RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING TR AINING CORPS
MILITARY SCIENCE 1
HANDBOOK/WORKBOOK (INSTRUCTOR’S COPY)
QUIRINO S CALONZO 2007
PREFACE
The implementation of Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the Nationa Nationall Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 made the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program voluntary. The law also reduced the training period from two years to one year only. only. This necessitated revisions revisions on the approach on the conduct of the ROTC program particularly particularly on the conduct of advocacy campaign, incentives to cadets and the program of instruction (POI) itse lf. The latter aims to make instructions more appealing to to the cadets cadets and for them to devote devote more time for practical exercises and other hands-on activities. However, there are mandatory subjects which normally need more time longer than what is allocated. There is a need to reduce the teaching period with out affecting the scope of the subject. This handbook and also a workbook is a compilation of the subjects for Military Science 1 taken from applicable US Field Manuals and Philippine Army Manuals as well. It i s devised to assist the instructors and cadets to easily achieve the teaching and learning objectives of the ROTC program. This is in consonance with HPA HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007. Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Program. Upon completing the MS 2 of the ROTC program, the cadets will be enlisted into the reserve force. This handbook, containing basic military subjects, will remain as one of their their reference materials materials whenever whenever they will will be called for for active military military training or service.
QUIRINO S CALONZO Tarlac City 5 July 2007
2
PREFACE
The implementation of Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the Nationa Nationall Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001 made the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program voluntary. The law also reduced the training period from two years to one year only. only. This necessitated revisions revisions on the approach on the conduct of the ROTC program particularly particularly on the conduct of advocacy campaign, incentives to cadets and the program of instruction (POI) itse lf. The latter aims to make instructions more appealing to to the cadets cadets and for them to devote devote more time for practical exercises and other hands-on activities. However, there are mandatory subjects which normally need more time longer than what is allocated. There is a need to reduce the teaching period with out affecting the scope of the subject. This handbook and also a workbook is a compilation of the subjects for Military Science 1 taken from applicable US Field Manuals and Philippine Army Manuals as well. It i s devised to assist the instructors and cadets to easily achieve the teaching and learning objectives of the ROTC program. This is in consonance with HPA HPA Letter Directive dated 12 June 2007. Subject: Revitalizing the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Program. Upon completing the MS 2 of the ROTC program, the cadets will be enlisted into the reserve force. This handbook, containing basic military subjects, will remain as one of their their reference materials materials whenever whenever they will will be called for for active military military training or service.
QUIRINO S CALONZO Tarlac City 5 July 2007
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my grateful acknowledgement acknowledgement on the invaluable assistance extended to me by the following in the preparation of this material: material: The Training Staff of the 3rd Regional Community Defense Group, ARESCOM, headed by LTC DANIEL A DELA CRUZ INF (GSC) PA; To Msgt Msgt FABIAN SEGUERA (RES) PA who is also a professor of Tarlac State University for his technical assistance assistance in the design of this workbook; To the ROTC Instructors and cadets who inspired me to prepare this material to standardize teaching and enhance learning of the basic military subjects; To my Family for their morale support and for those whose names were not mentioned but have assisted me in one way or the other in the preparation of this material for their time and effort; And above all, to the Great Architect of the Universe for giving me the right attitude, strength and wisdom, my sincerest thanks and heartfelt gratitude.
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MILITARY SCIENCE I TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1.
MILITARY ORIENTATION: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
2.
Legal Bases Military Organization Philippine Military History AFP Core Values Military Courtesy and Discipline Military Justice Military Justice Military Leadership
COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER (CTIS): a. b. c. d. e.
Basic Intelligence Basic Map Reading and Land Navigation Individual Movement Technique Basic Formation Basic Weapon Training 1) 3)
f. 3.
Army Social Responsibility Program Disaster Preparedness Community Service
MANDATORY READINGS a. b. c. d. e. f.
6.
Threat to National Security (Knowing the Enemy of the State) Peace Process
CIVIL AFFAIRS a. b. c.
5.
Pre-Marksmanship Training
PUBLIC INFORMATION a. b.
4.
M16 Rifle Cal 5.56 mm 2) M14 US Rifle Cal 7.62 mm Hand Grenade
Interior Guard Duty Human Rights Anti and Counter Terrorism Basic Signal Communication Basic Survival Intro to CMO
ANNEXES a. b.
Republic Act 9163 POI for MS1 4
LEGAL BASES Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people to defend the State and in the fulfillment thereof, all citizens may be required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service. Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 – states that, “Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987 Constitution.” Commonwealth Act Number 1, otherwise known as the National Defense Act, was the very first statutory enactment by the Commonwealth government on December 23, 1935. Commonwealth Act Number 1 required the compulsory military training of all college students. Executive Order Nr 207 was later issued by President Manuel L Quezon requiring all college students to undergo military instructions pursuant to Commonwealth Act Nr 1. The very rationale of military training is the defense of the state, whether actual or in preparation to make it more effective in case of need. The National Defense Act was amended in 1980 by Presidential Decree 1706 (The National Service Law) which directs that military service will no longer be compulsory, but leaving the national service or training to be in effect. Military Training Service (MTS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS), Law Enforcement Service (LES) make up the National Service Program. But the CWS and LES component were suspended, leaving only the MTS program, which is the present ROTC program. In SY 1993-1994 DND, CHED and DILG formed a tripartite committee, the Basic ROTC Program was expanded upholding three (3) programs of the National Service Law (MTS, LES and CWS). It was implemented in 1996 but failed since only five percent (5%) of the students enrolled in CWS and LES components while ninety-five percent (95%) took the MTS (ROTC). The rising agitation and recent events call for the reexamination and review of the sixty-year-old law requiring college students to undergo military training. This resulted to the enactment of Republic Act Number 9163 which makes ROTC Optional and requires male and female freshmen students taking baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year vocational/technical or associate courses to take the National Service Training Program (NSTP) with any of the three (3) Program Components namely: ROTC, Literacy Training Service and Civic Welfare Training Service. 5
MILITARY ORGANIZATION The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) recognizes the constitution of the Republic of the Philippines as the legitimate expression of the people’s will. It is mandated to serve and protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of its national territory from internal and external threats. Therefore, the AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the constitution. MILITARY ORGANIZATION It is defined as a group of persons or units bonded together to perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties assigned to each individual. THE CHAIN OF COMMAND In any organization, flow of authority and responsibility is of utmost importance. It enables an organization to function smoothly. And thus, everything that has to do with the operation of the group must pass through channels. In the military point of view, effective management of the groups is shown through the chain of command. The President (Commander-in-Chief) Secretary of National Defense – Chief of Staff, AFP Major Service Commanders (PA, PN, PAF) Unified Command Commander (NOLCOM, SOLCOM, WESCOM, VISCOM, WESTMINCOM, EASTMINCOM) Division Commanders Brigade Commanders Battalion Commanders Company Commanders Platoon Leaders Squad Leaders/Team Leaders DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE The Department of National Defense (DND) is located at Camp Emilio Aguinaldo, EDSA, Quezon City.
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The DND is the agency under the Executive Branch of the government which is responsible for the supervision of the national defense program of program of the country. To accomplish this mission, it has executive supervision over the bureaus, offices and services that are placed by the President under its jurisdiction. MISSION OF DND 1. To support and defend the constitution constitution of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies both foreign and domestics. 2. To ensure, by timely and effective action, action , the security of the RP and of vital interest. 3. To uphold and advance advance the national policies and interests of the RP. 4. To safeguard the internal security of RP. RP . ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES In line with the accepted concept of civilian authority over the military and as provided in our Constitution, the President is the military Commander –in-Chief –in-Chief of the Armed Armed Forces of the Philippines. The President exercises strategic direction through the Secretary of National Defense and exercises the same through the Chief of Staff, AFP who directly represents him. MISSION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 1. To uphold the sovereignty, support the constitution and defend the territory of the RP against all enemies, both foreign and domestic. 2. To advance the national aims interests aims interests and policies. 3. To effectively plan for the organization, organization , maintenance, development and employment of its active and reserve forces forces for national security. 4. To perform such other duties as the President may direct. STATEMENT OF BASIC FUNCTIONS 1. The Chief of Staff, AFP – AFP – is is the highest military officer in the AFP. AFP. Being the Commanding Commandin g General of the AFP, he exercises command over all elements of the organization. He executes the President’s command functions in relation to military strategy, tactics and operation. He is the immediate adviser of of the SND and is responsible for the planning, development and examination of the National Defense Program. 7
2. The Vice Chief of Staff, AFP – VCSAFP is the Deputy Commanding General of the AFP. He assist assist the the Chief of Staff and performs his function during the latter’s absence or inability to perform. 3. The Deputy Chief of Staff, AFP – AFP – DCSAFP is designated by the CSAFP and exercises general supervision supervision over the Joint Staff and Special Staff (Administrative and Technical). 4. Secretary of Joint Staff, AFP – – the SJSAFP is the executive officer of the CSAFP, VCSAFP VCSAFP and DCSAFP. He is the secretary of the Joint Staff. a.
The Joint Chief, AFP:
The general staff of the AFP is known as the Joint Staff, AFP (JSAFP). It is composed of the CSAFP, the VCSAFP, the the DCSAFP and the heads of the Joint Staff Divisions. Following are the different Joint Staff Divisions: 1) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and Administration, J1 2) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, J2 3) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, J3 4) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, J4 5) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, J5 6) The Deputy D eputy Chief Chie f of Staff for Communications, Electronics and Information System, J6 7) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operation, J7 8) The Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist and Reserve Force Development, Development , J8 b.
The Special Staff:
The Special Staff for the AFP consist of the two staff groups, which advise advise the the CSAFP on matters pertaining to their specialized fields of service or activity. 1)
The Administrative Staff a) b) c) d) e)
The Inspector General (TIG) The Adjutant General (TAG) The Judge Advocate General (TJAG) The Chief, Chaplain Service (TCCHS) The Chief Finance Service (TCFS) 8
f)
The
Chief
Provost
Marshal
General
g) h) i)
The Chief Special Services (TCSPS) The Chief Historical Activities (TCHA) The Chief Doctrines Development
(TCPMG)
(TCDD) 2)
The Technical Staff
a) The Chief of Engineers (TCE) b) The Quartermaster General (TQMG) c) The Chief, Communication, Communicatio n, Electronics & Information Service (TCCES) d) The Surgeon General (TSG) e) The Chief Dental Service (TCDS) f) The Chief Nurse (TCN) c.
The AFP Wide-Support Wide-Su pport and Separate Units
Directly under the CSAFP are a number of separate units called the AFP Wide Support and Separate Units (AFPWSSU). Units (AFPWSSU). These units perform specific function and services for the whole armed forces. 1) GHQ & HSC 2) Presidential Security Group (PSG) 3) Philippine Military Academy (PMA) 4) Joint Command and Staff College (JCSC) 5) AFP Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM) (AFPRESCO M) 6) AFP Logistics Center (AFPLC) 7) Intelligence Service, AFP (ISAFP) 8) AFP Medical Center (AFPMC) 9) AFP Communications, Communications , Electronics and Information System (AFPCEIS) 10) AFP Finance Center (AFPFC) 11) AFP Commissary and Exchange Service (AFPCES) 12) Civil Relation Service, AFP (CRSAFP) MISSION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE AFP The mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is: “To “To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory.”
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The following are the functions of the Armed Forces of the Philippines: 1) Uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines against all enemies, foreign and domestic. 2) Promote and advance the national aims, goals, interest and policies. 3) Organize, maintain, develop and deploy its regular and reserve forces. 4) Perform other functions as provided by law or assigned by higher authority. MAJOR SERVICES OF THE AFP The armed force is composed of the Regular Force and the Reserve Force. The regular force consists of the regular officers and men and a percentage of reserve officers and personnel called for or to active duty. The AFP has three Major Services namely: 1. 2. 3.
Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Air Force AFP ORGANIZATIONAL CHART AFP
PA
PN
Major Services
PAF
Area Commands WESTMINCOM
NOLCOM
SOLCOM
WESCOM
VISCOM
EASTMINCO SOUTHCOM M
AFP-Wide Support Separate Units
GHQ/HSC
AFPCEIS
PSG
PMA
AFP RESCOM
AFPJCSC
AFPCEIS
LOGCTR
PASAFP
10
ISAFP
AFPFC
AFPMC
MISSION OF PHILIPPINE ARMY To conduct prompt and sustained ground operations to accomplish the AFP mission. CAPABILITIES 1. Organize, train and equip army forces for the conduct of prompt and sustain combat operation on land. 2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, organization & equipment peculiar to the army. 3. Develop in coordination with other major services, doctrines, procedures, tactics and equipment of interest to the army for joint operations. 4. Provide an organization capable of furnishing adequate, timely and reliable intelligence for the army. 5. Organize, train and equip all army reserve units. MISSION OF THE PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE To conduct prompt and sustained operations in the air especially those forces needed to defend the Philippines against air attacks, to gain air superiority and control vital air areas. CAPABILITIES 1. Organize, train and equip air forces for close support of surface troops. 2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics organization and equipment peculiar to air force for uni-service operations. 3. Develop in coordination with other major services, doctrines, procedures, tactics and equipment of interest to the air force for joint operations. 4. Furnish aerial photography for cartographic purposes in coordination with other government agencies. 5. Perform such other functions as the President may direct. MISSION OF PHILIPPINE NAVY To organize, train, equip, maintain and operate naval forces, aircraft and other naval units necessary to provide the water borne support required by the AFP in accomplishment of its mission.
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CAPABILITIES 1. Assist proper government agencies in the enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to navigation, immigration, custom revenue, quarantine and fishing in the territorial and contiguous water of the Philippines. 2. Develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, organization and equipment peculiar to the navy for uni-service operations. 3. Perform such other duties as the President may direct. MISSION OF ARESCOM To develop, organize, train, equip and administer a high competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of the total army in the defense of the state and to participate in socioeconomics development effort of the government. CAPABILITIES 1. Administer reservists. 2. Provide ready reserve force. 3. Conduct informal assembly. 4. Sustain the production of reservists. 5. Assist in relief and rescue operations during disaster and calamities. 6. Assist the local government units. 7. Assist in socio-economic activities. 8. Assist retirees and veterans. 9. Support the internal security operations in terms of intelligence collection and civil military operations. 10 Support the “Berdeng Pilipinas” Program of PGMA.
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PHILIPPINE ARMY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PA
Combat Units SOCOM
LABDe
Combat Support Units INF DIV SG, PA
CAG
ISG
525ECBn
Engr Bde
Service Support Units TRADOC
AREO
ASCOM
ARESCOM
AMIC
SSU
VICECOM
CS
RMISO
PED
ATC
HQS BN
NCR
HSCOY CDC
RES Units
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ROTC UNIT
PAFC
PHILIPPINE PHILIPPINE MILITARY HISTORY 1.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP Pre-Spanish Occupation
The first recorded organized resistance against foreign aggressor took place in the Visayas during the Battle of Mactan on 27 Apr 1521 when the native chieftain named Lapu-lapu, the acknowledge father of the AFP fought against the Spaniards led by Magellan in the latter’s effort to subdue the former. Lapu-lapu Lapu -lapu refused to pay homage to the King of Spain. Under estimating the capability of the natives, the foreigners lost in the battle and Magellan was killed. Spanish Occupation Some islands of the archipelago were successfully occupied by the Spaniards. In 1570, they tried to land in Manila, however , the Muslim leader, Rajah Soliman resisted Soliman resisted their effort. In 1571, Legaspi conquered Manila and made it as the capital of the Philippines. Pockets of rebellion took place. Notable of which was the uprising led by Diego Silang where he displayed his exemplary military leadership style and tactics in defeating the Spaniards. The Filipino soldiers were also organized to fight for Spain and to support some expeditions. Filipino forces were also sent to reinforce Spanish troops during the Chinese revolt in 1603. General Jose Prim dethroned Queen Isabela II of Spain in 1868. The latter espoused liberal principles of democracy. This paved the way for the exposure of the Filipinos in foreign culture leading to the development of strong sense of nationalism among Filipinos. The works of famous propagandists Marcelo H del Pilar, Graceano Lopez Jaena and Jose Rizal further Rizal further nurtured the national spirit. Andres Bonifacio, who is considered as the father of the Philippine Army, founded a more radical group called the “Katipunan” “Katipunan” on 7 Jul 1892. In August 23, 1896, the Cry of Pugad Lawin signaled Lawin signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. This was followed by pockets of rebellion which inflicted so much loss to the Spaniards. While Katipunan was gaining strength, two factions emerged – – the Magdalo led by Aguinaldo and the Magdiwang led by Bonifacio. Bonifacio. On 22 Mar 1897, the Tejeros Convention was called to resolve the conflict between the two 14
factions. As a result, Aguinaldo won the presidency. The occasion also gave birth to the Philippine Army. American Influence As the war broke out between the United States and Spain on April 23, 1898, the Americans convinced the Filipinos to cooperate with the Americans against Spain with the promise that the United States will grant independence to the Philippines. Philip pines. Aguinaldo declared war against Spain. In June 12, 1898, 1898, the Philippine Independence from Spain was declared in Kawit, Cavite. Later on, the Philippine Navy was created 22 June 22, 1898 by the Revolutionary Army. The occupation of the American forces did not gain much acceptance from the Filipinos because of many restrictions imposed to the Filipino forces as to access to some areas. The harse treatment by the Americans ignited the conflict between them and the Filipinos. The latter were defeated which led to the fall of the Malolos Republic. With the Treaty of Paris, Paris , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. Finding the archipelago as a lucrative place for some economic activities, the United States strengthened their presence in the Philippines. This prompted the Filipinos to again unite and fight for the freedom they have just won. Significant battles followed suit exemplifying the fighting spirit and skills of the Filipino soldiers against formidable opponents. The capture of General Aguinaldo by the Americans in Palanan, Isabela in March 23, 1901 and the laying down of arms of General Malvar in April 16, 1902 ended the organized resistance against the American forces. To hasten the Philippine campaign and to establish peace and order, an insular police force known as the Philippine Constabulary was organized on August 8, 1901 followed by the establishment of the Philippine Military Academy Academy on February 7, 1905. On December 21, 1935, the National Defense Act was Act was enacted which officially created the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Philippin es. The Philippine Air Force was later established on July 1, 1947 The Japanese Occupation Consequent to the declaration of war by Japan with the United States, the invading Japanese Forces landed in Vigan and Aparri in Aparri in Luzon on December 10, 1945. Un-able to withstand the very strong 15
adversary and to save more lives and properties from destruction, the combined military forces of the United States and the Filipinos withdrew to Bataan for the implementation of War Plan Orange. Unabated Japanese strikes caused the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and Corregidor on May 6, 1942. These events ended the organized resistance against the Japanese invasion. The defeat of the Fil-Am forces did not end the armed struggle in the Philippines. Those who refused to surrender went underground and waged a guerilla fighting against the Japanese. The activities of the guerilla forces were very instrumental in the successful come back of the liberating US Forces under Gen Douglas Mc Arthur who landed in Leyte on October 20, 1944. International Peace Keeping Operations It is also noteworthy that the AFP had participated in international peace keeping efforts as its commitment to the United Nations such as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) in the early 50’s, the Philippine Air Force Contingent in Congo, Africa in the early 60’s and the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHILCAG) in South Vietnam in the 60’s. Philippine contingents were also sent to East Timor, Iraq and Liberia to participate in UN peace keeping operations. 2. EVOLUTION AND ROLE OF THE ROTC IN THE PREVIOUS WARS The Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program has gone a long way in the Philippine history. The Commonwealth Act Number 1 otherwise known as the National Defense Act provided the legal basis for the conduct of ROTC instruction, the need for a citizen reserve force had been realized as early as before the American occupation of the Philippines. In fact, it was utilized even during the long and arduous Spanish colonial rule in the archipelago. A military training course, that time, became inevitable in the light of the constant As the result of the so called Seven Year’s War in Eu rope between France and Great Britain, a British flotilla of thirteen ships, headed by Admiral Samuel Cornish and General William Draper, arrived in the Colony on September 22,1762. The Philippines got entangled in this European power struggle because the monarchs of Spain and France both belonged to the Bourbon Dynasty. On the one side where the combined French and Spanish forces together with their colonies; on the other, the rising tide of British 16
colonialism in Asia. In retaliation for this entanglement, a military expedition from Madras was sent to India, then a British colony. Spanish authorities in the colony were ill- prepared for such kind of international assault. During this tumultuous period, the Philippines was headed by Archbishop Manuel Rojo, a situation clearly indicative of the unstable political situation in the archipelago. Father Domingo Collantes, OP, Rector and chancellor of the University of Sto Tomas, organized a group of around two hundred (200) students from UST and Colegio de San Juan de Letran who underwent military training at Sto Tomas Plaza in Intramuros, Manila. Father Collantes was assisted by a sergeant in the Royal Spanish Army in setting up a battalion of young students for military instruction. These students were immediately sent to action together with 500 Hispano-Filipino regulars (in the King’s Regiment ) and 80 Filipinos to counter the 7000 strong British Regiment. Though obviously mismatched against the British force, the ragtag force assembled by Spanish authorities was able to somehow temporarily ward - off the advancing enemies. Their skirmish lasted for five days, and the defenders suffered much in terms of the number of casualties and injuries. Realizing the futility of continuous fighting, Governor-Archbishop Rojo surrendered Manila and Cavite to Lieutenant General Dawsonne Drake on October 6, 1762. Though not so well known in the Philippine history, our country did become a British colony foe a while until June 1764. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763, the Seven Year’s War ended and the British consequently left the archipelago for good. Despite this debacle, the Spanish king duly recognized the courage and bravery these students exhibited in the battlefield. Henceforth, he granted the prestigious titles ‘muy leal’ (very loyal) to these young defenders and ‘regalia’ (royal) to the institution to which most of them belonged. Up until this day, the ‘muy leal’ emblem remains part of the UST ROTC seal. A testament to the unwavering valor and the commendable spirit once shown in the face of seemingly insurmountable adversity. Exactly one hundred fifty years later after 1762, various colleges and universities in the Philippines would offer military training for their students. According to Brigadier General Jose Syjuco, author of the Military education in the Philippines, most military historians marked the year 1912 as the beginning of the genuine ROTC instruction in the country. In that year, the 17
Philippine Constabulary (PC) started conducting military instructions at the University of the Philippines (UP) on the old Padre Faura Campus. All able- bodied male students in all colleges, institutes, and schools of the university were required to undergo military training that focused initially on infantry and use of rifles. Appointed as the first military instructor was Captain Silvino Gallardo, who assumed office in the first semester of 1912. The need for reserve officer was further realized with the advent of the First World War in Europe, even though the Philippines had no direct military participation in that international squabble. In 1912, during the American regime, UP and Ateneo de Manila started to offer military training. But their graduates could not find a career in military unless they joined the PC or the Philippine Scouts (PS). Governor General Leonard Wood encouraged the development of ROTC units, which were quite similar to those he had organized in the United States, in the Philippines. With representation from the UP Board of Regents to the US War Department, the services of an American Army officer was obtained. This officer was later appointed as professor of Military Science. On March 17, 1922, the Department of Military Science and Tactics (DMST) was formally organized in UP. Among the department’s objectives were to: 1) develop patriotic, physically sound, upright and disciplined citizens; 2) create a corps of trained officers for the reserve force; and 3) take the lead in fostering the university spirit. On July 3, 1922, with the first ROTC unit in the country having been organized, formal military instruction began in UP. Since then, basic course in infantry became compulsory and a pre-requisite for graduation from the university. On October 26, 1929, the field artillery unit of UP was organized with the issuance of 75mm field guns. In 1935, a mounted battery unit, equipped with 2.95-inch guns was also put in place. As a result of these encouraging events, other colleges and universities in Manila followed suit. Ateneo de Manila, National University, Liceo de Manila, and San Juan de Letran later formed their ROTC units. These units remained independent from one another until 1936, when Office of the Superintendent (of ROTC units) of the Philippine Army was activated to supervise all ROTC units in the country. Under the American tutelage, Commonwealth Act Number 1 provided the legal basis for the mandatory citizen military training in the Philippines. The country’s national defense plan was put 18
into motion by the combined efforts of General Douglas McArthur and Manuel Quezon. The defense plan envisioned an organization on citizen citizen army consisting consisting of two major components: 1) a regular force of about 10,000 men (including PC) and 2) a reserve force to number 400,000 by end of ten-year period. The second component was to be accomplished by way of continuing program to train 21year old able bodied men for a period of more than five months. Quezon personally hand-picked Gen McArthur to become the military adviser of the Commonwealth, with the responsibility of formulating the Philippine Defense system. (Quezon later conferred the status of “Field Marshall”, the highest military rank known in international usage, on McArthur). At the opening session of the National Assembly on November 26, 1935, Quezon re-iterated the need for a defense plan. According to him “ Self defense is the supreme right of mankind no more sacred to the individual than to the nation, the interests of which are immeasurably of greater significance and extent . . . In my opinion, the plan reflects the lessons of history, the conclusion of the acknowledge masters of warfare and of statesmanship, and the sentiments and aspirations of the Filipino people. It is founded upon enduring principles that are fundamental to any plan applicable to our needs,” On December 21, 1935, the National Assembly approved the plan amid criticisms it received and the strict opposition mounted by several lawmakers namely Juan Sumulong and Camilo Osias, and former President Emilio Aguinaldo. One important provision of the plan stated the “ at such universities and colleges as the President may designate, there shall be established and maintain ROTC units of such arm and service as he shall specify, where ROTC every physically fit student shall be required to pursue a course of military instruction . . “ ROTC units in various universities and colleges, therefore became source of reserve officers. However, a major concern was that these units had yet to be standardized (although (although most were yet yet to be formally recognized). UP’s ROTC was the first to be officially recognized; the ROTC units of Letran, UST, De la Salle, Adamson, Philippine Normal School, the Philippine School of Arts and Trades, San Beda and Siliman were likewise given recognition. By 1937, the Philippine government had established and recognized seventeen ROTC, most of them infantry units. UP had a field artillery unit aside from an infantry unit; Adamson and the Quisumbing schools had chemical warfare units. Furthermore, UP also served as the training ground for ROTC instructors and a source of basic ROTC training policies. Under the system, male students had to take basic two-year course and attend training on weekends. Those students desiring course 19
reserve commission could attend two more years of advanced weekend training. Completion of the advanced course made one eligible for a reserve officer commission. However, mandatory training was not instituted in all colleges. As result, students who did not want to undergo military training simply opted to transfer to schools who did not have ROTC units. To resolve the issue, President Quezon issued Executive Order No. 207. By virtue of this directive, ROTC became compulsory in all colleges and universities with enrollment of a hundred students or more. This action taken by Quezon was partly in response to the protest launched by some schools that their enrollment had dropped due to the institution of ROTC units. By 1941, there were around thirty three colleges and universities through out the country that maintained ROTC units. However, all of these schools closed down during the Japanese incursion in the Philippines. Japan’s misadventure in the Philippines had ended, but the service rendered to the nation by the heroic men of ROTC has turned into a life-long commitment. Even during the post war era, UP ROTC graduates exhibited here and abroad meritorious deeds in the service of the Filipino people. On the one hand, they became part of the government’s effort to solve solv e the problem of insurgency in the country; on the other, they manned the contingency forces that were sent at the height of the Korean (1950) and Vietnam (1964) wars. Less than seventy years have passed since the inception of student military training in various colleges and universities throughout the country. Times have changed and the ROTC program has been placed in constant scrutiny, especially in terms of significance to the importance in today’s reality. It drew a number of problems and subsequent protests not only from the student sector but also from the school administration and the parents of the students who view the program as militarization. The strongest clamor for its abolition occurred in March 2001 2001 as a consequence of the death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua who Chua who was allegedly hazed by senior ROTC cadets for his expose’ of several malpractices in the ROTC program. This incident was exploited by some leftist organizations who staged rallies demanding the abolition of the ROTC. This clamor prompted both Houses to file separate bills on the ROTC program. The House of of Representatives filed House Bill Number 3593 and The Senate filed Senate Bill Number 1824 which led to the enactment of Republic Act 9163 otherwise known as the National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001, making the ROTC as just one of the three components of the NSTP where the students 20
can choose from. The ROTC training period was also reduced from two years to one year . Students can also select any component of the NSTP, thus making ROTC optional. Female students are also required to undergo NSTP as a prerequisite for graduation for a baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational courses. The NSTP has three (3) components namely: the ROTC, which is designed to provide military training to students to prepare for national defense, the Department of National Defense (DND) is the lead agency in the implementation of the ROTC component, the Literacy Training Service (LTS), Service (LTS), which is designed to train students to become teachers to school children, out of school youth and other segments of the society who are in dire need of their service, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the lead agency in the implementation of the LTS component and the Civic Welfare Training Service Service (CWTS), which will involve the students to activities to contribute to general welfare and betterment of life, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is the lead agency in the implementation of CWTS component. componen t. The students can select any of the three (3) components as a requirement for their baccalaureate degree or two-year vocational course. Prior to the implementation of the NSTP, the ROTC was a two year mandatory training for male college students and also a requisite for graduation in college. Through the years the enrollment had gone down tremendously. The program also experienced steady deterioration essentially due to issues and concerns which include among others graft and corruption, lack of competent, dedicated and committed instructors and higher student-instructor student-instruct or ratio. Moreover, students students do not appreciate the the Program as shown by the high rate of students dropping out or deferring the ROTC training while many have decided to enroll in the other two components. This has significantly reduced the number of our reserve force pool who are not only to be readily available in case of war or national emergency but also to perform relief and rescue tasks when needed. As of today, many concerned citizens and school administrators and legislators alike are advocating for the enhancement of the ROTC program by making the same compulsory to state colleges and universities. The Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine s is fully supporting this effort. The The advocacy advocac y is based on the perceived decline in the appreciation of the youth on the value of patriotism and good citizenship. 21
AFP CORE VALUES 1.
The AFP Core of Values a.
Honor
The members of the AFP believe in honor as the most important virtue that a soldier must posses. It is in fact considered as more precious than life itself. Without honor, a man is nothing but a beast. Honor means clean consciousness, personal dignity, good reputation, unquestionable character. Honor means truthfulness, sincerity, honesty, credibility. Honor means integrity, a modest but decent life. A honorable soldier does not lie, cheat, steal, violate moral and ethical codes not tolerate the violations of the code of honor is the sacred part of the character of a soldier, violation of which should bring shame. b.
Loyalty
The members of the AFP believe in unflinching loyalty. Thus we shall promote the national interest and security as a paramount concern. We shall support and defend the constitution. We shall be obedient to the duly constituted government. We shall obey the order of those legally appointed over us. We shall support those who lead us and those who serve with us. c.
Valor
We believe in valor as the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear, which enables the soldiers to carry out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly impossible. It is more than bravery or ability to endure pain. Valor is calmness and presence of mind in the heat of battle where danger or death is imminent. It is the courage to stand for what is right and the perseverance to make it difficult for others to do wrong. d.
Duty
Despite difficulty and danger, we perform our tasks as order or implied. Discipline and obedience, we believe that duty is a personal act of responsibility, which we show by doing all our assigned tasks to the best of our ability.
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e.
Solidarity
Solidarity is the value that binds us with the rest of our comrades-in-arms. It is the value that makes us one strong and united organization. 2. Military Philosophies a.
