Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
“UNIVERSIDAD ANDINA DEL CUSCO”
TEMA:
FUNDENTES
CURSO
: QUIMICA GENERAL
DOCENTE
: ING. SEGOVIA SOTO, Roberto
ALUMNOS
: OJEDA DÍAZ, Jhoel Ni!"or
#ALLASI $U%ANQUI, $U%ANQUI, Mel&i" NAVARRO NAV ARRO GAM'ARINI, GAM'ARI NI, #(ber GUTIERREZ MEDINA, Go")!lo C#ILIINGANO ROJAS, A*el
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
C(+o, (lio -el /01
Introducción
Lo+ 2("-e"te+ +o" o34(e+to+ 5(63io+ (tili)!-o+ 4!r! e&it!r l! o*i-!i7" 8 l!+ re!io"e+ 5(63i!+ i"-e+e!ble+. Co" i34ort!"te+ 2("io"e+ e" e+te ti4o -e +ol-!-(r!, lo+ 2("-e"te+ +e !4li!" ! l!+ 4ie)!+ ! ("ir 4!r! -e+h!er lo+ 7*i-o+ +(4er2ii!le+ 8 2or3!r ("! 4el6(l! 4rotetor! 4!r! e&it!r l! o*i-!i7" -(r!"te el e l 4roe+o. El !le"t!3ie"to -e l! +(4er2iie -e (" 3et!l !eler! l! 2or3!i7" -e 7*i-o+, 5(e +o" el re+(lt!-o -e ("! re!i7" 5(63i! e"tre el 3et!l !lie"te 8 el o*69e"o -el !ire. Lo+ tr!b!o+ 5(e -e+e34e! (" 2("-e"te +o": ;("-ir 8 lle9!r ! e+t!r !ti&o 4or -eb!o -el 4("to -e 2(+i7" -el 3!teri!l -e !4orte. Ser !4!) -e -i+ol&er 8 eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ -e l! +(4er2iie -el 3et!l, !-e3<+ -e 4rote9er l!+ +(4er2iie+ -e lo+ 3et!le+ b!+e -e "(e&!+ o*i-!io"e+. Al +(4ri3ir+e lo+ 4ro-(to+ -e o*i-!i7" 4er3ite 5(e el 3!teri!l -e !4orte 3oe o" 3!8or e2i!i! el 3!teri!l b!+e. Debe 4er3!"eer !ti&o ! l! te34er!t(r! -e +ol-eo 8 -(r!"te el tie34o +(2iie"te o3o 4!r! 4er3itir 5(e l! o4er!i7" -e +ol-!-(r! 4(e-! +er lle&!-! ! !bo !-e(!-!3e"te L! 3!8or6! +e 4re+e"t!" e" -i+ol(i7" !(o+! 8 e+t!-o 4!+to+o.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
FUNDENTES 1. Conc Concep epto to:: Se o"oe o3o l! +(+t!"i! !-iti&! 5(e +e (tili)! 4!r! 2!ilit!r l! 2("-ii7"= e+ (" 4roe+o 5(63io (+!-o e" 4roe+o -e +ol-!r 8 e" l! 2!bri!i7" -e 4l!!+ 8 otro+ o34o"e"te+ eletr7"io+ !-e3<+ +e (+! 4!r! eli3i"!r 4!rte -e e+ori! -el 4ro4io 4roe+o -e 2(+i7".
Sir&e 4!r! e"tre otr!+ 2("io"e+, !i+l!r -el o"t!to -el !ire, -i+ol&er 8 eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ 5(e 4(e-!" 2or3!r+e 8 2!&oreer el 3o!-o -el 3!teri!l b!+e 4or el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" 2("-i-!, o"+i9(ie"-o 5(e el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" 4(e-! 2l(ir 8 +e -i+trib(8! e" l! ("i7".
Se +(ele" +(3i"i+tr!r e" 2or3! -e 4ol&o, 4!+t! o l65(i-o 8 +o" 3e)l!+ -e 3(ho+ o34o"e"te+ 5(63io+ e"tre lo+ 5(e e+t<" lo+ bor!to+ 2l(or(ro+, b7r!*, <i-o b7rio 8 lo+ !9e"te+ 3o!"te+.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
2. Importnc Importnci i de de un un !unden !undente: te: Se (tili)! 4or5(e l! +(4er2iie -e (" 3et!l !eler! l! o*i-!i7" -e 7*i-o+, 5(e +o" lo+ re+(lt!-o+ -e ("! re!i7" 5(63i! e"tre 3et!l !lie"te 8 o*i9e"o -el !ire. E+to+ 7*i-o+ h!" -e eli3i"!r+e o e&it!r! el 3o!-o 8 l! ("i7" -e l!+ +(4er2iie+. El 2("-e"te b<+i!3e"te, 4ro4orio"! (" e+(-o 5(e e&it! ! 2or3!i7" -e 7*i-o+, !b+orbi>"-olo+ -(r!"te el !le"t!3ie"to. %or lo t!"to -eber<" (34lir l!+ +i9(ie"te+ 2("io"e+:
;("-ir 8 lle9!r !l !ti&o 4or -eb!o -el 4("to -e 2(+i7" -el 3!teri!l -e !4orte. Lo+ 2("-e"te+ b!+!-o+ e" el boro "o 2("-e" ! b!!+ te34er!t(r!+ o" 3!teri!le+ -e !4orte b!+e 4l!t! 4or lo 5(e -ebe" +er (tili)!-o+ 2("-e"te+ 2("- e"te+ b!+!-o+ e" 2l(or(ro.
