MUMBAI EASTERN WATERFRONT PLAN
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Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
Navi Mumbai International Airport
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
MUMBAI 2
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The Mumbai Eastern Waterfront Plan sets out a framework for resiliency as the city looks to reimagivne its eastern waterfront.
Mumbai, the largest city in India, has a population of approximately 12.5 million people. The city acts as both the financial and cultural center of India boasting both the largest stock exchange in India as well as the world’s largest film industry by number of movies.
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THE PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
Employing a structure plan provides the Eastern Waterfront a guide for future development, land use patterns, open space, and social and physical infrastructure. This plan avoids top down, prescriptive land use planning destined to fail in the wildly dynamic, complex, and unpredictable Mumbai.
In order to succesfully fulfill the vision of the Eastern Waterfront Plan implementation will require innovative ideas, relying on and including stakeholders at all levels.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MUMBAI, INDIA
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“The plan defines resilience in the context of Mumbai and the Eastern Waterfront and presents a vision and goals for its future development.”
SPACE HERE FOR OTHER DETAILS
Marine Drive Mumbai Source: justgoodvibe.com
Mumbai, a dense, vibrant, and complex
interest, as nearby modernized ports have
basis for the plan, especially the definition
metropolis of 21 million inhabitants is
rendered it obsolete. Located on infill
of resilience, and shapes the vision and
the most populous city in India
and
land on the eastern coast of Mumbai’s
goals.
serves as the financial, commercial, and
Island City, the waterfront is adjacent to
The
entertainment capital of the country. The
many of the city’s oldest and most active
context of Mumbai and the Eastern
city aspires to emerge as a major global
neighborhoods but is physically and
Waterfront and presents a vision and
city in the 21st Century, but continues to face a variety of economic, social,
socially isolated, and despite its port and industrial activity, relatively undeveloped.
goals for its future development. The plan’s frameworks, which serve as its
infrastructural,
the
The waterfront shares many of Mumbai’s
backbone throughout the entire site’s
economic, social, infrastructural, and
development,
and employment generators are shifting,
environmental concerns, but offers a
strategies addressing the waterfront’s
economic inequality is growing, and its
unique opportunity to address them
economy, housing, infrastructure, and
demand for affordable housing far exceeds
through redevelopment and reinvention.
environment. A structure plan, along
its supply. The city’s infrastructure,
This
planners
with three elaborative small district plans
including its transportation networks,
to define and address resiliency in
provides catalytic actions to spur resilient
public
stormwater
Mumbai’s Eastern Waterfront, especially
development throughout the waterfront.
management is at capacity and in
in its economy, housing, infrastructure,
Finally, plan implementation is presented,
disrepair. Mumbai struggles with severe
environment, and identity.
including the plan’s metrics, phasing,
flooding, pollution, wildlife degradation,
This comprehensive resilience plan for
governance, and financing, as well as
and anticipates a wide range of climate
Mumbai’s Eastern Waterfront is divided
case studies for comparison. Through
change impacts.
into three elements: existing conditions,
the
resilience
implementation
Waterfront will demonstrate resilience,
challenges, the city experiences immense development pressure amidst its rapid
measures. The existing conditions of the city and waterfront focus on history,
reestablish Mumbai on a global stage, embrace and promote the city’s unique
population and economic growth. In
demographics, economy, employment,
identity, and serve as a replicable model
the last 30 years, Mumbai’s Eastern
housing, urban form, open and public
of development.
Waterfront, home to the city’s historically
space, infrastructure, transportation, and
primary port, has generated development
environment. This element provides the
utilities,
Mumbai
and
grapples
environmental
defines resilience in
concerns. Mumbai’s economic drivers
As
and
plan
with
these
opportunity
plan,
requires
and
entire
contain
plan,
a
variety
Mumbai’s
of
Eastern
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EXISTING CONDITIONS MUMBAI, INDIA
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Mumbai, the largest city in India, has a population of approximately 12.5 million people. The city acts as both the financial and cultural center of India boasting both the largest stock exchange in India as well as the world’s largest film industry by number of movies. Located on the western coast of India, Mumbai has a deep history of being tied to the water. Due to massive population growth and being constrained on three sides by water, the city has expanded northward, including a large suburban area within the Greater Mumbai Metro region, totaling an area of 4,82.7 square kilometers. With its close relationship to the water, and the formation of a good natural harbor, Mumbai has two major ports, together accounting for over 60% of India’s maritime trade. The study area, the Mumbai docklands, is owned by the Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT). This area is the older of the two major ports within the larger Mumbai Metro. The docklands area is approximately 1,800 acres and consists of a number of uses, including warehouses, docks, formal and informal housing, tank farms, and mangrove forest. There are a broad set of issues which stem from the existing conditions of the site, ranging from historical context, economic performance, to environmental challenges.
7 Source: Google Earth
HISTORY Mumbai has been on the global map for five hundred years. Although the Port of Mumbai, is comparatively a modern creation as it exists today, its magnificent harbor, which is the keystone of its prosperity, has drawn international interest for centuries and acted as an economic generator for Mumbai.
Portuguese Coloninization In 1534, the Portuguese colonized the islands and established a trading outpost. The Portuguese called the area Bom Bahia, meaning ‘the good bay’, which the English pronounced “Bombay”.1 This trading center slowly grew, with locals trading products such as silk, muslin, chintz, onyx, rice, cotton, and tobacco. By 1626, there was a great warehouse, friary, fort, and ship building yard. There INDIA NIGHT LIGHTS Source: fineartamerica.com
were also new houses for the general population, and mansions for the wealthy.1
The Portuguese captured Mumbai in 1534, establishing a trade center, warehousing, and a ship building yard.
ENGLISH FORT Source: SKA London
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1534-1665
1665-1858
1870-1947
1947-PRESENT
The Develpment of Mumbai
Mahim
Worli
1534
Parel
Portuguese captured
Mazageon
Bombay
islands of Mumbai. LittleColaba
Colaba
1668
SEVEN ISLANDS Source: Heritage Institue
East India Company purchased Port from Portuguese.
The seven srcinal islands: The image above shows the development of Mumbai through the process of land reclamation and infill within the srcnial seven islands. The eastern port of Mumbai is comprised entirely of reclaimed land that lies adjacent to several srcinal islands.
1813 British Parliment ended
British East India Company
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
In 1652, the Surat Council of the British East India Company, realizing the geographical advantage of the port, urged its purchase from the Portuguese. Their wish was gratified nine years later when, after the transfer of the area to the East India Company by Royal Charter in 1668, development of the port started taking shape. Various measures such as construction of a Customs House, a warehouse, and dry docks were taken up by the East India Company to encourage trade. In 1813, an act of the British Parliament ended the East India Company’s commercial monopoly resulting in rapid growth in the trade volume of the port. Mumbai under the 2
revolutionized the maritime trade industry
East India Company’s commercial monopoly
of Mumbai. It shifted the whole scenario of import and export trade from the East Coast to the West Coast, positioning Mumbai as the principal Gateway to India. The first wet dock constructed in India was the Sassoon Dock in Mumbai in 1875 followed by the Princes’s and Victoria
1858
Docks in 1880 and 1888 respectively.
Mumbai fell under direct
However, Princes’s and Victoria Dock
rule of British Crown.
have since been infilled. Indira Dock, the most modern of Mumbai’s docks, was constructed between 1904 and 1914. To handle petroleum products and liquid chemicals, a jetty was constructed in 1923. A new modern jetty capable of handling tankers of 47,000 displacement tons was commissioned in December
direct rule of the British Crown in 1858.
1996. A modern oil terminal at Jawahar
Mumbai Port Trust
Dweep with three berths was completed
In 1873, the present statutory autonomous
in 1956, and the fourth oil berth capable
Mumbai Port Trust was established to
of receiving tankers up to 125,000
administer the affairs of the Mumbai Port.
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displacement tons was completed in 1984.
1947 India gained Independence from Great
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DEMOGRAPHICS
Source: Mumbai Schools
Mumbai has experienced a population
meanwhile the population within the
participation rates. The city has a relatively
boom since the 1950s, but growth has
Island City stabilized. The majority of
higher young-group ratio compared to
slowed recently. The city’s decadal growth
migrants are from rural area and this ratio
other big cities around the globe.4
rate has decreased from 38.1% in 1971
is still rising (from 66.0% in 1981 and 68.5%
Mumbai is home to people of different
to 3.8% in 2011. Greater Mumbai now
in 2001), indicating Mumbai is still in the
religious faiths due to the widespread
has a population of 12.48 million and
process of urbanization as population
growth of various communities and
2.83 million households, with an average
shifts from rural to urban area. 37% of the
migrants. Mostly, people in Mumbai are a
density of 20,482 persons /sq.km, almost
migrants came to Mumbai to seek better
concentrated mix of Hindus (67%), Muslims
twice as dense as New York City. The Island
employment and education opportunity,
(19%), Christians (4.2%), Jains (3.9%), and
City accounts for a quarter of the city’s
and a large amount of them live in slums
Buddhists (5.2%). This religious diversity
entire population with the rest distributed
and work in informal sectors.4
has brought created an atmosphere of
in the suburbs. The suburbs also house
India has one of the lowest sex ratios
lightheartedness during festivals, as well
the most populated slums and4 also the densest areas within the region.
(female to male) in the world, which creaties many social challenges. This is
as economic and cultural vitality for the enitre city.5
Since the 1960s, Mumbai’s population
also the case in Mumbai: according to the
Mumbai’s literacy rate is 94.7% according to
has tripled and most of the migrants
2011 census, the sex ratio was 848/1000.
the 2011 census, higher than the national
have
surrounding
Gender imbalance is not only reflected
average. Over 70% of the city’s population
suburbs within the State of Maharashtra,
in demographics but also in workforce
is below middle school education level.
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come
from
the
Greater Mumbai Population Growth 1961 to 2011
POPULATION: 12 MILLION (CITY), 21 MILLION
MUMBAI 53,448 people/sq. mile 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000
NEW YORK CITY 27,857 people/sq. mile
6,000,000 2,000,000 0 1961
1971
1981
Island City Population
1991 Suburbs Population
2001
2011
SHANGHAI 9,900 people/sq. mile
Source: LSE Cities - Urban Age Cities Compared
Among all the enrolled school children, drop-outs, inadequate resources, and declining standards are common issues and many of the public schools lack basic facilities such as toilets and drinking water facilities.4
Source: Mumbai Local 11
EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION Mumbai is the economic center of India hosting the country’s major stock market; Bollywood, the world’s largest movie producing area; and India’s largest port. Since the mid twentieth century Mumbai has undergone a major shift away from being a manufacturing city to the service sector. From 1961 to 2001 the percent of employment in the manufacturing sector fell from 44% of the population to 35%, during the same time period service
West Suburbs
sector employment rose from 55% of the workforce to 64%.6 As of 2011 Mumbai had 40% labor force participation, significantly higher than
East Suburbs
India’s 28% average. This indicates a higher concentration of formal jobs in Mumbai than on average throughout India. Even with a relatively high workforce participation the differences between
Navi Mumbai
men and women are stark. Less than 20% of women are involved in the formal economy, while men participate at a nearly
Island City North
60% rate.6
Fort Area
JNPT
4,725,256 formal employment (2011) 40% of jobs within 2-mile radius around the Fort 38% employment rate of total population 1.44 jobs/residents in the Fort Area
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LAND VALUE & REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
$75 $75
PROJECTED POPULATION 2050 Source:Surbana, Concept
$76
$78 $82
$93
$157
$93
$147 $87
$210
$89
$247
PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT 2050 Source:Surbana, Concept
$157
$240 $100 $300 $135
$187 $338
$194
$412
$150 $240 $262 0
$300 $277
.75
1.5
3km
HOUSING SALE PRICE ($ PER SQ. FT) Source: Landscape + Urbanism Around the Bay of
Development has historically occurred
the suburbs . This is significant since the
along two major transportation corridors along the eastern and western edge of
population projection for 2050 estimates the majority of the growth to happen
Mumbai. These corridors also dictate a
in the suburbs; while the employment
land value pattern. The pattern shows
distribution for 2050 concentrates the
that within the Island City, land values can
majority of job opportunities in the Island
reach values four to five times of those in
City . 7 8
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NEIGHBORHOODS The administrative structure of Mumbai is composed of wards. However, local political boundaries are not physically evident and thus not commonly used. Mumbaikars prefer to identify by the
PAREL
neighborhoods in which they live. The study area is composed and abutted
SEWRI
by eight neighborhoods: Parel, Sweri, Byculla, Mazgaon, Umerkhadi, Masjid Bundar, Mandvi, and Fort.
BYCULLA Parel Parel is named after one of the six
MAZGAON
srcinal islands. Due to the land value and industrial past of this neighborhood, it sees stark social inequality. High end residential complexes coexist next to informal settlements. Recent surveys show a residential square foot can be valued up to $152 USD. With the influx of the high
UMERKHADI MANDVI MASJID BANDAR
income class, luxury malls have started to develop. This has led Parel to be known as the “land of malls and mills”.9 Housing is at the forefront of land consumption, informal settlements are
FORT
currently 60% of housing supply. In Parel, chawls are the most common housing typology.9
Sewri The Sewri neighborhood is located on another srcinal island. It is primarily an industrial neighborhood due to its
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proximity to the waterfront. However, this use, along with the railyards, is in conflict with the natural habitat of the flamingos that reside by the waterfront.