Culture,
Customs
and
Traditions
and
Core
The AFP Organization
The AFP Organization proves that the AFP should be organized in such manner that it can function effectively to accomplish its mission with minimum cost and maximum result. The AFP Organization must also promote the active participation of the people in the defense of the state and in civil assistance projects during disaster and calamities and national emergencies. This is to avoid creation and manning of new units that merely duplicates the function of another unit or office, if only to give positions to the favored general officers or senior field grade officers who have no significant assignments or if only to generate funds which will be divested for personal use of the proponents at the expense of the government. The creation of CAFGU Active auxiliary, the bantay-bayan and the civilian volunteer organization, not to mention the development of our reserve units in all the 13 regions of the country are some organizational reforms embodied in the AFP Organization. b.
Supremacy of Civilian Authority
Supremacy of civilian authority emphasizes the legal and moral obligation of the soldier as an ordinary citizen of the republic to obey the laws, carryout directives and subscribe to regulations enacted and issued by the legislative judicial and executive branches of the civil government. c.
Chain of Command
Chain of Command deals on the generally accepted principles that a military action being executed should pass the approval or consent of the Commander at each level or echelon of command from lowest to highest without bypassing any approving authority or taking the action upon one’s self as his prerogative.
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d.
Military Leadership
Military leadership summarizes the significant role of a military leader or Commander to influence his men to carryout its mission, perform assigned tasks or fulfill its obligations and functions. e.
People’s Support
People’s support is a statement of the acknowledgement by the AFP of the vital importance of people’s support to achieve peace and order. To get people’s support, the members of the AFP should exercise prudence and justice when dealing with the civilians. The soldiers should respect and protect the rights of the people, their beliefs, ways of life and living conditions. f.
National Development
The AFP must be a catalyst of change, reform and development. It must actively participate in endeavors that will contribute to national progress. g.
Partisan Politics
The members of the AFP shall not engage in partisan politics. Its involvement shall be limited only to the exercises of his right to vote the candidate of his choices and to assist in ensuring a clean and honest election. h.
Democracy
The AFP adheres to the principles of democracy. It believes that the Philippine Government is the embodiment of the Filipino people’s will and was established to protect their inherent rights and to fulfill their aspirations as a nation. i.
National Interest
The AFP realizes that the protection of national interest is for the common good of the people. In accomplishing the mission given to AFP it shall keep in mind that national interests is of paramount concern and must be enhanced and protected.
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j.
Peace
The AFP believes that program and development can only be attained if there is stability, peace and order. k.
War
The AFP believes that war or the use of force against the enemy of the state shall be resorted to only when all the peaceful means shall have failed and no other option is left to resolve the conflict. l.
Use of Armed Force
When implementing government policies pertaining to security, the AFP must act with restraint as far as use of force is concerned. When the use of arms is necessary, it must have the authority of the duly established government.
m.
Social Justice
The members of the AFP shall be instrument in the promotion of social justice. It shall subscribe to the generally accepted principle that all men area created equal and every citizen must be given the same rights and opportunities in life and equal protection from the government. n.
Human Rights
The members of the AFP shall respect the inherent rights of an individual as a “human being”. In the performance of its mission, the troops must see to it that the lives and properties on non-combatants and innocent civilians are well protected. o.
Enemies of the State The AFP shall consider the following as enemies of the
state: 1) Those who shall violate the sovereignty of the Philippines such as foreign aggression whose intention is to occupy and control the national territory or part thereof. 2) Those who resort to violence as a means to achieve their ends such as CPP/NPA/Guerillas. 25
3) Those who shall not accept the supremacy of civilian authority over the military, such as the coup plotters and participants. 4) Those who shall dismember the country or any part thereof, such as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and other secessionist groups. 5) Those who shall engage in organized crimes, such as gambling syndicates, drug pushers, gun runners, hired killers. 6) Those who shall organize the populace for the purpose of alienating their allegiance from the state such as the national democratic front and the sectoral organizations under its umbrella. p.
Professionalism
Military professionalism is the heart and soul of the whole AFP code of ethics. It emphasizes that being public servants, we in the AFP area expected to perform our duties and responsibilities with utmost competence and efficiency. Our right to bear arms as one of the peculiarities of the military service calls for the assurance to the people that their safety, protection and welfare shall be our paramount concern. The people expects the AFP to perform its tasks as mandated by the constitution with the highest degree of excellence by applying expertly the basic and specialized skills of soldiery while adhering strictly with the code of ethics and all laws and statutes of the land. q.
Standards 1)
Standard of Loyalty
All military personnel shall be loyal and true to the Republic of the Philippines, the constitution, the AFP and to the people. We are loyal to the republic when we serve its interest and protect its territorial integrity against the enemy, even if it shall cost our lives. 2)
Standard of Competence
All military must be competent in the performance of his duties. By competence means the ability or capability to do what is expected him to do and to do it well.
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3)
Standard of Ethics Every soldier must conform to the accepted principles of right conduct, being observed in the society which he is a part, from being a soldier, he is also a citizen of the community, because the military community is only a part of a larger society – the “Filipino society” 4)
Standard of Morals The soldier must be aware that he has the capacity to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. To be moral is to do the right things and to avoid the wrong ones. r.
Unprofessional Acts
These behaviors that fall short of the professional standards as enumerated in the AFP code of ethics are considered unprofessional acts. 1)
Acts of Disloyalty We are disloyal when we do something or refuse to do something that constitute betrayal of our country and people, non-support to our duly constituted government and disregard to the AFP chain of Command. Some disloyal acts are cowardice in the face of the enemy, desertion or abandonment of post, AWOL, insubordination, disrespect to superior, bypassing the chain of command. 2)
Acts of Incompetence We are incompetent when we lack the required knowledge, skills, physical attributes and character traits necessary for the adequate performance of duty and accomplishment of mission. 3)
Unethical Acts Unethical acts are deviations from the established and accepted ethical and moral standards of behavior and performance laid down in the AFP code of ethics. Some of these unethical acts are using government time for outside employment, sideline, position or authority, unwarranted assertion or rank, tolerating irregularities in the military service, etc. 4)
Corrupt Acts Corrupt acts are crimes against public interest, public morals, property, chastity, civil status of person and honor. We are corrupt when we are dishonest, unjust and commit moral acts. 27
MILITARY COURTESY & DISCIPLINE Military discipline is necessary to ensure orderly and effective group action. This is commonly known as teamwork. Teamwork is particularly important in military operations where its presence or lack of it may spell the difference between victory or defeat. With discipline, everybody learn the sense of obligation to himself and to his group, to his superiors and to the entire organization where he belongs. He also realizes that he is a member of a team, organized, trained and equipped for the purpose of engaging and defeating the enemies of the state. Really, all aspects of military life are affected by discipline. We hear of "fire discipline", water discipline, "supply discipline", etc. 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and obedience among personnel in a military organization. It is characterized by the men's prompt and willing responsiveness to orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations. b. MILITARY COURTESY - are the acts of politeness, civility and respect that personnel in the military organization accord to one other. Just like in the civilian world, military courtesy serves to smooth the personal relationship among men in the profession of arms. As a soldier, you must be thoroughly familiar with the different forms of military courtesy. Learn to practice them wholeheartedly and insist that your fellow soldiers do the same. c. CUSTOMS OF THE SERVICE – it is the body of unwritten or common law of the armies, navies and air forces. d. MORALE – the term may be defined as the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit. e. EFFICIENCY – it is the ability to accomplish successfully an assigned task in the shortest possible time with the least confusion. Efficiency requires interest, resourcefulness, and proficiency. It develops pride, and the satisfaction of a job well done. 2.
THE SALUTE
The salute is the most important and the most common form of all the military courtesies. It is a time honored tradition of the profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the world. The manner an individual executes the salute is an 28
indication of his attitude towards his duties as a military man and existing state of morale and discipline in his unit. A sloppishly and grudgingly rendered salute or a childish pretense not to notice anyone to whom a salute is due, shows neglect or ignorance of the individual duties, his lack of confidence and ability to perform them, his lack of pride in his team and possession of a stubborn and defiant character making him unsuited to cooperate with others in a common effort. When you salute or return a salute smartly, clearly mark yourself as a soldier who has pride in yourself and your organization. a.
Who and What are Entitled to Salute
1) Commissioned Officers (both male and female) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. 2) Commissioned Officers (both male or female) of the Armed Forces of Allied Nations. 3) Civilian high officials or foreign dignities during military honors rendered for them. 4) Colors and standard not cased. b.
When to Salute 1) 2) 3) 4)
Reporting to an officer. Meeting an officer When the national color passes by When the national anthem is being played. (Out
5) 6)
Raising and lowering of flag. After conversing with an officer.
door only)
c.
When not to Salute:
1) 2) 3) so occupied to 4) 5) 6)
When troops are at work Indoors, except when reporting to an officer. When carrying articles with both hands, or being make saluting impracticable. When attending to a vehicle. When meeting a prisoner When in ranks
Military personnel in uniform are always required to salute all persons who are entitled to such courtesy whenever they meet and recognized them. Saluting, however, is not necessary when riding public conveyances such as trains and busses or when inside public places such as theaters and restaurants or 29
during situations when a salute is manifestly in appropriate or impractical. 3.
General Rules for Saluting Following are the rules to observe when saluting:
a. Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually it does not exceed 30 paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is held in position until the officers saluted has passed or after the salute is returned b. A salute must always be returned by the officer entitled to it, unless he is in the formation of other officers. In which case, only the most senior or the marcher returns it. c. The salute must never be rendered in a casual or perfunctory manners, nor with pipe, cigar or cigarette held in the mouth or in the right hand. It is only rendered at a halt or a walk. If running, a soldier comes to a walk before saluting. When mounted on a horse, he brings the horse to a walk and salute. d. When several are in a group, not in formation, all rise and salute. When in formation, only the commander or the most senior salutes. e. The salute is made whether a headgear is worn or not. f. A soldier salutes an officer if he meets and recognizes him inside a military camp even though they are both in civilian clothes or when either one of them is in uniform. When both or each of them are in civilian clothes and they meet outside of camp, a courteous "Good Morning , Sir" or other greeting will do. g. The salute is rendered only once if the officer remains in the immediate vicinity and conversation takes place, the junior must again salute the officer when he leaves or dismiss him. h. Unlike Navy personnel, soldiers never salute with the left hand. When a soldiers hold something on his right hand, he transfer it to the left and salute. When it is impractical to burden both hands, he simply greets the officer as he meets him. i. The salute is always executed while looking at the person being saluted. It is always best to accompany such courteous gesture with "Good Morning, Sir" or some appropriate greetings. j. Enlisted Personnel salute other enlisted personnel only in formation when rendering reports. k. Whenever a soldier is in doubt, as to whether a salute is appropriate or not-HE SALUTES
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4.
Services and Last Courtesies
Funeral services are accorded to all military personnel who died in the performance of their duties. Deceased military personnel are entitled to the following: a. Vigil guards during the wake. b. Gun salute during interment. c. Pallbearers are provided to carry the casket during the interment. d. Taps is being played while the casket is being lowered to the grave. As courtesy to the deceased military personnel, while the casket is being carried from the house to the caisson, military personnel stand at attention, uncover and hold the headdress over their left breast. During inclement weather, they execute hand salute. The honor is also accorded to the remains as it passes by the mourners. Military men not in formation attending military funerals follow the mourners according to seniority. As the casket is being lowered from the caisson to the grave during the sounding of the volley, taps and funeral services, the headdress is removed and placed over the left breast. During inclement weather, military personnel remain uncover and execute the hand salute. This position is maintained until the casket reaches the grave or when it is beyond saluting distance. Active pallbearers remain covered while they are carrying the casket.
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MILITARY JUSTICE Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and administering criminal law in the Military Establishment. Under the broad concept, rules governing the conduct of military personnel and providing for a method by which persons who break them may be punished are contained in the Articles of War, the Manual for Court-Martial, the Constitution of the Philippines, and pertinent laws. 1.
Military Jurisdiction.
Military Law emanates from several sources, among which are the Constitution of the Philippines and International Law, some specific provisions of the Constitution granting some powers to Congress, and in the authority vested in the President of the Philippines as Commander-in-Chief of all Armed Forces. Military jurisdiction is exercised by a belligerent state occupying an enemy’s territory (military government); by a government temporarily governing the civil populace through its military forces without authority of a written law as necessity may require (martial law); and by the government in the execution of its authority over the military as conferred by a branch of municipal law. Each exercise is carried out by the following agencies. a. Courts-martial – general, special, and summary b. Commanding Officers in exercising their disciplinary powers under Articles of War 105. c. Courts of inquiry d. Military tribunals or commissions. 2.
Persons Subject to Military Law
As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over all persons subject to military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive articles of war. Persons subject to military law refer to the following. a. All officers and enlisted personnel in the Regular Force of the AFP. b. All reservists from the date of their call to active duty and while on such active duty. c. All trainees undergoing military instructions. d. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying School, and Probationary Lieutenants on actual training. 32
e. Retainers to camp and all persons accompanying or serving with the AFP in the filed of war or when martial law is declared. f. All persons under sentence adjudged by a court-martial or military tribunal. Military jurisdiction over a person is terminated upon discharge or separation from the service. However, jurisdiction of a court-martial as to offense is not automatically terminated upon discharge or separation in the following instances: a. Cases of fraud or embezzlement. b. Where a discharge or separation is obtained through fraud, the discharge or separation may be canceled and individual is arrested and returned to military control. c. Where a soldier’s discharge or separation does not interrupt his status as a “person subject to military law”. When a person “subject to military law” commits or is charged with a serious military offense, he/she shall be placed in confinement or in arrest as circumstances may require. Arrest, in the sense, means the taking into custody of someone by legal authority. When charged with a minor offense only, such person shall not ordinary be placed in confinement. Arrest or confinement may be deferred until arraignment and failure to arrest or confine a person does not affect the jurisdiction of court-martial. The following classes of persons subject to military law shall be placed in arrest and confinement as follows: a. Enlisted person – by officers only in person, through other persons subject to military law, or by oral written orders or communication. b. Officers, Probationary lieutenants, and cadets – by Commanding Officers only a person, through other officers, or by oral and written orders or communication. The authority to place such persons under arrest confinement can be not be delegated. Where any person subject to military law is placed under arrest or confinement, immediate steps are taken either it prefer charges against him with the view to bringing him to trial and carry the case to a final conclusions, or dismiss the charges and subsequently release him. But who may initiate or prefer the charges against an erring military man. They are as follows:
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a. Anybody – whether subjects to military law or into, may give information to military authorities concerned that an offense is supposedly committed by a person subject to military law. b. Any person subject to military law may prefer charges against a military offender although he is under arrest or confinement. (In minor cases, however, the necessary information is brought to the attention of the immediate Commanding Officer of the accused). Where no formal investigation is conducted, the charges are referred to an investigating officer. This officer conducts the investigation to determine whether a prima facie case exists. The report of investigation is submitted to the Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) for his study and/or advice. If it is determined that no prima facie case exists to warrant trial by court-martial, the case either dropped, or some other appropriates action is taken. On the other hand, where the SJA determines that there is prima facie case, he recommends to the Commanding Officer exercising court-martial jurisdiction to referral of the case to a court-martial for prosecution. The action of a Commanding Officer on a case disposable by operation of Article of War 105 shall be discussed under a separate sub-topic of this chapter. The Commanding Officer appoints a court-martial to try the case. Once the trial is terminated and results in the conviction of the accused, the sentence, as adjudged is ordered promulgate until it is fully served. If, on the other hand, the trials ends in the acquittal of the accused, he is immediately ordered released from confinement and restored to military duty. 3.
Role of Courts-martial and other Tribunals
Courts-martial and other military tribunals generally exist to assist commanders in the administration of military justice. Specifically, they are established to enforce discipline in the Military Establishment and to serve as deterrents to military crimes and offense. And, by the very nature of the conduct of trial, these courts-martial and other military tribunals hasten the administration of military justice, let us look into the jurisdiction as to person, offense, and punishments of each of the three (3) types of court-martial to substantiate the contention just cited.
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For instance, a general court-martial has jurisdiction over all commissioned officers and other persons subject to military law who commit an offense capital in nature and whose possible sentence or punishment includes death, dismissal or dishonorable discharge from the service, total forfeiture to pay and allowances, or confinement at hard labor. In the Philippines Nay, a general court-martial can impose the following: deprivation of liberty on shore, solitary confinement not exceeding to thirty (30) days, and solitary confinement on diminished rations not exceeding to thirty (30) days. Thus, we can see that since officers are subject for trial to a general court-martial, this thought alone construes a more tedious legal process to serve the ends of justice. This compounded by the nature of the offense and the punishment to be meted out. A special court-martial, on one hand, has the exclusive jurisdiction to try all other persons subject to military law, excepting officers, for offense not capital in nature and whose probable sentence includes confinement not exceeding six (60 months, restriction to limits hard labor without confinement not exceeding three (3) months, and reprimand, admonition, and demotion in rank. The proceeding conducted are not as tedious as those for a general court-martial. An entirely different case would be the trial by a summary court-martial where its proceeding are much faster than those of the other types of court-martial. Since it has at least one (1) member who seats as president, trial judge advocate (TJA), and defense counsel (DC) at the same time, and since its jurisdiction as to person, offense and punishment is limited, summary courtmartial can dispose of a certain case in most expeditious manner. A summary court-martial can try private, private first class, and NCOs below TSg for offenses not capital in nature. It can judgement as follows: confinement from one (1) month, restriction to limits for three (3) months, and for forfeiture or detention of 2/3 pay for one (1) month. Military commissions or tribunals play the same role as courtmartial. During martial law, which was in effect throughout the country from 1972 to 1981, these commission or tribunals tried cases referred to them in the same expeditious way. Even civilians who committed offenses not subject for trial by the court-martial fell under the jurisdiction of the special bodies whose proceedings were in accordance with procedural law. Mention must be made here that a Chinese national who was accused of drug pushing and distribution was found guilty by a military commission and meted 35
out the death penalty through musketry. These bodies had helped in the faster dispensation of justice which would have taken years to dispose of under normal conditions. 4.
Punitive Articles of War
As gleaned from historical records, the Articles of War were promulgated effective September 14, 1938 when the unicameral Philippine National Assembly enacted Commonwealth Act. No. 408 which became the basic law that give the guidance in the operations of the Country’s Armed Forces, then known as the Army of the Philippines. Then as now, there are 120 Articles most of which were lifted from the US Uniform Code of Military Justice. It is for this reason that our Articles of War had the same substance as the American Military Code of 1928 which was found applicable of Philippine conditions. Of the 120 Articles of War , 52 are considered as the punitive because they specify that punishment is to be imposed for each military offense committed. Articles of War 54 to 105, inclusive, are the punitive articles. There are two (2) broad categories of crimes or offenses included in the punitive articles of war and these are: a. Crimes or offenses that are similarly within in the contemplation of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines. b. Offenses that are strictly classified as purely military. 5.
Article of War 105
This particular article of war empowers Commanding Officers of units to punish personnel under them for minor offenses without the intervention of a court-martial. This is the most expeditious way of disposing minor cases without necessarily sacrificing the ends of justice and military discipline. Whether an offense is minor or serious one, its often a matter of judgment on the part of Commanding Officers. In making decisions pursuant to Article of War 105, Commanding Officer are guided by the following factors: nature and circumstances attendant to the offense, effect of the punishment on the unit as a whole, and manner by which the offense is customarily punished in the military. Now, let us go back into those factors that make an offense as serious and not minor. The following are considered as serious military offenses. a.
Offenses involving moral turpitude. 36
b. Offenses with specific or mandatory punishment based on the punitive articles of war. c. Crimes or offenses calling for the imposition of the death penalty . d. Other offenses where the judgment or sentence of confinement in a penal institution is called for. Under Article of War 105, authorized to impose the following disciplinary powers.
Commanding Officers are penalties under their broad
a. Admonition b. Reprimand c. Suspension of privileges for a period not exceeding one (1) week. d. Extra fatigue not exceeding one (1) week. e. Hard Labor without confinement not exceeding one (1) week for privates and privates first class. f. Any combination of the penalties just cited not exceeding one (1) week. These authorized punishment may be imposed only when the offender do not demand trial by a court-martial. This is a basic requirement to be met before any form of punishment can be imposed. Once an accused demand trial by a court-martial, the necessary charges are preferred for trial by a court-martial vested with competent jurisdiction.
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MILITARY LEADERSHIP 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMMAND – is the authority of a person in the military service, lawfully exercise over subordinates by virtue of his rank and position. MANAGEMENT – is the process of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling sources such as men, money, materials and machinery to accomplish the organizational mission. MILITARY LEADERSHIP – is the ability to influence others directing them towards the accomplishment of a mission. LEADERSHIP TRAITS – personal qualities essential for a commander in gaining obedience, trust, respect and cooperation of his men in accomplishing a mission. LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES – fundamental guidelines for the selection of appropriate action and order in the exercise of the command. 2.
LEADERSHIP TRAITS
a. BEARING – is the general appearance, carriage, deportment and conduct of a leader b. COURAGE – is the mental quality that recognizes fear or danger or criticism but enables him to face it with calmness and firmness. c. DECISIVENESS – is the promptness of making a decision in a state of clear and forceful manner. d. DEPENDABILITY – reliability and certainty of a performance in the execution of duty. e. ENDURANCE – is the physical and mental stamina, measured by the ability to withstand pain, fatigue, stress and hardship. f. ENTHUSIASM – is the display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of duty g. INITIATIVE – taking actions in the absence of orders h. INTEGRITY – is the uprightness and soundness of moral principles i. JUDGEMENT – is the ability to logically weigh facts and possible solutions on to arrive at a sound decisions j. JUSTICE – is the reward and punishment according to the merits of the case in question k. KNOWLEDGE – keeping self abreast of current development I his military specialty and command 38
l. LOYALTY – is the quality of faithfulness to country, seniors, subordinates and peers. m. TACT – is the ability to deal with others in respectful manner n. UNSELFISHNESS – is one who avoids his own comfort and personal advancement for the welfare of his men. 3.
LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES a.
Know yourself and seek self-improvement Honest self evaluation to determine his own strengths and weaknesses is a paramount importance to a leader. Through this process he can determine his capabilities and limitations b.
Be technically and tactically proficient A leader must demonstrate to his men that he is qualified to lead his unit. He must be competent in combat operations and training as well as in the technical and administrative aspect of his duty c. actions
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your
Armed with knowledge gained from the honest self evaluation and with the sound technical and tactical foundation required to perform his duty, the leader must take initiative to accomplish his unit’s mission. By seeking responsibility, he develops himself professionally and increases his leadership ability. d.
Make sound and timely decisions The leader must be able to make a rapid estimate of the situation and arrive at a sound decision. He should be able to reason under the most trying conditions and decide quickly what action is necessary to take advantage of opportunity as it occurs. e.
Set an example A good leader must be a good example to his men in integrity, courage, professional competence, personal appearance and conduct. Moreso, he must set the personal and professional standard for his men. f.
Know your men and look out for their welfare Understanding self is of equal importance in understanding his men. It is not enough that a leader knows his men’s names, ranks, and other data. The leader must understand what makes his men stick to their values, ideas and attitude. 39
g.
Keep your men informed This will encourage initiative, improve teamwork and enhance morale. Keeping your men informed will reduce fear and rumors thus will gain cooperation and instilling to them one common goal and mission. h.
Develop sense of responsibility in your subordinates Another way to show your men that you are interested in their welfare is by giving them the opportunity for professional development. Delegation of authority commensurate with responsibility thus develops mutual confidence and respect between the leader and his subordinates. i. Ensure that the task is understood, supervised and accomplished Your men must know what is expected from them and must be informed of specific task requirements through clear and concise orders. Be sure that you are understood by communicating with your men. Do not overtake an order by giving too many details. j.
Train you men as a team The very essence of leadership is the ability to influence your men to act as one, to act in unison and as a team in the accomplishment of a mission. k. Employ your command/unit in accordance with its capabilities. Men get satisfaction when performing tasks which are challenging yet within their capabilities, but become dissatisfied if given tasks that are considered too easy , too difficult and above all out of bound. Putting the right person on the right job is the key to this principle. 4.
THREE BASIC STYLES OF LEADERSHIP
a. DIRECTING – a leader tells his subordinates what he wants them to do, where he wants them to do it, when he wants it done, and supervises them closely to ensure they follow what he wants. b. PARTICIPATING – the leader involves subordinates in determining what to do and how to do it. He asks for information and recommendations; however he still makes the final decision. 40
c. DELEGATING – he passes problem solving and decision making to his subordinates. The key is to release your subordinates’ problem solving potential while you determine what problems they should solve and help them solve it. 5.
INDICATORS OF LEADERSHIP
a. MORALE – good leadership is required to maintain or improve the mental and emotional state of his subordinates. b. ESPRIT DE CORPS – good leadership is required in order to gain loyalty, pride and enthusiasm among his subordinates c. DISCIPLINE – good leadership is required to ensure state of obedience within his jurisdiction d. PROFICIENCY – good leadership is required to upgrade efficiency of subordinates essential in the accomplishment of a mission 6.
TECHNIQUES OF GOOD LEADERSHIP a.
Understanding your men
1) Study the need of personal adjustment 2) Be familiar with the principles of human behavior that make each one of us a unique person from the others 3) Analyze your men objectively without personal bias b. Aim for Military Efficiency 1) Proficiency – concentrate in increasing our physical, mental and technical capabilities 2) Discipline – prompt and willing obedience to all orders both for your men and self 3) Morale – watch for your men’s state of mind and feelings 7.
BASIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF A LEADER a.
Accomplishment of the mission
b.
Welfare of your men
41
____________________________ (Name)
_______________ (Date)
WRITTEN EXAMINATION Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the INSTRUCTIONS: sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same from this book and submit to your P latoon Leaders. 1. Section 4, Article II of the Constitution provides that the prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. 2. Section 38, Article VII, Republic Act 7077 – Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) states that, “Military training for students enrolled in colleges, universities and similar institutions of learning is mandatory pursuant to the provisions of the National Defense Act of 1935 and the 1987 Constitution.” 3. Republic Act Nr 9163 makes ROTC Optional and requires male and female freshmen students taking baccalaureate degree and at least two (2) year vocational/technical or associate courses to take the National Service Training Program (NSTP) 4. The AFP pledges allegiance to the Filipino people, adheres to the principle of supremacy of civilian authority over the military at all times and vows to uphold and defend the constitution. 5. MILITARY ORGANIZATION is defined as a group of persons or units bonded together to perform military functions with definite responsibilities and duties assigned to each individual. 6. The DND is the agency under the Executive Branch of the government which is responsible for the supervision of the national defense program of the country. 7.
The Chief of Staff, AFP – is the highest military officer in the AFP.
8.
The Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist and Reserve Force Development, J8
9. The mission of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is: “To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory.” 11. The mission of the Philippine Army is to conduct prompt and sustained ground operations to accomplish the AFP mission. 12. The mission of the Philippine Air Force is to conduct prompt and sustained operations in the air especially those forces needed to defend the Philippines against air attacks, to gain air superiority and control vital air areas. 13. The mission of the Philippine Navy is to organize, train, equip, maintain and operate naval forces, aircraft and other naval units necessary to provide the water borne support required by the AFP in accomplishment of its mission. 14. The mission of ARESCOM is to develop, organize, train, equip and administer a high competent mobilizeable reserve force as an integral component of the total army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio-economics development effort of the government. 42
15. Lapu – lapu, who fought in the acknowledged father of the AFP.
Battle of Mactan on 27 Apr 1521 is
the
16. Andres Bonifacio who founded the Katipunan on 7 Jul 1892 is considered as the father of the Philippine Army. 17. On June12, 1898, the independence was declared at Kawit, Cavite and for the first time, the Philippine Flag was unfurled and our National Anthem was played 18. On 21 December 1935, the National Defense Act was enacted officially to create the AFP. 19. The strongest clamor for its abolition occurred in March 2001 as a consequence of the death of University of Santo Tomas ROTC Cadet Mark Chua who was allegedly hazed by senior ROTC cadets for his expose’ of several malpractices in the ROTC program. 20. Honor is the most important virtue that a soldier must posses. It is in fact considered as more precious than life itself. 21. The members of the AFP believe in unflinching loyalty. Thus we shall promote the national interest and security as a paramount concern. We shall support and defend the constitution 22. Valor is the power and strength, courage and ability to overcome fear, which enables the soldiers to carry out their mission and to accomplish what is seemingly impossible. 23. Duty is a personal act of responsibility, which we show by doing all our assigned tasks to the best of our a bility. 24. Solidarity is the value that binds us with the rest of our comrades-in-arms. It is the value that makes us one strong and united organization. 25. Chain of Command deals on the generally accepted principles that a military action being executed should pass the approval or consent of the Commander at each level or echelon of command from lowest to highest without bypassing any approving authority or taking the action upon one’s self as his prerogative. 25. Military justice is the system for enforcing discipline and administering criminal law in the Military Establishment. 26. As a general rule, courts-martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over all persons subject to military law who commit an offense penalized by the punitive articles of war 27. Courts-martial and other military tribunals commanders in the administration of military justice.
generally
exist
to assist
28. MILITARY DISCIPLINE - is the state of order and obedience among personnel in a military organization. It is characterized by the men's prompt and willing responsiveness to orders and unhesitating compliance to regulations. 29. The salute is the most important and the most common form of all the military courtesies
43
30. Saluting distance is the distance of recognition. Usually it does not exceed 30 paces. The salute is rendered and the hand is held in position until the officers saluted has passed or after the salute is returned 31. COMMAND is the authority of a person in the military service, lawfully exercised over subordinates by virtue of his rank and position.
32. MILITARY LEADERSHIP – is the ability to influence others directing them towards the accomplishment of a mission. 33. LEADERSHIP TRAITS – personal qualities essential for a commander in gaining obedience, trust, respect and cooperation of his men in accomplishing a mission. 34. PARTICIPATING leadership style is when the leader involves subordinates in determining what to do and how to do it. He asks for information and recommendations; however he still makes the final decision. The following are the indicators of leadership: 35.
MORALE
36.
ESPRIT DE CORPS
37.
DISCIPLINE
38.
PROFICIENCY Basic responsibilities of a leader are:
39.
Accomplishment of the mission
40.
Welfare of your men
44
COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER BASIC MILITARY INTELLIGENCE 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. Intelligence – is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which concerns a foreign nation or an area of operation. b. Military Information – means all facts, documents, materials, photograph, diagram, maps and reports of observation of any kind which increases our knowledge of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations. c. Military Intelligence – is a knowledge acquired through the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available information concerning a possible or actual enemy or area of operations, including the weather and terrain. d. Combat Intelligence – is that knowledge of the enemy, weather and terrain required by a commander in planning and conducting tactical operation. It is developed during the conduct of the operations modification of the original operation plan which may be appreciated. e. Counterintelligence - is an aspect of intelligence which comprises civil and military measures, including the collection, processing and distribution of information, and executive actions, designed to counter enemy or to prevent sabotage or subversive activities. 2.
INTELLIGENCE PRINCIPLES: a. Intelligence is continues. All intelligence activities follow a four-stage cycle: planning, collection, evaluation and dissemination. The cycle is continuous and all steps are carried out in an orderly fashion. We cannot afford to have unsystematic and inefficient of information. Any lead must be followed vigorously. Check the reliability of the source to verify the raw information. Do anything to make that information available in useful form. b. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are interdependent. c. Intelligence must be useful. Intelligence must be useful. Otherwise, what do operating troops need it for? It must focus on a certain intelligence requirement of a commander or his operating troops. The intelligence operation is not terminated, until positive results come out. 45
d.
Intelligence must be timely. The best intelligence is worthless if it does not reach the user in time for appropriate action. There must always be an effective system of disseminating intelligence, as the timeliness of each bit of information must be exploited. e.
Intelligence operations must be flexible. Intelligence activities are always based on logical steps. Standard intelligence procedures make intelligence operations effective, but must not be followed blindly. Procedures can be changed to meet requirements. f.