Debe +er !4!) -e -i+ol&er 8 eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ -e l! +(4er2iie -el 3et!l, !-e3<+ -e 4rote9er l!+ +(4er2iie+ -e lo+ 3et!le+ b!+e -e "(e&!+ o*i-!io"e+.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
El 2("-e"te -ebe 4er3!"eer !ti&o ! l! te34er!t(r! -el +ol-eo 8 -(r!"te el tie34o +(2iie"te o3o 4!r! 4er3itir 5(e l! o4er!i7" -e l! +ol-!-(r! 4(e-! +er lle&!-! ! !bo !-e(!-!3e"te, 2!&oreie"-o !-e3<+ el 3o!-o -el 3et!l b!+e 4or 4!rte -e l! !le!i7"
". Rn#o$ Rn#o$ de de p%ic p%icci ción: ón: Se -e4o+it! el 2("-e"te +obre el 3et!l b!+e 8 +e !lie"t! h!+t! 5(e +e 2("-e 8 li34i! l! +(4er2iie -e 7*i-o, 5(e 5(e-! 4rote9i-! o"tr! l! o*i-!i7" 4or el 2("-e"te l65(i-o. E"to"e+, e" (" 4("to -e l! ("i7" +e 2("-e l! &!rill! -e !4ort!i7" 5(e -e+4l!)! !l 2("-e"te 2("-i-o, 4or5(e l! !tr!i7" e"tre el 3et!l b!+e 8 el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" e+ &!ri!+ &ee+ +(4erior ! l! -el 2("-e"te 8 el 3et!l b!+e, el 3et!l +e -i+trib(8e e"tre lo+ 3et!le+ b!+e 4or !4il!ri-!- 8 -e e+t! 2or3!, +e 4ro-(e l! ("i7" -el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" o" el 3!teri!l b!+e ! +oli-i2i!r el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7". C!-! 2("-e"te tie"e (" r!"9o -e te34er!t(r!+ reo3e"-!-o ?te34er!t(r!+ -e !ti&i-!-@ 5(e -eber< i"l(ir l! te34er!t(r! -e +ol-eo -el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" 5(e +e (tilie. Lo+ 2("-e"te+ +o" 3e)l!+ -e 3(ho+ o34(e+to+ 5(63io+ e"tre lo+ 5(e +e 4(e-e it!r e+t<" lo+ bor!to+ 2l(or(ro+, b7r!*, <i-o b7rio, 8 lo+ !9e"te+ 3o!"e+.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
Lo+ 2("-e"te+ +e +(ele" +(3i"i+tr!r e" 2or3! -e 4ol&o, 4!+t! o l65(i-o. El 2("-e"te e" 4ol&o 4(e-e !4li!r+e e" +eo. O -i+ol&er+e e" !9(! o !lohol o" lo 5(e +e 3eor! +( !-here"i!. El ti4o -e 2("-e"te 3<+ o"oi-o e+ el 2("-e"te e" 4!+t!, el l65(i-o e+ el 3e"o+ (tili)!-o. El 2("-e"te -ebe !4li!r+e -e+4(>+ -e l! li34ie)! -e l!+ 4ie)!+ 3e-i!"te broh!, e+4ol&ore!-o e" !+o -e 4ol&o, o +(3er9irlo l! 4ie)! (!"-o e+ l65(i-o. Si +e !lie"t! el 2("-e"te ! /B/C +e 3eor! el 3o!-o. El 2("-e"te i"-i! (!"-o +e h! !l!")!-o l! te34er!t(r! -e +ol-eo -el 3et!l b!+e 8 h!8 5(e !4li!r el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7", e" 3(ho+ !+o+ el 2("-e"te (!"-o +e 2("-e, +e &(el&e tr!"+4!re"te, i"-i!i7" 5(e h! lle9!-o el 3o3e"to -e !4li!r el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7". U"! &e) 2i"!li)!-o lo+ 4roe+o+ -e +ol-eo 2(erte o +ol-eo bl!"-o, lo+ re+i-(o+ -ebe" eli3i"!r+e 4!r! e&it!r l! orro+i7" -e l!+ 4ie)!+. Co3o l! 3!8or6! -e lo+ 2("-e"te+ (tili)!-o+ +e -i+(el&e" e" !9(!, el 3>to-o 3<+ 2<il 4!r! retir!r el 2("-e"te e+ 3e-i!"te !9(! !lie"te ?/C@, l! li34ie)! +e 2!ilit! +i +e +(3er9e l! 4ie)! e" !9(! (!"-o to-!&6! e+t< !lie"te 8 +e e+t> e+ t> +e9(ro 5(e el 3et!l -e !4ort!i7" h! +oli-i2i!-o o34let!3e"te. T!3bi>" T!3bi>" +e 4(e-e e4ill!r e4ill!r o eli3i"!r 3e<"i!3e"te 8 3e-i!"te (ltr!+o"i-o+. C(!"-o +e h! (tili)!-o 4o! !"ti-!- -e 2"-ete o +e h!" +obre!le"t!-o l!+ 4ie)!+, el 2("-e"te 5(e-! +obre+!t(r!-o o" 7*i-o+, &ol&i>"-o+e 9e"er!l3e"te -e olor &er-e "e9ro, +ie"-o -i26il retir!rlo. E" e+te !+o +er< "ee+!rio +(3er9ir l! 4ie)! e" (" !i-o 5(e !t(!r! o3o -e!4!"te.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
U"! &e) retir!-o el 2("-e"te +e 4(e-e !4li!r (" tr!t!3ie"to -e -e!4!-o, 4!r! eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ 5(e +e h!8!" 4o-i-o 2or3!r -(r!"te el +ol-eo e" l!+ )o"!+ 4rote9i-!+ 4or el 2("-e"te.
&. Fundente Fundente$$ m'$ uti%i(do uti%i(do$: $:
No3e"l!t(r!
