1.http://www.knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedi 1.http://www. knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Multimedia/ a/Multimedia/ 1. MULTIMEDIA
text,, audio audio,, graphics graphics,, animation animation,, video video,, and Multimedia is the use of several different media to convey information (text interactivity). interactivity ). Multimedia also refers to computer media. As the information is presented in various formats, multimedia enhances user experience and helps grasping information better and faster. Presenting information in various formats is nothing new to human beings, but multimedia generally implies presenting information in various digital formats. Although it is also used in visual arts to describe works created using more than one medium. Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, Education , Entertainment, Engineering, Medicine, Mathematical and Scientific Research. In education, multimedia is used to produce Computer Based Training courses (popularly called CBTs), reference books like encyclopedias and alamanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentation, text about a particular topic and associated illustrations in various information formats. An electronic multimedia encyclopedia can present information in better ways than a traditional encyclopedia can. So the user has more fun and learns fast. For instance, an article on World War II can include hyperlinks of countries involved in the war. When a user clicks on a hyperlink, he/she is redirected to an detailed article about that country. In addition, it can include a video on Pacific Campaign. It can also present images which are maps pertinent to World War II. Hyperlinks let a user access information in a non-linear fashion as opposed to print materials which are essentially linear (It is said that our brain thinks in a non-linear way). This, when added to multiple elements such as pictures, photos, audio and video can speed-up learning and improve user experience (It is also said that some people learn better by seeing than reading and some others by rather listening). Multimedia is heavily used in entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animiation for cartoon characters. Multimedia games, which are software programs available either a s CD-ROMs or online are a popular pastime. Some video games also use multimedia features. A multimedia application, in which an user actively participates, instead of just sitting as a passive recipient of information is called, Interactive Multimedia. An example is an interactive multimedia game. For instance, a user can play a simulated multimedia soccer match without actually being in the ground. The simulation is just an illusion, but it makes the user think that he or she plays a real match. The environment is created by using many equipments of control like headset, goggles, joystick, sensors and by coordinating various multimedia components with a technique called virtual reality. reality. They provide an environment which is experienced by users as similar to reality. This technique is used in some arcade games and also in fl ight simulators, to impart training to pilots, without having to go fo r a real flight. In Engineering, especially in Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, multimedia is primarily used for designing a machinery or automobile. This lets an Engineer view a product from various perspectives, zoom critical parts and do other manipulations, before actually producing it. This is known as Computer Aided Design (CAD). In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery (without it actually being performed) or they can simulate how human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent the same. In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is mainly used for modelling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. In the Arts you can talk about a multimedia artists, when you come across those minds able to blend techniques using different media that in some way incorporates interaction with the viewer. One of the most relevant could be Peter Greenaway who is melting Cinema with Opera and all sorts of digital media.
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Related topics: streaming media, media, video video,, graphics graphics,, animation animation,, Internet Internet,, Computer graphics, graphics, advertising advertising,, marketing marketing,, and virtual reality. reality. http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node10.html#SECTION0122100000000000000 What is Multimedia?
Multimedia can have a many definitions these include: Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation in addition to
traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, images). A good general definition is: Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving
images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally. A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Hypermedia can be considered as one of the multimedia applications. A Multimedia system has four basic characteristics: •
Multimedia systems must be computer controlled .
•
Multimedia systems are integrated .
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The information they handle must be represented digitally .
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The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive.
Examples of Multimedia Applications include: •
World Wide Web
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Hypermedia courseware
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Video conferencing
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Video-on-demand
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Interactive TV
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Groupware
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Home shopping
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Games
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Virtual reality
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Digital video editing and production systems
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Multimedia Database systems
http://www.techterms.com/definition/multimedia As the name implies, multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. For example, a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a "multimedia presentation." Educational software that involves animations, sound, and text is called "multimedia software." CDs and DVDs are often considered to be "multimedia formats" since they can store a lot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space. Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage space, multimedia is commonplace today. Therefore, the term doesn't produce the same excitement is once did. This also means it is not as overused as it was back in the late '90s. Thank goodness. http://www.definitions.net/definition/Multimedia
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1. (noun) multimedia,
transmission that combine media
multimedia
system
of communication (text
and graphics and sound
etc.)