Intelligence operations require imagination. Intelligence operations require imagination, foresight and resourcefulness. Creativity plays a great part in the outcome of any intelligence operation. Intelligence, by its very nature, is unorthodox. To succeed therefore requires an equally queer, unpredictable and out-of-the normal mound of mind. g. Intelligence operations require constant security measures. Anything of intelligence value is highly classified information. Keep it secret and under wraps. 3.
INTELLIGENCE AXIOMS: Intelligence axioms are facts that require no doubt because the truths of these statements are obvious. a. AXIOM NR 1 – Intelligence is crucial to internal security. b. AXIOM NR 2 – Intelligence is essential to all types of operations 1) Internal Defense Operations 2) Internal Development operations 3) Psychological Operations c. AXIOM NR 3 – Intelligence is the responsibility of all government agencies d. AXIOM NR 4 – Intelligence of the government must be superior to that of the enemy. 4.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE In the study of intelligence cycle it is not important which phase is considered first information of intelligence can be inserted in any phases as appropriate. The intelligence cycle has no beginning and no end. Any sequence which is logically organized and passes through a process is workable. 46
The four (4) phases of intelligence cycle are as follows: a.
Planning of the collection effort.
The commander must make certain that he has what he needs, when he needs it. He is continually wondering what the enemy is doing, thinking, and planning for the future operations, and about the nature of the terrain not under his control. 1)
Planning of the collection effort consist of five (5)
steps: a) Determination of intelligence requirements. b) Determination of intelligence priorities. c) Determination of those enemy activities of characteristics of the area of operations which would indicate the answer to the intelligence requirements. d) Selection of collection agencies to the employed and the issuance of the necessary orders and request for information. e) Supervising the execution of order and request. 2) Depending on the mission. The commander and his Staff require intelligence information. a) To arrive at sound and timely decisions in preparing plans and estimate for future operations and in conducting operations. b) To protect the command by avoiding surprise and denying the enemy information concerning his own forces. c) To assist in the processing of other information. Also, in the Commander’s estimate of the situation, three of the five steps involved the active participation of the intelligence effort. The commander should have readily available information required by the two steps of the Estimate of the situation – the mission and the friendly capabilities. The information required in the last three steps – knowledge of the weather, enemy and terrain – must be provided by the intelligence officer. After the intelligence requirements have been determined and priorities have been established, the intelligence officer must determine what indications will answer questions about the requirements. He must then select the agencies that will actually collect the required information. T h e r e ar e f o u r c r i t e r i a f o r t h e p r o p e r s e l ec t i o n o f c o l l e c t i o n a g e n c i e s : Capability, Suitability, Multiplicity and Balance. 47
To insure a logical, orderly process in his search for the answer to the essential elements of information, the Intelligence officer develops a collection plan. He analyzes the essential elements of information for possible indications of enemy activities, determines the collections agencies he will use, direct, these agencies in the search for information by using specific orders and request for information is to be reported. During this entire process, the intelligence officer is continually supervising the execution of the orders and request which have been issued. c.
Collection of Information
Collection – is the system exploitation of sources of information by collection agencies and the delivery of the information obtained to the proper intelligence section. Intelligence Officer must insure continuous input of reliable information concerning the disposition, strength, composition and movement of the hostile forces, as well as information concerning weather and terrain. He must use every means at his disposal to gain information on the enemy forces within the area of interest which may affect the preparation and execution of his plans. Failure to exploit every source of information may deny important information of hostile capabilities, vulnerabilities, probable courses of actions. Source of information - are persons, things, or actions from which information about the enemy, weather or terrain is derived. At the beginnings of an operation the intelligence officer does not lack information from which to produce intelligence for initial estimates because many sources will be available to him. These sources will include maps, air, photos, enemy documents, enemy materials, prisoners of war, and weather forecasts. Collection Agency – is any person, unit or activity that collect and/or processes information by research, surveillance, interrogation or other exploitation of resources. It is the responsibility of everyone to collect information. Collection agencies include all military intelligence specialists, troops and special units (military police, signal, ordinance, etc.) c.
Processing of Information P r o c e s s i n g – is the step which intelligence is created
from the raw material of information. It consists of three distinct steps:
48
1) The recording of information so that it can be compared with other items on hand. 2) The evaluation of information or order to determine its intelligence value. 3) The interpretation of the information in relation to other information and intelligence on hand in order to draw conclusions regarding its meaning. E v a l u a t i o n – information is of small value unless it has
been analyze with respect to its pertinence, the reliability of the officer and agency and its pertinence, the reliability of the officer and agency and its probable accuracy. The intelligence Officer must examine each item of information as soon as it is received to determine its intelligence value. This examination may be either elaborated or instant, depending upon the circumstances. Is the information needed immediately or at some future time? Are the source and agency reliable? Is the information confirmed or collaborated by previous received information or previous produced intelligence. Interpretation of information consist of determining its
significance with respect to other information or previously collected and processed intelligence, and finally drawing conclusions as the probable meaning of the information. Evaluation and interpretation together are the essential steps in processing. Keep in mine that the commander wants intelligence and not merely a compilation of information. d.
Dissemination and use of Intelligence The next phase of the intelligence cycle is the dissemination and use of intelligence. Intelligence is the end result of all intelligence activities. To be effective, it must be disseminated to the commander, his staff, and others who require it in proper form and on time serve its purpose. The commander received intelligence from the intelligence officer in the form of intelligence estimate. The intelligence estimates gives the commander the best possible picture of the area of operation sand the enemy without irrelevant details. It is the intelligence officer’s job to weight the intelligence he produces and to present it clearly and concisely using graphic means instead of “wordy” pictures whenever possible. The intelligence estimate brings together significant aspect of the weather, terrain and the enemy. It enumerates and 49
discusses the enemy’s capabilities, his weaknesses as well as his favorable qualities, and if warranted, draw conclusions as to the relative probability of the adoption of the enemy capabilities and their effect on our mission. The intelligence estimate is continuously revised, and is constant and basic responsibility of the intelligence officer. The commander uses the intelligence estimate, selects the courses of action which is most likely to succeed. Dissemination to other users are accomplished by means of messages, (radio, messenger, or by any rapid means of signal communication) and personal contact (telephone, personal reports, integrating report, operating orders, and other special reports).
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REPORT WRITING 1.
DEFINITION
a. Report writing is a deliberate means used to transmit information to others. b. Reporting is knowingly passing along information to someone else. 2.
REASONS FOR WRITING
a. To serve as permanent records. b. To transmit reports, facts and other information to action agency. c. To aid top planners & experts in the interpretation and analysis of reported info. 3.
Prerequisites for Good Report Writing a. b. c. d.
4.
Precise understanding of the assignment. Ability to obtain the desired information. Ability to collect and retain accuracy & in detail. Ability to transmit the collected info ASAP.
TOOLS FOR REPORTING a.
Use the six (6) interrogative words as tools such as: • • • • • •
b.
– refers to persons – refers to place – refers to incidents, events or activities – indicates date & time – connotes reasons behind the incident – describes circumstances
Characteristics of a Good Report • • •
c.
Who Where What When Why How
Pertinence clear phraseology accuracy
unbiased completeness conciseness
The Organization and Expression of a Report Heading Collection and Source Data The Information Part The Interpretive Comments
• • • •
51
d.
THE TEST OF A GOOD REPORT all of the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How have been included in the collection data. gives clear account on how the info was obtained. no inexactness of expression. no unsupported generalization. no inaccuracies. not repetitive contain only significant information.
•
• • • • • •
e.
EXAMPLE OF REPORTS Information Report Operational Report Summary of Information Agent’s Report
• • • •
5.
EVALUATION OF REPORT
Evaluation of Source A - completely reliable B - usually reliable C - fairly reliable D - not usually reliable E - unreliable F - reliability cannot be judged
Evaluation of Information 1 - confirmed by other sources 2 - possibly true 3 - probably true 4 - doubtfully true 5 - improbable 6 - truth cannot be judged
Sources from which observation was made S - SIGINT intercepted T - unit commander U - intelligence specialist V - troops engaged in operations W - enemy interrogee X - local government official Y - local populace Z - enemy captured documents 6.
TIPS DURING NOTE-TAKING • • • • •
Use one you find workable. Develop your own system of abbreviation Jot down facts only. Write only the key words. Write in details ASAP while they are still fresh in your mind. 52
PORTRAIT PARLE (Description of a Person) Description is the technique of factually reporting one's own observation or the sensory experiences recounted by another person. Since the purpose of description is to present an accurate word picture, the use of standard terms in describing persons contributes immensely to the value of reports prepared by professional investigators. The cornerstone of the investigator's systems of describing persons is the complete Portrait Parle. This is the modern version of the original Portrait Parle, a complicated and lengthy system devised late in the 19th century by Alphonse Bertillion, a clerk in the French Surete. "Portrait Parle" means, in effect, "a spoken picture". While Portrait Parle is usually obtained when the individual is in custody or under close observation, it is also the standard method of describing individuals under observation in other circumstances. It is used in describing, for future investigative reference, unidentified individuals observed during an investigation; in describing individuals to another agent so that he may form an accurate mental picture of them; and in identifying individuals from photographs. Portrait Parle contains the standard terminology to describe particular physical characteristics. It is flexible, permitting additions and omissions as required by the situation. It is imperative to note that accurate description of persons is a vital qualification for a Special Agent in the Counterintelligence field. The goal of persons in the field of counterintelligence is to train themselves so that they can obtain a complete physical description of an individual in a matter of seconds. This ability to describe another person may be acquired in the following manner: a. By learning the meaning of the numerous words which can be used in describing the various features; b. By studying and practicing the description of one or two features such as eyes or nose, as they appear on several different persons, and continuing this practice until all features have been covered; c. By learning a definite order in proceeding from one feature to another. In short, Portrait Parle is the means of using descriptive terms employed in relation to a personal feature of an individual. 53
6 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL a. AGE - in describing the age, if the exact age is known, give it with the date of birth, if unknown , estimate it in spans of five years. Example: Estimated age is 36 it should be estimated at 3540 never 38-43. b. SEX - if it is normal, indicate whether female or male; individual who has sexual tendencies of a perverted nature, try to determine his contacts, associations, place which they frequently visit, so that it will give you an idea of what kind of a person he or she is. c. RACE - when describing the race, it is either Caucasian or white, Negro, Malayan or Mongolian. In describing the degree of tint should be given. Example: For describing an individual who is a member of the Negro race, the description should be black, light brown, or dark brown. d. HEIGHT - if physically measured, record the exact height. If estimated, arrive at an estimate by comparison with your own height and record it in a two-inch span. This is done simply by eye-level method. Example . If the height estimate is 6'0", it should be estimated in the following manner: 5'11"-6'1". e. WEIGHT - When estimating an individual's weight always give a ten-pound span. Example: 150 (estimated weight), it should be done in the following manner : 145 - 155 lbs. In estimating the weight of an individual you have to consider also the built and the height. The method of estimating is more accurate when the characteristics of build are considered with estimated height, so that this time focus yourself first on build and then return to the method of estimating weight. We should remember that the weight of a person is properly estimated and nearly accurate when the build and height of the individual are considered. It should be further noted that for every inch added in height, you add five pounds in weight, for every inch deducted in height, you must subtract five pounds in weight. That is, when using the table of weights. The TABLE OF WEIGHTS lists the following information for a person with medium build: (American Standard)
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HEIGHT 5'0" 5'1" 5'2" 5'3" 5'4" 5'5"
NORMAL WEIGHT
HEIGHT
115 lbs 120 125 130 135 140
5'6" 5'7" 5'8" 5'9" 5'10"
NORMAL WEIGHT 145 lbs 150 155 160 165
It should be noted that the above table covers only a medium build. In estimating other categories of build, the following scale should be used: Emaciated Subtract 40 pounds from the normal (weight) Thin - - - Subtract 25 pounds from the normal (weight) Slender- Subtract 15 pounds from the normal (weight) Medium No weight is added to or subtracted from the normal (weight) (See TABLE OF WEIGHTS) Stocky - - Add 15 pounds to the normal (weight) Heavy - - Add 25 pounds to the normal (weight) Very Heavy - Add 40 pounds to the normal (weight) Weights added to or subtracted from the normal (weight) are only approximate. Example: Mercy is 5'3" tall and is slender. Her weight is estimated by using the table above. Hence, the table says her normal weight at her height is 130 pounds. Since she is of a slender build, we have to deduct 15 pounds from her normal weight. Thus, her weight is estimated as 115 lbs and reflected as 100-120 pounds. Her estimated weight falls in the middle of the ten-pound span. f. BUILD - The term used in describing the build are: emaciated, thin, slender, medium, stocky, heavy, and very heavy. Carriage or posture- the usual way of holding the head, back and shoulders which may be shown as erect, stooping, and hunchback. Chest - may be shown as narrow, broad or bulging.
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PROFILE - Every profile has three parts: a. The upper third of the profile is that part lying between the normal hairline and the eyebrows. b. The middle third of the profile is that area between the eyebrows and the base of the nose. c. The lower third is that area between the base of the nose and the bottom of the chin. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON CONSIDERED FOR OBSERVATION The accepted order of procedure is to describe each characteristic in the order in which it appears, from the head of the individual down to his body, so no characteristics would be omitted. Remember, each individual characteristic is dependent for the estimation of its size, length, and shape upon its relationship to the other characteristics in the profile. For instance, a person's nose is considered to be long, short, or medium in comparison with the size of the other characteristics of the face. a. The Face and Head - The face is judged in reference to its shape, color, and peculiarities of its carriage. b. THE SHAPE OF THE FACE: Seen from the front, the face is described according to the apparent proportionate relationship between its height and its breadth. Such consideration yields a variety of descriptive terms which includes: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Square Broad Round Thin
5) 6) 7)
Fat Long Oval- - the most common type
c. PECULIARITIES OF THE FACE - the peculiarities of the face may be: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Prominent cheekbones Flabby cheeks (weak, lack firmness) Full or Flat Bony or Thin Smiling - shows signs of pleasure Scowling - shows a threatening behavior
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c.
PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD (As seen from the side). 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Round High at the back Flat at the back Bulging at the back Egg or keel-shaped
d. PECULIARITIES OF THE HEAD - the peculiarities of the head are almost always the result of carriage of the head. The head maybe habitually bent forward, turned sidewise, inclined to the left or right, inclined backwards, or inclined backwards to the right or left. e.
TYPES OF COMPLEXION: 1) 2) 3) 4)
Fair Dark Sunburnt Brick-red
5) 6) 7) 8)
Yellow Black Brown Ruddy (healthy reddish )
f.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HAIR 1) Color 2) Degree of growth 3) Type 4) Manner in which it is dressed 5) Peculiarities and deficiencies which exist
g.
THE COLOR OF THE HAIR may be described as: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Light blonde 6) Gray Blonde 7) Black streaked with gray Dark blonde 8) White Brown 9) Auburn (moderate brown) Black The possibility of dyed hair must be taken into consideration. Also the use of toupees must be noted. h.
THE DEGREE OF GROWTH MAY BE DEFINED AS: 1) 2) 3)
Thick or Thin Sparse Long or Short
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i.
TYPES OF HAIR: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Wavy Curly Straight Kinky Artificially waved or curled
j. THE MANNER IN WHICH THE HAIR IS DRESSED may be described as: 1)
Parted on the right 2) Parted on the left 3) Brushed straight back 4) Close-cropped (clipped short) 5) Crew Cut 6) Pompadour (like the hair style of late Elvis Presley). As to women, be able to seek the assistance of those who are up-to-date in hair-styling. k. Peculiarities and efficiencies of the Hair - These characteristics pertain to hair that is deceased and to the degree of baldness which are important identifying characteristics. Degrees of baldness are: 1) Frontal baldness which describes lack of hair on the front top of the head. 2) Occipital baldness which describes baldness in the area of the crown. 3) Total baldness is the term used to indicate complete baldness at the top of the head. 4) A receding hairline over the temples can be described as slightly receding or totally receding. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FOREHEAD Forehead - is described according to height, width, slope and peculiarities. The height of the forehead is observed in profile and is the vertical distance from the normal hairline to the eyebrows. Forehead may either be - high, low, or medium, depending upon whether it is greater than, equal to, or less than one-third of the normal profile.
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The slope of the forehead is observed in profile and determined by drawing an imaginary vertical line through the profile at the point where the nose is attached to the face or cheek. Following are the types: a. Vertical - if the forehead meets and coincides with this vertical line. b. Receding - if the forehead falls away from the imaginary line to a great extent or if it departs slightly. c. Bulging - if the forehead is curved and in advance of vertical. d. Prominent - if the forehead is straight but in advance of vertical. The WIDTH OF THE FOREHEAD is the distance between the temples, and is described as broad, medium or narrow. FOREHEAD PECULIARITIES - are noted to include pronounced permanent frowns, or deep horizontal wrinkles. EYEBROWS are described in respect to their shape, length, breadth (distance from side to side) and color. the color of the hair. The SHAPE OF THE EYEBROWS is express as arched, straight, peaked, internal oblique, or external oblique. The LENGTH OF THE EYEBROWS is either long, short, or medium. The BREATH OF THE EYEBROW may either be: thin, thick, plucked, or penciled. It may be further described as bushy, heavy, sparsely haired. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EYES - the size, color and any peculiarities are the identifying features of the human eyes. As to: a. b. the colors c.
Size - large, small, medium Color - distinct colors seen in the iris are listed. Some of are: black, dark brown, light brown Depth - Bulging normal or deep-set green, blue and gray.
PECULIARITIES - the identifying characteristics in respect to peculiarities in profile. The features considered in describing the noise are the root, the line of the bridge of the nose, the base, the projection, tip dimensions, and peculiarities of the nose. 59
Root - the root of the nose is the cavity which is found at the top of the nose between the eyes. It is described and to depth and recession. Line of the bridge of the nose is from the hollowest part of the root to the point of the nose. The line maybe: Concave - the line of the nose recedes towards the base after leaving the root and then rises again towards the tip, thus forming the concave line. Straight - the line of the nose follows the shortest, unbroken distance from the root to the tip. Aqualine or Eaglebeak - the line of the nose forms an obtuse angle at the lower third of the line of the bridge. Roman - the line of the nose rises upward from the root and descends again toward the base forming an obtuse angle in the upper third of the nose. Undulating- the line of the nose is broken at several places from the root to the tip, and is a series of concave and convex curves. The BASE OF THE NOSE is the point where the line of the bridge joins the base of the nose. The tip may be: pointed, round, flat, or bulbous. The septum (wall/tissue) and the nostril should also be described when they are visible. Usually the septum is slightly visible either from front or profile view. In some cases, it may be described as invisible, slightly visible or greatly exposed. The nostrils may be described as invisible, lightly visible, or flared. The dimensions of the nose are the length, the projection, and the width of the nose. The length of the nose is observed in profile, and is the vertical distance from a point between the eyebrows to the base of the nose. The length of the nose is stated as being long, medium or short. The term medium nose is equal to one-third of the vertical distance from the normal hairline to the point of the chin. A long nose is greater, and a short nose is lesser than one-third of this vertical distance. 60
The projection is observed in profile and is the distance which separate the point of attachment of the nostril from the tip of the nose, and may be expressed as small, medium, or large. The width of the nose is the horizontal distance which separates the two sides of the nose at their greater breadth. This is observed from the front and is expressed as being narrow, medium or wide. The PECULIARITIES OF THE NOSE are structural; they may be inherited or acquired by the individual, and would include such features as a crushed nose, a twisted nose, tip tilted to the right or the left, and a nose with flaring nostrils. MOUTH - the description of the mouth is expressed in reference to its size, shape, and any visible peculiarities of the teeth. Size of the mouth. The mouth seen from the front is judged by its size' it may be noted as large, medium, small. In determining the size of the mouth, draw an imaginary vertical line through the center of each eye. If the outside corners of the mouth meet these lines, the mouth would be described as medium in size. The shape of the mouth. The mouth may be dropping or upturned at the corners. Some are crooked, twisted or contorted. The upper lips in forming the shape of the mouth is usually in the form of a bow. PECULIARITIES OF THE MOUTH: Habitually held open CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIPS- The lips are described in respect to the length of the upper or lower lips and the thickness of both lips. Length of the upper lip- is the vertical distance from the base of the nose to the line of the moth (where the lips meet). It is described either as: long, medium, or short. If the upper lip from the base of the nose to the line of the mouth is equal to one-third of the lower third of the normal profile, the upper lip is of medium length. Thickness of the lips varies with each individual, the terms thin or thick are generally used in describing the fullness of the lips. 61
Length of the lower lip is the vertical distance from line of the mouth to the recession of the gum line. If the vertical distance is equal to one third of the lower third of the normal profile, it is described as medium in length. Other descriptions are long or short. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHIN - the chin is considered in respect to the general outline of its profile, its size, length, and any peculiarities which may be present. Line of Profile -General slope of the profile of the chin is called vertical, receding, jutting, or normal. If the chin meets the vertical line drawn through the nose, where the nose is attached to face the chin is described as vertical. If it exceed or protrude forward of this vertical line, it is described as jutting; if it recedes behind the line, it is described as receding. Size - size and shape are considered from the front. It may be a small, medium, large as being the vertical distance from recession of the gum line to the bottom of the chin. If is equal to one third of the lower third of the profile, it is medium in length. Another description are long or short. The peculiarities of the chin are structural and may include: double chin, clefts and recession from the gum line. a. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHEEK - the cheek is described as dimpled (left, right, or both), bulging, cramped, flabby and pockmarked. b. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE EAR - the ear is composed of a series of ridges and hollows. The ridges are usually the ones that aid the observer in identifying a person. These ridges are: border of helix, the lobe, the tragus, the antiragus, and the folds. The helix (border of the ear). It starts at the central depression or shell above the auricular activity and borders the ear in the manner of a gutter. Normally, it runs two-thirds of the arc of the ear and can be described as medium, short, or long in length. It is also described as to thickness. 2) The lobe is the lowest part of ear and situated at the termination of the helix at the point of attachment to the cheek. It is considered in respect to its contour and is described as descending, squared, gulfed, normal, or pointed. 3) Descending is the term used to describe the lobe which finished in the descending point along the cheek. 1)
62
4) Square is the term use to describe the lobe which ends in a parallel to the horizontal plane of the head. 5) Gulfed - describes the lobe which is isolated from the cheek. 6) Normal - characterizes the lobe with the slight dip beneath the horizontal plane. 7) Pointed is the descriptive term for the usual lobe which actually forms a point beneath the ear. 8) Peculiarities of the ear - There are two terms in this aspect. They are: Darwinian Tubercle and the Darwinian Extension. The Darwinian Tubercle is the term used to describe a growth on the outer border of the helix, and may appear anywhere on the outer border. The Darwinian extension is the term used to describe a growth on the inner border of the helix. 9) General shape - almost all ears are oval in shape. 10) Proximity - the ear must be stated as being close to or protruding from the head. 11) Size - the ear may be large, medium, or small in proportion to the head. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NECK - Identifying features of the neck are its length, proportionate thickness, and any peculiarities which may be present. a. Length of the neck is described as to the vertical distance from the point of the chin to the line of the shoulder the neck may termed as long, medium or thin. b. Thickness of the neck - it is determined by the apparent proportionate relationship of the size and shape of the head and length of the neck may be as is, medium or thin. c. Peculiarities of the neck would include Adam's apple, and goiter. CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SHOULDER - the shoulders as a continuation of the neckline may be described as to width, shape and peculiarities. a. Width of the shoulder may be described as medium wide, or narrow when estimated with respect to the size of the body. b. Shape of the shoulders may be described as rounded or square. PECULIARITIES OF THE SHOULDER includes erect, stooped, hunched, one shoulder higher than the other. 63
STOMACH is described as flat, bulging, trembling, or firm. NATIONAL ORIGIN - subject's specified nationality and ethnic origin such as American of Filipino descent. WALK - the manner of walking varies with each person and has to be described as: cadet, spring-like, limping to the left or right, normal, etc. VISIBLE SCARS - all permanent body scars visible when an individual is fully dressed are termed as visible scars. VOICE OR SPEECH- accent and pitch are the principal characteristics by which a voice or speech may be described. OTHER DISTINGUISHING MARKS - birthmarks, amputations, hidden scars, moles. In case of tattoo, the location on the body and the actual design is important .
64
BASIC MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface drawn to scale as seen from above. Man-made and natural features are defected by symbols, colors, lines and forms. b. Map Reading _ is the knowledge and skills necessary to interpret correctly and efficiently map information. c. Map Symbol - is a sign composed of diagram, number, letter, abbreviation, colors, or combination thereof which is used to identify and distinguish a particular military unit, activity or installation. Topographic Symbols are simple standard drawing by which terrain features such as valleys, mountains, hills, water features, ate are shown on a map. 2.
PURPOSE
A map provides information on the existence and location of and the distance between group features such as populated place and routes of travel and communication. It also indicates variations in terrain, heights of natural features and the extent of vegetation cover. It is necessary to rely on maps to provide information to our combat elements and to resolve logistical operations far from our shores. Troops and materials must be transported, stored, and place into operation at the proper time and place. Therefore, any operations require the supply of maps; however, the finest maps available are worthless unless the map user knows how to read them. 3.
MARGINAL INFORMATION
a. Upper Left - series names and scale. The series is the name of the large area of which this particular map sheet is a part. b. Top Center - sheet name or name of a particular area. c. Top right - sheet number and serial number. d. Lower left - series number repeated, edition number and date. e. Lower left - paragraph showing sources and preparation data for the map. f. Lower left - Legend. The legend is partial listing and interpretation of the symbols used in the map. g. Bottom center - representative fraction and graphic scales. h. Bottom center - information on contour intervals. 65
i. Bottom center – information oh the grid system used and brief explanation of the coordinate system. j. To the right of grid information – declination diagram showing the relationship among the three (3) types of north. k. Lower right – coverage diagram showing method of revision and ate of photography for the map: index to boundaries, index to adjoining sheets. l. Extreme Lower right – sheet name and series name repeated; geographic index, showing location of the map on the earth surface. 4.
ORIENTATION OF MAP
A map is oriented when in a horizontal position and its north and all map lines are parallel to their corresponding lines on the ground. a. Orientation by Compass – place the map on the flat surface and draw the MN line and follow these steps: 1) Open the compass and place it over the MN lines that the sightings wire in the front sight cover is nearest the top if the map and is directly over the MN line that has been drawn. 2) Turn the map taking care not to move the compass from its position over the MN line, until the north arrow of the compass is aligned with the index line of the inner glass. b. Orientation by Inspection – carefully examine the map and ground for features that are common to both map and ground. Align the features on the map with the same features on the ground. The map is oriented. 5.
TYPES OF MAP
a. Planimetric Map – presents only the horizontal position for the features represented. b. Topographic Map – portrays terrain features as well as the horizontal positions of the features represented. c. Photo Map – is a reproduction of an aerial photograph that show the different parts of the map such as grid lines, marginal data, place names, important elevations et al. d. Joint Operations Graphic – series of 1:250,000 scale military maps designed for joint ground and air operations. e. Photo mosaic – is an assembly of aerial photographs that is commonly called a mosaic in topographic usage. 66
f. Terrain Model – is a scale model of the terrain showing features and in large-scale models showing industrial and cultural shapes. g. Military City Map – is a topographic map, usually 1:12,500 scale of a city, delineating streets and showing street names, importance that are compatible with the scale of the map. h. Special Map – are maps for special purposes such as trafficability, communications and assault maps.
6.
TYPES OF MAP ACCORDING TO SCALE
Scale – is expressed as a fraction and gives the ration of small distance to ground distance. The scale can be a small scale, medium scale and large scale which may be confusing when read in conjunction with the numbers. Therefore, the larger the number after 1; the smaller the scale of the map. a. Small Scale – 1:1,000,000 which are used for general planning and strategic studies at the high echelon. b. Medium Scale – 1:250,000 which are used for planning operations, including the movement and concentration of troops and supplies. c. Large Scale – 1:50,000 which are used to meet the tactical, technical and administrative needs of field units. 7.
SCALE
Ground Distance (GD) can be determined from a map by the scale. Scale is the relation between distance on the map and actual distance on the ground. It is expressed on one or more of the following ways: a. Works and Figures – scale may be expressed by a simple statement like “3 inches equals 1 mile”, meaning 3 inches on the map equals I mile on the ground. Similarly, “1 inch equal 200 feet”, meaning 1 inch on the map equal 200 ground. b. Representative Fraction (RF) – the representative fraction formula is: RF - Map Distance (MD) - Ground Distance (GD) in which the numerator and denominator are expressed in the same unit, as inches, feet, yards, meters or miles. The RF appearing in the margin as 1:20,000 such unit on the ground. The larger the 67
denominator of the RF, the smaller the scale of the map. Thus a 1:100,000 map is a small scale map and 1:20,000 is larger scale map. c. Graphic Scale – distance may also be measured by a graphic scale, a special ruler for the particular map, printed in the margin. d, Conversion Factor – distance may be expressed in either the English of the Metric system and it may be necessary to convert measurement of the system with those of another. Common units of metric linear measure. 1 1 1 1 8.
mile =1,760 yards =1.609 kilometers = 1,609 mtrs kilometer =1,094 yards = 0.62 mile meter = 1.094 yards = 39.37 inches yard = 0.91 meter = 36 inches
BASE DIRECTION
Direction from one point to another is always expressed as an angle from the base line. There are three bases directions, namely: TRUE NORTH (Star), MAGNETIC NORTH (Half Arrowhead), and GRID NORTH (Y or GN). a. True North – is the direction of the north pole. It is used in surveying where great accuracy is required but is not normally used by military personnel in the field. Meridian or longitude lines on a map represent True north and South direction. It is almost directly under the North Star Polaris, but 1 degree of Center. b. Magnetic North – is the direction of the North Magnetic Pole. It is indicated by the N (north seeking) of the compass needed. It is ordinarily used for field work because it can be found directly with the common compass. c. Grid North – is the direction of the vertical grid lines usually found on military maps. Determination of direction by grid north is convenient because grid lines are located at frequent intervals on maps. 9.
USE AND DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH
a. Declination – is the difference in direction between true north and magnetic north or between true north and grid north. There are two declinations: MAGNETIC and GRID. 1) Magnetic Declination – is the angle formed between the magnetic north and true north. If the magnetic north and true north is on the same line the magnetic declination is zero. 68
If the magnetic north is EAST of the True North, the magnetic declination is EAST. If the magnetic north is WEST of the True North the magnetic declination is WEST. Magnetic declination generally varies in value. Thus, magnetic declination in Manila may be 1 degree 15’E and that of Cebu may be 1 degree 30’W. The magnetic declination as from past records changes and is expressed as either EASTERLY or WESTRELY – meaning that the magnetic north tends to move towards the East or West as the case may be. 2) Grid Declination – is the angle formed by the True North and Grid North. The Grid Declination is East if the Grid North is East of the True North. G-M Angle – the angle formed by Magnetic North and the Grid North is called the GM ANGLE. If the Magnetic North is East of the Grid North, the GM angle is East. If the Magnetic North is West of the Grid North , the GM angle is West. This angle is used frequently in field map reading and its value can be found on the marginal data of maps. The annual magnetic change affects the value of the GM Angles by either increasing or decreasing depending on the measurements of the magnetic north. 3) Declination Diagram – printed on the margin of military maps. It has three prongs showing the direction of the True North, Magnetic North and Grid North. The angle between prongs are usually drawn accurately and can be used for graphic work on the map. For reasons given below, declination diagram should be verified by measurement before being use for this purpose. On some maps when the declination is small, the diagram is exaggerated. b. Forward Azimuth – in describing the position of one point on map or in the field with reference to some other point, the army uses the azimuth system of measuring direction. Military azimuth are horizontal angles measured clockwise from magnetic, true or grid north base line. 1) Magnetic Azimuth – is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from magnetic north to the line. 2) Grid Azimuth – is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from grid north to the line. 3) True Azimuth – azimuth measured with true north as base line. 4) Relation between Magnetic and Grid Azimuth – in the field, magnetic azimuth are read directly from the compass. If the map is one with the protractor and pivot point, the magnetic north line may be drawn easily on the map, and that is the line used to plot compass reading. However, for older maps compass 69
reading is usually converted to grid azimuth before it is plotted on the map. The difference between the grid and magnetic azimuth is the G-M Angle. a)
When MN is East of GN, GAZ equals MAZ plus
b) minus G-M angle.