Housing conditions are similar to Parel,
apply for a permit for repairs and use
The port industry is traced back to
where chawls are the predominant
that to add 3-5 floors to the existing
English occupation. The rail divides the neighborhood clearly into residential area
structure derived from old English jailhouses. Residents of these chawls are
construction. “Weekend” comes from the time of construction, when inspectors are
to the west and industrial to the east. The
typically employees of the port.
not working.10
industrial section has a very organized
This neighborhood has many dilapidated
Byculla
street structure, whereas the residential
building towers resulting from “weekend
This neighborhood was srcinally created
becomes more organic.
builders”. Developers and owners who
as a byproduct of the industrial economy
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Parel
Mandvi
Source:Flickr
CottonMills
Fort
Source:Flickr
Source:Simplygovind
BazaarDistrict
of the port. Its main uses were mills and
This results in many flooding issues and
railyards. It is artificially made and thus
settling. Similar industry and population
suffers from constant flooding threats.
composition as Mandvi and Masjid Bandar
Motisha lane is the main street and anchor
D.N.ROAD
Fort The Fort neighborhood is named after the historic Fort George built under the English rule. It is the financial center of Mumbai
for street structure. It is composed of a
Masjid Bundar
heterogeneous mix of religions. Victoria’s
The neighborhood is named after a
Garden is a public garden that dates back
district. Any development is regulated by
synagogue. Due to the neighborhoods size
to the English rule.
the state Urban Development Agency.
and proximity, Masjid Bundar has similar
Existing floor space index (FSI) varies from
Recently, many incidents of building fires and destruction have been documented
industry and population composition as Mandvi. The street pattern is also very
in this area due to unsafe living conditions
3.5 to 6.5, whereas local regulation are capped at 1.33 FSI.
similar to that of its neighbors.
and building techniques.11
Streetscape conditions are better than the
This area is known for its bazaar and
rest of the city yet pedestrian and vehicular
crowded open spaces. It hosts Crown’s
Mazgaon
traffic is worse. Several main institutions
Market, known for many exotic, albeit
are located inside the boundaries of Fort
Mazgaon was srcinally founded by
illegal, products. It was once a prominent
such as the high court, train stations,
Portuguese explorers and still carries the
jewel trade area. This benefited from the
and
name of its founders. Due to this heritage,
proximity to the major railway station that
neighborhood offers the most green space
it is still primarily Catholic, with a total of
carries the same name.
per capita of any other in the city. Some of
8 churches within its boundaries. It is also
Mandvi
the building typology and street structure
a Muslim enclave, an old Jewish quarte and houses the first Chinatown in India. It is frequented by the locals for its ethnic diversity and food offerings.
Umerkhadi This neighborhood still houses some of the srcinal industries, mills and warehouses. It is also manmade as Byculla and during that process a natural creek was buried.
It is primarily composed of Muslim and
and the serves as the centeral buisness
educational
institutions.
This
still carries some European heritage.12
Jewish population. Its street structure is
Marina Drive
heavily influenced by the port on the east
One of the main assets to the urban form
side of the rail and on the west by the
of Mumbai is Marina Drive. This waterfront
chaotic nature of the city. Similar industry and composition as
promenade is flanked by art-deco style buildings. Primarily used as hotels and
Umerkhadi and Masjid Bundar
residential buildings, commercial uses are
Mohammed Ali Road is the main road of
prominent at the street level.
the neighborhood and has served as a
With an extreme shortage of green space,
venue for many labor manifestations.
this drive helps mitigate the need for recreation space. 15
OPEN SPACE As the city of Mumbai has grown in
could accommodate the diverse religious
Thane Creek, Manori, and Malad.
terms of population, development, and
needs of the city but still allow the ground
By trapping silt, mangroves maintain
overall density, the open space fabric
space to be used for recreation.
the
has been decreasing drastically. Open spaces typically include recreation uses,
integrity
of
Mumbai’s
shoreline.
This is a vital service to the city as the
Site Area Open Space Network
shoreline is very prone to erosion. The
play grounds, parks, and gardens. It also
recent monsoons rains in 2005 and the
includes invaluable natural assets like
Although few, there are some recreational,
following flooding disaster demonstrated
mangroves, wetlands, hills, forests, rivers,
gardens, and beaches adjacent to our
the consequence of tampering with
creeks, beaches, ponds, lakes, and natural coastline. In many ways, the state of open
site area. Important open spaces like the Marine Drive & Chowpatty Beach, the
the ecology of fragile ecosystems like mangroves. Had Mumbai’s Mithi River
spaces reflects the state and quality of
Azad Maiden recreational park, and the
and Mahim creek mangroves not been
life within any city. Whether it is for the
Joseph Baptista Garden contribute to the
destroyed by builders, fewer people would
environment, economic vitality, or social
quality of public life within the city; where
have died and the property damage would
capital, the quality of public open spaces
tourists, locals, and recreational enthusiast
have been dramatically less.
in Mumbai reflects the performance of
can congregate.13
public life.
The Marine Drive & Chowpatty Beach is a
Cultural Assets
4.3 km long boulevard in the southwest
Greater Mumbai Open Space Network
portion of our site. Major events like the
Finally, the neighborhoods surrounding
Republic Day of India, Indian Air Force
the Eastern Waterfront possess a number
Tragically, the regional extend of Mumbai
airshow and Bombay Marathon are just
of cultural amenities that contribute to
depicts a fragmented and isolated network
a few examples of events that represent
the areas character. There are a number of
of public open spaces. The open spaces
Mumbai both nationally and globally.
large gardens such as the Joseph Baptista
contribute to 187.87 sq.km of the overall
Azad Maiden is a 25 acre triangular shaped
Garden and Sitaram Shinoy located in the
603 sq.km. of Mumbai.
sports ground located near the Chhatrapati
northern and southern points of the study
Much of the contribution is comprised of
Shivazi Terminus station. It acts as a regular
area respectively. The Jijamata Udyaan Zoo
the mangroves along the natural coastlines
venue for school and recreational cricket
is also present in the northern area which
and the national forests and parks in the
matches, which has produced many
northern portion of the city. The gardens,
international
playgrounds, and beaches all reflect less
neighborhood residents near our site area;
south is one of Mumbai’s largest open
than 2% of the open space network within
the Joseph Baptista Gardens is host to
spaces, Azad Maiden. This array of parks,
the city. As a result, there is little to no
couples, joggers, senior citizens, and those
zoo, and open spaces provides amenities
cohesive network of public spaces from a
wishing to find a peaceful atmosphere
and enrichment for the community in
regional context. 13
contrary to the urban fabric.14
eastern Mumbai.14
Community Assets
The Importance of Mangroves
In a city as large as Mumbai there is huge
Mumbai historical records indicate that
demand for cultural and social community
there were several islands around Mumbai
assets. Near the study site there are a
during 1670. Since the developmental and
number of parks and zoos, but none
population pressure rapidly increased and
within the site itself. Land in Mumbai is at
developed in the coastal area, it took the
such a premium, cemeteries are also used
toll of mangrove land. During the process
as park space out of necessity and plans
of deforestation and reclamation, a few
have been proposed to convert existing
mangrove patches are still left in the heart
cemeteries into vertical structures which
of the city, seen along the Vasai Creek,
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cricketers.
Frequented
attracts a number of visitors and neighbors y
a playground and garden. Finally to the
MANGROVES
HANGING GARDENS Source: Mumbailocal.net
CHOWPATTY BEACH
GIRGAON CHOWPATT BEACH Source: temporarilylost.com
AZAD MAIDAN
0
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AZAD MAIDAN Source: Mumbailocal.net
W.H.O. RECOMMENDATION - 9 sq.m/person -- NYC - 23 sq. space /person MUMBAI - 1 m. sq. of m.open of open space/person
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1
2 km
COMMUNITY ASSETS v Hospitals
Secondary Schools
Religious Institutions
Medical
Education
Medical services in near the Eastern
Mumbai is obligated to provide primary
Waterfront
and
throughout
are
spaced
fairly
evenly
the
surrounding
secondary
Religious education
for
the
cities. According to the Peoples’ Vision
neighborhoods and serve the area better
Document for Mumbai, prepared by APLI,
than the city overall. According to the
the city meeds 46% of the demand for the
Municipal
Mumbai’s
city overall and would need an additional
Preparatory Study, measured by the city
Corporation
of
1,500 schools to meet the full needs per
standards of square feet per person, the
UDPFI guidelines.
entire Island city does a much better job
The Mumbai Port study area however
of meeting the total demand at 43% by
currently has a much better rate of
space than the city overall which only has
service for the surrounding community.
enough medical facilities to accommodate
According to the same study, the wards in
10% of the total demand. However even
the surrounding area adjacent to the port
though total space is inadequate to
meet 76% of the total demand. However
serve the population, almost everyone in Mumbai lives within 2 km of a medical
if certain areas of the coast are developed for residential uses, it will be important
facility.4
to assess if the existing schools are near enough for children to travel too and 4
whether they are at full capacity.
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Mumbai displays a much greater religious diversity than the country’s average. Hinduism is still the dominant religious institution represented, however there is a large presence of Islamic mosques and Christian churches as well. The
area
surrounding
the
Eastern
Waterfront shows an even greater religious diversity than the city. The share of Hindu Temples measured by area drops from 43% to 28% from citywide to the Eastern Waterfront. Correspondingly, a larger rise in mosques increasing in share by 9% to a total of 29% and churches are 17% of institutional use. This diversity is prevalent in Fort to the south with lots of churches, and the Islamic enclave of the Masjid Bandar neighborhood.4
PUBLIC REALM
MARINE DRIVE Source: Magnifcant Maharashtra
STREETS MARINE DRIVE
0
BAZAARS
STREETS REFLECT MUMBAI’S CULTURE
With the low ratio of public space per
have a dual functionality depending on
and arcades become the sleeping quarters
person, the streets of Mumbai become
the time of day. During the day, the streets
for the many street dwellers.
the active public realm. Streets
become the prime venue for commerce
become the main venue for the many
and trading, with hawkers and bazaars
cultural festivities as well as spaces for
encroaching on the road and sidewalks.
political protests. Streets in Mumbai
During the night, many of the promenades
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HOUSING
Mumbai is known as the least affordable
FORMAL HOUSING
city in the world. Slums are a major part of the existing urban fabric of Mumbai.
1.7% residential land use in Eastern Waterfront 25% vacant port worker housing units 180,000 vacant market-rate housing units 1,160,000 housing units in demand $230,000 700 sq. ft. suburban apartment $448,297 700 sq. ft. Island City apartment
Nearly 42% of the entire population of the city lives in slums. This number accounts for roughly 1.14 million households. Part of the reason for slum prevalence is extremely high land prices and historically restricted Floor Space Indexes (FSI) which were aimed at reducing density.12
FSI Study In the Island City, the average FSI is 1.33, which is higher than most of the other urban area. The FSI can also be reflected from the neighborhood level. It is clear that the neighborhoods on Island City, as well as those along the transit lines, have a higher FSI than their surroundings. The
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highest density within the lsland City is at CST, also known as the traditional CBD,
The land use, zoning, and urban fabric varies as the FSI changes along the
which is at the southern end of the study
north-south direction. The southern area
area. The FSI southwest of the Eastern
contains more commercial, mixed-use, and
Waterfront is higher than to the northwest
office space while the north area contains
.4
preimarily residential.