Definitions of 'Multimedia' of 'Multimedia' U.S. National Library of Medicine 1. Multimedia
Materials, frequently computer applications, computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, andvideo andvideo into integrated packages. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994) Advantages of Multimedia http://www.usu.edu/sanderso/multinet/multiadv.html The use of multimedia offers many advantages: 1. Enhancement of Text Only Messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds
and compelling visuals. 2. Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than
traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies. 3. Gains and Holds Attention: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text,
audio, graphics and video. Communication research has shown that the combination of communication modes (aural and visual) offers greater understanding and retention of information. 4. Good for "computer-phobics": Those who are intimidated by computer keyboards and complex instructions are more
comfortable with pressing buttons with a mouse or on a screen. 5. Multimedia is Entertaining as Well as Educational: (Enough said).
http://www.multimedia-advantage.com/ Multimedia Advantage is your one-stop marketing solution! From logo, brochure and website design, to online video, radio ads and so much more - Multimedia Advantage can help provide the tools your company needs to be successfull in today' today's s ever ever chang changing ing world. world. Multim Multimedi edia a Advant Advantage age capab capabili ilities ties includ include: e: Graphi Graphic c Design Design,, Websit Website e Design Design and Development, E-Commerce integration, WebCasting, Multimedia applications, Video editing, CD/DVD duplication services and Marketing Consultation services. http://www.nectac.org/~wbtdemo/session_3/pages3/S3_Page6.html 1. Advantages of Multimedia
The pow power er of mul multim timedi edia a is in eng engagi aging ng a var variet iety y of lea learni rning ng mod modali alities ties (visual, (visual, aud audito itory ry and pos possib sibly ly kinesthetic) which can appeal to various learner styles simultaneously. Because of the interactivity afforded by multimedia, "learning by doing" becomes feasible in WBT.
Multimedia allows development of more engaging, persuasive presentations. Multimedia used in simulations or to enhance practice of skills can support transfer of learning. Read the abstracts of two studies ( Study 1, 1, Study 2) 2) which demonstrate the effectiveness of multimedia for enhancing perfo http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/engramja/gradcourse/multimedia/benefits_of_multimedia.htm Benefits of Using Multimedia in Education Educational Benefits (from an Educator's Perspective) :
of
Multimedia
tools
•
Provide students with opportunities to represent and express their prior knowledge.
•
"Allow "Allow students students to function function as designers, designers, using tools for analyzing analyzing the world, accessing accessing and interpretin interpreting g information, organizing their personal knowledge, and representing what they know to others."
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•
Multimedia applications engage students and provide valuable learning opportunities.
•
Empower students to create and design rather than "absorbing representations created by others."
•
"Encourages deep reflective thinking.
•
Create personally meaningful learning opportunities. tech4learning.com
Educational Benefits (from the Student's Perspective) :
of
Multimedia
tools
Giving students an opportunity to produce documents of their own provides several educational advantages. •
Students that experience the technical steps needed to produce effective multimedia documents become better consumers of multimedia documents produced by others.
•
Students Students indicate they learn the material material included in their presentatio presentation n at a much greater depth than in traditional writing projects. Students work with the same information from four perspectives: 1) as researcher, they must locate and select the information needed to understand the chosen topic; 2) as authors, they must consider their intended audience and decide what amount of information is needed to give their readers an understanding of the topic; 3) as designers, they must select the appropriate media to share the concepts selected; and 4) as writers, they must find a way to fit the information to the container including the manner of linking the information for others to retrieve (Smith, 1993). All of these contribute to student learning and help to explain the improved student learning that is often associated with IT -assisted PBL.