When MN is West of GN, GAZ equals MAZ
G-M angle.
c) Back Azimuth – BAZ is simply the AZ of line viewed backward. The BAZ of a line is its FAZ plus 180 degrees, or if this sum is greater than 180 degree, the back azimuth is the forward azimuth minus 180 degrees. For example, if the FAZ is a line of 50 degrees, the BAZ is 50 degrees plus 180 degrees equals to 230 degrees. Or if the FAZ of line is 310 degrees minus 180 degrees equals 130 degrees. 10.
DETERMINING DIRECTION AND LOCATION
To determine direction and location, you will be primarily guided by the use of key terrain features that exist in the area. Direction is defined as an imaginary straight line on the map or ground and expressed as an azimuth. Azimuth is the horizontal angle measured clockwise from the base direction. Direction may be estimated directly from the map by comparing it to the ground, and then walking over the terrain that the map indicates will lead you to the desired place. However, on the ground and on the map, there is one simple task we can use to determine the direction of things for us. This tool is called the compass. In the military, the type of a compass that is issued and commonly used is called the lensatic compass. This useful item finds the north and the azimuth for us. In other words, the lensatic compass is the direction finder. The compass can tell us the azimuth in degrees toward a given object, or it can tell us the direction if an azimuth is known. To find a given magnetic azimuth, hold the compass level and turn the compass and yourself until the correct magnetic azimuth is under the stationary index line. If you are going to travel along this azimuth, look up the sky line and pick up some prominent terrain features on this line that you can use to guide on while moving. As much as possible, take the back azimuth which is the reverse of the forward azimuth.
70
In order to be assured of the accuracy of the lensatic compass, observe the two (2) general rules as follows: a. Keep away from metal objects and high tension wire. The north arrow of the compass is controlled by lines of force in the earth’s magnetic field. Since these force lines are disturbed locally by small amount of iron and electric fields, these things will produce error in the compass and the effect will be greater as the mass of the object or strength of the filed increases. b. Keep the compass closed when not in use. The compass is a delicate instrument and can be damaged easily. It should always be properly closed and returned to its carrying case when not in actual use. 11. METHODS LOCATION.
OF
DETERMINING
ONE’S
POSITION
AND
a. INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown, unoccupied points by taking sights to the known point from at least two known occupied positions. Compass and protractor method of intersection – move to a certain feature “A” which can be identified on your map at “A” and take a compass sight on the object “C” you wish to locate. Move to another readily identifiable feature “B” and gain sight on the object “C” with your compass. The changes the MAZ to GAZ and plot the GAZ through the respective positions where you obtained the sights, or you can drawn an MN reference line through each features on the map and plot the MAZ. Intersection of two lines is the location of the objects. b. RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied position by taking sights on two or more identifiable points whose position are known. 1)
Compass and Protractor Method of Resection:
Select two visible objects on the terrain as “B” and “C” which can be identified with the map as “B” and “C” which are situated to the line radiating from you to them which make an angle of 30 degree to 150 degree at the observer. With compass sight the landscape successively recording the MAZ to each. Draw MN guide lines through the map position of each object “B” and “C” and with the protractor lay off the respective MAZ. Prolong these lines through the points “B” and 71
”C” back towards the observer until they intersect. Instead of drawing the MN guide lines you can convert the MAZ to GAZ and then plot in the grid BAZ through each object. The intersection of these lines are again the position sought. 2) Graphical Resection – first orient your map accurately. Look over the terrain and select two distinct visible features on the ground. “B” and “C” which can be located and identified on the map as “B” and “C”. the features selected should be selected so lines radiating from you to them from and angle as near 90 degrees as possible. Place a pin in “B” lay a straight edge (ruler or pencil) against the point, turn it until it points at “B”. Draw a ray on the map from the pin toward your position. Repeat the same operation with point “C”. the intersection of two lines is your own position or location on the map. Care must be exercised that the map remains oriented during the entire procedure. If three points are used instead of two your location will probably more accurate. c. MODIFIED RESECTION – a method of locating one’s position on a map when the individual is located on a road or some other linear terrain feature identified on the map. A MAZ is taken to some points which can be identified both on the ground and on the map. From this, compute the BAZ and convert to GAZ. Draw this GAZ on the map from the know point. Where this azimuth line on the map crosses or intersects the road or either linear terrain features is the location of the individual. 12.
GRID
a. Geographic Coordinates – is one of the oldest systematic methods of location/and is based upon the geographic coordinate system by drawing a set of east –west (latitude) and north –south rings (Longitude). It is expressed in angular measurements. b. Military Grid System – is a network of squares formed by the north-south and east-west grid line place on a map. The distance between grid lines represents 1,000 or 10,000 meters depending upon the scale of the map. This system enables the map reader to quickly and accurately locate a point on a map. Grid lines are identified by specific numbers printed on the margin opposite the line it indicates. Any point on a map can be identified by coordinates. The following are the rules for reading grid coordinates. 72
1) Use the large bold – faced number in the margin labeling each grid line. 2) Starting from the lower left-hands corner of the map, read right and up. 3) Write the grid coordinates as a continuos series of numbers. In the following examples we shall be able to determine the grid square of a point in the map, to locate a point within 100 meters, and to locate the point within 10 meters. a) Determine the grid square. b) Locating a point within 100 meters (100 meters square reading indicated that a point is located nearest the 100 meters). c) Locating a point within 10 meters. The rule is applied in the preceding example is observed. However, in locating a point nearest the 10 meters, used the 8 digits coordinate system. That gives you the exact location on the map.
73
SIGNAL COMMUNICATION 1.
Definition of Terms
a. Signal Communication – is a method or means or a combination thereof of conveying information of any king of one person or place to another except direct communication. b. Means of Communication – a medium by which a message is conveyed from one person to another. c. Agency of Communication – a facility which embraces the personnel and equipment to provide signal communication by any particular means or combination thereof. COMMEL, Division Signal Battalion. d. Tactical Radio Sets – is the principal means of communication in tactical units. It use for command, fire control, exchange of information and administrative purposes between and within units. It is especially adopted to rapid changing situation such as air ground ship to shore, air to air communication. It is also essential for communication. It is also essential for communication impassable terrain or in large wire and other means are impracticable to install. 2.
Means of Communication:
a. Wire – it is used as the principal means of communication in all military units. This means of communication embraces all equipment used for laying recovering wire, battery operated and sound-powered telephones, switch boards and teletype equipment, when their use is authorized. The operating range of wire communication varies, depending principally on the weather and the condition of wire. Wet weather, poor splices, and damage insulation are factors that greatly reduce its operating range. b. Radio – this means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most frequently used for maintaining command, control, contact and direction in contact. The radio has one distinct advantage over other means of communication. It has a relatively high degree of mobility and flexibility, resulting from the fact that physical circuits are unnecessary to establish communication between radio stations. The radio set is the only adequate means of communication available in the fast moving situations, such as armored attacks, amphibious operation, naval gunfire support, serial bombing and strafing mission. The radio can bridge gaps in a wire system and can provide communication across a terrain where the use of the other means of communication is not possible. 74
c. Messenger – the use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred over the rest when maps and classified documents are to be transmitted to other operating units. Since time immemorial, messengers have been used as a means of communication. It is no less important today as it was in times gone by. It is the most secret means used by infantry units. Maps and classified documents are delivered through this means. It also the best means for the transmission of long messages over short distances. d. Visual Signal – it is used to control the action of a small units. Over the years, visual signal has been relegated to the role of an auxiliary means of communication. Any signal that is received by the eye regardless of how it is transmitted, is the ”common sense” definition of a visual signal. Flags, signal flares, and smoke signals have been used throughout the ages as visual means of communication have been developed. These included light, pyrotechnics panels and others. To be effective, the prearranged meanings of these visual signals must be in the possession of each communicator before their use. They are most effective during daylight or under conditions of clear visibility. Otherwise, they are inefficient means of communication. e. Sound Signal – this means of communications is used primarily to spread alarms. Normally, it is used to warn troops of an impending hostile air, mechanized, or gas attack. Signals received by the unaided ear, regardless of the method of transmission, are sound means of communication. They may be transmitted by whistles, bugler, horns, weapons, and other noise-making devices. Prearranged messages are transmitted through this means. They are rapid means of communications over short distance but their effective range is greatly reduced by battle noises. Like visual signals, they are not secure means of communication. Their use may be prohibited for security reasons. 3. TYPES OF TACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS: a.
RADIO
SETS
AND
ITS
URC – 773M
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Cell Battery] 6)
Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmission Range – 10 Kms (LOS) Whip Antenna Man Pack Power Source – 12 VDC, 24 pcs BA – 30 12V Wet Press to talk (Hand set) 75
b.
PRC – 77
1) Frequency Modulated (FM) 2) Transmission Range 08kms (LOS) 3) Man pack 4) Whip Antenna 5) Press to talk 6) Power Source – 12 VDC, 20 pcs BA – 30 and 12V Wet Cell Battery c.
URC – 601 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
d.
URC – 187
1) 2) propagation) 3) 4) 5) Battery 4.
Handheld Press to talk Whip Antenna Transmission Range – 3-4 Kms (LOS) Power Source - 8 pcs BA-30
Amplitude Modulated (AM) Transmission Range – 40
kms
(sky
wave
Dipole Antenna Press to talk (Hand Set) Power Source – 36 pcs BA-30, 12-24V Wet Cell
ADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:
a. Speed of installation – it is easy to establish than wire or other means of communication. b. Flexible – it is no fixed circuit are required to be constructed. c. It provides communication across terrain over which it may be impractical to install wire. 5.
DISADVANTAGES OF TACTICAL RADIO SETS:
a. Lack of Security – radio is the least secured means. It is always assumed that interception every time the transmitter is place on operation. b. Subject for interception radio is less vulnerable to enemy terrorist activity than wire, however, it is subject for interference from precipitation and jamming to other station. 76
6.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TACTICAL RADIO COMMUNICATION:
a. Radio Net – a group of several stations working together in the same frequency. b. Call Sign – a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or station. c. Individual Call Sign – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within the net. d. Collective Call Sign – this call sign identifies two or more stations in particular radio net but not all stations in the net. e. Net Call Sign – this call sign identifies all radio stations operating in a particular radio net. f. Call – a method of establishing communications whereby the station calling transmits the identity of the station called as well as his own identity. g. Pro words – are pronounceable words which have assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by radio communication. 1) Over - My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you. 2) Roger – I received your last message satisfactorily. 3) Out – My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you. 4) Wilco – I will comply to your instruction. 5) Query – Clarification 6) Lima Charlie – I received your message loud and clear. 7) Say again – I did not understand your transmission, request repeat our last transmission. 8) Request Net With – Can I talk with Pfc Tolentino of Pfc Ramos. 9) Wait one – Request that you wait for a minute, I will call the person you want to talk to. 10) Read Back – Read back the message you have copied. 11) Radio Silence – Cease transmission immediately, however, keep on listening on the same frequency. 12) Break-break – stop your conversation and allow me to this net to transmit for an urgent message. 7.
PHONETIC ALPHABET A – Alpha B – Bravo C – Charlie
I – India J – Juliet K – Kilo 77
Q – Quebec R – Romeo S – Sierra
Z - Zulu
D – Delta E – Echo F – Foxtrot G – Gulf H – Hotel 8.
L – Lima M – Mike N – November O – Oscar P – Papa
T – Tango U – Uniform V – Victor X - X-ray Y - Yankee
NUMERICAL PRONUNCIATION: 1 – Wun 2 – Ta-o 3 – Thu-ree
4 – Fower 5 – Fi-yiv 6 – Six
7 – Seven 8 – Ate 9 – Niner
78
0 – Zero
INDIVIDUAL MOVEMENT TECHNIQUE DAY AND NIGHT TRAINING 1.
DAY TRAINING a.
Factors to be considered in day movement
1) Terrain – suitable to fast movement and provide adequate security. 2) Security – use all available cover and concealment and provide good observation points. 3) Knowledge in the use of camouflage and concealment b.
Techniques and Aids in Day Movement
1) Prepare and equip yourself . 2) Tape or pad any parts of your weapon or equipment that rattles or are so loose that may snag, as you walk. 3) Wear soft, well-fitting clothes 4) Carry only prescribed and necessary equipment. 5) Move by bounds that is a short distance at a time, halt, listen, observe. Then move again. 6) Change direction slightly from time to time when moving through tall grasses. 7) If you alarm birds and animals, remain in a position and observe briefly. Their flight or movement may attract the enemy’s attention. 8) Follow the furrows as much as possible when crawling over a flowed fields. 9) Cross roads and trails wherein there is the most cover and concealment. c.
Individual Movement
CRAWL – is a move close to ground to avoid being seen by the enemy. Two Types of Crawl 1)
High Crawl – it is applied when: a)
Cover and concealment are available in the
area. 79
b)
When
poor
visibility
c)
When speed is needed.
reduces
enemy
observation.
2)
Low Crawl – it is applied when; a) b)
Cover and concealment are scarce or few. When visibility permits good enemy
c)
When speed is not needed.
observations.
Difference Between High Crawl and Low Crawl Low Crawl 1) 2) the muzzle. 3) 4) legs.
Body rifle are flat to the ground. Drag rifle foe of the butt of the rifle with finger over Push arms forward and cocked left leg forward. Pull yourself with arms forward and push with left
High Crawl 1) Body is kept free from the ground with weight resting on forearms and lower legs. 2) Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows and knees. 3) Cradle rifle in your arms to keep muzzle. PRONE TO RUSHING: 1) 2)
Start from the prone position. Slowly raise your head and select your next
position. 3) Slowly lower head back. Draw your arms into your body keeping your elbows down, and pull right leg forward. 4) With one movement, raise your body by straightening the arms. 5) Spring to you foot, steeping off with left foot and rush to your new position using the shortest route, crouching low in a zigzag way. DROPPING 1)
Just before hitting the ground, plant both feet. 80
2) Drop to knee at the same time sliding your hand to the heel of the butt of the rifle. 3) Pull forward, breaking your pull with the butt of the rifle. 2. NIGHT TRAINING – Using your eyes effectively at night requires application of the following: a.
Principles of Night Vision
1) Dark adaptation – means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low level of illumination. 2) Off Center Vision – techniques in keeping your attention focused to an object without locking directly at it. 3) Scanning – it using off center vision to observe an area or an object. b.
Techniques in Night Vision: 1) 2) 3)
Avoid straining your eyes. Sudden light destroy our sight vision Adapt your seeing at night vision.
a) Human eye for night vision by staying in the dark for about one hour before you go out. b) Prepare your eyes for night vision by staying in the darkness for about one hour before you go out. c.
Problem on Night Movement
1) Night Vision – adapt in seeing at night by enlarging the pupil in order to let in more light. Keep cut of light around you and do not straight to light. 2) Appearance and sizes – darkness changes appearance and sizes of an object: a) Tree look smaller because tips and twigs of branches cannot be seen. An airplane caught by the beam of searching light looks large. b) Night glasses make it possible to see the objective that would to small. c) Light is visible at night ordinary condition for darkness.
81
3)
Sound and Smell
a) Learn to identify, evaluate, and react to common battlefield noises and the common sound in your area of operation. All of these sound like a snap of twig, click of bolt, rattle of a canteen, the bark of a dog, the call wind and domestic animals and fowls are information which may be valuable to you. you can learn a lot by listening. b) Sound can be heard better at night because there are fewer noises to interfere, and night air carries sound better. c) Sound can prevail your presence to the enemy. Suppress sneeze by pressing up on your nostril with your finger. d) Smells can help or endanger you. Odors from gasoline, cooking foods or burning tobacco warn you of the enemy presence. Avoid the uses if shaving lotion, deodorant, hair oil and scented soap. Odors from these may reveal your presence to the enemy. e) Touch – learn to operate and adjust equipment by touch alone. d.
Concealment at Night 1) 2) 3)
Darkness provides concealment at night. Keep all light concealed Take advantages of the blinding effects of the burst
4) 5)
Use camouflage to hide yourself in darkness Pay as much attention to background at night.
of light.
e.
Rules for Night Movement: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
f.
Move by touching distance. Be guided on prominent terrain features. Move in the open as much a possible. Take advantage of the sound Do not run at night except when necessary. Stop and listen frequently.
How to Move at Night: 1)
Walking at right a.
Keep weighing in one foot as you step 82
b.
Feel the ground with your toe before stepping
it down. 2) Hitting the ground at night. Going into prone position at night, crouch slowly and both rifle under armpit and feet the ground with free hand. 3) Crawling at night – crawl on hand and knees. Then lay rifle on the ground by your side. Keep hand on the spot and bring forward knees, it meet the hand. With hands feel the ground for the knees. Then clear again next spot for other knees to the same way and alternately and silently. g.
How to know position.
1) direction to the 2) 3) 4) 5) direction. h.
Always keep track on where you are and the other place in the area. Use terrain features to keep direction at night. Choose a route that can easily follow. When moving at night, stop often. Maps and compass are good aids in maintaining
Security at Night
Darkness provides a great ideal of protection. Use these hints to gain greater security. 1) 2) 3)
Know the challenge and passwords. Use the buddy system – work with your buddy. Proper use of the counter sign/call sign
83
.
COVER AND CONCEALMENT:
COVER – is natural or artificial protection from the fire of the enemy. Types of Cover: a. earth) b.
Natural (Ravines, hallows, reverse slopes big mound of Artificial (Fighting positions, trenches, walls)
CONCEALMENT – is natural or artificial protection from enemy observation (shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds and even the strong rain are included) CAMOUFLAGING – employs visual trickery to exploit the weaknesses of the human eyesight and brains. Camouflage comes from a French word that means “to play a practical joke” - - to fool our foe, to trick him that you are not there when, in fact, you are so close to him than you can practically kill him silently. Your camouflage must be so consistent to be effective. Your camouflaging colors must closely resemble those around you. Remember also that foliage shapes differ from place to place. You must also camouflage everything. Do not forget your rifle, your backpacks, you hands and even teeth. Do not forget to camouflage your shoes.
84
RIFLE SQUAD ORGANIZATION 1.
COMPOSITION
The tactical rifle squad is the basic fighting unit. When employed in the attack, its mission is to close with and kill or capture the enemy. When used in the defense as part of the forward rifle platoon, the rifle squad has the mission to stop the enemy by fire delivered forward of the battle area, and repel the attack by fire and close combat. It is organized into two (2) fire teams consists of a team leader, an automatic rifle, a grenadier, and a rifle man. The other team has the same elements plus an additional rifleman Squad Leader – he carries out the orders of his platoon leader. His responsibility includes the discipline, appearance, training, control and welfare of his men at all times. He also sees to it that the weapons and other equipment of his unit area properly maintained and cared for to be assured of their proper functioning and economical use. In combat, he is responsible for the tactical employment, fire discipline, control and maneuver of his squad. Fire Team Leader – he gives positive leadership to his team, and maintains discipline, welfare and combat proficiency. He Carries out his assigned mission by vigorously exerting the most practical and effective course of action until his mission is accomplished. He assists in controlling the squad by setting the examples and by initiating action as a fighting leader. 2.
MISSION OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD
To close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat and counter attack. 3.
CAPABILITIES OF THE INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD Infantry Rifle Squad can:
a. b. c. attack d. e. f. g. h. i. j.
Provide a base of fire and maneuver Close with the enemy to destroy and capture him Repel and assault by fire, close combat and counter Seize and hold terrain Maneuver in all types of local weather and terrain Conduct combat operation under limited visibility Provide light anti-tank protection Participate in air assault operation Participate in amphibious/waterborne operation Operate in conjunction with heavy forces. 85
4.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEMBERS
a. Rifle Squad Leader – Responsible for all that the Rifle Squad does or fails to do. He is tactical leader and, as such, leads by example: 1) Control the maneuver of his squad and each rate and contribution of fire. 2) Trains his squad on the individual and collective tasks required to sustain combat effectiveness. 3) Manage the logistical and administrative needs of his squad. He requests and issues ammunition, water ration, and special equipment. 4) Maintains and accountability of his soldier and equipment 5) Complete casualty feeder reports and reviews the casualty reports completed by squad member. 6) Submits reports for awards and decorations. 7) Direct the maintenance of squad weapon and equipment 8) Inspect the condition of soldier weapon, clothing and equipment 9) Ensures that supplies and materials are distributed to the soldier in the squad 10) Keeps the platoon sergeant/leader informed on squad supplies status and squad requirements 11) Ensure supplies and equipment is internally cross level within the squad. Armaments: M16 Assault Rifle Equipment: Map and Compass, Handheld FM Radio, Binocular, Utility Rope b.
Team Leader
There are two (2) team leaders in the squad. One (1) for each fire team. 1) Control the movement of their fire teams. 2) Ensure that their soldiers maintain the unit standards in all areas. 3) The eyes and ears of the team. 4) Provide short range anti-armor capability for the squad and the platoon. Armaments:
M16 Assault Rifle, LAW
Equipment: Map and compass, NVG, Utility rope. 86
d.
Automatic Rifle Man
There are two (2) automatic rifle men in the squad. One (1) for every team. 1) Responsible in providing sustained automatic fire for the squad. 2) Secure the left flank area during movements and halts. Armaments: Equipment: e.
Squad automatic (SAW) Ultimax SAW Ammo Pouches, Utility rope
Grenadier
There are two (2) grenadiers in the squad. One (1) for each fire team. 1) Provides grenade capability to the squad and the platoon for maximum firepower. 2) Secure the right flank area of the squad during movement and halts. Armaments: grenade launcher Equipment: f.
M16 Assault Rifle attach with 40 MM 40 MM Ammo Pouches, Utility rope
Rifle Man There are two (2) Rifle Man in the Squad. One (1) each
fire team. 1) Responsible for the food supply and medical requirements of the team. 2) Monitors the health and hygiene of the squad and provides technical expertise and supervisions of the combat lifesavers. 3) Erases the tracks left by the team during operations. Armaments: Equipments:
M16 Assault Rifle Medical kit, Cooking Utensils, Utility
rope
87
ARM AND HAND SIGNALS It is obvious that when confronted with the many problems presented by the jungle, the team leader must still be able to control his team. Voice commands are of very limited effectiveness and are a threat to security. With the enemy about 25 meters away, you cannot shout, lest alert the enemy. He must depend on his hand and arm signals. During firefights, hand signals are often more desirable than barking commands. In close firefights, most especially, the enemy would surely hear your voice. They will know where to aim their fires. The enemy can also anticipate the maneuvers of your troops. In these instances, the most effective means of control are silent hand and arm signals 1.
COMMONLY USED ARM AND HAND SIGNALS
a. Freeze - Clenched fist at shoulder level. b. Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand, fingers extended and joined together. c. Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright. d. Civilian sighted - Clenched fist with forefinger and middle finger upright. d. Skirmishers Left - Left arm extended to the left side. e. Skirmishers Right - Right arm extended to the right side. f. Danger Area - Arms raised towards the neck with open palm facing down ward moving the hand as if cutting the neck. g. Enemy Sighted - Clenched fist with three fingers upright. h. Prepare to engage - Four fingers upright. i. Engage - Open palm, fingers not joined together. j. Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the opposite arm to indicate the Sgt’s chevron. k. Platoon Leader - Two fingers placed on the shoulder to indicate officer’s rank. l. Long halt - Rotating the fist at shoulder level. m. Short Halt - Close and open motion of the hand. n. Freeze and Listen - Freeze signal followed by a hand cupped to the ear. 2.
TYPES OF HAND AND ARM SIGNALS a.
Special Emergency and Warning Signals
1) Air Attack – rapidly cross and uncross arms fully extend above the hand.
88
2) Nuclear Warning – Cover both eyes with the right hand to warn exposed troops to take cover before the detonation of nuclear weapons. 3) Chemical, Biological, Radiological Hazard – extend both arms horizontally sideways with fists doubled facing up; rapidly move fists to the head and back to the horizontal; repeat. b.
Signals for Combat Formations and Battle Drill
1) I Am Ready or Are You Ready? – Extend the arm toward the person being signaled; then raise arm slightly above horizontal, palm facing outward. 2) Attention – extend the arm sideways, slightly above horizontal; palm to the front; wave arm to and away from the head several times. 3) I do not understand – raise both arms sideward to the horizontal; bend both arms at elbows and place both hands across the face, palms to front. 4) Disregard previous command or as you were – raise both arms and cross them over the head, palms to the front. 5) Assemble or Rally – raise the arm vertically overhead, palm to the front, & wave in large horizontal circles. Note: Signal is normally followed by the signaler pointing to the assembly or rally site. 6) Disperse – extend either arm vertically overhead; wave the hand and arm to the front, left, right, and rear, with the palm toward the direction of each movement. 7) Join me, Follow me, Come Forward or Move Vehicle Forward – point toward person(s) vehicle (s), or unit (s); beckon by holding the arm horizontally to the front, palm up, and motioning toward the body. 8) Advance or Move Out – face the desired direction of movement; hold the arm extended to the rear; then swing it overhead and forward in the direction of desired movement until it is horizontal, palm down. 9) Right (left) turn or Column Right (Left) while marching. – Extend arm horizontally to the side, palm outward. 10) Halt or Stop – raise the hand upward to the full extent of the arm, palm to the front. Hold that position until the signal is understood. 11) By the Right (Left) Flank – extend both arms in direction of desired movement. 12) Column Formation (or File) raises either arm to the vertical position. Drop the arm to the rear, describing complete circles in a vertical plane parallel to the body. 89
13) Wedge Formation – extend both arms downward and to the sides at an angle of 45 0 below the horizontal, palms to the front. 14) Echelon Right (Left) – extend one arm 450 above and the other 450 below the horizontal palms to the front. The lower arm indicates the direction of echelon. 15) Line Formation – raise both arms to the side until horizontal, arms and hands extended, palms down. 16) Refuse Right (Left) Flank (tank platoon) – extend both arms horizontally to the side, palms to the front; lower and raise one arm slightly to indicate flank to be refused (view from rear.) 17) Enemy in Sight – Hold rifle above the head with one arm, fully extended, with the rifle parallel to the ground and pointing in the direction of the enemy. 18) Fix Bayonets – simulate the movement of the right hand in removing the bayonet from the scabbard and fixing it on the rifle. 19) Increase Speed, Double Time or Rush – raise the hand to the shoulder, fist closed; thrust the fist upward to the full extent of the arm and back to the shoulder rapidly several times. 20) Decrease Speed (vehicle), Quick Time (dismounted troops) – extend the arm horizontally sideward, palm to the front, and wave arm slightly downward several times, keeping the arm straight. Do not move arm above horizontal. 21) Open up (extend distance between men or vehicles) – start the signal with arms extended overhead, palms together, and bring arms to the horizontal position at the sides, palms down. 22) Close up – start signal with both arms extended sideward horizontally, palms up, and bring palms together overhead momentarily. When repetition is necessary, return the arms to the starting position by moving them along the front of the body.
90
BASIC UNIT FORMATIONS 1.
INFANTRY RIFLE SQUAD FORMATION a.
Wedge Formation (Fire Team)
The wedge is the basic formation for the fire team. The interval between soldiers in wedge formation normally is ten (10) meters. The wedge expands and contracts depending on the terrain. When rough terrain, poor visibility, or other factors make control of the wedge difficult, fire team modifies the wedge. TEAM LEADER
GRENADIER
TEAM LEADER
AUTOMATIC
GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
FIGURE 1. Fire Team Wedge (Squad leader may choose his position depending on the terrain and enemy position, and or, where he thinks he can best command his men)
91
b.
Squad Column
The squad column is the most common formation. It provides good dispersion laterally and depth without sacrificing, control and facilitates maneuver. The leader fire team is the base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rare elements of the platoon, the rifleman in the tail fire team provides rear security. TEAM LEADER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER
TEAM LEADER AUTOMATIC GRENADIER
RIFLE MAN
RIFLEMAN
FIGURE 2. (Squad Column with Fire team in Column)
92
g.
Squad Line
The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front. When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right is base fire team. TEAM LEADER
TEAM LEADER
AUTOMATIC AUTOMATIC GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
RIFLEMAN
SQUAD LEADER
FIGURE 3: SQUAD LINE
93
GRENADIER
RIFLEMAN
h.
Squad File
When not traveling in a column or line, squad travels in file. The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file, if the squad leader of desire increase his control over the formation, exert greater moral presence by leading from the front, and be immediately available to make key decisions. He will move forward to the first or second position. Moving the team leader to the last position can provide additional control over the rear of the formation. TEAM LEADER GRENADIER AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN SQUAD LEADER (OPTIONAL) TEAM LEADER GRENADIER AUTOMATIC RIFLEMAN RIFLEMAN
FIGURE 4. Squad File
94
2.
MOVEMENTS AND TECHNIQUES Movement technique is the manner a squad traverse a terrain. The selection of a movement technique is based on the likelihood of enemy contact and the need for speed. Factors to consider control, dispersion, speed and security. Three types of movement techniques: a. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not likely an speed is needed b. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his command so he can employ them quickly. c. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique. CHARACTERISTICS
Movement formation
When normally used
Fire Team Wedge
Basic Team Easy Formation
Good
Allows Immediate Fire in All Direction
Squad Column
Squad Primary Formation
ood
Facilities Maneuver Good Dispersion in Depth
Allows Large All Around Volume of Fire to the FlankLimited Volume to the Front
Squad Line When Maximum Fire Power is Required to the front
ot as ood as quad olumn
Limited Maneuver Capability (Both Fire Teams Committed)
llows Maximum Good to the mmediate Fire to Front/Little to he Front the Front and Rear
Squad File
asiest
Most Difficult llows immediate Least Formation ire/Most Fire to from which he Front and to maneuver ear
Close Terrain Vegetation, Limited Visibility Conditions
Control Flexibility
Fire capabilities/ Security Fire destruction
95
Good
RIFLE PLATOON The rifle platoon fights as a part of a light infantry battalion. It is consisted with three rifle squads with a platoon leader and a platoon sergeant. Each rifle squad is composed of nine men a squad leader. Platoon can operate as a single unit under the platoon leader. The squad is also designed and trained to conduct decentralized independent operation when required. 1.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
a. Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does or fails to do. This includes the tactical employment, training administration and personnel management and the logistics of the platoon. b. Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the supervision, admin and training, discipline and most especially in the moral and the welfare of the platoon. c. Squad Leader -- Responsible for what the squad does or fails to do. Responsible in the control and supervision of his squad activity. 2.
PLATOON MOVEMENTS
Movement formation describes the positional relationships of men during movement. The formation used depends on the mission and the terrain. The distance between the elements depends on the mission and the terrain visibility and control factors. 3.
TYPES OF FORMATION:
a. Squad in Line -characteristics: 1) 2) 3)
This formation has the following
Cover maximum frontage Provides little security to the flanks and rear Allows for speed amount of immediate fire forward. .