;ONTARGEN
;ONTARGEN C
;ONTARGEN H
De+ri4i7"
;("-e"te e" 4ol&o 4!r! +ol-!r !ero+ i"o*i-!ble+ o" !le!io"e+ -e 4l!t! ;("-e"te e" 4ol&o 4!r! +ol-!r 3et!le+ 2erro+o+ o" !le!io"e+ -e 4l!t! ;("-e"te e" 4ol&o 4!r! 3o"t!r 4!+till!+ -e !rb(ro -e t("9+te"o o" !le!io"e+ -e 4l!t!
DIN 0/1 ?+ol-!-(r! ;(erte@ A-el9!)!3ie"to ?+i DIN F0 !4li!@ ? +ol-!-(r! bl!"-!@
DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;#0/ ;#0/ No !4li !4li! !bl blee
DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;#0/ ;#0/ No !4li !4li! !bl blee
DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;#0/ ;#0/ No !4li !4li! !bl blee
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
;("-e"te ("i&er+!l 4!r! +ol-!r !l(3i"io ;ONTARGEN 1 8 +(+ !le!io"e+ -e C( % ?obre 2o+2or!-o@ ;("-e"te ("i&er+!l e" 4ol&o 4!r! +ol-!r ;ONTARGEN 00% to-! l!+e -e l!to"e+ 8 bro"e+ ;("-e"te ("i&er+!l e" 4!+te! 4!r! ;ONTARGEN K/ !le!io"e+ -e e+t!o 4l!t! ;("-e"te ("i&er+!l ;ONTARGEN AG e" 4!+te! 4!r! +ol-!r !le!io"e+ -e 4l!t! ;("-e"te ("i&er+!l ;ONTARGEN AGM e" 4!+te! 4!r! +ol-!r !le!i7" -e 4l!t! ;("-e"te ("i&er+!l e" 4!+te! 4!r! +ol-!r ;ONTARGEN #LS o" +ol!-(r! -e l!t7" 8 bro"e
DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;L0/ ;L0/
No !4l !4li!b i!blle
DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;#0 ;#0 No !4li !4li! !bl blee
DIN EN F00: ;B SH0
A9(!
DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: ;#0/ A9(! 9(! DIN DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: : ;#0 #0//
Alo Aloho holl
DIN EN EN 0/1 0/1: ;#0 A9(! 9(!
). Tipo$ Tipo$ de !undente !undente en en $u$ u$o$: ).1 Fundente$ de co*ertur
Ori9i"!l3e"te e+te ti4o -e 2("-e"te+ e+t!b! -iri9i-o 4ri"i4!l3e"te ! l!+ 2("-iio"e+ -e !l(3i"io 4ri3!rio -o"-e l! 2("i7" 4ri"i4!l e+ re!r ("! b!rrer! li5(i-! e"tre l! !t3o+2er! -el hor"o ?l!+ 2l!3!+@, 8 el !l(3i"io 2("-i-o. Q(e !8(-!r!" e" l! 4re&e"i7" -e o*i-!i7" -el 3et!l 8 !8(-!r ! e&it!r l! !b+ori7" !b+o ri7" -e hi-ro9e"o. U"! -e +(+ !r!ter6+ti!+ er! +( te34er!t(r! -e 2(+i7" -e o+il! e"tre lo+ 1/ ! //C. Al9("!+ 2("-iio"e+ re4ort!ro" ("! 3!8or i"ter!i7" 5(63i! o" lo+ re2r!t!rio+ -e e+te ti4o -e 2("-e"te+ -e !r<ter l65(i-o 8 ho8 e" -6! +e e"(e"tr!" e" el 3er!-o 2("-e"te+ -e !r<ter +oli-o, 5(e 2or3!" ("! b(e"! b!rrer! -e 4rotei7" o" l! !t3o+2er! -e lo+ hor"o+ o" 4o! i"ter!i7" 5(63i! o" lo+ re2r!t!rio+ -e lo+
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
hor"o+ o" e*ele"te -e+e34eo e" l! 2(+i7" -e h!t!rr! -el9!-! -e !l(3i"io, reb!b!+ l!t!+, et. Re-(ie"-o l!+ 4er-i-!+ 4or o*i-!i7" ?3er3!+@. ).2 Fundente$ de e$cori:
Lo+ 2("-e"te -e e+ori! +ir&e" 4!r! retir!r l! e+ori! -el 3et!l 2("-i-o, o3o 8! e*4li!3o+ l! e+ori! 5(e +e e"(e"tr! e" lo+ hor"o+ !l 2i"!l -e 2(+i7" o"tie"e !l(3i"io li5(i-o !tr!4!-o, l! 2("i7" 4ri"i4!l -e e+to+ 2("-e"te+ e+ +e4!r!r e+te !l(3i"io -e l! e+ori!. E+to +e lle&! ! !bo 3e-i!"te l! e*oter3ii-!- o"trol!-! -el 2("-e"te, el !lor 5(e +e 9e"er! 3eor! l! 3o!bili-!- -e l!+ e+ori!+ 8 +e 4ro-(e (" e2eto -e o!le+e"i! 5(e h!e 5(e l!+ 4e5(e!+ 9ot!+ -e !l(3i"io e+(rr!" 2or3!"-o 9ot!+ 3<+ 9r!"-e+ 5(e 2<il3e"te +e +e4!r!" -e l! e+ori! 4!r! i"te9r!r+e !l 3et!l b!+e. E+ i34ort!"te e" e+to+ 2("-e"te 5(e l! e*oter3ii-!- "o +e! e*e+i&! 8! 5(e 4!rte -e e+t! re!i7" +e lle&! ! e2eto e" (" 3e-io o*i-!"te 5(e e" e*e+o 4(e-e 5(e3!r ( o*i-!r l!+ 9ot!+ -e !l(3i"io 5(e 5(ere3o+ re(4er!r o i"l(+o o*i-!r el 3et!l -e l! i"ter2!e o" l! e+ori!. E*i+te" e" el 3er!-o i"2i"i-!- -e 3!r!+ o" !r!ter6+ti!+ e*ot>r3i!+, l! reo3e"-!i7" e+ e&!l(!r el 2("-e"te e&!l(!"-o el -e !l(3i"io e" l! e+ori!, l! !"ti-!- -e e+ori! 9e"er!-! 8 l! o34!tibili-!- 5(63i! -el 2("-e"te o" l! !le!i7" b!+e, +obre to-o e" !5(ell!+ 5(e +e re5(iere" b!o+ "o&ele+ C!, N! ( otro+ ele3e"to+ ele3e" to+ )." Fundente de %impie(:
Lo+ 2("-e"te+ -e li34ie)! tie"e o3o obeti&o 4ri"i4!l el -e !8(-!r ! eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ -el 3et!l (" 2("-e"te -i+e!-o e+4e62i!3e"te 4!r! l! li34ie)! -el 3et!l
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
4ro3(e&e ("! e+ori! li9er!3e"te 3e"o+ +e! 5(e (" 2("-e"te -e e+ori! 8! 5(e +( 2("i7" e+ re!io"!r e" el +e"o -el 3et!l 8 "o t!"to e" l! e+ori! 5(e +e e"(e"tr! e" l! +(4er2iie To-o+ lo+ 2("-e"te -ebe" +er !9it!r e">r9i!3e"te o" l! e+ori! o o" el 3et!l 4!r! 5(e +e e+t!ble)! (" o"t!to 6"ti3o 8 +e lle&e" ! !bo l!+ re!io"e+ b(+!-!+ 8 lo+ e2eto+ -e+e!-o+, bie" +e! l! e+ori! o e" el 3et!l, 4or lo 5(e +e reo3ie"-! o"t!r o" l!+ herr!3ie"t!+ "ee+!ri!+ 4!r! lle&!r ! !bo l! !9it!i7" -el 2("-e"te !l 3o3e"to -e l! !-ii7". ).& Fundente de %impie( de prede$:
E+to+ 2("-e"te e+t<" -i+e!-o+ 4!r! !bl!"-!r 8 !8(-!r e" l! eli3i"!i7" -e l! !9lo3er!io"e+ -e 7*i-o+ +obre l!+ 4!re-e+ -e lo+ hor"o+ 5(e tie"e" ! re-(ir l! !4!i-!- -e lo+ hor"o+ 8 e"+(i!r, 3!+ el 3et!l, -!-! l! 9r!" e*orter3ii-!- -e e+to+ 4ro-(to+ "o +e reo3ie"-! !9re9!rlo+ ! l! e+ori! -el 3et!l, 4!r! l! li34ie)! -e 4!re-e+ +e -ebe b!!r el "i&el -e 3et!l ! 3!"er! -e -e!r libre l! l6"e! -e e+ori! 4!r! 4o-er !4li!r el 2("-e"te !b!o 8 !rrib! !r rib! -e l! l6"e! "or3!l -e "i&el -e 3et!l, -e+4(>+ -e l! li34ie)! +e -ebe retir!r 4er2et!3e"te l! e+ori! 8 !-iio"!r 2("-e"te -e obert(r!, e+ 3(8 i34ort!"te !9re9!r el 2("-e"te -e li34ie)! -e 4!re-e+ o" e5(i4o -e 4rotei7" !-e(!-o o3o +o" t!"5(e+ 4re+(ri)!-o+ o 4i+tol!+ ti4o &e"t(ri, l! 4re+i7" -e !ire e" e+to+ e5(i4o+ e+ riti! 8! 5(e el 2("-e"te -ebe !tr!&e+!r el t(bo -e !4li!i7" o" ("! &eloi-!- t!l 5(e "o -> tie34o ! 5(e re!io"e -e"tro -el t(bo 8 lo t!4e.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
El error 3<+ o3" e" l! li34ie)! -e 4!re-e+ e+ !9re9!r 4oo 2("-e"te 8 "o e+ori!r lo +(2iie"te, lo 5(e 4ro&o! 5(e 5(e-e" 3(ho+ 7*i-o+ e" el +e"o -el 3et!l, 8 e+to+ +e i"re3e"t!" o" l!+ 2(+io"e+ +(b+e(e"te+. ).) Fundente$ e$peci%e$:
E*i+te" 2("-e"te+ e+4ei!le+, 5(e +(ele" +er i"8et!-o+ !l 3et!l 4!r! -i&er+o+ 4ro47+ito+ el ee34lo 3<+ il(+tr!ti&o -e e+te ti4o -e !4li!io"e+ +o" lo+ e5(i4o+ -e i"8ei7" -e 2("-e"te 5(e (e"t!+ h!+t! o" -e47+ito+ -e 2("-e"te o" lo+ 5(e +e lle&! ! !bo (" li34ie)! 4ro2("-! -el 3et!l, -e+4(>+ ("! 3o-i2i!i7" -e l! !le!i7" 8 4or (lti3o ("! re2i"!i7" -e 9r!"o, to-o ello i"8et!"-o 2("-e"te -(r!"te el 4erio-o -e -e+ 9!+i2i!-o. Al9("!+ otr!+ e+4ei!li-!-e+ +o" 2("-e"te+ o" lo+ eli3i"!-ore+ -e 3!9"e+io, eli3i"!-ore+ -e !lio 8 lo+ 2("-e"te+ libre -e !lio o +o-io
+. C%$i!icc C%$i!icción ión $e#,n $e#,n $u$ e!ecto$ e!ecto$ opercion% opercion%e$: e$: Lo+ 2("-e"te+ t!3bi>" +e l!+i2i!" +e9" +( e2eto e" lo+ re+(lt!-o+ 2i"!le+ -e l! o4er!i7" -e +ol-!-(r!, e*i+te" -o+ !te9or6!+ e" e+te +e"ti-o 8 +o" lo+ Ati&o+ 8 Ne(tro+: +.1Acti-o$:
Lo+ 2("-e"te+ !ti&o+ +o" !5(ello+ 5(e !(+!" (" !3bio +(+t!"i!l e" l! o34o+ii7" 5(63i! 2i"!l -e 3et!l -e +ol-!-(r! (!"-o el &olt!e -e +ol-!-(r! ?( 4or o"+i9(ie"te l! !"ti-!- -e 2("-e"te@ e+ !3bi!-o.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
