Module 2 Pharmacognosy

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 – ;86<=>?7  – ;86<=>?7> > 6@ ?3A79 28? B123425>ACD52=9 E .3>>;F!"#$%#&'( .3>>;F !"#$%#&'( G?3A79H  G?3A79H 28? )('*+* G;86<=>?7>H )('*+* G;86<=>?7>H

42?> 5=2: 46?>=9 6@ 428  M>3: 2BC D8 C1> B325CD5> 6@ >4L2=4D87

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 – ,-.%#/-$+#.%-0+1#.2+3$-.1+(45,-.%#/-$+#.%-0+1#.2+3$-.1+(45- G@DM>  G@DM> M6=A4>9HN OPP B=28C9  – ?>953DL>?  – ?>953DL>? C1> 4>C16? 6@ B3>B23D87 @634A=29 568C2D8D87 B=28C 28? 28D42= ?3A79 28? C1> C>34 G%64>H ”Galenical pharmacy” originated G)6=? originated G)6=? 53>24 – 53>24 – Galen’scerate H

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 – 56D8>?  – 56D8>? C1> C>34 !"#$%#1')('*6 D8 !"#$%#1')('*6 D8 1D9 ?D99>3C2CD68 D8 RSRT GCDC=>F ,825=>5CD52 ,825=>5CD52 B12342567869C1D52H B12342567869C1D52H  –469C  –469C 564B3>1>89DM> 564B3>1>89DM> ?>@D8DCD68 6@ B12342567869: F “simultaneous application of various *1+-(/+7+1. 0+*1+!2+(-*  6LU>5C 6@ .#145+$+() .#145+$+() knowledge of drugs from every point of view”  – 8-$351".0-$.9#/-$+#.%-0+1#

*12342567869: – *12342567869: – “an applied science C12C ?>2=9 3+'2')+1N 3+'2')+1N 3+'1"-%+1#2  28?  28? -1'('%+1.@>2CA3>9 -1'('%+1.@>2CA3>9 6@ 82CA32= ?3A79 28? their constituents that originate in the plant and animal kingdom”

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%>46M>9 9AL9C285>9 9AL9C285>9 C12C 528 L> ?D996=M>? ? D996=M>? L: C1> $1> A8?D996=M>? B63CD68 6@ C1> ?3A7 D9 ;86<8 29 C1> *36?A5C 6@ >WC325CD68 B365>99F

,BB36B3D2C> /6=M>8C9F RQ K2C9 K2C9 [Q %>9D8 %>9D899 \Q )1=636B1: )1=636B1:== == ]Q )13:9236L )13:9236LD8 D8

` +>W28 +>W28> > ` ,=5616 ,=5616== ` ,5>C68> ,5>C68> ` +6C L>8a>8> L>8a>8>

 – A8?>3768>  – A8?>3768> 68=: 56==>5CD68 28? ?3:D87  – 12M>  – 12M> 86C 12? 51287>9 42?> D8 C1>D3 46=>5A=23 9C3A5CA3> 29 @6A8? D8 82CA3>  – 51D>@  – 51D>@ 5689CDCA>8C9 5689CDCA>8C9 6LC2D8>? L: >WC325CD68  – 3>7D68  – 3>7D68 D8 <1D51 C1> B=28C 63 28D42= 2 8D42= :D>=?D87 C1> ?3A7 736<9  – 736D3 82CDM> 56A8C3D>9  736D78 =28?