96
b. Squad in Column -- This is the traveling formation. It has the following characteristics; 1) 2) 3)
Easy to control Provide good all around security Make the best used of the movement techniques
c. Squad in File -- Where not traveling in column or line, squads travel in file, it has the following characteristics;
1) 2) 3) 4)
Easy to control Facilitate speed of movement Provide maximum frontage Flexible in nature
97
SPECIAL OPERATIONS 1.
RANGER SQUAD ORGANIZATION a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
2.
Lead scout Guide Squad leader or Team leader Radio Man Assistant Radioman Contact man Tail scout
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SQUAD MEMBERS a.
LEAD SCOUT
1) He is the point man. 2) He ensures the security of his squad. 3) He always chooses the advantageous terrain during the movement. 4) He physically and mentally prepared to shoot the enemy first. Prepares himself for a quick draw, the safety lever of his rifle is on semi-automatic the whole time. b.
GUIDE 1)
The guide takes on a supporting role to the lead
scout. 2) The he is expected to be always at the back of the lead scout, there are times that he will stay by the side of lead scout. When there is imminent danger to the front, the lead scout and the guide are abreast to maintain two rifles to unload their stinging bullets. 3) The guide often controls the pace of the squad. 4) The guide helps out in making path through the jungle. 5) He makes sure that the squad is always on the right track. c.
SQUAD OR TEAM LEADER 1)
The squad leader is in effective control of the
2)
He is responsible for what his team does or fails to
squad. do. 98
d.
RADIOMAN 1) 2)
The radioman is the voice of command. He is responsible for all the signal equipment of
3) 4) 5)
He emphasizes radio security. He must always be beside the squad leader. He always gives feedback on all instructions.
the squad.
e.
ASSISTANT RADIOMAN
1) The assistant radioman has a lot of duties to perform for the team. He acts as the aircraft marshal and as the sniper of the squad. 2) The assistant radioman assists the radioman with the operation of the squad’s radio. f.
CONTACT MAN
1) During commando operations, the contact man is the point man. He disguises as a rebel and mingles with the barrio residents to fish for information of intelligence value. 2) He is responsible for the conduct of civil military operation. 3) He is the squad’s silent killing specialist. 4) He is the primary interrogator of the squad. 5) He is the media man of the squad. 6) The contact man must also master the dialect in the area, as the intelligence agent of the squad and the demolitionist. g.
TAIL SCOUT 1) 2) 3) 4)
Rear security. Responsible for the subsistence of the squad Responsible of policing the harboring area. He is in charge of counterattacking.
99
BASIC WEAPONS TRAINING 1.
U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16A1 CHARACTERISTICS: a.
Functioning: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
b.
Magazine fed Gas operated Shoulder weapon Air cooled Semi or automatic fire
Features
1) The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor which can also serve as an adapter for grenade launching. (CAUTION: Use of this authorized).
weapon
for
grenade
launching
is
not
currently
2) Barrel is surrounded by two aluminum line fiberglass hand guards which also adapter for grenade as the forearm of the rifle. The hand guards are notched to permit air to circulate around the rifle barrel, and further serve to protect the gas tube. 3) A hard rubber recoil pass is attached at the butt of the stock to partially reduce the effect of the recoil. 4) A forward assist assembly is located at the upper right rear of the upper receiver. This is use to close the bolt when closing is not done by the force of action of spring alone. 5) A dust cover is provided to prevent dust or dirt from getting into the rifle. This opens automatically when the rifle is fired. (N O TE : T h e d u s t c o v e r s h o u l d b e c l o s e d a t a l l t i m e s e x c e p t d u r i n g f i r i n g o r m a i n t en a n c e ).
b.
PARTS OF THE RIFLE CAL 5.56MM M16A1. 1)
Two main groups: a)
Upper receiver group Parts of Upper Receiver Group: (1) (2) (3)
Flash suppressor Barrel Bayonet Stud 100
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) b)
Front Sigh Upper Sling Swivel Hand guard Sling Spring Carrying handle Charging handle Rear Sight Forward Assist Bolt Assembly Bust cover
Lower receiver group Parts of the Lower Receiver Group: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
c.
Rubber recall pack Trigger Guard Pivot take down pin Stock Pistol grip Trigger Magazine release button Hammer Selector Level Lower sling swivel
GENERAL DATAL: 1)
Weights:
Rifle without magazineEmpty magazine (aluminum) Full magazine (20 rds)Firing weight (fully loaded w/ sling) 2)
- 6.5 lbs - .2 lbs - .7 lbs - 7.6 lbs
Lengths:
Rifle with flash suppressor Barrel with flash suppressor Barrel without flash suppressor -
- 39 inches - 21 inches - 20 inches
N O TE : T h es e d at a d o n o t i n c l u d e n e c es s a r y e q u i p m e n t s u c h a s t h e b a y o n e t an d t h e b i p o d .
101
3)
Operational:
Muzzle velocity Cycle rate of fire Maximum rate of fire: Semi-automatic Automatic Sustained rate of fireMaximum range Maximum effective range d.
3,150 ft/sec - 700-800 rds/min - 45-65 rds/min - 150-200 rds/min - 15 rds/min 2,653 meters - 460 meters
CYCLE OF OPERATION:
1) Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge. 2) Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel. 3) Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon. 4) Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon. 5) Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position. 6) Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver. 7) Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber. 8) Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber. e.
Disassembly and Assembly of the Weapon:
N O TE : D i s as s e m b l y a n d a s s e m b l y o f t h e w e a p o n s h o u l d b e kept to the maximum consistent with proper maintenance and i n s t r u c t i o n a l r e q u i r em e n t s .
1)
Steps in disassembly
a) The first step in the disassembly of any weapon is to “Clear the weapon” . (1)
The butt must rest on a flat surface. The
right thing will do. (2) Point the selector lever to “SAFE” position. (NOTE) This can be done only if the weapon is cocked. If the rifle is not cocked, proceed to the next step. (3) Grasp the magazine with the right hand, the right thumb resting on the magazine catch bottom. Press the bottom and pull the magazine.
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(4) Hold the balance of the stock with the left hand, the left thumb resting on the bolt catch. Open the bolt and lock if in the position. Return the charging handle to forward position. (5) Ensure the selector lever at “SAFE”. CAUTION:
The selector level must be at the “SAFE” position
w h e n c l e ar i n g w e ap o n t o p r e v e n t d a m a g e t o au t o m a t ic s e ar .
b)
Field Stripping (1)
Disassembly:
(a) Remove the sling and place the rifle on a table or a flat surface with the muzzle to the left. (b) Turn the weapon on its right side and press on the takedown pin until the upper receiver swings free of the lower receiver. C A U T IO N : T h e t a k e d o w n p i n d o es n o t c o m e out free of the receiver.
(c) Press the receiver pivot pin and separate the upper from the lower receiver group. (CAUTION): The r e c ei v e r p i v o t p i n d o e s n o t c o m e o u t o f t h e r e c ei v e r .
(d)
Work on the upper receiver group:
-Keep the muzzle in the left. -Withdraw the bolt carrier from the receiver. -Disassemble the bolt carrier group. N O T E: W h e n t h e b o l t c a r r i er i s r em o v e d , t h e c h a r g i n g h a n d l e will fall from the receiver.
(e)
Work on the lower receiver group.
C A U T I ON : The low er receiver shall be disass emb led onl y w h e n ab s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p r o p e r c a r e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f the weapon.
-Push the action spring guide. -Push down on the retaining pin by using the tip of cartridge. -Remove the buffer and buffer spring. -Depress the hammer to clear the buffer. N O TE : T h e a c t i o n s p r i n g i s u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e , c a r e m u s t b e t ak e n i n r e m o v i n g i t .
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C A U T I ON : T h e p a r t s o f t h e w e a p o n s h o u l d b e l a i d d o w n i n t h e o r d e r o f i t s d i s as s e m b l y t o a v o i d l o s s e s o r m i s p l a c em e n t .
(2)
Assembly: (a)
Assemble the bolt carrier group:
C A U T I ON : D o n o t s p r e ad t h e en d s o f t h e f i r i n g p i n r e t a i n er . N O TE : C h e c k f o r p r o p e r as s e m b l y b y e l ev a t i n g t h e fr o n t o f t h e bolt. The firing pin m ust not drop out..
(b) Replace the charging handle in the upper receiver. Push forward in the group into the open end of the sub-assembly is fully sealed. (c) Place the two (2) receiver together and reset the pivot pin. (d) Cock the hammer and ensures that the selector lever is at “SAFE” position. Withdraw the takedown pin and close the weapon. Fully seat the takedown pin. N O T E: A f t e r t h e a s s e m b l y o f t h e w e ap o n , r e m o v e th e h a n d guards. C A U T IO N : R e m o v a l o f t h e h a n d g u a rd s s h o u l d b e d o n e o n l y w h e n ab s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p r o p e r c a r e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f the weapon.
2)
Check the assembly of the weapon.
a) Check the proper operation of the weapon while the selector is at “SAFE”, semi and auto positions. (1)
“SAFE” position – pull trigger, hammer
should not fall. (2) Semi-position – pull the trigger to the rear, recock the rifle (hammer) and release the trigger. The hammer should transfer from the hammer holes and is connect to sear engagement. (3) Auto-position - pull the trigger. Hammer should fall. Hold the trigger to the rear and recock the hammer. Push forward on the automatic sear, the hammer should fall. N O TE : An y discrepancy noted from a f o r em e n t io n e d functioning means the assembly was incorrect. Check proper a s s e m b l y a n d n o t e an y d e f e c t i v e p a r t s .
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f. Maintenance – normal care and cleaning will result in the proper functioning of all parts of the weapon, improper maintenance causes stoppage and malfunctioning. 1)
Cleaning and lubricating the barrel.
a) Attach a wire brush to the cleaning rod, dip it with a cleaning solvent compound (CR) of bore cleaner, and brush the bore thoroughly. Brush from the bore to the chamber. Using a straight though stroke. (N O T E : N ev e r r e v e r s e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e b r u s h w h i l e i t i s i n t h e b o r e ).
b) Continue the process until the bore is coated with the cleaning compound. Replace the brush with a cleaning patch and continue the cleaning process until the patch comes out clean and dry. c) Clean the locking gauge in the barrel extension using a small bristle brush. d) After cleaning, lubricate the bore and locking lugs in the barrel extension by applying a light coat of oil on the surface of the barrel enclosed by the hand guards. 2) Cleaning and lubricating the Bolt Carrier Group Lower Receiver Group: a) Remove the bolt carrier group from the upper receiver group and disassemble. Clean all parts with a patch dipped in a solvent cleaning compound. b) Clean the locking lugs of the bolt, using a small brush and cleaning solvent. Dry with a patch and oil lightly. c) But one drop of oil in each hole on the right side of the bolt carrier and the open end of the bolt carrier key. 3)
Cleaning and lubricating the lower receiver group:
a) Normal cleaning will not require the detailed assembly of the lower receiver group. b) Using a clean dry patch or bristle brush remove dirt or sand from the receiver. Place a drop of oil on each pin for lubrication. c) After extensive or field exercise, the lower receiver must be disassembled and clean thoroughly, apply a light coat of oil on all parts. 4)
Maintenance before, during and after firing: a)
Before operation maintenance 105
The barrel must be wipe dry and free of oil, clean the bore with a dry patch to insure that it is dry and free of dirt. Check the forward assist assembly and the dust cover. b) During firing – to follow the recommended rates of fire. Observe for any slugging operation of any moving parts. Discontinue the use of any rifle that shows signs of wear and tear. c) After operations – follow the normal maintenance operations outline in the foregoing paragraphs 2.
US RIFLE 7.62MM M14 AND M14A1 CHARACTERISTICS: a.
Functioning: 1) Lightweight 2) Air cooled 3) Gas operated 4) Magazine fed 5) Shoulder weapon
b.
Features: 1)
The M14 Rifle
a) The selector and bipod are assembled to the weapon when used for automatic fire but can be adapted for automatic fire by the installation of a selector adapter. b) The flash suppressor is designed to reduce muzzle climb and the amount of dust raised by the muzzle blast. c) The lug on the rear of the flash suppressor is used for the attachment of a bayonet, a grenade launcher and a blank firing attachment for the launching grenade. d) The spindle valve is used to adjust the opening of the gas port when the rifle is used for grenade launching. This prevents gas operation of the rifle during grenade launching, and prevents damage to the weapon. e) The hinged shoulder rest provides vertical control of the butt end of the rifle. f) It has fixed front sight and adjustable rear sight. 2)
The M14A1 Rifle a)
It has all the features present in the M14 rifle. 106
b) It is designed primarily for automatic fire. c) It has the following additional features that differentiate it from the M14 rifle. (1) Stabilizer assembly to reduce the effect of recoil and to provide muzzle stability. (2) Modified bipod with an additional sling swivel and a larger pivot pin to accommodate the modified sling. (3) A folding front and a fix rear hand guards. (4) A straight-line stock. (5) Rubber recoil pad to reduce effect of recoil. N O TE : T h e f o l d i n g f r o n t h a n d g u a r d c a n b e ad j u s t e d t o o n e o f five positions.
GENERAL DATA a.
b.
c.
Weights: M14 with full mag & cleaning equipment Empty magazine Full magazine M2 bipod assembly M14 bipod rifle with full magazine
-
Lengths: Overall length with flash suppressor
44.3 inches
Operational Trigger pull
-
Muzzle velocity Cyclic rate of fire
-
11.5 lbs .5 lbs 1.5 lbs 1.75lbs 14.5 lbs
-
- 5.5 lbs 7.5 lbs - 2,880 ft/sec - 700-750 rounds/min
Rate of fire (N O T E : T h e s e c a n b e m a i n t a i n e d w i t h o u t c a u s i n g any damage to the weapon)
Semi automatic 2 minutes 5 minutes 10-20 minutes20 minutes 30 minutes
- 40 rds/min - 30 rds/min - 20 rds/min - 20 rds/min - 15 rds/min
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Automatic 50 rds/min 40 rds/min 30 rds up to 15 min 25 rds/min 20 rds./min
Range in meters Maximum Maximum effective (semi w/ bipod) Max effective (semi w/o bipod) Max effective (auto w/ bipod
3,725 - 700 - 460 - 460
CYCLE OR OPERATION: a. Firing – occurs when the firing pin strikes the primer of the cartridge. b. Unlocking – unsealing the breach of the barrel. c. Extracting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon. d. Ejecting – removing the empty cartridge from the weapon. e. Cocking – returning the firing mechanism to cock position. f. Feeding – placing the cartridge in the receiver. g. Chambering – placing the cartridge in the chamber. h. Locking – sealing the cartridge in the chamber. DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY NOTES: a. D i s as s e m b l y an d a s s em b l y o f t h e w e a p o n s h o u l d b e k e p t t o a m i n i m u m c o n s i s t e n t w i t h p r o p e r c ar e an d m a i n te n an c e . b. Parts of one rifle m aybe interch anged with anoth er except the bolt. C A U T I ON : T h e b o l t s h a l l n o t b e i n t e r c h a n g e d w i t h o t h e r r i f l es t o preclud e accidents .
a.
Steps in the disassembly of the rifle 1) Clear the weapon. 2) Pull back on the operating rod handle and allow the bolt to go forward. This operation will ensure that all operating parts are forward. (N O TE : T h e w e a p o n s h o u l d b e d i s a s s e m b l e d w i t h a l l t h e o p e r a ti n g p a r t s f o r w a r d ).
3)
Separate the three groups of the weapon: a) b) c)
The firing mechanism The barrel and receiver group The stock
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Grasp the rear of the trigger guard with the thumb and the forefinger of the right hand. Full downward and outward until the mechanism is released. Lift the firing mechanism. With the left hand grasp the receiver over the rear sight, raise the barrel a few inches, with the right hand, strike down on the small of the stock and grasp it. This separates the three main groups of the rifle. 4) Disassembly of the barrel and receiver group: a) Remove the connector assembly – place the groups on its left side with the operating rod handle and the muzzle away from you. (N O T E ): W h e n e q u i p p e d w i t h a s e l e c t o r , t u r n t h e selector until the side marked “A” is toward the windage knob). b) Close the bolt – right thumb on the rear of the connector assembly, first finger on the sear release bracket and second finger inside rear of the receiver, push forward with the thumb until the forward end of the assembly can be lifted off the connector lock. Use the left thumb and forefinger in lifting the assembly. c) Turn the connector assembly clockwise until the elongated hole in the connector is aligned with the elongated stud on the sear release. d) Lower the front end of the connector assembly and lift the rear end off the elongated stud on the sear release. 5) Remove the operating rod spring and the operating rod spring guide. a) Place the groups on a flat surface, sights down and muzzle to left. b) With the left hand, pull toward the muzzle on the operating rod spring to release the pressure on the connector lock. c) Pull the connector lock toward you and disconnect the operating rod spring and guide. Remove operating rod and the bolt. N O T E: T h i s c o m p l e t e s t h e fi e l d s t r i p p i n g o f t h e r i f l e .
b. Steps in the assembly of the Weapon – Follow the reverse steps in the disassembly of the rifle 1) Replace the bolt and the operating rod spring guide. 2) Replace the connector assembly. 3) Assemble the three main groups. c. Under normal conditions of maintenance, the gas system of the rifle shall not be dissembled; however, under extreme climate conditions and after a series of operation, it may be necessary to disassemble the system.
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N O TE : T h e g a s c y l i n d e r s h o u l d n o t b e d i s a s s e m b l e d as l o n g a s t h e g as p i s t o n s l i d e s f r e el y i n t h e c y l i n d e r w h e n t h e b ar r e l is t i l t ed e n d - f o r -e n d f r o m o n u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .
d.
Disassembly of gas system and hand guard
1) Loosen and remove the gas cylinder plug (Use a combination tool or any appropriate substitute). 2) Tilt the muzzle down and remove the gas piston from the gas cylinder. Unscrew the gas cylinder lock and slide the lock and cylinder forward so that the gas port is exposed. 3) Slip the front band forward toward the front sight. Push the hand guard toward the front sight and lift it off the barrel. e. Assembly – to assemble, the follow the reverse procedure in the disassembly of the hand guard and the gas system. 1) Replace the hand guard (NOTE: Do not snap or force the hand guard into its installed position. 2) Replace the front band. 3) Slide the gas cylinder forward through the front band. Tighten the gas cylinder lock by hand. Align the loop with the gas cylinder. Replace the gas piston with the port toward the barrel and the open end toward the muzzle. Replace the gas cylinder plug and secure it. N O TE : W h e n t h e g a s p i s t o n i s f u l l y s e a t ed , i t w i l l p r o t r u d e o n e a n d o n e h a l f i n c h e s b e l o w t h e g as c y l i n d e r .
MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION a.
Cleaning materials:
1) Bore cleaner (cleaning compounds solvent (CR) is commonly used however, it can also be used on all metal parts for a temporary one day protection only). 2) Hot, soapy or plain hot water is not a substitute for the bore cleaner and will be used only when no bore cleaner is available. 3) Dry cleaning solvent. 4) A carbon-removing compound is used on stubborn carbon deposits by soaking the part with the carbon and brushing it.
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b.
Lubricants: 1)
Lubricating oil, general purpose is used for the rifle during normal condition of operation and
lubricating temperature. 2) OE # 10 engine oil may be used as substitute when no oils prescribed are available. 3) Rifle grease should be applied to working surfaces. c.
Procedure in cleaning the rifle.
1) The rifle should be cleaned after firing because firing deposits primer fouling, powder ashes, carbon metal fouling. The ammunition has a non-corrosive primer which makes a cleaning easier. However, it leaves a deposit which when not remove immediately may collect moisture and promotes rusting. Upon termination of firing, a bore-cleaning compound should be applied for ease of cleaning. 2) Pour a small quantity of bore cleaner in the gas cylinder plug and insert and rotate the bore cleaning brush to clean the plug. 3) Swab the gas cylinder bore with a clean patch. NOTE: D o n o t o i l t h e i n t e r i o r s u r f a c e o f t h e g a s c y l i n d e r . D o n o t use abrasives.
4)
Clean the gas piston with a bore cleaner then wipe
dry. N O T E: D o n o t o i l t h e g a s p i s t o n .
5)
Clean the bolt with patch and bore cleaner and oil
lightly. 6) Depress the spindle valve after each firing and rotate in several times. ( NO T E : D o n o t d i s a s s e m b l e t h e s p i n d l e valve).
7)
All parts must be cleaned, wiped dry and oil when
necessary.
NORMAL MAINTENANCE The rifle should be inspected daily for any evidence of rust or fouling and to check the general condition of the rifle. A light coat of oil should be maintained on all metal parts. (N O T E : D o n o t o i l t h e g a s p i s t o n , i n t e r i o r o f t h e g a s c y l i n d e r an d t h e g a s p l u g ) .
Do not use a muzzle plug to cover the muzzle of the rifle. This will cause moisture to collect inside the bore.
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3.
HAND GRENADE a.
HISTORY OF GRENADE:
From a historical point of view, the grenade as a weapon is known to have been made with the discovery of explosives. It is reported to have been used as early as the 15 th century. During that time, the grenade was shaped like a French pomegranate. In the middle of the 17 th century, selected soldiers, then called “grenadiers”, were using the grenade with fatal effects. But soon it fell into disuse as improved versions of the rifle were introduced which consequently increased the range between frontlines. Sometimes later, particularly in the 20 th century, attacking troops found the grenade to be an essential weapon. It was discovered to be effective in clearing enemy trenches and bunkers and later, for stopping the advance of tanks. A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for military use against an enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of two (2) basic types – – hand and launched. The hand grenade or thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher. Grenades are further classified as explosive, chemical, and practice. Explosive grenades, which produce fragmentation or blast are primarily use against enemy tanks or personnel. Chemical grenades are used for anti-personnel, harassing, incendiary, smoke-screening or signaling purposes. Practice grenades may be insert or have a small charge for making practice throws. Launched grenades are most likely to be either the antipersonnel explosive type, with fragmentation warhead, or highexplosive anti-tank one. The latter shaped charge warhead is very effective against armor. Hand Grenades are fitted with a delayed-action fuse. For explosive grenades, the delay is about 4 - 5 seconds. The fuse of a chemical grenade on the other hand has a delayed action of 2 seconds and usually burns rather than explodes. Launched grenade have instant fusses. b.
PARTS OF GRENADE: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Full Ring Safety Pin Safety Lever Striker Striker Spring T Lug
7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
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Primer Body Delay Dela y Elements Detonator or Igniter Filler
Main Components of Grenade: 1) 2)
Body – contains Body – contains filler maybe of steel, cast iron Filler – – high explosive (HE) riot control agents,
smoke 3) Fuse – – classified as either detonating or igniting. Upon the removal of the safety pin and the release of the safety lever, the striker rotates, pushing off the safety lever and continues its rotation, until it strikes the primer. The impact of the strikers set off the primer which, in turn, fires the delay element. After the delay element burns through its length, it set off either the detonator or the igniter cap. c.
CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS: LIMITATIO NS:
1) Inflicts casualties to anyone within the overpressure blast radius. 2) High explosive anti-tank defeats armor by the use of a shaped charge. 3) Capable of controlling controlli ng riot by employing chemical filler such as tear and vomiting agents. 4) Can be use as screen for advancing troops, provides incendiary action. 5) The maximum casualty inflicting capability is based on the skill of the thrower. 6) Visibility affects much on the use of the grenade. d.
GRENADE THROWING:
This skill requires a lot of confidence, Here the steps in throwing a grenade: 1) Grip the hand grenade. The grenade. The safest and easiest way to grip a hand grenade for throwing is to hold it so that the safety lever is held down by the thumb, while keeping the pull ring (and safety clip if present) free and facing the non-throwing hand. 2) Position the body, and arm hand relative to the hand grenade. grenade. You should always be in a comfortable and natural position. The two (2) most important points in accurate throwing are body-target alignment and eye-target focus. Line up your body with target as through you were going to throw a football or baseball. Keep watching the target as you throw and let your arm swing naturally to it. Follow through with your throwing motion and take cover. If possible, you of a buddy should watch where the grenade lands. Make sure you properly arm the grenade before you throw it. The safety pin and clip should be removed while behind cover.
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Three General Grenade Throwing Positions: 1) Standing – – is when you want to throw the grenade at a considerable distance. The drawback here is that you expose yourself to enemy fire as you lob the grenade. 2) Kneeling – – when you need to be mobile and to be able to quickly change position. 3) Prone – Prone – when when you want to close in on the enemy. e.
SAFETY CONSIDERATION 1)
Do not drop a grenade after the safety pin has been
removed. 2) Do not use ball ammunition or blank cartridge to propel grenades. 3)
Do
not
tamper
with
duds
or
non-exploding non-explodi ng
grenades. 4) Do not pull the safety pin until you are ready to throw the grenades. 5) If a grenade is accidentally dropped after the safety pin has been removed, immediately pick up, throw it in the intended direction, shout “grenade” and then seek nearby shelter or drop to the ground with the helmet toward the grenade.
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PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all marksmanship training that takes place before live fire. b. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting the target at a given or known distance. c. Service Rifle – the primary rifle of the AFP - the M16A1. d. Caliber – diameter of the bore. Ex: The M16A1 rifle bore is .223 inch. e. Cartridge – a complete round of ammunition. Ex. 5.56mm ball, M193. Complete round 179 grains, projectile – 55 grains and 1.9cm long with a solid core. A standard ammunition used by military. f. Trajectory – the flight path the bullet takes from the riffle to the target. g. Cross-Dominance – a soldier with a dominant hand a dominant eye that are not the same. h. Pop, no kick – a firing condition when the primer ignite and the powder charge does not. This normally results in lodging the bullet in the bore. i. Primer – a explosive device in the center base of the cartridge case that is struck by the firing pin to fire the round. j. Wobble Area – the natural movement or the weapon/sights on and around an aiming point when the weapon is being held in a steady position. k. Zero Target – a scaled silhouette target with a superimposed grid for use at 25 meters. l. Alibi Fire – a condition during qualification firing when soldier is allowed to complete a record fire scenario which was halted temporarily due to circumstances beyond his control, ex: target mechanism, weapon or ammo malfunction. m. Follow-through – maintaining the position after the weapon has been fire. n. Lands – are elevated surface between the grooves of a rifle. o. Grooves – are spiral channels cut in the bore of the rifle barrel. p. Barrel Rifling – are spiral lands and grooves of a rifle design to spin accurately with carrying power (M16A1). The bullet rotates by the lands once every 12 inches of travel down the barrel. q. Immediate Action – a procedure applied to rapidly reduced any rifle stoppage without determining it’s cause.
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r. Remedial Action – is the continuing effort to determine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction and to try clear the stoppage or malfunction once it has been identified. s. Aiming point – a place on a target in which the rifle sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass. t. KDR – known Distance Range. 2.
THE FOUR FUNDAMENTALS OF MARKSMANSHIP
a. Establish a Steady Position – refers to the establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired. Steady Position Elements: 1) Non-firing Hand Grip – the rifle hand grid rest on the heel of the hand in the form by the thumb and fingers. Grip is light rearward pressure exerted. 2) Rifle-butt position – the butt of the stock is paced in the pocket of the firing shoulder this reduced the effect of recoil and helps ensure a steady position. 3) Firing Hand Grip – the firing hand grasps the pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger. The is placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifles is not disturbed when trigger is squeezed. 4) Firing Elbow Placement – the location of the firing elbow is important in providing balance. 5) Non-firing Elbow – position firmly under the rifle to elbow for comfortable and stable position. 6) Stock Weld – should provide for a natural line of sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front sight post and to the target, fire’s neck should be relaxed check fall into the stock. b. Aiming – refers to the precise alignment of the rifle sights with the target. Things to remember in aiming: 1) Correct sight alignment – placing the center tip of the front sight post in the exact center of the sight aperture. 2) Correct sight picture – has the target, front sight post and rear sight aligned. The sight picture include two basic elements: sight alignment and placement of the aiming point.
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c. Breath Control – the third marksmanship fundamental refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle steady. Two (2) types of breath control techniques 1) The first is the technique used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a shot). Breathing should stop after most of the air has been exhaled during the normal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired before the fired feels any discomfort. 2) The second is employed during rapid firs (short exposure targets). Using this techniques the soldier hold his breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger, therefore the firer must detect, acquire and engage the target before the exposure ends. d. Trigger Control – The fourth marksmanship fundamental is trigger control. It is the independent action of the forefinger on the trigger pulling it straight to the rear with uniformly increasing pressure until the weapon is fired. Guideline for Proper Trigger Squeeze: The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the trigger between the first join and the tip of the finger (not the extreme) and is adjusted depending on hand size and grip. Squeeze should start with a slight figure straight to the rear avoiding the left or right twisting movement while observing the slack. To apply the remaining pressure continuously and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay. c.
FIRING POSITIONS COMMONLY USED
1) Prone Position – provides the most stable platform for engaging targets and presents a low silhouette and easily adapted with the use of cover and support. 2) Standing Position - is used in the assault, to engage surprise target and when no other position can be used. 3) Kneeling Position – is suitable for ground that slope gently upward and when there are obstacles that hinders good target acquisition. 4) Military Operation in Urban Terrain (MOUT) firing position- although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply, the selection and use of firing positions during MOUT requires some special considerations.
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Examples: a) Firing over Rooftops – requires long range observation and only expose the parts of the body necessary to engage target. b) Firing around Obstacle – firing from around corner requires the soldier to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire by firing from opposite shoulder. c) Firing from Windows – highlight the need to stay in the shadow while firing from the windows and the requirements for cover and rifle support. d.
DRY FIRE
A technique used to simulate the firing of live round with an empty weapon. Any application of the four (4) fundamentals of marksmanship without live ammunition may be refereed to as dry fire. Two examples of Dry Fire 1) Target Box Exercise – rifle holding device checks consistency of aiming three round shot groups in a dry fire environment. The target man triangulates the three shots and labels it shot group number one. 1 cm is the standard requirement and may be compared to obtain a 4-cm shot group on 25 meter live firing range. 2) Dime (washer) Exercise – dry fire technique used to teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is effective when conducted from an unsupported position. e.
PEER COACHING 1) 2)
Benefits – can enhance learning of both of them. Duties
a) Peer coach assists the firer to obtain a good firing position and adjusting sand bags or any available support. b) Watches the firer and sees to it that the firer maintains a proper relax steady position, holds his breath before the final trigger squeeze, and applies initial pressure to the trigger with no noticeable trigger jerks, filches eye blink or other reaction in anticipating the rifle firing. If the firer is tensed and nervous, the coach advises the firer to breath deeply several times and relax.
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f. GROUPING – is a live fire exercise shooting tight shot group in a consistent location. (4 cm or smaller diameter) When the firer can consistently place three rounds within 4 cm radius circle at 25 meters regardless of a group location, he is ready to zero his rifle M16A1. Step in Marking a shot Groups; 1) 2) straight line. 3) 4) an “x”.
Locate the bullet holes. Connect three bullet holes on the target with a Number the shot group. Mark the approximate center of the shot group with
Purpose of Marking an “X” – “X” represent the center of the three 93) shots. “X” is placed closer to the two near shots. This is not a precise marking that requires measurement but it is a procedure to help shot group analysis. The three rounds shot group confirm the variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition and firer. Locating Center of Shot Groups – the central point of all nine (9) bullets fired can be found treating the “X” as a single bullet. g.
RIFLE SIGHTS AND SIGHT ADJUSTMENT The sights are adjustable for both elevation and wind
age. 1) Windage Adjustment - are made on the rear sight and elevation adjustment on the front sight. a) Rear Sight – consist of a two (2) aperture and a wind age drum with a spring loaded detent. The aperture mark L is used for ranges beyond 300 meter b) Front sight – consist of a round rotating sight post with a five – position spring loaded detent. 2) Sight Changes – to make sight changes, the firer first locate the center of his three rounds shot group and then determine the distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is measure horizontally. Elevation Adjustment – to raise the strike of the bullet, rotate the front sight post the desired number of clicks (in
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the direction of the arrow marked R) reverse the direction of the arrow marked R reverse the direction of the rotation to move the strike of the bullet to the left. i.