Lo+ 2("-e"te+ 2("-i-o+ 9e"er!l3e"te !4ort!" 9r!"-e+ !"ti-!-e+ -e M!9"e+io 8 Siliio !l 3!teri!l -e !4orte, i"re3e"t!"-o l! re+i+te"i!, 4ero (!"-o +e (+! 2("-e"te !ti&o 4!r! h!er +ol-!-(r!+ -e 3(ltiB2!+e+, 4(e-e o(rrir ("! e*e+i&! !(3(l!i7" !( 3(l!i7" -e e+to+ o34o"e"te+ re+(lt!"-o e" ("! +ol-!-(r! 3(8 &(l"er!ble ! l!+ 9riet!+ 8 l!+ 2r!t(r!+, lo+ 2("-e"te+ !ti&o+ -ebe" +er (+!-o+ li3it!-!3e"te e" l!+ +ol-!-(r!+ o" 4!+o+ 3lti4le+ , e+4ei!l3e"te +obre o*i-o 8 e+!3!+ 3et
Co3o +( l!+i2i!i7" 3i+3! lo -ie e+te ti4o -e 2("-e"te+ "o !(+!" !3bio+ +i9"i2i!ti&o+ e" l! o34o+ii7" 5(63i! -el 3et!l !4orte, "i +i5(ier! o" &!ri!io"e+ -e &olt!e. Lo+ 2("-e"te+ "e(tro+ "o !2et!" l! 2(er)! -e l! +ol-!-(r! i"-i2ere"te3e"te !l &olt!e o "3ero -e 4!+e+ -e +ol-!-(r! 5(e +e !4li5(e". Co3o re9l! 9e"er!l, lo+ 2("-e"te+ "e(tro+ -ebe" +er 4!rte -e l!+ e+4ei2i!io"e+ -e l!+ +ol-!-(r!+ 3lti4le+.
. U$o de %o$ %o$ !unde !undente nte$: $: El (+o -e lo+ 2("-e"te+ e+ 4!r! 2("-ir -i2ere"te+ 3et!le+, e"tre ello+ el 4lo3o, el obre, e+ 3(8 (tili)!-o e" lo+ +i+te3!+ -e +ol-!-(r!. El >*ito -e +ol-!-(r! -e4e"-e e" 9r!" 4!rte -el 2("-e"te. Lo+ 2("-e"te+ !9lo3er!-o+ -e h!e" 3e)l!"-o lo+ o"+tit(8e"te+, 2i"!l3e"te 2i"!l3e"te 4(l&eri)!-o+, o" ("! +ol(i7" !(o+! -e - e ("! !9lo3er!"te t!l o3o +ili!to +7-io, l!
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
2i"!li-!- e+ 4ro-(ir 4!rt6(l!+ -e ("o+ 4oo+ 3il63etro+ -e -i<3etro 2ir3!-o+ 4or ("! 3!+! -e 4!rt6(l!+ 3<+ 2i"!+ -e lo+ o34o"e"te+ 3i"er!le+. De+4(>+ -e l! !9lo3er!i7" el 2("-e"te +e +e! ! te34er!t(r! -e h!+t! F//PC
*ilc$is "unden!e 'ronsil • e !ra!a de un "unden!e en #olvo #ara a#licaciones en $ieero "undido% $ierro &alea'le% aceros% co're la!on ( 'ronce)
*ilc$is "unden!e s 200 • +unden!e en en #as!a #ara a#licar a#licar las aleaciones% aleaciones% disuelve acidos de !i#o cole,o ( roe la !ension &olecular)
*ilc$is #as! solder • oldadura en #as!a #ara unir !odos los &e!ales co&unes e-ce#!o alu&inio ( &agnesio% ideal #ara la #roduccion ( al&acena&ien!o)
*ilc$is "unden!e 31 • +unden!e en #olvo #ara a#licar las soldaduras de !odas las aleaciones de alu&inio "undida la&inadas ( e-!raidas )
.1/i%c0i$ !undente *ron$i%:
;("-e"te ("i&er+!l 4!r! !4li!r l!+ +ol-!-(r!+ &ilhi+ l.2.b 8 bro"+il Ap%iccione$:
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
E+te 2("-e"te 2(e -e+!rroll!-o 4!r! +ol-!-(r! 2(erte !l bro"e, hierro 2("-i-o, hierro 3!le!ble, !ero+, obre, l!t7" 8 bro"e, 4er3!"ee" -erreti-o+ 8 &i+o+o+. Crcter$tic$:
Se !4li! i"tro-(ie"-o l! &!rill! !lie"te -e"tro -el 2("-e"te 9r!"(l!-o, el (!l +e !-hiere ! l! &!rill!. .2 /i%c0i$ /i%c0i$ !undente $ 2:
;("-e"te ("i&er+!l e" 4!+t! 4!r! !4li!r l!+ +ol-!-(r!+ -e 4l!t! obre 8 +(+tit(i-o+ -e 4l!t!. Ap%iccione$:
Di+ol&er !4!+ 9r(e+!+ -e <i-o+, 9r!+!+ 8 otro+ o"t!3i"!"te+. E" 3et!le+ li34io+ 4(e-e !4li!r+e -iret!3e"te el 2("-e"te .L! 2("i7" 2(" i7" b<+i! -el 2("-e"te !-e3<+ -e li34i!r l! +(4er2iie ! +ol-!r e+ l! -e ro34er te"+i7" 3ole(l!r. Crcter$tic$:
El 2("-e"te Vilhi+ S// 2(e -e+!rroll!-o 4!r! +ol(io"!r lo+ o34leo+ 4roble3!+ -e l! +ol-!-(r! o" !le!io"e+ -e 4l!t! 8 obre 2o+2or!-o. ." /i%c0i$ /i%c0i$ !undente p$t $o%dier:
Sol-!-(r! e" 4!+t! 4!r! ("ir to-o+ lo+ 3et!le+ o3("e+ e*e4to !l(3i"io 8 3!9"e+io, 3!9"i2i! 4!r! 4ro-(ir o 3!"te"i3ie"to. Ap%iccione$:
U+!-o 4!r! tr!b!o+ -e 4ro-(i7" 8 tr!b!o+ r(ti"!rio+ -e 3!"te"i3ie"to. Reo3e"-!-o 4!r! e"+!3ble+ -e !l!3bre+ 3lti4le+, re4!r!i7" -e r!-i!-ore+, e+t!!-o -e (te"+ilio+, e+t!!-o+ -e i"teriore+, 4lo3er6! +!"it!ri! 8 -e !o"-iio"!3ie"to -e !ire, tr!b!o+ e" ho!+ 3et
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
e"+!3ble+ -e bi+(ter6! 2i"!, (!li-!-e+. Re+i+te"i! te"+il //9 3 .// 4+i +oli-o 0F PC.