FORMAL HOUSING 1.7% residential land use in Eastern Waterfront 25% vacant port worker housing units 180,000 vacant market-rate housing units 1.16 million housing units in demand
Source: The State of Affordable Housing
Development structure
INFORMAL HOUSING Mumbai
is
transforming
from
a
monocentric city to a city with a polycentric urban structure. The existing urban centers are the Fort/Ballard Eastate, and Nariman Point located at the south of the Island City. Fort and Ballard feature modern buildings while Nariman Point, adjacent to the Eastern Waterfront, is a heritage site, containing historical buildings and streets. Another two emerging centers, Bandra Kurla Complex and Aarey are the new employment nodes for Mumbai. There are many heritage sites scattered around the Island City. Some of them are adjacent or very close to the boundary of the study area. Each of these different heritage sites, however, represent diverse
54% population living in slums 269 sq. ft. average size of a slum dwelling $22,200 affordable unit average cost $3,600 median annual income 14,500 slums on site 10 years to qualify for an affordable unit historical characteristics. New development is also in process. Along Marine Drive the new urban areas are expanding, with high-rises, offices, and amenities.4
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TRANSPORTATION modes of transportation at scales ranging
EASTERN FREEWAY
from international to local. While general transportation and infrastructure planning is led by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), a
number
of
other
agencies
and
organizations help ensure the day-today transportation operations in the city, including for both passengers and goods. Below is a summary of the transportation services comprising Mumbai’s overall network: • International: Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai Port, Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva) • Regional: Suburban Train Lines, Private Auto, Buses • Local:
CST STATION
Metro,
Monorail,
Auto-Rickshaw,
Taxi,
Ferries Compared to other Indian cities, Mumbai
CHURCHGATE STATION
has longer average trip lengths with slower travel speeds. Mumbai also has more usage of public transportation, Water Transportation Harbour Line Central Line Western Line Expressways Metro (Proposed) Monorail (In Progress)
source: mapa-metro.com/en/India 0
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which has caused it to have some of the busiest public transportation networks in the world. In 2015, Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus station (CST) has been identified as the world’s single busiest railway station, with more than 3 million passengers coming through each day. Moving forward, congestion and adequate service will be major transportation challenges facing the city.16 17
The provision of transportation remains an
as their primary mode, and a smaller, but
This is in large part due to a focus on
immense challenge for Mumbai, as one of
growing percentage use a private vehicle
motor vehicle transportation. Mumbai
the world’s most densely populated cities.
to do so. Of those who use private vehicles
has seen a 55% increase in private vehicle
Most residents use one or more forms
as their main mode of transportation,
registrations since 2007 (from 460,000
of public transportation on a daily basis,
about half utilize automobiles with the
vehicles in 2007 to a staggering 2.3 million
including both public transit and nonmotorized transportation, with Mumbai’s
other half utilizing two-wheeled vehicles, such as motorcycles or scooters.4 15
in 2015). This means the city adds about
three suburban trains lines alone carrying
Mumbai has a complex transportation
both
7.5 million passengers daily. Still, a large
network, with many different public and
vehicles. Vehicle ownership reflects both
amount of Mumbaikars either walk or bike
private service-providers offering various
societal attitudes about wealth and
22
500 new vehicles each day, including automobiles
and
two-wheeled
85% of Mumbai Residents use Public Transportation (including non-motorized) as their primary mode of transportation.
status in Mumbai, with the car’s role as a status symbol greatly affecting ownership amongst
Mumbai’s
growing
middle
class. The proliferation of private vehicle ownership has significantly contributed to congestion in the city, where the construction of new street infrastructure has not been able to keep up with the growing number of vehicles.18 19 A large share of Mumbaikars walk or bike as their primary mode of transportation. Perhaps the biggest concern for these individuals are the number of traffic accidents caused by poor infrastructure. In 2014, there were 21,255 recorded road accidents, of which 481 were fatal, a disproportionate amount were pedestrian or bicycle deaths (56%).20 To
accommodate
pedestrians,
the
MMRDA and MSRDC have begun to build pedestrian-only skywalks above streets. In 2010, the average daily foot count for 23 skywalks was estimated to be 565,000. Today, there are 37 skywalks in the city.
EASTERN WATERFRONT
Source: WikiMedia
Bicycle infrastructure has been difficult to implement in the city, largely due to maintenance of these roads. In 2011, the MMRDA installed a series of bike lanes in the central part of the city, but they were 21 22 underutilized and fell into disrepair.
Although Mumbai has historically been able to accommodate ferries, a lack of investment in modern water transportation infrastructure has prevented this valuable mode of transportation to be fully realized. Currently, there is only one formal ferry
line operating from the Gateway of India
to non-container cargo, rail operations
to Elephante Island, a UNESCO heritage
have begun to decline. In late 2014, it was
site and popular tourist destination.22 23
announced that Central Railways would be
Mumbai Port Trust has long operated its
taking over the rail yards as a new
own railways with an interchange at the
extension of the rail yards.24 15
Wadala Rail Yards and consists of about 10 km with 55 km of tracks and takes up an area of about 521 acres with roads (accounting for 28% of Port land). As Mumbai port operations have turned
23
AUTO-ORIENTED INVESTMENT & LIMITED PEDESTRIAN ACCESS EASTERN FREEWAY BANDRA-WORLI SEALINK
Source: thehindu.com
Water TransporHarbour Line Central Line Western Line Freeways/Major Metro (Proposed)
Source: mid-day.com
Monorail (In Progress) 0
.5
1
2km
Source: WikiMedia
Private vehicle ownership has risen from ~460,000 in 2007 to more than 2.3 million today (55% increase). Mumbai’s Eastern Freeway was completed in 2013. In 2014, pedestrians were involved in 60% of fatal traffic accidents. 24
Adding 500 cars per day certainly adds a toll to the quality of the pedestrian experience. Auto-oriented streetscape design often forgoes pedestrian crossings and adequate traffic management. In addition,
many
informal
commercial
activities take over limited sidewalk space. In an effort to mitigate poor pedestrian facilities, the city has built skywalks to bypass congested intersections, yet this effort has been so poorly designed that they are often empty and underutilized.25 26
UNDERUTILIZED SKYWALKS Source: DNA India
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
25
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Sewage Treatment Plant Waste Disposal Sites Water Treatment Plant 0
26
.75
1.5
3km
Source:MottmacCompany
Source:Inhabitat.com
WaterSuply
SewerSystem
Inadequate in slum settlements.
58% of total population not connected.
25% of water supplied is contaminated.
Source:Wikimedia.com
WasteManagement
Inadequate services, especially in slums.
98% of slum population not connected.
80% of waste is not separated.
Drinking Water Supply
Sanitation
Waste Management
Mumbai’s 4,000 km drinking water supply
Mumbai’s sewer system is over 100
Mumbai’s waste management services and
network draws from reservoirs 173 km
years old in some parts of the city and is
infrastructure are inadequate, especially
outside the city via pipes, pumping stations
inadequate, especially in slum settlements.
in
and two major treatment plants. The
37% of the city’s sewage goes uncollected
Uncollected waste can be observed all
eastern waterfront has no drinking water
and 40% of the city’s structures are not
over the city, especially in the neglected
supply infrastructure. In 2011, a quarter
connected to the system. 58% of the
eastern waterfront. 80% of the city’s waste
of the city’s tested drinking water showed
city’s total population and 98% of its slum
mixes biodegradables with recyclable
bacteriological contamination, with public
settlement population is not connected to
plastic, glass, paper and metal. There are
health impacts including increased risk of
the system. The Eastern Waterfront has no
growing, but fragmented waste collection
water-borne diseases.4
sanitation infrastructure.4
and recycling industries.4 27
underserved
slum
settlements.
27
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
REGIONAL HYDROLOGY
Source: Landscape + Urbanism
28
WATERFRONTIMPERVIOUSNESS
PROJECTEDSEALEVELRISE
Low
7 Islands Overlay
High Source: Landscape + Urbanism
Source: Climte Central
Mumbai’s estuary, hydrology and history
during monsoons and brings large
inundating local informal settlements
of infill combine to produce a complex
amounts of pollutants and sedimentation
and infrastructure. These concerns require
estuary, hydrology and history of infill
to the waterfront from its northern srcin.
effective stormwater management in the
combine to produce a complex natural
The waterfront contains a high proportion
Eastern Waterfront.8
stormwater drainage network throughout
of impervious surfaces, which exacerbates
the city. The Eastern Waterfront faces
flooding impacts through poor drainage.
severe stormwater management concerns.
Sea-level
The waterfront abuts the Mahul Creek
is projected to impact low elevation
Estuary to its north, which often floods
areas of the waterfront, potentially
rise
from
climate
change
29
FLOODING & CLIMATE CHANGE Mumbai and its Eastern Waterfront face a variety of environmental problems, largely resulting from its geography, climate and rampant, unchecked urbanization. The metropolis suffers from flooding, natural open space loss, wildlife degradation, pollution and other hazards stemming from industry and informal settlements. Perhaps most alarmingly, sea level rise is expected to have significant adverse impacts on the city and increase the occurences of flooding.4 28
Flooding & Climate Change Mumbai’s tropical climate and unique geography allows for large amounts of rainfall during the summer monsoon season (June to September), with daily rainfall amounts of up to 250 mm and annual rainfall of 2142 mm. As a result of these rains and inadequate drainage, major floods occur in Mumbai several times per year, shutting down commercial, 100-year average temperature rise of 1.62 C Annual sea level rise of 2.4 mm per year.
civic, industrial activity and transportation and costing the city an estimated $280 million annually. One notable flood on July 27, 2015, caused 500 fatalities and direct economic damages estimated at almost $2 billion.4 29 30 Over the last century, Mumbai’s average
FLOOD ZONES
temperature has risen 1.62°C and the sea
LOW ELEVATION ZONES Source: 2034 Draft Plan
level around the city rises by 2.4 mm every year. These conditions increase the city’s risk of flooding – with an average elevation
MAJOR FLOODNG OCCURS 2 to 3 TIMES ANNUALLY $280 million lost each year Source: irevolution.net
30
ENVIRONMENT of 46 feet above sea level – disease outbreaks,
extreme
weather
events,
infrastructure damage, economic loss, dislocation and loss of life. The waterfront’s marginalized
populations,
including
100,000+ slum dwellers and 50,000 Koli fisher folk are especially vulnerable due to their hazardous, flood and fire-prone settlements, inadequate infrastructure and services, and dependence on coastal industries and economic activities.4 27
Source: The Guardian
Wildlife Degradation Mumbai’s wetlands have historically been and still are continually reclaimed for development interfering with the city’s natural hydrologic, carbon, and oxygen cycles. These impacts cause inadequate stormwater
drainage,
erosion,
and
increased pollution and accelerate climate change impacts. Coastal wildlife habitats are also threatened, especially in the Sewri
Source: Flickr
mud flats, home to over 100,000 shorebirds and around 20,000 flamingos.4 27
Air & Water Pollution Mumbai experiences elevated levels of air pollution stemming from unregulated industrial and construction activity, a growing car fleet and unattended sewage and garbage. Most notably, the city has experienced a 50% increase in TSP concentration in the last 30 years, with
Source: sbs.com
public health impacts including increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory
bodies and wetlands. The city has a coastal
diseases and lung cancer.4
ecosystem stretching 167 km, including
Mumbai’s drinking and coastal waters
several popular beaches and a landscape
especially on its eastern waterfront
of hills, rivers, creeks and lakes that s erve as
are highly polluted, due to industrial
a natural drainage system into the Arabian
activity and inadequate water, sanitation, waste and stormwater management
Sea. The city’s forested areas include the 104 square km Sanjay Gandhi National
infrastructure.4
Park and extensive coastal mangrove
Natural Inventory
forests that are quickly disappearing amid
One-third of Mumbai’s total area is natural
urban growth.4
Waterfront Risks Mumbai’s eastern waterfront and its inhabitants are especially at risk from hazardous materials, fire and building collapse. The Mumbai Port Trust hosts processing of 32 hazardous chemicals, thermal energy generation, oil storage and the dangerous and polluting shipbreaking industries. 4 31
open spaces including forests, water 31
PORT DEVELOPMENT Development Stakeholders The port lands are owned by the
Shipping, currently filled by Nitin Gadkari.
demolished without replacement. The
government of India and run by the
The port itself employs over 11,000
surrounding neighborhoods housing 1.2
Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) which is
workers, some of which live in worker
million people also hold a key interest in
an
the
housing on site. In addition to the workers
the activities or development that may
government. Its board of directors holds
the docks also hold 14,000 informal
occur at the ports.3
a mix of individuals, some of which were
settlements. As movement built towards
elected from the labor unions. The MbPT
development of the ports some of these
is heavily influenced by the Minster of
settlements, 1,500 total, have been
independent
subsidiary
of
1,800 acres owned by MbPT is valued at $750 billion 900 acres to become publicly available 28 km of potential new waterfront
MARINE DRIVE
FORT AREA
CST STATION
MUMBAI PORT Source: Youth for Unity & Voluntary Action Mumbai
32
1980
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi calls for Mumbai port land to be made available to the city for greening and recreation when JNPT is
2002 State of Maharashtra sets up a Task Force to review land allocations and look for synergies between the Port and Mumbai
1989 JNPT begins operations
2014
1988
Minister for Transport & Shipping appoints a Land Development Committee to examine redevelopment of 1,000 acres of underused land, Report Released in Late 2014
Government of India directive requires land not used for port operations to be released for recreation and greening
Timeline of Events Impacting the Port The events leading to the current condition of the port start with the construction of Nhava Sheva. To meet the modern requirements in the container shipping industry, the new port was constructed and led to the diversion of traffic from eastern Mumbai. During this time the Prime Minister of the time, Indira Ghandi committed that the land from the old port would be made available to the citizens for greening and recreation. This commitment was reaffirmed by the Indian government in a directive issued in 1988. In 1991 a total of 600 acres in lands from the old Cotton Mills were opened for development in Mumbai. This represented a large opportunity to provide amenities
infrastructure. An offshore container
voiced through the APLI that they want
port was built, and dredging efforts were
replacement or upgraded housing and
attempted unsuccessfully.
the city overall greatly needs additional
By 2014 attitudes s hifted strongly towards
affordable housing. In addition the labor
becoming more favorable to development
union has also demanded affordable
of unused port lands. This was largely
housing for its workers. Overall the public
the result of the Minister of Shipping,
has voiced great opposition to more
Nitin Gadkari. Gadkari strongly supported
commercial uses, such as those built by
redevelopment of some of the port lands
private developers at the Cotton Mills.
and pledged to give 350 acres of the
Gadkari has responded to these interests
area to the state or Maharashtra to build
somewhat by pledging 350 acres to the
affordable housing. He also appointed
state government to be used to meet the
the Land Development Committee, whose
needs for affordable housing.32 33
report concluded that the land should be
Environmental interests have also played a
used to build transportation infrastructure,
large part in shaping public opinion on the
rail corridors and parks.