ZEROING Adjusting rifle to bullet hits to the aiming point at a given
range. Conduct of Zeroing on a 25-Meters Range 1) The best possible zero is obtained by zeroing at actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most zeroing is conducted at 25 meters by pushing the rear sight forward so that LRS is exposed. Using the L-sight firer consistently aims target center of mass then fires three separate three-round shot groups and numbers them. Based on the location of these groups, the firer would make the sight adjustments. After the sight changes are made, three more three-round shot groups are fired. Using the same produced to confirm the zero. The shot groups must be centered with in the zero circle. 2) Mechanical zero/initial sight setting – to mechanically zero the weapon, the firer adjust the front sight post up or down until the base of the front sight post is flush with the wall. Then adjust the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of up or clockwise. This move the post down into the well eleven (11) clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight wind age drum until it moves all the way to the left side and locks. 3)
Recording of Zero, M16A1
a) Front Sight – elevation zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be two squares high. The correction would be two(2) clicks down. With the initial setting of 11 this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9 up. b) Rear Sight – wind age zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be seven (7) clicks squares to the right, the correction would be seven (7) clicks left. This would be 17 minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R10. The data record for the firer in this example. RECORDING OF DATA MSG TEDDY R ZAMORA (OS) PA 01 Jun 02 FS 9 ----10 SN # ----671926 Note: These data are not transferable.
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4) Battle Sight Zero – to battle sight zero the rifle, the soldier must understand sight adjustment procedure. The objective of the battle sight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target engagement out to the maximum possible range while requiring minimum adjustments to the aiming point. a) LRS – setting the sight to LRS to hit at 25 meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and again at 375 meters. b) SRS – flipping back to SRS to hit at 42 meters where the line of the sight and bullet trajectory actually coincides and again at 250 meters. Most combat target are expected to be engaged in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters, therefore, the 250 meter battle sight zero is the setting that reaming on the fire. All target can be hit out to a range of 300 meters without major adjustment to the aiming point. Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets of all out to 300 meters. Trajectory (SRS) – passes through mass of all targets from 325 meters to maximum effective range. i.
EFFECTIVE RATE OF FIRE:
1) Slow Semi Automatic Fire – one round every 3 to 10 seconds used during grouping, zeroing, qualifying and during training allows for a slow precise application of marksmanship fundamentals. 2) Rapid Semi Automatic Fire – one round every 1 to 2 seconds, allows the firer to deliver a large volume of accurate fire while conserving the ammunition. 3) Full Automatic Fire (burst ) – should be utilized only after the soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and rapid fire. 3 to 13 rounds per seconds into the designated area, for a few seconds may necessary to gain initial superiority. j.
METHODS OF ENGAGING MOVING TARGETS
Moving Target Engagement – the enemy normally moves by rushes from one covered or concealed position to another. The moving target is open to aimed fire. 1) Two primary Techniques of Engaging Moving Targets:
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a) Tracking – engaging moving targets where the lead is established and maintained moving with the targets as the trigger is squeezed. Ex. The firer establishes and maintained aiming point in relation to the target. b) Trapping – a technique of engaging a moving targets. The aiming point is established forward of the target, the rifle is held stationary and fired as the target approaches the aiming point. Ex. The firer setting up an aiming point forward of the target and along the target path. The trigger squeezed as the target comes in sight. In combat defensive or offensive position a soldier do not know if their target will be stationary or moving, what is important is to fire immediately at targets occur. Note: Moving target fundamentals – is the same as engaging stationary targets and the procedure used to engage moving targets vary as the angle, speed and distance. 2)
Tips to improve Performance in Combat a)
All soldiers should understand and apply the
single lead rule. b) The moving targets coming towards them on or a slight angle (0 to 15 degree) should be engage as stationary targets. c) Information should be presented and practiced should allowed on applying addition lead to targets. k.
TECHNIQUE OF QUICK FIRE
Quick Fire (Instinctive or Quick Kill) – a technique of fire used to engage surprise targets at close range or to deliver fast effective fire for targets at close ranges (25m or less). Fire may be delivered in semi-auto/burst. 1)
Two (2) techniques of delivering quick fire a) Aimed – when presented with a target bring the rifle up to the shoulder and quickly fire a single shot. The firing eye locks through or just over the rear sight aperture and uses the front sight post to aim at the target, a target at 25m or less may be accurately engaging in one (1) second or less.
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b) Pointed – when presented with a target, keep the rifle at side and quickly fires single shoot or burst. Both eye open and uses instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with the target. A target of 15m or less may be engage in less than one second. The difference is speed of delivery between this two (2) techniques is small, pointed quick fire can be delivered about one tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire. 2)
Key to Successful Employment of Quick Fire
a) Repeatedly practice during dry fire training. b) Live fire exercise. c) Tactical consideration dictate which technique is effective in any situation and when single shot or bursts fire is used. Note: Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only when a target cannot be engageb fast enough using the sight in a normal manner. This technique should be limited to targets appearing at 25m or less. l.
EFFECTS OF GRAVITY
1) Effects on Ammunition – the bullet begins to fall as soon as it leaves the muzzle of the rifle. The maximum speed or velocity of the bullet is at muzzle, at first the bullet travel fast, covering the 25 meters segment (275-300 meters) is covered at an average speed of 1,450 mph. Gravity – causes the rate of drop to increase as flight time increases. The effect of gravity and wind increase as the range increases. 2) Compensation of gravity – the firer therefore must compensate for the effects of gravity to engage high priority targets. 3) Adjusted Aiming Point – intended to increase hit probability in combat. Adjusted aiming point to allow for the effect of gravity. Usually a soldier should aim low for targets closer than 250 meters and aim high for targets further away than 250 meters.
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m.
EFFECT OF WIND
Wind affects the bullet similar to gravity as range increases. The effects of wind vary depending on changes in wind speed and direction. The clock system is used to indicate wind deviation and value. 1) A 10 Mph full value wind – move an M16A1 (M1930 bullet about –inch at 25 meters to about 46 inch at 475 meters. A wind of greater speed increases bullet movement by nay movement. 2) A 15 Mph wind – moves the bullet at all ranges 1time more than a 10 Mph wind. Effects of wind are much greater at larger ranges. Ex. Wind measurements Flag method – constant number 4 Pointing method – divided by 4 B a s i c R u l e – W h e n i n d o u b t , a im a t t h e c en t e r o f t h e target.
n.
ELEMENTS OF CORRECT SIGHT PICTURE
1) Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture. 2) Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are aligned with. o.
RANGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1) The bolt of all rifles must be opened always 2) All loading and unloading is executed on the firing line with the muzzle of the rifle pointing towards the target. Strictly no loading behind the firing line. 3) No weapon is loaded until the command load is given. 4) All firing must be controlled by signals, commands will be given by the designated range officer/NCO. Do not fire until the command fire is given. 5) At the command “CEASE FIRING” all trigger finger must be automatically removed from the trigger and shift to safe.
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6) No weapon is to be removed from the firing line until it has been expected to see to it that it is clear with ammo and safety lever at safe, bolt must be opened always. 7) No person is allowed beyond the firing line for any reason or purpose. No weapon is carried in front of the firing line. 8) After firing, place the selector lever at safe, remove magazine and always keep the bolt open. 9) In case of malfunction or alibi, do immediate actions or remedial actions which make the barrel pointing to the target. If failed, raise hand, but alibi to be assisted by the DI or COACH. 10) Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call CEASEFIRE. 11) Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the break areas. Never point the rifle to anyone you not want to hurt. p.
MARKSMANSHIP QUALIFICATION
RATING Expert Sharpshoot er Marksman Unqualified
OLD
NEW
28-40 24-27
36-40 30-35
17-23 16below
23-29 22below
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ACROE (New) 180-200 1551179 120-154 119below
OLD 140-200 120-135 85-115 80below
_____________________________ _______________ (Name) (Date) WRITTEN EXAMINATION (Combat Training of Individual Soldier) Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the INSTRUCTIONS: sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same from this book and submit to your P latoon Leaders. 1. Intelligence – is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which concerns a foreign nation or an area of operation. 2. Military Information – means all facts, documents, materials, photograph, diagram, maps and reports of observation of a ny kind which increases our knowledge of a possible or actual enemy or area of operations. 3. Military Intelligence – is a knowledge acquired through the collection, evaluation, and interpretation of all available information concerning a possible or actual enemy or area of operations, including the weather and terrain. Intelligence cycle: 4. 5. 6. 7.
Planning of the collection effort. Collection of Information Processing of Information Dissemination and use of Intelligence
8. Map - is a graphical representation of the earth surface drawn to scale as seen from above. Man-made and natural features are defected by symbols, colors, lines and forms. Methods of orienting a map: 9. 10.
Orientation by Compass Orientation by Inspection There are three base directions used in the map, namely:
11. 12. 13.
True north (star) Magnetic north (half arrowhead) Grid north (y or gn). Methods of determining one’s position and location.
14. INTERSECTION - is the location of the unknown, unoccupied points by taking sights to the known point from at least two known occupied positions. 15. RESECTION - is the locating of an unknown occupied position by taking sights on two or more identifiable points whose position are k nown. 16. MODIFIED RESECTION – a method of locating one’s position on a map when the individual is located on a road or some other linear terrain feature identified on the map.
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17. Signal Communication – is a method or means or a combination thereof of conveying information of any king of one person or place to another except direct communication. 18. Means of Communication – a medium by which a message is conveyed from one person to another. 19. Agency of Communication – a facility which embraces the personnel and equipment to provide signal communication by any particular means or combination thereof. 20.
Wire – it is used as the principal means of communication in all military units
21. Radio – this means of communication is the most rapid one. It is most frequently used for maintaining command, control, contact and direction in contact. 22. Messenger – the use of messenger as a means of communication is preferred over the rest when maps and classified documents are to be transmitted to other operating units. 23.
Visual Signal – it is used to control the action of a small units.
24. Sound Signal – this means of communications is used primarily to spread alarms 25. Radio Net – a group of several stations working together in the same frequency. 26. Call Sign – a combination of pronounceable words that identifies the facility or station. 27. Individual Call Sign – this call sign identifies a single call to any station within the net. 28.
Over - My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you.
29.
Roger – I received your last message satisfactorily.
30.
Out – My transmission is ended and I expect no response from you.
31. Break-break – stop your conversation and allow me to this net to transmit for an urgent message. 32.
CRAWL – is a move close to ground to avoid being seen by the enemy.
33. Dark adaptation – means allowing your eyes to become accustomed to low level of illumination. Techniques in Night Vision: 34.
Avoid straining your eyes.
35.
Sudden light destroy our sight vision
36.
Adapt your seeing at night vision.
37.
COVER – is natural or artificial protection from the fire of the enemy.
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38. CONCEALMENT – is natural or artificial protection from enemy observation (shadows, foliage, thick bush, fog, the clouds and even the strong rain are included) Commonly used arm and hand signals 39
Freeze - Clenched fist at shoulder level.
40. Halt - Arm raised at shoulder level with open hand, fingers extended and joined together. 41.
Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.
42.
Alert - Clenched fist with forefinger upright.
43. Come to me (team leader) - Two fingers held against the opposite arm to indicate the Sgt’s chevron. 44. Increase Speed, Double Time or Rush – raise the hand to the shoulder, fist closed; thrust the fist upward to the full extent of the arm and back to the shoulder rapidly several times. 45. The tactical rifle squad is the basic fighting unit. When employed in the attack, its mission is to close with and kill or capture the enemy. 46. Squad Leader – he carries out the orders of his platoon leader. His responsibility includes the discipline, appearance, training, control and welfare of his men at all times. 47. Fire Team Leader – he gives positive leadership to his team, and maintains discipline, welfare and combat proficiency 48. The mission of the infantry rifle squad is to close with the enemy by means of fire and maneuver, to destroy or capture them or repel their assault by fire, close combat and counter attack. Infantry rifle squad formation 49.
Wedge Formation (Fire Team)
50.
Squad Column
51.
Squad Line
52.
Squad File Three types of movement techniques:
53. Traveling - is used when contact with the enemy is not likely an speed is needed 54. Traveling over watch - is used when contact is possible. Attached weapons move near the squad leader and his command so he can employ them quickly. 55. Bounding Over watch – is used when enemy contact is expected. It is most secured, but the slowest movement technique. 56. Platoon Leader -- Is responsible for all the platoon does or fails to do. This includes the tactical employment, training administration and personnel management and the logistics of the platoon.
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57. Platoon Sergeant -- Assist the platoon leader in the supervision, admin and training, discipline and most especially in the moral and the welfare of the platoon 58.
The U.S. RIFLE 5.56MM M16 is the basic weapon of the Philippine Army.
59. A grenade is a small explosive or chemical bomb for military use against an enemy at the short ranges. Grenades are of two (2) basic types – hand and launched. The hand grenade or thrown away, while the launched grenade is fired from a launcher. 60. Preparatory Marksmanship Training (MPT) – all marksmanship training that takes place before live fire. 61. Marksmanship – it is a skillful art of shooting and hitting the target at a given or known distance. Four fundamentals of marksmanship 62. Establish a Steady Position – refers to the establishments of a position that allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired. 63.
Aiming
64.
Breath Control
65.
Trigger Control Firing positions commonly used:
66.
Prone Position
67.
Standing Position
68.
Kneeling Position Elements of correct sight picture
69. Sight Alignment – The sight is aligned when the top of the front sight is exactly on the center of the rear sight aperture. 70.
Aiming Point – is the target where the sights are aligned with.
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PUBLIC INFORMATION 1.
THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY a.
Definition of Terms:
1) Subversion – It is a group conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system of government through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a group who want to topple the government by all mean. 2) Communism – It is a theory which advocate elimination of private ownership. It intends to make the world stateless and the society classless. 3) Agitation – It is a subversive technique to arouse hatred and anger among the people and to the government. 4) Propaganda – It is a line of persuasion/influence the belief, emotion, behavior, attitude and opinion of the target audience. 5) Infiltration – deceptive use of legal activities and this is being used to exert influence and if possible, seize control of the target group. 6) Politics – it is an art or science concerning the winning or control over government. b.
Threats to National Security
. Threat to national security may be defined as any expression of intuition to inflict evil, injury or damage to the nation’s people, territories, vital installations, political, economic and religious way of life. c.
Types of Threat 1)
General Threat:
a) Politics – caused by person/group of persons who aspire for power and/or position into the government. b) Economic – caused by businessmen who mass large amount of money but do not pay taxes, hoarders, dollar syndicate, dollar salters, smugglers and big criminals. These groups tend to drain our national fund and thus results into economic chaos. c) Psycho-social – caused by activities that would undermine the morale of the populace which make them easy prey to insurgents exploitation. These are:
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(1) (2) (3) (4) 2)
Indulgence to vices Drug addiction Prostitution Other criminal acts
External/Internal Threats
External Threat – it is posed primarily by conflict from other countries that may affect certain country politically, economically, socially and even militarily. (Iran –Iraq conflict, arms race among super powers – Indo-China War). Internal Threat – posed primarily by the different groups who oppose our present system such as: a) PKP/HMB (BHB) – officially organized on 07 November 1930, after labor organization leaders arrive from Moscow. These labor leaders studied on the teaching of Karl Marx and Linen thoughts. Its objective before was independence from the claws of the American rulers. Its military arms, the HMB emanated from the HUKBALAHAP which was a guerilla force who served to fight against Japanese invaders. After the war, the PKP/HMB continued its armed resistance against the government with the objective to topple down the government. b) CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 December 1968 by Jose Maria Sison with sixty seven (67) students activist after he drifted from the PKP/HMB. Its military arm, the New People’s Army was organized by Bernabe Buscayno, another drifter from PKP/HMB. It adheres to the teachings of Mao Tse Tung. It aims to wrest state power and completely dissolve the existing government through protracted armed struggle which is being done by mobilizing the peasantry from the country sides. c) Secessionist – it is an insurgency which aims to establish an autonomous region over the province of MINSUPALA, BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI. The first secessionist movement was organized by the former governor of Cotabato, UDTOG MATALAM in which he issued a manifesto desiring to establish autonomous government in the region stated. The most organized secessionist movement in the south is the MNLF which was organized by Nuru Ladji Misuari. To date, the MNLF is divided into three (3) factions namely: Misuari, Abbas, and Salamat faction. Another secessionist group is the group under the late Father Balweg, a renegade priest who drifted away from CPP/NPA. He aimed to establish an autonomous region over the Cordilleras.
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The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has the intention of creating a Mindanao Islamic Republic. The objective of the MILF is to curve out portions of the Philippine territory where it intends to establish an Islamic state. To attain its objective, the MILF relies on dawah or Islamic call and jihad or struggle in the way of Allah. To finance its activities, the MILF conducts “ZACAT” or tax collection, kidnapping for ransom and extortion activities. It also solicits political and financial support from local and international Islamic organization. The MILF is the exponent of Islamic fundamentalism in the Philippines. It is headed by Ustadz Hassim Salamat, a religious scholar, who originally served as the ViceChairman of the Nur Misuari led MNLF. He led the Maguindanaon, Iranon, and Maranao followers in breaking away from the MNLF main body due to policy and ideological differences with the MNLF Chairman. Unlike the MNLF which is more of a secular organization, Salamat molded his MILF into an organization which advocates for the establishment of a genuine Islamic state in Mindanao governed entirely by the dictates of the QUR’AN. It defines its ideology as LA ILAHA ILLA ALLAH MUHAMAD AL RASUL ALLAH, which means that there is God worthy to be worshipped but Allah and that worship of God must be in accordance with the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The Al-Harakat’ul Al-Islamiya (Islamic Movement) or the so-called Abu Sayyaf Group is the exponent of the Islamic extremist in the Philippines. It was organized in the early 90s by the Late Ustadz Abdurajak Abubakar Janjalani. A religious scholar who studied the islamic faith in Saudi Arabia. When the Russo-Afghan war erupted in the early 80s, Janjalani joined the Third International Islamic Brigade to help the Afghan Mujahideen repel the Russian invaders. It was in that country where Janjalani was educated on the extremist side of Islam and upon his return to Mindanao, he organized his own group to fight for the Islamic cause patterned after the Shi’ite guerillas in the Middle East. Originally, it refused to tie up with the MILF group believing that the latter organization is not true to be its objective since the MILF allows for a peaceful co-existence between Christians and Muslims in Mindanao. For Janjalani, Mindanao must be free from any influence of the Christian faith. Based on this belief, the AlHarakat’ul Al-Islamiya initially carried out operations patterned after the terrorist activities of their counterparts in the Middle East such as bombing and sabotage operations, kidnap for ransom activities targeting mostly Christian religious personalities. Eventually, however, the need for more financial and logistical resources to
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sustain its day-to-day operations forced the ASG to direct its attention to more lucrative undertakings such as kidnap for ransom activities preying on local wealthy businessmen and their families, school teachers and foreign tourists who are soft targets for ASG operations. Because of this, the ASG became notorious as a terrorist and criminal organization. d) Religious Radicals – these are members of the religious sectors who find fault into our system. They claim to be spokesmen of the oppressed. The fact is that they become radical when a number of the legitimate religious organizations were infiltrated by communists elements. These religious organizations were being used to undermine the government and denounce the abuses of the military, be they are real or fictitious. e) Social Democrats – organized in the early part of 1973 with the aim to seize state power, dissolve the government and replace it with socialist-democratic form of government. Its activities were manifested by its involvement on the recent bombing in urban areas through the “Light a Fire Movement” and the April 6 Liberation Movement. f) Rightists – these are the disgruntled politicians, businessmen, clerics, oligarch, intellectual, military men and big time criminals who work hand in hand to restore the old order to pave their way into power and position in the government. g) Political Warlords – these are politicians who maintained their private armies to secure their vested interest. They show defiance to an existing system of the government 2.
KNOWING THE CPP/NPA “If you know the enemy and you know yourself, you need not
f ea r t h e r e s u l t o f a h u n d r e d b a tt l es . If y o u k n o w y o u r s e l f a n d n o t t h e e n e m y , f o r e v e r y v i c t o r y g a i n e d , y o u w i l l a l s o s u f f e r a d e f ea t . If y o u k n o w n e it h e r t h e en e m y n o r y o u r s e l f , y o u w i l l s u c c u m b i n
every battle…” Sun Tzu Though the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) is already considered a legal entity, its original intention of making the Philippines a communist convert remains. The collapse of several communist movements around the world, somehow, did not really affect the efforts of the local communist movement in the country. Factors contributory to this such as too much democracy, economic advantage for the members and greed for power in the disguise of helping the poor continuously exist. The CPP with its military arm still poses a potent threat to the security of the nation.
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It maybe interesting to understand how it came into being, its ideology and work processes to accomplish its objectives. The CPP developed its party from top (national) to the bottom (the village). The Central Committee is the top governing body. It is composed of the chairman with the secretaries of the territorial commissions, the chairmen of the functional commissions and key personalities of various organs as members. The Central Committee seldom meets – at most is twice a year. Next in line is the Politburo or the political bureau. It is the policy making body in lieu of the Central Committee. Below the Politburo is the Executive Committee which takes charge of the daily affairs of the party. Next are the (territorial) Commissions. The CPP has five commissions in the Philippines: the Central Luzon. Southern Luzon, Northern Luzon, Visayas and the Mindanao Commissions. Next is the Regional Party Committee (RPC). A Commission is composed of six to seven RPCs. The RPC is equivalent to the regional office of the government. Every RPC has five or more Front Party Committee (FPC) or Provincial Party Committee (PPC), the equivalent of the provincial government. Then, for every three municipalities of the province is the District Party Committee (DPC). For every three clustered villages is the Section Party Committee (SPC), and finally, for each influenced village is the Village (Barangay) Revolutionary Committee (VRC). The CPP line units are responsible for all the party, army and united front activities in their respective areas of responsibility. Membership to the party is highly selective. Quality is given more importance rather than quantity of members. They believe that too many members will only pose problems especially on discipline and security whereas limited membership of professional ideologues - highly motivated, well trained and disciplined – is assured to stir the nation into a bloody revolution and seize political power. Following the lesson from Lenin, the membership of the CPP is few. Before one becomes a member, he has to undergo the rigorous life of an activist; first from legal activities, thence to semi legal and finally to illegal ones while the knowledge of communism is slowly given him. As he progresses, heavier tasks are assigned him depending on his specific skills. Once he proves his worth, he is recommended as candidate member until he becomes a party member. The Army of the CPP is the New Peoples Army (NPA). Its highest governing body is the Red Area Commission (RAC). The CPP Military Commission oversees and provides ideologicalpolitical guidance to the NPA. The highest combat unit of the NPA
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is the Main Guerilla Unit (MRGU) which is the armed component of the RPC. Below the MRGU is the Front Guerilla Unit (FGU), the armed component of the FPC or PPC. Next is the District Guerilla Unit (DGU), the army of the DPC. Then the Sandatahang Yunit Pangpropaganda (Armed Propaganda Unit) or SYP, the armed propaganda of the SPC and finally, the Militia of the VRC. The MRGU, FGU and DGU are the combatants while the SYP merely conduct the propaganda work and the Militia serves as the village police force, to impose party policies in the village. Hypothetically, the CPP is the body; the NPA is the right hand, the arm that holds the weapon. While the army under the leadership of the party committee uses psychological approaches in its political and organizational tasks, the people are naturally cowed into submission because of the presence of arms. The revolutionary term used is “armed propaganda”. The NPA, however, knowing fully well that it has to totally win the sympathy and support of the people, it continuously engaged in ideological, political and organizational work. The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF). Its highest governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC). It is not a separate and autonomous organization with a life of its own. It is a façade which the CPP seeks to mobilize the people to accomplish its ends. It has two main tasks. First, as the left hand which holds the shield. Whenever the body, the CPP and/or the right hand, the NPA and/or any of their important personnel is attacked or arrested, the function of the shield is done thru the conduct of propaganda by usually denouncing the attack or arrest as a violation of human rights. The NDF has human right groups, the active core which comes from the different NDF organizations – the League of Filipino Students (LFS), Kabataan para sa Demokrasya at Nasyonalismo (KADENA), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU), Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP) and many others. Second, as the political arm which aims to politicize the sectors of the society. To carry out this mission, the NDF has an umbrella front organization in every sector. The LFS, Student Christian Movement (SCM), College Editor’s Guild of the Philippines (CEGF) and the National Union of Students in the Philippines (NUSP) for the studentry; KADENA for the out-of-school youths; KMU for the workers and PISTON for the drivers; KMP and AMIHAN for the farmers; PAMALAKAYA for the fishermen; CNL for the church; NAJFD for the professionals with ACT for the public school teachers; GABRIELA for women; KMPL for the urban poor; and PnB for the politicians. Every sectoral umbrella organization has many affiliate organizations. This is intended to deter detection by the military and the people. The party handles the NDF with
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utmost care and in covert manner since most of those in the NDF ranks are non-communist intellectuals and who are merely motivated by their own interpretation of nationalism, some of whom are of national stature. While the party commands and disciplines its members in the NDF, the latter is extra careful not to unnecessarily antagonize the non-members. Democratic space is given but the leadership of the NDF is always manipulated so that the party in a subtle manner can always provide the directions. As part of its mission to subvert the people, the NDF has to bring to its fold people’s nationalist organizations, a few of which are organized by the party members themselves. The basic strategy of the CPP/NPA is to ride on sensitive issues and conflicts. According to the law of contradiction, matter, man and society are beset with built-in contradictions which create conflict. In reference to man and society, there are three main contradictions – personal, interpersonal and societal. The personal contradiction is with in man himself. He is confronted with what decision to take, vocations, specific jobs, whom to marry and many others. The interpersonal contradiction is between persons. The societal contradiction is between countries, political parties, classes of people and many others. The last is termed by Karl Marx as class conflict. These contradictions are the products of various social forces at play such as economic needs, political philosophies and ideologies, religions, values, beliefs and idiosyncrasies among others. “The basic contradiction in the Philippine society according to the CPP are: 1. between the Filipino nation and imperialism; 2. between the great masses of the people and feudalism; 3. the suppression of the people by the present government on behalf of the US imperialism and feudal landlords” A good communist is adept not only in exploiting these various contradictions especially the class conflict to his advantage but also in heightening the conflict to a revolutionary level by creating and inducing a revolutionary situation. The victory of the communists depends mainly on how it manipulates people based on this contradictions and class conflicts. That is why a communist is especially taught how to conduct social investigation and class analysis, that being the bases of his actions as it must be based on concrete analysis of a concrete condition. The communist follows a system in infiltrating a target group or a village. He is indoctrinated in the art of infiltration. He must master the art of infiltration to a point that wherever he is, he will look, act and talk as the majority of the people do. Communist infiltrators hide under different names, under the different target sectors. In a farming village where the communist does not have its
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army yet, or the latter has no ready access to the village, a member of the semi-legal team (SLT) does and stays in the village with the pretext that he is a farmer. Usually, his entry is pre-arranged with the actual village resident with whom he has befriended and whom he would claim as relative. Thence, covertly, he does social investigation (SI), class analysis (CA) and counter-intelligence (CI). Guided by his SICACI, he selects one resident whom he classifies as his basic ally and based on the SI, he discusses with him the social problems of the community, linking the same to the macro problems and ends with an emphatic conclusion that the social problems are caused by the structure of the society; the very rich few suppress and extremely oppress the poor majority. The military in this regard, is seen as an institutional partner of the rich to oppress the people. The CI guides him in identifying the local residents who work with the police/military intelligence network, and he avoids them. When his initial convert is prepared, he task him to convince two others; each of the other two convinces another two, and each of the next four convinces two others making the initial converts into a total of fifteen. After this is reached, the communist infiltrator, who operates covertly from the beginning, manipulates the initial converts thru his first convert who is now regarded as the leader of the group. They grouped themselves into farmers’ cooper ative. Teach-ins are regularly held until the Village Committee are established with the leader as the chairman and each of the members heads the education/propaganda, finance, defense and organizing committees. Then the activities are intensified to convince and convert the rest of the residents after which the VRC is formed. The VRC branches into three groups namely; the male adults, the women’s group and the youth’s group, each with its own education/propaganda, finance, defense and organizing committees. When all the residents are converted and/or cowed, (the unwilling ones are forced to transfer residences) the Barangay or VRC is consolidated with the inclusion of other committees namely; economic, intelligence, mass action, supply and medical committees. The male adults has one additional committee, the militia. The position of vice chairman of each of the three groups is created. The system is modified as applicable in urban areas and school settings. To further hasten discontentment of the people, the communist pursues a propaganda of agitation to agitate the people into hating, thus fighting the government. This is done by exploiting the class conflict. The propaganda of agitation uses the issue-oriented approach. The local issue of the day is discussed, say, fuel price increase and in the process of elaborating and
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deepening the issue, the communist cites the three basic evils namely; US imperialism, bureaucrat capitalism and feudalism as the roots of the problem. The issue which is legitimate and relevant to the lives of the people naturally touches them without being aware that the issue is just a mere tool to bring them under the influence of communism. The issue merely serves as the boat and those who are agitated ride on the vehicle and the communist being the skipper brings the boat to the realm of a bloody revolution to grab political power. Out of the various vocations, the most deceptive is communism. Aside from having no qualms in his deception, a communist is proud of being smart in his deceit. It is being nameless, hiding his real identity by using many aliases that renders him shameless. He tells the Christians that he is a Christian, even using the name of /Christ in vain branding him as the first communist, yet, he is godless and anti Christ. He tells the workers that his is a dictatorship of the proletariat – the working class, yet, his is a dictatorship of the communist elite and under his leadership, the workers are extremely oppressed and suppressed. He promises that the peasants that the land will be distributed and titled in their names, yet, his is a communal farming where the land is owned by the state and the farmers are only given share of the produce enough for their consumption. He tells the politicians that his political system is people’s democracy without elaborating, yet, his political system is totalitarianism. He commits anything and everything to the people just so he can grab political power. While we cannot blame him because he is indoctrinated to be such, at least, we must always be aware that the ignorance of one makes him and easy prey to the communist deceptive propaganda and manipulation, the worst kind is subtly done. At present, the local communists also considered as local terrorists, are still capable of conducting mass actions and selective armed attacks to unprepared military and police detachments and vital installations. These activities can affect economic activities in the area giving much burden to the local populace. Communism is a menace and has no place to a democratic way of life.
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HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCACY HUMAN RIGHTS a. Human Rights – embraces those fundamental freedom like the right to life, liberty, security of person, property and equal protection of the law. Example: Choose his own occupation, his religion, run for political position, to vote and associate with other people and right to the product of his labor as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights and those embodied in the universal declaration of human rights. b.
Is there a tradition of human rights in the Philippines?
Yes, even before the advent of western influences, we have a tradition of human rights as typified in the Code of Kalantiaw where rights and obligations, duties and privileges of social groups are defined. Example: 1) Tillers of the land had certain right to the product of his own. 2) The individual had the recognized rights on forest product in accordance with the ability and strength. 3) Chief had the right to protect the lives of his followers 4) The right to property. 5) The custom and tradition of the locality. c.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
ARTICLE 1 – All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards another in a spirit of brotherhood. ARTICLE 2 – Everybody is entitled to all rights and freedom set forth in this declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religious, political or other opinion. ARTICLE 3 – Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. ARTICLE 4 – No one shall be held in slavery or servitude and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all forms. ARTICLE 5 – No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel in human and degrading treatment or punishment.