Crcter$tic$:
E+ ("! !le!i7" -el ti4o e+t!o 4lo3o o" 2("-e"te e+4ei!l 5(e 2or3! ("! 4!+t! -e +ol-!-(r! bl!"-! 4!r! 3et!le+ 2erro+o+ 8 "o 2erro+o+. El 2("-e"te !ti&o o"te"i-o e" e+te o34(e+to eli3i"! lo+ 4roble3!+ -e !4li!i7" e" l!+
Li34i!r el
;("-e"te ("i&er+!l e" 4ol&o 4!r! !4li!r +ol-!-(r!+ e" !l(3i"io Crcter$tic$:
E+t< -i+e!-o 4!r! !4li!r +ol-!-(r!+ -e !l(3i"io. L! !i7" -el 2("-e"te e+ l! -e -i+ol&er 7*i-o+, i34(re)!+, et. e" l!+ l!+ 4ie)!+ ! +ol-!r h! +i-o 4rob!-! e*te"+!3e"te 8 e+ 3(8 reo3e"-!ble. MINERAL
;ORMULA
C!lit!
C !C O
Cori"-7"
ALO
Cliorit!
N!Al
Dolo3it!
C!M9?CO@
;ero+iliio
;eSi
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
;l(orit!
C!;
#!(+3!"it!
M" O 1
#ierro
;e
O*i-o C
C !O
M!9"e+it!
M9CO
%eril!+!
M9O
C(!r)o
SiO
Rho-e"it!
M"SiO
C!O SiOB CS Sili!to Tri!lio ALITA A4ort! re+i+te"i! i"ii!l C!O SiO B CS Sili!to Di!lio 'ELITA 'ELITA A4ort! re+i+te"i! ! l!r9o 4l!)o C!O AlO CA Al(3i"!to Di!lio ;ELITA At! o3o !t!li)!-or. 1C!O ;eO AlO C1;A ;err!to !l(3i"!to tetr!!lio CELITA E" l! o!i7" re-(e l! te34er!t(r! -e 2(+i7".
4. Fctore$ 5ue !ectn !ectn % !uncionmiento de% !undente: !undente: L! h!bili-!- -el 2("-e"te 4!r! re!li)!r +!ti+2!tori!3e"te l! o4er!i7" -e br!)i"9, -e4e"-er< -el 3!teri!l b!+e, te34er!t(r!, tie34o -el 4roe+o 8 &ol(3e" -el 2("-e"te !4li!-o. 4.1 Mteri% *$e 6 tempertur:
%!r! 5(e el 2("-e"te +e! e2eti&o, 8! +e o3e"t7, 5(e -eb6! -e 2("-ir+e 8 e+t!r !ti&o !"te+ -e 5(e el 3!teri!l -e !4orte 2("-!, 8 -ebe 4er3!"eer !ti&o 3ie"tr!+ 5(e el
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
3!teri!l -e !4orte 2l(8e ! tr!&>+ -e l! ("i7" 8 +oli-i2i!-!. %or t!"to el +7li-o -el 3et!l -e !4orte -eter3i"! l! 36"i3! te34er!t(r! -e tr!b!o -el 2("-e"te 8 el l65(i-o -it!3i"! l! 3<*i3! te34er!t(r! 5(e -ebe +o4ort!r. Ge"er!l3e"te +e +eleio"! el 2("-e"te 4!r! 5(e e+e !tio !l 3e"o+ /C 4or -eb!o -el +oli-o -el 3!teri!l -e !4orte 8 5(e 4er3!"e)! !ti&o /C 4or e"i3! -el li5(i-o -el 3!teri!l -e !4orte. E+to !+e9(r!r! 5(e el 2("-e"te +e! e2eti&o -(r!"te l! o4er!i7" -e +ol-!-(r!. E" el !+o -e 5(e 4(e-! -!r+e +obre!le"t!3ie"to, o3o +(e-e o" el +o4lete, e+te &!lor +e -eber6!+ i"re3e"t!r i-e!l3e"te h!+t! lo+ 0//C, lo 5(e -!r6! !l 2("-e"te l! +(2iie"te !4!i-!- 4!r! eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ ! 3!8ore+ te34er!t(r!+ -e l!+ e+4er!-!+. 4.2 Tiempo:
El tie34o -e br!)i"9 !2et! ! l!+ !t(!io"e+ -el 2("-e"te. E+e tie"e 5(e eli3i"!r lo+ 7*i-o+ -el o34o"e"te -(r!"te to-o el ilo -e +ol-!-(r!. El 2("-e"te -i+(el&e lo+ 7*i-o+ 8 e&it! l! o*i-!i7" +ol!3e"te -(r!"te (" 4erio-o li3it!-o. C(!"to 3<+ l!r9o +e! el ilo -e tr!b!o 3<+ 4o+ibili-!-e+ -e 5(e el 2("-e"te +e +!t(re 2i"!li)!"-o +( !ti&i-!-, e*hibie"-o lo+ re+i-(o+ el olor "e9ro h!bit(!l. No h!8 (" tie34o 2io 4or el (!l el 2("-e"te -e! -e +er e2eti&o, -e4e"-er< -e l! te34er!t(r! -e o4er!i7" 8 -el ti4o e 3et!l b!