priorities of development. The mangroves toward the north have faced constant
Expectations
degradation and area crucial to the ability
and affordable housing much needed for
The government, mostly based on the
of the city to grow sustainably and the coast
the public. However due to a legislative
recommendations
Land
offers a wide variety of habitat for wildlife
loophole these lands fell into the hands
Development Committee initially pushed
that activists want to see protected. The
of private developers and were built
for the land to be developed almost evenly
general community has also voiced great
without provide much benefits for those
between open space (30%), transportation
opposition to economic activity on the port
besides the elite. This event serves as a
(30%) and mixed use commercial and
that creates harsh negative environmental
case study that would significantly impact
industrial along with recreational uses
externalities such as ship breaking and the
the political climate related to discussions
such as amusement parks and attractions.
storage of coal. Both of these activities,
about Mumbai Port. As a result politicians
These recommendations fall somewhat in
the latter of which violates environmental
have pledged that no lands would fall into
line with the previous directive issued by
restrictions, create a variety of public health
of
Gadkari’s
risks for the surrounding area. 34
32
private hands, and that they would be built to accommodate the public good.3
the government in 1988. The public however has proposed some
It should be noted that throughout the
modification in expectations from the
2000s while political will rose towards the
government’s proposals.
development of the port, that the Mumbai
which is affordable housing. Those living
port Trust continued to invest in shipping
in the 14,000 informal settlements have
The first of
33
EASTERN WATERFRONT
PEOPLE/HOUSING 7,700 Port Employee Worker Housing 14,000 Informal Settlements 1.2 Million People in Surrounding Wards
GOVERNANCE/OWNERSHIP Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT) & Private Leasees Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai The State of Maharashtra Central Government of India
EMPLOYMENT 11,500 Registered Employees 6,000 Shipbreakers
34
LANDUSE
INDUSTRIAL (OIL STORAGE)
INDUSTRIAL (WAREHOUSES)
LEGEND Existing Land Use Residential UrbanVillages Slum Commercia l Industrial Institutiona l Open Spaces NaturalAreas Transportatio n Navy & Defense
TRANSPORTATION (MUMBAI PORT ) Source: Mumbai Port Trust
Source: 2034 draft development 35
MUMBAI PORT TRUST INEFFICIENCY
JNPT MbPT
0
36
.75
1.5
3km
MUMBAI PORT TRUST MBPT ESTABLISHED IN 1873 Source: Mumbai Port Trust
JEWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT TRUST JNPT ESTABLISHED IN 1989 Source: DNA India
As one of the older ports in the country,
The port is becoming obsolete, not only by
owned ports, employs one third of all
the Mumbai port has been functioning
the industry shift, but by the efficacy of
national port-related workers, even with
since 1873. The port is managed by the
the nearby JNPT port. To summarize the
its reduced cargo load and slow decline.3 34
central government through the Mumbai
inadequacy of the port as a business one
Port Trust (MbPT). As the property owner,
only has to look at the national scale: the
the MbPT executes and manages current
MbPT, one of the thirteen government-
land leasing contracts. Due to renter’s protection, some of those leases have expired
and
defaulted
on
payment
without vacating the property. Though this phenomena is not unique to the port, it has created a $165 Million (USD) deficit. In an effort to remain relevant in the shipping and trade business, the MbPT began construction of a new container terminal in 2007. However, construction
142 years old $165 million outstanding rent owed to the Port Trust New Off-shore Container Terminal Constructed in 2007 but never finished Employs 1/3 of total employees nationally across all 13 major
was abruptly stopped and has not restarted. 37
03
THE PLAN
38
+
tem a sys ty of rbance i l i b a distu after of a capacity
to an turn to re
lib equi
ebound city to r
rium
from
+
RESILIENCE
acknowledging a post-disaster new normal
+ LOCAL
CITY
chang e interv can occur f entio ns tha rom small in t resu lt in m ternal ajor e vents
REGION
Defining Resilience Planning theory literature provides various definitions of resilience: “equilibrium after disturbance,” “the capacity of city to rebound from destruction,” “bouncing back from disaster without questioning the post-disaster new normal,” and “change can come from small internal interventions that in the long run will result in major impact. ” These definitions can be applied at local, city and regional scales.35
From these definitions, resilience is defined through: Innovation, Regeneration, and Protection. These themes provide the basis for the vision andEquity, goals of the Mumbai Eastern Waterfront Plan.
39
RESILIENCE “Mumbai’s eastern waterfront will demonstrate resilience through INNOVATION, EQUITY, REGENERATION, and PROTECTION. It will reestablish Mumbai on a global stage while embracing and promoting the city’s unique IDENTITY and serve as a replicable MODEL of development.”
40
RESILIENCE GOALS
1. Stimulate an INNOVATIVE local economy to offset shifting industrial trends. 2. Provide EQUITABLE, affordable housing to meet rising demand. 3. REGENERATE sustainable infrastructure to match development 4. PROTECT the environment, adapt to and mitigate climate change. 5. Embrace and promote IDENTITY through open space and public realm. 6. Implement a replicable MODEL of governance and financing to encourage coordination, transparency, and public participation.
41
Source: mytriplog.com
FRAMEWORKS
Frameworks form the backbone of a plan. They present general guidelines and strategies for the entire plan, when applied to Mumbai’s Eastern Waterfront the proposed frameworks outlined here inform the actions for each small area plan. The frameworks are designed to be comprehensive and far-reaching in order to factor the immensity and complexity of the Eastern Waterfront, and can be implemented at a city and regional scale. The frameworks are flexible and iterative in order to respond to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of development in Mumbai.
43
INNOVATIVE ECONOMY FRAMEWORK WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT Fostering an innovative economy within the Eastern Waterfront in response to
PHYSICAL & SOCIAL
DIVERSIFY INDUSTRIES
the shifting industrial trends is critical to create a truly resilient plan. The framework features five strategies of industry diversity,
STRATEGIES
workforce development, physical and social infrastructure, finance availability and incentives, and governance and regulations.
GOVERNANCE & REGULATION
Diversify Industries The framework calls for a diversity of
industries
including
FINANCE AVAILABILITY & INCENTIVES
finance,
information technologies (IT), media and entertainment, and education. This diversity will reduce dependence on any one single industry, which due to global economic fluctuations, has proven disastrous in formerly industrial cities around the world.
Workforce Development
economic activity. The wants and needs
Governance & Regulations
Workface development is required to
of incoming workers and their families
Governance
train workers, including those currently
must be accounted for and the waterfront
encouraging economic development are
employed in the existing industrial sector
cannot act as an economic generator
recommended. Proper local land use, and
to work in new, diverse industries including
and employment center without new
economic and employment regulations
IT, high-tech manufacturing, and finance.
robust infrastructure development. New
such as those prescribed in a special
The Eastern Waterfront has potential for
infrastructure should ensure a livable,
economic zone, should be implemented in
an immense workforce which would have
adequately served equitable environment.
the Eastern Waterfront area to encourage
varying skills and educational attainment.
and
regulations
economic activity and growth.
The workforce could be best utilized
Finance Availability & Incentives
The economic framework will interface with
in new, diverse industries. Existing and
An innovative, modern economy requires
Mumbai’s regional economic environment
proposed higher education institutions
readily available financing for start-
by phasing out unsustainable industries
and vocational schools could be expanded
up businesses to rent office space and
absorbing economically viable industries
and formed in order to train workers and
purchase inputs. Financial incentives are
from around the city and region, including
act as a large employment and economic
necessary to attract businesses to the
high-tech
generator.
Eastern Waterfront, including tax subsidies
finance, IT, media, and entertainment
and
and strengthening existing industries
Physical & Social Infrastructure
various
programs.
economic
development
manufacturing,
logistics,
like fishing to maintain employment and
New physical and social infrastructure,
cultural assets in the Eastern Waterfront
including public transit, utilities, schools,
area.
and hospitals are required in order to support an active workforce and strong
44
FRAMEWORKS Eco-Tourism
Services
Malad
Finance & IT
IT/ITS Biotech Media&Entertain
Malad-Link
Media & Entertainment
Services
Education R&D
Andheri-Kurla Training Programs
Manufacturing & IT Bandra Kurla Complex
Navi Mumbai
Finance
IT
Wadala Truck Terninus
Logistics Services
JNPT
Manufacturing, Shipping
Recreational & Commercial Services
Fort Area
Finance 0
.75
Financial Services
1.5
Services
The economic framework will interface with Mumbai’s regional economic environment by phasing out unsustainable industries, absorbing economically viable industries from around the city and region,
Tourism
strengthening existing industries.
Source: inhabitat.com
1. Phase Out Unsustainable Industries
2. Absorb Economically Viable Industry
3. Strengthen Existing Industries 45
Equitable Housing Framework
INCLUSIONARY, AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Housing plays an integral part in building a resilient Eastern Waterfront and thusly a
FOSTER RENTAL HOUSING MARKET
COMMUNITY BASED
resilient Mumbai. The housing framework addresses the growing population living in informal settlements and the increasing demand
in
rental
and
STRATEGIES
affordable
housing, among other pressing issues. The framework provides the housing structure for the waterfront and applies specific strategies to each small district.
INCREMENTAL HOUSING
Notwithstanding, the framework also
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
aims to create development models easily implemented in other areas around Greater Mumbai.8 36 The following are the five housing strategies under this framework:
Inclusionary and Affordable Housing Existing state and city inclusionary policy has become obsolete and is often not fully enforced. With this strategy, the resilience
housing.
plan uses a new governance structure
conjunction with social infrastructure and
This
typology
grows
in
Current public and private housing
as the responsible entity to enforce
public services. These structures are at
developments
current inclusionary policies as well as
first located within targeted areas and can
without proper facilities to accommodate
increases the requirement for new private
eventually be replicated along the entire
their population influxes. The framework
development in the waterfront to include
waterfront.
proposes
Social Infrastructure
a
are
often
strategy
developed
of
housing
development planned around social
30% of affordable housing.
Community-based Initiatives Due
Maharashtra’s current slum upgrading
developments
strategies have fallen behind on meeting
disappointment they have created among
Foster Rental Housing Market
the demand of the growing informal
Mumbaikars, there is an overwhelming
With the increase of the middle class
population. Those strategies often focus
distrust of institutionally driven planning
and young, professional demographic
on relocating slum dwellers into new
efforts, especially in informal settlements.
groups, Mumbai faces added demand
apartment buildings in the outskirts of the
To engage with the community and
for affordable rental housing choices.
city. This strategy, instead of alleviating
regain their trust, the housing framework
This framework fosters rental market
housing
overburdens
envisions grassroots initiatives executed
by regulating the 1979 Rent Act and
households with unnecessary housing
by community organizations for their
ensuring dilapidated buildings to be used
fees and forces them to live in foreign
communities.
for rental housing are brought up to safe
conditions,
housing typologies. Instead, the housing framework introduces a new housing typology as a prototype for incremental
46
to
a
history in
of
amenities such as public libraries, schools,
Incremental Housing
Mumbai
inequitable and
hospitals, and public toilets.
the
conditions.36 37
FRAMEWORKS OPEN SPACE INCREMENTAL
TRANSPORT SOCIAL INF.
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL MIDDLE INCOME
INCREMENTAL
MARKET RATE
ING AREAS LAND USE PROTOTYPE
SLUM POPULATION BY WARD
Source: MCGM
PRECEDENTS
Source: Flickr
Public Toilets
Source: architectureindevelopment.org
Public Libraries
Schools 47
FRAMEWORKS HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
EXISTING TYPOLOGIES
INCREMENTAL(EWS):
LOW-INCOME
PROPOSED HEIGHTS
PROPOSED DENSITY
2-4 stories
/
5-8 stories
80du/acre
9-12 stories
150du/acre
13-20 stories
325du/acre
Navi Wadis
MEDIUM-INCOME
PROPOSED TYPOLOGIES
Modern Chawls
MARKET RATE Apartments
Sources: Filipe Balestra, Mitula.net, Percy Corner, Studio Toggle
The framework requires the rethinking of existing housing typologies, including EWS housing, low-income wadis, medium-income chawls, and market rate apartment buildings. The framework’s proposed housing typologies feature increased heights and densities to allow for the provision of more equitable housing, amenities, public utilities, and green space.
48
Infrastructure Regeneration Framework EXPAND & IMPROVE PUBLIC Transportation This
framework
seeks
to
avoid
expensive, unsustainable transportation investments; shift to new, sustainable transportation
modes;
and
ACCESSIBILITY & MOBILITY FOR
ENHANCE SAFETY
improve
existing transportation conditions within
STRATEGIES
the waterfront. Under this framework, the strategies include to enhance safety, regional and local connectivity, reduce the use of private vehicles, provide
REGIONAL & LOCAL CONNECTIVITY
accessibility and mobility for all, and expand and improve public transit.
REDUCE USE OF PRIVATE VEHICLES
Enhance Safety The framework features enhanced safety for pedestrians who face a hostile and dangerous environment due to car dominance. This strategy calls for the implementation of complete streets and an improved streetscape friendlier for non-motorized
transportation
modes.