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ARTICLE 6 – Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as person before the law. ARTICLE 7 – All are equal before the laws are entitled without any discrimination of equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. ARTICLE 8 – Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. ARTICLE 9 – No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. ARTICLE 10 – everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hoarding by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. ARTICLE 11 a. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. b. No one shall be held guilty of any offense on account of any act of commission which did not constitute a penal offense, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. ARTICLE 12 – No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. ARTICLE 13 a. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. b. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and returns to his country. ARTICLE 14 a. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from prosecution. b. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crime or from acts contrary to the purpose and principles of the United Nations. ARTICLE 15 a. Everyone has the right to a nationality b. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change nationality.
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ARTICLE 16 a. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion have the right to marry and to find a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage and its dissolution. b. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. c. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the state. ARTICLE 17 a. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. b. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. ARTICLE 18 – everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontier. ARTICLE 19 a. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. b. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. ARTICLE 20 a. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. b. Everyone has the right of access to public service in his country. c. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government, this will be expressed in periodic and genuine selections which shall be by universal and equal surface shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent voting procedures. ARTICLE 21 – everyone, as a member of society has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and in the free development of his personality. ARTICLE 22 a. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just pay, favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. b. Everyone without any discrimination has the right to equal pay for equal work. c. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence
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worthy of human dignity and supplemented, if necessary by other means of social protection. ARTICLE 23 – everyone has the right to form, to join trade unions for the protection of his interest. ARTICLE 24 – everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. ARTICLE 25 a. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including good, clothing, housing and social care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowed, old age or other lack of livelihood circumstances beyond his control. b. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock shall enjoy the same social protection. ARTICLE 26 a. Everyone has the right to education. b. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. c. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. ARTICLE 27 a. Everyone has the right to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the acts, to share scientific advancements and its benefits. b. Everyone has the right to protection of the moral and paternal interests resulting from any scientific literacy or artistic production of which he is the author. ARTICLE 28 – Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights freedom set forth in this declaration can be fully realized.
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_____________________________ (Name) WRITTEN EXAMINATION (Public Information)
_______________ (Date)
Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the INSTRUCTIONS: sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same from this book and submit to your P latoon Leaders. 1. Subversion – It is a group conspiracy seeking to alter an existing system of government through deceit and other unlawful means, or it is an act of individual or a group who want to topple the government by all mean. 2. Communism – It is a theory which advocate elimination of private ownership. It tends to make the world stateless and the society classless. 3. Threat to national security may be defined as any expression of intuition to inflict evil, injury or damage to the nation’s people, territories, vital installations, political, economic and religious way of life. 4. External Threat – it is posed primarily by conflict fro m other countries that may affect certain country politically, economically, socially and even militarily. 5. Internal Threat – posed primarily by the different groups from within who oppose our present system. 6. CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 December 1968 by Jose Maria Sison with sixty seven (67) students activist after he drifted from the PKP/HMB. It adheres to the teachings of Mao Tse Tung. It aims to wrest state power and completely dissolve the existing government through protracted armed struggle which is being done by mobilizing the peasantry from the country sides. 7. The military arm of the CPP is Bernabe Buscayno,
the New People’s Army was organized by
8. Secessionist is an insurgency which aims to establish an autonomous region over the province of MINSUPALA, BASILAN and TAWI-TAWI. 9. Rightists are the disgruntled politicians, businessmen, clerics, oligarch, intellectual, military men and big time criminals who work hand in hand to restore the old order to pave their way into power and position in the government. 10. Political Warlords are politicians who maintained their private armies to secure their vested interest. They show defiance to an existing system of the government 11.
The Central Committee is the top governing body of the CPP.
12.
The Army of the CPP is the New Peoples Army.
13.
The highest combat unit of the NPA is the Main Guerilla Unit.
14. The Militia serves as the village police force, to impose party policies in the village 15. The CPP united front is the National Democratic Front (NDF). Its highest governing body is the White Area Commission (WAC).
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CIVIL AFFAIRS DISASTER PREPAREDNESS DISASTER RESPONSE AND RESCUE OPERATIONS 1.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. DISASTER/CALAMITY – refers to a situation that is associated with catastrophic events where a number of persons are plunged with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems like shortage of food, clothing, medical care and other basic necessities b. FLOOD – it is state or condition when water overflows from natural waterways caused by heavy rainfall resulting in the water accumulation in low lying areas. c. RELIEF – refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who are suffering from the effects of a disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are completely helpless. d. POLLUTION – refers to any discharge of liquid, solid substance or gases into land, soil, waters, atmosphere, air or space which will create or render such environmental elements and atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or injurious to human beings, animals, plants and the nature’s environment and ecological balance. e. REHABILITATION – refers to the restoration of a person’s economic dependency to a stable living either physically, economically, socially or emotionally. f. VOLCANIC ERUPTION – an occurrence characterized by an ejection of volcanic materials such as molten lava, rock fragments, ashes, lahar flow, steam and other gases through the fissure brought about by tremendous pressure which forces open the rock formation or stem reservoirs beneath the earth’s crust. g. SPACE DEBRIS – these are remains of artificial satellites and other components as well as their means of carriage aloft which fall back to earth. h. RADIO ACTIVE FALL-OUT- these are dust particles of earth and debris, together with the radioactive materials that cling to them and are drawn up into mushroom clouds resulting from detonation of a nuclear weapon or devise and which are carried by the wind and sent back to earth. i. NATIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL – this is the highest government body responsible in advising the President of the country on the status of disaster preparedness
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program and disaster relief and rehabilitation effort at the national level. j. DISASTER CONTROL – refers to act of limiting the effect of disaster through the introduction of measures designed to prepare the inhabitants before, during and after a disaster. k. STATE OF CALAMITY – it is a condition that is declared by the President of the country in the event of a widespread destruction to property and lives due to destructive forces of nature and emergencies. 2.
CONCEPT OF CIVIL DEFENSE The Philippines is located in the circumpacific belt of fire and typhoon. This being so, the country has always been subjected to natural disaster and calamities anytime of the year. In whatever part of the country, we have been experiencing yearly natural calamities – floods, typhoons tornadoes, earthquakes, drought, fire, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions which have brought incessant miseries to our people, no to loss of lives and properties. In the mid-seventies and eighties, strong typhoons and torrential rains brought devastation to Manila and large areas of central Luzon. The 1990 killer earthquake that hit several Luzon provinces as well as Metro Manila and the effects of the 1991 Mt Pinatubo eruption had put the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) in the forefront. To enhance the people’s preparedness and ensure precision and spontaneity in responding to emergencies or catastrophes, the NDCC, together with the concerned agencies conduct regular mobilization exercises and drills at all levels with the participation of the private agencies concerned and the non-government organization. 3.
OPERATIONAL POLICIES OF NDCC Since the year 1989, the NDCC, by virtue of Memorandum Order Nr 4, has issued some functional policies and procedures intended to assist the victims of calamities and alleviate their plight. Upon the declaration of a state calamity by the President, priority assistance is instantly extended to victims in terms of relief operations, medical assistance, immediate repair of vital infrastructures which were damaged by natural disasters and resettlement of calamity victims. Calamity funds are released directly to the implementing departments and agencies. Funds released to the Department of Social Welfare and Development are used for emergency relief and rehabilitation assistance to affected areas and disaster victims. Funds released to the Department of
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Health are used in the procurement of needed medicines and for medical assistance to disaster victims. 4.
COMPOSITION OF THE NDCC The a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o.
NDCC is composed of the following Department of National Defense (DND) (the lead agency) Department of Public Works and Highways Department of Transportation and Communication Department of Social Welfare and Development Department of Education, Culture and Sports Department of Finance Department of Labor and Employment Department of Justice Department of Trade and Industries Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Department of Public Information Department of Budget and Management Chief of Staff, AFP Secretary General, Philippine National Red Cross Civil Defense Office
5. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES DURING DISASTER AND CALAMITY OPERATIONS Since the DND and the AFP possess the capability to react to natural calamities with the DND’s unique nature of organization and network of troops and asset disposition, an inter-agency plan headed by the DND was organized specifically to put into realization an action oriented Civil Defense Plan with the creation of the NDCC. The Secretary of DILG is responsible for the establishment of operation centers of all local government. The Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports is tasked with organizing the disaster control and reaction teams in large building for commercial and reaction purposes. The Department of Trade and Industry Secretary is responsible for the organization of disaster control and reaction teams in large building for commercial and reaction purposes. The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development is tasked with extending emergency relief assistance and social services to victims of strategy. During disaster operations, all other disaster coordinating councils make available their facilities and expertise relative to the effective implementation of the councils mission. Likewise, the
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office of the Civil Defense prepares the national/regional disaster and calamity preparedness plan in accordance with the approved disaster and calamity guidelines. 6. THE ROLE OF THE YOUTH DURING NATURAL CALAMITIES AND MANMADE DISORDERS All able- bodied young citizens of the land should get themselves involved in civic actions in the community where she/he lives and should be ready to render assistance anywhere and anytime their services are needed. More than anything else, it is everybody’s moral obligation to assist her/his countrymen in distress. In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the youth (ROTC cadets/cadettes) should be willing and ready to render direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following areas: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods Administering first aid treatment on victims Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation Disseminating information to concerned individual Surveying of affected families and areas Monitoring and liaisoning work Civic action activities like: 1) Environmental and ecological protection 2) River and watershed control projects 3) Tree planting/forest fire control Likewise, the concerned youth development agencies should establish coordination and linkages to be set up before, during and after every disaster. By using the NDCC operational model, the leadership in the youth development agencies, the corps of officers or coordinators, in order to succeed in their chosen endeavor should: a. Plan the chosen activities ahead of long time before any calamity strikes. Joint/Participate in training exercise on disaster and relief operations. b. See to it that resources that are available could meet the needs of chosen activities. c. Coordinate all activities properly with the City, Provincial and Municipal Disaster Coordinator Councils. d. Organize the corps into various brigade or cadre. Assign the members’ responsibilities which they feel they can properly handle. Confidence in what is one is doing is the key to success. e. Work as a TEAM. Coordinate efforts with other organizations (NGO, PO, LGO or religious organizations)
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_____________________________ (Name) WRITTEN EXAMINATION (Civil Affairs)
_______________ (Date)
Fill-in the blanks with the word or group of words that will make the INSTRUCTIONS: sentence complete or as required. After completing the examination, detach the same from this book and submit to your P latoon Leaders. 1. DISASTER/CALAMITY – refers to a situation that is associated with catastrophic events where a number of persons are plunged with hardship and suffering that are caused by problems like shortage of food, clothing, medical care and other basic necessities 2. RELIEF – refers to anything that is done to alleviate the condition of those who are suffering from the effects of a disaster/calamity and who at that particular time are completely helpless. 3. The Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development is tasked with extending emergency relief assistance and social services to victims of strategy. In times of natural calamities or manmade disorders, the ROTC cadets may be tapped to render to direct assistance to calamity victims in any of the following areas: 4.
Sorting, loading and distribution of relief goods
5.
Administering first aid treatment on victims
6.
Comforting and assisting in their rehabilitation
7.
Disseminating information to concerned individual
8.
Surveying of affected families and areas
9.
Monitoring and liaisoning work
10.
Civic action activities
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MANDATORY READINGS
1.
INTERIOR GUARD DUTY a.
Composition of Main Guard
An interior guard system is installed by commander of all military installations to preserve, protect property, and enforce military regulations. Security is part of the composition of the interior guard system. Separate units are responsible for posting interior in their areas. The elements of the interior guard system are classified according to their purposes. They include the main guards and special guards. The latter category consists of park, train boat guards and other detailed for specific purposes. Generally, the interior guard consists of a system of patrols and fixed post. Normally, an interior guard system is composed of the following: One (1) Field Officer of the Day (FOD); one officer or more Sergeants of the Guard (SOG); a relief commander for each relief; and sentinels of the guard, the number of sentinels needed for routine daytime duty is ordinarily much smaller than the number required at night or on Sunday and Holidays. b.
Functions and General Duties of Personnel
1) Field Officer of the Day (FOD) – A field grade officer detailed at FOD is the commanding officer’s personal representative. His primary concern is the proper supervision in the performance of duty of the interior guards. 2) Officer of the (OD) – The OD is responsible for the proper performance of duty by the main guards. He is charged with executing all orders of the commanding officer relating to i nterior guard duty. 3) Commander of the Guard (COG) – He is responsible for the instruction, discipline, and performance of the guards. Being a senior in rank, the commander of the guards is responsible for proper action in case of emergency. 4) Sergeant of the Guard (SOG) – The SOG is the overall supervision over the other NCOs and sentinel of the guards. He takes over a commander of the guards in case no one else is detailed as such. 5) Relief Commander – The relief commander instructs members of his relief as to their orders and duties, and makes certain that each sentinel understands them. He also familiarizes himself with the special duties of members of his relief. 6) Sentinel – They must memorize, understand, and comply with the general orders for sentinel. In addition, they must understand and comply with the special orders applicable to their particular post, including the use of counter-signs, if they are in effect.
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c.
Procedure in Formal Guard Mounting
1) Before the new guard arrives in the guardhouse, the old guards have already been formed on time by the old commander. The new guards march to the guardhouse for informal guard mounting. 2) When the new guards are about six steps from the left flank of the old guards, the new commander of the guards commands “Eyes Right”. Almost at the same time, the commander of the old guards faces about the commands “present Arms.” They remain in this position until the new guards have cleared their right flank. The old commander commands “Order Arms” 3) A soon as the new guards have cleared the right flank, the new commanders “ready, Front.” The new guard executes right flank and halts when are approximately six steps to the right of the old guards. The commander then commands “Order, Arms” and “About Face”. 4) Both commanders of the guards positioned six steps in front and centered on their respective groups, face about and command “Present Arms.” After that, they face each other and exchange salutes. They then face their guards and command “Order Arms”. 5) After the new guards have been presented to the commander of the guards, the new old officers of the day position themselves eighteen steps in front and centered on their respective guards. Both commanders of the guards face about the command “Present Arms." After which they face back to the front and salute their respective officers of the day. 6) After salutes have been exchanged both commanders face about, command “Order Arms,” and face back to the front. The two officers of the day then face each other and exchange salutes which starts with the new OD rendering salute to the old OD. They then face their respective guards. 7) The new commands “ Post the first Relief,” after which the first relief commander salutes the new OD, faces about, then commands “Falls out.” The guards report to the guardhouse and the first relief commander reports to the commander of the guards for instructions on posting his relief. 8) Meanwhile, the old OD commands “Dismiss the Guards.” The old commander of the guards salutes the old OD, faces about, and command “Rest.” He then contracts the new commander of the guards to convey instructions and orders. The old guards are then marched off to their company areas. This ends informal guard mounting. d.
Guard Orders
Sentinels are governed by both general and special orders. General orders apply to all sentinels. While special orders apply to particular posts and duties. These special orders may also contain instructions on the use of signs and countersigns. Herein below are the eleven General Orders for sentinels. 1) General Order Nr 1 – To take charge of this post and all government properties in view. 2) General Order Nr 2 -To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3) General Order Nr 3 – To report all violation of orders I am instructed to enforce. 4) General Order Nr 4 – To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own.
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5)
General Order Nr 5 – To quit my post only when properly
relieved. 6) General Order Nr 6 – To received, obey, and pass on the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, office of the day, and officer and non-commissioned officers of the guard only. 7) General Order Nr 7 – To talk to one except in the line of duty. 8) General Order Nr 8 – To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder. 9) General Order Nr 9 – To call the commander of the guard in any case not covered by instructions. 10) General Order Nr 10 – To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased. 11) General Order Nr 11 – To be especially watchful at night, and during the time for challenging, to challenge all personal on or near my post, and to allow no one to pass without proper authority. 2.
ANTI AND COUNTER - TERRORISM
Terrorism – is the unlawful use of or threatened use of force or violence against individual or property to coerce intimidates government or societies, often to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives. a.
THE ENVIRONMENT OF TERRORSIM
It is often difficult to distinguish the act of politically motivated terrorist from violent acts performed by criminals or individuals in the society at large. These acts create similar tactical-level problems for security forces, but normally have no political intent or effect. Some criminal organizations, especially drug traffickers, have become powerful enough to have vested political interest. When they pursue this interest by acts of terrorism, they become a concern for the military like any other political terrorists group. The terrorists neither require nor necessarily seek political support. Terrorist operations, organizations and movements require secrecy. Their activities do not conform to the rules of law or warfare. Their victims are frequently noncombatants, or symbolic persons and places, and usually have no role in either causing or correcting the terrorist’s grievance. Terrorist methods include hostage taking, hijacking, sabotage, assassination, arson, hoaxes, bombings and armed attack or threat thereof. b.
THE TERRORIST THREAT:
The terrorist – understanding modern terrorism requires an appreciation of the emotional impact that the terrorist act has on the terrorist’s audience, people other than the victims. The audience must now act to respond to it, therefore, media coverage is imperative to terrorist wishing to execute public fear or to gain attention for their cause. To great extent, the terrorist’s desire for attention determines his choice of tactics. The role that the terrorists group perceives itself is playing also determines its choice of tactics and selection of targets. Terrorism can be an element of an insurgency or revolutionary effort when employed with other
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military and political activities designed to gain autonomy or to supplant the existing political system. Terrorism can be mere gesture used in isolation from any meaningful political effort. In this context, terrorists frequently claim affiliation with some vague cause or obscure political philosophy to give their actions a veil of responsibility. A terrorists group’s selection of target is also influenced by its governmental affiliation. For some years, security forces categorized terrorist groups according to their operational traditions, national, transitional-national and international. Ease of travel and the growing tendency toward cooperative efforts among terrorist groups distinguish mostly by government affiliation. This helps security planners anticipate their targets and their degree of sophistication and intelligence weaponry. c.
THE GENERAL CATEGORIZATION OF TERRORIST:
1) Non-State Supported – this terrorist group operates autonomous receiving no significant support from any government. 2) State Supported – a state supported group generally operates independently but receives support from one or more government. 3) State Directed – in this category, the terrorist group operates as an agent to a government. It receives intelligence, logistics and operational support from government. d.
TERRORIST OBJECTIVES:
Terrorist events can be classified by their immediate objectives. A terrorist organization may pursue one, some or all of these objectives. The terrorist organization may establish its objectives and strategy or the government supporting the terrorist organization may dictate them. In either case, the military planner must identify these objectives and strategies in order to defeat the terrorist organization and prevent it from attaining its goal. 1) Recognition – at the outset of the terrorist campaign, the objective terrorists acts maybe national or international recognition of the cause. The reason in seeking recognition might also include attracting recruits, obtaining funds demonstrating strength. 2) Coercion – coercion is the attempt to force a desired behavior of individual or groups or governments. This objective call for from a strategy of a selective targeting which may rely on publicly announced bombing, destruction of property and other acts which are initially less violent than taking human life. 3) Intimidation – intimidation differs from coercion, intimidation attempt to prevent individuals or group from acting; coercion attempt to force action. Terrorist may use intimidation to reduce the effectiveness of security forces by making they afraid to act. Intimidation can discourage competent citizen from seeking or accept position within a government. 4) Provocation – the specific objective of terrorist acts in this category is to provoke over reaction on the part of the government forces. The strategy normally calls for attacking the targets symbolic of the government.
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Attacks of this type, demonstrate vulnerability of terrorist acts and contribute to a loss of confidence in the government’s ability to provide security. 5) Insurgency Support – terrorism in support of an insurgency is likely to include provocation, intimidation, coercion and the quest for recognition. Terrorism can also aid an insurgency by causing the government to over extend itself in attempting to protect all possible targets. Other uses of terrorism skill in insurgencies includes acquiring funds, coercing recruits, obtaining logistical support and enforcing internal discipline. e.
THE TERORISTS TACTICS
Terrorist incidents may be classified to the tactics terrorist use. There are many tactics, but generally each cell favors and specialized in the use of one or two. The tactics establish a distinct identifying pattern of operation. Generally, techniques used to analyze criminal behavior are also useful in analyzing terrorist behavior. The study of terrorist behavioral patterns can reveal most about a terrorist group. This information is helpful in implementing anti-terrorism and conducting counter terrorism operations. A terrorist organization may use any or all of the tactics below. 1) Assassination – assassination is a euphemism for murder. The term generally applies to the killing of prominent persons and symbolic enemies as well as to defectors from a terrorist group. 2) Arson – arson has the advantage of low risk to the perpetrators. It requires only a low level of technical knowledge. 3) Bombing – the improvised explosive device (IED) is the contemporary terrorist’s weapon of choice. It is inexpensive to produce and terrorist use it frequently, due to the various detonation techniques available. The IED poses a low risk to the trained terrorist. Other advantages include its attention getting capacity and the terrorist ability to control casualties through time of detonation and placement of device. 4) Hijacking – hijacking produces a spectacular hostage situation. Although terrorist hijacking on trains, buses, ships and aircraft offer them greater mobility and worldwide media coverage as a means f or escape. 5) Hostage Taking – this is usually an overt seizure of one or more people to gain publicity, concessions or ransom in return for the release of the hostage or hostages. 6) Kidnapping – while similar to hostage-taking, kidnapping is usually covert action and the perpetrators may not make themselves know for sometimes. While hostage- taker seek immediate publicity for their terrorist acts, news media attention. Kidnapping is usually less intense since the event may extend over a prolonged period because of the time involved. A successful kidnapping requires elaborate planning and logistics, although the risk to the terrorist is less than in a hostage situation. 7) Maiming – maiming creates fear causes pain, but is not as negative terrorist image as killing a hostage. 8) Raids – armed attacks on facilities usually have one or three purposes: gain access to radio or television broadcast facilities, to demonstrate government’s inability to guarantee the security of critical facilities and acquire money or materials. 9) Seizure – usually involves the capture of the building or object that has a value to the target audience. Publicity is the principal objective. The risk to the terrorist is high because security forces have time to
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react of the attack. They may opt to use force to resolve the incident since few or no innocent lives may be risked. 10) Sabotage – the sabotage in the most sabotage incident is to demonstrate how vulnerable society is to the terrorist actions. In the more developed countries, utilities, communications and transportation systems are so interdependent that a serious disruption of one, affects all and gained immediate public attentions. Sabotage of industrial, commercial or military facilities is one means of showing the vulnerability of the target. While simultaneously making statement or political or monetary demands. 11) Hoaxes – any terrorist group can successfully employ a hoax. A threat to against person’s life and those around him to devote more time and effort to security measures. A bomb threat can close a commercial building, empty or disrupt transportation system at no cost to the terrorist. The long-term effects is “false alarm” on the security force are more dangerous than a temporary disruption of the hoax. Repeated threat that do not materialized, dull the analytical and operational effectiveness of security personnel. 12) Use of NBC Weapons – although nuclear device is beyond the reach of all but the most sophisticated state sponsored terrorist group, a chemical or biological weapons is not. The technology is simple and the cost per casualty is extremely low. This makes such weapons ideal for those with little or no regard for the consequence of their act. Fear of alienation from peer and support population probably inhibits their use, but this restrains could disappear as completion for headlines increases. f.
THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The terrorist group develops organizational structures appropriate for the environment in which they operate. Since terrorist usually work in a hostile environment, security is one of the primary concerns. Hence, they organize their structure as: 1) Terrorist group is normally cellular. 2) They may organize into multi-functional cell that come several skills into one tactical unit. 3) They may create a separate specialized cells that come together for an operation on an ad-hoc basis. 4) Larger groups normally have a central command and control elements with one or more subordinate elements. Terrorist groups are strictly similar to the rudimentary military organizations. However, in other group dynamics, egos, and philosophical differences override organizational principles. Because of these internal differences, members may take actions not consistent with their stated objectives. In general, terrorist organization, specially those with little or no less access to government resources, need a support structure like: 1) Leadership – leadership is the top of t he pyramid. It defense policy and direct actions. Leadership is intensely committed and may include charismatic figures. If the group is state supported or direct, the leadership
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usually includes one or more members who have been trained by the sponsoring state. 2) Active Supporters – active supporters are people who do not actually commit the violent acts of terrorism. However, they assist the terrorist by providing money, information, legal end, medical services, safe houses, and forged, and stolen documents, Active supporters frequently agree ideologically with some or all of the group’s goal, but not the use of violence. 3) Passive Supporters – passive supporters are more difficult to define and identify. Most of them are sympathetic to the terrorist group, but either will not or cannot assume an active role. Some passive supporters are involved by intimidation or blackmail. Passive support may be unwitting, for example, contribution to charitable cause or causes. The terrorist relies on passive supporters for financial and public displays of support and minor logistical support. g.
MEETING THE TERRORIST THREAT
In this section, the government policy toward terrorism and the responsibilities of appropriate agencies within the national government shall be discussed. It includes a brief review of the AFP programs to combat terrorism. Following are statements that summarize the policies and responsibilities: 1) All terrorist actions are criminal and intolerable: thus whatever their activities they should be condemned. 2) All lawful measures will be taken to prevent terrorist acts and to punish those who commit them. 3) Host government will exercise its responsibility under international law to protect all persons within its territories. 4) International cooperation to combat terrorism is a fundamental tenet of policy. Treaties concerning aircraft hijacking, measures to protect diplomats and denial of sanctuary to terrorist are included in any international treaties. h.
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN MEETING TERRORIST THREAT
1) Legal Consideration – terrorist acts are criminal, whether committed in peacetime or war. In peacetime, terrorist may be prosecuted for violating the criminal laws of the country which they commit their crime. Terrorist may also be subjected to the extra-territorial criminal jurisdiction of other nation. They may also be subjected to universal jurisdiction by any nation for international offence such as piracy. 2) Principles of National Program – no two nations or societies are exactly alike; therefore, no two national programs for combating terrorism are identical. This is because national programs exercise the values of the society and government that create it. There are however, several principles common than an internationally recognized insurgency, for example, the use of conventional military forces (other than highly specialized counter terrorism units) in a domestic counter terrorist role and lead to overreaction and abuse. This would be counterproductive and lend support to the terrorist cause.
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3) Policy – a government develop single, consistent policy, the national leadership must express it clearly. The statement of policy address three (3) audiences: a) The Domestic Population – the terrorist attempts to undermine popular faith in a government ability to protect its citizens. A significant part of the government policy therefore, must demonstrate to its citizens that their government actions are more detrimental to their well being than the terrorist acts the government attempts to prevent. b) The International Community – views the government policy as statement of national resolve and commitment. It evaluates the policy for consistency, with agreements, treaty, commitments, and adherence to national and international law. To the extent the policy achieve this, the government legitimacy grows while that of the terrorist diminishes. However, a strong national policy against terrorism is meaningless without the resolve and the means to implement it. c) The Terrorist – are the third audience for national policy. In general, terrorism is – at his time – a low risk operation. Bombings, hijacking and assassinations offer terrorist groups a high probability of success and low risk of capture or death. However, a strong consistent national program effectively executed; can increase the terrorist risk. It can also separate the terrorists from the populace, thereby denying their sanctuary, recruits, funds and support. The terrorist evaluates the government program by comparing its public statements with effectiveness of its policy. d) Organization – a government cannot easily organize and support a new system whose sole mission is combating terrorism, due to the expense and degree of sophistication required, therefore, it usually employs existing organizations. e) Terrorist attack – a broad range of target which fall into many different civil and military jurisdictions. Thus, no single element of government can fully cope with all aspects of a nation’s terror ist problem. To be successful, it is necessary for a government to orchestrate the activities of the many agencies involved. National leaders must actively participate in this orchestration. One way to focus the national effort is to establish an office which deals exclusively with terrorism. Such an office requires a mechanism for policy coordination. A council composed of senior personnel from all government agencies involved in the anti-terrorism program could provide this mechanism. The head of the terrorism office should chair this council; ideally, he should report directly to the nation’s leader. i.
FUNCTIONS OF A NATIONAL PROGRAM
The functions of a government program for combating terrorism are similar to those for counter-insurgency. Chief among these functions are: 1) Intelligence – intelligence provides the key to both successful AT and CT programs. A nation’s ability to recognize, analyze and move against a terrorist threat depends upon the effectiveness of its intelligence apparatus. An effective system of information exchange and control between the police and the military should provide both organizations with essential current intelligence. The police is normally have unit exclusive
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contact with general population than the military. Thus, information concerning terrorist place, recruitment, and support structure will normally surface from police sources earlier than from military source. 2) Security – security is the context of a national program to combat terrorism includes both anti-terrorist (AT) and counter-terrorist (CT). Anti-terrorist (AT) programs are the most difficult to plan and implement because they require active participation by all agencies and to varying degrees, the public. Counter-terrorist (CT) on the other hand, generally involves only intelligence, police, and on occasion, selected military personnel. The fundamental elements of an AT program include awareness and physical security. One of the defensive behaviors the AT campaign encourages is physical security. This includes efforts to both physically strengthen and control access to facilities which are likely terrorist targets. In brief, by developing public awareness and implementing or enhancing physical security, the government “hardens” the terrorist targets. This makes the terrorist task more difficult. More importantly, it increases the risk of injury, capture, or death for the terrorist. 3) Information – in combating terrorism, the government coordinates a variety of policy instruments, both internally and its allies. Informational activities are one of the most important ingredients in a national security strategy. Policy makers should understand how using informational assets could strengthen the government standing in both world and domestic public opinion. PSYOPS, public affairs (PA) and public diplomacy are all informational activities. Each can play an important role in combating terrorism. When government uses information to persuade, it is a PSYOP weapon. When it uses information to discuss matters of public interest, it becomes a PA. When the government integrates information into a comprehensive program involving both information and cultural activities supporting a national strategy, it becomes a part of public diplomacy. In combating terrorism, PYSOP can contribute immensely to an offensive strategy. It can help avoid collateral damage to the general populace. A well-planned and executed program put the terrorist on the defensive psychologically, forcing him into more predictable behavior. PSYOP integrated with other operations helps separate the terrorist from their sources of support and instigate rivalry between different groups. Terrorist and terrorist group promote their actions through the news media. To counteract this, the government must preempt the terrorist exploitation of the media through rapid and accurate disclosure of their activities and intentions. Only serious national security and operational requirements should be allowed to alter the procedure. Adhering to such full disclosure policy helps offset terrorist propaganda. It may help turn public opinion against terrorist exposing their cruelty and destructive acts. But a policy of full disclosure must also avoid the release or exposure of counterproductive information. Consistency within the national program and education of the population and military forces combine to reduce the risk of terrorism. Unity of effort and legitimacy are factors in any program o combat terrorism. But leadership and effective management are paramount. No amount of training,
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money or equipment can overcome poor judgment or inattention to deal in the struggle against terrorism. j.
PRINCIPLES OF COMBATING TERRORISM
A well-structured anti-terrorism program is the foundation of any effective combating terrorism effort. The basics of such program include the collection and dissemination of timely threat information, the conduct of information awareness program and the implementation of sound defensive measure. Defensive measures include preparation and exercise of response forces and procedures. . Because absolute protection against terrorist activities is not possible, protection plan and procedures are based on assessment of the threat and an evaluation of friendly vulnerabilities. The resulting plan should strike a reasonable balance between the protection desired, mission requirements, and the vulnerability of resources. Army Combating Terrorism Program – within the army, combating terrorism is one aspect of force protection. It therefore falls within the staff responsibility of operations officers at all levels. The Army designed its combating terrorism program to reduce the vulnerability of installations, unit and personnel during peacetime, mobilization and war. The Army’s program concentrates on developing a protective posture in peacetime which can carry over war. The Army’s approach to combating terrorism has two distinct but not separate aspects of anti-terrorism and counter-terrorism. Anti-Terrorism – includes all measures that installation, units and individuals take to reduce the probability of their falling victims to terrorist act. AT includes these defensive measures that reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property. The extent of these measures varies based on assessment of the local threat. These include personnel awareness and knowledge of personal protection techniques. They also include crime prevention and physical security program to “harden” the target, making the Army installations and personnel less appealing as terrorist targets. Counter-Terrorism – includes the full range of offensive measures to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism. Other counter-terrorism measure preemption, intervention, or retaliation with specialized forces operating under direction of the NCA – have the characteristics of strikes or raids.