RQ

 – G942==  – G942== 952=>H 1'22-1/+'(./+%1'22-1/+'(./+%-FF B23C 6@ C1> B=28C C12C 5689CDCAC>9 C1> ?3A7 D9 1D71>9C D8 DC9 568C>8C 568C>8C 6@ ,"

[Q

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G=237> 952=>H ->5128D52= ?>MD5>9 F BD5;>39N BD5;>39N 46<>39N LD8?>39N 9<2C1N 9C>>= -28A2= – -28A2= – @63  @63 B6C>8C 5689CDCA>8C9 G,D3 '3:D87 28? ,3CD@D5D2= ,D3 '3:D87H • 3>46M> 46D9CA3> • @DW>9 C1> 5689CDCA>8C9 • B3>M>8C 46=?D87 • @25D=DC2C> 73D8?D87 28? 4D==D87 • B3>M>8C 25CD68 6@ L25C>3D2 • B3>M>8C >8MD3684>8C2= 1:?36=:9D9

]Q

:'22-1/+'(./+%-. *>5CD8 – 5DC3A9  5DC3A9 @3ADC9    *>5CD8 – (83DB> @3ADC9 ` B36C6B>5CD8 VA9C 3DB> ` B>5CD8 &M>33DB> ` B>5CD5 25D?

   -23DUA282 06A87 =>2M>9 ` 52882LD?D6= 52882LD ?D6= -2CA3> =>2M>9 ` 52882LD86= G$+)H

 @D82= 9C27>^ 3>46M2= 6@ >WC328>6A9 42CC>3 G'/"-$.!#$/*.'7./"-.!2#(/F.0+$/F G'/"-$.!#$/*.'7./"-.!2#(/F.0+$/F #00-0.#052/-$#(/*H #00-0.#052/-$#(/*H

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 – ;86<=>?7  – ;86<=>?7> > 6@ ?3A79 28? B123425>ACD52=9 E .3>>;F!"#$%#&'( .3>>;F !"#$%#&'( G?3A79H  G?3A79H 28? )('*+* G;86<=>?7>H )('*+* G;86<=>?7>H

42?> 5=2: 46?>=9 6@ 428  M>3: 2BC D8 C1> B325CD5> 6@ >4L2=4D87

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 – ,-.%#/-$+#.%-0+1#.2+3$-.1+(45,-.%#/-$+#.%-0+1#.2+3$-.1+(45- G@DM>  G@DM> M6=A4>9HN OPP B=28C9  – ?>953DL>?  – ?>953DL>? C1> 4>C16? 6@ B3>B23D87 @634A=29 568C2D8D87 B=28C 28? 28D42= ?3A79 28? C1> C>34 G%64>H ”Galenical pharmacy” originated G)6=? originated G)6=? 53>24 – 53>24 – Galen’scerate H

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 – 56D8>?  – 56D8>? C1> C>34 !"#$%#1')('*6 D8 !"#$%#1')('*6 D8 1D9 ?D99>3C2CD68 D8 RSRT GCDC=>F ,825=>5CD52 ,825=>5CD52 B12342567869C1D52H B12342567869C1D52H  –469C  –469C 564B3>1>89DM> 564B3>1>89DM> ?>@D8DCD68 6@ B12342567869: F “simultaneous application of various *1+-(/+7+1. 0+*1+!2+(-*  6LU>5C 6@ .#145+$+() .#145+$+() knowledge of drugs from every point of view”  – 8-$351".0-$.9#/-$+#.%-0+1#

*12342567869: – *12342567869: – “an applied science C12C ?>2=9 3+'2')+1N 3+'2')+1N 3+'1"-%+1#2  28?  28? -1'('%+1.@>2CA3>9 -1'('%+1.@>2CA3>9 6@ 82CA32= ?3A79 28? their constituents that originate in the plant and animal kingdom”

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%>46M>9 9AL9C285>9 9AL9C285>9 C12C 528 L> ?D996=M>? ? D996=M>? L: C1> $1> A8?D996=M>? B63CD68 6@ C1> ?3A7 D9 ;86<8 29 C1> *36?A5C 6@ >WC325CD68 B365>99F

