle the pro9le3s that usually occur li?e an increase of te3perature of the 9uilding envelope during the day and the lac? of natural lighting causing the 9uilding to consu3e 3uch energy to function
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3.0 Wind Analsis
Figure 3.0 Wind rose at Singapore
The 8ind rose indicates the 8ind fre5uency 9y hours for the 8hole year fro3 dierent directions "esides, it sho8s the 8ind speed distri9ution fro3 less than &+?3Kh up to 6+?3Kh in the circular graph The lighter the colour the 3ore hours the 8ind is co3ing fro3 that particular direction and particular speed *e can learn fro3 the diagra3 that the 8ind is co3ing fro3 3ainly fro3 north east direction, though the 8ind fro3 all other direction is 5uite fre5uent The fre5uency of 8ind speed is higher in the range of &+?3Kh to '+?3Kh *ind speed higher than '+?3Kh is rarer
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The Art E Design 4aculty of Nanyang Technology University is surrounded 9y trees and 9uildings of si3ilar height, hence the 8ind does not aect 3uch of the 9uilding design t is not a tall 9uilding and all facades are all curved and strea3lined This helps to reduce lateral 8ind pressure though the 8ind force is not strong in that area The central courtyard 3ay inducepositive or negative 8ind pressure at ti3es depending on 8ind direction and intensity, as it is surrounded 9y three sides, 9ut this should not create pro9le3s as the 8ind pressure is 3ild 3ost of the ti3e n fact, this creates 9reee to 9ring a8ay the 3oisture fro3 the 8ater feature and provide percepti9le air 3ove3ent to enhance ther3al co3fort As the 8hole 9uilding is air tight and fully 3echanically ventilated, natural ventilation does not play an i3portant role inside the 9uilding
4igure '& *ind Go8 diagra3
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4.0 !"n Analsis Singapore is located >ust & &0; north fro3 the e5uator, the sun at noon is al8ays °
a9ove the head and tilts slighted to8ards north in 3onths close to 2une and tilts to8ards south in 3onths close to Dece39er The 3orning and evening sun is al8ays on the east and 8est respectively and >ust slightly tilted to8ards south or north depending on 3onths The long a=is of the Art E Design 4aculty is running east8est and the short a=is is running northsouth This conBguration is good in Singapore as the lo8 3orning and evening sun is al8ays hitting the 9uilding envelop at faade facing east and 8est, and hence heating up the east and 8est faades At noon, the sun is al8ays al3ost a9ove the 9uilding and heating up the roof
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4igure %+ Annual sun path at Art E Design 4aculty,NTU The sun is at 6p3 on $$
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nd
2une
4igure %& 6p3 at $&st 2une Solstice
n 2une solstice day, the sun is at north side of the 9uilding n the afternoon the sun 8ould 8ar3s up the north faade at the sa3e ti3e causing glare in the 9uilding Art E Design 4aculty 9uilding handles this 9y using dou9le glaing 8ith lo8e3ission coating on inner glae and tinted glae on the outer layer This ena9les natural daylight to penetrate into the 9uilding 8ithout 3uch heat
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4igure %$ 6p3 at $&st Dece39er Solstice
n Dece39er solstice day, the sun is at south of the 9uilding As oppose to 2une;s sun path the sun 8ar3s up the south faade in the afternoon at the sa3e ti3e causing glare in the sa3e area Since the 8hole 9uilding is dou9le glaed, heat and glare is reduced in the 9uilding Shading devices could 9e added to the 9uilding to reduce direct contact of sunlight on the 9uilding envelop to reduce heat and glare 1o8ever, this 3ight co3pro3ise on the clean line design and architect;s vision Surface insolation should 9e sho8ing si3ilar result as uala Iu3pur;s 9uilding The roof should receive a9out &+ ti3es 3ore solar insolation co3pare to the facades 1ence, to reduce heat eectively for the indoor environ3ent, Art E Design 4aculty 9uilding has a green roof The green roof has high ther3al resistance (#value) and thus lo8 Uvalue t can eectively ?eep the heat out and reduce the cooling load Moreover, the dou9le glaed faade throughout the 9uilding can reduce the heat to penetrate into the 9uilding Page 21