•
There is another aspect to developing multimedia documents that empowers students. Students quickly recognize that their electronic documents can be easily shared. Because of this, students place a greater value on producing a product that is of high standard. An audience of one–the teacher–is less demanding than an audience of many–particularly one’s peers. Students quickly recognize that publishing a multimedia document that communicates effectively requires attention to both the content and the design of the document. http://www.iste.org/research/reports/tlcu/multimedia.cfm
Studies to Support Multimedia use in Education: R. Lehrer Studies support distinctive differences in ways students retain information gathered and applied using multimedia versus traditional modes of instruction. In a study conducted with eighth graders, graders, R. Lehrer, found that students who learned learned about the civil war using multimedia had made long lasting connections with the materials while students who learned traditionally had little to no retention of the material on year later. It was also noted that the level of student engagement was significantly higher amongst students with both high and low abilities.
http://www.elawexchange.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=211&Itemid=524Wi With th th the e ad adva vanc nces es in digital information, the latest buzzword is multimedia. Multimedia is the integration of data, text, image, audio, or video in a single application. We are living through a digital revolution where information is presented to us in a multimedia context. Multimedia is both a technology and communications concept. As a technology concept, multimedia is explained in the sense of using text, sound, graphics, video, and animations to persuade. Multimedia is taking the various forms of media sound, text, graphics, video and animations - and presenting various combinations of the above to communicate and persuade a trier of fact a s to your client’s position. As a communications concept, which is more important then multimedia as a technology concept, the digitization of information for use in multimedia provides a new and dynamic method of presenting your case to the trier of fact. It adds immediacy and realism to dry exhibits. Only in the last 15 years have we been able to digitize and present our case information in this new and persuasive way. Digital multimedia for legal applications means being able to display your case documents as computer images, enlarge the relevant document sections, draw on the documents in various colors, or put them side by side on a monitor to focus the jury’s attention on the points that are important to your client. It means having a witness’s deposition on CD-ROM for immediate access and stopping the video and bringing up a document pertaining pertai ning to the witness alongside alongside the video for the factfinder. factfinder. It means usin using g chart charting ing and pres presentatio entation n progr programs ams for bullet slides, organizational charts, or a timeline of your case. See also, Chapter 6, Multimedia - Text, Graphics, Sound, Photographs and Video.
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Multimedia presentations should be the norm in our cases. The rest of the world expects presentations that provide multisensory stimulus to learn and decide the merits of products and services, why not disputes? There are many important benefits to using computer technology in your case during legal proceedings: •
•
•
•
•
Increases juror understanding and the trier of fact remains focused on the case - The trier of fact wants to learn and be involved in the presentation of the case. The trier of fact wants a visual presentation. It brings a case to life. It provides variety, keeps them interested, and increases their understanding of the factual and legal issues in a case. Controlling the flow of your case - Presenting digitally allows you to control the pace and flow of your case. You have the capability to rapidly present successive documents to a witness during examination and not be interrupted by paper shuffling with the witness or jury. For example, it is much easier to present a direct examination of your witnesses, since they can see beforehand on the computer monitor highlighted portions of documents that they will be testifying about. Simplifying complex issues - Demonstrative evidence can simplify voluminous and confusing facts for the benefit of a jury. The old adage “a picture is worth a thousand words” definitely applies in all of your legal proceedings. Properly used, technology with graphics and other multimedia can simplify the issues and provide the tool for jurors to understand your case. Instant Access and Control over the Law and Facts of Your Case . Literally at your fingertips is access to the law and facts of your case. If you convert your case materials to a digital format, you can instantly gain access to interrogatory answers, deposition testimony, or images of your documents. If you are surprised in trial, then a quick search will produce answers or disclosure of material to counter the new issue. Timesavings - One of the constant complaints by juries and judges is the wasted time in the courtroom as lawyers try to present their case. They are upset that exhibits are misplaced, the time it takes to publish and read documents, and any other delay that keeps them away from their family and jobs. The judge and jurors want an efficient and fair trial. One little known fact is that the use of techn technology ology in the court courtroom room can save a significant amount of time in trial. Using a paperless approach to present a case to a jury saves 20% to 50% of the time in trial.