+e. Si el tie34o e+ +(2iie"te l!r9o 4(e-e +!t(r!r+e 4or -eb!o -e +( te34er!t(r! -e tr!b!o. %!r! ilo+ -e l!r9! -(r!i7" +e reo3ie"-! 2("-e"te+ o" !34lio+ r!"9o+ -e tr!b!o. %!r! ilo+ orto+ -e !le"t!3ie"to r<4i-o, ti4o i"-(i7", +e 4(e-e (tili)!r 2("-e"te+ -e b!! te34er!t(r! 5(e tr!b!e" i"l(+o 4or e"i3! -e +( r!"9o -e te34er!t(r! reo3e"-!-!. De t!l 2or3! 5(e lo+ (tili)!-o+ +er< +ol(ble+ e" !9(! 8 4or t!"to 3<+ 2<ile+ -e eli3i"!r.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
4." /o%umen de !%u7o:
Re5(eri-o &!r6! -e4e"-ie"-o -e l! "!t(r!le)! -e l! !4li!i7". Nor3!l3e"te e+ +(2iie"te (brir l!+ !r!+ -e ("i7" 8 lo+ !lre-e-ore+ -e l!+ +(4er2iie+ -e lo+ o34o"e"te+ o" ("! !4! -e 4!+t!. 8. E!ecto$ en % c%idd de% met%:
A-e3<+ -e l! 2or3!i7" 8 l! eli3i"!i7" -e e+t!+ e+ori!+, otro 4roble3! +o" l!+ i"l(+io"e+ "o 3et" lo+ retor"o+ -e 3et!l ?-el +i+te3! -e lle"!-o -el 3ol-e 8 3!)!rot!+@, "or3!l3e"te tie"e" ("! 3!8or !"ti-!- -e i"l(+io"e+ 3et
%ri"i4!l3e"te e" lo+ hor"o+ -e re&erbero. L! !9lo3er!i7" -e e+to+ 7*i-o+ 8 +( o"t!to o" l!+ 4!re-e+ -el hor"o tie"-e" ! 2or3!r -e47+ito+ -e or("-(3 o !l3i"! ?AlO@, 5(e
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
re-(e" l! !4!i-!- -e lo+ hor"o+ 8 -i+3i"(8e l! &i-! -el re2r!t!rio, !-e3<+ -e i"re3e"t!r l!+ 4>r-i-!+ !lor62i!+ ! tr!&>+ -e l!+ 4!re-e+ -el hor"o. 11. E!ecto en %$ o%%$ 9 0orno$ de retención:
A("5(e e" l!+ oll!+ -e tr!"+4!re"i! 4or el 3o&i3ie"to -el hor"o "o +e lle9! ! l! o"-ii7" -e l! 2or3!i7" -e or("-(3, l! !(3(l!i7" -e lo+ 7*i-o+ re-(e l! !4!i-!- -e l!+ oll!+ !-e3<+ -e -i+3i"(ir l! &i-! -e lo+ !"!le+ e" lo+ hor"o+, l!+ !!+ -e 2iltr!i7" 8 l!+ 4ro4i!+ oll!+ -e tr!"+4!re"i!. ;or3!i7" -e !4!+ -e 7*i-o+ e" l!+ oll!+ -e tr!"+2ere"i! 8 e" l!+ bo!+ -e lo+ hor"o+ -e b!! 4re+i7". 12. E!ecto en %$ pie($ de !undición :
So" i""(3er!ble+ lo+ tr!b!o+ 5(e +e h!" 4(bli!-o re+4eto ! l!+ i"l(+io"e+ "o 3et"i!+ 5(e +e (tili)!", +i" e3b!r9o l! 4r<ti! 3<+ o3" e" lo+ -i2ere"te+ ti4o+ -e hor"o+ 8 e" l!+ -i+ti"t!+ o4er!io"e+ -e l!+ 2("-iio"e+, -e+-e l!+ 3<+ 3o-er"!+ ! l!+ 3<+ 4e5(e!+ e+ el (+o -e 2("-e"te. El !r<ter 5(63io -e lo+ 2("-e"te+ 8 +( !i7" 4!r! o"trol!r l! !"ti-!- -e 3er3!, 8 l! +e4!r!i7" !-e(!-! -e lo+ 7*i-o+ 4re+e"te+ e" el 3et!l h! +i-o e+t(-i!-! 4or 3(ho+ !o+,
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
+i" e3b!r9o e+ el e"2o5(e 4r<tioeo"73io el 5(e -ebe +er e&!l(!-o 8 o"+i-er!-o -e ("! 3!"er! 3(8 +eri! e" l! i"9e"ier6! -e 4roe+o+, 4!r! !er e" el error -e o"+i-er!r el (+o -e lo+ 2("-e"te+ o3o ("! 4!rte e" el 4roe+o -e 4o! i34ort!"i! o -e 4oo &!lor !9re9!-o. #o8 e" -6! e*i+te ("! i""(3er!ble !"ti-!- -e 3!r!+ -e 2("-e"te+, 5(e &!" -e+-e +i34le+ 3e)l!+ !+er!+ -e +!le+ h!+t! +o2i+ti!-o+ 2("-e"te 9r!"(l!re+ 2!bri!-o+ o" e5(i4o+ e+4ei!le+. %or otro l!