Street-level connections to the rest of the
concerns. Auto access can be controlled
implementation of new bus rapid transit
Island City are especially important to
through congestion pricing on roads and
(BRT) system on the Eastern Freeway,
unify the isolated waterfront with adjacent
parking and a slowdown in the rapid pace
using tolls and congestion pricing to limit
neighborhoods. Increase transit access
of car licensing.
the freeway’s car use and congestion. The framework calls for the extension of the
and safety, with better, safer access to stations and ease of connection between
Accessibility and Mobility for All
modes with modal integration.
Accessibility
and
mobility
must
Mumbai Metro Line III through the Eastern be
Waterfront and the reintroduction of water
enabled for all, especially for those in
transportation, including ferry services
Regional and Local Connectivity
slum settlements who lack transit options
to Navi Mumbai and the surrounding
Regional and local connectivity is essential
to access employment and amenities
metropolitan area.
as the city’s local streets and regional
throughout the city. This strategy can
highways have become congested. This
be addressed through increased public
framework accomplishes this through
transit, regional and local connectivity and
integration of local buses with other
safety enhancements.
networks to create multimodal systems and provide east-west connection through
Expand and Improving Public Transit The framework calls for expansion and
the Eastern Waterfront and the Island City.
improvement of public transit, which is at
Reduce use of Private Vehicles
capacity and crumbling under heavy use
Private vehicle use must be reduced
and lack of repair. It calls for improvements
in order to address traffic congestion,
in suburban railway stations and train car
pedestrian safety and environmental
quality within the waterfront. It calls for the
49
FRAMEWORKS
0
I. SUBURBAN RAILWAY Improve station and train car quality Increase capacity (“Lifeline of Mumbai”) II. BRT SYSTEM (EASTERN FREEWAY) Integrate BRT system on existing highway Tolls and Congestion Pricing III. WATER TRANSPORTATION Ferry services to Navi Mumbai
AVOID
SHIFT
Expensive Unsustainable Invesments
I. MUMBAI METRO -Extend Mumbai Metro Line III throughout Eastern Waterfront Increase capacity (“Lifeline of Mumbai”) II. LOCAL BUSES Integrate local buses with other networks to create multimodal systems
.5
1
2km
Water Transportation Harbour Line Central Line Western Line Expressways Metro (Proposed) Monorail (In Progress) Metro Extension Regional BRT Intermodal Transit Hub
IMPROVE
Absorb Economically Viable Industry
Strengthen Existing Industries
Source: mid-day.com, fotolibra.com, thehindu.com 50
FRAMEWORKS STREET IMPROVEMENT | BANGALORE I. COMPLETE STREETS • Improve streetscape to be more friendly for non-motorized modes • Create connections to rest of Island City II. TRANSIT ACCESS & SAFETY • Better, safer access to stations • Ease of connection between modes (modal integration) III. CONTROL AUTO ACCESS • Congestion pricing on roads and parking
BEFORE
AFTER
CONTEXTUALLY SENSITIVE STREET RETROFITTING
ESTERNFREEWAY
XIAMENCHINA Source: thehindu.com, transportphoto.net, CityLab
Extended Pedestrian Sidewalks
Extended Pedestrian Sidewalks
51
Infrastructure Regeneration Framework
SUPPLY RENEWABLE ENERGY
Public Utilities
IMPROVE WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYLCING
This framework aims to introduce a variety of high-efficiency, high quality, and decentralized public utility infrastructure.
PROVIDE CLEAN DRINKING WATER
STRATEGIES
The framework will not only enable the resilient development of more sustainable communities and robust economic centers in the Eastern Waterfront, but also improve
PROVIDE ADEQUATE SANITATION
public utility infrastructure throughout Mumbai’s island city and region, where large amounts of the population are
PROVIDE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
severely underserved. The framework proposes five strategies, including:
Supply Renewable Energy This strategy proposes generation and widespread distribution of renewable energy to mitigate climate change,
Provide Stormwater Management
already Mumbai’s underserved eastern
foster energy independence and create
To prepare for the imminent threats of
waterfront and Island City. In addition,
sustainable economic growth. Actions
flooding and sea level rise, this strategy
small waste management and recycling
include 1) introduce a solar energy plant
proposes the development of dynamic
stations
in the northern area to provide local
can
be
evenly
distributed
throughout the eastern waterfront.
power and serve as a renewable energy
stormwater management infrastructure that effectively responds to flooding and
production development model for the
protects the waterfront’s residents and
Provide Adequate Sanitation
city; 2) enforce energy conservation
built environment, especially in vulnerable
This
standards in new development to reduce
slum settlements. The framework includes
and the Eastern Waterfront’s lack of
emissions and reduce energy consumption
the use of green spaces and smart grey,
sanitation infrastructure and facilities
within the waterfront communities.
green and blue infrastructure, including
and its associated pollution and public
rain
health impacts. The strategy proposes a
gardens,
green
roofs,
restored
strategy
addresses
Mumbai’s
Provide Clean Drinking Water
wetlands,
retention
regionally and locally serving wastewater
The lack of clean drinking water is an
ponds. This strategy can accompany
treatment plant in the northern area of
enormous issue in Mumbai, especially for
environmental remediation, slum retreat
the Eastern Waterfront, and decentralized
informal slum settlements. This strategy
and upgrading in environmentally and
sanitation facilities throughout the area.
uses the redevelopment of the waterfront
flood-prone areas.
Informal settlements, which are especially
and
stormwater
as an opportunity to build and implement a complete drinking water treatment
underserved, will require small-scale sanitation facilities like public toilets,
system. This system can provide the
Improve Waste Management and Recycling Services
eastern waterfront with drinking water and later be integrated into Greater
This strategy aims to provide adequate waste management for future waterfront
with strategies proposed in the equitable housing framework.
Mumbai’s water infrastructure network to
and city residents. A regional waste
serve other underserved communities.
management and recycling plant can be located in the northern area of the Eastern Waterfront that will provide services to the
52
which can be installed in conjunction
FRAMEWORKS Regional Public Infra. Installation i. Water Treatment ii. Renewable Energy iii. Waste Water Treatment iv. Waste Treatment
Remediation & Slum Upgradation Area i. Slum Retreat ii. Waterfront Remediation Green Community i. Green Roof ii. Energy Efficient Building
Stormwater Strategy i. Rain Garden Creation
Provide water and sewage treatment, and waste management for residents.
Smart grey/blue/ green stormwater infrastructure to address flooding.
Renewable energy generation to mitigate climate change, and foster sustainable growth.
Energy conservation and efficiency standards to reduce emissions, and mitigate climate change. 53
Environmental Protection Framework NATURE & CULTURE The environmental protection framework aims to create a waterfront that is environmentally sustainable, climate change adaptive and embraces its natural and cultural history. Framework strategies include pollution reduction, climate
REMOVAL & REMEDIATION OF POLLUTING INDUSTRY
POLLUTION REDUCTION STRATEGIES
change mitigation, flood adaptation, removal and remediation of polluting industries, and natural and cultural reversibility.
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
Pollution Reduction Pollution can be reduced by phasing out polluting industrial activity and introducing and expanding local clean industries, including high-tech manufacturing, urban farming, and fishing. Public transit capacity and pedestrian amenities, including Metro, BRT, water transportation, and complete streets can be enhanced to reduce pollution from the city’s increasing car use. Public utilities can be improved to address air and water pollution, through waste management & recycling plant, wastewater treatment plant, and Water treatment plant. Existing and proposed pollution policies, including Clean Air & Water Pollution Acts, and public transit subsidies can be implemented in order to regulate polluting agents and encourage pollution reduction behavior.
Climate Change Mitigation Mitigation efforts to reduce impacts of climate change can be accomplished through renewable energy production and energy conservation. The framework defines a renewable energy infrastructure district, featuring solar power, wind and waste to energy facilities will be installed in the north of the site to replace existing oil storage infrastructure. Policy recommendations include renewable energy portfolio standards, the Solar Cities Initiative and Climate Action Plans to set GHG emissions reduction targets.
54
The Energy Conservation Building Code and green buildings initiative can be implemented to encourage energy efficiency.
Flooding Adaptation
FLOOD ADAPTION
processing, and oil storage, environmental remediation of contaminated land will be conducted through earth removal, capping, and bioremediation methods. Policy recommendations, include hazardous waste rules, and public interest
To enhance the waterfront’s flood adaptive development, especially given the anticipated impacts of sea level rise associated with climate change, a variety of grey, green, and blue stormwater infrastructure will be installed in floodprone and low elevation areas of the waterfront. New sewer systems, as well as parks, rain gardens, pervious surfaces, retention ditches, green roofs, and rain barrels with high-tech monitoring will be used throughout the waterfront. Coastal mangrove wetlands will be restored to manage and filter runoff and reduce storm surges. Policy recommendations include stormwater fees, climate action plans, and adaptation standards for new
litigation to force industrial polluters to be held accountable for clean up.
development.
management and habitat protection benefits. Policy recommendations include forest conservation, wildlife protection and wetlands conservation.
Remediation of Polluting Industry Following removal of hazardous, polluting industries including shipbreaking, coal dumping, hazardous materials
Natural and Cultural Reversibility In order to preserve natural amenities and cultural heritage threatened by development and hazardous industries, ecological and heritage parks will be established in the north of the waterfront. These will protect existing mangrove wetlands, flamingo habitats, the 17th century Sewri fort, and a Koli fisher folk settlement. In addition, open spaces such as waterfront parks and new maidans will be built and preserved to provide recreational and educational amenities for local residents, along with stormwater
FRAMEWORKS EcoPark
Infrastracture District
Open space
Remediation
Source: poco.cn
Stormwater management
Open space Remediation
Stormwater management
Source: ASLA.com
Open space
Source: Coppenhagenize.com
55
THE PLAN
OVERALL
STRUCTURE The structure plan guides development by fostering organic growth around catalytic nodes.
A structure plan is employed in the
TRANSIT NETWORKS
Eastern Waterfront in order to guide
The structure plan for the proposed
future development, land use patterns,
transportation networks in the Eastern
open space, and social and physical
Waterfront focuses on key nodes for
infrastructure. The plan avoids top down,
transportation development connected
prescriptive land use planning destined
with existing transportation networks.
to fail in the wildly dynamic, complex,
New intermodal mass transit stations,
and unpredictable Mumbai. A structure
including the proposed Sandhurst and
plan allows for a catalytic development accommodating both inorganic and
Sewri hubs, connect new metro and bus rapid transit (BRT) systems to the
organic, formal and informal growth,
existing suburban rail network. Water
and connect the undeveloped Eastern
transportation is introduced in the south
Waterfront both within and outside
and middle and a simple street grid is
to the adjacent urban fabric. Catalytic
proposed to guide development patterns
areas near transit nodes signal where
throughout the Eastern Waterfront.
orderly
development
can
be
more
accurately predicted and planned for,
OPEN SPACE
while outside of these nodes, more organic and informal development can
The structure plan of open spaces in the
occur. The following catalytic actions will
Eastern Waterfront calls for the protection
spur resilient development throughout
of open, green spaces for public benefits,
the waterfront, allowing for economic
social activities and recreation, including
innovation, housing equity, infrastructure
shared community gardens, waterfront
regeneration, environmental protection,
promenades, and maidans. These green
and provision of open space and public realm amenities in a contextually sensitive
spaces are located in areas susceptible to flooding and contain highly polluting
manner.
industry and contaminated land. These
56
natural features serve the dual purpose
transition to more formal public facilities
of flooding protection through green
including schools, hospitals, and other
infrastructure and stormwater retention,
public facilities serving the Eastern
and hazard and pollution mitigation
Waterfront and surrounding areas.
through
residential
restrictions
and
Commercial Activity The commercial structure plan identifies key commercial nodes and corridors
bioremediation.
to guide development in the Eastern Public Utilities
Waterfront. With around the clock use, in the daytime for commerce and at night
Social Infrastructure
The public utilities structure plan lays the
for residential dwellings, the plan centers
groundwork for public utilities serving
catalytic
The social infrastructure structure plan is
not only the waterfront, which entirely
existing and proposed transportation
coupled with open space in the Eastern
lacks most infrastructure, but also the
hubs and social infrastructure. These
Waterfront’s early stages of development, to provide services such as job training,
city and region, which are currently underserved. The structure plan calls for
commercial amenities are essential in the waterfront’s resilient development, and
materials for building housing, and
the removal of oil storage and hazardous
mirror the typical mixed-use development
technical assistance. These assets will
industrial activities and the introduction
paradigm in the rest of the city.
anchor further residential development
of waste management, s ewage treatment,
and encourage sustainable and resilient
water treatment, and clean, renewable
informal, organic growth throughout
energy production, especially in the
the Eastern Waterfront. As development
extreme north and south of the Eastern
matures, the structure plan calls for a
Waterfront.
commercial
areas
around
57
THE PLAN
SEWRI ECOLOGICAL & ENERGY DISTRICT
Renewable Energy Eco-Tourism Cultural Preservation
BYCULLA EAST
Housing (Slum Upgrading) Innovation & IT Industries Social Infrastructure
MUMBAI MARINA
Arts, Entertainment, & Culture Mixed-Use Commercial/Residential South Mumbai Transit Hub
THREE DISTRICTS
The overall structure plan for the Eastern
residential activity, and a large, multi-
economic
Waterfront can be divided into three
modal transit hub position the Mumbai
affordability, and employment.
distinct districts with different roles in
Marina District to attract new jobs with a
the overall development of the area, each
global outlook.
addressing specific needs for Mumbai.
activity,
enabling
equity,
In the northern part of the Eastern Waterfront area, the Sewri Ecological and
In the middle of the Eastern Waterfront,
Energy District provides an opportunity
the
Byculla East presents an opportunity for
for renewable energy production, public
southernmost proposed district within
a substantial growth in the housing stock
utilities, eco-tourism, and protection of
the Eastern Waterfront area, addresses
of Mumbai, including new development,
historic and cultural features.
the
Mumbai.
slum upgrading, and a framework for
Dynamic arts, entertainment, and cultural
future organic growth. The Byculla East
Small area plans for each district will
attractions can create a new global
District should also address the large
explore in a finer grain, details for each
draw for visitors to Mumbai. Diverse, 21st Century industries, commercial and
informal sector economy currently in place and provide new, innovative
district’s contribution to the overall framework plan.