Natural day light can 9e harvested in the 9uilding 8ithout 3uch glare than?s to the tinted glass The 9uilding does not has deep plan, and thus sunlight can 9e used to light up al3ost all area in the 9uilding during day ti3e
4igure %' Shado8 range on the day $& st Dece39er
The courtyard in the centre 3ay 9e too hot to 9e occupied during day ti3e as there is no shading device The shado8 of the 9uilding itself is not suOcient to provide enough shade in the central courtyard The concrete Goor and the glass 8alls around the courtyard 3ay reGect heat and contain the heat in the courtyard 1o8ever heat can 9e stored in the pool and concrete as they have high ther3al 3ass, hence the surface te3perature rises slo8ly during day ti3e and pu rge a8ay during night ti3e
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5.0 Passi#e Design $eat"re %reen &oo' *ithout 5uestion, one of the do3inant factor that 3a?es the Nanyang Technology University (Art E Design), NTU, a green and sustaina9le 9uilding is the roof itself 8hich are covered 8ith grass This green roof syste3 is not ne8 in the conte=t of 9eing sustaina9le or having a sustaina9le design 9ut this particular NTU faculty steps it up 9y allo8ing the green roof design to 9e applied throughout its creative 9uilding for3
4iggure 6& NTU Freen
*hat 3a?es this green roof design uni5ue is the see3less 9lend of 9oth structure and the surrounding conte=t This is further a3pliBed 9y the structures organic shape 8hich for3s a hillli?e structure and it really 8or?s at the end of the day The construction of the green 9uilding can produce 3any 9eneBcial outco3es usting ther3al Page 23
co3fort of the 9uilding Additionally, this eect is a3pliBed further due to the e=tensive usage of the green roof throughout NTU
Bene(ts o' %reen &oo' •
•
•
•
•
#educed energy use 9y a9sor9ing heat and act as insulators for 9uildings, reducing energy needed to provide cooling and heating #educed air pollution and greenhouse gas e3issions 9y lo8ering air conditioning de3and, green roofs can decrease the production of associated air pollution and greenhouse gas e3issions Pegetation can also re3ove air pollutants and greenhouse gas e3issions through dry deposition 3proved hu3an health and co3fort, 9y reducing heat transfer through the 9uilding roof, can i3prove indoor co3fort and lo8er heat stress associated 8ith heat 8aves nhanced stor38ater 3anage3ent and 8ater 5uality can reduce and slo8 stor38ater runo in the ur9an environ3entQ they also Blter pollutants fro3 rainfall 3proved 5uality of life can provide aesthetic value and ha9itat for 3any species
4igure 6$ Iayers of the
A green roof usually consists of Bve layers 8hich starts 8ith the vegetation layer and follo8 up 9y the soil in 8hich the vegetation gro8s The follo8ing layers are follo8ed up 9y protective sheets such as a Bltration sheet, drainage layer, protection layer and Bnally a 8aterprooBng layer 9efore the super structure of the Page 24
9uilding to prevent any dirt or 8ater to sip into the 8alls and ceiling of the 9uilding The grass used on the green roof is called 3anilagrass and 8ith very good reasons too as it is easily 3aintained and does not re5uire 3uch up?eep no8n also as .oysiaMantrella or in Malaysia, ru3putsiglap, this plant has 3any variance, 8ith dierent sies of leaf 9lade depending on the continent it is located at