-o l! o"ie"i! eol79i! e" lo+ -ireti&o+ 8 tr!b!!-ore+ -e l!+ 2("-iio"e+ e*i9e l! el!bor!i7" -e 4ro-(to+ 3e"o+ !9re+i&o+ ! "(e+tro 3e-io !3bie"te +i" ("! re-(i7" e" +( e2iie"i! o e" (" o+to e*tr!or-i"!rio. E+ e+t! e"or3e -i&er+i-!- -e 3!r!+ 8 4ro-(to+ lo 5(e e" (" 3o3e"to -!-o h! re+t!-o i34ort!"i! ! l! !li-!- -e lo+ 4ro-(to+ 8 !l!+ t>"i!+ !4ro4i!-!+ -e (+o -e lo+ 3i+3o+, e+ i34ort!"te 5(e el te3! -e (+o -e lo+ 2("-e"te+ +e! !"!li)!-o e" !-! ("o -e l! e34re+!+ 5(e lo+ (+!" 8 5(e e*i+t! ("! o"ie"i! -e ("! b(e"! !4li!i7" -e (" b(e" 4ro-(to 4(e-e +er l! -i2ere"i! e" lo+ o+to+ -e 4ro-(i7" 8 -e l! !li-!- -e l!+ 4ie)!+, e+ i34ort!"te 5(e e+to+ 4ro-(to+ "o +e!" &i+to+ o3o (" 3!l "ee+!rio !l 5(e h!8 5 o34r!r !l 3<+ b!o 4reio 4o+ible lo+ i"9e"iero+ -e 4roe+o -ebe" e+t!bleer ("! o3("i!i7" !-e(!-! o" +(+ -e4!rt!3e"to+ -e o34r!+ e" (" le"9(!e 5(e le+ 4er3it! ! !3bo+ lle9!r ! o"+i-er!r ! lo+ 2("-e"te+ e" +( &er-!-er! i34ort!"i! 8 &!lor 4!r! el 4roe+o. %or otro l!-o lo+ -ireti&o+ -e l!+ e34re+!+ -ebe" 2o3e"t!r ("! 2ilo+o26! -e !4li!i7" -e l! i"9e"ier6! -e 4roe+o+ e" +(+ 4l!"t!+ 8 4er3itir 8 2o3e"t!r l! e&!l(!i7" !-e(!-! -e lo+ i"+(3o+ -e lo+ t!llere+ -e 2("-ii7", o" (" riterio b!+!-o e" o+tobe"e2iio 8 "o e" el 4reio. %or otro l!-o lo+ 4ro&ee-ore+ 4ro&ee-or e+ -eber<" o"+i-er!r o"oer 4er2et!3e"te l!+ o"-iio"e+ -e 4roe+o -e l! 2("-ii7" !"te+ -e l!")!r ("! 4ro4(e+t! -e l! 9r!" &!rie-!- -e
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
4ro-(to+ 5(e ho8 e" -6! e*i+te". $ o34re"-er e*!t!3e"te 4!r! 5(e 4!rt! -el 4roe+o e+t< -iri9i-! l! !4li!i7". %(e+ bie", el 4ro47+ito -e e+te tr!b!o e+ o"ie"ti)!r ! lo+ 2("-i-ore+ -e l! i34ort!i7" -e -e+!rroll!r ("! t>"i! !-e(!-! -e !4li!i7" -e 2("-e"te+ 8 -e+-e (" 4("to -e &i+t! 4r<tio +e b(+! i"-i!r !l9("!+ re9l!+ o o"e4to+ 5(e le !8(-e" ! -e2i"ir el 2("-e"te 2("-e" te 3<+ !-e(!-o 4!r! +( 4roe+o. 1". Ap%icción indu$tri%:
C(!"-o +e +(3er9e +(4er2iie+ 3et"-ol! !l i"re3e"t!r +( te34er!t(r!. E+te e2eto e+ 4e5(eo o34!r!-o !l -e l! o*i-!i7" E" el 4roe+o, el 2l(* re!li)! 4ri"i4!l3e"te -o+ 2("io"e+: 5(it!r el o*i-o -e l!+ +(4er2iie+ 5(e &!" ! +er +ol-!-!+ 8 2!ilit!r l! !3!l9!3!i7" 3eor! l! !r!ter6+ti!+ -e 3o!-o -e l! +ol-!-(r! li5(i-!. L! 4ri"i4!l !r!ter6+ti! -e lo+ "(e&o+ 2l(* e+ 5(e 3eor! o"+i-er!ble3e"te l!+ !r!ter6+ti!+ -e 3o!-o -e l! +ol-!-(r! libre -e 4lo3o. Lo 5(e 4er3ite 3o!r l!+ o"-iio"e+ -e o"t!to re!-!+ e" el 4roe+o -e +ol-!-o -e o34o"e"te+ eletr7"io+ +obre ("! %C'.
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Universidad Andina del Cusco Ingeniería Civil
1&.i*%io#r!:
#o(l-ro2t, %.T. ?///@. Te"olo96! -e lo+ 4roe+o+ -e +ol-!-(r!, '!relo"!: CEAC. %e"-er, J!3e+ A. ?0F@. Sol-!-(r!, M>*io: M Gr! #ill. Ti3i"9+, R.L. ?//0@. Te"olo96! -e l! 2!bri!i7", M>*io: Al2! o3e9!.
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