The
58
Mumbai
global
Marina
aspirations
District,
of
SEWRI ECOLOGICAL & ENERGY DISTRICT
BYCULLA EAST
MUMBAI MARINA
MARKETRATE
AFFORDABLE
WORKFORCE
INCREMENTAL
STRUCTURE PLAN FOR HOUSING Throughout the three small area planning
populations, present an opportunity for
districts, a housing structure plan is
the development of more affordable and
implemented that aims to promote equity,
incremental housing. The charts above
affordability, and the appropriate use of
show the distribution of different housing
the Eastern Waterfront’s land values. In
typologies aimed for various income
Mumbai Marina, adjacent to Mumbai’s
groups. This plan attempts to distribute
Central
high
housing equitably for all income groups
land values, the plan calls for primarily
on a site-wide scale, although most of the
traditional
development,
new affordable and incremental housing
including workforce and market rate
will be allocated in the Sewri Ecological
housing. This area is targeted for the development of housing catered toward
& Energy District, as well as, Byculle East., rather than in Mumbai Marina where land
a
is more scare and expensive.
Business
growing
District
residential
with
middle-to-higher
income
sector in Mumbai. Byculla East and Sewri, with relatively lower land values and larger existing informal settlement 59
MUMBAI MARINA
BYCULLA EAST
SEWRI ECO DISTRICT
MARKET RATE
80%
50%
60%
AFFORDABLE
20%
50%
40%
AREA
COST
RENT
< 4X annual income
< 30% month income
< 5X annual income
< 40% month income
HOUSING by DISTRICT
AFFORDABLE HOUSING INCREMENTAL/ LOW-INCOME
MIDDLE-INCOME
300-600 ft < 1200 ft
2
2
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES Left: ExistingHousingin Mumbai (Source: Collective Research Initiatives Trust); Center: Workforce Housing (Dezeen); Right: Incremental Housing inKenya (Daily Nation Newspaper)
60
MUMBAI MARINA DISTRICT OVERVIEW BIRDS EYE VIEW OF MUMBAI Source: the Great India.com
The Eastern Waterfront Plan envisions
transforming Mumbai into a global
the southern district as a new Marine Drive in the Island City to serve as a
center, and a dynamic hub to attract Mumbai’s entertainment and financial
catalyst to activate the potential of the
industries.
Eastern Waterfront, a new economic engine to fulfill the ambition of
61
EXISTING CONDITIONS Central Location The Fort neighborhood, the CBD of
4
Mumbai, located to the south gives the proposed Mumbai Marina District a 1. FORT Source: Reuters
4. EASTERN EXPRESSWAY Source: Google Earth
5
strategic location for development. The busy CST Station is to the southwest, bring millions of people from the suburbs to the
3
Island City for work every day. The biggest bazaar sits to the west with vibrant 5
2. CST STATION 2
5. FISH MARKET Source: mumbaitrip
economic activity as well as numerous social
institutions,
such
as
popular
churches, temples, and mosques. Within
6
the Mumbai Marina there is one of the largest two fish markets in the Island City and a working ferry terminal. Additionally,
1
3. BAZZAR EXISTING CONDITIONS Source: Google Earth
6. INDIRA DOCK Source: MbPT
the new Eastern Highway starts in the middle of the district, connecting directly to Navi Mumbai.
VICTORIA DOCK
Declining Port Activity Historically, the proposed Mumbai Marina District was the oldest major port of India which dates back to the rule of East India Company in the 18th century. Though it is an important period of history for Mumbai, the port activities have been Source: Mumbai Port Trust
declining substantially since 1989, when JNPT opened. Victoria Dock and Princes’s
PRINCESS DOCK
Dock have recently been infilled to accommodate container storage for the container jetty which started construction in 2007, but has since been halted due to low water levels and the need for constant re-dredging. Source: Mumbai Port Trust
INDIRA DOCK
Under-Built Land Currently, the proposed Mumbai Marina District
is
dominated
by
industrial,
storage, and manufacturing uses. Contradictorily to the density of the rest of the Island City, the majority of the land is not built up. Only Indira Docks is operational while the other two are used Source: Mumbai Port Trust 62
as storage.
LAND USE
LAND USE
FIGURE GROUND
FIGURE GROUND
BUILDING USE
BUILDING USE
Fishing Port SANDHURST STATION
SANDHURST STATION SANDHURST STATION
Ferry Terminal
Storage
MASJID STATION
MASJID STATION MASJID STATION
Container Cargo
INDIRA DOCK CST STATION
CST STATION
Industrial CST STATION
Storage Manufacturing
FORT FORT
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION
ACCESS
ACCESS
FORT
FLOODING
Ferry Terminal
FLOODING
Rathod MargRd.
SANDHURST STATION SANDHURST STATION
a tel SV P
SANDHURST STATION
R d.
. d R n io s n a M
Rd. atel SV P
. d R n io s n a M
MASJID STATION MASJID STATION New Dock Rd.
New Dock Rd. ac n ar C
C
n ar
ac
d R
MASJID STATION
Low Elevation
d. R
.
. d R o ll e M D P
. d R o ll e M D P
CST STATION CST STATION
CST STATION
FORT FORT
FORT
0
400
800
1600 ft
Source: kvri_dem
Low Elevation
Poor Waterfront Access
A large proportion of the district is below
The proposed Mumbai Marina District is
city. There are only five overpasses which
blocked from the rest of the city due to the
allow limited access to the waterfront.
sea level, which combined with a lack of proper storm water management
historic industrial uses taking place. The
Many Mumbaikars are unaware of the
infrastructure, results in frequent flooding
Harbour Line, running along the western
Eastern Waterfront’s proximity.
problem within the Eastern Waterfront.
boundary of the Eastern Waterfront physically cuts off connections to the
63
STRUCTURE PLAN Strategy Given the vision and goals of the Eastern Waterfront Plan, port activities should shift from MbPT to JNPT so as to leave
1
space for new developments. Through a
Museum District
careful existing conditions analysis and case studies, six development themes are
3
introduced to transform the declining
Multi-model Transit Hub
port into a new model for 21st Century cities.
2
Green Residential
4
Financial
5
Entertainment
6
Ferry/Cruise Terminal
0
64
400
800
1600 ft
DEVELOPMENT THEME Activating
Theme I: Museum District
the
currently
under-used
rail yard to create a new multi-model
related industries and creating recreation serving jobs.
cultural
transit hub will help address demand for
assets, the north area is proposed as a
increasing transportation diversity in the
museum district. It will accommodate
new district. The new transit hub will
Theme V: Financial center
art, culture, education, and convention
exceed the capacity of CST station and
Taking advantage of the proximity to
centers for Mumbai.
handle the majority of rail ridership so as
the CBD and transit hub, the storage
to protect the over-burdened CST station,
warehouse area is proposed as a new
Theme II:
which is also an important cultural asset.
financial center with mixed uses to
A BRT terminal and a local bus station
attract new financial jobs and establish a
Green With newCommunity population coming in, a
will also be installed in the transit hub,
new image as the international financial
predominately
turning it into an efficient multi-model
center.
Recognizing
Mumbai’s
rich
residential
green
community is proposed to meet the demand for high quality living. The
intersection.
Theme VI: Ferry Cruise Terminal
equipped with adequate infrastructure
Theme IV: Entertainment center
and apply sustainable techniques in their
After the phasing out of port activities,
water transportation and cruise tourism,
design
Indira
through
the current ferry terminal is proposed
remediation and gradually transform
for an upgrade to facilitate serving
Theme III: Multi-model Transit Hub
into a Bollywood themed entertainment
larger volumes of people. Meanwhile, a
center in the Island City, attracting film
commercial corridor should be created to
1
2
residential
communities
should
be
will
first
3
TANNER SPRING PARK, PORTLAND Source: greenworkspc.com
GARE DO ORIENTE-PORTUGAL Source: www.wikiwand.com
6
5
KAWRAN BUSINESS DISTRICT Source: en.wikipedia.org
go
connect the new terminal with CST station.
PEARL DISTRICT-PORTLAND Source: www.portlandoregon.gov
4
Dock
Addressing the increasing demand for
SEA WORLD-SHENZHEN, CHINA Source: www.skyscrapercity.com
FERRY TERMINAL-NEW ZEALAND Source: www.getintravel.com
65
IMPLEMENTATION To
implement
such
a
huge
development plan, there are five key nodes with development priority to serve as catalysts for the rest of the
SANDHURST STATION
Mumbai Marina District. Meanwhile, specific guidelines and policies should
A
be enacted to manage the long-term operation.
Key Nodes The key nodes were carefully selected following TOD principals. Based on the transportation framework, five
MIXED USE
key nodes were identified either
B
COMMERCIAL
near existing train stations or future transportation stations.
CIVIC RESIDENTIAL
CST STATION
TRANSIT/FERRY STREET EXPANSION ANTICIPATED DEV.
0
400
800
1600 ft
ferry terminal and transform it into a new
Multi-model Transit Hub
under the “world-class city” ambitions of
tourism attraction with state of the art
will
Mumbai, the plan consequently proposes
facilities.
be completed in the first phase of
a new financial center near the proposed
development near the existing Sandhurst
transit hub and a mixed-us commercial
station. It will substantially reduce the
district near the CST station.
The
multi-model
transit
hub
railway transportation volume of CST
Ferry/International Cruise Terminal The new ferry and international cruise terminal should Bbe built to meet
BRT, metro, and bus activity to increase
New Fish Market Attraction
the accessibility of the Mumbai Marina
With the hub bringing people from the
transportation. To boost tourism ferries
District.
suburbs and Navi Mumbai to the district, the demand for development of the fish
should be opened to connect the famous Gateway of India and the mangrove parks
Sub financial center /Mixed-use district
market will come increase. A Public
in the north on the water, alleviating
Private Partnership can upgrade the
congestion on land routes.
To address the demand for high-end offices
facilities of the existing fish market and
Station further south, meanwhile adding
66
the
increasing
demand
for
water
GUIDELINES Whole Coverage of Public Transit
and wide sidewalks.
the waterfront.
The whole Mumbai Marina District will
Waterfront as Public Realm
be accessible via public transit stations
The waterfront is proposed to feature
Centralized Water Management
(including rail, metro, bus, and ferry).
promenades, parks, and open space for
To improve the efficiency of storm water
Restriction on Private Vehicles
all the citizens of Mumbai, India, and
management, a large water reservoir
Parking spaces are proposed around
the world. Historical and local cultural
project is proposed under public and
the major transit stations to reduce
elements should be preserved in the
private partnership at the lowest elevation
private vehicles passing though the
design of public facilities, highlighting
within the district. The reservoir will
district. Congestion fees are proposed in
Mumbai’s rich history.
function as both storm water management
Height and Density Regulation
and renewable energy producer. The
conjunction for private vehicles during rush hours.
To ensure a waterfront view for the whole
water and energy should be centrally
Walkable Community
district, density and height restriction
managed for the entire Mumbai Marina
To encourage walking in the Mumbai
are proposed: high density development
District.
Marina District, the new grid size should be
will concentrate near the major transit
walkable with pedestrian friendly streets
stations and lower building heights near
TRANSIT
ROAD NETWORK
FIGURE GROUND
and
Energy
OPEN SPACE
TRANSIT HUB New Bus New Metro Harbor Line
0
400
800
1600 ft
DENSITY
0
400
800
1600 ft
PARKING
0
400
800
1600 ft
WATER MGMT.
0
400
800
1600 ft
0
400
800
1600 ft
ENERGY
High
Low
0
400
800
1600 ft
0
400
800
1600 ft
0
400
800
1600 ft
67
SITE PLAN SECTION A: BRT SYSTEM
A
B
SECTION B: PORT TRANSFORM
t
PRECEDENT: MEDELLIN, COLUMBIA
Source: Lafarge Holcim Foundation PUBLIC SPACE OVER THE RESERVOIR
Source: Lafarge Holcim Foundation
68
SITE PLAN Source: Google Earth
SOURCE: ust oodvibes.com
MUMBAI MARINA DISTRICT Under this plan, the Mumbai Marina District will become the most dynamic, attractive area in Mumbai. It will embody the goals of the Eastern Waterfront Plan. It is equitable because the Mumbai Marina District will greatly increase the amount of open space available to all the Mumbaikars; it is innovative because of the diverse economic activities proposed for the area; it is regenerative as the declining port is transformed into a new engine of growth for Mumbai.