•
•
• •
Cost savings - The monetary savings by presenting your case using technology in the courtroom is immense. The costs of the attorneys, judges, clerks, and etc. can easily amount to $5,000 a day. To save 1 day a week for a year would save $260,000 a year - more then enough to buy 5 courtroom presentation systems. Changing demonstrative evidence - You can change your presentation on the fly. As the facts are presented, charts and other graphics can be changed in the courtroom to reflect actual testimony. http://www.clearning.com/mmedia.benefits.htm BENEFITS OF MULTIMEDIA TRAINING Take it o
anytime
and
anywhere:
By using computer based training your employees can receive training at times that are convenient for your company. For example, when training production line workers on OSHA compliance training, you can manage the line productivity by training individuals verses shutting down a line for a typical classroom training session. Employees can take the training at their location eliminating the e xpenses associated with travel. If we develop or deploy a web based solution, people can even take the training at home. o
Always
available:
Because the training remains available on-site, new employees can be immediately trained instead of waiting for the next available class. In instances where annual training is required, currently trained employees can review materials as needed or specific sections as a refresher. o
Reduction
in
learning
time:
Computer based training is 2 to 4 times as efficient as most traditional training sessions. Since the largest cost in providing training to your employees is their time away from the job, the savings can be enormous. o
Consistency
of
training:
The same quality content consistently delivered to all employees, across multiple departments or locations. We can deliver the same content using multiple languages. o
Quality
of
training,
retention:
Training your employees to do the job right will cut costs, increase productivity and reduce accidents. The nature of interactive multimedia training provides for a highly engaging experience and evidence of learning is accomplished through practice and testing. With
our
solutions
-
Learning
Management
System
included!
Convenience Learning provides a training management system with every course that enables your company to automate records and reporting functions. Multimedia gives life to any presentation. What is multimedia anyway? This is a combination of different content forms such as text, animation, video, sounds, graphics and other multiple multimedia forms. This is very useful in creating websites and presentation (movie-making, recording, etc.)
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Multimedia
Look Wiktionary,, the free dictionary. Wiktionary
up Multimedia in
Multimedia is media that utilizes a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a
medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The term is used in contrast to media which only utilize traditional forms of printed or hand-produced text and still grap graphi hics cs.. In gene genera ral, l, multi ultime medi dia a incl includ udes es a comb combin inat atio ion n of text, text, audio audio,, st stililll im imag ages es,, animation animation,, video video,, and interactivity content forms. Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as Multi Multime media dia cont contai ains ns a content forms:
Text
Audio
comb combin inat atio ion n
of
Still Images
Animation Video Interactivity computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also describeselect describeselectronic ronic media device devices s used used to store store and experi experienc ence e multim multimedi edia a conten content. t. Multim Multimedi edia a is simila similarr to traditional mixed media infine infine art, art, but with a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia.. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application. multimedia
Contents •
1 Catego Categorizatio rization n of multimedia
•
2 Major characteri stics of multime multimedia dia
•
3 Ter Termino minolog logy y 3.1 History of the term o 3.2 Word usage and context o
•
4 Us Usag age e o
4.1 Creative indust industries ries
4.1.1 Commercial
4.1.2 Entertainment Entertai nment and fine arts Educ ation Educati on Engineering Enginee ring Indust Ind ustry ry Mathematica l and Scientific Research Mathematical Medicin Med icine e Miscellaneous Miscell aneous
o o o o o o
4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7
•
5 Structuring information informat ion in a multimedia form
•
6 Con Confere ference nces s
•
7 References, Sources, and Notes
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8 Se See e al also so
•
9 External links
Categorization of multimedia
Multim Multimedi edia a may be broadl broadly y divide divided d into into linear and non-linear categories categories.. Linear Linear active active conten contentt progre progress sses es withou withoutt any naviga navigatio tion n contr control ol for the viewer viewer such such as a cinema presentation.. Non-linear presentation Non-linear content offers user interactivity user interactivity to control progress as used with a computer game or used in self-paced computer based training. training. Non-linear content is also known as hypermedia content.
Linear Non-linear PresentationInteractive
Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation system.. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer. system
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Major characteristics of multimedia
stage,, projected projected,, transmitted transmitted,, or played Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage locally with a media player . A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Local Online Broa Broadc dcas asts ts and and reco record rdin ings gs can can be eith either er analog analog or digital or digital electronic electronic media technology technology.. RecordedStreaming Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand. Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network network,, or locally with an offline computer, game system, system, or simulator or simulator .