3.
BASIC SURVIVAL
Survival – is the at of living into a new state of things but adopted to an environment as a result of natural selection. a.
The following are situations that causes survival: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
b.
Air crashes Crash landing Ship wreck Lost patrol Unit cut-off main body
Psychological conditions to overcome in order to survive
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1) Fear of the unknown – your fear of the unknown will be eliminated by proper training and briefing. Perhaps you will learn something of the geography, topography and the climate of the area which you will operate. All it takes is to recall them. 2) Fear of discomfort – fear of discomfort will be eliminated when you know how to get water, food and proper ways to travel thru the terrain. Knowledge of medicines and construction of shelter will also help you to overcome this condition. Remember that rest is valuable than speed and you will be more comfortable if you make your way with careful planning. 3) Fear of people – Fear of certain races of people within the territory can be relieved by previous knowledge and some common sense. Unless they have been allied with the enemy, you will have little trouble from the native and possibly get a lot of assistance. 4) Fear of your weakness – considerable outdoor experience, or previous experience in environment similar to that which you find yourself; you should have confidence in you ability to live-off then land if not, take advantage of any opportunity to go any survival school. d.
Deciding factors for survival
1) Determination to Live – You can remain alive anywhere in the world when you keep your wits, you may suffer all the hardship and obstacle, yet you will still be alive because of your strong determination in your will to survive. 2) Ability to make nature work for you – Remember that nature and elements are actually interested on your welfare. If you know how to use it in your own advantage, it will always be your friend. e.
Key words in survival 1)
Size up the situation by considering:
a) Yourself – Hope for the best but prepare for the worst. Recall survival training, expect it to work. Be confident that you can survive. Get to safe comfortable place as quickly as possible. Once there, look things over, think and forge a plan. Your fear will lessen and your confidence increases. Be calm. Take It easy until you know where you and where you are heading for. b) The area – Part of your fear may come from being in a strange country, therefore try to determine where you are by landmarks, compass direction or by recalling intelligence passed to you by leaders. c) The Enemy - put your self in the enemy’s shoes. What would you do? Watch the enemy habits & routines. Base your plans in your observations. Remember you know where the enemy is but he does not know where you are. 2)
Undue haste make waste a)
Don’t be to eager to move. It will make you careless
and impatient.
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b) Don’t loose your temper. It makes cause you to top thinking when something initiating happens, stop, take a breath and relax, start over. c) 3)
Face the fact, danger does exist.
Remember where you are.
You may give yourself away because you are top acting in a certain way. Do things naturally. 4)
Vanquish fear and panic
a) To fear is normal and necessary. It is natures of giving you to that extra shot of energy when you need learn to recognized fear for what it is and control it. b) When you are injured and in pain, it is difficult to control fear. Pain sometimes turn fear into panic and causes person to act without thinking. c) Panic can also cause by loneliness. It can lead to hopelessness, suicide and carelessness, even capture or surrender. Recognizing this signs help to overcome panic. d) Planning your escape will keep your mind busy. Find things to do and watch. Remember that miracle work best for those who prepare carefully and they can do to save themselves. 5)
Improvise
a) You can always do something to improved the situation. Figure out of what you have, then improvise. b) Learn to put up with new and unpleasant conditions. Keeping your mind on survival will help. Don’t be afr aid to try strange food. 6)
Value living
a) A hope and real when for escape reduces your fear and make chance of survival. b) Conserve your health and strength. Injury will greatly reduce your chance of survival and escape. c) Hunger, cold and fatigue lower your efficiency and stamina, make you careless and increases the possibility of getting caught. Knowing that this will make you especially careful, because you will realize that your low spirit is the result of your physical condition and not of the danger. d) Remember your goal – Getting out alive concentrating on the time after you get out alive will help you value living now. 7)
Act like a native
Accept the true customs of the native. When you are in the situation, accept and adopt native behavior. 8)
Learn basic skills 160
f.
Survival rules on edibility 1)
Generally: a)
Anything that swims, flies, creeps and crawls are
edible. b) All four-legged animals edible c) Anything that birds and monkeys eat are edible d) All eggs are edible e) All larvae are edible f) Almost all sea leaves are edible g) All reptiles are edible h) All crustaceans and mollusk are edible i) Most fish you can catch in an open sea and sight of land are good to eat j) Eel are good to eat than sea snakes k) All snakes except sea snake are edible l) Cook animals as soon after killing as possible m) Frogs, turtles, lizards, alligators and crocodiles are edibles. Toads are not edible n) Always remove in trails (intestines) and sex glands before cooking.
2) Water – will be a primary requirement. Start looking for it immediately. An individual can get along without food for a week, but he can’t live along without water, especially in hot or in arctic areas where he will lose large quantities of water thru sweating or dehydration. Purification – purify all water before drinking, either (1) by boiling for at least one minute; (2) by using water purification tablets; (3) by adding eight drops of 2 ½ percent solution of iodine to a quart (canteen full) of water and letting it stand for ten minutes before drinking. Rainwater collected directly in the clean containers or in plants is generally safe to drink without purifying. Don’t drink urine or sea water – the salt content is to high. 3) Plants - Never eat large quantities of strange food without first tasting it. Prepare a cooked sample then take a mouthful, chew and hold it in your mouth for five minutes. If it still taste good, go ahead and eat it. If the taste is disagreeable, don’t eat it. A Burning of bitter taste is a warning of danger. a) Plants eaten by birds and animals are safe. b) Don’t eat unknown plants with milky juice or let silk contact your body skin. c) Don’t eat unknown plants that have a disagreeable odor. d) Non-poisonous mushroom are edible. Poisonous mushroom are very dangerous. Cooking will not destroy the poison. Poisonous mushroom have a frill or ring around the upper part of the stem and cup that the base into which the stem fits.
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e) Don’t eat bitterness is a guide for danger. 4) g.
unknown plants that taste disagreeable,
Most roots are edible, but must be boiled thoroughly.
COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS
1) Avocado – fresh leaves use for diarrhea. Boil for thirty minutes. Take a glass three time a day. 2) Ampalaya – Leaves, antiseptic for wounds Cure for malaria. Boiled seed or stem. For stomach trouble. Reduce constipation. 3) Atis Leaves, bark, unripe fruits, good for diarrhea. Boil or ground fruit. For sprain, wrap leaves. 4) Balingbing – For gonorrhea. Rub and squeeze in opening of penis. Rub around penis. 5) Banana – Leaves and bark. Boil for kidney trouble. Increase urine flow. Four to Five glasses daily. 6) Garlic – Bulb is a cure for high blood, inflammation of peptic ulcer. Use a juice. 7) Guava – Leaves for diarrhea and antiseptic for wounds 8) Cacao – Boil roots for kidney trouble 9) Chico – Bark cure for diarrhea 10) Duhat – Barks when boiled is good for cure of diabetes and hemorrhage. 11) Granada – Fruits, barks cures hemorrhage. 12) Gumamela – Flower for boils 13) Squash – Seeds when boils is good eradicating parasites 14) Calamansi – For cold 15) Camias – for gonorrhea 16) Coffee – stimulants for nerves and heart 17) Kawayan – roots and leaves, shoots for curing kidney 18) Kaimito – Bark or fruit for diarrhea 19) Radish – Help cure peptic ulcer 20) Jackfruit – Milky caps helps cure wound h.
HUNTING GROUNDS FOR SURVIVAL
1) Along sea coast between high and low water marks 2) Areas between beaches and corals reefs 3) Marshes and mud flats 4) Best time is on early morning or dust 5) In travels keep alert for animal size such as tracks, trampled underbrush or droppings. 6) On narrow trails, watch for games crossing 7) In hallow trees.
4.
INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS (CMO) REVISED CMO PROGRAM
The Revised CMO Program encompasses various factors in our society such as economic, social, political and psycho-social activities being
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undertaken by the AFP-DND in close coordination with civil government agencies (CGA); non-gov’t organization (NGO); media, and other important sectors in the disasters and calamities. This ranges from the simple to exemplary conduct of the individual soldier improvement projects/programs that could remove the root cause of insurgency and catalyze socio-economic development of our country. a.
CMO OBJECTIVES; 1)
BROAD OBJECTIVES:
a) To enrich the military personnel moral, spiritual and nationalistic positive values and strengthen his commitment to his constitutional role as defender of his country and protector of his people. b) To contribute the natural growth and development while sustaining as wide bade of popular support for the government particularly the AFP. c) To help establish the environment conducive to the early return to the folds of the law of the various threat groups. d) To develop CMO doctrines, concepts and strategies through continuous research, analysis, surveys and special studies. 2)
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
a) To conduct values education activities among military personnel and their dependents. b) To train military personnel, their dependents is essential vocational skills. c) To conduct civic action, community relations and public information activities among the civilian populace in the urban and rural areas. d) To help broaden the awareness of Filipinos on the nature and dynamics of various threats to national security, and also no to extend any kind of support to dubious organizations in and out of the country. e) To link-up and interface with the civil government agencies (CGAs), tri-media group, non-gov’t organization (NGOs) and other sectors in the delivery of basic goods and services during disasters/calamities and /or insurgency related operations. f) To reach out develop, organize and motivate the people in insurgency affected barangays to resist communist insurgency, and reject all forms of terrorism and criminality. g) To conduct activities that will strengthen and uplift the moral fiber of soldiers to include their dependents, and develop them into better well-discipline soldier. h) To conduct research/analysis for the purpose of developing CMO policies, doctrines, techniques and responsive appeals. a.
CMO COMPONENTS: 1)
Military Values Education (MILVED)
a) Definition – the dynamic of process of learning internalizing, upholding and practicing universal truth, moral principles and
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time honored intrinsic military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of AFP goals objectives. b)
Objectives:
(1) To develop, organize and sustain a corps of trainers from any PA units, and responsible for the implementation of AFP Values Education Program of Instruction (MILVED POI) based on t he Philippine Constitution and AFP Code of Ethics. (2) To undertake regular values education activities to include the publication and distribution of values reading material at all levels of command. 2)
Military Livelihood Program (MILP)
a) Definition – it is designed to provide necessary assistance to the soldier and his dependents to embark on productive gesture that would enable him to cope with harsh economic realistic while in the active services and during retirement. b)
Objectives
(1) To transform the soldier and his dependents into productive members of the organization and to locality through manpower skills development. (2) To develop interest of the soldier in the organization of cooperative and active participation of his dependent through loan acquisition and/or initiation of specific livelihood project may be expedite. (3) To establish and maintain livelihood centers where soldiers and his dependents could avail of training and technical assistance in planning and implementation of productive activities. 3)
Military Civic Action Program (MICAP)
a) Definition – the use of the army resources in predominantly non-military projects and activities useful to the people and supportive of combat operation in such fields as socio-economic, health and sanitation, agri-industrial, rescue, relief and rehabilitation, education and the like. b)
Objectives:
(1) To support combat operations through the conduct or short term, high impact CIVAC projects jointly with civil government agencies (CGAs). (2) To assume implementation of certain civil works projects being undertaken by DPWH and other civil government agencies concerned and therefore request for assistance, to be implemented with AFP Engineers as OPR and fund s from other civil government agencies (CGAs). 4)
Community Relation Program (COMREL)
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a) Definition – it is a program that needs active participation of the AFP personnel, individual or collectively as an AFP unit, in people oriented community-based activities initiatives in such fields sports; cultural/historical events/festival, cause-oriented program immoral activities, and other community relation activities. The difference between the COMREL and CIVAC is that the former is to identify the military with the community, not as costintensive and more often is undertaken by the military as a result of COMREL, cost-intensive and designed to improve the military’s standing in the locality as well as the spur growth and development efforts. b)
Objectives:
(1) To enhance better understanding and prompt closer coordination/cooperation between/among military personnel; civil government agencies; NCO’s; and the people. (2) To bring the AFP closer to the people and develop sensitively in the AFP personnel for people’s sentiments, problems and aspirations. 5)
Public Information Program (PUBINFO)
a) Definition – is the dissemination of military information through all forms of communications media to include interpersonal, face to face communication to the internal audience and more specifically to the public at large with the view of information them about peace, security and development efforts. b) Objective: To disseminate information through all form of communication media such as print and broadcast (radio/TV); inter-personal, face to face communication that will broader the public understanding of the AFP, and to generate public support for the AFP in particular support for the AFP in particular understanding of the various threats to national security, its objectives, strategies and techniques to grab political powers. 6)
Psychological Operation Program (PSYOPS)
a) Definition – it is a myriad of activities undertaken by the military addressed principally to the enemy (CPP/NPA/NDF; MNLF; and URG) directly or through key communicators, designed to breaks his will to fight and persuade him to abandon the resident struggle and return to the folds of the law. actions and appeals in this program are generally persuasive in character with the BALIK-BARIL projects as backbone. b)
Objectives
(1) To disseminate print and broadcast propaganda materials exploiting certain psychological issues and situations designed to break the enemy’s will to fight.
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(2) To conduct community organizing/networking activities to insulate the people from enemy infiltration and/or severe enemy linkage with the people. (3) To identify the implementation of BALIK-BARIL protects.
7)
Research and Special Studies Program (RSSP)
a) Definition – it is designed to improve and upgrade the operational effective of CMO and to hasten the attainment of AFP objectives. It include collection of Psyops information, conduct of surveys if enemy propaganda and the conduct of the special studies in the support of other CMO program components. b)
Objectives: (1) (2) (3) (4)
Collection of psyops information Surveys of enemy Analysis of enemy propaganda Special studies
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ANNEX -
RA 9163
Republic of the Philippines Congress of the Philippines Metro Manila Weekly Congress First Regular Session Begun and held in Metro Manila on Monday, the twenty-third day of July, two thousand one. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163 AN ACT ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) FOR TERTIARY LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE OF REPUBLIC ACT 7077 AND PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1708 AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES Enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled: Section 1. S h o r t T i t l e. - This Act shall be known as the “National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001. Section 2. D e c l a r at i o n o f P o l i c y – It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the responsibility of all citizens to defend the security of the State in fulfillment thereof, the government may require each citizen to render personal, military or civil service. Recognizing the youth’s vital role in nation-building, the State shall promote civic consciousness among the youth and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public and civic affairs. In pursuit of these goals, the youth, the most valuable resource of the nation, shall be motivated, trained, organized and mobilized in milit ary training, literacy, civic welfare and other similar endeavors in the service of the nation. Section 3. D e f i n i t i o n o f T er m s – It is hereby affirmed the prime duty of the government to serve and protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the (a) “National Service Training Program (NSTP)” is a program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of service and patriotism while undergoing training in any of its three (3) program components. Its various components are specially designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to the general welfare. (b) “Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC)” is a program institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed to provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national preparedness.
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(c) “Literacy Training Service” is a program designed to train students to become teachers of literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out of school youth, and other segments of society in need of their service. (d) “Civic Welfare Training Service” refers to programs or activities contributory to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry. (e) “Program component” shall refer to the service components of the NSTP as enumerated in Section 4 of this Act. Section 4. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e N a t io n a l S e r v i c e T ra i n i n g P r o g r a m – There is hereby established a National Service Training Program (NSTP), which shall form part of the curricula of all baccalaureate degree courses and of at least two (2) year technical vocational courses and is a requisite for graduation, consisting of the following service components: (a) The Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), which is hereby made optional and voluntary upon the effectivity of this Act. (b) The Literacy Training Service; and (c) The Civic Welfare Training Service The ROTC under the NSTP shall instill patriotism, moral virtues, respect for rights of civilian, and adherence to the Constitution, among others. Citizenship training shall be given emphasis in all three (3) program components. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in consultation with the Department of National Defense (DND), Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Coordinating Council of Private Educational Associations of the Philippines (COCOPEA) and other concerned government agencies may design and implement such other program components as may be necessary in consonance with the provisions of this Act. Section. 5. C o v e r a g e – Students, male and female, of any baccalaureate degree course or at least two (2) year technical vocational courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to complete one (1) of the NSTP components as requisite for graduation. Section. 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit – Each of the aforementioned NSTP program components shall be undertaken for an academic period of two (2) semesters. In lieu of the two (2) semester program for any of the components of the NSTP, a one (1) summer program may be designed, formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA. Section. 7. N S T P O f f e r i n g i n H i g h e r a n d T e c h n i c a l - V o c a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s . – All higher and technical-vocational institutions, public and private, must offer at least one of the program components: Provided , That State universities and colleges shall offer the ROTC component and at least one other component as provided herein: P r o v i d e d , f u r t h e r , That
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private higher and technical-vocational education institutions may also offer the ROTC if they have at least three hundred and fifty (350) cadet students. In offering the NSTP whether during the semestral or summer periods, clustering of affected students from different educational institutions may be done, taking into account logistics, branch of service and geographical considerations. Schools that do not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC and any of the NSTP components shall allow their students to cross-enroll to other schools irrespective of whether or not the NSTP components in said schools are being administered by the same or another branch of service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), CHED and TESDA to which schools are identified. Section. 8. F e e s a n d I n c e n t i v e s . – higher and technical-vocational institutions shall not collect any fee for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition fees, which shall not be more than fifty percent (50%) of what is currently charged by schools per unit. In the case of the ROTC, the DND shall formulate and adopt a program of assistance and/or incentive to those students who will take the said component. The school authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA shall ensure that group insurance for health and accident shall be provided for students enrolled in any of the NSTP components. Section. 9. S c h o l a r s h i p . – There is hereby created a Special Scholarship Program for qualified students taking the NSTP, which shall be administered, by the CHED and TESDA. Funds for this purpose shall be included in the annual regular appropriations of the CHED and TESDA. Section. 10. M a n a g e m e n t o f t h e N S T P C o m p o n e n t s . – The school authorities shall exercise academic and administrative supervision over the design, formulation, adoption and implementation of the different NSTP components in their respective schools: P r o v i d e d , That in case a CHED or TESDA accredited nongovernmental organization (NGO) has been contracted to formulate and administer a training module for any of the NSTP components, such academic and administrative supervision shall be exercised jointly with that accredited NGO: P r o v i d e d , f u r t h e r , That such training module shall be accredited by the CHED and TESDA. The CHED and TESDA regional offices shall oversee and monitor the implementation of the NSTP under their jurisdiction to determine if the trainings are being conducted in consonance with the objective of this Act. Periodic reports shall be submitted to the CHED, TESDA and DND in this regard. Section. 11. C r ea t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l S e r v i c e R e s e r v e C o r p s – There is hereby created a National Service Reserve Corps, to be composed of the graduates of the non-ROTC components. Members of this Corps may be tapped by the State for literacy and civic welfare activities through the joint effort of the DND, CHED and TESDA. Graduates of the ROTC shall form part of the Citizens’ Armed Force, pursuant to Republic Act No 7077. Section. 12. I m p l e m e n t i n g R u l e s – The DND, CHED and TESDA shall have the joint responsibility for the adoption of the implementing rules of this Act within sixty (60) days from the approval of this Act
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These three (3) agencies shall consult with other concerned government agencies, the PASUC and COCOPEA, NGOs and recognized student organizations in drafting the implementing rules. The implementing rules shall include the guidelines for the adoption of the appropriate curriculum for each of the NST P components as well as for the accreditation of the same. Section. 13. T r an s i t o r y P r o v i s i o n s - Students who have yet to complete the Basic ROTC, except those falling under Section 14 of this Act, may either continue in the program component they are currently enrolled or shift to any of the other program components of their choice: P r o v i d e d , That in case he shift to another program component, the Basic ROTC courses he has completed shall be counted for the purpose of completing the NSTP requirement: P r o v i d e d , f u r t h e r , That once he has shifted to another program component he shall complete the NSTP in that component. Section. 14. S u s p e n s i o n o f R O T C R e q u i r e m e n t – The completion of ROTC training as a requisite for graduation is hereby set aside for those students who despite completing all their academic units as of the effectivity of this Act have not been allowed to graduate. Section. 15. S e p a r ab i l i t y C l a u s e – If any section or provision of this Act shall be declared unconstitutional or invalid, the other sections or provisions not affected thereby shall remain in full force and effect. Section. 16 A m e n d a to r y C l a u s e – Section 35 of Commonwealth Act No. 1, executive Order No. 207 of 199, Sections 2 and 3 of Presidential Decree No. 1706 and Section 38 and 39 of republic Act no. 7077, as well as all laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations and other issuance inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby deemed amended and modified accordingly. Section. 17. E f f e c t i v i t y – this Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in two (2) newspapers of national circulation, but the implementation of this Act shall commence in the school year of 2002-2003.
Approved, FRANKLIN M. DRILON
JOSE DE VENECIA JR
P r e s i d e n t o f t h e S en a t e
Speaker of the House o f R e p r e s e n t at i v e
This act which is a consolidation of H. B. No. 3593 and S. B. No. 1824 was finally passed by the House of Representatives and the senate on December 19, 2001.
OSCAR G YABES
ROBERTO P. NAZARENO
Secretary of the Senate
Secretary General H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t iv e
Approved: Jan 23, 2002 GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO President
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ANNEX - MS 1 POI BASIC ROTC PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION PURPOSE: To teach students the values of citizenship, leadership, service to the community, personal responsibility and a sense of accomplishment while instilling in them self-esteem, teamwork, and self-discipline. It prepares students for responsible leadership roles while making them aware of their rights, responsibilities, and privileges as Filipino citizens. It provides instruction and rewarding opportunities that will benefit the student, community, and nation. OBJECTIVES: a.
The objectives of the ROTC program are:
1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected students to serve as commissioned Officers in the Active or Reserve Force of the Philippine Army. 2. To provide ROTC cadets with the fundamental concepts and principles of military art and science to develop leadership and managerial potential. 3. To develop strong sense of personal integrity, honor, responsibility, and good citizenship. b. Attainment of the ROTC objectives prepares students for a sound foundation for their future professional development and effective performance essential to success in any career. Basic ROTC POI for 1st Semester (MS 1)
A.
TITLE:
B.
DURATION: Sixty (60) Periods or 15 Training Weeks
SUBJECT
SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION
1. PHYSICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CADET CORPS and COURSE ORIENTATION 2. MILITARY ORIENTATION a. Legal Basis for ROTC Program
Organizing the cadets by squad / platoon / company and its equivalent of the Cadet Corps. Course orientation (General Provisions, attendance, Grading System, Merits System, Conditions of the Service).
NR OF PERIODS Lecture (L) & Practical References Exercises (PE) 2 (1L, 1PE)
12 Specific Provisions of the Fundamental law and pertinent Republic Act
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1L
RA 7077, RA 9163 & Phil Constitution
b. Military Organization
c. Philippine Military History
d. AFP Core Values
e. Military Courtesy and Discipline
f. Military Justice
g. Military Leadership
a. Organizations & Functions of the AFP; Major services; area unified commands; major combat service and combat service support organization; The TOE of a Div, Bde and other units; PA, PAF and PN mission, b. The Chain of Command (Commander in Chief, DND & AFP, Brief History of the AFP, Mission, Organization and capabilities of the AFP, Major Service Commands, Major Service RESCOMs and AFPRESCOM. a. Filipino Freedom Fighters (Guerillas) during pre-Spanish period influences of the Spaniards. Americans and Japanese on our society and the society of the future. b. The capsulated history of the AFP, Participation in the conflicts from WW II, to Korea, Vietnam, MNLF campaign, reconciling martial traditions with the new code of the Filipino soldier. c. Role of ROTC in previous wars a. Basic in Code of Ethics, 5 AFP Core Values b. Military Culture, Customs and tradition, core philosophy and its impact on our service to our Country and the Filipino People. c. Basic in Soldiering d. Reconciling the Army traditions with the new code of the Filipino Soldier. a. Definition of terms, Who, What, When, Where, Why and How to Salute. b. Conduct and behavior of a soldier (while in combat operations; while dealing with the civilian; and towards their superiors and counterparts) c. Services and Courtesies. d. Identification of Rank Insignias in the AFP. e. Military traditions of the Filipino soldier. f. Soldiers attitudes going to the basics. Military Justice System, Sources of military law, military jurisdiction, selected punitive Articles of War, and relationship between civil-military courts Definition of terms; Factors of Leadership; Qualities of leader, Basic Leadership Styles; 3 Over-all types of leadership; 172
a. Special Text b. AFP Field Manual 1L
1L; 4 hrs PA camp tour
History of the Philippine, by Agoncillo
PA Centennial Book 1997 Issue 1L, 1 hr film showing
1L
Spl Text
Soldiers Handbook
Soldiers Handbook 1L
1L
3. COMBAT TRAINING OF INDIVIDUAL SOLDIER (CTIS) a. Basic Intelligence
b. Basic Map Reading and Land Navigation
c. Basic Signal Communication
d. Individual Movement Technique
e. Basic Unit Formations f. Basic Weapons Training (M16 5.56mm, M14, Grenade & Garand) g. Pre Marksmanship Training
4. Public Information a. Threat to National Security (“Knowing the Enemy” of the State)
18
Definition of terms, Basic report writing, SALUTE should be complemented with the more common and practical 5Ws and 1H format, letter drops, portrait parle,.
Map orientation; Types of maps according to scale; azimuths and direction using a compass & protractor; Measuring distance on a map; locating points on the map and means of locating one's position on the map and on the ground. Introduction to signal communication, five (5) means of communication, familiarization of different radio equipment, its capabilities and limitations. Military prowords, flashing lights, hand and arm signal Day and night movement, cover and concealment, camouflaging, Organizing the squad / platoon into their individual role as a Rifleman, Hand and arm signal and flashing light. Different types of combat formation (Team, Squad, Platoon, Company) Nomenclature, general data, characteristics, cycle of operation assembly and disassembly, care and maintenance, History of Grenade, Parts of Grenade, capability and limitation, Procedure of throwing hand grenade Fundamental of firing, types of firing positions (prone, sitting, kneeling, standing to prone and standing to sitting). Correct sight picture, Triangulation and coach and pupil techniques
1L, 2PE
Size, activity, location, unit, time and equipment (SALUTE)
2L, 2PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 2PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 1PE
1L, 1PE
6 a. CCP History, strategy and recruitment methods and propaganda. b. Three Basic propaganda, talks of Mao Tse Tung, (MLMTT). c. Concept of communism and its varieties as applied to Philippine 173
2L, 2 hrs film showing
a. Special Text b. Anatomy of Communist Insurgency.
b. Peace Process
setting; the three weapon system. d. The four functional commissions and territorial including their corresponding arms. e. LCM: Characteristics and organization of the NPA Guerilla Zones and base areas principles of NPA operations; armed city partisans and sparrows. f. NDF, United front building; the sectoral organizations. g. How the communist launch their campaign and propaganda techniques they used based on persuasion and intimidation, distortion and exaggeration. h. The capability of the threats and their vulnerabilities, their organization and mobilization efforts. i. MNLF/MILF (SPSG). j. Insurgency and Terrorism, Political, Economic Social perspective of the threats to national security. a. Provisions, Concepts, Mechanics of Peace Process b. Policies and guidelines on POC from National down to municipal level c. Processes and implementation of POC d. Processes undertaken by the GRP and the OPAPP (Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace Process) e. The mission, functions and responsibilities of OPAPP f. Human Rights Advocacy program of the AFP g. Provisions of the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Law (CARHRIHL) entered into by the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF negotiating panels.)
5. Civil Affairs a. Army Social Responsibility (ASR) Program
2L
Executive Order Nr 103 - POC Program Info Materials - OPPAP Brochure
1L
ASR Manual
11 a. The rationale on how Army Social Responsibility revolves around the spirit of rendering services voluntary even beyond the call of duty. b. Causes why should every Army personnel to be always on the call in extending assistance 24 hours a day, seven days a week all year round. c. The current frame of mind among the 174
b. Disaster preparedness
c. Community Service
6 DRILLS AND CEREMONIES
Army personnel that all non-combat activities and civilian relations are identified with “civil military operations” should be reconfigured. d. ASR as the Philippine Army’s inherent care and concern for humanity. e. The process on convergence and integration of private sectors, corporate businesses, NGO’s and philanthropic individuals shared resources to ASR and distribute it to the direct beneficiaries. f. The special role of the Philippine Army in being responsible for the welfare of the people beyond its role as defender of the land. g. Alleviating the plight of the marginalized sectors of society by reaching out to other communities h. Developing soldier’s generosity to ever increasing levels and define sustainability through volunteerism approach. a. Aim, Function of disaster rescue, Groups of rescue worker, personal traits, behavior of the rescuer, rescue by stage, team composition, rescue plan. b. Disaster preparedness and rescue operations, and further equip them with skills in Disaster Relief Operations c. Disaster Response & Rescue Operations and skills in Rescue Operations. d. Organization of rescue team, security, recuer, first aider/medical services.
1L, 4 hrs practical exercises
a. The importance of area study in 1L; 4 hrs support to Civil-Military Opns communit b. Familiarization on the intelligence y service requirements of any Military Operations c. Definition and identification of demographic and psychographic information about the area of operation in support to the conduct of CivilMilitary Operations d. Description and discussion of the CAS factors e. Formulation and preparation of Community Area Study Assessment based on (HGS-RESPEC-HMO) 10 175
Special Text on Disaster Rescue & Relief Operations.
Special Handouts / Facts sheets
a. Dismounted Drill b. Ceremonies 7.TEST & EVALUATION
Lecture and conduct of dismounted drill, ceremonies, parades inspection of individual equipment. Parade and Review, Conduct of Arrival honor, Presentation of sponsors Graded Examination 1 TOTAL
*MANDATORY READINGS a. Interior Guard Duty
SCOPE
c. Anti and Counter Terrorism
Reading of news articles – five (5) articles that affect the image of the PA/AFP and five (5) articles on CPP/NPA atrocities). Organization and Dynamics; Mode of Opns & Techniques a. Signal Communications, General 1) Principles of Signal Communication 2) Signal support organization in the maneuver units (Infantry) and Combat support (Artillery) 3) Means of Signal Communication and its employment in various types of offensive and defensive operations. 4) Message preparation and handling b. Basic Radio Communication 1) Radio-telephone procedure 2) Capabilities and limitations of radio 3) General characteristics of radio 4) Field expedient radio communication c. Communication Security 1) CEOI/CESI formulation and use 2) Radio commo security procedures and techniques 3) Message center operation (Division HQs, Brigade HQs and Bn HQs) Familiarization on various field craft, survival at sea, water and food discipline and other survival technique. Different pillars of CMO, concepts, roles and the significance of CMO for the furtherance of the AFP mission. Procedures on directing, troop boarding and dismount from a helicopter.
Definition of terms, Sequence of formal / informal guard mounting, (11 General Orders) b. Human Rights Provision of Human Rights
d. Basic Signal Communication
e. Basic Survival
f. Intro to CMO
g. AGOS / Heliborne Opns
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1L
7PE
1L
1PE
60 Hrs
h. Familiarization Familiarization firing Firing * - To be provided through instructional handouts / handbook or on-line in the PA Website.
Module/Subject I. Physical Organization / Orientation II. Military Orientation III. Combat Training of Individual Soldier IV. Public Information V. Civil Affairs VI. Drills and Ceremonies VII. Test and Evaluation Total Periods/Hours
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Lecture 1 7 8 4 3 2 1 26
Practicals 1 5 10 2 8 8 34
TOTAL 2 12 18 6 11 10 1 60