71
BYCULLA EAST DISTRICT OVERVIEW
Byculla East District presents an
new, innovative economic activity,
opportunity for a mix of new housing development with an emphasis on
enabling equity, affordability, and employment. The district addresses
slum upgrading through incremental
environmental concerns including
housing. The district allows for
pollution
future organic growth and provides
remediation and sea level rise-
and
flooding
adaptive development.
THREE FINGER DOCKS Source: Landscape + Urbanism
72
through
EXISTING CONDITIONS The Byculla East District, with a population of 18,425, is located on 500 acres in the middle of the Eastern
2
Waterfront, bordering some of the 1. WAREHOUSES
4. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
oldest settled areas of the Island City. The district borders the Sewri area to the north, a navy shipyard to the south,
4
1
and the Byculla neighborhood and suburban railway tracks to the west.
1
6 3
2. INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
5. DEFENSE
3. SHIP-BREAKING
6. WORKERS HOUSING
The Eastern Freeway cuts through the middle of the district, which isolates and segregates areas on both sides.
2
5
LAND USE
CIRCULATION Byculla East
is
characterized
by
a
structural grid of primarily industrial and transportation land uses including warehouses, and the heavily polluted coal yard and three finger docks, which contain ship-breaking industries and informal settlements of over 10,000 inhabitants. It also contains an educational institution, the LBS College of Advanced Marine Studies and Institute, which is located to the east end of the site. The district is severely underutilized, with poorly maintained roads, little infrastructure, FIGURE GROUND
FLOOD RISK
and highly contaminated and polluted land. Byculla East faces severe flood risk due to its low elevation, historic flooding from rainfall, and projected sea level rise. These conditions require much of the site to be protected from flooding and remediated prior to any significant development.
73
NETWORK MAP VISION Byculla East’s network plan emphasizes housing equity, economic innovation and environmental protection. Considering Mumbai’s planning landscape and prevailing mixed-use land use typology, the district plan incentivizes development organically based on a structural network of growth catalysts and corridors.
Existing mangroves Open space Public facilities/institutions Retail/commericial Metro station (proposed) BRT station (sewri) Existing train station
74
STRATEGIES The district plan optimizes existing and
The district plan addresses sea level rise
proposed transit stops and expands
and flooding through a targeted retreat
commercial
from the coastline, especially in existing
activities
along
primary
roads to the waterfront, strengthening
informal
and
commercial
and wetland restoration strategies are
activities that serve local communities
applied on the heavily polluted and
and providing diverse job opportunities,
flood-threatened three-finger dock. Open
incorporating both formal and informal
spaces, including maidans and community
sectors. These commercial corridors also
parks are reserved in flood-prone and
serve as linkages that take advantage
low elevation areas for stormwater
of the valuable three access points
management, and are integrated into the
connecting the district to the west and
existing public realm networks.
generating
heavy
settlements.
TOD
Remediation Transit Oriented Development Waterfront Development
TOD
maximize the waterfront as a public asset for all Mumbaikers. Social infrastructure, Incremental Housing
such as schools, hospitals and other public facilities are also implemented to meet the needs of existing residents and incentivize future development and infill.
Precedents Housing development is based on case studies
from
Hunters
Point,
New
York
and New Orleans, LA. In Hunter’s Point, housing is mixed-income and mixed-use, with commercial and social amenities. This HUNTERS POINT, NYC Source: queens.brownstoner.com
development also features extensive public open spaces and public transit access.
In New Orleans, which is highly vulnerable to flooding and sea level rise, housing is made floodwater adaptive, with stormwater retention facilities and green infrastructure.
NEW ORLEANS, LA Source: Flickr
75
GREEN COTTON TOD DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES A major catalyst in Byculla East is the
site and in other railway station upgrading
amenities,
transit-oriented development (TOD) areas
areas throughout the city. This model
management
as
well
surrounding the Sewri, Cotton Green, and
demonstrates four main elements:
through parks, green infrastructure and
in
as
stormwater
low-elevation
areas
retention ponds.
Reay Road suburban railway stations and a proposed metro station. These transit hubs
1.
Commercial/mixed-use
land
uses
and surrounding development features
along major streets and around transit
3. Diverse, mixed-income housing types,
major existing and proposed commercial nodes and corridors and equitable
that incorporate both formal economic activity such as ground-floor retail and
with high-density and market-rate housing immediately around transit stations.
residential development
informal sectors by reserving space and
The land use pattern of the Cotton Green
infrastructure for street vendors.
4. Friendly, inviting streetscapes to achieve better walkability and pedestrian safety.
TOD District serves as a development model that can be applied to transit-
2. Social infrastructure such as schools,
oriented developments both within the
hospitals, open space and other public
DEVELOPMENT MODEL
Green Cotton Station
Transit-oriented development features a mix of housing, commercial development, open space amenities and social infrastructure. It is well-integrated into the neighborhood’s transportation networks.
76
15’
10’
10’
10’
10’
8’
15’
5’
8’
STREETSCAPE
DENSITY RECOMMENDATION
Byculla East’s streetscape will incorporate
management sites. Street vegetation
traditional Mumbai features and new
provides cooling and air purification
urbanist standards. Wide, well-maintained
for the benefit of pedestrians and local
sidewalks will enable formal and informal
residents. Multimodal transit will be
commercial activities, catering to daytime
well-integrated as well.
Under the same affordable housing framework,
we
recommend
higher
density around transit stations and maidans to maximize the land value. The
and nighttime uses. Maiden’s serve
maidan could also accommodate future
as valuable gathering and recreation
potential development.
spaces that also function as stormwater
This strategy will also bring the unique and valuable view of this
traditional
green space.
77
INCREMENTAL HOUSING STRATEGIES As introduced in the equitable housing
that are native to the area and respond to
management. These open spaces create
framework,
the local climate.
a larger green network that acts as an
incremental
housing
internal circulation network.
represents a shift away from existing slum
This prototype guides informal settlement
rehabilitation strategies to a more organic
development
and culturally sensitive approach. This
including social infrastructure and public
Income generating activities are permitted
strategy features the use of incremental
toilets. The prototype also accounts for
within these clusters but are strategically
structures that allow for organic build out
growth areas that are programmed for
located along main commercial corridors.
of informal housing.
communal uses or utility easements that
around
anchor
points,
are able to accommodate future housing Incremental structures allow for higher density
settlements
that
grow
growth.
as
household incomes grow. Customizable
The prototype also includes a dedicated
structures allow for building techniques
space for activities and stormwater
Reay Rd Station
Precedents - Anchor social infrastructure - Protect micro-economies - Incremental structures - Design guidelines for flood prone areas - Community organizations - Access to green and recreational space - Site planning for ventilation and Kambi Moto, Kenya
78
INCREMENTAL HOUSING MODEL BLOCK PLAN
PROTOTYPE MODEL Income Generating Social Infrastructure Open Space Services
r o id rr o c l a i c r e m m o c
a e r a y it v ti c a
a e r a h t w o r g
a re a y ti v it c a
EXPANDED BLOCK PLAN r o id rr o c l a m r fo in
a e r a h t w o r g
r o id rr o c l a rm fo in
r o id rr o c l a i rc e m m o c
t e e rt s d o o rh o b h g i e n
79
SEWRI ECOLOGICAL AND ENERGY DISTRICT OVERVIEW
The proposed Sewri Ecological &
this district include removing and
Energy District (Sewri District) presents many opportunities and challenges.
remediating hazardous industries, creating a sustainable infrastructure
The area has rich natural and culture
area, promoting TOD, upgrading the
assets while a large portion of the
Koli Fisher Village, and attracting eco-
land is polluted. The strategies for
tourism to the mangrove forest.
Source: Landscape + Urbanism
80
EXISTING CONDITIONS This district has a heavy industrial land use, most of which is oil storage. Adjacent to it is a large mangrove forest that reaches all the way to the suburbs. Centrally located in the 4. EASTERN EXPRESSWAY Source: Google Earth
1. OIL STORAGE Source: Reuters 2
proposed district is the Koli Fisher Village. The Koli are the srcinal inhabitants of the region who maintain many aspects of their
1
tradition and culture, including dancing and a heavy reliance on fishing. Along the 5
4
2. MANGROVES Source: Wikipedia
3
5. SEWRI FORT Source: Google Earth
western border of the proposed district, the Eastern Expressway, with no local exits, separates the proposed Sewri District from the rest of the city. Along the shoreline, there
6
is a 16th Century Fort which is a currently
5
underappreciated potential tourist spot, and a flamingo watching point for people from 3. KOLI FISHER VILLAGE Source: Youtube
LAND USE
6. FLAMINGO Source: Clement Francis
the city to celebrate the Flamingo Festival during migratory seasons.
CIRCULATION The
district
has
a
population
of
around 3,000 people within an area of approximately 400 acres. The land use map shows 250 acres are industrial land use, including oil storage, truck staging, and warehousing. The land occupied by the oil storage is heavily polluted; there are 100 acres of coastal wetland and mangrove forests, including the flamingo habitat; there are also approximately 50 acres of current residential, commercial, and vacant land, including the Koli Fisher Village and the Sewri Fort. With the majority of the population in this district falling into the FIGURE GROUND
FLOOD RISK
economically weaker sections (EWS), the district contains little public infrastructure. Most of the roads are for oil trucks moving throughout the area which leads to poor conditions from heavy use and little maintenance. This district is also under risk of flooding in both the north and south portions of the Sewri District.
81
NETWORK MAP VISION This district will demonstrate resilience through environmental, culture, and historic protection by enhancing the equitable housing, employment opportunities, and climate change adaptive development.
Koli Fisher Sewri Fort
Flamingo Watching Point
Existing mangroves New mangroves Green network Public facilities/institutions Retail/commericial
82
Trail spot Metro station (sewri) BRT station (sewri) Existing train station
STRATEGIES The network plan outlines five strategies in the first phase. The developable areas are carefully identified according to the flood map. 1.
The first strategy is removal and environmental
remediation
of
hazardous activities. As fossil fuel use become less and less desirable and renewable energy generation becomes more popular, the industrial
area
can
be
remediated
bioremediation, and other methods to produce a safe and healthy
2.
The second strategy is to create a sustainable infrastructure area in
program should improve the building
public infrastructure, the former
conditions and provide the residents
industrial area will be redeveloped
with sanitation and sewage systems.
into a sustainable infrastructure area,
Facilities such as health care centers
providing renewable energy, water
and educational centers should be
treatment, and waste management
built in proportion to the residential
for the city. Locally, it will become
units added. The Fisher Dock close
an
to the shore will also be protected
economic
and
employment
generator. Regionally, it will support
upgraded as part of the culture
the resilient development of Mumbai,
protection. 5.
Building the waterfront
eco-trail
is the final strategy. This trail will run north to south along the coast,
3.
through earth removal, capping,
environment for future development.
new development to its south. This
nor t he Island City have adequate
development.
transform and oil storage will be this
culture and integrating them with the
Since neither the Sewri District
demonstrate the cities innovation, and serve as a model of future
profile of the Sewri District should phased out of the district. If necessary,
the north part of the Sewri District.
The third strategy is to build residential
connecting Byculla East to the
buildings close to the transit stops
sustainable infrastructure area in
and create TOD, together with local
the Sewri District. The trail should
public facilities and institutions.
provide access to the high-quality waterfront open spaces for the whole
4.
The fourth strategy is focused on
city, linking all the recreational spots
EWS upgrading for the Koli Fisher
in the southern portion and the more
Village. The intent is to achieve a
ecological and cultural spots in the
balance between protecting local
northern portion.
Precedents To
achieve
precedents
these were
strategies, carefully
some
examined.
Deer Island in Boston provides a good example for the sustainable infrastructure facilities in the north of the district. Deer DEER ISLAND, BOSTON, USA Source: Haikoutour
SCHUYLKILL RIVER TRAIL, USA Source: Delaware River CityCorp.
Island has flood adaptive development policy to tackle flood issue and serve as a local infrastructure park. Regarding EWS upgrading, the precedent in San Paulo,
Brazil
while
simultaneously
protected
local
culture
improving
the
housing conditions. For the eco-trail, the recreational waterfront area can learn from Schuylkill River Trail in Philadelphia, USA. The eco-trail will also continue through the mangrove forest as an elevated walkway intended to attract tourist interested in the SAN PAULO, BRASIL Source: David Smith’s Blog
MANGROVE PARK, THAILAND Source: Haikoutour
natural landscape.
83
ECO- TRAIL Ceremonial area
Flamingo Point
Sewri Fort & Koli Museum
Koli Fisher Dock
84
Sidewalk 14 ft
2-Lane Street 24 ft
ECO-TRAIL AND TOURISM
Setback 30 ft
ROAD RECOMMENDATION the local heritage and culture. If visitors
This
promenade in Byculla East. At its entrance
were interested in the live traditional
recommendation
to the Sewri District, the trail would act
fishing activities, they could visit the
infrastructure area and the mangroves.
as a ceremonial area to hold local events,
proposed Koli Fisher Dock and see the
It is for the use of local cars and trucks.
The eco-trail connects to the waterfront
section
shows in
the between
road the
The infrastructure area close to the trail
performances, and markets. The trail would then pass Flamingo Point where
local fishers demonstrating their craft. As the trail goes further north, it would pass
will follow a green policy to serve as an
people can come and celebrate the
the mangroves and infrastructure area.
infrastructure park. On the other side of
Flamingo Festival. It would also pass the
the road is the mangrove forest with the
16th century Sewri Fort and the proposed
skyline of Mumbai in the background.