The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users experience, for example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend everyday experience. Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia is increa increasin singly gly becomi becoming ng object object-or -orien iented ted and data-d data-driv riven, en, enabli enabling ng applic applicati ations ons with with collaborative end-user innovation andpersonalization andpersonalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on web sites like photo galleries with both images (pictures) and title (text) user-updated, to simulations whose co-efficients, events, illustrations, animations or videos are modifiable, allowing the multimedia "experience" to be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, Haptic technology enables virtual objects to be felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience. Terminology History of the term
In 1965 the term Multi-media was used to describe the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a performance that combined live rock music, music, cinema cinema,, experimental lighting and performance art. art. In the intervening forty years the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s the term was used to describe presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. In the 1990s it took on its current meaning. In common usage the term multimedia refers to an electronically delivered combination of media including video, still images, audio, text in such a way that can be accessed interactively. interactively.[1] Much of the content on the web today falls within this definit ion as understood by millions. Some computers which were marketed in the 1990s were called "multimedia" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. Word usage and context
Since media is the plural of medium, the term "multimedia" is a pleonasm if "multi" is used to describe multiple occurrences of only one form of media such as a collection of audio of audio CDs. CDs. This is why it's important that the word "multimedia" is used exclusively to describe multiple forms of media. The term "multimedia" is also ambiguous. Static content (such as a paper book) may be considered multimedia if it contains both pictures and text or may be considered interactive if the user interacts by turning pages at will. Books may also be considered considered non-linear non-linear if the pages are accessed accessed non-sequenti non-sequentially. ally. The term "video", "video", if not used exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe the file format, format, delivery delivery format, or presentatio presentation n format format instead instead of " footage" which is used to distinguish distinguish motion motion footage" which photography from " animation" animation" , motion illustrations. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered multimedia if they don't contain modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of information information content with single single methods methods of information information processing processing (e.g. non-interac non-interactive tive audio) are often called multimedia, perhaps to distinguish static media from active media. Usage
Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not to, advertisements advertisements,, art art,, education education,, entertainment entertainment,,engineering engineering,, medicine medicine,, mathematics mathematics,, business business,, scientific research and spatial temporal applications. applications. Several examples are as follows:
limited
Creative industries
Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial art, to journalism journalism,, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career. Request for their skills range from technical, to analytical, to creative. Commercial
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Much of the electronic old and new media utilized by commercial artists is multimedia. Exciting presentations are used to grab and keep attention in advertising advertising.. Industrial, business to business, and interoffice communications are often developed bycreative bycreative services firms for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell ideas ideas or livenliven-up up traini training. ng. Commer Commercia ciall multim multimedi edia a develo developer pers s may be hired hired to design design for governmental governmental services and nonprofit services applications as well. Entertainment and fine arts
In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. online. Somevideo Somevideo games also also use multim multimedi edia a featur features. es. Multim Multimedi edia a applic applicati ations ons that that allow allow users users to active actively ly partic participa ipate te instea instead d of just just sitting sitting by as passiv passive e recipi recipient ents s of inform informatio ation n are called called Interactive Multimedia. In the Arts there are multimedia artists, artists, whose whose minds minds are able to blend techniques techniques using different different media that in some way incorpor incorporate ates s interac interactio tion n with with the viewer viewer.. One of the most most releva relevant nt could could be Peter Green Greenaway away who who is melding Cinema with Opera and all sorts of digital media. media. Another Another approach entails the creation creation of multimedia multimedia that can be displayed in a traditional fine arts arena, such as an art gallery. gallery. Although multimedia display material may be volatile, the survivability of the content is as strong as any traditional media. Digital recording material may be just as durable and infinitely reproducible with perfect copies every time. Education