,BB36B3D2C> /6=M>8C9F RQ K2C9 K2C9 [Q %>9D8 %>9D899 \Q )1=636B1: )1=636B1:== == ]Q )13:9236L )13:9236LD8 D8

` +>W28 +>W28> > ` ,=5616 ,=5616== ` ,5>C68> ,5>C68> ` +6C L>8a>8> L>8a>8>

 – A8?>3768>  – A8?>3768> 68=: 56==>5CD68 28? ?3:D87  – 12M>  – 12M> 86C 12? 51287>9 42?> D8 C1>D3 46=>5A=23 9C3A5CA3> 29 @6A8? D8 82CA3>  – 51D>@  – 51D>@ 5689CDCA>8C9 5689CDCA>8C9 6LC2D8>? L: >WC325CD68  – 3>7D68  – 3>7D68 D8 <1D51 C1> B=28C 63 28D42= 2 8D42= :D>=?D87 C1> ?3A7 736<9  – 736D3 82CDM> 56A8C3D>9  736D78 =28?

RQ

 – G942==  – G942== 952=>H 1'22-1/+'(./+%1'22-1/+'(./+%-FF B23C 6@ C1> B=28C C12C 5689CDCAC>9 C1> ?3A7 D9 1D71>9C D8 DC9 568C>8C 568C>8C 6@ ,"

[Q

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G=237> 952=>H ->5128D52= ?>MD5>9 F BD5;>39N BD5;>39N 46<>39N LD8?>39N 9<2C1N 9C>>= -28A2= – -28A2= – @63  @63 B6C>8C 5689CDCA>8C9 G,D3 '3:D87 28? ,3CD@D5D2= ,D3 '3:D87H • 3>46M> 46D9CA3> • @DW>9 C1> 5689CDCA>8C9 • B3>M>8C 46=?D87 • @25D=DC2C> 73D8?D87 28? 4D==D87 • B3>M>8C 25CD68 6@ L25C>3D2 • B3>M>8C >8MD3684>8C2= 1:?36=:9D9

]Q

:'22-1/+'(./+%-. *>5CD8 – 5DC3A9  5DC3A9 @3ADC9    *>5CD8 – (83DB> @3ADC9 ` B36C6B>5CD8 VA9C 3DB> ` B>5CD8 &M>33DB> ` B>5CD5 25D?

   -23DUA282 06A87 =>2M>9 ` 52882LD?D6= 52882LD ?D6= -2CA3> =>2M>9 ` 52882LD86= G$+)H

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GL>2ACD@A= =2?:H

 G“fingers”  G“fingers” :2#=+1-!*.!5$!5$-#H :2#=+1-!*.!5$!5$-#H

J46==D>8CN CW @63 LA389 ,C36BD8> – ,C36BD8> – 4:?3D2CD5  4:?3D2CD5 G/JF 5:5=6B=>7D2H K63 L3>29C ), G/JF >8?64>C3D2= ),H ,5AC> 76AC )1368D5 76AC Gb28C1D8> &WD?29> D81DLDC63H ?$)'/#%+(-   G4D732D8>HN ?$)'('=+(?$)'/#%+(?$)'('=+(-   G6W:C65D5HN 8<, G12==A5D867>8H 8<,  G12==A5D867>8H

 G9C68> 6@ D4463C2=DC:H J9C367>8 ?>3DM2CDM> @364 -,%J .G,+)+/#2+*.2#(#/#H. .G,+)+/#2+*.!5$!5$-#H.

RQ /12LA [Q J59C25: \Q -23DUA282

RQ [Q \Q ]Q TQ

YDBD? 96=AL=>N Y687 12=@ =D@>

"5>N ->C1 /;: +291D91N -VX-23:U28>N *6CN .3299N c>>?N )2882LD9N "8?D28 1>4B G?>C>34D8> C1> 45#2+/6 GD8C3D89D5 B36B>3C:H 28? !5$+/6 G2L9>85> 6@ 2?A=C>328C9H 6@ ?3A79H  L: 4>289 6@ C1> 637289 6@ 9>89>^ 42536956BD5 2BB>23285>  >99>8CD2= D8 C1> 9CA?: 6@ 2?A=C>328C D8 B63>? B=28C9G+0-(/+/6.#(0.!5$+/6H B=28C9 G+0-(/+/6.#(0.!5$+/6H B1234256=67D5 25CDMDC: 6@ 5>3C2D8 ?3A79 129 L>>8 2BB=D>? C6 C1>D3 >M2=A2CD68 63 9C28?23?Da2CD68  2992: 6@ ,) A9D87 51>4D52=9 GCDC32CD68H^ 3-*/.%-/"'0  6@  6@ ?>C>34D8D87 6@@D5D2= B6C>85:  B1:9D52= 5689C28C9 G96=ALD=DC:N 9B>5 732MN 6BCD52= 36C2CD68N 5687>2=D87 B6D8CN 3>@325CDM> D8?>WN -*H