Koli Fisher Museum which could highlight
85
04
IMPLEMENTATION
86
The implementation element outlines the envisioned implementation and evaluation of the Eastern Waterfront plan, both crucial tools to ensuring the plan’s success. The element contains implementation case studies for comparison, plan governance strategies, plan financing strategies, the plan’s phasing, and metrics by which to evaluate the plan’s success.
87
CASE STUDIES
MUMBAI MILL LANDS Source: constructionworld.in
In
best
which the 600-acre portion would be split
plan presented in this case study, but
implementation strategy for the Eastern
order
to
determine
into thirds, equally distributed between
land ownership will ideally be effectively
Waterfront
low-cost public housing, open space, and
and responsibly maintained by an agency
are reviewed, the Mumbai Mill Land
market rate development. However, a
that is transparent, coordinated, and held
Redevelopment in Mumbai and the
legislative loophole allowed land to be sold
accountable to the public, ensuring its
London
redevelopment.
for private development without regard for
goals are achieved.39 40
These case studies offer examples of
planned public uses, as long as a maximum
development plan implementations of
of 15% of the srcinal parcel was sold .
varying success.
This led to an unorganized development
plan,
two
Docklands
the
case
studies
environment focused on luxury condos
Mumbai Mill Lands
and failed to address Mumbai’s largest areas of need. This development is typified
Beginning in the 1990s and continuing
in the Parel neighborhood, which borders
today, a 600-acre portion of land in the
the Eastern Waterfront along its western
north of Mumbai’s Island City has seen
boundary in the north.38
major redevelopment . The historic mill lands were left largely vacant amidst the
The Mill Lands Redevelopment highlights
decline of the textile industry in Mumbai,
the need for more control of the
providing a development opportunity for
development process in Mumbai in order
the land-starved city. Mumbai’s municipal
to affect desired change. The Eastern
government (MCGM) created a plan in
Waterfront Plan is as ambitious as the
88
London Docklands
1998 under the premise its job was done in overseeing the development taking
London’s Docklands, an area of 5,630
place in the Docklands, however this was
acres, was historically the major port for
seen by many people as premature since
the city of London, but with the advent
development continued after this date. 41
of containerization and larger ships, the up-river port was replaced by modern
The structure and powers of the LDDC
facilities with better conditions . Rendered
allowed it to accomplish a great deal in a
obsolete, the Docklands presented a major
short timeframe, however, the project’s
opportunity for redevelopment. In 1981,
lack of equity in the development
the London Docklands Development
process has tainted public’s perception
Corporation (LDDC) was created to
of the organization. The Mumbai Eastern
streamline the planning and development approvals process within the Docklands,
Waterfront plan can implement the basic model of the LDDC but include greater
combining land owned by the five
public
boroughs adjacent to the docklands. The
components
LDDC was extremely successful in terms
execution promotes equity and benefits to
of development, creating 24,000 housing
all Mumbaikers.41
involvement to
and
ensure
community the
plan’s
units and 80,000 jobs, but was criticized for a lack of equity in the development process and outcomes. The LDDC was dissolved in
LONDON DOCKLANDS CANARY WHARF Source: LDDC-history.org
CASE STUDIES 89
GOVERNANCE
1
2
Create Entity
Transfer Land
Mumbai Eastern Waterfront Development Corporation
3 Long Term City Management
Phase out the MbPT
Dissolve the development corporation
Transfer land ownership to the new development corporation
Steanlined planning and development process
Transfer land to a local agency for long term
Governance
phased out during plan implementation. Upon completion of plan goals, the
A new, quasi-governmental organization,
MWEDC
the
ownership of the waterfront land to
Mumbai
Development
Eastern
Waterfront
Corporation
(MEWDC),
the
will
dissolve
Mumbai
Metropolitan
based on the LDDC and the Smart Cities
Development
Initiative’s
long-term management.
proposed
Special
Purpose
and
Authority
transfer Regional
(MMRDA)
for
Vehicle (SPV), oversees the planning and development of the Eastern Waterfront area. The MEWDC selects its board members from a wide range of local, state,
Federal/State Government Agencies
and national-level stakeholders to ensure a transparent and inclusive outcome with
Ministry of Shipping
thorough oversight. This body delegates autonomous
planning
and
approval
authority over the Eastern Waterfront in order to streamline the process and allow
Indian Railways
Ministry of Urban Development
Municipal/RegionalGovernmentAgencies Housing Authority of Maharashtra
Municipal MumbaiMetropolitan Mumbai Port Corporation of RegionalDevelopment Trust Authority GreaterMumbai
for efficient development by both public and private actors. This autonomy is MUMBAI EASTERN WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
regulated by a founding charter limiting certain actions, such as prohibiting the sale of land, and establishes baseline requirements for any ground leases or potential bond issuances made by the
The ownership of the land within the Eastern Waterfront transitions from the MbPT to MEWDC as port activities are
90
Residents’ Welfare Association
Tax Payers’ Association
NonGovernmental Organization
Local Stakeholders
MEWDC.
initially
Labor Unions
consolidated
and
eventually
Chamber of Commerce
Environmental Groups
“Smart Cities,” Prime Minister Narendra
and private parties in Public Private
Modi’s national initiative to promote
Partnership (PPP) agreements. These
The Eastern Waterfront plan relies on
urban
agreements could take many different
a large number of financing sources,
environmental sustainability, and “smart”
forms, but all would seek to leverage the
both because of the project’s scope and
infrastructure development. The Smart
private sector’s experience and expertise
scale, requiring significant capital, but
Cities initiative shares a similar vision and
to provide needed public services. This
also because of their added benefits to
goals with the Eastern Waterfront mission
model would work well in the funding
the plan’s resiliency. Development is
of resiliency and seeks to produce a
of proposed large-scale infrastructure
not overly dependent on any particular
replicable development model for other
projects in the Sewri Ecological and
financing sources, as alternate sources
cities. The initiative provides funding
Energy District.
will
financing
and governance assistance supporting
shortcomings in the event of unexpected
Mumbai in realizing the vision of a resilient
Additionally,
shortfalls. Financing relies on both public and private sector parties. Public sector
waterfront. The Eastern Waterfront presents a unique opportunity for the
international non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) and international
financing will directed toward significant
implementation of a large scale, “Smart
finance
social infrastructure investments, such
Cities”
additional sources of financing. NGO’s
as schools, public toilets, and libraries,
program provides funding from the Central
can be utilized to assist in environmental
and for support of social programs
Government and mandates matching
remediation, habitat protection and land
like small business incentives and job
funds from the State of Maharashtra in
conservation as well as incremental
training programs. The private sector is
order to achieve its objectives. These funds
housing schemes within the Eastern
responsible for financing the majority
focus on infrastructure, environmental
Waterfront.
of
stormwater
remediation, and incentives for small
involved
management measures. Public-private
businesses, especially those focused on
infrastructure
partnerships are recommended for large
“Smart” technologies and strategies.42
organizations, often engaging in a wide
Financing
fill
any
roads,
transit
unexpected
utilities,
infrastructure,
protection
projects,
and
quality
of
life
demonstration
improvements,
project.
This
environmental and
housing
initiatives. The largest source of funds for the plan
local,
institutions
IFI’s in
regional
(IFI’s)
could financing
and
provide
primarily
be
large-scale
construction.
These
range of projects in the developing world, Another major opportunity for funding
provide critical support in financial
is the partnership between both public
management and technical assistance.
Ground Leases
comes from land leases. The MEWDC
Infrastructure
grants long-term land leases of 99 years to developers based on responses to Request
Smart Cities Initiative
for Proposals (RFPs). The RFP model allows the MEWDC to influence the uses and design guidelines of buildings within
Environmental Remediation Public-Private Partnerships
the Eastern Waterfront. Due to high land prices within the Island City, ground leases are anticipated to generate large
State of Maharashtra
revenue streams providing the MEWDC a steady income stream.
Parks
Housing Subsidies
International Finance Institutions Small Business Incentives
The second largest source of funding is expected to come from the Indian
Mumbai Eastern Waterfront Development Corporation
MCGM
Smart Cities Initiative. In 2015, Mumbai was selected by the Indian Ministry of Urban Development as one of 100 Indian
Conservation NGO’s
FINANCING 91
PHASING Phasing
Phase 1 has a primary focus on large-scale
these improvements, adding housing
projects to provide structure for later
and commercial development. MbPT
The ambitious plan for the Eastern
growth and development. Environmental
land ownership will be transferred to
Waterfront relies heavily on a successful
remediation,transportation infrastructure
the MEWDC as port activities phased out
phasing strategy. Over the plan’s 30-year
and public utilities are the two largest
of the Eastern Waterfront and shifted to
time horizon, three major phases are
components of this phase, transforming
JNPT.
envisioned. While the structure plan is
the Eastern Waterfront into a healthier
focused primarily on the first phase, later
and safer environment for current and
phases will be subject to unpredictable,
new residents as well as providing
organic changes based on Mumbai’s future development.
increased connectivity with the rest of the city. Later phases will build on
PHASEI REMEDIATION
PHASEII
PHASEIII
30%
70%
HOUSING
MARKET RATE
40%
20%
40%
AFFORDABLE
20%
40%
40% Sustainable Infra. Installation
INFRASTRUCTURE
20%
GREEN
60%
20%
TRANSPORTATION
80%
20%
OFFICE
40%
30%
30%
RETAIL
30%
30%
40%
40%
60%
Job Generation
COMMERCIAL
Housing Project
INSTITUTION
Slum Retreat & Remediation
METRICS Innovative Economy
Equitable Housing Infrastructure Regeneration
92
1.5 million+ jobs created over 30 years
100,000+ units
Diverse Industry Mix
Basic Services Provided
affordable housing created
Water,Sanitation,Power,Social Infrastructure
500,000+ daily riders
8 million+ users served
Public Transit
Multimodel Transit Hub
Finance, IT, Entertainment, HighTech Manufacturing
Entertainment District Ferry/CruiseTerminal
Public Utilities
Environmental Protection
400+ acres
500+ acres
Mangroves&coastal wetlands protected or restored
Flood adaptive land & development
Open Space & Public Realm
50+ acres
4+ miles
Open space provided
Waterfront access provided
Phase I Phase II Phase III
LOOKING FORWARD “At 15 million people within its municipal limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest, richest city in India, a city simultaneously experiencing a boom and a civic emergency....it is a maximum city, maximum in its exigencies, maximum in its heart.”
As Mumbai enters the 21st Century, it can
concerns. The plan defines resilience in
dream for the peoples of India. If you take
fulfill its aspiration to emerge as a major
the context of Mumbai and the Eastern
a walk around Mumbai you’ll see that
global city by demonstrating resilience
Waterfront and presents a vision and
everything – sex, death, trade, religion
in the face of economic shifts, inequality,
goals for its future development. The
– are lived out on the pavement. It is a
crumbling infrastructure, and the impacts
plan outlines frameworks, which serve as
maximum city, maximum in its exigencies,
of climate change. The redevelopment
its backbone throughout the entire site’s
maximum in its heart.”43
and reinvention of the city’s Eastern
development, as well as a structure and
The plan is ambitious and complex, much
Waterfront presents a unique opportunity
small district plans, to create catalytic
like the city and issues it aims to address.
for the city to address resiliency in one of
actions to spur resilient development
Resilience can be defined in many ways
its most isolated and underserved areas.
throughout the waterfront. Finally, the
not discussed in this plan, with different
Through this plan, Mumbai’s Eastern
plan describes implementation strategies
perspectives and emphases. As readers
Waterfront will demonstrate resilience,
and measures, drawing from the s uccesses
of the plan examine all its elements,
reestablish Mumbai on a global stage,
and failures of similar case studies.
they may be left with many questions.
embrace and promote the city’s unique
“At 15 million people within its municipal
Hopefully, these discussion topics may
identity, and serve as a replicable model of
limits, Mumbai is the biggest, fastest,
encourage further discussion on planning
development.
richest city in India, a city simultaneously
for
The plan presents existing conditions of
experiencing
Waterfront.
the city and waterfront, illustrating their
emergency; an island-state of hope in a
density, vibrancy and complexity, as well
very old country. Because of the reach of
as their various prevailing and emerging
Bollywood movies, Mumbai is also a mass
a
boom
and
a
civic
resilience
in
Mumbai’s
Eastern
93
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StudioPOD (2015, October 4).
MUMBAI STUDIO TEAM
96
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Will Gordon Naeem Shahrestani Junran Yang Mengyun Li Ben Nathan Lu Tian
Kristiina Yang Claudia Zarazua
Stephen Skilton
The Mumbai studio team consists of
Roberts & Todd. The team completed the
Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute for
nine Master of City Planning students
plan over a three-month semester in the
Architecture and Environmental Studies,
in the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Design, led by Yogesh Saoji,
fall of 2015. The team visited Mumbai and its Eastern Waterfront in October 2015,
the firm StudioPOD, and the Mayor of Mumbai, Snehal Ambekar
an urban designer and architect with
where they met with various stakeholders
the Philadelphia-based firm Wallace
and interested parties, including the