In Education Education,, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment. Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of the introduction of multimedia. Several lines of research have evolved (e.g. Cognitive load, load, Multimedia learning, learning, and the list goes on). The possibilit possibilities ies for learning and instruction are nearly endless. Engineering
Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software for software interfaces are often done as a collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers. Industry
In the Industrial sector , multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers coworkers.. Multimedia Multimedia is also helpful for providing providing employee training, training, advertisin advertising g and selling products products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based technologies. Mathematical and Scientific Research
In Mathematical and Scientific Research, Research, multimedia are mainly used for modelling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular particular substance substance and manipulate manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia. Multimedia. Medicine
In Medicine Medicine,, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the human body is affected bydiseases bydiseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it. Miscellaneous
In Euro Europe pe,, the the refe refere renc nce e orga organi niza zati tion on for Mult Multim imed edia ia indu indust stry ry is the the Europ European ean Multim Multimedia edia Ass Associati ociations ons Convention (EMMAC). An observatory for jobs in the multimedia industry provides surveys and analysis about multimedia and ITC jobs.[1] jobs.[1] Structuring information in a multimedia form
Multimedia represents the convergence of text, pictures, video and sound into a single form. The power of multimedia and the Internet lies in the way in which information is linked. Multimedia and the Internet require a completely new approach to writing. The style of writing that is appropriate for the 'on-line world' is highly optimized and designed to be able to be quickly scanned by readers. [2]
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A good site must be made with a specific purpose in mind and a site with good interactivity and new technology can also be useful for attracting visitors. The site must be attractive and innovative in its design, function in terms of its purpose, easy to navigate, frequently updated and fast to download. [3] When users view a page, they can only view one page at a time. As a result, multimedia users must create a ‘mental model of information structure’. structure’.[4] Patrick Lynch, Lynch, author of the Yale University Web Style Manual, states that users need predictability and structure, with clear functional functional and graphical graphical continuity continuity between between the various various components components and subsectio subsections ns of the multimedia multimedia production. In this way, the home page of any multimedia production should always be a landmark, able to be accessed from anywhere within a multimedia piece. Conferences
There are a large number of multimedia conferences, the two main scholarly scientific conferences being: •
ACM Multimedia; Multimedia;
•
IEEE ICME, ICME, International Conference on Multimedia & Expo.
References, Sources, and Notes
1. 2. 3. 4.
^ Tay Vaughan ^ Stewart, C and Kowaltzke, A. 1997, Media: New Ways and Meanings (second edition), JACARANDa, Milton, Sydney. pp.102. ^ Jennifer Story, from Next Online,2002.
.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/sites/site_structure.heml. ure.heml. ^ Lynch P., Yale University Web Style Manual, Http://info .med.yale.edu/caim/manual/sites/site_struct
Multimedia Making it Work , by Tay Vaughan. Osborne McGraw Hill, 1993. ISBN 0 -07-881869.
This paper describes the design and implementation of multimedia data processing elements for a home server platform. Generally, a home server can be considered as an integrated form of a multimedia data server, home control server, and home information server. As a multimedia data server, the proposed scheme has a digital TV receiver module and a multimedia codec module. Thus, watching digital TV and remote multimedia services are available in this platform. In addition, an error resilient scheme using digital watermarking is implemented to correct transmission errors in a noisy channel.
Multimedia
Elements
Sound, Animation, and Video : Multimedia Elements Sound, Animation, and Video Sound : Sound Analog wave patterns – these wave patterns have two attributes Volume – the height of each peak in the
sound wave Frequency – (sometimes referred to as pitch) the distance between the peaks. The greater the distance, the lower the sound. Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman Sampling : Sampling To include sound in a multimedia application, the sound waves must be converted from analog to
digital form This conversion is called sampling – every fraction of a second a sample the of sound is recorded in digital bits Sampling : Sampling Two factors affect the quality of digitized sound Sample rate – the number of times the sample is
taken Most common sampling rates are: 11.025, 22.05, and 44.1 kHz Sample size – the amount of information stored about the sample Most common sampling sizes are: 8 and 16 bit Sampling : Sampling Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman Sound File Formats : Sound File Formats WAV format – filename.wav AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) AIFFC
(compressed) RealAudio – filename.ra MP3 (mpeg layer 3) Sound on the Internet : Sound on the Internet Your first consideration when using sound on the Internet is file size
Uncompressed files can be very large A 10 second recording of an audio CD can be as large as 2MB Sound Tips for the Internet : Sound Tips for the Internet Sound Tips for the Internet : Sound Tips for the Internet
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Animation on the Internet : Animation on the Internet Animation is an excellent way to provide appeal on a web site,