5.0 Passi#e Design $eat"re Do")le %la*ed %lass "esides the Freen #oof, another do3inant factor 8ould 9e the 8indo8s constructed on the 8alls around the NTU 9uilding The glass is actually a special glass called dou9le glaed glass 8hich is constructed using t8o planes of glaed glass 8ith a gap 9et8een each plane for a9out H &$33 and is Blled 8ith usually air or an insulating gas li?e argon The reason 9ehind it 8ould 9e using an insulating gas li?e argon 8ill decrease conductance of air space 9et8een the layer of glass *hat this 3eans is that 8ith the usage of a slo8 and insulating gas, the heat transfer 9et8een the inside and outside are very 3uch reduced 4or further e=planation, the reason 9ehind this pheno3enon is 9ecause the density of the air 9et8een the $ glass panelsare higher than that of the density of air outside
4igure 6+ NTU During the day
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4igure 6& NTU During the night
A dou9le glaed glass consists of $ co3ponents of 8hich are the spacer and the glass panel A spacer is the piece that separates the t8o panes of glass in an insulating glass syste3, and seals the gas space 9et8een the3 Spacers 8ere 3ade pri3arily of 3etal and B9er, 8hich 3anufacturers thought provided 3ore dura9ility, ne8er spacers are also 3ade of foa3 to provide the 8indo8 8ith sound da3pening properties 8hile 3a?ing the 8indo8 into a ther3al 9arrier such that heat Go8 through the 9racer is reduced 1aving 9eing cut do8n to its appropriate di3ension 9oth the spacers and glass panels are cleaned 9efore going through the asse39ly line An adhesive sealant called polyiso9utylene is applied to the face of the spacer on each side and the glass panels are pressed against the spacer nnerd gas is then pu3ped into $ holes 8hich are drilled into the spacer, after8ards the units are then sealed on the edge side using eitherpolysulBde or silicone sealant or si3ilar 3aterial to prevent hu3id outside air fro3 entering the unit
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4igure 6$ Anato3y of dou9le Flaed Flass
4igure 6' !anora3ic vie8 of the centre courtyard
The glasses used in the NTU are no dierent fro3 the nor3al average glass used in nor3al housing sche3es As !icture A sho8s, the dou9le glaed 8indo8s are used
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e=tensively throughout the facade and 8all of NTU;s Art E Design faculty to reduce the energy consu3ption 8ithin the 9uilding itself *ith the dou9le glaed 8indo8s, the heat fro3 the sunlight does not penetrate into the 9uilding co3pletely ho8ever there is a &++ light penetration into the 9uilding The heat also does not transfer fully fro3 the inside of the 9uilding to the outside 8hich prevents the inside of the 9uilding fro3 9eco3ing too cold This not only reduces cost to increase the ther3al co3fort 8ithin the 9uilding due to lac? of heat lost 9ut also retains enough heat 8ithin the 9uilding to ?eep the 9uilding in a co3forta9le environ3ent "esides saving energy and cost in reaching ther3al co3fort, the usage of dou9le glaed 8indo8s as 3entioned increases the light intensity in the 9uilding, hence saving cost in electricity to lighten up the interior Additionally, the a9sence of the usage of 8indo8s allo8s this 9uilding to 9e easily constructed 8ithout 3uch hassle 8hen putting up the 8all of the 9uilding
6.0 +oncl"sion ,anang -ecnological /ni#ersit Art Design and edia NTU school of Art, Design and Media is a co3plete representation of a green design and, it portrays an astute e=a3ple for future architects 8ho are 8illing to learn 3ore a9out a green 9uilding The applications of a passive design are ?ept in 3ind through out the 9uilding, pointing out the green roof and use of dou9le glaed glass The green roof, 8hich lays upon the entire roof of the structure, ensures a 3ini3al transfer of heat through the roof and then the ceiling A green roof can 3ini3ie up to 0+ of heat transfer during day ti3e 8hich allo8s the interior to 9e as co3forta9le as possi9le The several layers of a green roof allo8 the heat transfer to reduce at pheno3enal levels, providing a lo8er cost of airconditioning the interior Page 28
4igure + layers 8hich 3a?es up the green roof
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