-63B16=67: $2W6864: *1234256=67D5 63 $1>32B>ACD5 )1>4D52= 5=299D@D52CD68

RQ [Q \Q ]Q

J+'#**#6. 'D76WD8 ` BD7>68 ,C36BD8> ` 52C9 .=A52768 ` 52C9 &W:C65D8 ` 51D5;>8 GKH +>2? ?36B C>9C ` 32LLDC9X32C9 32LLDC9X 32C9 *$+ ` ?679 +>B23D8 ` 91>>B B=2942 "89A=D8 ` 32LLDC

 – @6349  – @6349  – !"62')-(6 G82CA32= !"62')-(6 G82CA32= 3>=2CD6891DB 63 24687 B=28C9 28? 28D42=9H  – L29>?  – L29>? 68 >@@>5C 68 C1> L6?:  – L29>?  – L29>? 68 25CDM> 5689CDCA>8C9^ I$-7-$$-0.9-/"'0.'7.:2#**+7+1#/+'(

 – 52A9>  – 52A9> 51>4D52= 51287>9 D8 C1> B3>B232CD68  – 3>9B689DL=>  – 3>9B689DL=> @63 C1> C1>32B>ACD5 25CDMDC:  – 86  – 86 ?>@D8DC> B1234256=67D5 B1 234256=67D5 25CDMDC: 25CDMDC:  – >WC325C>?N  – >WC325C>?N 53:9C2==Da>? 53:9C2==Da>? 28? BA3D@D>?^ B A3D@D>?^ B3>9>85> 6@ D8>3C 42CC>3 <1D51 42: 46?D@: 63 B3>M>8C 2L963L2LD=DC: 63 B6C>85: 6@ ,)  – 9CA?:  – 9CA?: 6@ C1> LD651>4D52= B2C1<2:9 B2C1<2:9 =>2?D87 C6 @6342CD68 6@ 9>568?23: 5689CDCA>8C9 G?3A79H I$+%#$6.%-/#3'2+/-*

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 G'`W:=69>N c66? /A723H  6LC2D8>? L: L6D=D87 5638 56L9N 9C32< 63 9D4D=23 42C>3D2=9 25D? C6 1:?36=:a> C1> W:=28 B6=:4>3  ?D27869CD5 2D? D8 D8C>9CD82= 42=2L963BCD68

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*6=:9255123D?>9 23> B6=:4>39 6@ 46869255123D?>9 G9A723H =D8;>? C67>C1>3 C136A71 7=:569D?D5G>C1>3H =D8;27>9 $>4B6323: 9C6327> @634 6@ B16C69:8C1>CD5 B36?A5C9 systematic nomenclature are given the ending “an”, 7=:528 D9 286C1>3 <63?

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G.=A56928H ....P-#.%#6* G5638H ....N$+/+15%.#-*/+=5% G<1>2CH ....<'2#(5%./53-$'*5% GB6C2C6H

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J8a:4>9 C12C L3>2; ?6<8 9C2351>9F βamylase – B2853>2CD5 UAD5> 28? 92=DM2 αamylase – 1:?36=:a>9 DC C6 42=C69> /C2351