choose from the following Animated text Animated GIF’s Marcomedia Director applications 3-D environments 2-D Animation Animation : 2-D Animation Two types of animation exist Cel animation – based on changes that occur form one
frame to the next Path animation – moves an object along a predetermined path on the screen 3-D Animation : 3-D Animation 3-D Animation involves three steps Modeling – creating the broad contours and structure
of 3-D objects and scenes Animation – defining the object’s motion Rendering – giving objects attributes such as color, surface textures, and amounts of transparency 3-D Animation : 3-D Animation Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman 3-D Animation Special Effects : 3-D Animation Special Effects Morphing – blending together two images into a series of
images Warping – distorts a single image Virtual Reality – creates an environment that surrounds the user so that he or she becomes part of the experience Slide15 : Animation Animated text – using the HTML command causes text to flash on and off Animated gif – using a
software program to create a series of gif files such as GIF Builder Director movie – animation played using Shockwave plug-in 3-D environments – a computer language used to create 3-D images Slide16 : Design Considerations Give the user control over whether or not to display or enlarge graphic images Allow the
user to be active while graphic images are being displayed Provide feedback to the user by displaying the amount of time a file will take to download Video : Video Video, like sound, is recorded and played an as analog signal Analog video must be digitized in order for it
to put into a multimedia file Digital video has many advantages, but file size is important Video : Video Several elements determine file size: Frame rate Image size Color depth To determine file size use the
following formula: Frames per second X image size X color depth / 8 = file size Video Compression and Editing : Video Compression and Editing There are two types of video compression Lossless –
preserves the exact image throughout the compression Lossy – eliminates some of the data in the image (provides greater compression ratios than lossless) Remember – there is always a trade off, fil e size versus image quality Video on the Internet : Video on the Internet There are two types of video transfer over the Internet HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) – downloads the entire video to the hard drive on the user’s computer RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol) Protoc ol) – is a conti continuous nuous-play -playing, ing, streaming streaming techno technology logy in which the user’ user’s s comp computer uter is in constant contact with the server playing the video Video Tips : Video Tips DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA ( 4.1.1 ) Define Multimedia ( 4.1.1.1 )
Multimedia refers to any application that combined several elements of multimedia such as text, graphics, animation, audio and video. MULTIMEDIA IN VARIOUS FIELDS ( 4.1.2 ) Identify The Use Of Multimedia In Various Fields ( 4.1.2.1 )
Field Commercial Arts Medic in ine Engineering Ent Enterta ertain inme ment nt Education Math athemat ematiical cal and and scientific research
Contribution to society Multimedi Multimediaa applicati application on is used in advertisi advertising ng products products.. Many companies nowadays nowadays develop develop and distribute catalogues in the form of the CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumer Artist used multimedia elements by by combining drawing and animation. Doc to tor ca ca n pra ct ctice or or be be tr tra in ined in in pe pe rf rforming hi high ri risk su surge ry ry by by us using vi virtua l surge ry ry. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is used to view the design from many aspects aspects and improve on it before production. Thes Thesee ind indus ustr trie iess prod produc ucee com compu pute terr game games, s, deve develo lop p ani anima mati tion on for for car carto toon onss and and movi movies es.. Learning has become more interesting and effective with educational programs such as ‘edutainment’ that is a combination of education and entertainment. It also used to produce computer-based training (self-access-learning) and reference books like encyclopedias and almanacs. In mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, example, a scientist scientist can look at a molecular molecular model of a particular particular substance substance and manipulate manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.
INTERACTIVITY OF MULTIMEDIA ( 4.1.3 )
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Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a multimedia application or program. User can used input devices such as keyboard, joystick, mouse and touch screen to interact with multimedia application. There are two types of interactivity; linear and non-linear. Differentiate Between the Characteristics of Linear and Non-Linear Multimedia ( 4.1.3.1 ) Linear Interactivity ASPECT Non-Linear Interactivity Linear interactivity does not allow the user to Non-Linear interactivity lets the user control the contro controll the sequen sequence ce of the multim multimedi ediaa Controlling Controlling the sequence sequence of the multimedia content. content Interactive – two-way communication by using Not interactive – user is the passive receiver Interactivity buttons or links ( hypertext or hypermedia ) - Documentary - electronic books - Movie Examples - edutainment software - Video Clip - Electronic encyclopedias MEDIUM OF DELIVERY (4.1.4) There are two medium of multimedia delivery; web-based and CD based. Web-Based Multimedia • o
Web based multimedia delivered media through web pages. Web based multimedia is the combination of multimedia technology and internet technology.
