CONTENIDO
INTRODUCCIÓN
2
BIOGRAFÍA
3-4
EL IDEAL DE LA EDUCACIÓN SEGÚN CARDOZO
5
EL IDEAL EDUCATIVO DEL MAESTRO
6
REALIDAD ACTUAL
6
EL PLAN DE LA REFORMA
7
BASES PARA LA REFORMA
7
CONCLUSIÓN
8
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
1
INTRODUCCIÓ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
2
BIOGRAFÍ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
3
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
4
EL IDEAL DE LA EDUCACIÓN SEGÚN RAMÓ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
5
EL IDEAL EDUCATIVO DEL MAESTRO E! ($%'#+ $)$ '$&$# 0& ,$(! $01(',.+/ $% $1,#/ $)$ '$&$# 0&( $'( <(1,( :&$ ("0&'(#/ $)$ %$# 0& 1+&.$&1,+ $ 0$ ( '#(.% $ !( $01(1,:& $! %$# <0(&+ "0$$ (!1(&;(# %0 =,+ $%(##+!!+/ $ !+ 1+&'#(#,+ %0 '(#$( +1$&'$ %$ #$01,# %:!+ ( 0&( $#( (1',.,( !()+#(!> L( +1$&1,( "(#( R(:& I> C(#+;+ &+ $)$ #$01,#%$ ( 0&( $#( (1',.,( !()+#(! 0$ "$#,'( !( %0)%,%'$&1,( 9(,!,(#/ %,&+ 0&( #(;:& $ %$# $ #$(!,;(1,:& $ '+(% (0$!!(% "$#%+&(% 0$ <(& +"'(+ "+# $! (,%'$#,+ 1++ 0&( "#+9$%,:&> S$& $! ($%'#+ C(#+;+/ $)$ '#(;(#%$ 0& ,$(! !(&;(#%$ '#(% ! $& $! 10"!,,$&'+ $ %0 (00%'( ,%,:&/ (($ ($%/ 0$ $! ($%'#+ 1+& ,$(! &0&1( %$# ()(',+ "+# !(% '+#$&'(% $ !(% "(%,+&$% 0$ !!$0$& ( (;+'(#!$> E! ($%'#+ ,$(! $)$ %$# $*$"!+ $ )+&(/ $ $%"#,'0 $ *0%',1,(/ $ +#(!,(/ $ $=(1','0/ $ !()+#,+%,(> E! +1$&'$ $)$ ("#+=,(#%$ 1+& $! $%'0,+ 1+&%'(&'$/ !( +)%$#.(1,:& ( !+% #(&$% <#+$% $ !( $01(1,:&/ $)$ !$.(&'(# !( $%10$!( ( %0 1(#+/ !$.(&'(# $! "#$%',,+ $! (,%'$#,+ $! 0$ 9+#( "(#'$/ $!$.&+%$ ( % ,%+/ (&'$&,$&+ 0& $%"#,'0 1+&%'(&'$$&'$ *0.$&,!/ "(#( )0%1(# (! &,+ ( +&$ $%' "(#( $01(#!$> E! ($%'#+ $)$ %$# 0& (":%'+!/ 0& $&%(*$#+ $ !( 1,.,!,;(1,:&/ %,$"#$ !,%'+ "(#( !!$.(# !( !0; +&$ 90$#$ &$1$%(#,+>
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
6
EL PLAN DE LA REFORMA EDUCATIVA DE CARDOZO B(*+ $! +),$#&+ $! #(& $%'(,%'( "(#(0(+ D#> E!,,+ A(!(/ $& ?24/ $! ($%'#+ R(:& I> C(#+;+/ $!()+#: $! P!(& $ !( R$9+#( E01(',.( $! "(%/ )(%(( $& !( E%10$!( A1',.(> L( $%10$!( 1++ ,&%','01,:& %+1,(! 0$ $&%$( (! &,+ $ (10$#+ 1+& !(% !$$% ),+!:,1(%/ "%,1+!:,1(% %+1,+!:,1(% 0$ #,$& %0 $%$&.+!.,,$&'+> L( +#,$&'(1,:& "#1',1( $ !( $&%$(&;( "#,(#,( &+#(! %$ $&9(',;()( <(1,( !( 9+#(1,:& $ 0&( 1!(%$ $ ($%'#+% 1+& "!$&+ 1+&+1,,$&'+ $ !( #$(!,( %+1,+$1+&:,1( $! "(%> I&%",#(+ $& $! "$(++ S0,;+ E&#,0$ P$%'(!+;;,/ C(#+;+ (("': $! "#+#(( $! ,&$#(#'$& 1++ 1(,&+ &$1$%(#,+ <(1,( !( &0$.( $01(1,:&>
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
7
CONCLUSIÓ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
8
BIBLIOGRAFIA ?>
<''">"+#'(!0(#(&,>1+?@?6#(+&,&(!$1,+1(#+;+><'!
2>
<''">()1>1+>"$,1,+&-,"#$%(%0"!$$&'+%$%1+!(##(+&-,&(!$1,+1(#+;+-($%'#+-$-($%'#+-?237325><'!
3>
Q!.(#$; C1$#$%/ 0%',&(> E! "$&%(,$&'+ !( (11,:& "$(:,1( $ R(:& I> C(#+;+> B,)!,+'$1( $ $%'0,+% "(#(0(+%> COSMOS> A%0&1,:&/ ?8> V+!> 26>
9