A25/-( I$-)-2#/+(+E-0.
 – C251: B36C>D89  – LD8?>3  – ?D9D8C>7328C  – B=2942 >WB28?>3

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Filipino/Tagalog Name

English Name

Scientific Name

Singkamas

Mexican turnip

Pachyrhizus erosus

Talong

Eggplant

Solanum melongena

Sigarilyas

Winged beans

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

Mani

Peanuts

 Arachis hypogaea

Sitaw

String beans

Phaseolus vulgaris

Bataw

Hyacinth bean

 Lablab purpureus

Patani

Lima beans

Phaseolus lunatus

Kundol

Winter melon

 Benincasa hispida

Patola

Sponge/vegetable gourd

Cucunis acutangulus

Upo

Bottle gourd

 Lagenaria siceraria

Kalabasa

Squash

Cucurbita maxima

Labanos

White radish

 Raphanus sativus

Mustasa

Mustard

 Brassica integrifolia

Sibuyas

Onion

 Allium cepa

Kamatis

Tomato

Solanum lycopersicum

Bawang

Garlic

 Allium sativum

Luya

Ginger

 Zingiber officinale

Linga

Sesame

Sesamum indicum

Halamang Gamot

Scientific Name

Lagundi

Vitex negundo

Yerba Buena

Clinopodium douglasii

Sambong

 Blumea balsamifera

Tsaang-gubat

 Ehretia microphylla Lam.

 Niyog-niyogan

Quisqualis indica

Bayabas

Psidium guajava

Ulasimang bato

Peperonia pellucida

Akapulko

Cassia alata

Bawang

 Allium sativum

Ampalaya

 Momordica charantia

Common Name

Scientific Name

Common Name

Scientific Name

Santan

 Ixora chinensis

Avocado

Persea americana

Duranta

 Duranta repens

Grapes

Vitis vinifera

Gabi-gabi

 Monochoria hastata

Pears

Pyrus communis

Talisay

Terminalia catappa

Olive

Olea europaea

Pechay

 Brassica pekinensis

Peanuts

 Arachis hypogaea

Achuete

 Bixa orellana

Strawberry

Fragaria ananassa

Anis

Foeniculum vulgare

Pineapple

 Ananas comosus

Balanoy

Ocimum basilicum

Apple

Pyrus mallus

Balatong (soy)

Glycine soja

Rice

Oryza sativa

Balimbing

 Averrhoa carambola

Mango

 Mangifera indica

Chico

 Achras zapota

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

Dalandan

Citrus sinensis

Durian

 Durio zibethinus

Dalanghita

Citrus nobilis

Carrots

 Daucus carota

Damong maria

 Artemisia vulgaris

Banana

 Musa acuminata

Duhat

Syzygium cumini

Gumamela

 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Gugo

 Entada phaseoloides

Daisy

 Bellis perennis

Ikmo

Piper betle

White orchid

 Dendrobium afinne

Ipil-ipil

 Leucaena leucocephala

Corn

 Zea mays

Kalamansi

Citrus microcarpa

Bougainvillea

 Bougainvillea glabra

Kamias

 Averrhoa bilimbi

Jackfruit

 Artocarpus heterophyllus

Kasoy

 Anacardium occidentale

Mangosteen

Garcinia mangostana

Kintsay

 Apium graveolens

Date

Phoenix dactylifera

Lansones

 Lansium domesticum

Atis

 Anona squamosa

Makabuhay

Tinospora crispa

Papaya

Carica papaya

Makahiya

 Mimosa pudica

Potato

Solanum tuberosum

Malungggay

 Moringa oleifera

Orange

Citrus aurantium

Mansanilya

Chrysanthemum indicum

San Francisco

Codiaeum variegatum

Moras

Vetiveria zizanioides

Pakwan

Citrus vulgaris

Patola

 Lufa acutangula

Sampalok

Tamarindus indica

Suha

Citrus grandis

Rosy  periwinkle/chichirika Turmeric Jimson weed/talumpunay Picapica

Tanglad

Cymbopogon citratus

Pacific yew

Tawa-tawa

Grammatophyllum scriptum

Catharanthus roseus Curcuma longa  Datura spp  Mucana pruriens Taxus brevifolia

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