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CD Based Multimedia
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CD-based multimedia delivered media through compact discs.
Compare and Contrast the Mediums of Delivery for Multimedia Applications. (4.1.4.1) Web-based ASPECTS CD-based Limited Limited in picture size and low resolutio resolution n Can store high end multimedia elements such Resolution video as video Can be changed or deleted by irresponsible Can Can be perm perman anen entl tly y stor stored ed and and are are not not Contents individuals. changeable Informati Information on for multimedia multimedia can be updated updated Informati Information on on a multimedi multimediaa can be quickly quickly Update easily and is cheaper outdated MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS (4.1.5) There are five elements of multimedia; text, graphics, audio, video and animation. Identify the Multimedia Elements (4.1.5.1) Elements Explanation Text is the basic basic element element of multimedi multimedia. a. It is a series series of string that can be display display using a user interface interface Text component. It involved the use of text type, size, colour and background colour. Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. They help illustrate ideas through still picture such as Graphics photograph, illustration, icon, ruled line or any other non-text elements. There are two type of graphics used bitmaps or vector. Audio is the sound portion which content sound effect, speech, music or narration. There two type of audio: Audio analog and digital audio. Video consists of full motion images that played back at various speeds. Most video also has accompanying Video audio. Anim Animat atio ion n Anim Animat atio ion n is the the appe appear aran ance ce of of moti motion on cre creat ated ed by by disp displa layi ying ng of of seri series es of of stil stilll imag images es in in sequ sequen ence. ce. HARDWARE ( 4.2.1 )
Among multimedia hardware that commonly used are scanner, video camera, camera, audio device and video capture device.
Identify Hardware That Can Be Used to Produce Multimedia Products (4.2.1.1)
Scanner Scanner – Convert Convert conventi conventional onal images, images, texts, texts, drawing drawings s and photos photos into digital form that can be understood by the computer.
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Video camera - A digital video camera records video in digital signals.
Camera - A digital camera, capture still images a nd store in a media card.
Audio device- devices are needed to record analog sound. The sounds are then changed changed into digital digital sound. sound. Examples Examples of devices devices used for recordi recording ng sounds or audio are microphone, sound card, voice synthesizer.
Video capture device - help to convert analog video to digital video.
EDITING SOFTWARE (4.2.2) There are five editing software that can be used to produce multimedia elements; text editor, graphics & image editor, audio editor, video editor and animation editor.
Identify Editing Software That Can Be Used to Produce Multimedia Elements: ( 4.2.2.1) Text editor – to insert text into multimedia application. E.g : Proprietary 1. Notepad 2. Micr Micros osof oftt Offi Office ce Word Word
E.g : Open Source 1. Sun Sun Open OpenOf Offi fice ce.W .Wri rite te 2. AbiWord
Graphics and image editor – to create and modify graphical images. E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source 1. Ado Adobe Phot Photos osho hop p 1. GIMP 2. Ado Adobe Illu Illust stra rati tion on 2. Inkscape 3. Corel Draw 3. Picasa Audio editor – to edit audio such cut and paste audio file. E.g : Proprietary 1. Sound For Forge 7.0 7.0 2. Sound Recor corder der 3. Adobe dobe Audi Audittion
E.g : Open Source 1. Audacity 2. Ardour
Video editor – to edit video clips. E.g : Proprietary 1. Pinnac nnaclle Stud Studiio 2. Adobe dobe Prem remier ier 3. Sony Vegas 4. Wind Window ows s Movi Movie e Mak Maker er 5. Apple iM iMovie
E.g : Open Source 1. JahShaka 2. Cinelerra
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Animation editor – to create and edit animation. E.g : Proprietary 1. Macro acrome medi dia a Flas Flash h 2. 3D St Studio Ma Max 3. Ulead 3D St Studio dio
E.g : Open Source 1. Blender
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